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The Bridge Between Research and Use
$32
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGEIMCV
JULY 1, 1973
INFILTRATION/INFLOW SEMINARS
Technology Transfer recently completed a sem-
inar series covering the subject of excessive
infiltration/inflow in sewer systems. The seminars
addressed the EPA Regulations and Guidelines
and covered in depth an acceptable method for
an analysis and survey of the collection system
that will meet the EPA requirements. Seminars
were held in each Region with total attendance
approaching 3,000. Seminar locations were St.
Charles, III.; Dallas, Texas; Atlanta, Ga.; Phila-
delphia, Penna.; Seattle, Wash.; San Francisco,
Calif.; Kansas City, Mo.; New York, N.Y.; Denver,
Colo.; and Boston, Mass. Feature presentations
were made by Leland Gottstein and Robert Pfef-
ferle of American Consulting Services, Min-
neapolis, Minn., and John Smith, National En-
vironmental Research Center, EPA, Cincinnati,
Ohio. Presentations on EPA Regulations and
Guidelines were conducted by Charles Swanson,
Charles Sutfin, and Haig Farmer of the Office of
Air and Water Programs, EPA, Washington, D.C.
Sessions presented included: Impact of New
Water Bill on the Construction Grants Program,
Effects of Infiltration on Treatment Efficiencies,
EPA Regulations and Guidelines, the Infiltration/
Inflow Analysis and the Sewer System Evalua-
tion Survey.
Leland Gottstein, President, American Consulting Services
at Infiltration/Inflow Seminar.
The impact of these seminars should facilitate
a more coordinated flow of construction grants
projects with the regulations in effect.
MUNICIPAL DESIGN SEMINARS
The Technology Transfer Program has con-
ducted two additional municipal design seminars
since March, 1973, bringing the total number of
municipal design seminars conducted to 21. The
most recent seminars presented were in St.
Charles,(Chicago) Illinois, March 26 and Atlanta,
Georgia, May 8-10.
The St. Charles Seminar was a one-day ses-
sion on Storm and Combined Sewers held in
conjunction with the Region V, Infiltration/Inflow
Seminar. Francis T. Mayo, Regional Administra-
tor, Region V, gave the opening welcome to the
consulting engineers, regulatory personnel and
other professionals in attendance.
The Storm and Combined Sewer Session in-
cluded presentations on introduction and state-
of-the-art; regulators; microstraining and disin-
fection; screening, dissolved air flotation; and
three case histories—Detroit, Michigan; Keno-
sha, Wisconsin; and Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
The Atlanta Seminar included sessions on
physical-chemical treatment, upgrading existing
wastewater treatment facilities, and nitrogen con-
Cliff Risley—Region V Technology Transfer Chairman
speaking at seminar.

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trol. Mr. Asa B. Foster, Jr., Director, Categorical
Programs Division—EPA, Region IV, gave the
opening welcome to the 100-plus consultants and
regulatory personnel in attendance. The Federal
Water Pollution Control Act—Amendments of
1972, was discussed by Andrew Robert Greene,
Assistant Regional Counsel, EPA, Region IV.
Feature presentations at the above design
seminars were given by Dr. Clair Sawyer; Dr.
Denny Parker, Brown and Caldwell, Consulting
Engineers; Dr. Richard Woodward, Camp, Dres-
ser & McKee, Consulting Engineers; Richard Sul-
livan, American Public Works Association; and
Mr. Robert Skrenener, Detroit, Michigan. EPA
personnel participating in the seminars included
Mr. Edwin Barth, Mr. Jesse Cohen, and Mr. John
Smith from the National Environmental Research
Center in Cincinnati; and Mr. Frank Condon from
the Office of Research and Monitoring in Wash-
ington, D.C.
TECHNOLOGYTRANSFER
SEMINAR PUBLICATIONS
Technology Transfer will distribute selected
Seminar Publications at the 1973 Water Pollution
Control Federation Conference in Cleveland,
Ohio, on September 30-October 5, 1973. The pub-
lications will be featured in the EPA Technology
Transfer Exhibit for the WPCF Conference. The
specific publications are Nitrification & Denitrifi-
cation Facilities, Physical-Chemical Wastewater
Treatment Plant Design, Upgrading Lagoons, De-
sign Criteria and Operating Experience for High
Purity Oxygen Systems, and Upgrading Existing
Wastewater Treatment Facilities—Case Histories.
These publications have been used extensively
in the Technology Transfer Design Seminar Series
and will be the first issues in the Municipal De-
sign Seminar Publication Series.
Publications from the Technology Transfer in-
dustrial seminars series are now available for the
Poultry Processing and Metal Finishing Industries.
These publications include "In-Process Pollution
Abatement", "Pretreatment of Poultry Processing
Wastes", and "Waste Treatment" for poultry proc-
esses and "In-Process Pollution Abatement" and
"Waste Treatment" for metal finishers. These pub-
lications can be ordered by checking the appropri-
ate box in the Request Form at the end of this
newsletter.
MANUAL FOR DESIGN OF WASTEWATER
TREATMENT FACILITIES FOR SMALL
MUNICIPALITIES
Technology Transfer has recently contracted
for preparation of a Manual for Design of Waste-
water Treatment Facilities for Small Municipali-
ties. Completion is expected by mid-1974.
This Manual will generally include information
required for the design of new wastewater treat-
ment facilities of two million gallons per day and
under. Major emphasis will be on the design of
treatment plants for municipalities with popula-
tions of 10,000 or less which would normally cor-
respond to design capacities of one million gal-
lons per day and under. The Design Manual will
include the necessary criteria, parameters, and
other information required to design: 1) small
treatment facilities that will meet secondary
treatment requirements consistently without
overly sophisticated operation and maintenance,
and 2) small treatment facilities that will provide
advanced wastewater treatment such as high
degrees of removal of BOD, COD, nutrients,
solids and other pollutants.
UPDATING OF PROCESS DESIGN
MANUALS
Revisions to the four original Technology
Transfer Process Design Manuals (Sus-
pended Solids Removal, Carbon Adsorption,
Phosphorus Removal, and Upgrading Exist-
ing Wastewater Treatment Plants) are ap-
proaching completion and will be available
in the very near future.
The purpose of revising these manuals—
originally issued in October 1971—was to
incorporate information on newly developed
and demonstrated techniques and to in-
clude any subsequent experience gained
and data produced on those methods
covered in the initial edition of the manuals.
For those individuals who have the orig-
inal manuals and have not yet requested
the manual revisions, it is essential this be
done as soon as possible. This can be ac-
complished by either forwarding the request
card contained in the back of each manual,
or by sending a letter to Technology Trans-
fer, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D.C. 20460.
NEWTECHNOLOGYTRANSFER PROCESS
DESIGN MANUALFORSLUDGE
HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
A contract for the development of a Tech-
nology Transfer Design Manual for Sludge
Handling and Disposal has been awarded to
Black, Crow and Eidsness of Gainesville, Florida.
Scheduled completion of this manual is mid-
1974.
Detailed information, including design criteria
and cost estimates, will be included for all feas-
ible alternative designs for the various sludge
handling, processing, and disposal processes.
Information, criteria, estimates, and case his-
tories will be included for both new and existing
wastewater treatment facilities and the "how-to"
design aspects will receive major emphasis.

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CONTROL OF POLLUTION
FROM METAL FINISHING
FACILITIES*
Metal finishing operations involve a variety of
processes for improving or conditioning surfaces.
These include cleaning, pickling, annealing, case
hardening, polishing, immersion plating, elec-
troplating, phosphating, anodizing, and others.
These processes generally change the surface of
a product to improve corrosion resistance, im-
part greater hardness, increase wear resistance,
improve the aesthetic appearance, or change the
electrical conductivity of the surface.
Five types of pollutants are commonly as-
sociated with metal finishing operations. These
are cyanides, metals, organics, dissolved solids,
and extremes in alkalinity or acidity. Nearly all
of these pollutants are potentially toxic or haz-
ardous to living organisms at the strengths used
in metal finishing operations.
SOURCES OF WASTE
The sources of waste from metal finishing facil-
ities include normal process effluents from
cleaning and de-scaling operations, pickling
operations, plating operations, rinsing opera-
tions, and air scrubbing operations. These wastes
are discharged on either a batch or continuous
basis as well as accidental discharges of process
solutions.
Cleaning and De-Scaling Operations
To obtain a good quality finish in a metal
processing operation, whether it be an organic,
metallic, or a chemical coating, it is imperative
that the surface of the workpiece be completely
free from oils, greases, rust, or other oxide films.
This requires that cleaning operations be per-
formed prior to chemical processing. Often, it is
necessary to initially subject the workpieces to
a mechanical operation, such as tumbling, blast
cleaning, polishing, or buffing, prior to the chem-
ical processing steps. These mechanical opera-
tions can produce an effluent which contains
high levels of suspended solids.
Cleaning and de-scaling solutions remove oil,
grease, scale, and surface metal film and hold
the removed materia) without depositing it back
on the workpieces being processed. The cleaners
employed are usually alkali phosphates and rela-
tively high concentrations of wetting agents to
provide fast and complete oil, grease, and soil
removal. In time, the effectiveness of these
cleaning and de-scaling agents diminishes until
*Extracted from publications prepared for the Technology
Transfer Seminar Series "Upgrading Metal Finishing
Facilities to Reduce Pollution". For your copy of the
complete publications, fill in the form at the end of this
newsletter.
the solution must either be dumped as a batch
discharge or continuously bled. The solvents
used for degreasing, such as the nonflammable
chlorinated hydrocarbons or the flammable sol-
vents (kerosene), can form emulsions in water
or a floating film which not only detracts from
the appearance of the water but also presents
danger to living organisms. In addition, these
organic contaminants may be inflammable or
liberate toxic gases which would also prohibit
their discharge to a storm or sanitary sewer sys-
tem. The biochemical oxygen demand in the
effluent may be sufficiently high to require bio-
logical treatment.
Pickling Operations
In the pickling operation the wastes are dis-
charged in the rinsing process or in the dump-
ing of spent processing solution. The pickling
solutions are usually strong acids. The acids are
consumed by the dissolution of oxides and
metals. The acid must then be replenished and
metal ion content of the effluent from pickling
may be high in copper, zinc, nickel, cadmium,
iron or other heavy metals which are toxic to
most living organisms and may have deleterious
effects at low concentrations. In addition, ex-
posure to acid water will cause damage to
masonry and iron structures. Alkaline pickling
solutions are used primarily for etching alum-
inum and zinc. These solutions are generally
highly caustic and must be neutralized with acid
or spent-acid-pickling solutions.
Plating Operations
Effluents from many of the alkaline plating
solutions contain complex metal cyanides. Of the
non-cyanide processing solutions the primary
toxic constituent is the heavy metal ion. Chro-
mium-containing chemicals are used in many
plating solutions as well as etching, anodizing,
electropolishing, and chromating solutions. The
chromium ion content of many of these process-
ing solutions is quite high and, consequently, the
rinse effluents following processing are high in
chromium ion whch is toxic even in dilute con-
centrations.
Rinsing Operations
Metal finishing requires large quantities of
water to wash away the chemical film on the
work surface. This rinsing minimizes the poten-
tial for formation of insoluble metal salts on the
workpieces (which would preclude good adhe-
sion at subsequent processing steps) and
reduces the contamination of one process solu-
tion caused by the carryover of impurities or
chemicals from a previous process. The rinse
water effluent will carry dissolved solids result-
ing from the dragout (the solution carried out
of the process tank during withdrawal of the
workpiece) from numerous processes which con-

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tain alkali cleaners, acids, pickling solutions and
others. While the total dissolved salt concentra-
tion in the water may not have increased ap-
preciably, the effluent carries the various metal
salts, cleaning compounds, and possibly a small
quantity of the oils and greases originally re-
moved by the cleaners from the work surface.
Air Scrubbing Operations
Metal finishing operations create in general
two types of air emissions: gaseous contami-
nants and entrained liquid. The gaseous contam-
inants are commonly HCI, HF and N02. En-
trained liquid particles are released from plating
baths due to air agitation, drippage, and mech-
anical agitation of the bath. The particles are
generally 10 microns in size or larger. In order
to remove these contaminants from the air, wet
scrubbers are generally utilized. The scrubber
water effluent will contain much of the soluble
gas released from the process tanks and 99 per-
cent or more of the entrained liquids from the
process baths.
Accidental Discharges
Process solutions, containing concentrated
toxic materials, accidently discharged in large
volume to a stream or a sewer system could
result in catastrophic damage to living organisms
in the stream or a biological upset of the sewage
treatment plant. For this reason, the potential
hazard connected with accidental discharges of
process solutions is significant.
In-Process Pollution Control
Before any decision is made regarding selec-
tion of waste treatment equipment, an intensive
in-process effort must be made to minimize the
quantities of pollutants and water discharged.
A plant survey should begin with the prepara-
tion of an accurate site plan to identify the loca-
tion of all influent and effluent lines from the
plant site, space available for future pollution
control equipment, and the influence the site
topography might have on drainage and future
construction.
Next, information on the plant layout and
operating characteristics should be studied.
Special attention should be given to location of
equipment within the processing cycles, the
production rates for each cycle, the location of
accessory equipment, plant electrical capacity,
steam availability, head space and support
column locations. Also, data on the volume of
the tanks within each cycle, the quantities of
chemicals used, the quantity of rinse water used,
the volume of dragout, and the frequency of
spent-process-solution discharges should be re-
corded at normal production levels.
Once the base-line data on plant operations
has been collected, steps should be taken to
reduce chemical wastes through the minimizing
of chemical process substitution or through
lowering process solution concentrations. Sub-
stitution of low-concentration solutions for
those of high concentration can be ac-
complished in many instances with no com-
promise to product quality and with con-
siderable reduction in waste loading to the
treatment system. For example, low cyanide
solutions can account for a reduction of up
to 90 percent in the usage of cyanide. Tighter
process control is generally required when these
baths replace conventional cyanide processes. In
conjunction with this reduction in cyanide, the
use of chelates may be eliminated, thus minimiz-
ing the problem of removal of zinc from the
waste stream. Other substitutions that can be
made include non-phosphate cleaners, non-
chromium dips in conversion coatings and
anodizing, non-cyanide stripping solutions, non-
chromium bactericides for cooling water, and
non-cyanide gold and copper processes.
Most processes offer a range of concentrations
in which they may be operated successfully. The
industry has traditionally selected the midpoint
in these ranges as the operating concentration.
With effluent standards and cost savings in mind,
serious consideration should be applied to
operating the process solutions at their mini-
mum concentration limits. As an example, a
standard nickel plating solution has the follow-
ing composition limits:
OPERATING
CHEMICAL	RANGE CONCENTRATION
nickel sulfate (NiS04-6H,0) 40to50oz/gal	45oz/gal
nickel chloride (NiCI,-6H;0) 8 to 12 oz/gal	lOoz/gal
boric acid (H,BO,)	6.0 to 6.5 oz/gal 6.3oz/gal
At the above operating concentrations, a typi-
cal small plating shop running an average of 12
hours per day and 250 days per year would ex-
perience an annual loss of nickel salts (due to
dragout) of approximately 8500 pounds nickel
sulfate and 1900 pounds nickel chloride (based
on the processing of 600 square feet/hour and a
conservative dragout rate of 1.5 gallon/1000
square feet). Had the minimum concentrations
been used for the year, the resultant saving in
nickel chloride would have amounted to $800. If
this shop applied the same thinking to the other
process solutions in the plating line, a major im-
provement in operating costs is readily obtainable.
Not considered in the improvement is the poten-
tial cost savings in effluent treatment. All metal
finishing operations merit this type of assessment.
Reduction of solution concentration will require
closer process control, however.
The losses of chemicals from a process tank
can be reduced by minimizing the dragout. The
major factors which influence the dragout are
the velocity of the withdrawal of the workpieces,
the geometry of the workpieces, the positioning
of the pieces on the rack or fixture, the drainage
time allowed over the process tank, the viscosity

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and density of the process solution, and the
temperature of the solution. Optimum conditions
should be created in each of these areas to
minimize dragout. Some examples of steps that
may be effective in reducing dragout include
slowing down the rate of withdrawal, increasing
drainage time over the process tank, operating
the bath at as high a temperature as possible,
utilizing salts that will yield a high-density, low
viscosity process solution.
Rinsing represents the most frequently used
process in metal finishing. It is by far the largest
consumer of water and has been often given
little or no consideration as to cost or pollution
problems. In plants where there has been little
attention to rinse flow rates, water conservation
studies have repeatedly shown that each rinse
tank flow may usually be reduced by 50 percent
without impairment of rinsing quality. In order
to determine the minimum water requirements
for rinsing, the rinse water flow must be reduced
gradually until the residual chemical film in the
rinse water, because of its concentration and
thickness, begins to cause deterioration in the
quality of the workpiece or the quality of the
finish in succeeding processes. Once these
minimum flow rates have been established, flow
restrictor valves which provide for flows slightly
above the minimum levels should be installed.
For example, an average plant whose total flow
rate is 100 gpm can save approximately 50 gpm.
Based on 3000 operating hours per year and a
water charge of $0.25/1000 gallons, an annual
saving of over $2000 is achieved. The same
reduction in water usage will cut the capital
costs of a waste treatment system in half. For
the average plant that saving can amount to
$40,000.
Further and equally dramatic reductions in
water consumption are achievable through the
use of mechanical devices and equipment rear-
rangements such as counterflow multiple tank
rinsing. In counterflow rinsing, used water exit-
ing the first tank becomes feed water for the
second, and, after being used again, feeds the
third tank as shown in Figure 1.
The advantage of counterflow rinsing is in the
repeated exposure of the workpieces to the
water, the increase in dwell time, permitting
more diffusion to occur, and the ability to bring
the majority of the water passing through into
more intimate contact with the work. The results
in water saving are significant. For example, if
a dragout of 1 gph in a given case required a
1000 to 1 dilution in order to produce acceptable
work, 1000 gallons of rinse water per hour would
be required in a single rinse tank; in a double
counterflow rinse system, 30-35 gph are required,
and in a triple counterflow rinse system, 8-12
gph are needed. The disadvantage is that the
work requires two or three processing steps in-
stead of one, and more equipment and space is
normally required. If multiple counterflow rinsing
is designed into prospective automatic metal fin-
ishing equipment, the initial disadvantages are
increased capital expense and space require-
ments. The ultimate advantage, however, lies not
only in the enormous drop in water costs, but
also in a sharp reduction in the cost of the sup-
porting waste treatment system.
Multiple tank rinsing, shown in Figure 2, is
merely a battery of single rinses, each with its
own feed waters. The principles are generally the
same as in the counterflow rinsing system above,
although the total reduction in water consump-
tion will not be as great as with the counterflow
system.
Spray rinsing is another method of effectively
rinsing workpieces to reduce carryover of con-
taminants with minimum water usage. Two
categories of spray rinsing may be used. The
first, impact spraying, uses both impact and dif-
fusion to remove contaminant films. It uses little
water compared to immersion rinsing and may
be used in some cases as a recovery rinse by
pumping the collected spray volume into the
previous process tank. Impact spraying is inef-
fective, however, when the workpieces have
areas inaccessible to the spray nozzles.
The second method, rinse and spray, employs
immersion rinsing followed by a spray, opera-
tional only when the work is withdrawn from the
rinse tank. It is advantageous in removing stub-
bom films by impact and permits lower water
flows in the main body of the rinse tank. These
two spray methods are shown in Figure 3.
Work Movement
Incoming
Water
	-
Outgoing Water J.
Figure 1. Triple Counterflow Rinse

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Work Movement
Outgoing Water
Figure 2. Multiple Tank Rinsing
-Incoming
Water

/ -
u

¦f-
-n
Impact Spray
Rinse and Spray
. Incoming
Water
Outgoing Water
Figure 3. Spray Rinsing
WASTE TREATMENT
The three most commonly used methods of
waste treatment are chemical conversion, precip-
itation and solids separation, and ion exchange.
Chemical Conversion
The chemical conversion method of treatment
is widely used in the destruction of cyanide, the
reduction of hexavalent chromium and in the
conversion of soluble heavy metals to heavy
metal hydroxides.
Cyanide is typically treated by adding caustic
until the pH reaches 11.5 and then adding
chlorine or sodium hypochlorite. This treatment
converts the cyanide into cyanate. The cyanate
can be further broken down into nitrogen and
carbon dioxide by adjusting the pH to 7.5 to 8.0
and further addition of chlorine or sodium hypo-
chlorite. Another method of cyanide treatment is
the Kastone process developed by the DuPont
Company. In this process the solution pH is
adjusted to 10.0 to 11.5. The solution is heated
to 120 to 130°F and hydrogen peroxide and for-
malin are added. This process is applicable to
the treatment of sodium, potassium, zinc and
cadmium cyanide only.
Hexavalent chromium is commonly treated by
the addition of acid to reduce the pH to 3.0 or
less and the addition of sodium metabisulfite,
sodium bisulfite, ferrous sulfate, or sulfur dioxide
gas. The above treatment reduces the hexavalent
chromium to the trivalent state. The pH is then
increased prior to separation of the solids pre-
cipitate.
Precipitation and Solids Separation
Metal salts are commonly removed from waste
streams by adjusting the pH to the neutral range
(pH 7.0 to 8.5) where many of these metal salts
will become insoluble. Each metal salt has a
specific pH at which its solubility is lowest.
Therefore, to achieve optimum removal of each
of the metal salts present, the waste streams
should be segregated and individually treated.

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This treatment of segregated waste streams
provides the additional advantage of yielding a
sludge which is high in concentration of each
process metal. This concentrated sludge is much
less costly to process for recovery of metals.
When the waste streams are not segregated the
best pH for the most complete separation will be
the pH that will provide for the removal of the
most toxic metals present. The sludge resulting
from precipitation of metals from waste streams
that are not segregated is relatively difficult and
costly to process for metals recovery. The
optimum pH levels for precipitation of metals at
various concentrations are shown in Figure 4. In
addition to natural precipitation of metal hydrox-
ides, coagulants such as ferric sulfate, ferric
chloride, or aluminum sulfate are used in the
ranges of 100 to 300 milligrams per liter. The ef-
fectiveness of various concentrations of ferric
sulfate on turbidity is shown in Figure 5.
100
,Cd
Zn
Cu
pH Units 23 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Figure 4. Precipitation of Metal Salts vs. pH
100
~CT~24 mg/1
Ferric Sulfate
28 mg/1
"()— 3(Jmg/1
¦a
'n
mg/1
'34 mg/1
Settling Time - Min.
Figure 5. Coagulations and Settling Time vs.
Concentration of Coagulant
Ion Exchange
Ion exchange is a method for concentrating
the chemical contaminants from rinse waters so
that they can be more economically treated or
recovered. Basically, ion exchange removes an ion
from the solution to be treated by exchanging it
with a less harmful ion from the ion exchange
resin. The process is cyclic. The solution being
treated passes through the exchanger until the
resin is exhausted. The resin is then regenerated
to its original state by contact with a relatively
strong solution of the ion originally on the resin.
At this higher concentration the resin will pick up
this ion and give up the ion originally recovered
from the rinse water to the regenerating solu-
tion. The regenerating solution then becomes a
relatively concentrated solution of the contam-
inant originally in the rinse water. This con-
centrated solution can be more easily treated or
recovered. The original rinse solution being
treated is now de-ionized water which can be
reused in the process. The recovery of metals
and process solutions for reuse through ion ex-
change and evaporation is discussed in a fol-
lowing section of this article.
From a mechanical point of view, there are two
types of ion exchange systems in use: Fixed Bed,
Moving Bed.
Fixed bed exchanger systems usually consist
of at least two exchangers containing a fixed
charge of resin. An exchanger is taken out of
service as it nears exhaustion and put into the
regeneration cycle. The solution being treated
is switched to a resin bed which still has ex-
change capacity.
The moving bed exchanger, shown in Figure
6, enables resin rinsing, regeneration, and make
up to be conducted in one exchanger which
operates continuously on the solution side. Since
each resin slug has less time in the exchange
zone before backwash and regeneration than its
fixed bed counterpart, it is less likely to become
fouled. Moving bed exchangers usually find their
application in the larger installations.
When an ion-exchange installation is used for
the purification of rinse water effluent from sev-
eral processes, the reclamation of the process
chemicals contained in the backwash water
usually cannot be returned to the original
process from which they originated. In an in-
stallation of this type, the main function of the
ion-exchange installation is to avoid waste treat-
ment of large volumes of rinse water effluent
backwashing since all the chemicals that require
treatment become available in a far more con-
centrated form. Where the process waste
streams have been segregated the function of
the ion exchanger is to return nearly all the rinse
water to the process for repeated usage and allow
a simplified waste treatment with regard to the
volume of the total waste to be treated. The
chemical and maintenance cost of the ion-ex-

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Backwash
Water
"In"
Conductivity
Probe
Resin
Regen
erant
"In"


Resin Reservoir



operating limits on the quality of the chemical
rinse solution.
Hydraulic
Pulse for
Resin
Movement
Resin
Valve
Pulsing Chamber
Resin
valve
Regeneration
Column
Resin
Valve
Resin
Regenerant
and
Backwash
Waste "Out"
Figure 6. "Moving Bed" Ion Exchanger
change installation would have to be balanced
against the water savings. Care must be taken
to ensure that materials that foul the resins such
as oil, organic brighteners, and wetting agents
are removed in a carbon filter upstream of the
ion exchanger. Also, it is important that precip-
itated metal salts and other suspended solids
are removed from the waste stream prior to
entering the ion exchanger. The ion-exchange
unit should be sized so as to allow for a 20 to
25 percent drop in efficiency between backwash-
ings.
Another approach to chemical treatment of
wastes is the controlled circulation or "in-
tegrated waste treatment" system. The basic
concept of this system is the segregation and
treatment of the waste at its source. It employs
a chemical cleaning bath to remove the con-
taminants carried over from the process tank, a
treatment tank for addition of treatment chem-
icals, and a settling tank for precipitation of
metal hydroxides (see Figure 7). The system is
integrated into the process line. The chemical
cleaning bath solution is continuously bled to
the treatment tank, from there to the settling
tank, and after solids separation, 80 to 90 per-
cent of the liquid is pumped back to the chem-
ical cleaning tank for reuse. The advantages of
this system include relatively low capital cost for
treatment equipment, dramatic reductions in
water use, improved rinsing, relatively low chem-
ical costs, segregation of metal sludges which
are more economically recoverable. The dis-
advantages of the system include the need for
additional rinse tanks and the need for tight
Treatment Chemical Add
Process
{x}-»Waste
"Out"
Regen-
eration of
Process
Solution
Process
Waste
"In"
Process
Double Counterflow Rinse
Treatment
Pump
Settlement
Tank
Fresh
Water
Displaced Water
to Sewer
t Sludge Removal
Figure 7. Controlled Recirculation
RECOVERY OF PROCESS SOLUTIONS
AND METALS
The systems most commonly considered for
recovery of process solution and metal are ion
exchange, evaporative recovery, and reverse
osmosis.
Ion Exchange
Ion exchange systems combined with evapora-
tion have potentially wide applicability for the
recovery of metal or the regeneration of process
solutions as well as for the treatment uses
discussed earlier. For example, when rinse
waters from chromium plating are passed
through a cation exchange column, the system
may serve the function of recovering the valu-
able chromium chemicals by removing the im-
purities such as trivalent chromium, copper,
zinc, nickel, and iron, in the cation exchange
column, the backwash waters from which would
otherwise go to waste treatment. An evaporation
system allows further concentration of valuable
chemicals and reuse of the rinse waters.
Ion exchange systems can also be used for the
maintenance of process solution quality. Alum-
inum can be removed from a chromic acid
anodizing bath, avoiding the necessity of periodic
disposal of the bath. Chromic acid, as a strong
oxidizer, will deteriorate the resin to some ex-
tent and, therefore, concentrated chromic acid
solutions should first be diluted with water be-
fore regeneration through an ion exchanger is
attempted.
Moving bed ion exchangers have been suc-
cessfully utilized for process solution recovery
such as bright dip solutions used for aluminum

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which require resins to be able to accept high-
strength oxidizing acids and have removal rates
of large quantity of aluminum, maintaining the
process solution at the optimum aluminum con-
centration.
Evaporative Recovery
There are basically two types of evaporative
recovery systems commonly in use: the vacuum
evaporator and the atmospheric evaporator. A
vacuum evaporator operates at sub-atmospheric
pressures, thus enabling evaporation to take
place at temperatures in the range of 130 to
190°F. At these temperatures the oxidative break-
down of cyanide compounds is reduced. An at-
mospheric evaporator operates at atmospheric
pressure and the normal boiling temperature of
the solution being processed. These types of
evaporators can be utilized in either open or
closed loop processing cycles.
The open loop cycle is adaptable for partial
recovery of plating chemicals on those plating
installations where there is an insufficient num-
ber of countercurrent rinse tanks. A small portion
of the chemical dragout that accumulates in the
final rinse tank is not circulated to the evapora-
tor for concentration. The circulation loop
through the evaporator is opened by creating
another flow path for the chemical dragout. This
small fraction of dragout solution not returned
to the evaporator can be treated by an ap-
propriate chemical method before disposal.
The closed loop system is an effective way to
recover cyanide, metal cyanides, chromium and
other metal-containing chemicals from plating
operations so that chemical treatment of rinse
Plating
Solution
Concen-
trate
Plating Tank
water is eliminated or minimized. This technique
can be economically applied only to processing
lines using countercurrent rinsing. In a typical
system, Figure 8, a single-effect evaporator con-
centrates flow from the rinse water holding tank.
The concentrated rinse solution is returned to
the plating bath and the distilled water is re-
turned to the final rinse tank.
In the closed loop system, no external rinse
water is added for makeup except that required
by atmospheric evaporation. The only chemicals
added to the plating bath are those required for
replacing what is actually deposited on parts and
any spillage or accidental losses. The system is
designed to recover 100 percent of the plating
chemicals normally lost in dragout for reuse in
the plating cycle.
Reverse Osmosis
Functionally, the reverse osmosis applications
in metal finishing are very similar to the op-
portunities available by evaporation. Theoreti-
cally, reverse osmosis aims to apply high pres-
sure to a suitable thin membrane, overcoming
the osmotic pressure, passing water through the
membrane which at the same time rejects the
salt molecules and thereby separates a relatively
salt-free water stream and a salt solution at a
higher concentration than the original input was.
Rinse waters from a specific process can thereby
be treated, the water product returned for rins-
ing, and the concentrates, possibly after further
concentration by evaporation, returned to the
process. Suitable membrane materials for cya-
nide and chromium type rinse water reconcentra-
tion are not yet commercially available.
Distillate
Holding
Tank

J
—N "


Rinse
Rinse
Rinse


Water Rinse
Holding Tank
Cooling Water "Out"
Condensor
Cooling
Water "In"
Evaporator
Flash Boiler
Distillate
Steam
Concentrate
Return Pump
Steam
Condensate
Figure 8. Evaporative Recovery—"Closed Loop"

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POLLUTION CONTROL SEMINAR FOR
THE DAIRY INDUSTRY
Technology Transfer held its first industrial
seminar for the Dairy Industry, entitled "Upgrad-
ing Dairy Production Facilities to Control Pol-
lution", in Madison, Wisconsin, on March 20 and
21, 1973. The program included in-depth cover-
age of the new water pollution control legisla-
tion as well as presentations on EPA enforce-
ment policy by Linda Huff of the EPA Region V,
National Discharge Elimination Program and on
the State of Wisconsin's regulatory program by
Thomas G. Frangos, Administrator of the Wiscon-
sin Department of Natural Resources.
Three technical sessions were held covering
in-plant management, waste treatment, and a
session on whey. The in-plant session, conducted
by Robert R. Zall of Cornell University, specific-
ally covered waste characterization, waste meas-
urement and monitoring, economic alternatives
of waste reduction solutions, process variation
to reduce waste, recovery and salvage of waste
products, recycling of fluids, instrumentation,
cleaning and sanitizing solutions, and reduction
of product loss through operation and mainte-
nance.
The session on waste treatment, presented by
Kenneth Watson of Kraftco Corporation, George
Muck of Dean Foods, Dr. William Boyle and Dr.
L. B. Polkowski of Polkowski, Boyle and As-
sociates, and Paul F. Hickman of the Spring-
field, Missouri, Department of Sanitary Services,
covered treatment alternatives available for dis-
charge of wastes to municipal treatment plants
and to waterways. The discussion included the
relative advantages of joint treatment of dairy
wastes in municipal wastewater treatment
plants, waste treatment alternatives, and case
studies of actual pollution abatement efforts by
dairy production facilities.
The session on whey consisted of a panel
discussion of the recovery, utilization, and dis-
posal of whey. The discussion covered current
practice and new technology applicable to the
utilization of whey.
A special luncheon featured a presentation by
Fred J. Greiner, Chairman of the Dairy Industry
Committee on Industry and Government Rela-
tions.
The final general session included a presenta-
tion by Charles Marshall of J. A. Commins and
Associates, an industrial management consult-
ant, on the optimization of financial strategy for
pollution control investments. The discussion
covered tax advantages, depreciation of equip-
ment, government and private sources of financ-
ing available, and the economics of joint treat-
ment with a municipality versus privately fi-
nanced treatment facilities.
Also included in this session was a presenta-
tion by Kenneth Dostal of the EPA Pacific North-
west Water Laboratory, covering the status of
the EPA Demonstration Grant Program.
This seminar is scheduled to be repeated on
the East Coast (Region III) in August 1973.
FIFTH TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
INDUSTRIAL SEMINAR HELD IN KANSAS
CITY, MISSOURI FOR MEAT PACKING
INDUSTRY
The fifth EPA Technology Transfer Industrial
Seminar for FY 1973, "Upgrading Meat Packing
Facilities to Reduce Pollution" was given to 160
engineers and managers from the Meat Packing
Industry in Kansas City, Missouri on March 7, 8,
1973.
EPA Regional Director Jerome Svore and John
Dunning of the National Independent Meat Pack-
ers welcomed the attendees. Pretreatment re-
quirements and surcharges were discussed by
Richard Frank and Permit requirements were
discussed by Garry Stigall both of Region VII.
Two technology sessions were presented. The
first session on "In-Plant Modifications and Pre-
treatment" was by A. J. Steffen of Purdue Uni-
versity. The second session on Waste Treatment
Systems was given by Jim and Paula Wells of
Bell, Galyardt & Wells.
A special evening panel session was held on
Odor Control. Donald Dencker of Oscar Mayer
and Kenneth Ries of Armour joined Al Steffen
and Jim Wells to form the panel.
The final general session included a presenta-
tion on "Optimum Strategies for Financing Pol-
lution Control Investments" by Charles Marshall
of J. A. Commins and Associates, and a talk on
Effective Government-Industry relationships by
Donald Mackenzie of the American Meat Insti-
tute.
EPA Technology Transfer Chairman for Region
VII is Lewis Young.
METAL FINISHING SEMINAR
The third in the series of industrial seminars
on "Upgrading Metal Finishing Facilities to
Reduce Pollution" was held in Portland, Oregon
on May 16-17. Approximately 140 metal finishers
and government officials attended the seminar.
The technical sessions included a presentation
on In-Process Pollution Abatement by Alan Olsen
of Oxy-Metal Finishing and Edward Hanf of Ceil-
cote, Inc. and a presentation on Metal Finishing
Waste Treatment by Dr. Leslie Lancy and Robert
Rice of Lancy Laboratories. In the general ses-
sions Dr. William Brungs of the EPA National
Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota,
gave a stimulating talk on the Effect of Heavy
Metal Discharges on the Aquatic Environment
and James Commins of J. A. Commins and As-
sociates gave a presentation on Choosing the
Optimum Financial Strategy. A status report on
the EPA demonstration grants involving metal

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finishing plants was given by Dr. Herbert Shov-
ronak of EPA's Edison Laboratory.
EPATECHNOLOGYTRANSFER CAPSULE
REPORT #2 AVAILABLE
EPA Technology Transfer Capsule Report
Number 2 "Color Removal from Kraft Pulping
Effluent by Lime Addition" is now being dis-
tributed. This capsule report describes an EPA
Industrial Demonstration Grant with the Inter-
state Paper Corporation at Riceboro, Georgia.
Lime treatment, clarification, holding in a
quiescent biological pond, and final aeration
were used to reduce color from the Interstate
unbleached kraft mill from 1200 APHA units to
125. BOD was reduced from 41 lbs/ton pulp (330
ppm) to 0.6 lb/ton pulp (5 ppm). Calcium was
removed in the final effluent by natural recar-
bonation in the quiescent lagoon.
The capsule report lists the performance and
economics of the system.
For your copy of this Capsule Report use the
order blank at the back of this newsletter.
EPATECHNOLOGYTRANSFER CAPSULE
REPORT #3 AVAILABLE
EPA Technology Transfer Capsule Report Num-
ber 3 "Pollution Abatement in a Copper Wire Mill"
is now available for distribution. The capsule re-
port describes the EPA Industrial Demonstration
Grant with the Volco Brass and Copper Company
at Kenilworth, New Jersey.
The new system demonstrated that water con-
sumption could be reduced by 90% (from 200,000
gallons per day to 20,000 gallons per day) by em-
ploying integrated chemical rinsing and water re-
use. The sulfuric acid pickle was regenerated and
high purity metallic copper recovered by contin-
uous electrolysis, eliminating the dumping of
spent pickle liquor. Hydrogen peroxide was proven
to be an improved secondary pickle and the chro-
mates and fluorides previously used were elimi-
nated.
The system has resulted in a $14,000 annual
savings in the manufacturing operation as well as
striking reductions in waste discharges. Details of
the system performance and economics are high-
lighted in the capsule report.
For your copy of this Capsule Report use the
order blank at the back of this newsletter.
EPA/AIChE WATER REUSE CONFERENCE
HELD IN WASHINGTON APRIL24-27
475 Engineers, Scientists and Environmental-
ists attended a four day national conference on
complete reuse of industry water, jointly spon-
sored by EPA Technology Transfer and the
American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
Water reuse in industry was examined from
the point of view of technology, economics, ad-
ministration, and legal procedures. Environmen-
talists and lawyers as well as engineers and
scientists participated in the program.
The keynote address by Michele Metrinko,
special assistant to the EPA Administrator,
stressed the point that the time for detailed
solutions to pollution problems has arrived. Ms.
Metrinko stressed the necessity of joint efforts
between industry, environmentalists and regula-
tory agencies to arrive at optimum pollution con-
trol requirements which will protect the environ-
ment but not cause economic and environmental
disasters by forcing unworkable technology into
application.
Technical sessions covered topics related to
water reuse for a range of industries, including
chemicals, power, petroleum refining, pulp and
paper and metals production. A special session
was held on the new water pollution control law
which featured a discussion by J. R. Quarles Jr.,
EPA Assistant Administrator for Enforcement.
The economics session discussed impacts on ex-
ports, economic benefits to citizens, the cost to
industry, and the philosophy of treating water as
a borrowed commodity.
Proceedings from this conference will be avail-
able from the American Institute of Chemical
Engineers, 345 East 47 Street, New York, New
York 10017.
EPA
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
U:S. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY
INDUSTRIAL
DEMONSTRATION

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Michele B. Metrinko shown here with AlChE's Executive
Secretary, F. J. Van Antwerpen, gave the keynote address
at the EPA/AIChE Conference.
EPA RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT
Air-Polluted Water
EPA's Western Fish Toxicology Station, located
in Corvallis, Oregon, a field station of the Na-
tional Water Quality Laboratory in Duluth, Min-
nesota, devotes a majority of its research effort
to a water pollution problem called "air super-
saturation".
Why are water pollution scientists so con-
cerned about air pollution? Simple. The un-
wanted air, no matter how pure or how dirty, is
dissolved in otherwise habitable water and can
do great harm to aquatic life, especially fish.
Thus, it is not an air pollutant in the most strict
sense of the word, but rather a water pollutant.
Dr. Gerald Bouck, Chief of WFTS, states,
"Water can be supersaturated to some minute
degree by even a small amount of turbulence,
however, such as huge volumes of water plung-
ing over large waterfalls or over the spillways of
giant dams, or thermal pollution, that causes
lethal levels of supersaturation."
It is appropriate that WFTS is located in
Oregon, for the Northwest's mighty Columbia
River just 80 miles to the north is highly super-
saturated during the late spring and early sum-
mer, primarily as the result of nine major flood-
control and hydroelectric dams.
As water plunges into basins below the dams,
increased pressure forces gases from the air into
solution in the water. As fish and other aquatic
animals take in this unnaturally-high amount of
gas pressure through normal respiratory proc-
esses, small bubbles are formed in the blood-
stream, under the skin, and in the fins. External
bubbles are easily seen with the naked eye.
The affliction is called "gas bubble disease."
Because the Columbia is a major migration
route for the hundreds of thousands of Pacific
salmon moving each year to and from spawning
grounds in countless smaller tributaries, several
species of this commercially-important fish are
the main subjects of air supersaturation and gas
bubble disease research at WFTS.
The Columbia River supplies about 65 percent
of the commercial and sport-caught salmon
landed off the coast of Oregon and Washington,
which in turn generates tourist traffic twice that
of Yellowstone National Park. The combined
economic impact of salmon in the Northwest is
estimated to be approximately $130 million an-
nually. The loss of salmon means damage both
to the environment and to the region's economy.
Air supersaturation, through gas bubble dis-
ease, causes the premature death of significant
numbers of salmon each year.
During the spring runoff period, the Columbia
River is supersaturated from the Pacific Ocean
upstream for hundreds of miles, but the concen-
tration is greatest in pools immediately below
the spillways of dams. Most species of the adult
salmon remain in these pools for many hours, or
even days, before finding the fish ladders that
will enable them to migrate upstream. Thus, any
delay in their migration may cause great damage
via gas bubble disease.
Since some of the migrating salmon must pass
all nine dams to return to their spawning ground,
those that go the farthest are likely to suffer
heaviest casualties from gas bubble disease.
Gas bubble disease is similar to "the bends"
or decompression sickness, suffered by skin div-
ers. Small bubbles of gas form in the circulatory

-------
system of the fish, blocking the flow of blood and
causing weakness and a variety of other physical
ailments.
The tiny bubbles can cause severe eye damage
by clogging blood vessels, which may then lead
to protruding eyeballs and blindness. The vision
impairment prevents natural reproduction via
behavioral problems and infectious disease.
Typically, death is caused by massive block-
age of blood vessels. In advanced stages, the
heart chambers of the fish become "air locked"
by frothy bubbles.
Currently, research related to this problem is
being conducted at WFTS using 2,000-galion
tanks and water supersaturated up to 130 percent
with different species of fish and under varying
environmental conditions. The results and future
plans of this research can be obtained by con-
tacting Dr. Bouck at the Western Fish Toxicology
Station, 200 S. W. 35th Street, Corvallis, Oregon
97330.
WFTS conducts research with all life stages of
fish. The adult salmon, some of them up to four
feet long and weighing more than 35 pounds, are
trapped by WFTS staff members on fish ladders
at dams along the Columbia River.
The laboratory obtains most of its juvenile
salmon through artificial spawning. Roe are col-
lected from the adult females, fertilized, and
hatched in incubators.
As research progresses, WFTS hopes to reach
the point of being able to release experimentally-
stressed salmon into the nearby Willamette
River, so that the overall adequacy of water pol-
lution restrictions can be tested more naturally
and adequately.
Roe from a "ripe" female Chinook salmon will provide a
new generation of test animals for WFTS research.
The field station also conducts research on the
effects of heavy metals and other pollutants on
salmon and trout.
While much of the air supersaturation in the
Northwest is caused by the spillage of flood
water, dams in other parts of the country cause
supersaturation by deliberately injecting air into
the turbines for re-aeration or for reducing me-
chanical problems. Thermal pollution is still an-
other manmade cause of supersaturation.
According to Dr. Bouck, the cost of correcting
supersaturation on the Columbia River alone
could be quite high. The total cost could run
between 50 million and a billion dollars, depend-
ing on the standards adopted, and on the super-
saturation standard.
NEW AUDIO/VISUAL MATERIAL
UNDERPRODUCTION
Technology Transfer has recently contracted
for the production of two 28-minute 16mm docu-
mentary-type motion pictures depicting the suc-
cessful application and implementation of new
technology.
The first of these films will present the develop-
opment and current implementation of the water
quality management plan for the Alameda Creek
Watershed in suburban San Francisco. This par-
ticular plan involves: a) upgrading two waste-
water treatment facilities to "advanced waste
treatment", including nutrient removal, produc-
ing an effluent suitable for reuse; b) conveyance
of the reclaimed wastewater to a reservoir to be
constructed; c) development of associated rec-
reational facilities at the reservoir; and d) po-
tential recycling of reclaimed wastewater. The
cooperative efforts of the Alameda County Flood
Control and Water Conservation District, the City
of Livermore, the City of Pleasanton, and the
Valley Community Services District played a
major role in development of the plan.
The second film will document the successes
of the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle
(METRO) in the area of environmental protec-
tion and enhancement. New wastewater treat-
ment technology applied by Seattle METRO in-
clude the areas of sludge dewatering, phospho-
rus removal, and computerized treatment and
disposal methods. METRO now serves 11 cities,
18 sewer districts, and one private agency—or
a total of 900,000 people in a 300 square mile
area. Again, this is an example of how new tech-
nology can be applied through inter-jurisdic-
tional cooperation.
Each of these films is scheduled for comple-
tion by the end of calendar year 1973.

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SULFIDE CONTROL MANUAL
IN PRINT
The Technology Transfer Process Design
Manual for Sulfide Control in Sanitary
Sewerage Systems, prepared by Pomeroy,
Johnston and Bailey of Pasadena, Califor-
nia, is currently being printed and will soon
be available for distribution. This Manual
includes information for all feasible alterna-
tive designs that can be used to control
sulfides and minimize their effects in both
new and existing sewerage systems.
Specific topics covered include: Charac-
teristics and Properties of Hydrogen Sulfide;
Occurrence and Effects of Sulfide in
Sewers; Investigation in Existing Systems;
Control of Sulfide in Existing Systems; and
Design of Sewer Systems to Prevent Sulfide
Problems. Case histories, examples, and
cost estimates are presented to substan-
tiate the "how-to" approach of this manual.
Individuals interested in obtaining, at no
charge, a copy of the Sulfide Control Man-
ual should fill out the appropriate form in
the back of this publication and forward it
to Technology Transfer, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460.

"HANDBOOK FOR MONITORING
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER"TO BE
AVAILABLE IN AUGUST
The first of the EPA Technology Transfer
Industrial Manuals will be available in
August of 1973. The "Handbook for Monitor-
ing Industrial Wastewater" provides tech-
nical information for manufacturers estab-
lishing a wastewater monitoring program.
As is the case with all Technology Transfer
publications the Handbook is offered as
helpful guidance only and is not regulatory.
Major chapters in the Handbook are:
Program Planning
Parameters to be Measured
Analytical Considerations
Sampling
Flow Measurement
Data Analysis
Automatic Monitoring
The Continuing Program
Special Considerations for Municipal
Systems
Training of Technicians
Safety
The manual is written with basic informa-
tion for managers in the beginning of each
chapter with the more detailed technical
information in the latter sections. Special
emphasis is placed on minimizing the costs
of monitoring and avoiding common pit-
falls.
For your copy of this handbook mail the
form on the last page of this newsletter to
Technology Transfer.
harribogk
MONITORING
INDUSTRIAL
WASTEVWER
NOTICE: The new Technology Transfer telephone number is (703) 557-7700.
4 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE :1973--546-312/149

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Where To Get Further Information
In order to get details on items appearing in this publication, or any
other aspects of the Technology Transfer Program, contact your EPA
Regional Technology Transfer Committee Chairman from the list below:
REGION
I
III
IV
CHAIRMAN
Lester Sutton
Rocco Ricci
Kenneth Suter
Asa B. Foster, Jr.
ADDRESS
Environmental Protection Agency
John F. Kennedy Federal Building
Room 2304
Boston, Massachusetts 02203
617 223-7210
(Maine, N.H., Vt.f Mass., R.I., Conn.)
Environmental Protection Agency
26 Federal Plaza
New York, New York 10017
212 264-8958
(N.Y., N.J., P.R., V.I.)
Environmental Protection Agency
6th & Walnut Streets
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106
215 597-9875
(Pa., W.Va., Md., Del., D.C., Va.)
Environmental Protection Agency
Suite 300
1421 Peachtree Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
404 526-3454
(N.C., S.C., Ky., Tenn., Ga., Ala.,
Miss., Fla.)
V	Clifford Risley	Environmental Protection Agency
1 N. Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
312 353-5756
(Mich., Wis., Minn., III., Ind., Ohio)
VI	Richard Hill	Environmental Protection Agency
1600 Patterson Street, Suite 1100
Dallas, Texas 75201
214 749-1461
(Texas, Okla., Ark., La., N. Mex.)
VII	Lewis Young	Environmental Protection Agency
1735 Baltimore Avenue
Kansas City, Missouri 64108
816 374-2725
(Kansas, Nebr., Iowa, Mo.)
VIII	Russell Fitch	Environmental Protection Agency
1860 Lincoln Str/eet
Denver, Colorado 80203
303 837-3849
(Colo., Mont., Wyo., Utah, N.D., S.D.)
IX	Frank Covington Environmental Protection Agency
100 California Street
San Francisco, Calif. 94111
415 556-0218
(Calif., Ariz., Nev., Hawaii)
X	John Osbom	Environmental Protection Agency
1200 6th Avenue
Seattle, Washington 98101
206 442-1296
(Wash., Ore., Idaho, Alaska)
REQUESTS FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER MATERIAL
Please send me the following publications at no charge. (Check appropriate boxes)
PROCESS DESIGN MANUALS
~	Phosphorus Removal
~	Carbon Adsorption
~	Suspended Solids Removal
~	Upgrading Existing Wastewater
Treatment Plants
~	Sulfide Control in Sanitary Sewerage
Systems
TECHNICAL CAPSULE REPORTS
~	Recycling Zinc in Viscose Rayon Plants
~	Color Removal from Kraft Pulping
Effluent by Lime Addition
~	Pollution Abatement in a Copper Wire Mill
INDUSTRIAL SEMINAR
PUBLICATIONS
~	Upgrading Poultry Processing Facilities
to Reduce Pollution
~	Upgrading Metal Finishing Facilities
to Reduce Pollution
BROCHURES
~	Physical-Chemical Treatment
~	Phosphorus Removal
~	Upgrading Existing Wastewater
Treatment Plants
~	Carbon Adsorption
~	Oxygen Aeration
~	Nitrogen Control
~	Seattle, Washington METRO
~	Wastewater Purification at Lake Tahoe
~	Indian Creek Reservoir
~	Richardson, Texas
HANDBOOKS
~	Analytical Quality Control in Water
and Wastewater Laboratories
~	Monitoring Industrial Wastewater
Please contact me regarding the loan of the followir
MOTION PICTURES (16mm sound)
~	Richardson, Texas, Project—Title
"Somebody around here must be doing
something good." (15 min.)
~	Phosphorus Removal (5 min.)
audio/visual material. (Check appropriate boxes)
VIDEOTAPES
~	Carbon Adsorption (40 min.)
~	Upgrading Activated Sludge Treatment
Plants (40 min.)
Is your name on our mailing list to receive this Newsletter? ~ ~
Do you want to be added to this mailing list?	~ ~
Yes No
Name	
Street	
City	State	Zip	
Note: Tear this sheet out and forward to Technology Transfer, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.
20460

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICIAL BUSINESS
PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE. $300
U.S.MAIL
POSTAGE AND FEES PAID
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