OZONE TRENDS 1981 - 1993 OZONE FORMATION United States Environmental Protection Agency Region I (New England) J.F. Kennedy Federal Building Boston, Massachusetts 02203-2211 August, 1994 (Revised February, 1995) ------- OZONE TRENDS 1981 - 1993 U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REGION I AIR, PESTICIDES & TOXICS MANAGEMENT DIVISION J.F. KENNEDY FEDERAL BUILDING BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 02203-2211 Written bv: Richard Burkhart Daria Dilaj Robert McConnell Julie Tomiak Maps bv: James Fritz, R.O.W. Sciences, Inc. Amy Hoyt, R.O.W. Sciences, Inc. ------- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Ground-level ozone and its health effects are a primary concern of New England's Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Ground level ozone is the major component of the air pollution known as smog. Ozone is produced by the chemical reaction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with nitrous oxides (NOx) in the presence of heat and sunlight. VOCs are emitted by motor vehicles, chemical storage/handling facilities, and a variety of commercial and industrial sources such as gas stations and dry cleaners. NOx are primarily by-products of the combustion of fossil fuels such as in motor vehicles and power plants. Ground-level ozone is a significant respiratory irritant at levels frequently found in New England's urban areas during the summer months, known as the "ozone season." Symptoms associated with exposure include shortness of breath, pain when inhaling deeply, wheezing, and coughing. Ozone not only affects people with impaired respiratory systems such as asthmatics, but also healthy adults and children. EPA has set 0.12 parts per million as the National Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ground-level ozone. Areas that do not meet EPA's ground-level ozone standard are classified in one of the following five categories: marginal, moderate, serious, severe, or extreme. In New England, most of the urban areas are classified as "serious" for ground-level ozone. Areas with the more serious ozone problem must implement a critical control strategy to reach attainment of the NAAQS. To develop and implement an effective control strategy, all sources of the precursor pollutants (VOCs and NOx) must be identified. For this reason, the Clean Air Act requires states to submit an inventory of 1990 actual emissions from all sources and update it every three years. EPA has prepared an ozone report which includes charts, based on the 1990 inventory, that illustrate the daily VOC, NOx and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions during the 1990 ozone season. Maps also based on the 1990 inventory display the total VOC, manmade VOC, NOx and CO emission densities in terms of typical ozone season daily emissions in pounds per square mile. As evidenced by these maps, the urbanized areas and in some cases, those areas with very large point sources have the highest densities of emissions. Ozone monitors at 14 sites in New England have been used to examine ozone levels for the ozone seasons from 1981 to 1993. July, on average, is the month with the highest number of exceedance days. Analysis of the ozone information gathered at these sites indicates a substantial decrease in the number of days with ozone exceedances over the last 12 years ending in 1993. Although it is impossible to say definitively that the decrease in ozone concentrations in New England is a direct result of pollution control measures, they can be credited for a large amount of the reductions. The controls that have probably played the biggest role in reducing the pollutants that cause ground-level ozone are automobile controls followed by controls on factories. To further the progress attained to date, New England states are working on new ways to reduce ground-level ozone concentrations. Some of these measures include cleaner cars, new nozzles on gasoline pumps to recover vapors and more effective controls on factories. ------- INTRODUCTION This report discusses the air pollutant ground-level ozone and provides information from each of the New England states on precursor emissions that cause ground-level ozone as well as trends in ozone levels over the past twelve years. Clean Air Act requirements addressing ground-level ozone problems are also discussed. The Clean Air Act mandates the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to set air quality standards to protect individuals including those most sensitive to air pollution (usually the very young, the very old, and the sick) from adverse health effects. To meet this requirement, EPA established health-based National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for six criteria pollutants - ozone, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and lead. Of these six pollutants, ozone is the most pervasive problem. The current ambient air quality standard for ozone is 0.12 parts per million (ppm), not to be exceeded more than once per year. Discussions of ozone in this report focus on ground-level ozone as opposed to stratospheric ozone. Miles above the earth, stratospheric ozone provides a beneficial screen from the sun's ultraviolet rays. Conversely, ground-level ozone in the air we breathe is a health and environmental concern and is the major component of smog. Unlike the other five criteria pollutants, ozone is not emitted directly into the air. Ozone forms when a combination of pollutants react in the presence of heat and sunlight. The primary ozone precursors are nitrous oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and, to a lesser degree, carbon monoxide (CO). These precursors are emitted as byproducts of various processes in our industrial society including manufacturing, operating motor vehicles and using common household chemicals. Often, the pollutants are emitted in one area but the actual ozone formation, stimulated by sunlight and heat, takes place in another. Wind can carry chemical emissions hundreds of miles from their origins which may result in high ozone concentrations over very large regions. Because sunlight and high temperatures play a prominent role in the formation of ozone, peak ozone levels typically occur during the summer. Ozone causes health problems by damaging lung tissue, reducing lung function and sensitizing the lungs to other irritants. Scientific evidence indicates that ambient levels of ozone not only affect people with impaired respiratory systems, such as asthmatics, but also healthy adults and children. Exposure to ozone for several hours at concentrations even lower than the current 0.12 ppm standard significantly reduces lung function in normal, healthy people during exercise. Symptoms including chest pain, labored breathing, wheezing, coughing, sore throat, nausea, pulmonary and nasal congestion and increased respiratory rate can accompany the decrease in lung function. In addition to ozone's effect on humans, EPA estimates that the nation loses $2-3 billion of revenue annually due to the detrimental effects of ozone on agricultural crops. 2 ------- NONA TTAINMENT AREAS IN NEW ENGLAND Areas that do not meet EPA's air quality standard for ozone have been designated as ozone nonattainment areas. In 1991 EPA established classification levels of nonattainment areas based on monitoring data of ozone levels for the years 1987 through 1989. There are five classifications for ozone: marginal, moderate, serious, severe, and extreme. Figure 1: Nonattainment Classifications Area Class Ozone Level (ppm) Attainment Date Marginal 0.121 up to 0.138 1993 Moderate 0.138 up to 0.160 1996 Serious 0.160 up to 0.180 1999 Severe 0.180 up to 0.280 2005/2007 Extreme 0.280 and above 2010 The 1990 Clean Air Act uses this classification system to tailor clean-up or control requirements to the severity of the pollution and set realistic deadlines for states to reach attainment of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Therefore, marginal areas are subject to the least stringent requirements and extreme areas, most stringent. For a given classification, an area must not only meet the Clean Air Act requirements specifically articulated for that classification, but also the requirements applicable in areas of lower classifications. Figure 2 illustrates the classifications of the ozone nonattainment areas in New England. The boundaries of the individual nonattainment areas have been designated by the Governors of each state and approved by EPA. There are 5 separate nonattainment areas within the serious classification on the map and there are 3 separate nonattainment areas within the moderate classification. States are required to develop state implementation plans (SIPs), a collection of the state's regulations, addressing Clean Air Act requirements that will be implemented to clean up polluted areas. EPA must approve each SIP. If a SIP is not acceptable, EPA can take over implementing the Clean Air Act in that state. 3 ------- F'gure 2: Ozone Non-Attainment Areas in New England iiR m cussmuTinm ¦ SEVERE J SERIOUS ¦ MODERATE ¦ MARGINAL —y UNCLASSIFIED >'•"< i.7,10Z',™" ° •1»c snrioiff l.m, riesif^^ r 4- i 4 ------- TRENDS IN MONITORED OZONE LEVELS IN NEW ENGIAND EPA currently monitors ozone at more than 50 sites in New England. In order to assess ozone trends, it is important to use monitoring sites that have remained in the same location over the period of the trend analysis. Therefore, this report examines ozone data collected at 14 sites from 1981 to 1993. The monitoring sites are shown in Figure 3. Monitors only measure ozone during the "ozone season" from April to October. July, on average, is the month with the highest number of exceedance days. Figure 3: Ozone Monitoring Sites in New England Ozone Trend Sites Monitoring Site ------- Analysis ol the information collected at the monitoring sites indicates a substantial decrease in the number ol days with ozone exceedances over the last 12 years ending in 1993 (Figure 4). An exceedance day is defined as any day on which a one-hour average concentration of ozone exceeds 0.12 parts-per-million (ppm). When the ozone concentration exceeds 0.12 ppm the air is considered unhealthy to breath. Figure 4 displays the maximum, mean, and minimum number of exceedance days (unhealthy days) along with a best lit trend line. The trend line suggests an 84% decrease in the mean number of exceedance days from 1981 to 1993. Figure 4: Ozone Trends 19H! - 1993 EXCEEDANCE DAYS AT TREND SITES 1981 - 1993 50 t —I , -[ 1 1 ; | 1 | I 1 I 1 I I 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 YEAR 6 ------- Figure 5 shows a plot of the average second-highest daily maximum ozone concentrations measured at the 14 sites from 1981 to 1993, an indication of the magnitude of the exceedances. This indicator shows a decrease of 21% since 1981. Figure 5: Measured Ozone Concentrations AVERAGE OZONE CONCENTRATION AT TREND SITES 1981-1993 170 S 1 60 - Q. Q. 2 O 150 - H < cc I- 2 140 UJ O z o o 130 - z o N o 120 LU 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 YEAR 7 ------- Air pollution control programs implemented throughout New England have played a large role in lowering ozone concentrations. Control devices, such as catalytic converters; fuel injectors; charcoal canisters to remove evaporative emissions of gasoline and emission inspection; and maintenance programs, have led to much cleaner automobiles. Controls on factories and other sources of pollution have also helped New England lower the pollutants that cause ozone. To further the progress attained to date, New England states are working on new ways to reduce ozone concentrations. Some of these measures include even cleaner cars, new nozzles on gasoline pumps to recover vapors, and more effective controls on factories. 1990 BASE YEAR OZONE EMISSION INVENTORIES IN NEW ENGLAND To develop and implement an effective ozone control strategy, an air pollution control agency must compile information on all sources of the precursor pollutants: volatile organic compounds (VOC), nitrous oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO). For this reason, the Clean Air Act requires states to submit an inventory of 1990 actual emissions from all sources and update it every three years. This initial inventory is referred to as the 1990 base year inventory. Emissions information from the 1990 base year inventories was used to create the tables and charts for each state (Figures 6 through 11). The tables illustrate the daily VOC, NOx, and CO emissions emitted by source category during the 1990 ozone season. The charts show how much each source category contributes to the total amount of emissions. The five broad categories are point sources, stationary area sources (SAS), on-road mobile sources, non-road mobile sources, and biogenic sources. Point sources (primarily industry related sources) emit pollutants from fuel combustion and from various processes that use solvents, paints, oils, and other chemicals to make a product. Stationary area sources are those sources that are too small and/or too numerous to be handled individually as a point source. Such categories include gasoline dispensing outlets, solid waste incinerators, surface cleaning operations, dry cleaners, print shops, plus a large number and variety of consumer products. On-road mobile sources include all automobiles and trucks travelling over the highways and local roads. The non-road mobile sources include all non-highway mobile sources, such as aircraft, locomotives, and recreational and commercial vehicles. Biogenic sources are natural sources of VOC emissions (primarily turpenes) such as trees (principally evergreens). 8 ------- CONNECTICUT Emissions by Source Category Figure 6.1: VOC A ntbropogenic & Biogenic Emissions ¦ Point ~ SAS BOn-Rd ~ Non-Rd EJ Biogenic Figure 6.2: VOC Anthropogenic Emissions ¦ Point ~ SAS BOn-Rd ~ Non-Rd Figure 6.3: NOx Emissions ¦ Point ~ SAS BOn-Rd ~ Non-Rd Figure 6.4: CO Emissions ¦ Point ~ SAS BOn-Rd ~ Non-Rd Emissions Percent Source tons/summer day of Total Point 42.41 4.29% SAS 237.47 24.03% On-Rd 170.95 17.30% Non-Rd 99.39 10.06% Biogenic 437.80 44.31% Total 988.02 Emissions Percent Source tons/summer day of Total Point 42.41 7.71% SAS 237.47 43.16% On-Rd 170.95 31.07% Non-Rd 99.39 18.06% Total 550.22 Emissions Percent Source tons/summer day of Total Point 131.03 27.79% SAS 10.80 2.29% On-Rd 231.29 49.06% Non-Rd 98.34 20.86% Total 471.46 Emissions Percent Source tons/summer day of Total Point 33.39 1.57% SAS 14.41 0.68% On-Rd 1389.77 65.14% Non-Rd 695.93 32.62% Total 2133.50 9 ------- MAINE Emissions by Source Category Figure 7.1: VOC Anthropogenic & Biogenic Emissions ¦ Point ~ SAS BOn-Rd ~ Non-Rd 0 Biogenic Figure 7.2: VOC Anthropogenic Emissions ¦ Point ~ SAS BOn-Rd ~ Non-Rd Figure 7.3: NOx Emissions ¦ Point ~ SAS BOn-Rd ~ Non-Rd Emissions Percent Source tons/summer day of Total Point 37.74 1.10% SAS 91.81 2.68% On-Rd 113.66 3.32% Non-Rd 30.94 0.90% Biogenic 3151.80 92.00% Total 3425.95 Emissions Percent Source tons/summer day of Total Point 37.74 13.77% SAS 91.81 33.49% On-Rd 113.66 41.46% Non-Rd 30.94 11.29% Total 274.15 Emissions Percent Source tons/summer day of Total Point 100.29 33.10% SAS 18.22 6.01% On-Rd 156.24 51.57% Non-Rd 28.20 9.31% Total 302.95 Figure 7.4: CO Emissions ¦ Point ~ SAS BOn-Rd ~ Non-Rd Emissions Percent Source tons/summer day of Total Point 59.93 4.49% SAS 60.42 4.53% On-Rd 912.52 68.37% Non-Rd 301.73 22.61% Total 1334.60 10 ------- MASSACHUSETTS Emissions by Source Category Figure 8.1: VOC Anthropogenic & Biogenic Emissions" ¦ Point ~ SAS BOn-Rd ~ Non-Rd 0 Biogenic Figure 8.2: VOC A ntbropogenic Emissions" ¦ Point ~ SAS BOn-Rd ~ Non-Rd Figure 8.3: NOx Emissions ¦ Point ~ SAS BOn-Rd ~ Non-Rd Figure 8.4: CO Emissions ¦ Point ~ SAS BOn-Rd ~ Non-Rd Emissions Percent Source tons/summer day of Total Point 56.34 3.50% SAS 392.00 24.35% On-Rd 302.22 18.77% Non-Rd 208.00 12.92% Biogenic 651.24 40.45% Total 1609.80 Emissions Percent Source tons/summer day of Total Point 56.34 5.88% SAS 392.00 40.89% On-Rd 302.22 31.53% Non-Rd 208.00 21.70% Total 958.56 Emissions Percent Source tons/summer day of Total Point 360.64 37.84% SAS 32.49 3.41% On-Rd 386.93 40.59% Non-Rd 173.13 18.16% Total 953.19 Emissions Percent Pollutant tons/summer day of Total Point 32.77 0.88% SAS 53.44 1.44% On-Rd 2268.26 61.08% Non-Rd 1358.87 36.59% Total 3713.34 *The VOC emission totals are from Massachusetts' December 30, 1994 15% rate-of-progress plan. 11 ------- NEW HAMPSHIRE Emissions by Source Category Emissions Percent tons/summer day of Total 28.31 3.20% 65.92 7.45% 103.75 11.72% 22.46 2.54% 664.53 75.09% 884.97 Figure 9.2: VOC A nthropogenic Emissions ¦ Point ~ SAS S On-Rd ~ Non-Rd Emissions Percent Source tons/summer day of Total Point 28.31 12.84% SAS 65.92 29.90% On-Rd 103.75 47.06% Non-Rd 22.46 10.19% Total 220.44 Figure 9.3: NOx Emissions ¦ Point ~ SAS B On-Rd ~ Non-Rd Emissions Percent Source tons/summer day of Total Point 107.74 44.18% SAS 16.66 6.83% On-Rd 111.22 45.60% Non-Rd 8.27 3.39% Total 243.89 Figure 9.4: CO Emissions ¦ Point ~ SAS BOn-Rd ~ Non-Rd Emissions Percent Source tons/summer day of Total Point 61.20 5.78% SAS 8.23 0.78% On-Rd 841.07 79.48% Non-Rd 147:77 13.96% Total 1058.27 ¦ Point ~ SAS SOn-Rd ~ Non-Rd 0 Biogenic Point SAS On-Rd Non-Rd Biogenic Total Figure 9.1: VOC A nthropogenic & Biogenic Emissions Source 12 ------- RHODE ISLAND Emissions by Source Category Figure 10.1: VOC Anthropogenic & Biogenic Emissions ¦ Point ~ SAS SOn-Rd ~ Non-Rd G3 Biogenic Figure 10.2: VOC Anthropogenic Emissions ¦ Point ~ SAS SOn-Rd ~ Non-Rd Figure 10.3: NOx Emissions ¦ Point ~ SAS BOn-Rd ~ Non-Rd Figure 10.4: CO Emissions ~ SAS On-Rd ~ Non-Rd Emissions Percent Source tons/summer day of Total Point 25.90 10.08% SAS 60.50 23.54% On-Rd 65.60 25.53% Non-Rd 32.10 12.49% Biogenic 72.90 28.37% Total 257.00 Emissions Percent Source tons/summer day of Total Point 25.90 14.07% SAS 60.50 32.86% On-Rd 65.60 35.63% Non-Rd 32.10 17.44% Total 184.10 Emissions Percent Source tons/summer day of Total Point 14.00 13.89% SAS 3.80 3.77% On-Rd 57.80 57.34% Non-Rd 25.20 25.00% Total 100.80 Emissions Percent Source tons/summer day of Total Point 6.20 0.83% SAS 2.10 0.28% On-Rd 545.60 72.70% Non-Rd 196.60 26.20% Total 750.50 13 ------- VERMONT Emissions by Source Category Figure 11.1: VOC A ntbropogenic & Biogenic Emissions ¦ Point ~ SAS BOn-Rd ~ Non-Rd EJ 'Biogenic Figure 11.2: VOC A ntbropogenic Emissions ¦ Point ~ SAS @ On-Rd ~ Non-Rd Figure 11.3: NOx Emissions ¦ Point ~ SAS BOn-Rd ~ Non-Rd Figure 11.4: CO Emissions ¦ Point ~ SAS @ On-Rd ~ Non-Rd Emissions Percent Source tons/summer day of Total Point 3.81 0.50% SAS 28.69 3.78% On-Rd 48.20 6.34% Non-Rd 13.86 1.82% ^Biogenic 665.37 87.56% Total 759.93 Emissions Percent Source tons/summer day of Total Point 3.81 4.03% SAS 28.69 30.34% On-Rd 48.20 50.97% Non-Rd 13.86 14.66% Total 94.56 Emissions Percent Source tons/summer day of Total Point 1.28 2.09% SAS 2.91 4.76% On-Rd 50.90 83.28% Non-Rd 6.03 9.87% Total 61.12 Emissions Percent Source tons/summer day of Total Point 1.30 0.25% SAS 1.57 0.30% On-Rd 448.20 84.99% Non-Rd 76.26 14.46% Total 527.33 Calculated by EPA using PC-BEIS. 14 ------- The maps in Figures 12 through 15 illustrate ozone precursor emission concentrations throughout the New England states. The maps show the total VOC, man-made VOC, NOx, and CO emission densities in terms of typical ozone season daily emissions in pounds per square mile. The emissions are illustrated in this fashion because realistically, only man-made emissions are controllable. Ozone season daily emission values were provided on a county basis by the states' 1990 base year inventories. The county emissions were divided by the respective square mileage of the county to obtain emissions density values for comparison. The maps clearly indicate that the urbanized areas and, in some cases, those areas with very large point sources have the highest densities of emissions. From these inventories, the states can determine what sources and source categories would be best to focus their control efforts. As discussed previously, the Clean Air Act requires the implementation of specific control programs depending on the classification of the nonattainment area. Prior to 1994, the States have focused many of their efforts to getting these mandatory control programs in place and implemented. 15 ------- Figure 12: Total VOC Emissions Total -.Jk (pounds/day) / sq. miles 0 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 150 150 - 200 200 - 300 300 - 400 400 - 500 500 - 700 700 - 2000 > 2000 16 ------- Figure 13: Total Man-Made VOC Emissions 0 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 150 150 - 200 200 - 300 300 - 400 400 - 500 500 - 700 700 - 2000 > 2000 Man-Made VOC (pounds/day) / sq. miles 17 ------- Figure 14: Total NOx Emissions A j ¦ /"X \ NOx x/-\ (pounds/day) / sq. miles II si 0 - 25 mm 25 - 50 ¦i 50 - 100 ¦i 100 - 150 ¦¦ 150 - 250 wm 250 - 350 mm 350 - 550 550 - 2000 ¦i > 2000 18 ------- Figure 15: Total CO Emissions ¦ (pounds/day) / sq. miles 0-100 100 - 200 B® 200 - 400 ¦1 400 - 700 ¦I 700 - 1000 ¦¦ 1000 - 2000 ¦1 2000 - 7000 ¦ > 7000 19 ------- MANDATORY CONTROL PROGRAMS UNDER THE CLEAN AIR ACT The following requirements are imposed on the five classified nonattainment areas: MARGINAL AREAS • An emission inventory for the base year of 1990 must be submitted and updated every three years. • States must require facilities to submit annual statements from VOC and NOx sources showing actual emissions. • Corrected VOC regulations, which EPA calls Reasonably Achievable Control Technology (RACT) fix-ups, must be submitted. • Marginal areas are required to immediately correct or submit previously required automobile inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs. • SIP revisions for new source review must be submitted. The definition of major stationary source remains at 100 tons per year, but the offset ratio is increased to 1.1 to 1. These offsets or emission reductions from a source are necessary to compensate for emission increases caused by new sources or large modifications to existing sources. MODERATE AREAS • Same as marginal area requirements. Plus... • A plan must be submitted which explains how VOC emissions will be reduced by 15% from the adjusted base year inventory over a period of six years. • Regulations requiring reasonably available control technology (RACT) must be adopted for all sources covered by EPA's existing control techniques guideline (or CTG) documents, and RACT must be imposed on all other major sources of VOC and NOx. In addition, moderate areas are required to adopt regulations for sources covered by any new CTG document that EPA publishes in the future. 20 ------- • SIP revisions for new source review must be submitted. The definition of major stationary source for VOC and NOx remains at 100 tons per year, but the offset ratio is increased to 1.15 to 1. • States must submit a Basic Inspection and Maintenance Program. • An attainment demonstration must be submitted which provides the reductions in VOC and NOx that are necessary to achieve attainment. SERIOUS AREAS • Same as marginal and moderate area requirements. Plus... • Serious areas must reduce VOC emissions by 3% per year (on average over a three-year period) until the air quality standard is achieved. A plan to accomplish this additional 3% per year reduction must be submitted. NOx control can be substituted if an equivalent ozone reduction can be demonstrated. • An attainment demonstration must be submitted, based on photochemical grid modeling, which provides the reductions in VOC and NOx that are necessary to achieve attainment. • An enhanced I/M program is required applicable in metropolitan statistical areas or consolidated metropolitan statistical areas with a 1980 population greater than 200,000. • A clean fuel program for fleet vehicles must be adopted. • Stage II vapor recovery controls controlling gasoline refueling emissions must be adopted. • Vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and emission estimates must be submitted and updated every three years. When current estimates exceed the emission levels projected in the attainment demonstration, the State is required to submit a SIP revision within 18 months which includes Transportation Control Measures (TCMs) that will reduce emissions to levels consistent with the attainment demonstration. • SIP revisions for new source review must be submitted. The definition of major stationary source for VOC and NOx is reduced to 50 tons per year, and the offset ratio is increased to 1.2 to 1. A de minimis increase is defined in a serious area as any increase of more than 25 tons that occurs over a 5 year period at a stationary source. There are also special internal offset provisions which allow certain modifications to be exempt from Lowest 21 ------- Achievable Emission Rate (LAER) and external offsets, if internal offsets of 1.3 to 1 are secured. • Enhanced monitoring of ozone, NOx, and VOC is required. SEVERE AREAS • Marginal, moderate and serious area requirements. Plus... • Continue the 3% progress requirement until attainment. • Additional transportation measures must be adopted as needed to offset growth in vehicle usage. • An employer ridership program for employers of 100 or more employees must be adopted. • SIP revisions for new source review must be submitted. The definition of major stationary source for VOC and NOx is reduced to 25 tons per year, and the offset ratio is increased to 1.3 to 1. • All gasoline must be reformulated for cleaner burning. EXTREME AREAS There are no extreme areas in New England. Today, Los Angeles is the only area designated extreme. 22 ------- OZONE TRANSPORT REGIONS The Clean Air Act also focuses on the problem of ozone and its precursor emissions being transported long distances. Many areas face air quality problems caused by sources that are outside their jurisdictions. The Clean Air Act establishes an Ozone Transport Region for the Northeast. The Ozone Transport Region contains 11 northeast states plus the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. The Ozone Transport Region includes all six of the New England States. Generally speaking, the entire ozone transport region, including its rural areas, is subject to the same requirements as moderate nonattainment areas. All areas in the ozone transport region, including attainment areas and marginal nonattainment areas have special requirements. These transport requirements are in addition to any other requirements which apply to a particular nonattainment area. Those requirements are as follows: • Reasonable available control technology (RACT) is required on all VOC sources for which EPA has issued a control techniques guideline (CTG) and all 50 ton per year VOC sources where EPA has not issued guidance. • An enhanced inspection and maintenance (I/M) program is required in all metropolitan statistical areas or consolidated metropolitan statistical areas with a population above 100,000. • RACT is required on 100 ton per year NOx sources (lower cutoffs apply in serious and higher areas). • SIP revisions for new source review for new or modified VOC and NOx sources must be submitted. Throughout the Ozone Transport Region (more stringent requirements apply in the higher classified areas), the definition of major stationary source for VOC is at least 50 tons per year, and the offset ratio for both NOx and VOC is at least 1.15 to 1. • States need to implement Stage II vapor recovery controls or comparable measures one year after EPA releases a study identifying such measures. 23 ------- SUMMARY For more information about how you can help keep our air clean, contact your state or county health department or environmental agency, or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Your state and local agencies will have information regarding local problems and the State Implementation Plan that has been developed to deal with them. The EPA publishes an annual National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report that includes specific information about air quality standards for specific pollutants and air pollution levels in hundreds of metropolitan areas. Your state or local environmental agency or health department usually has information about specific areas. Local weather reports on television, radio, and in the newspapers frequently include a daily air quality statement. The news media also report air quality concerns expressed by community groups or public agencies. These addresses and numbers are listed below. Bureau of Air Management Department of Environmental Protection 79 Elm Street Hartford, CT 06106-5127 Ph: (203) 424-3027 Air Resources Division Department of Environmental Protection 64 North Main Street, Caller Box 2033 Concord, NH 03302-2033 Ph: (603) 271-1370 Bureau of Air Quality Control Department of Environmental Protection 71 Hospital Street State House, Station No. 17 Augusta, ME 04333-6017 Ph: (207) 287-2437 Division of Air Resources Department of Environmental Protection 291 Promenade Street Providence, RI 02908-5767 Ph: (401)277-2808 Air Pollution Control Division Agency of Natural Resources Building 3 South 103 South Main Street Waterbury, VT 05671-0402 Ph: (802) 241-3840 U.S. EPA, New England J.F.K. Federal Building (AAA) Boston, MA 02203-2211 Ph: (617)565-3800 Bureau of Air Quality Control Department of Environmental Protection One Winter Street, 7th floor Boston, MA 02108-4746 Ph: (617) 292-5593 24 ------- OCI.C Connexion Page 1 of 1 OCLC 1142635315 Held by EHA - no other holdings Rec stat n Entered 20200302 Type a ELvl K Srce d BLvl m Form Conf 0 Cont GPub f Desc i Ills ab Fest 0 Replaced 20200302 Audn Biog LitF 0 DtSt s Ctr MRec Indx 0 Dates 1995 Lang eng Ctry mau 040 EHA *b eng *e rda *c EHA 088 EPA 901-R-95-006 099 EPA 901-R-95-006 049 EHAD 100 1 Burkhart, Richard, *e author. 245 1 0 Ozone trends 1981 - 1993 / +C U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region I, Air, Pesticides & Toxics Management Division ; written by: Richard Burkhart [and three others], 250 Revised February, 1995. 260 Boston, Massachusetts : *b U.S. Environmental Projection Agency, Region I, Air, Pesticides & Toxics Management Division, *c 1995. 300 24 pages : *b figures, maps (mostly colored); *c 23 cm 336 text *b txt *2 rdacontent 337 unmediated *b n +2 rdamedia 338 volume #b nc +2 rdacarrier 500 "August, 1994 (revised February, 1995)"~Cover. 650 0 Ozone. 650 0 Pollution *z New England *x Measurement. 710 1 United States. *b Environmental Protection Agency. +b Region I. *b Air, Pesticides and Toxics Management Division, *e issuing body. Delete Holdings- Export- Label- Submit- Replace- Report Error- Update Holdings-C Validate-C Workflow-In Process about:blank 3/2/2020 ------- |