UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
AND
REGION III
MID-ATLANTIC STATES
REPORT ON
RECLAMATION OF TOXIC SPOIL STACK FOR
VARIOUS SELECTED SOIL CONDITIONS
WITH THE TUROW LIGNITE MINE
AS AN EXAMPLE
BY
CENTRAL RESEARCH AND DESIGN INSTITUTE
FOR OPENCAST MINING
"POLTEGOR"-WROCLAW, POLAND
JANUARY 1976
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SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES OVERSEAS
(Special Foreign Currency Program)
Scientific Activities Overseas, Developed and implemented under the Special Foreign
Currency Program, are funded from excess foreign currencies accruing to the United States
under various U. S. programs. All of the overseas activities are designed to assist in the imple-
mentation of the broad spectrum of EPA programs and to relate to the world-wide concern for
environmental problems. These problems are not limited by national boundaries, nor is their
impact altered by ideological and regional differences. The results of overseas activities contri-
bute directly to the fund of environmental knowledge of the U. S., of the host countries and
of the world community. Scientific activities carried out under the Program therefore offer
unique opportunities for cooperation between the U. S. and the excess foreign currency coun-
tries. Further,the Program anables EPA to develop productive relationships between U. S.
environmental scientist and their counterparts abroad, merging scientific capabilities and
resources of various nations in concerted efforts toward U. S. objectives as well as their own.
Scientific Activities Overseas not only supplement and complement tha domestic mission
of EPA, but also serve to carry out the mandate of Section 102(2(E) of the National Environ-
mental Policy Act to „recognize the world-wide and long-range character of environmental
problems, and where consistent with the foreign policy of the United States, lend appropriate
support to initiatives, resolutions, and programs designed to maximize international cooperation
in anticipating and preventing a decline in the quality of mankind's world environment".
This study utilizing the Turow open pit lignite mine has been funded from Public Law
430. Excess foreign currency money is available to the United States in local currency in a
number of countries, including Poland, as a result of a trade for U. S. commodities. Poland
has been known for its extensive mining interests, environmental concern, and its trained and
experienced engineers and scientists in this important energy area.
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Protection Agency and has been
approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commer-
cial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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DATE: JUNE 30, 1976
REPORT ON
RECLAMATION OF TOXIC SPOIL STACKS
FOR VARIOUS SELECTED SOIL CONDITIONS
WITH THE TUROW LIGNITE MINE AS AN EXAMPLE
BY
KAZIMIERZ BAUMAN, PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
POLTEGOR
PROJECT NO. 02-532-11
PROJECT OFFICERS:
EDGAR PASH (Formerly with EPA, now with Department of Interior)
AND
SCOTT MCPHILLLAMY, EPA, REGION III
Prepared for
Office of International Affairs
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
LIMITED COPIES OF THIS REPORT ARE AVAILABLE FROM OFFICE OF CONGRESSIONAL
AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS, EPA, REGION III, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA 19106 and
OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, EPA, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
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(COMXENITK
Page
1. LIST OP FIGURES
2. LIST OF TABLES
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7
4. SUMMARY 8
5. CONCLUSIONS 11
6. RECOMMENDATIONS ................................ 19
7. BODY OF REPORT .................................................................. 28
7.1. The purpose and scope of research work 28
7.2. A detailed program of research 29
7.3. General description of the "Turow" lignite strip mine 31
7.3.1. The geological structure ...................................... 31
7.3.2. Technology of extraction operations 40
7.4. Report of research carried out on the experimental
plots set up on the external disposal stack of the
Turow strip mine .............................................................. 45
7.4.1. Characterization of the habitat conditions on the
experimental plots 45
7.4.1.1. Characterization of the soils 45
7.4.1.2. The characteristics of atmospheric precipitations 49
7.4.1.3. The characteristics of air temperatures 52
7.4.1.4. Characteristics of the atmospheric air pollution .. 52
7.4.2. Reclamation operations 55
7.4.2.1. Neutralization 55
7.4.2.2. Mineral fertilization 58
7.4.2.3. Introduction of vegetation 64
7.4.3. Evaluation of effects of reclamation work carried
out on experimental plots set up on external spoil
stack, of the Lignite Opencast Mine Tur6w 66
7.4.3.1. Vegetation 69
7.4.3.2. Soils ............................................................................ 81
7.4.3.3. The waters ................................................................. 86
7.4.4. Photographic documentation ..................................... 104
7.5. General characteristics of the lignite surface mine
Przyjazri Narodow" 115
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DATE: JUNE 30, 1976
REPORT ON
RECLAMATION OF TOXIC SPOIL STACKS
FOR VARIOUS SELECTED SOIL CONDITIONS
WITH THE TUROW LIGNITE MINE AS AN EXAMPLE
BY
KAZIMIERZ BAUMAN, PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
POLTEGOR
PROJECT NO. 02-532-11
PROJECT OFFICERS:
EDGAR PASH (Formerly with EPA, now with Department of Interior)
AND
SCOTT MCPHILLIAMY, EPA, REGION III
Prepared for
Office of International Affairs
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
LIMITED COPIES OF THIS REPORT ARE AVAILABLE FROM OFFICE OF CONGRESSIONAL
AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS, EPA, REGION III, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA 19106 and
OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, EPA, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
-------
COMFTENXS
Page
1. LIST OF FIGURES
2. LIST OF TABLES
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7
4. SUMMARY 8
5. CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................... 11
6. RECOMMENDATIONS 19
7. BODY OF REPORT 28
7.1. The purpose and scope of research work 28
7.2. A detailed program of research 29
7.3. General description of the "Tur6w" lignite strip mine 31
7.3.1. The geological structure 31
7.3.2. Technology of extraction operations ......................... 40
7.4. Report of research carried out on the experimental
plots set up on the external disposal stack of the
Turow strip mine 45
7.4.1. Characterization of the habitat conditions on the
experimental plots 45
7.4.1.1. Characterization of the soils 45
7.4.1.2. The characteristics of atmospheric precipitations 49
7.4.1.3. The characteristics of air temperatures 52
7.4.1.4. Characteristics of the atmospheric air pollution .. 52
7.4.2. Reclamation operations 55
7.4.2.1. Neutralization 55
7.4.2.2. Mineral fertilization 58
7.4.2.3. Introduction of vegetation 64
7.4.3. Evaluation of effects of reclamation work carried
out on experimental plots set up on external spoil
stack, of the Lignite Opencast Mine Turow 66
7.4.3.1. Vegetation .................................................................... 69
7.4.3.2. Soils ............................................................................ 81
7.4.3.3. The waters 86
7.4.4. Photographic documentation 104
7.5. General characteristics of the lignite surface mine
Przyjazn Narodow" 115
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Page
7.6. The report of the research work carried out on the
experimental plots localized on an internal stack of
the lignite surface mine "Przyjazri Narodow" 115
7.6.1. The characteristics of the habitat conditions on
the experimental plots 116
7.6.1.1. The characteristic of soils 116
7.6.1.2. Characteristic of atmospheric precipitations 118
7.6.1.3. The characteristic of air temperature 120
7.6.1.4. The characteristic of atmospheric air pollution 120
7.6.2. Reclamation work 120
7.6.2.1. Neutralization 120
7^6.2.2. Mineral fertilization I24
7.6.2.3. Introduction of vegetation 125
7.6.3. Assessment of effects of reclamation work carried
out on experimental plots localized on the Lignite
Surface Mine "Przyja^ri Narodow" 127
7^6.3.1. Vegetation 127
7.6.3.2. Soils 134
7.6.3.3. The waters 139
7.6.4. Photographic documentation 143
7.7. Summing up of results of the 3 years of research 149
7.7.1. The management with overburden ........................... 149
7.7.2. The shaping of worked out terrains 153
7.7.3. Evaluation of the toxicity degree in the overbur-
den and spoil formations 159
7.7.4. The methods of neutralization of toxic soils on the
spoil stacks in their adjustment for an agricultu-
ral or silvicultural restoration 161
7.7.5. The technology of toxic soils neutralization on
very steep slopes, and the rules of their biolo-
gical consolidation, preventing the erosion 164
7.7.6. The selection of a qualitative and a quantitative
composition of vegetation initiating the soil pro-
ducing processes, and actively contributing to the
biological neutralization of the toxic formations #t# 167
7.7.7. The determination of a suitable agrotechnique for
the reclamation operations 169
8. REFERENCES 170
9. GLOSSARY
173
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1. LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Pig. 1 Schematic N-S section of Turow Lignite Basin 34
Pig. 2 Flowsheet of the lignite surface mine Turow 44
Pig. 3 Plan of experimental working plots of the lignite sur-
face mine Turow 47
Pig. 4 Sketch of microplots' arrangements on the block III.
The top portion of external spoil disposal of the ligni-
te 60
Pig. 5 Comprehensive diagram of applications and observations
of the experimental plots of the lignite surface mine
"Turow" 61
Pig. 6 Effects of soil's neutralization and plant's yields.
Experimental plots of the lignite surface mine "Turow" 86
Pig. 7 Scheme of experimental plots on internal dumping
ground of the lignite mine "Przyjazri Narodow" 122
Pig. 8 Comprehensive diagram of measures and observations.
Experimented plots of the lignite surface mine "Przy-
jazri Narodow" 123
Pig. 9 Effects of soils neutralization and plants 'yields.
Experimental plots of the lignite surface mine the
"Przyjazri Narodow" 137
Pig. 10 Scheme of the spoil stock formation by a stacker
machine ................... 15 7
Pig. 11 Scheme of the external stack slopes system ............. 158
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2. LIST OP TABLES
Page
1. Some physical and chemical properties as well as re-
cultivability of the overburden formations in the Turow
lignite strip mine ............................ 37
2. Some chemical properties of the overburden formations
in the Turow lignite strip mine 38
3. Approximate contents of trace elements in the overbur-
den formations of the Turow lignite strip mine 39
4. Results of analytical studies on grounds from experi-
mental plots in the dumping ground of the Turow lignite
strip mine 48
5. Specification of typical values of precipitations recor-
ded by the meteorological station Bogatynia 51
6. Specification of characteristic values for the Zgorzelec
Station ^3
7. Specification of results of dust fall out and of SOg
concentration tests in the air 54
8. Mineral fertilization employed on experimental plots of
the Lignite Mine Turow 59
9. Specification of' trees and bushes rooted cuttings and
shoot cuttings planted in the spring of 1974, on slope
of outer disposal. Experimental plots of the Lignite
Mine Turow - 1974 * ^7
10. Participation of grasses and papilionaceous plants in
the green growth dependent on the kind of neutraliza-
tion ^nd fertilization NPK - 2-nd year of vegetation.
Experimental plot of "Turow" mine - 1974 and 1975 70
11. The sizes of crops and mechanical composition of pa-
pilionaceous plants mixture with grasses, dependent
on the method of neutralization, and the kind of NPK
fertilization. Experimental plots of the Opencast Mine
Turow - 1974 71
12. Value crops and chemical composition of papilionaceous
plants mixture with grasses in the 2-nd year of vegeta-
tion, dependent on the method of neutralization and the
kind of NPK fertilization. Experimental plots of the
"Turow" Lignite Surface Mine - 1975 72
13. The size of crops and chemical composition of papilio-
naceous plants mixture with grasses dependent on the
method of neutralization, the level and kind of fertiliza-
tion. Microplots on III block, Surface Mine of Lignite
"Turow" - 1975 74
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Page
14. The quantity of components assimilated by the plants 'portions
above the ground, dependent on the method of neutralization
and NPK - fertilization - 1-st year of vegetation.
Experimental plots of the lignite surface mine "Turow" -
1974 75
15. The amounts of components assimilated by plant above the
ground portions, dependent on the method of neutralization
and on NPK fertilization - 2-nd year of vegetation.
Experimental plots of the lignite surface mine "Turow" -
197"5 76
16. The amount of components assimilated by the plant portions
above the ground, dependent on the method of neutralization
and the NPK fertilization - 2-nd year of vegetation.
Micro-plots on the III block, lignite surface" mine Turow -
1975
17. Orientational amounts of fall-outs and increments of cuttings
of several species of trees introduced onto the slopes
within the framework of biological consolidation. Experimental
plots of the lignite surface mine "Turow" - 2-nd year of
vegetation - 1975 80
18. Some chemical properties of the soils Experimental plots of
lignite surface mine "Turow" - 1975 84
19. Specification of the analytical research results of soil inves-
tigations on the spoil stack. Experimental plots KWB "Przy-
jazn Narodow" - 1974 117
20. Specification of characteristic values of precipitations for the
precipitation station L^knica 119
21. Mineral fertilization employed on experimental plots of the
Lignite Surface Mine "Przyjazn Narodow" 124
22. Results of a visual evaluation of vegetation growth - carried
out in June od 1975. Experimental plots of the Lignite Sur-
face Mine "Przyjazn Narodow" - 1975 129
23. Participation of grasses and papilionaceae in green growth
dependent on the method of neutralization and species com-
position of the employed mixture of grasses with papiliona-
ceae. Experimental plots of the Lignite Surface Mine "Przy-
jazn Narodow" - 1975 130
24. Amount of crops and chemical composition of plants, depen-
dent on the neutralization method and the species composi-
tion of the mixture of papilionaceous plants with grasses.
Experimental plots of the Lignite Surface Mine "Przyjafn
Narodow" - 1975 132
25. Weight root — mass of papilionaceous plants dependent on
the neutralization method — 2—nd year of vegetation. Expe-
rimental plots of the Lignite Surface Mine "Przyjazn Naro-
dow" - 1975 133
26. Quantity of components assimilated by the above the ground
portions of plants, dependent on the neutralization method
and on species composition of the used mixture of papilio-
naceous plants with grasses. Experimental plots of the
Lignite Surface Mine "Przyjazn Narodow - 1975 136
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Page
27. Some chemical properties of soils. Experimental plots
of the Lignite Surface Mine "Przyjazri Narodow" -
1975 138
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3* «JZ _K_ N__0 L_ _G__ K M E N T S.
This final report has been prepared on the base of research
project completed by the Central Research and Design Institute for
Opencast Mining — the Poltegor in Wroclaw, Poland.
In the project an assistance of surveillance stations of the
Meteorological and Water Institute, of Health - Epidemiological
Service, and first of all of the laboratories of the Mining Academy
of Cracov has been used. The whole of project was directed and
report prepared by Principal Investigator Mr. Kazimierz BAUMAN,
M. Sc.
On the part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the
project was supervised by the Project Officers: Mr. Edgar A. Pash,
geologist, of the Office of Water Program Operations, Washington
D,C. 20460, and Mr. Scott Mc Philiamy, from the EPA III Region,
Wheeling. To both the Project Officers we extend our grateful
thanks and acknowledgements for the assistance and advice ren-
dered to us in the course of performed project. We appreciate also
the helping us to get in touch with appropriate Institutions in the
U.S.A. which in turn gave us the chance to get acquainted with
the similar research in US and also to understand better the needs
and requirements of the environmental protection and the reclama-
tion in U.S.A. For the assistance in the organizational and in fi-
nancial matters we gratefully acknowledge the good services of
Mr. Thomas J. Lepine, the Chief of the Special Foreign Currency
Program of EPA, the program that was providing the money for the
project. We also extend our acknowledgements to the specialists
from the United States Forest Service, the Virginia Polytechnical
Institute, the Montana State University, Denver Research Institute,
for the discussing of the project problems and for making us con-
versant with their research and also to the Peabody Coal Co., the
Consolidation Coal Co., the Amax Coal Co., the Western Energy,
Cemmerer Coal Co., the Pacific Power and Light Co., the Kennecot
Copper Co., for familiarizing us with their effQrt regarding the recla-
mation of mined - out terrains.
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4. S_U MJ^A=R_Y,
The objective of the presented research work and of the pre-
pared on it's basis report was the elaboration of reclamation tech-
nology for the toxic spoil stacks of the lignite surface mines. The
main object of the carried out investigations were the problems of
neutralization of soils with a toxicity induced in them by the pre-
sence and decomposition of sulphur compounds. The elementary
sources of toxicity of the post — mining terrains of the lignite sur-
face mines in Poland and U.S.A. are the ferric sulphides, the py-
rites, the marcasites, pyrrhotites, hydrotroilites and some others.
These compounds on the spoil stacks are beins transformed
biologically and chemically into various combinations influencing
directly or indirectly the development of the higher vegetation and
the soil micro - flora. The character and composition of the toxic
compounds depends on the concentration of the sulphides and also
on the type of formations in which these sulphides are to be found,
and also on the presence or absence of compounds of alkaline
character. The presence of the sulphur compounds in the overbur-
den in quantities inducing a strong acidification in soils is an un-
favourable factor for the mining on the whole. Por in such condi-
tions takes place an increase of costs of exploitation, and the ne-
gative influence exerted onto the natural environment.
In extreme cases however, confirmed by the practice in the
U.S.A. and in Poland, by a badly performed exploitation and re-
clamation operations there had been created post - mining terrains
totally useless economically, and moreover constituting a threat to
the neghbouring terrains, utilized by agriculture or forestry. With
a good reconnaissance of overburden, carried out still before the
mining operations commencement, taking into account in exploita-
tion the needs of reclamation and of re cultivation, through an ade-
quately programmed management with overburden, and with rationa-
lly performed specilistic reclamation treatments, the troubles connec-
ted with the occurrence in overburden of the toxic formations can
be diminished arid often practically eliminated.
Taking into consideration the requirements of the mining in-
dustry, the attention was focussed mainly on the following issues:
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— the elaboration of methodology for the formations 'toxicity level
determination,
— the elaboration of methods for the neutralization of toxic soils,
on the spoil stacks in the adaptation to agricultural or forestral
restoration,
— the elaboration of the neutralization technology for toxic soils,
on steep slopes and the detailed rules for their biological cover
inhibiting the erosion,
— the elaboration of a qualitative and quantitative composition of
a vegetation initiating the soil reproducing processes, and acti-
vely contributing to the biological neutralization of toxic soils,
— the determination of appropriate agrotechnique for the reclamation
operations,
— the elaboration of guide - lines for the management with overbur-
den, having for its objective the liquidation or limitation of toxi-
city.
In assigning the scope of the research work, the respectively
short period of time (3 years) in regard of biological research,
was taken into account in the project realization. In order to miti-
gate this inconvencience it was decided to widen the experimental
work to two objects — the external spoil stack of the "Turow" li-
gnite surface mine, and the internal spoil stack of the "Przyjazn
Narodow" lignite surface mine. The experimental object "Turow"
represented clayey and silty soils with the pH about 3,5, and the
experimental object "Przyjazn Narodow" provided sandy soils of
pH about 2,7. On the "Turow" mine there was introduced grassy,
papilionaceous, arborescent and shrub vegetation, and on the
"Przyjazn Narodow" mine was sown only grassy and papilionaceous
vegetation.
The achieved results from the realized research indicate, that
on heavy and acid soils, with a suitable selection of neutralizers
and a pioneering vegetation and with a simultaneous mineral fertili-
zation one can obtain a good production of grasses.
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Determined in the course of studies was a number of quali-
tative and quantitative relationships, and the knowledge of these
allowed to specify practical recommendations use ful for the staff
conducting the mining and reclamation operations and as well as
for supervision. The observation of these recommendations in the
active mines will permit to carry the mining and reclamation ope-
rations in a more rational manner - and for planning it will permit
to determine the most suitable spoils management and the resulting
from it technologies of overburden removal, as well as the methods
of spoil stacks shaping and reclamation. This should provide eco-
nomic and social effects.
Moreover, the results of research work comprised in this re-
port will allow to determine in more strict and useful manner for
the further phase of research, which objective should be the pre-
cise specification and a widening of knowledge from this sphere.
The report was submitted in a fulfillment of the project, num-
ber 02-502-11 between the United States Environmental Protection
Agency and the Central Research and Design Institute for Opencast
Mining "Poltegor", Wroclaw, Rosenbergow 25, Poland.
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11 -
1, Results acquired from investigations carried out on an exter-
nal spoil stack of the "Turow" strip mine can be considered
as representative for the mined out terrains with a toxicity
with a toxicity caused in them by the presence of aulpihur
compounds in quantities inducing the pH reaction in KCL of
3,0 - 4,5 and, with average resources of nourishing compo-
unds, the phosphorus excepting, with cohesive soils and a cli-
matic zone of average annual temperature 7.4°C and average
annual precipitation of long term 693 mm.
2. The results -achieved from investigations executed out on the
internal spoil stack of the strip mine "Przyjazri Narod6w" can
be regarded as representative for the terrains worked out, with
sulphurous toxicity developing an acid reaction of a pH in
KCL being 2,8 to 3,2 and with sandy soils of a very low con-
tent of nourishing components and a climatic zone of average
annual temperature 7,4°C and average long term annual preci-
pitation of 629 mm.
. Of the following tested neutralizers: agricultural quicklime, gro-
und phosphate rock, ammonia water, on the test plots on "Tu-
row", and magnesia lime, ground phosphate rock on the test
plots on "Przyjazri Narodow", the best effects were acquired
with the application of a mixture of two neutralizers:
In Tur6w - agricultural quicklime and ground phosphate rock
In Przyjazn Narod6w - magnesia lime and ground phosphate
rock.
No encouraging results gave the application of ammonia water.
Prom the used Various amounts of neutralizer doses the best
effects gave the following applications;
- in Turow - 5 t/ha of lime and 3 t/ha of ground phosphate
rock
- in Przyjazn Narodow - 45 t/ha of magnesia lime and 5 t/ha
of ground phosphate rock.
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5. The investigations confirmed, that for sandy and strongly aci-
dified soils the most advantageous introduction of neutralizers
is in two- layers. This probably comes from the fact of deeper
penetration of plant roots in conditions of greater water defi-
ciency so typical for permeable soils.
6. Tested on the slopes was the effectiveness of the performan-
ce of two neutralizers - agricultural lime in doses 5 t/ha and
10 t/ha, and ground phosphate rock in quantity of 3 t/ha.
The neutralizers were introduced in a twofold manner - on the
surface only, and on the surface and into the previously pre-
pared pits. A comparatively short period of investigations (only
two vegetation seasons of planted seedlings of trees and shrubs),
did not allow yet to specify precisely the final conclusions re-
garding the effectiveness of applied neutralizers and methods
of their application.
7. Carried out tests on mineral fertilization allow to state the fo-
llowing:
- the best effects were achieved with the application of mine-
ral fertilizers in few phases, i.e. in a starting phase and in
the complementary fertilization outside the roots 'pheee,
- for Turow a sufficing starting dose of fertilization was;
N - 200 kg/ha in pure component
P — 50 kg/ha in pure component
K - 30 kg/ha in pure component
- for Przyjazn Narodow the investigations did not indicate what
could be considered the optimal dose of fertilization,
- the amount of fertilization outside the roots was determined
on the basis of direct observations of plants,
- for the betterment of chemical composition of plants necessa-
ry was employment of supplementary fertilization with magne-
sium and molybdenum fertilizers in amounts:
P — 60 kg/ha in pure component, i.e. 300 kg/ha of treble
superphosphate 46 %
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13 -
Mg - 10 kg/ha in pure component, i.e. 101,5 kg/ha of ma-
gnesium sulphate
Mo - 0,20 kg/ha in pure component, i.e. 0,3? kg/ha of
ammonium molybdate.
8. In conditions of clayey and silty soils of the Turow mine the
most successful were: the Phleum pratense from grasses, and
the Lupinus polyphyllus from papilionaceous plants, the latter
developed well and the leading roots of particular specimens
were reaching even 100 cm depth. A large amount of Rhizo-
bium nodules on the roots of Lupinus proves its biological
activity.
9. In case of toxic sandy soils of the Przyjazri Narod6w strip
mine, deacidified with lime - magnesium or lime-magnesium
phosphorous neutralizers, the must successful from among the
Papilionaceae was the Lupinus polyphyllus, quite successful
were the Lotus corniculatus and Trifolium reprens. Decidely
unsuccessful was Melilotus albus. From amongst the introduced
grasses during the first vegetation seasons the best were Agros-
tis alba, and Lolium multiflorum westerwoldicum. "The observations
of old fragments of the spoil stack, reclaimed before the year
1974 show that after a few years the Agrostis alba, Pestuca
rubra i Phleum pratense among the grasses began to dominate.
10. Amongst the introduced species of grasses, the Phleum praten-
se showed many positive characteristics. It probably is little
sensitive to prolonging periods of dry weather, also indicates
weak reaction to the soil medium acdification and to rapid re-
action changes.
11. A quick stopping erosion on the slopes is possible with the
employment of herbaceous vegetation. Considering in the above
plants mixture the papilionaceous species too, promotes the de-
velopment of soil reproducing processes and improves the growth
conditions of introduced seedlings of trees and shrubs. Into the
vegetation mixture accompanying the afforestations, in cases of
conditions aproximated to the Turow mine, should be included:
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Arrhenatherum elatius, Pestuca rubra, and Phleum pratense
only in small amount. Prom amongst the Papilionaceae the
Melilotus albus should be eliminated.
12. In case of used for the neutralization the ground phosphate
rock and the ammonia water, and not the agricultural quickli-
me, it is advisable to decrease the share of Papilionaceae
in the mixture of plants, and especially of Trifolium repens
and Lotus corniculatus.
13. The arborescent vegetation was growing on the slopes all
too short, in order to be able to evaluate its successfulness
precisely.
14. The costs of treatments itemized as particular investigated
combinations for the economic comparison with their effecti-
veness are presented as follows:
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Specification of coats of reclamation treatments on experimental plots of the lignite surface mine "Turdw" (per unit of area
according to prices in Poland).
Costa indicator in
No.
Specification of treatments
thous - zl/ha
K.
Neutralisation
- Combination A - without neutralization (inspection plots) only cultivation treatments
1,2
n.
"
N
B - CaO in dose 5 t/ho, single layer
9,6
m.
C - CaO in dose 10 t/ha, two layers in this:
- bottom layer (15 • 30 cm) - 5 t/ha,
- top layer (o - 15 cm) - 5 t/ha*
19,4
IV.
D - CaO in dose 5 t/ha and ground phosphate rock MP in dose
3 t/ha, in two layers, in this:
- bottom layer - ground phosphate rock
- top layer CaO
21,0
v.
H
»
E - ground phosphate rock MP in dose 3 t/ha in single layer
11,2
VI.
"
P - ground phosphate rock MP in dose 3 t/ha, and 25 % ammonia
water in dose 5 m3/ha, in single layer
17,3
VIL
Fertilization -
Combination
Xq - without fertilization (inspection plots) only cultivation treatments
1.1
vni.
X - NPK - where: N - 261,5 kg/ha in pure component, in form
of urea and ammonium nitrate
P - 32 kg/ha in pure component, in form of
superphosphate
K • 32 kg/ha in pure component# in form of
potash salt
5.1
IX.
X^ - N^PK - where: ¦ 488,5 kg/ha in pure component, in form of
urea and ammonium nitrate
p • 32 kg/ha in pure component, in form of
superphosphate
K 32 kg/ha in pure component, in form of
potash salt
6,8
X.
Introduction of vegetation
on the top portion in a following composition and amounts:
1) Lupinus polyphyllus Ldl 25 kg/ha
2) Lotus corniculatus L. 8 kg/ha
3) Trifolium re pens I* 3 kg/ha
41 Phleum pratense L. * 3 kg/ha
5) Lolium perenne L. 3 kg/ha
6) Pestuca rubra L. 3 ko/ha
45 kg/ha
36,4
XL
Supplementary
fertilization
on micro-plots - P^Mg - where: « 60 kg/ha in pure component,
in form of superphosphate
1,3
xn.
-
h
" " " X^2 - P^Mg - where: P^ - 60 kg/ha In pure component,
9,9
in form of superphosphate
Mg ¦ 10 kg/ha in pure component
in form of magnesium sulphate
I
M
«
I
-------
No.
Specification of treatments
Costs indicator in
thous - zifha
xm.
Supplementary fertilization on micro-plots X^ ~ P^MgMo -¦ where — 60 kg/ha
in pure component, in form of superphosphate
Mg • 10 kg/ha in pure component, in form of
magnesium sulphate
Mo ¦ 0,2 kg/ha in pure component, in form of
ammonium motybdate
16,1
xm/i
" " " " H Xj j - where P1 - 60 kg/ha
in pure component, in form of superphosphate
1*3
xm/2
Xj2 - P1Mg - where P± - 60 kg/ho
in pure component, in form of superphosphate
Mg — 10 kg/ha in pure component, in form of
magnesium sulphate
9,9
xm/3
" " - P^MgMo - where - 60 kg/ha
in pure component, in form of superphosphate
Mg « 10 kg/ha in pure component, in form of
magnesium sulphate
Mo * 0,2 kg/ha in pure component, in form of
ammonium molybdate
16,1
XIV.
Cultivation treatments in the year 1974 - harrowing and twice done mowing of vegetation
2,6
XV.
n n m m m 1975 „ * h once M n ti N
1,8
xvi.
Neutralisation of slopes - B combination - CaO in a 5 t/ha dose furnished outside roots
2,4
XV1L
" » - C - CaO in a 10 t/ha " "
3,4
xvm.
* " • - D ¦ - ground phosphate rock MF supplied in a 3 t/ha dose
outside roots
4,0
XIX.
Slopes mineral fertilisation uniform - NPK • where N ¦ 139 kg/ha in pure component, in a form
urea and ammonium saltpetre
P • 32 kg/ha in pure component, in a form
of superphosphate
K m 47 kg/h^ in pure component, in a form
of potash salt
3,7
XX.
Introduction of grasses onto the slopes with a following composition and amounts:
1 l) Lupinus polyphyllus 30 kg/ha
2) Lotus corniculaius 10 kg/ha
3j Melilotua albus 5 kg/ha
4) Trifolium repens 3 kg/ha
5) Phleum pratense 4 kg/ha
6) Arrhenathesum elatius 4 kg/ha
7) Pestuca rubra 4 ko/ha
60 kg/ha
44,0
-------
_ % .
No.
Specification of treatments
Coats indicator in
thous - zj/h»
XXI
Afforestation of S-I Block with cuttings, as on table $
80.9
XXII
« I* g_H tt It n H H R g
85,4
XXIII
" " s-rn « « n « " « 9
83,4
I
K
•g
I
-------
Specification of costs of reclamation treatanents on experimental plots of the lignite surface
mine "Przyja£ri Narod<5w" (per unit of area according to prices in Poland)
No.
1*
Specification of treatments
Neutralisation - Combination A - magnesia lime in dose 25 t/ha« in single layer
Cost indicator in thous
of T/ha
16,7
U.
Neutralization - Combination B - magnesia lime in dose 50 t/ha, in single layer
18VB
I1L
Neutralisation * Combination C - magnesia lime in dose 50 t/ha, in two layers
- top layer (0-20 cm) - 40 t/ha
- bottom layer (20-40 cm) - 10 t/ha
23,9
IV.
Neutralization - Combination D - magnesia lime in dose 45 t/ha and ground phosphate rock
MP in dose 5 t/ha, in two layers:
top layer (0-20 cm) - magnesia lime 40 t/ha
bottom layer (20cm - 40 cm) - magnesia lime 5 t/ha and
ground phosphate rock 5 t/ha
27,9
V.
Mineral fertilization in year 19?4 - NPK -
- where - N - 50 kg/ha in pure component in form of nitro-chalk
P ¦ *12 kg/ha in pure component in form of superphosphate
K - 50 kg/ha in pure component in form of potash salt
2,1
vu
Mineral fertilisation in year 1975 - NPK -
- where N - 75 kg/ha in pure component in form of nitrochalk
P * 20 kg/ha in pure component in form of superphosphate
K — 60 kg/ha in pure component in form of potash salt
3,8
VtL
Biological consolidation, combination - mixture no. 1 of papilionaceous plants with grasses:
1) Lupin us polyphyllus 30 kg/ha
2) Agrostis alba 8 kg/ha
3) Arrhenatherum elatius 6 kg/ha
4) Festuca pratensis 6 kaVha
50 kg/ha
43t5
vw.
Biological consolidation, combination - mixture no. 2 of papilionaceous plants with grasses:
l) Lotus corniculatus 20 kg/ha
21 Bromus inermis 8 kg/ha
3) Lolium multifiorum wester
w old i cum 6 kg/ha
4) Poa pratensis 6 kfl/ha
40 kg/ha
3.6
IX.
Biological consolidation, combination - mixture no. 3 of papilionaceous plants with grasses:
1) Trifolium re pens 10 kg/ha
2) Melilatus albus 5 kg/ha
3) Phieum pratense 8 kg/ha
41 Lolium multifiorum 6 kg/ha
5) Testuca rubra 6 .kfl/ha
35 kg/ha
2,e
»
H
tt
I
-------
- 19 -
6. R_ _C M_ _M_ E_ N_ _D _A_T_ _I O N S.
The Experiences obtained by the Openpit Mining in Poland
and also in other countries indicate, that the most suitable effects
from the reclamation and recultivation effort of the terrains trans-
formed in the course of mining can be achieved only, when the
problems of the said reclamation and recultivation are being con-
sidered with adequate accuracy at all stages of the minning acti-
vity - i.e. during the initial and detailed geological investigations,
during the designing of a mine, its construction and during the.
whole period of mine life, and very often also after its ending.
The directions of the economic restoration of the mined out
terrains (agricultural forest communal) and the methods and costs
of the reclamation realization depend first of all on the kind of
soils embodied in the subsurface zone of the transformed terrains.
An agricultural restoration can only then be considered, when
the soils have at least average suitability for the reclamation, or
in case of toxic soils, when their mineral material is valuable
enough. In the remaining cases an appropriate line of restoration
would be the forest line or the for communal use. Taking into
account the above statements and the up-to-date practical experien-
ce concerning the particular elements of mining activity one can
formulate the following general recommendations.
I, Geological and specialised investigation for the requirements
of reclamation.
1. The investigations for the reclamation needs should begin alre-
ady at the stage of geological prospection and should be con-
ducted throughout the whole period of mining activity.
2. During the time of mining operations systematic laboratory and
field tests of soils in the overburden and on the spoil stack
should be performed with a frequency greater for the complica-
ted geological structure but decreasing in due course with
acquired experience.
-------
- 20 -
3. In the examination of overburden a particular attention should
be given to the separation of toxic from not toxic Soils on
the basis of properly elected set of analyses - for the Polish
circumstances the tests of sulphur compounds contents (for-
ming acids) and of the pH reaction belong to essential set
of analyses.
4. The main lithological complexes in the overburden should be
tested for the contents of micro - elements and for the radio-
active substances.
5. For a fuller characteristic of soils both in the overburden and
in the spoil stack, determinations of the chemical composition,
of the carbonate content, of the plasticity index and of sorpti—
ve capacity should be performed.
6. The more accurate is the reconnaissance of the overburden
soils, the smaller may be the qualitative and quantitative sco-
pe of the analyses of the spoil stack soils.
Mining operations.
1. The minins operations should be planned and conducted in
such way, that the best soils of the overburden ought to be
in-built into the subsurface zones of the terrains left after
exploitation ended.
2. In the shallow openpit mines, with one seam ones, there on
account of mostly occurring simple geological structures of
overburden, small quantities of this overburden and also sipall
displacement distances for ground masses from the working
face to the site of stack - the method of covering the wor-
ked out terrains with top soil selectively removed from the
working face foreground should be a rule.
3. In deep openpit mines characterized with a complicated geolo-
gical structure of the overburden - the occurrence of several
kinds of formations with very different physical - mechanical
and chemical characteristics - one should employ a controlled
management of overburden stacking.
-------
- 21 -
4. When in the overburden of deep openpit mines a relatively «
small amount of toxic soils is occurring but degree of their
deficiency for reclamation is considerable the overburden strip-
ping transport and stacking, based on a controlled manage-
ment with worst soils is recommended, (in order to limit their
negative influence on the effects of reclamation and recur-
vation). In such cases is advisable to determine already at
the stage of mine designing the most suitable methods:
- placing in deeper layers of the spoil stack the worst soils
and insulating against their influence with a thick layer of
soils potentially productive,
- adequate distribution of worst soils in the mass of soils
potentialy productive.
5. When in the overburden of deep openpit mines exists a large
quantity of bad soils from the point of view of reclamation
needs the overburden stripping transport and stacking based
on controlled management with best soils is recommended.
This model is typical for agricultural direction of restoration,
as the basic assumption for this model should be the acqui-
sition - on the mined out terrains - of soils with a high pro-
duction capability.
6. The uncontrolled overburden stripping transport and stacking,
ought to be employed only then, when the method of the over-
burden removal and its stacking had no bearing on the direc-
tion of re cultivation. This model is typical for the silvicultural
direction of restoration.
III. Shaping of spoil stacks.
1. The shaping should be effected in such a way as to preserve
the possibility of consecutive execution of reclamation and re-
cultivation.
2. The formation of spoil stacks highly elevated or depressed in
relation to the natural terrains surface should be avoided.
-------
- 22 -
3. In shaping of single slopes and of systems of slopes of elevated
spoil stacks as well as deep remaining pits not designed to be
filled with water the observance of the following principles is su-
ggested:
- employ the incline of slopes not greater than 1:3
- employ partitioning of slopes higher than 10 mf with the inter-
mediate shelves of a width 5 — 7 m inclined in the direction to
slope above the shelf (to the inside of stack)
- vertical distances between intermediate shelves should depend
on climatic conditions - in a zone of heavy precipitations this
distance ought to be decreased even down to 6 m
- on the flat top portion of the stack by the verge of a slope or
a system of slopes have to be formed a counter—slope slanted
towards inside of the top area's middle with a decline of 5 %.
4. The top flat areas of the stacks shoul be shaped in a form of
gently slanting fields with declines in directions ensuring a gravi-
tational drainage.
5. On the top areas of the stacks greater declines than 5 %, should
not be used and only exceptionally on small areas the declines
up to 10 % may be permitted. The gradient of the decline should
be so selected as to limit to minimum the water erosion.
Reclamation treatments - general recommendations.
1. In the planning and performance of particular reclamation treatments
the soil and climatic conditions should be analysed in detail in
order to determine the appropriate procedures, machines and equ-
impent and also the best times for such treatments execution.
These problems are particularly important in cases of very cohe-
sive soils and soils very permeable.
2. Parallel with the final relief formation of the spoil stacks, also the
draining arrangements should be installed.
3. To limit the negative effects of erosion, especially on the slopes
of the stacks, the treatments connected with introduction of vege-
-------
- 23 -
tation should be carried out immediately after the completion of
fined formation of the spoil stacks.
4. All reclamation treatments should be performed with a detailed
accuracy and the unsuccessful treatments and the losses in
biological cover should be repeated or made up as soon as
possible.
5. Include into the reclamation treatments the operations connected
with the protection of adjacent terrains against their getting co-
vered with mud washed out from the spoil stack during rainy
periods.
Neutralization of toxic soils.
1. For the liquidation of excessive acidification two neutralizers
are suggested to be used simultaneously;
- for cohesive soils - agricultural quicklime and ground phospha-
te rock
- for sandy soils - magnesia (magnesium oxide) lime and ground
phosphate rock.
2. The method of neutralizer introduction should provide possibly its
fastest reactions with the soil, and also limit the losses caused
by wind and water erosion.
3. Very important from the point of view of neutralization correctness
is the application of phosphorus neutralizer as this neutralizer
among other things helps to block a considerable amount of iron
liberated in the process of weathering on a stack of soils coming
from deeper geochemical reducing zones of openpit.
4. Very beneficial is calculation of the neutralizer doses, for the
fore designed full liquidation of the electrolytic acidity in the
0-30 cm layer. The computed in this way doses should be incre-
ased in order to supply a necessary reserve, required because
of the difficulty of reaction of introduced in a solid form neutra-
lizer with toxic substances in soil. Observations carried out in
the course of research indicated, that the amount of this reser-
ve depends on climatic conditions (the wetter climate, the less
is required - but to certain limits only).
-------
- 24 -
5. The neutralization of soils should be taking place concurrently
with the initiating of biological processes. The introduction of
pioneering vegetation serves this purpose. It is not excluded
that also other type of vegetation could play the part of coope-
ration with neutralization, as for example a vegetation useful
economically, provided if did possess great dynamics of growth
(this contention however requires a verification).
6. In order to be able to introduce a pionerring or other vegetation
onto the toxicalJty acid soils, necessary is to employ such a
dose of neutralizer, as to effect the pH reaction in a few centi-
meter deep layer, beyond the threshold value, which in the in-
vestigated cases probably stays within the 3,0 - 3,5 pH in KC1.
The determination of a more precise threshold value requires
further experiments.
7. The neutralizer used on the slopes ought to be very active,
and in a concentrated form and its doses should effect quick
exceeding the threshold value of pH reaction to a deepth, to
which seedlings will be introduced, taking into account the ine-
vitable losses caused by erosion.
Mineral fertilization.
1. The amount and composition of fertilizers should be determined
on the basis of results of carried out soil examination and the
requirements of introduced vegetation, or on the basis of special
field tests.
2. The fertilizers should be introduced in few doses, i.e. in a form
of initial dose and a completing it fertilization dose outside the
roots, so to diminish the losses and to avoid too large concen-
trations of nourishing compounds during the first phase of vege-
tation development.
3. Por clayey and silty soils, in climatic conditions approaching
the investigated, the amount of initial dose can be adopted as
follows:
-------
- 25 -
Fertilizers N - around 200 kg/ha in pure component
P - 50 kg/ha " "
K - " 30 kg/ha
4, As a complementary fertilization outside the roots, me intro-
duction chiefly of N fertilizers is recommended.
5. Among the to be introduced forms of fertilizers, especially of
nitrogenous ones saltpetre forms e.g. ammonium nitrate are
recommended. This comes from a fact, that they fulfill additional
task of chemical oxidisers, facilitating thus the course of ne-
utralization processes.
VIL Vegetation.
1. Species of vegetation, able to contribute to the process of ne-
utralization, and fulfill the soil reproducing functions should be
introduced onto the toxic spoil stacks. They must possess gre-
at dynamics of development.
2. On the top portions of the spoil stacks the application of mixtu-
res of papilionaceous plants and grasses composed of the follo-
wing species is advised:
- Lupinus polyphyllus
- Trifolium repens
- Lotus corniculatus
- Agrostis alba
- Lolium multiflorum westerwoldicum
- Pestuca rubra
- Phleum pratense.
3. In case of employment for neutralization e.g. of ground phosphate
rock and ammonia water instead of the ground quicklime, a sub-
stantial cut down on the share of papilionaceous plants in the
mixture, particularly of Trifolium repens and Lotus corniculatus
is advised.
4. In order to inhibit quickly the erosion of the slopes, in the first
place the papilionaceous vegetation and grasses should be sown,
and trees and shrubs only later in protective cover of these
plants.
-------
- 26 -
5w Into the mixtures accompanying the efforestations should be
included chiefly the;
Arrhenatherum elatius
Pestuca rubra
Phleum pratense - in small quantity.
6. In determining the species of arborescent plants introduced
onto the slopes, one should consider the necessity of simulta-
neous introductions of plants' phytomeliorating, protecting, and
biocenotic species, and species for final destination. One should
avoid the employment of species not typical of the pertinent
climatic .conditions.
7. The density of plantins should not be less than 1,5 x 1,5 m.
8. Por the plantina the reared in nursery material of a high quality
should be used.
VIII. Advised further detailed studies.
1. Advisable would be to carry out analogical studies on the terri-
tory of U.S.A. in similar soil conditions, but in a climatic zone
of low precipitation and higher temperature to widen the knowled-
ge of the role of climate influence on the effects of neutraliza-
tion and fertilization.
2. It would be useful to carry out specific research studies having
for their goal the more accurate determination of threshold aci-
dity value for toxic soils, the attainment of which already promo-
tes the positive results of reclamation.
3. It would be purposeful to carry out special field tests for the
determination of an optimum initial dose of mineral fertilizers for
the sandy soils.
4. It would be very beneficial to prolong the observation period of
the plant development and the changes of soil on experimented
plots accomplished in the framework of this stuciy, in order to
widen and to specify precisely the acquired results. This bears
primarily on the trees and shrubs planted on the slopes.
-------
- 25 -
Fertilizers N - around 200 kg/ha in pure component
P - " 50 kg/ha " "
K - 30 kg/ha "
4. As a complementary fertilization outside the roots, tne intro-
duction chiefly of N fertilizers is recommended.
5. Among the to be introduced forms of fertilizers, especially of
nitrogenous ones saltpetre forms e.g. ammonium nitrate are
recommended. This comes from a fact, that they fulfill additional
task of chemical oxidisers, facilitating thus the course of ne-
utralization processes.
VII. Vegetation.
1. Species of vegetation, able to contribute to the process of ne-
utralization, and fulfill the soil reproducing functions should be
introduced onto the toxic spoil stacks. They must possess gre-
at dynamics of development.
2. On the top portions of the spoil stacks the application of mixtu-
res of papilionaceous plants and grasses composed of the follo-
wing species is advised:
- Lupinus polyphyllus
- Trifolium re pens
- Lotus corniculatus
- Agrostis alba
- Lolium multiflorum westerwoldicum
- Pestuca rubra
- Phleum pratense.
3. In case of employment for neutralization e.g. of ground phosphate
rock and ammonia water instead of the ground quicklime, a sub-
stantial cut down on the share of papilionaceous plants in the
mixture, particularly of Trifolium repens and Lotus corniculatus
is advised.
4. In order to inhibit quickly the erosion of the slopes, in the first
place the papilionaceous vegetation and grasses should be sown,
and trees and shrubs only later in protective cover of these
plants.
-------
- 26 -
5» Into the mixtures accompanying the efforestations should be
included chiefly the:
Arrhenatherum elatius
Festuca rubra
Phleum pratense - in small quantity.
6. In determining the species of arborescent plants introduced
onto the slopes, one should consider the necessity of simulta-
neous introductions of plants' phytomeliorating, protecting, and
biocenotic species, and species for final destination. One should
avoid the employment of species not typical of the pertinent
climatic .conditions.
7. The density of planting should not be less than 1,5 x 1,5 m.
8. For the plantina the reared in nursery material of a high quality
should be used.
VIII. Advised further detailed studies.
1. Advisable would be to carry out analogical studies on the terri-
tory of U.S.A. in similar soil conditions, but in a climatic zone
of low precipitation and higher temperature to widen the knowled-
ge of the role of climate influence on the effects of neutraliza-
tion and fertilization.
2. It would be useful to carry out specific research studies having
for their goal the more accurate determination of threshold aci-
dity value for toxic soils, the attainment of which already promo-
tes the positive results of reclamation.
3. It would be purposeful to carry out special field tests for the
determination of an optimum initial dose of mineral fertilizers for
the sandy soils,
4. It would be very beneficial to prolong the observation period of
the plant development and the changes of soil on experimental
plots accomplished in the framework of this study, in order to
widen and to specify precisely the acquired results. This bears
primarily on the trees and shrubs planted on the slopes.
-------
- 27 -
5. It would be very beneficial to carry out similar studies on
selected cereals, root crops and industrial crops on the previo-
usly reclaimed terrains and on terrain completely raw, in order
to evaluate the influence of reclamation onto the effects of recul-
tivation. A special attention in these investigations should be
drawn to the quality of acquired agricultural products.
-------
- 28 -
7. _b_o_d_y ^EJP.g.R T.
7.1. The purpose and scope of research work.
The purpose of the research in a framework of the commissio-
ned subject was elaboration of a complex technical reclamation pro-
cess for the toxic disposal stacks in the lignite strip mines. The
research work was intended mainly to elucidate the problems of ne-
utralization or some other methods to be employed for the elimina-
tion of soil toxicity, resulting from the presence and decomposition
of the sulphur compounds. The basic sources of toxicity in the Polish
lignite strip mines are the iron sulphides, in particular the pyrite,
marcasite, pyrrhotite hydrotriolite and possibly some others. On the
spoil disposals these compounds are converted biologically and che-
mically into various substances, which have their direct or indirect
toxic effect on the growth of higher vegetation and soil microflora.
The composition and the nature of the toxic compounds depend on
sulphide concentration and also on the type of formations in which
these sulphides occur, in particular on the presence or absence of
alkaline compounds.
The most readily detectable evidence of the sulphide toxicity
is the strong acidity resulted by the presence of free sulphuric
acid and its reaction products with mineral substances of soils de-
posited in the spoils. One could not exclude, that at least periodi-
cally, a toxic effect is exerted by the decomposition products of
sulphides appearing in a gaseous form (HgS, ) *n t*ie Srounc*
pores. An additional source of toxicity may be the humus compounds
contained in the lignite and which may exhibit their chemical or bio-
chemical toxic effect when dissolved in a liquid |>hase of the ground
medium under strongly acid conditions.
Apart from the toxicity of the soils, the air is frequently pollu-
ted to a considerable extent with gases and particulate matter de-
rived from the nearby power plant operating on the lignite. This
should be allowed for durina the designing and accomplishing of
operations covering the reclamation and the site planning. Having in
mind the above mentioned factors and also the results of tests car-
ried out up to now here and abroad in order to achieve a reasona-
-------
- 29 -
kl© elimination of toxicity, the research programme was formulated
to trover the following the following scope of problems:
1) elaboration of methods employed to estimate the degree of
toxicity occurring in the overburden formations and on the
disposal sites,
2) elaboration of methods used to neutralize the toxic soils in
spoils and adapted to agricultural and forest restoration,
3) elaboration of a neutralization process for the toxic soils on
steep slopes and of detailed principles of their erosion inhi-
biting biological consolidation,
4) elaboration of a qualitative and quantitative composition of the
vegetation initiating the soil forming processes and actively
cooperating in a biological neutralization of the toxic forma-
tions,
5) determination of suitable agricultural methods for the reclama-
tion operations,
6) elaboration of instructions for the overburden management in
order to eliminate or to reduce the toxicity, through the decon-
centration of formations which exhibit such properties.
The program of studies was determined with an allowance for a
short period only, as for the biological researchj namely a three
years' period was provided for the implementation of the job. In
order to lessen the inconvenience which thus affects the reliability
of research it was decided to widen the experimental work on a
greater number of repetitions.
A detailed program of research.
The basic assumptions for the provided research program were
following;
1. It was decided to accomplish the task on the basis of research
and field experiments results carried out with material examined
in detail in a laboratory.
-------
- 30 -
2, It was decided to accept the following objects for examination:
1) the top portions and the slopes of disposal stacks, of
various exposures,
2) the loamy and sandy soils,
3) the weakly toxic and the very toxic soils.
3* The soils were neutralized by means of:
1) agricultural ground quicklime (Cao)
2) ground phosphate rock
3) ammonia water
4) magnesium oxide lime (CaO, MgO), a waste product of the
zinc manufacture.
4. It was decided to test the effectiveness of neutralizers in various
combinations and amounts adapted to the results of laboratory
and biological tests.
5. It was decided to check the usefulness and the agricultural
conditions for an application of one layer or two layer neutrali-
zation in the top portions.
6. It was decided to apply uniform doses of phosphatic and potassic
fertilizers, but two different doses of nitrogeneous fertilizers.
7. It was decided to test the effectiveness of four different mixes
of Papilionaceae with grasses introduced onto the topsolis and
to apply a uniform universal mix on the slopes with various
methods of sowing.
8. It was decided to test on the slopes the effectiveness of a do-
zen of varieties of trees and bushes applied in various sets of
species and also various methods were used for the preparation
of surface for implantations.
According to the assumed research program the following operations
were to be performed:
1) selection of experimental plots on the basis of field and labora-
tory research work carried out;
2) preparation of a pedological specification for the experimental
plots;
-------
- 31 -
3) setting up of experimental plots;
4) execution of basic agrotechnical treatments on plots, including
the treatment with neutralizers and fertilizers;
5) sowing of papilionaceae - grass mixes;
6) planting of trees and bushes;
7) cultivation operations' execution;
8) pedological tests performance;
9) to carry out observations and biometric measurements of vege-
tation.
The operations mentioned in points 1 to 5 were executed in the
first phase of operations provided in agreement for the year 1973,
the mentioned in point 6 were performed in the second phase, i.e.
in the year 1974, and the operations named in points 7-9 were
accomplished successively in the II and in the ID phase, i.e. in
the year 1974 and 1975.
7.3. General description of the "Tur6w" lignite strip mine.
The "Tur6w" strip mine of lignite is situated in the south -
western part of Poland in the Region of Jelenia G6ra and is now
the largest openpit mine in Poland.
The strip mine of lignite, "Tur6w", was founded on a deposit of
lignite of the same name. The excavation is carried out in two
open pits called Openpit mine Tur6w I, and Openpit mine Tur6w II.
7.3.1. The geological structure.
This deposit is located in a basin whose floor and frames
are formed from paleozoic crystalline rocks mostly from granites
and granite-gneisses. Moreover, in the basin's bottom and on its
periphery basalt intrusions of tertiary age are being found some-
times. In this trough on the bedrock a complex of tertiary sedi-
ments occurs, covered by quaternary formations.
The Jithological profile of the Tertiary series could be represented
as follows:
-------
- 32 -
- floor series - clayle sediments with sandy intercalations in the
form of lenses. The thickness of this series varies from few ma-
ters in the peripheral part to 80 m in the central part,
- bottom lignite seam (i) - maximum thickness 20-30 m, and average
thickness more than 12 m,
- the series between the seams - clayle series with lenses of sands
and gravels. The thickness of this series varies from 20 to 100 m,
on average about 30 m,
- the top lignite seam (il and III) - is partly continuous and partly
separated to benches. In the continous part its thickness varies
from 60 to 100 m in the basin's center, and up to few meters
on the periphery. An average thickness of the seam II is about
20 m, and of the seam III about 18 m,
- the roof series - is formed of clays in which the lenses of sands,
of gravels and of lignite occur. The thickness of this series var-
ies from 80 to 140 m.
The series of the Tertiary period are covered with quaternary
formations represented by the boulder clays, the loesslike clays,
sands and gravels. The thickness of quaternary formations is varia-
ble, but it does not exceed 20 m.
As we can see the overburden of the Turow lignite deposits
constitutes complex of the tertiary and quaternary clayly-sandy-gravel
formations. It attains a maximum total thickness of 180 m on the area
of strip mines "Tur6w I" and "Turow II". The tertiary series consti-
tutes about 80-90 % of the entire mass of overburden rocks. Preva-
iling in this series are clays. However, the sands appear in lenses
of varying horizontal dimensions and thicknesses from 0,5 to several
meters. These are the medium and coarse grained sands built of
weakly pebbled silica and white chippings of weathered feldspars as
well as scarce amounts of lyolite chippings and metamorphic rocks.
They contain a large addition of white, clayly binder with no lignite
fragments.
The main bulk of tertiary clays is characterized by a grey -
green colour, no stratification, fine scattered vegetable detritus and
the presence of large lignite fragments. Sanding up varies conside-
-------
- 33 -
rably. The sandy material is analogical to that occurring in lenses.
The tertiary series contains also dark carbonaceous clays. They
form thin continuous benches, where numerous trunks and wood
roots are observed. The carbonaceous clays are stratified hori-
zontally with a coarse vegetable detritus comprising high content
of leaves. Towards the roof, in the partially carbonized tertiary
series, an increase in the sand contents is observed. The tertiary
formations appearing on the surface or at a small depth in the roof
portion are rust—coloured. Between the Turow I and Tur6w II strip
mines, the above tertiary series is covered with a dozen meters
thick complex of quartz gravels forming a local elevation. These
gravels contain an addition of white, silty parts and numerous kaoli-
nated feldspars. Their macroscopic composition is analogical to that
of the tertiary sands described.
In the west part of the Turow II strip mine near the Nysa Lu-
zycka river-bed, the tertiary rocks are covered with pleistocene
sediments. These are the rust-coloured gravels with large amounts
of Scandinavian rock chippings, well classified fine - and medium
grained quartz sands and also white and rust - coloured silts. The
sands and gravels are covered with a several meters thick layer
of clays and silts, which exhibit a dense horizontal lamination.
From the overburden of Turow I and Turow II strip mines sam-
ples of soil were taken for the analyses in order to characterize
qualitatively the particular formations. Owing to the different form of
occurrence, different sampling methods for tertiary and quaternary
rocks were adopted. Samples of tertiary rocks were taken for par-
ticular lithological varieties from a few scores of points on all ho-
rizons of the overburden, disregarding the weathered zone.
The quaternary rocks and quartz gravels in compact masses
and therefore a groove or point method of sampling at regular
intervals was applied to them, and perpendicular to the stratification
if possible. The results of studies on the samples representing par-
ticular series of the overburden formations are presented on Tables
1-3. A shortened mineralogical, chemical and agricultural characte-
ristic of the samples examined may be described as follows:
-------
Fig. 1. SCHEMATIC N-S SECTION
OF TUROW LIGNITE BASIN
LEGEND
[ ** j sands and gravels
ciays
lignite-seams
lt-VJ 9ronite
|v vv I basalt
-------
- 35 -
Quaternary silts and clays.
These formations are dark—grey with evident parallel stratifica-
tion. The 0.025 mm fraction makes 64 % and consists mainly
of quartz and small amounts of feldspars and mica. The feld-
spars are partially weathered. The silty fraction contains mainly
kaolinite and illite group minerals. The illite content increases
in the intermediary fraction (o.O06 - 0.026 mm). Low phospho-
rus content, medium potassium content, low sulphur content
(0,15 %).
Quaternary sands and silts.
The main component of these formations is quartz which is
accompanied by a large amount of feldspars (ortoclase, acid
plagioclases and muscovite). Radiographical analysis discove-
red the presence of a partly recrystallized vitreous substance.
In the 0.025 mm fraction, whose content is only 3 mainly
illites and some kaolinite are accumulated.
Rust - coloured quaternary gravels
These formations contain large amounts of larger rock chippings
(granites, gneisses). The coarse grained fraction consists
mainly of quartz with considerable additions of fieldspars and
mica. Among the feldspars both the potassium varieties (micro-
cline, orthoclase) and the sodium-calcium varieties (acid pla-
gioclases) were found to appear. Radiographical analysis dis-
covered the presence of relatively large amounts of vitreous
substance, partly devitrified. The 0.025 mm fraction consists
mainly of illite and smaller amounts of kaolinite, Ca - montmori-
llonite and chlorite. Low phosphorus content, medium potassium
content.
Tertiary quartz gravels.
The main mineral component of these formations, which contains
considerable amounts of coarse grained sand is quartz. It is
accompanied by smaller quantities of feldspars (orthoclase and
plagioclases) and also some muscovite. A weakly crystallised
-------
- 36 -
vitreous substance was also found to appear. The 0.025 mm
fraction which makes about 6 % of the sample, contains mainly
kaolinite and illite. Low phosphorus and potassium contents.
Tertiary carbonaceous clays
These clays, rich in vegetable detritus,, have a dark brown
colour and distinct stratification. The 0.025 mm fraction which
makes 40 % of the sample, consists mainly of quartz, which
is accompanied by smaller amounts of muscovite and trace
amounts of fieldspars. The clayle fraction consists mainly of
kaolinite and small quantities of minerals from the illite and
mica group. This formation may be generally defined as a san-
dy kaolinite clay with some mica and illite group minerals.
Low phosphorus and potassium contents.
Tertiary clays
Thene are clayly formations of varying colours - from cream
yellow to light brown, non-stratified, containing some vegetable
detritus. The 0.025 mm fraction whose percentage is about 27 %
is built mainly from quartz and micas - above all muscovite
and to lesser extent from weathered biotite. Feldspars appear
only in small quantities. The main component of the clayly frac-
tion is kaolinite accompanied by the illite group minerals. In
general, one could say that it is a sandy kaolinite clay with
large admixtures of the mica and illite group minerals. Low
phosphorus content, medium potassium content.
Tertiary sandy clays.
These are clayley formations with different degress of sanding up.
The 0,025 mm fraction is about 50 % and its main component is
quartz. It is accompanied by small quantities of weathered feld-
spars and micas. On the basis of x - ray pictures however, one
may conclude that apart from the above - mentioned crystalline
components, there are many substances of a poorly ordered in-
ternal structure - this is undoubtedly partly recrystallized glaze.
The clayle fraction consists mainly of kaolinite and small quan-
tities of illite the ratio of kaolinite to illite decreases with the
-------
SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AS WELL AS RECULT1VABILITY OP THE OVERBURDEN
FORMATIONS IN THE TUROW LIGNITE STRIP MINE
Table 1
Sample
No.
Type of formation
PH
% fraction
of dia.
in mm
CaC03
content
%
Methylene
C onsi sten cy lim its
Swelling
%
Swelling
humidi-
ty
H2°
KC1
1,0
1,0 -
0,1
0,1 -
0,05
0,05 -
0,002
0,002
tion mval
BM
L
s
L
P
L
y
Quaternary
period
285
Silts and clays
6,2
5,8
0
7
4
69
20
0,0
8,6
24,2
25,8
41,7
8,2
52,2
284
Sands and silts
6,5
5,4
6
76
11
7
0
0,0
1,1
-
-
-
-
-
283
Rust-coloured
gravels
5,6
4,8
84
11
1
2
2
0,0
7,6
-
-
-
-
-
Tertiary
period
282
Quartz gravels
5,7
5,1
60
30
1
5
4
0,0
2,5
-
-
-
-
-
281
Carbonaceous clays
4,4
4,0
0
9
5
61
25
0,0
9,6
23,6
28,9
49,5
4,4
56,4
280
Clays
5,0
4,4
0
2
7
55
36
0,0
9,6
18,7
19,7
45,3
5,4
46,7
279
Sandy clays
4,8
4,3
2
21
7
41
29
0,0
4,6
18,7
19,4
36,4
3,1
40,9
278
Sands
3,2
3,0
5
81
5
6
3
0,0
1,6
-
-
-
-
-
276
Clays/bed III/
5,0
4,4
0
10
2
41
45
0,0
9,6
24,9
31,0
52,2
4,8
56,4
-------
SOME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OP THE OVERBURDEN FORMATIONS IN THE TUROW LIGNITE STRIP MINE
Table 2
Sample
No*
Type of format*
ion
Total contents 01
components
in
Contents of components soluble in
20 % HCL in %
Contents of
assimilable
parts mg/100
g
sio2
A12°3
Ti°2
PC2°3
PeO
MnO
P2°5
MgO
CoO
Na2°
k2°
S°3
Noa°
K2°
MgO
CaO
Pe203
P2°5
k2o
P2°5
^uaternarv
period
285
silts and clays
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
ruo.
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
0,02
0,12
0,09
0,42
2,92
0,05
11,5
1,0
284
sands and silts
80,12
8,39
0,75
1,56
0,53
0,02
0,01
1,74
0,27
0,80
2,63
0,15
0,01
0,02
0,04
0,08
0,51
0,01
2,5
0,5
283
rust-c oloured
gravels
Tertiary
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
0,02
0,09
0,0B
0,44
2,90
0,08
10,3
0,7
period
282
quartz gravels
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
n.o.
0,00
0,02
0,03
0,09
0,43
0,01
5,8
0,3
281
carbonaceous
clays
50,24
25,42
0,75
0,00
1,76
0,01
0,02
1,71
0,35
0,71
1,70
0,45
0,01
0,05
0,07
0,34
0,69
0,02
9,8
0,6
280
days
54,26
27,86
1,40
0,34
1,46
0,01
0,02
0,75
0,37
0,19
2,40
0,41
0,01
0,05
0,13
0,21
0,51
0,02
10,8
0,8
279
sandy clays
62,55
21,91
1,15
1,07
0,88
0,01
0,02
0,51
0,40
0,21
2,97
0,39
<*01
0,05
0,10
0,16
0,46
0,02
8,0
0,6
278
sands
84,54
7,33
1,10
OfiO
0,51
slad
0,01
0,20
0,11
0,21
4,12
0,26
0,00
0,02
0,03
0,11
0,19
0,01
2,0
0,2
276
Clay»/b*d 01/
46,80
32,21
0,13
0,00
1,78
0,03
0,03
0,54
0,24
0,17
1,55
0,37
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,21
0,72
0,02
19,0
0,7
n.o. » not determined
-------
APPROXIMATE CONTENTS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE OVERBURDEN FORMATIONS OP THE TUROW
LIGNITE STRIP MINE
Table 3
Sample
No.
Type of formation
Mn
Ni
Cr
B
Ba
Sr
Qa
V
Cu
Co
Be
Zr
Sn
Po
Quaternary period
285
sjilts and cloys
I
I
I
I
II
I
I
I
$
$
$
S
-
-
284
sands and silts
I
S
s
1
II
I
s
1
$
-
-
s
-
$
283
ru st-c olour ed
gravels
Tertiarv period
I
I
s
s
II
I
s
I
$
$
$
s
-
-
282
quartz gravels
1
I
I
s
II
I
1
1
$
-
$
s
$
s
281
carbonaceous clays
I
1
1
I
II
I
I
I
$
It
s
s
s
s
280
clays
I
I
s
I
II
I
1
I
$
-
s
$
s
279
sandy clays
I
1
I
I
II
I
s
I
$
$
s
s
s
s
278
sands
I
s
s
$
II
I
s
s
$
-
-
s
-
s
276
clays /bed III/
1
1
I
I
n
I
I
1
$
$
s
s
$
s
Detectabiiity in % by weight
0,01
0,001
0,001
0,001
0,001
0,001
0,0003
0,001
0,0001
0,001
0,0003
0,001
0,0003
0,001
Explanations
II element appearing in percentages from 0,1 to 0*01 %
I element appearing in percentages from 0*01 to 0.05 %
S element appearing in percentages from 0*05 to 0*001 %
$ element content on the identification limit
below identification limit
-------
- 40 -
increasing grain size. The formation in question may be gene-
rally defined as a very kaolinite - illite clay. Low phosphorus
and potassium contents.
8) Tertiary sands.
These are coarse grained sands and gravels with chippings
of montmorillonite. The fraction above chippings of montmorillo-
nite. The fraction above 0,025 mm makes up to 97 % and con-
sists mainly of quartz, small quantities of weathered micas and
feldspars (mostly plagioclases) and vitreous substances, simi-
lar to the above mentioned sandy tertiary clays. This might
explain a high KgO content, in spite of relatively low quantities
of micqs and feldspars. The main component of the fraction be-
low 0,025 mm is kaolinite. It is accompanied by smaller quanti-
ties of illite. Low phosphorus and potassium contents.
9) Tertiary super - and inter carbonaceous clays.
These are clayly formations of varying colours - from cream
yellow to brown, non-stratified. The main component of their
mineralogical composition is kaolinite which appears as a main
component of the fraction below 0,006 mm and is accompanied
by smaller quantities of illite and quartz. Kaolinite also enters
into the composition of the intermediate fraction 0,006 to 0,025 mm.
The fraction below 0,025 mm contains mainly quartz, apart from
some quantities of micas (miscovite and biotite) and also of
fieldspars. Both biotite and feldspars demonstrate distinct mani-
festations of weathering. On passing from fine to coarser frac-
tions the content of kaolinite decreases and that of illite and
micas increases. In general, these rocks may be described as
somewhat sandy kaolinite clays with large additions of the mica
and illite group minerals.
Low phosphorus content, medium potassium content (fringing
upon the high content).
7.3.2. ^Technology extraction operations.
Owing to a considerable depth of the strip mine the working of
overburden and coal is being carried out along the walls, to a height
-------
- 41 -
corresponding to the working reach of the excavators. The excavar
tors work the wall from a so called working level, on which situ-
ated are also systems transporting the worked out masses by the
excavators. The overburden is being hauled to the site of its dis-
posal - onto a so called spoil disposal stack, and the coal to the
consignees, of whom the main one is the power plant situated ne-
arby the strip mine.
The total depth of the openpits in now about 180 m and will reach
in future about 250 m. So the advance of the pits is horizontal
and vertical simultaneously.
The strip mine Turow I.
On the strip mine Turow I, bucket wheel excavators are wor-
king. The hauling of the winning on 3 higher working horizons is
being accomplished by means of belt conveyors, and on lower ho-
rizons by railway. The lignite is being extracted only on the lower
horizons consequently it is transported with trains directly to the
consignee or to the lignite sorting plant, or to the lignite reloading
point where with the aid of reloading appliances is delivered on
to the belt conveyors supplying the power facilities with lignite.
The overburden worked on the horizons and transported on belt
conveyors is being directed through the inclined drifts onto the main
overburden belt conveyors, connecting the strip mine Turow II with
an external spoil disposal. The overburden worked on horizons
furnished with a rail transportation system is being delivered to
so called reload trenches, whence with the aid of reloaders is fed
onto the system of belt conveyors, and transported by way of co-
llecting belt conveyors on the external disposal. Insignificant only
portion of overburden coming from the lower levels is led directly
onto an internal spoil disposal.
The strip mine Turow II.
On the strip mine Turow II bucket wheel excavators are used. The
transportation of the winning proceeds only by means of belt con-
veyors. The winning of particular excavators carries away horizon-
tal travelling coveyor belt, and delivers it to the inclined drift where
with the aid of mobile transfer conveyor belts is being directed
-------
- 42 -
respectively onto the continuous conveyor belts for lignite or for
overburden. Lignite is being transported with the system of conve-
yor belts to the power plant, and the overburden is carried away
on the collecting conveyors onto the external disposal' stack jointly
with the overburden delivered there from the strip mine Tur6w I.
The external spoil stack.
Presently the overburden is being stacked almost entirely on the
external stack, which will be in operation until there will be extrac-
ted enough lignite from the seams I and IL After that the overburden
will be stacked wholely on the* inner stack.
On the external disposal there is stacked also with the overburden
the fly ash generated in the power plant. It is being fed with the
system of ash belt conveyors and poured onto the overburden belt
conveyors, prior to their entering the overburden distribution station,
localized on the disposal. An average ash content in raw lignite amo-
unts to 10 and in dry lignite 20 %.
A joint stacking of ash together with the spoil of overburden, as the
performed research had indicated, improves the stability of the dis-
posal stack "s slopes provided there is an uniform distribution of
ash in the bulk of the stack. Formation of continuous ash layers gi-
ves negative effects in this respect, as such layers are sliding, and
endanger the stability of the stack slopes. On the outer disposal
there are working stackers. Each stacker is connected by means of
conveyor belts to the overburden distribution station.
The stackers are working on the so called working levels, from
which are formed two layers of the stack:
- the under stacker layer - below the working level
- the over stacker layer - above this level.
Prom a practical point of view there are being adopted following
heights for these layers, in the Turow surface mine:
for the over stacker layer 20 m
for the under stacker layer 30 m.
The external disposal will be developed initially on its level, later
on after filling of a determined area, there will be formed higher
-------
- 43 -
levels with the aid of the same stacking machines.
By the described above system about 20 milions tons of lignite
and' 70 milions cubic meters of overburden is removed every year.
So then in the effect of excavation operations three kinds of post-
industrial terrains will occur;
— the external disposal — of an area about 3000 ha and an eleva-
tion above the adjacent land about 320 m,
— the internal disposal - of an area about 1000 ha, and an eleva-
tion formation approximated to the natural profile of the terrain,
— the final excavation of an area about 1700 ha of a maximum depth
about 250 m.
-------
PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
- 45 -
7.4. Report of research carried out on the experimented plots set up
on the external disposal stack, of the Turow strip mine.
The detailed investigations were localized on the experimental
plots set up in the southr-western part of the external disposal of
the "Turow" mine, raised above the surrounding terrain by some
70 m. The habitat conditions of the selected fragment are represen-
tative of the entire disposal. The portion of the disposal on which
the plots were established has completed its formation and so the
investigations and observations can be performed for any length
of time at one's discretion. The location of the plots and the relief
formation of this part of the disposal is shown on the fig. 3. The
localization and the formation of the plots is being considered as
advantageous for the performed research effort mainly on account
of hard conditions caused by the elevation of this part of the dispo-
sal and the relative closeness to the power plant constituting a
main source of atmospheric pollution.
7.4.1. CharaterLzation ofjthe habitat conditions _on Jthe experimen-
tal jplots.
7.4.1.1. Characterization_of the soils.
The soils appearing in the disposal and also on the experi-
mental plots form a mixture of previously described overburden
formations. The predominant material in the surface layers are the
tertiary clays with some sands and gravels. A characteristic feature
is the variability of the composition and properties of surface layer
formations on the disposal site, both vertically and horizontally. This
is related to the stripping, transport and stacking processes of the
very lithologically differentiated overburden rocks. In this area to-
xicity increases with the increasing contribution of carbonaceous
tertiary clays in the bulk of soils appearing in the surface layers
of the disposal.
In order to prepare the pedological, chemical and agricultural do-
cumentation of the disposal site, 6i test pits were made and 107
samples were taken, employing the following sampling technique:
-------
- 46 -
a) from parts differing in their position (disposal top, upper and
lower portions of slope, the interslope shelf);
b) from all surfaces differing in their macroscopic grain composi-
tion, contents of lignites and xylites;
c) from slopes of different exposures.
Generalized results of laboratory examination are given on the
Table 4. These results show, that the Turow mine disposal site
and in particular the fragment designed for experimental plots, po-
ssesses the formations, whose features are not favourable to the
growth of vegetation. The main reason is the strongly acid reaction
- even toxic in some places, its stepwise variability and defective
physical properties of the material deposited there.
One of the criteria to estimate the biotopic conditions of soils to
be recultivated is the state of vegetation, stemming from natural su-
ccession. The occurrency of various species of plants or their ab-
sence indicate good or poor chemical, physical and biological pro-
perties of the soil.
Several phytosociological pictures were made by the Brown-Blanquet
method on the surface assigned for the experimental plots. Although
7 years passed from the moment of erection of this disposal, the ve-
getation stemming from natural succession covered only about 0,5 %
of the entire surface.
Three species were mostly in evidence:
- Calamagrostis opigeios
- Agrostis vulgaris
- Tussilago farfara.
Apart from these species there were some others fewer in numbers,
sometimes just few specimens:
- Equisetum arvanse
- Rumex acetosella
- Rumex crispus
- Rumex obtusifolius
- Polygonum aviculare
- Polygonum persicaria
-------
Fig.3 Plan of experimental working plots of the lignite mine ,Turo\v"
-------
- 48 -
PF.SULTS OF ANALYTICAL STUDIES ON GROUNDS FROM EXPERIMENTAL
PLOTS IN THE DUMPING GROUND OF THE TUROW LIGNITE S'IKIP MINE
Table *
Designation
Unit
from
to
Average
Notes
Skeleton content dia. below
1 mm
a by weight
0
51,6
0-10
Organic matter content
(lignites, xylites)
K> by weight
0
8
0-2
Content of particles
0,05 0 1
% by weight
83
88
85
in
gravels and sands
0,05 0 1
% by weight
15
74
30 - 40
in
clays and ailts
0 0,002
% by weight
6
9
7
in
gravels and sands
0 0.002
by weight
10
37
20 - 30
in
clays and silts
Liquid limit L^
% by weight
25
58
30 - 40
in
clays and silts
Yield point L
P
by weight
16,8
45
20 - 25
in
clays and silta
Contraction limit Lg
% by weight
15,0
39
20 - 25
Plasticity index
% by weight
5,5
22,1
13 - 18
Swelling
% by volume
1,3
6,0
2-4
Swelling humidity
% by weight
25
65
35 - 45
Reaction in HgO
in KC1
pH
pH
3,2
3,0
6,6X/
5,7
4,0 - 5,0
3,5 - 4,5
X
' higher values of
pH apply to
samples with
high ash percen-
tage
Hydrolytic acidity
mval/100 g
0,5
16,6
9,0
Exchange acidity
mval/100 g
0,08
1,56
0,1 - 0,5
Exchange aluminium Al^
mval/100 g
0,0
3,90
1,0 - 2,0
Total S including;
% by weight
0.1
1,0
0,4 - 0,6
2
S04 - as salt
mg/lOOg
16
116
80
2
SO^ - as free HgSO^
mg/lOOg
2,9
8,2
4.9
Components soluble in 20 %
HC1
NSjO
% by weight
0,01
0,04
0,01
K
10
o
% by weight
0,02
0,10
0,03
MgO
% by weight
0,01
0,05
0,02
CaO
% by weight
0,01
0,05
0,02
P°203
% by weight
0,56
2,53
0,6 - 1,1
P2°5
% by weight
0,02
0,04
0,03
Components assimilable by
the plants
k2o
P2°5
mg/100 g
mg/100 g'
5,7
0,1
55,0X'
1.4
9-14
0,4 - 0,5
x/ content below 40
mg/100 g only in
one sample
C - total xj
N - total
c/n
% by weight
% by weight
0,12
0,01
7,3
2,86
0,10
32,8
0,6 - 1,0
0,05 - 0,06
10 - 20
x/ determined after
discarding chip-
pings of lignites
and xylited
-------
- 49 -
- Achillea millefolium
- Holcus mollis
- Symphytum officinale
- Poa compressa
- Chamaenerion angustifolium.
A small number of specimens and vegetable species confirm the
thesis on conditions being unfavourable to the growth of vegetation,
based on the results of laboratory analyses.
7.4.1,2, The characteristics of atmospheric _precipitations._
The characteristic of atmospheric precipitations was prepared on the
basis of observations carried out in the meteorological station locar-
ted 2 km toward south.
Compiled on the table below are the monthly and yearly sums of
average and extreme precipitations for the period of years 1947 -
197 2 and also monthly and yearly precipitation sums for years 1973,
1974 and 1975.
Moreover, the daily distribution of precipitations during the time of
carried out investigations is marked on the "Comprehensive diagram
of treatments and observations".
Prom the compiled on the table values a particular attention draw dry
periods, which had a substantial influence on the growth of plants.
These periods occurred during the following fixed times:
year 1973 August and September
year 1974 - March and April
year 1975 - August and September.
A typical characteristic of the precipitations during these periods
•were the heavy daily precipitations, and only very few days with
precipitation. Such a form of precipitation occurrence and the simul-
taneous high temperatures of air, as--for the Polish conditions caused
a halt in the vegetation development, especially so with the grasses.
The periods with the significantly increased precipitations occurred
in 1974 - in months May, June, August, October, and December, and
in 1975 in July on the turn of the second and third ten day periods
-------
- 50 -
and had no negative influence on the growth of plants, because,
as already mentioned, had a character of short - duration precipi-
tations of great intensity. In the remaining periods the amount of
precipitations fluctuated closely to the long term average values.
-------
Specification of typical values of precipitations recorded by the
meteorological station Bogatynia
Table 5
Period
1 year
Monthly
precipitations
in mm
I
11
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Year
Prom
Average
34,3
39,0
38,5
57,5
79,5
84,9
95,4
74,4
57,5
48,2
39,6
44,7
693,5
the
Maximum
75,8
99,7
81,0
108,8
170,0
192,0
197,9
150,8
218,7
136,5
7 5,3
97,8
930,1
period
1949-72
Minimum
7,3
11,9
12,0
10,7
27,5
13,1
25,1
35,6
1,9
2,8
3,6
5,9
47 9,2
1973
Sums
15,0
48,5
22,9
76,6
7 2,4
54,9
139,1
49,7
18,6
56,6
41,9
30,3
626,5
1974
Sums
2 2,7
31,4
18,4
8,6
141,5
133,0
87,0
115,9
52,0
152,3
56,8
121,3
940,9
197 5
Year
jSS.2
15,9
31,4
40,3
63,1
| 91,6
138,C
6ii,4
22,5
45,4 j
-------
- 52 -
7.4.1.3. The characteristics of air temperatures.
The characteristic of air temperatures was prepared on the basis
of observations carried out in the statiori in Zgorzelec, located at a
distance of some 30 km from the experimented plots. Compiled on the
table are the long — term monthly average temperatures of air and also
the averages for particular months and years of 1973, 1974 and 1975.
Marked on the comprehensive diagram of treatments and observations
are also the average daily values of temperatures. In comparison with
average values the period of carried out investigations had warm winter,
colder than usual early spring, colder summer period, with exception of
the months July, August, September in 1975, in which months the ave-
rage- temperature was plainly higher than the average long - term values.
7.4.1.4. Characteristics of the atmospheric air pollution.
In the region of the mine and the power plant Turdw, there are
conducted continuous observations of the dust fall out and of the SOg
concentration in the air by the specialistic Sanitary - Epidemiological
Station. The experimental plots are situated very close to the observa-
tion posts. The results of observations for the period of years 1973 -
- 197 5 are compiled on the table no. 7.
-------
Specification of characteristic values for the Zgorzelec Station
Table 6
Month
Average tempera-
ture in C, in years
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
X
.
Year
1949 - 1972
" 1,8
- 8,0
1,7
8,0
12,3
16,2
17,5
16,7
13,4
8,7
4.1 .
0.1
7,4
1973
-0,4
- 1,6
3,9
5,0
12,5
15,2
17,1
17,0
14.7
7,0
2,9
-0,3
7,5
1974
2,5
2,6
5,5
7,0
10,8
14,1
15,7
17,5
13,5
5,6
4,5
4,1
8,6
1975
4,0
-0,2
3,9
6,7
12,3
15,0
18,3
18,2
16,2
7,8
-------
Specification of results of dust fall out and of S02 concentration
tests in the air.
Table 7
Month
I
II
III
IV | V | VI 1 VII I VIII IX
X
XI
XII
Year
Stand
Year
Monthly dus
: fall out in t
/km2/month.
Lignite Sur-
face Mine
1973
104,7
10,9
65,1
78,6
46,7
25,5
47,8
19,0
18,4
24,0
42,4*
26,2
509,3
1974
41,7
42,5
66.6
29,1
53,3
39.3
26,6
73.2
32,9
19,7
32,9
42,3
500,1
Turow
1975
20,4
27,1
9,7
4,7
20,0
39,8
31,4
35,7
21,3
24,9*
37,6
24,9*
'298,4
Bogatynia -
sewage -
treatment
plant
1973
43,3
30,2
22,0
82,9
14,6
33,6
26,1
16,5
18,3
25,0
29,3*
10,2
352,0
1974
30,9
8,0
26,3
11,4
35,1
12,9
27,8
54,3
14,5
22,6
40,2
20,2
304,2
1975
13,8
15,3*
16,0
10,7
3,7
23,7
21,3
10,6
18,6
18,8
15,4
15,3*
183,2
Lignite Sur-
face Mine
Turow
197 3
0,166
0,112
SO„ cor
3
icentration in the air in mg/m
0,130
0,218
0,136
CT,132
0,078
0,082
0,056
0,039
0,061
1974
0,156
—
0,037
0,022
0,040
0,047
0,100
0,035
0,036
0,042
0,058
0,061
1975
0,055
0,048
0,031
0,004
0,064
0,292
0,059
0,052
0,037
0,152
0,154
Bogatynia -
- sewage -
treatment
plant
1973
0,167
0,129
0,125
0,131
0,056
0,047
0,039
0,033
0,056
0,115
-
0,174
1974
-
0,121
0,068
0,010
0,050
0,056
0,081
0,035
0,022
0,044
0,039
0,072
1975
0,049
0,067
0.018
0,032
0,051
0,189
0,036
0,027
0,057
0,057
0,074
0,088
the sample was destroyed, adopted for the table were averages from the remaining months
-------
- 55 -
7.4.2. Reclamation operations.
7.4.2.1. Neutralization.
Basic treatments from the scope of neutralization of excessive soil
acidification were performed in June - July of 1973 year. As the neutra?-
lizers three substances were used, in differentiated doses and combina- •
tions:
1) agricultural fertilizer lime, burnt, ground - CaO,
2) ground phosphate rock with content of CaCOj 40 % and p2°5 30
3) ammonia water 25 %.
On the plots localized on the top portion of the disposal stack the folio-
•wing combinations of neutralization were employed:
A - without neutralization control (plots) 15 plots of a total area 0,36 ha
B - CaO in doses 5 tons/ha, in one layer 15 plot's of a total area
0,36 ha
C - CaO in doses 10 tons/ha in two layers:
0-15 cm 5 t/ha
15 - 30 cm 5 t/ha
15 plots of a toted.
area 0,36 ha
D — CaO in doses 5 t/ha and ground phosphate rock in doses 3 t/ha,
in two layers:
0-15 cm 5 t/ha CaO
15 - 30 cm 3 t/ha of ground phosphate rock
15 plots of a total
area 0,36 ha
E — ground phosphate rock in doses 3 t/ha, in one layer,
15 plots of a total area 0,36 ha
P - ground phosphate rock in doses -3 t/ha and 25 % ammonia water
in doses 5 cu.m/ha in one layer,
15 plots of a total area 0,36 ha.
-------
- 56 -
Therefore the experimental area on the top portion of the disposal
comprized 90 plots, of a total area 2,16 ha (fig. 3).
The introduction of neutralizers necessitated the performance of fo-
llowing tillage operations:
1) Done twice scarification with cultivator of entire experimental
area, i.e. of 90 plots of a total area 2,16 ha.
2) Spreading of ground phosphate rock in doses 3 i/ha on 45 plots
of the D, E, P combination, of total area 1,0B ha.
Prom these data transpire the following general conclusions:
- the air pollution in this area is significant
- the pollutions are lower than the permissible standards for protec-
ted areas, which are obligatory in Poland
- during the period of time of pollutions' investigations, these were
at a decrease.
3) Spreading of ground, "burnt agricultural fertilizer lime in doses
5 t/ha on 30 plots of the B, C combination of a total area 0,72 ha*
4) Twice done tilling with a rototiller of 75 plots of the B, C, D, E, P
of a total area 1,80 ha.
5) Ploughing of 30 plots of C, D combination of a total area 0,72 ha.
6) Spreading of ground, burnt, agricultural fertilizing lime in doses
5 t/ha on 30 plots of the C, D combination, of a joint area 0,72 ha.
3.
7) Pouring of ammonia water, 25 % solution, in doses 5 m /ha on
15 plots of the P combination, on a total area 0,36 ha,
8) Twice done tilling with a rototiller of 45 plots of C, D, P combina-
tion of a total area 1,08 ha.
9) Harrowing of the entire experimental area, i.e. of 90 plots of a
total 2,16 ha area.
On the plots set up on the slopes, 3 combinations of neutralization
were adopted:
-------
- 57 -
A A
12 - without neutralization (control plots)
6 plots of a total area 0,55 ha
— CaO in doses 5 t/ha on the surface
3 plots of a total area 0,275 ha
Bg ~ CaO in doses 5 t/ha superficially and into pits
3 plots of a total area 0,275 ha
C - CaO in doses 10 t/ha applied superficially
3 plots of a total area 0,275 ha
C2 - CaO in doses 10 t/ha superficially and into pits
3 plots of a total area 0,275 ha
- ground phosphate rock in doses 3 t/ha applied superficially
3 plots of a total area 0,275 ha
I>2 - ground phosphate rock in doses 3 t/ha, superficially and
in pits 3 plots of a total area 0,275 ha.
Therefore the experimental area on the slopes comprized 24 plots,
of a total area 2,20 ha.
The application of the neutralizers on the slopes required an execu-
tion of following operations.
1) Twice done scarifying with cultivator of the entire experimental
field comprizing 24 plots of a total area 2,20 ha.
2) Manual digging of pits of 40 x 40 x 40 cm dimensions, and a
1,0 x 1,0 m spacing, for the planting of cuttings, on the 6 plots
of an Ag euid B^ combination of a total area 0,55 ha.
3) Manual digging of pits of dimensions 40 x 40 x 40 cm, and spa-
cing 1,5 x 1,5 m, for the planting of cuttings, on 6 plots of C^
and Dg combination, of a total area 0,55 ha.
4) Spreading of ground, burnt agricultural lime on 12 plots of B^,
B2# C^t Cg combination, of a joint area 1,10 ha,
5) Spreading of ground phosphate rock on 6 plots of D^, Dg combi-
nation, of a total area 0,55 ha.
-------
- 58 -
6) Mixing of neutralizers with soil with a heavy harrow on plots of
the B^, B2« C^, D^, combination of a total area 1,65 ha.
7.4.2.2. Mineral fertilization.
On the plots situated on the top portion of the disposal the fo-
llowing mineral NPK fertilization was applied:
XQ - without fertilization (test plots)
30 plots of a total area 0,72 ha
x2 - PK + N
30 plots of a total area 0,72 ha
x2 - PK + 2N
30 plots of a joint area 0,72 ha.
The doses and modifications of fertilizers introduced in particular
years have been compiled on the table 8.
The employed mineral fertilization is greater than the one provided
in a plain of tests, elaborated in 1973. In particular the nitrogenous
fertilization in a single dose (N) was increased from 120 kg/ha to
200 kg/ha and in double dose (2 N) from 240 kg to 400 kg/ha. The
premise to increase the doses were observations of the growth and
health of the plants, and also results of analyses of soils' and plants'
chemi cal composition.
In addition to it on the basis of research carried out in 1974 on the
chemical composition of vegetation a plan of supplementary fertiliza-
tion was prepared, which was realized on the microplots of the pre-
viously set up block III, (fig. 4). The following fertilization combina-
tions were applied to them:
PK + N + P,
6 microplots of a joint area 0,02 ha
x 2 PK + N + P, Mg
6 micro-plots of a joint area 0,02 ha.
-------
- 59 -
Mineral fertilization employed on experimental plots of
the Lignite Mine Turow.
Table 8
Fertilization
Doses and forms
of mineral fertilizers.
applied in years
component
1973
1974
1975
N
200 kg/ha of urea
i.e. 92 kg/ha of N
100 kg/ha of ammo-
nium nitrate,
i.e. 34,5 kg/ha of N
400 kg/ha of ammo-
nium nitrate,
i.e. 135 kg/ha of N
2N
400 kg/ha of urea
i.e. 184 kg/ha of N
100 kg/ha of ammo-
nium nitrate,
i.e. 34,5 kg/ha of N
800 kg/ha of ammo-
nium nitrate,
i.e. 270 kg/ha of N
P
300 kg/ha of super-
phosphate, i.e.
32 kg/ha of P
-
-
K
68 kg/ha of potash
salt 60 %,
i.e. 32 kg/ha of K
-
-
Moreover on the basis of carried out in 1974 tests on the chemical
composition of vegetation a plan of supplementary fertilization was pre-
pared, which was put into effect on the micro plots of the earlier on set
up block III (fig. 4). The following fertilizer combinations were applied
there;
x±1 PK + N + Pa
6 micro-plots of a joint area 0,02 ha
x12 PK + N + P± Mg
6 micro-plots of a joint area 0,02 ha.
xl3 PK + N + P1MgMo
6 micro-plots of a total area 0,02 ha
x2l PK + 2N + P1
6 micro-plots of a total area 0,02 ha
x22 PK + 2N + P.jMg
6 micro-plots of a total area 0,02 ha
-------
- 60 -
BLOCK III
:
<3>
s
-i-,
r 1
X,
E3i
1
'1.
x*
<-3>
i
¦•ii
Xs
1
5.
1
E
P
i
1
I
|
I
I
, !
!
l
i
f
L
i
i
I
j
1
__
1
1
1
1-1
I
I
I
¦
I
I
X,
Fig.4 Sketch of mtcroptott arrangements on the block K.
The top portion of external spoil disposal of the lignite
mine JUrbw!
-------
PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
- 62 -
x2 3 PK + 2N + P1MgMo
6 micro-plots of a total area 0,02 ha.
The experimentation on the block III involved thus 36 micro-plots,
of a total area of 0,12 ha.
The doses and forms of fertilization were denoted with symbols
PK + N and the PK + 2N correspond to the data contained on
table 8, whereas the supplementary fertilization was:
P^ 300 kg/ha of triple superphosphate, granulated 46 % , i.e.
60 kg/ha of P
Mg 101,5 kg/ha of magnesium sulphate, i.e. 10 kg/ha of Mg
Mo 0,37 kg/ha of ammonium molybdate, i.e. 0,20 kg/ha of Mo.
Superphosphate was introduced into the soil before the vegetation
started, i.e. on the 21 - 22.IV.1975. The megnesium and molibdenum
fertilizers were introduced outside the roots on the 14.V.1975, emplo-
ying 2 % solution of magnesium sulphate and 0,01 % solution of
ammonium molybdate.
Together it was used on the micro-plots:
36 kg of triple superphosphate, granulated 46 %
8 kg of magnesium sulphate,
0,015 kg of ammonium molybdate.
In the period three yearly investigations performed on the disposal
of the lignite Turow mine, i.e, in years 1973 - 1-975, the treatments
connected with fertilization comprized the following operations:
in 1973
1) Harrowing of the whole experimental area, i.e. of 90 plots of a
total area 2,16 kg.
2) Sowing out of NPK fertilizers in appropriate doses, on 60 plots
of a total area 1,44 ha.
3) Harrowing of the fertilized area, i.e. of 60 plots of a total area
1,44 ha.
-------
- 63 -
in 1974
1) Sowing out of nitrogenous fertilizers outside the roots on 60 plots,
i.e. on a toted area 1,44 ha.
2) Harrowing of the whole area, i.e. 90 plots of a total area 2,16 ha.
in 1975
1) Sowing outside the roots of a 2/3 annual dose of nitrogen ferti-
lizers on 60 plots, i.e. on a total area of 1,44 ha.
2) Harrowing of the wholp surface, i.e. of 90 plots with total area
2,16 ha.
3) Sowing outside the roots of the remaining l/3 of nitrogenous
fertilizer annual dose on 60 plots, of total area 1,44 ha.
4) Manual sowing out of phosphorus fertilizers on the 36 micro-
plots of total area 0,12 ha.
5) Distribution of magnesium and molybdenum fertilizers in a form
of manual spraying on 24 micro-plots of total area 0,08 ha.
On plots situated on slopes a uniform mineral fertilizing in particular
years was applied in following doses and modifications:
1973
N - 70 kg/ha of nitrogen as a clear component i.e. 150 kg/ha of
46 % urea
P - 32 kg/ha of phosphorus as clear component i.e. 300 kg of
superphosphate
K - 47 kg/ha of potassium as clear component i.e. 150 kg/ha of
60 % potash salt.
1974
N - 34,5 kg of nitrogen as clear component i.e. 100 kg/ha of 34 %
ammonium nitrate.
1975
N - 34,5 kg/ha of nitrogen as clear component i.e. 100 kg/ha of
34 % ammonium nitrate.
-------
- 64 -
The treatments connected with the introduction of mineral fertilizers
on. the slopes involved the following operations:
in 1973
1) Manual spreading of fertilizers on the whole experimental area
comprizing 24 plots of a total area 2,20 ha,
2) Harrowing of the whole experimental area, i.e. of 24 plots of
a total area 2,20 ha.
in 1974
l) Manual spreading of nitrogen fertilizers on the whole experimen-
tal surface, i.e. on 24 plots of a total area 2,20 ha.
in 1975
l) Manual spreading of nitrogenous fertilizer on the whole experi-
mented surface, i.e. on 24 plots of total area 2,20 ha.
7.4.2.3. Introduction of vec>etation._
On the plots situated on the flat top portion of the disposal
a uniform mixture was introduced of papilionaceous plants together
with grasses, of a following composition of species:
Lupinus polyphyllus 25 kg/ha
Lotus corniculatus 8 kg/ha
Tr i folium repens 3 kg/ha
Gramineae: Phleum pratense
Lolium: Perenne, Festuca
rubra at 3 kg 9 kft/ha
Together 45 kg/ha
The treatments connected with the introduction of vegetation and its
cultivation comprised the following activities:
-------
- 65 -
in 1973
1) Sowing out of mixture of plants on the whole experimental sur-
face, i.e. on 90 plots of toted area 2,16 ha,
2) Harrowing of the whole experimental surface, i.e. 90 plots of a
total area 2,16 ha.
in 1974
1) Harrowing of the whole experimental surface, i.e. 90 plots of
total area 2,16 ha.
2) Twice done mowing of the vegetation on the dates 10 July and
19 September, with mower - grass cutter of a type Orkan, on
the experimental surface, i.e. on 90 plots of total area 2,16 ho.
in 1975
1) Harrowing of the whole experimental surface, i.e. on 90 plots
of a total area 2,16 ha.
2) Mowing on the 10-th July of vegetation with the mowergrass
cutter, type Orkan, on the whole experimental surface, i.e. on
90 plots of a total area 2,16 ha.
On plots set up on the slopes there was introduced in the year
1973 an uniform mixture of papilionaceae with grasses of a following
composition of species:
Lupinus polyphyllus - 30 kg/ha
Lotus corniculatus - 10 kg/ha
Melilotus albus - 5 kg/ha
Trifolium repens - 3 kg/ha
Gramineae; Phleum pratense,
Arrhenatherum Elatus, Pestuca
Rubra at 4 kg - 12 kg/ha
Together - 60 kg/ha
Treatments connected with the introduction of mixture seeds on the
plots set up on the slopes comprised the following activities:
-------
- 66 -
1) Manual sawing out of seeds on the whole experimental surface,
i.e. on the 24 plots of a total area 2,20 ha.
2) Harrowing of the whole experimental surface, i.e. of the 24 plots
of a total area 2,20 ha.
The plots localized on the slopes were planted in the spring of
1974 with rooted cuttings and shoot cuttings of trees and bushes,
their quantities are specified on the table 9. Connected with it ope-
rations involved:
1) Manual digging of pits for planting the cuttings, of dimensions
40 x 40 x 40 cm, and spacing 1,0 x 1,0 m, on the A, and B,
combinations, i.e. on 6 plots of a total area 0,55 ha.
2) Manual digging of pits for planting the cuttings, of dimensions
40 x 40 x 40 cm, and spacing 1,5 x 1,5 m, on the C^, and
combinations, i.e. on & plots of total area 0,55 ha.
3) Planting of 13.870 pieces of trees and bushes rooted cuttings
and 9,500 specimens of willow shoot cuttings and 9500 poplar
shoot cuttings, of the species composition given on table 9.
Notice: On the plots Ag» B2» c2» D2 the were in course
of operations performance connected with the neutralization
execution.
'7.4.3. ^Evaluation of effects of reclamation work carried —out jan expe-
rimental plots set up on external spoil stack, _of_the_Lignite ^ _
Opencast Mine Turow.
In order to estimate the effects of reclamation work, apart from
the current observations made of vegetation and the systematic sur-
veillance of the neutralization progress and a periodical evaluation
of the state of soil resourcefulness with nourishing components, there
were executed the following operations.
-------
- 67 -
Specification of trees and bushes rooted cuttings and shoot
cuttings planted in the spring of 1974, on slope of outer
disposal.
Experimental plots of the Lignite Mine Turi5w - 1974.
Table 9
Species
Block
S-I
S- II
S- III
Alnus glutinosa
Black alder
pieces
2 500
pieces
2 900
pieces
2 500
Robinia pseudacacia
Locust tree
120
140
120
Elaeagnus angustifolia
Russian olive
115
130
115
Caragana arborescens
Siberian pea shrub.
115
130
115
Larix decidua
European larch
350
-
-
Quercus borealis, Q. robur
Pedunculated oak, red oak
350
240
200
Populus Robusta
White Poplar
-
48
-
Populus Hybrida- 275, Populus
Poplar Hybrids- 275, 194
Hybrida- 194
100
72
100
Sorbus aucuparia
Mountain ash
-
100
-
Rhus typhina
Tea plant
300
320
200
Padus aerotina
Common chokeberry
300
200
300
Frajcinus excelsior
European ash
-
320
200
Acer platanoides
Common maple
-
160
200
Acer pseudoplatanus
Sycamore
-
160
-
Sambucus nigra
Golden elder
-
250
100
1 Carpinus betulus
| European hornbeam
-
-
100
Pagua silvatica
Common beech
200
together
4 250
5 170
4 450
Willow shoot cuttings - Sallx sp,
3 000
3 500
3 000
Poplar shoot cuttings - Populus
¦p.
3 000
3 500
3 000
together
6 000
? OOO
6 000
-------
- 68 - -
In the year 1974
1) Determination of the quality of crops - first swath in July, the
second in September.
2) Sample taking of vegetation material for the performance of che-
mical composition analyses - July.
3) Survey of root systems of papilionaceous plants brought in
mixtures of many species - last 10 days of September.
4) Visual evaluation of floristic composition of herbaceous plants on
particular plots localized on the top flat portion - July.
5) Visual estimation of the herbaceous flora development, and pre-
liminary evaluation of the plantings successfulness on plots
localized on the slope - indicatory measurement of annual incre-
ments ' values - September/October.
In 1975
1) Determination of the quantity of crops - first crop in July.
2) Sample taking of vegetation material for the chemical composition
analyses - July.
3) Measurement of the root systems of papilionaceous plants intro-
duced into mixes with many species.
4) Visual evaluation of the vegetation composition of herbaceous
flora on particular plots - July.
5) Measurements of the height and thickness of cuttings planted on
the slopes, prior to the commencement of growing - April.
6) Measurements of annual increment in height of the cuttings -
October/November.
-------
- 69 -
7,4.3.1. Vegetation.
On the plots established on flat top portion of the disposal a
qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the portion of biomass above
the ground of crops from the first, swath of papilionaceous plants
and grasses mixture was made, and also was determined the weight
of the root mass. The dry weather prevailing during the summer of
1975 hindered the regrowth of green growth to such extent that no
second swath of hay could be obtained.
The first crop in 1975 had a very good growth of vegetation,
and also the denseness of green growth, the regrowth of which and
also floristic composition, was strictly connected with the employed
combination of neutralization and with the quantity of the mineral
NPK fertilization (tab, 10 ). The largest proportion of papilionaceous
plants was ascertained on a control plot without fertilization (Xq),
on the D combination. On plots neutralized and fertilized the vegetation
composition of the green growth was more favourable in 1975 than
was in 1974, as the proportion of papilionaceous plants in the growth
was greater. The increased doses of nitrogenous fertilization in ma-
jority of cases diminished the proportion of this group of plants to
the advantage of grasses.
Prom the introduced plants the most sucessful ones have shown
themselves to be from Gramineae: the Phleum pratense and from Pa-
pilionaceae the: Lupinus polyphyllus. With this it was observed a
pronounced improvement in the development of Lotus corniculatus.
On the fields neutralized with the ground agricultural quicklime, CaO,
the proportion in green growth of Lotus corniculatus increased by
10-20 % in relation to the 1974 year. On experimental plots the crops
acquired in 1975 were high (table 11, 12). In the years 1974 and
1975 maximum crops were obtained by various combinations of the
way of neutralization for particular levels of fertilization;
xq - maximum crop in years 1974 and 1975 on the P combination
- maximum crop in the year 1974 on P combination, and in 1975
on the D combination
X2 " maximum crop in 1974 on P combination, and in the year 1975
on the D combination.
-------
- 70 -
UPK - 2-nd year of vegetation.
Experimental plot of "Turow" mine - 1974 and 1975
Table 1°
xj Among*t Gramineae prevail Phleum pratenae
+ occurs occasionally
— species not occurring
k Combination ol tne
kind of neutrali-
zation
A
B
c
D
E
F
Kind
of
Plant
°/o share in
green grou
th
fertili-
zation
Year
1974
1975
1974
1975
1974
1975
1974
1975
1974
1975
1975
1975
x/
Gramineae
96
99
95
88
93
88
38
10
94
98
92
90
Lupinus
polyphyllus
3
-
4
10
6
10
12
30
3
+
7
9
xo
Trifolium
re pens
+
+
¥
+
+
+
48
40
2
+
+
+
Lotus
corniculatus
+
+
+
+
+
+
2
20
+
+
+
+
xl
Gramineae
96
99
87
88
83
60
66
50
98
98
96
90
Lupinus
polyphyllus
+
-
2
10
6
10
6
10
1
+
3
9
X1
Trifolium
repens
+
+
10
+
10
10
27
20
+
+
+
+
Lotus
corniculatus
+
+
+
+
+
20
+
20
+
+
+
+
¦*/
Gramineae
96
99
92
70
92
79
79
60
98
99
95
98
Lupinus
polyphyllus
+
-
4
10
3
10
6
10
+
+
4
+
X2
Trifolium
repens
3
+
2
10
4
+
14
io
+
-
+
+
Lotus
corniculatus
+
+
2
19
+
10
+
20
+
+
+
-------
The sizes of crops and mechanical composition of papilionaceous plants mixture with grasses, dependent on the method
of neutralization, and the kind of NPK fertilization.
Experimental plots of the Opencast Mine Tur6v»" - 1974 T hi
Combi-
nations
Kind
Crops q/h
a
Content
in the dry mass of plants mixture *
/
of the
neutra-
lization
method
of
fertili-
Crop of fresh
mass
rotal of
:rops I and
u swath
microcontents %
microcontents ppm
zation ¦
swath 11
10. VII. ,
1074*'
! swath
19.1X. /
1974 *'
Iresh e
d
mass
ur-
ried
n ass
Na
K
Ca
Mg
P
N
S
C
c/n
Zn 1
Cu
Mn
Pe 1
AI
xo
2,9
7,2
10,1
7,6
0,03
2,33
0,54
0,09
0,15
3,35
0,28
41,02
12,2
337
10
165
668
390
A
X1
38,0
13,5
51,5
13,9
0,05
2,50
0,68
0,10
0,17
1,97
0,36
38,6C
19,5
261
8
17 5
793
231
64,2
36,2
100,4
28,1
0,06
2,34
0,54
0,11
0,14
2,21
0,27
38,6C
17,5
376
10
192
829
280
xo
5,6
3,5
9.1
2,3
0,03
1,72
0,55
0,09
0,12
2,57
0,18
40,7C
15,8
203
8
154
833
173
B
X1
56,3
17,3
73,6
24,3
0,04
2,36
0,51
0,11
0,16
1,75
0,24
38,6C
2Z.0
306
10
235
663
160
50,6
30,5
81,0
17,8
0,05
2,99
0,54
0,13
0,18
2,21
0,30
38,60
17,5
398
10
185
799
163
xo
6,6
7,3
13,9
7,2
0,0 3
2,14
0,54
0,11
0,17
1,75
0,25
38,6C
22,0
268
6
208
736
281
C
X1
60,4
15,9
76,3
22,9
0,04
2,37
0,54
0,12
0,16
1,52
0,21
38,6C
23,4
260
6
286
663
251
76,2
32,5
108,7
32,6
0,05
2,65
0,55
0,12
0,13
1,92
0,30
39,02
20,3
348
9
237
623
176
xo
35,2
18,2
53,4
13,9
0,03
2,67
0,34
0,12
0,20
1,52
0,22
38,6C
25,4
246
5
206
280
110
D
X1
54,8
22,1
77,0
19,2
0,05
2,81
0,50
0,12
0,19
1,35
0,24
39,4C
29,1
273
6
262
882
333
*2
79,0
33,4
112,4
27,0
0,07
2,53
0,48
0,12
0,24
1,61
0,36
39,0;
24,2
341
10
197
871
231
xo
20,1
5,2
25,8
8,5
0,04
2,04
0,34
0,10
0,21
1,61
0,19
39,o:
24,2
317
6
164
346
91
E
X1
48,8
23,7
72,5
21,8
0,07
2,22
0,49
0,12
0,22
1,48
0,25
39,4,
26,7
613
7
165
817
340
50,6
27,9
78,4
25,1
0,08
2,45
0,52
0,13
0,26
2,10
0,37
41,9
20,0
454
11
178
1167
479
xo
44,6
27,4
72,0
21,6
0,10
2,23
0,48
0,18
0,24
2,23
0,48
42,2
C 18,0
543
11
203
854
426
F
X1
60,8
45,1
105,9
30,7
0,07
2,35
0,55
0,18
0,2€
4,05
0,47
39,4
£ 9,8
480
19
229
957
274
57,2
59,9
117,1
35,1
0,10
2,65
0,49
0,15
0,2 e
2,49
0,47
40,7
C 16,4
485
14
252
1128
389
x/ Average .content from 5 repetitions
j»/ Species composition of the mixture specified on table.
-------
Size of crops and chemical composition of papilionaceous plants mixture with grasses in the 2- nd
year of vegetation, dependent on the method of neutralization and the kind of NPK fertilization.
Experimental plots of the "Tur6w" Lignite Surface Mine - 1975
Table 12
Combi-
Kind
Crops q/ha
Content in the
dry mass of plant mixture
«/
nations
of the
of
fertili-
1 swath xj
7.VUL1975
macrocontents
%
microcon
tents pf
>m
method
of ne-
utrali-
fresh
mass
air- dry
mass
Ka
K
Ca
Mg
P
N
S
Zn
Co
Mn
Fe
Mo
A
xo
X1
8,8
66,3
91,8
4,8
31,7
41,0
traces
0,02
traces
2,1
1,5
1.7
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,09
0,09
0,10
0,23
0,19
0,19
0,4
1,0
1.4
0,2
0,2
0,2
41
59
76
5
3
6
207
164
164
196
27 2
256
1,65
1,82
1,16
B
xo
X1
8,1
105,0
92,4
4,2
42.0
47.1
traces
0,02
0,04
1,3
1,9
-------
- 73 -
With the application of supplementary fertilization with phospho-
rus, magnesium and molybdenum on the microplots the maximum re-
sults gave D combination (table 13). Parallel with increased yields
of the portion above ground of plants, an increased bulk of root
systems was occurring, especially so with the Papilionaceae. The
main mass of the Gramineae roots was concentrated in the layer
0-10 cm, and of the papilionaceous plants in the layer 0-30 cm.
The tap roots of Lupinus were reaching in places even the 100 cm
depth, and their mass was clearly greater than in previous year.
A particularly profuse occurrense of Rhizobium nodules on the roots
of Lupinus was ascertained.
A low content of Ca, Mg N and high content of P, Zn, Mn, Pe and
Mo (table 12) characterises the analysed vegetable material. In
comparison with the year 1974 the plants contained less K, Ca, N,
S, Fe, Zn, and more of P. This impoverishment of hay in some nu-
trients, can be explained primarily by the so called dilution effect,
as the crops acquired in 1975 are much poorer than those acquired
in the 1974 year. The assimilation of the mentioned components in-
cluding also the phosphorus was increasing proportionally with the
size of acquired crops (table 14,15) of the employed methods of
neutralization; the best effect on the chemical composition of plants
in the second year of vegetation gave the D combination.
The nitrogenous fertilization in a form of saltpetre (NO^) improved
the assimilation of meyority of components, chiefly of K, Ca, Mg, P,
N, S, Zn and Pe. Additional phosphorus and magnesium fertilization
brought onto the micros-plots has increased not only the content of
phosphorus and magnesium in the plants but also the nitrogen and
the sulphur (table 13). The assimilation of nutritious components on
the micro-plots was materially higher than on plots without an addi-
tional phophorus and magnesium fertilization applied on them (table 16).
The located on the slopes plots were in the year 1973 sown over
with a mixture of grasses with papilionaceous plants, and in the spring
of 1974 were planted over with the root and shoot cuttings of various
kinds of trees and bushes. The object of assessment was then both
the herbaceous and the tree and bush vegetation, in various aspects
of its suitability for the biological lining and for the silvicultural
adaptation of the slopes.
-------
- 74 -
The size of crops and chemical composition of papilionaceous plants mixture with grasses,
dependent on the method of neutralization, the Level and kind of fertilization*
Microplots on III block. Surface Mine of Lignite ,1Tur6'w" - 1975,
Table 13
Combi-
nation
of the
method
of ne-
utrali-
zation
Kind
of
fertili-
zation
Crops q/ha
Content in dry mass of plant mixture
I swath
7.VH.1975
macrocomponents
microcomponents ppm
fresh
mass
SSed
mass
Na
K
Co
Mg
P
N
S
Zn
Cu
Mn
Pa
A
Pi
X.P>i
133,8
158,3
> 86,5
64,1
7 5,8
41,4
0,02
0,02
0,02
2.0
2.1
1,7
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,11
0,15
0,12
0,40
0,46
0,36
0,9
1,4
0,8
0,17
0,19
0,14
38
69
44
4
6
3
297
360
311
385
3124
371
P1
XjFjMj
PjMgMi
116,0
1 104,2
i 150,7
51,9
46,6
67,3
0,03
0,06
0,0 5
2,2
2,0
2,4
0,3
0,1
0,2
0,19
0,16
0,17
0,26
0,26
0,58
1.6
1,3
1.5
0,24
0,28
0,40
63
78
80
9
7
8
333
283
292
577
555
349
B
P jMgMt
129,2
; 138,8
> 60,1
51,7
53,5
24,0
0,02
0,03
0,02
1,9
2,1
1,4
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,14
0,15
0,12
0,40
0,47
0,38
1,0
1.2
0,8
0,17
0,21
0,17
50
48
49
7
5
2
387
436
398
469
338
272
pi
XjPiMj
PjMgMc
144,2
129,2
160,2
74.6
66,0
81.7
0,02
0,02
0,04
2,5
2,2
1,7
0,4
0,3
0,4
0,22
0,15
0,20
0,60
0,58
0,48
1.5
1,5
1..4
0,31
0,28
0,31
63
67
80
8
7
3
264
284
297
440
341
275
C
FjMgM*
91,0
94,6
ii^a
37,7
39,2
47,1
0,03
0,03
0,01
1,7
2,2
2,0
0,6
0.3
0,4
0,19
0,18
0,17
0,46
0,49
0,39
1.4
1,0
1.4
0^31
0,24
0,17
66
48
34
3
7
8
310
450
377
352
300
311
P^MglVk
100,1
111,5
> 73,7
38,6
43,0
28,5
0,01
0,02
0,10
2,0
2,0
2,0
0,4
0,3
0,3
0,14
0,17
0,15
0,53
0,58
0,48
1.3
1,5
1.4
0,21
0,28
0,27
50
63
61
7
7
3
212
324
110
305
451
181
D
P1
»C1P1Mg
P±MgM<
160,2
186,6
> 147,9
88,1
102,6
81,3
0,01
0,01
0,04
2,1
2,4
1,9
0,4
0,3
0,»
0,19
0,18
0,20
0,41
0,55
0,44
1,3
1.3
1,2
0,22
0,24
0,17
66
55
66
6
7
4
310
297
368
440
374
374
X2P^M«
P^MgMo
156,1
145,6
162,0
80,2
74,8
93,6
0,06
0,08
0,04
2,5
2,0
2,5
0,6
0,2
0,2
0,23
0,15
0,19
0,58
0,38
0,60
2.2
1.3
1,5
0,24
0,31
0,37
55
73
72
4
4
6
168
353
402
264
308
440
E
XjP^g
P^gMc
119.2
158.3
63,7
50,2
66.7
26.8
0,01
0,01
0,01
1.9
2,2
1.9
0,2
0,2
0.2
0,11
0,11
0,13
0,35
0,46
0,34
0,9
0,9
0,7
0,17
0,29
0,17
35
46
51
2
5
4
286
246
490
275
275
2376
P1
XjPjMg
PjMgM(
106,1
117,4
156,1
48,0
52.0
69.1
0,06
0,06
0,02
2,6
2.6
2,2
0,4
0,2
0,2
0,23
0,20
0,14
0,51
0,51
0,44
1,8
1,7
0,8
0,29
0,42
0,28
58
88
52
8
9
7
286
297
269
517
748
286
P
IJ1
X^Mj
IfjMgM
147,0
108,3
> 132,9
61,9
45,6
55,9
0,02
0,02
0,03
2.1
If?
2.2
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,15
0,17
0,24
0,58
0,48
0,67
1,3
1,1
1,9
0,24
0,21
0,28
133
53
53
9
4
8
374
371
316
4 972
352
358
P1
P.MgM
137,9
, 150,2
> 153,3
70,9
77,2
78,8
0,02
0,02
0,07
3,1
2,6
*t»
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,23
0,21
0,21
0,91
0,62
0,54
2,5
2,0
1,9
0,21
0,24
0,24
57
51
73
9
8
6
275
206
266
440
242
374
Explanation:
**1 60 kg/ha (treble superphosphate, 46 It granulated )
Mg 10 kg/ha (magnesium sulphate),delivered outside the roots
Mo 0,2 kg/ha, (ammonium mokybdate^delivery outside the roots
-------
The quantity of components assimilated by the plants' portions above the .dependent
on the Method of neutralization and NPK - fertilization - 1-st year of vegetal.on.
Experimental plots of the lignite surface mine "Turow"
- 1974.
Table 14
Combi-
nations
of the
neutra-
lization
method
Kind
of
fertili-
zation
A
1
*2
0
X1
*2
1
*2
~1
*2
X1
Vields q/ha
I Swath,
7.VIU.1975
fresh
mass
2,9
38,0
64.2
5,6
56.3
50,6
6,6
60.4
76,2
35,2
54,8
79.0
20.1
48,8
50,6
44,6
60,8
57.2
air- dri
mass
i< d
1.6
10,5
20,0
1,8
17,5
12,5
4,0
18,5
26,0
10,0
15,2
20,0
7,0
16,8
19,5
15,5
19,5
21,8
Quantity of assimilated with the yields of 1 hay swath, in kg/ha
macro — elements
Na
0,1
0,5
1.2
0,1
0,7
0,6
0,1
0,7
1.3
0,3
0,8
1.2
0,3
1,0
1.4
1.4
1.2
_2»0_
K
3,4
24.2
4 3,0
2.8
38,0
34.4
7.9
40.3
62,7
20,9
39,7
46,0
13.0
33,6
43.1
31.5
41,3
52.1
Ca
0,9
6,6
10,0
0,8
8,2
6.2
2.0
9.3
13,0
3.1
7.1
8,8
2.2
7.4
9,2
6,8
9.5
. 9,6
Mg
0,1
1,0
2,0
0,1
1.8
1.5
0,4
2,0
2.9
1.0
1.7
2.2
0,6
1.8
2.3
2,5
3.1
-3*1-
0,2
1.7
2,6
0,2
2.6
2,1
0,6
2.8
3,1
1.9
2.7
4.6
1.4
3,4
4.7
3,4
5.1
5.2
N
general total
4,9
19.1
40,6
4,0
28.2
25.4
6,4
25,9
45.5
14.0
19.1
29,4
10,3
22,3
36,9
31,5
71,0
48.8
0,4
3,5
5,0
0,3
3,9
3,5
0,9
3.5
7,0
2,0
3,3
6.6
1.2
3,9
6,4
6,8
8,2
9.2
micro — elements
Zn
0,1
0,3
0,7
0,1
0,5
0,5
1,0
0,4
0,8
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,2
0,9
0,8
0,8
0,8
-1.0-
Mn
0.1
0,2
0,4
0,1
0,4
0,2
0,1
0,5
0,6
0,2
0,4
0,4
0,1
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,4
0.5
-------
The amounts of components assimilated by plant above the ground portions, dependent
on the method of neutralization and on NPK fertilization - 2-nd year of vegetation.
Experimental plots of the lignite surface mine Tur6w" - 1975
Table 15
Combi-
Type
of
fertili-
Yields
in q/h<
Amounts
of assimilated
with the
yields
of the
I swath of hay, in kg/ha
nations
of the
neutra-
I swath
7.V1I.1975
macro - components
micro -
components
lization
method
zation
fire sh
mass
air- drj
mass
Na
K
Ca
Mg
P
N
s
Zn
Cu
Mn
Fe
xo
8,8
4,8
traces
10,0
1,0
0,4
1,1
1,9
1,0
0,02
0,002
0,10
0,09
A
*1
66,3
31,7
0,6
47,0
6,0
2,9
6,1
32,0
6,3
0,20
0,010
0,52
0,86
x2
91,8
41,0
traces
70,0
8,0
4,1
7,8
57,4
8,2
0,30
0,025
0,67
1,05
xo
8,1
4,2
traces
5,0
0,8
0,3
0,8
4,2
0,8
0.01
0,002
0,11
0,16
B
xi
105,0
42,0
0,8
80,0
13,0
5,9
12,2
54,6
12,6
0,30
0,017
0,84
1,02
*2
92,4
47,1
1,9
99,0
14,0
7,1
11,8
89,5
14,1
0.46
0,014
0,98
1,23
xo
14,8
8,8
traces
10,0
3,0
10,0
2,0
5,3
2,6
0,04
0,007
0,24
0,58
C
X1
96,7
40,0
traces
80,0
12,0
5,2
12,4
52,0
8,0
0,2 6
0,020
0,66
1,09
X2
111,2
42,9
1,3
90,0
13,0
5,6
14,6
73,0
12,9
0,29
0,017
0,52
0,61
xo
85,3
24,8
0,7
50,0
20,0
6,0
11,7
45,0
5,0
0,25
0,020
0,87
1,07
D
X1
108,1
59,5
1.2
114,0
12,0
7,2
24,0
71,4
12, C
0,29
0,018
1,39
1,30
x2
152,8
78,6
traces
174,0
16,0
10,3
31,6
110,6
23,6
0,60
0,047
1,72
1,89
xo
18,1
10,1
traces
1,0
i.o
0,5
3,1
5,0
2,0
0,04
0,040
0,08
0,21
E
x!
90,6
38,2
0,8
76,0
4,0
4,2
14,4
26,7
7,6
0,26
0,015
0,94
1,29
X2
94,1
43,7
1,2
92,0
8,0
5,5
16,4
58,4
8,3
0,28
0,013
0,67
1,36
xo
61,3
37,2
2,6
59,0.
7,0
3,3
14,1
26,0
7,4
0,23
0,015
0,55
1,00
F
X1
101,8
42,9
1.3
73,0
9,0
6,0
18,9
64,4
13,0
0,39
0,017
0,85
1.30
X2
106,2
54,6
2,7
116,0
11,0
7,7
20,9
114,7
21,8
0,54
0,044
1,22
2,62
-------
- 7? -
The amount of components assimilated by the plant portions above the ground,
dependent on the method of neutralization and the NPK fertilisation - 2- nd
year of vegetation. Micro-plots on the III block, lignite surface mine TuriSw- 1975.
Table 16
Combi-
nations
o( the
Kind
of
fertili-
Yields in
al ha
Amount of assimilated
with the yields of the I swath of hay, in kg/ho
I swath
7.VIU75
macro - elements
micro -
elements
Liga-
tion
zation
fresh
mass
air-
dry
mass
Na
K
Ca
Mg
P
N
S
Zn
Cu
Mn
Pe
pi
133,8
64,1
1,28
128,2
12,8
7,0
25,6
57,7
10,9
0,34
0,03
1,90
2,47
158,3
75,8
1,52
159,2
15,2
11,4
34,9
106,1
14,4
0,52
0,0 5
1,73
2,37
PjMgM'i
66,5
41,4
0,83
70,4
8,3
5,0
15,0
33,1
5,8
0,18
0,01
1,29
1,54
P1
116,0
51,9
1,56
114,2
15,6
9,9
13,5
83,0
12.5
0,33
0,05
1,73
3,00
X-jPjMg
104,2
46,6
2,80
93,2
4,7
7,5
12,1
60,6
13,0
0,36
0,03
1,32
2,59
150,7
67,3
3,36
161,5
13,5
11,4
39,0
101,0
27,0
0,54
0,05
1,97
2,35
P1
129,2
51,7
1,03
98,2
10,3
7.2
20,7
51,7
8,8
0,26
0,04
2,00
2,42
X^Mg
138,8
55,3
1,66
116,6
11,1
8,3
26,1
66,6
11,7
0,27
0,03
2,42
1,88
B
P^MgMc
60,1
24,0
0,48
33,6
4,8
2,9
9,1
19,2
4,1
0,12
0,01
9,55
0,68
pi
144,2
74,6
1,50
186,5
29,8
16,4
44,8
111,9
23,1
0,47
0,06
1,97
3,26
XgPj^Mg
129,2
66,0
1,32
145,2
19,8
9,9
38,3
99,0
18,5
0,44
0,05
1,87
2,25
P^MgMc
160,2
81,7
3,27
138,9
32,7
16,3
39.2
114,4
25,3
0,65
0,02
2,43 :
• 25
pi
91,0
37,7
1,13
64,1
22,6
7,2
17,3
52,8
11,7
0,25
0,01
1.17
1,33
XjPjMg
94,6
39,2
1,18
86,2
11,8
7,1
19,2
39,2
9,4
0,19
0,03
1,76
1,18
•PjMgM
>113,8
47,1
0,47
94,2
18,8
6,0
18,4
65,9
e,o
0,16
0,04
1,78
1.47
P..
100,1
38,6
0,39
77,2
15,4
5,4
20,4
50,2
8,1
0,19
0,03
0,82
1,18
XaPjMi
111,5
43,0
0,86
86,0
12,9
7,3
24,9
64,5
12,0
0,27
0,03
1,39
1,94
P
73,7
28,5
2,85
57,0
8,6
4,3
13,7
39,9
7,7
0,17
0,01
0,31
5,16
P1
160,2
88,1
0,88
185,0
35,2
16,7
36,1
114,5
19,4
0,58
0,05
2,73
3,88
186,6
102,6
1,03
246,2
30,8
18,5
56,4
133,4
24,6
0,56
0,07
3,05
3,84
D
P^MgMo
147,9
81,3
3,25
154,5
32,5
16,3
35,8
97,6
13,8
0,54
0,03
2,99
3,04
pi
156,1
80,2
4,81
200,5
48,1
18,4
46,5
176,4
19,2
0,44
0,03
1,35
2,12
!C2P1Mg
145,6
74,8
5,98
149,6
15,0
11.4
28,4
97,2
23,2
0,55
0,03
2,64
2,30
P^MgMc
162,0
93,6
3,74
234,0
18,7
17,8
56,2
140,4
34,6
0,67
0,06
3,76
4,12
pi
119,2
50,2
0,50
95,4
10,0
5,5
17,6
45,2
a,5
0,18
0,01
1,44
1,38
X1P1Mg|
158,3
66,7
0,67
146,7
13,3
7,3
30,7
60,0
19,3
0,31
0,03
1,64
1,83
E
P^MgMc
63,7
26,8
0,27
50,9
5,4
3,5
9,1
18,8
4,6
0,14
0,01
1,31
6,37
P!
106,1
48,0
2,88
124,8
19,2
11,0
24,5
86,4
13,9
0,28
0,04
1,38
2,48
XjMgMi
117,4
52,0
3,12
135,2
10,4
10,4
26,5
88,4
21,8
0,46
0,05
1,54
3,89
P1MgM
> 156,:
69,1
1,38
15a ,0
13,8
9,7
30,4
55,3
19,3
0,36
0,05
1,86
1,98
P1
147,0
61,9
1,25
129,9
12,5
9,3
35,9
80,5
14,9
0,82
0,06
2,44
3,08
X1P1MS
108,3
45,6
0,91
77,5
13.7
7,8
21,9
50,2
9,6
0,24
0,02
1,69
1,61
P
P ^MgM<
132,9
55,9
1,68
122,9
22,4
13,4
s-'.s
106,2
15,6
0,30
0,04
1,77
2,00
pi
137,9
70,9
1,42
219,8
28,4
16,3
64,5
177,2
14,9
0,40
0,06
1,95
3,12
XjP,mJ
P^MgMc
150.2
153.3
77,2
78,8
1,54
5,52
200,7
149,7
23,2
15,8
16,2
16,5
47,9
42,6
154,4
149,7
18,5
18,9
0,39
0,58
0,06
0,05
1,59
2,10
1,87
2,95
Explanations: 60 kg/ha of treble superphosphate, granulated 46 %
Mg io kg/ha (magnesium sulphate), supply outside roots
Mo 0,2 kg (ammonium molibdate), supply outside roots
-------
- 78 -
In the year 1975 the coverage of the slopes surface with the
herbaceous vegetation amounted, to 70 - 80 %. The best development
occurred on the block S-III, i.e. on the northern exposure.
Among the introduced species of vegetation the greatest dynamics of
growth and expansion - was showing the Phleum pratense. Thanks
to its qualities it sown created compact green fields well protecting
the surface against an erosion. The differences in its development
on the slopes of various exposures were comparatively small, from
which one can deduce, that this plant can well sustain the prolonged
periods of drought. The Phleum pratense has shown also a weak re-
action to a strong acidification of the soil medium. All this qualifies
it as a plant very suitable for the stopping of erosion on the slopes.
It presents however a very strong competition to the cuttings growth
and especially to the shoot cuttings of trees and bushes, therefore
one can introduce this plant onto the fragments of slopes, which shall
not be planted over by the tree vegetation, and its participation in the
mixture of herbaceous vegetation accompanying the tree planting, sho-
uld be minimal.
Arrhenatherum elatius and Pestuca rubra, which were selected
in the composition of mixture sown on the slopes did not create a
compact green growth, they performed the anti-erosion function much
more poorly, but did constitute a lesser competition to the being in-
troduced shoot cuttings.
In the first 2 years the papilionaceous plants which were ente-
ring the composition of the mixture protected the area of the slopes
against the erosion not so well as the grasses, as they were gro-
wing still very thinly. Their soil creating, phytomeliorating or nursing
effects did not manifest themselves yet, although one could expect
this, especially from the Lupinus, already in the following year of
growing.
The year 1975 constituted only the second vegetation season
for the root and shoot cuttings of trees and bushes planted on the
slopes. Therefore it is to short time to draw on the basis of obser-
vations and biometric measurements the final conclusions regarding
the suitability of particular species for the biological consolidation.
The adaptation of the cuttings still continues to the new and difficult
-------
- 79 -
habitat conditions, the consequence of which is their general weake-
ning, the drop-outs and very small increases in height. One of the
mean causes of a long lasting acclimatization of cuttings on the slo-
pes are the humidity conditions. "The unfavourable distribution of
precipitation conditions in ttie years 1974 and 1975 worsened these
additionally. This made it more difficult to evaluate the suitability of
various species planned for the biological consolidation of the slopes
and also the differences among the employed combinations of neutra-
lization were being made less distinguishable (table 17).
Prom the anti - erosion species, suitable for the biological consoli-
dation of slopes is the Caragana arborescens, whose root taking can
be estimated as 65 - 75 %, and the increments at about 20 cm
(2-26 c«n). The remaining species from the anti-erosion group,
i.e. the Elaeagnus angustifolia and Robinia pseudocacia were taking
roots less strongly.
The majority of the Elaeagnus angustifolia specimens suffered illness,
and the Robinia psudacacia was being harmed by wild animals.
Amongst the phytomeliorating species one can rate highly the Alnus
glutionosa, which was taking root very well, as it was successful
95 %, and the yearly increments were about 40 cm (24 - 69 cm).
Among the biocenosis species a good development and only few fall-
-outs had the Padus serotica. The ability to take roots of the other
introduced species oould be rated as about 80 - 90 %. To the well
acclimatizing ones from the species of final destination belong among
others the Praxinus and the Acer pseudoplatanus.
About 30 % of the area of plots was planted with the shoot cuttings
of willow and of poplar. The short period of the experiments duration
does not warrant, as already mentioned, the evaluation of this method
of a biological consolidation of slopes. The ability of root taking of
the planted shoot cutting in the 2-nd year of vegetation was rated as
the 50 - 60 %, the annual increments of willow cuttings amounted on
average to 30 cm, and of poplar cuttings about 20 cm. High propor-
tion of the fall-outs can be explained with the stifling by the grasses,
and with the frequent damages made by wild animals.
A full evaluation of methods of the slopes' biological consolidation
with tree and bush vegetation can only be formulated after some
further observations' accomplishment.
-------
Orientational amounts of fall-outs and increments of cuttings of severed
species of trees introduced onto the slopes within the framework of
biological consolidation.
Experimental plots of the lignite surface mine "Turow" - 2-nd year
of vegetation - 1975.
Table 1?
Denotation
Combina-
Alnus
Caragana
Pad us
Rhus
of the expe-
tion of
ftlutinosa
arborescens
serotina
typhyina
rimental
the neutra-
Pall-out,
Increase
Pall-out,
Increase
Pall-out,
Increase
Pall-out,
Increase
area
lization
%
in height,
7°
in height,
%
in height,
%
in height,
method
cm
cm
cm
cm
A
X
46
40
16
X
15
X
15
S-I,
B
x
39
40
21
X
9
X
18
south
C
X
60
25
2
X
21
X
16
D
X
41
15
26
X
5
X
20
A
X
24
40
7
—
—
X
14
S-II,
B
X
32
X
2
X
28
X
11
west
C
X
40
30
13
X
12
X
19
D
X
43
40
18
-
-
X
19
A
X
38
35
11
X
14
X
30
s-m,
B
X
44
15
16
-
-
X
23
north
C
X
47
25
19
-
-
X
-
D
X
48
X
a
-
-
X
-
x - sporadical fall-out of cuttings
- - the species not assessed.
-------
- 81 -
7.4.3.2. Soils,
In order to evaluate the effects of neutralization and the ferti-
lizer requirements, in the year 1975 samples of soils were taken
from the experimental plots. The averaged results of the pedological
chemical analyses were shown on the table 18 and on fig. 6.
They permit to formulate the presented below generalizations and
conclusions.
1) The most pronounced effects of neutralization, expressing them-
selves with a raised soil reaction (pH), a depressed hydrolytic
acidity (H^) and the content of replaceable aluminium (Alr),
occurred on plots, on which was applied 10 t/ha of CaO, intro-
duced in two layers, (C combination), and one such on which
2 neutralizers were used simultaneously, namely the 5 t/ha of
CaO together with the 3 t/ha of ground phosphate rock (D com-
bination).
2) In the case of B, E, P combination, the changes in the value of
pH, and Al^ stay as a rule within the sector of variability
encountered on the not having been neutralized soils of this spoil
stack.
3) In the year 1975, i,e. 2 years after the applied neutralization and
after vegetation introduction, the differences between the chemical
properties of soils in the layers 0-10 and 10-20 cm have decre-
ased. In the layers deeper placed no changes were ascertained
in properties such as could be linked with the neutralizers' use.
4) The assessment of the habitat conditions improvement effected in
the course of the toxicity neutralization of acid soils on the spoil
stacks prepared on the basis of comparisons made regarding the
pH, and Alr can be misleading. The crops gathered from the
experimental plots, on which the pH, and Alr indicators were
similar - are pointing at it. The highest crop of hay gathered from
the D combination Was almost 2-times greater than on the control
plots (A combination the value of this crop was almost the same
as on control plots, which were altogether without neutralization.)
-------
- 82 -
Simultaneously on the plots of the P combination, marked with
very low reaction, and also with high hydrolytic acidity and the
content of replaceable aluminium, a distinct rise in the crops of
hay occurred in comparison with the control plot - and to that
at all levels of mineral fertilization.
Analysis of the crops sizes, carried out for various combinations
of the neutralization method and by various levels of fertilization
employed on the experimental plots of the top portion of the ligni-
te surface mine "Tur6w" spoil stack brought the conclusion
that the effects of fertilization can also in some cases be higher
than the effects acquired through a neutralization carried out by
means of only one component. This is of course valid only for
soils weakly toxic. A clear change in the quality of medium co-
nnected with the application of a combined two-componential ne-
utralization of such soils, almost in all cases intensified the effect
of fertilization.
Apart from the changes in chemical properties on the experimen-
tal plots there are changing also - and favourably too - the
physical properties of the soils. They show already after a 2-
-yearly biological reclamation not a bad soil structure in the 0-20
cm layer. This is being linked with the increase in this zone of
organic substance derived from the decayed root mass and from
the decomposition of the mowed and abandoned on the surface
portions of plants growing above the ground.
The comparison of results of the chemical composition analyses
of soils and of plants leads to a conclusion that in the reclaimed
soils exist factors interfering with the assimilation by plants of
some nutrients. This concerns for instance the potassium. The
soils occurrind on the terrain of the experimental area are being
characterized with on the whole an average or even good reso-
urcefulness in the assimilable potassium (table 18). Yet the plants
growing on it contained small quantities of this nutrient, and this
both on the limed plots, and on the not limed plots. Moreover
from the calculated balance of components transpires that the qu-
antity of assimilable potassium contained in the soils before the
-------
- 83 -
introduction of vegetation onto these was higher, than the sum of
the potassium derived by the plants and the potassium resident
in the soil after the completion of the cycle of experiments.
Hence once can deduce, that in the being reclaimed excessively
acid soils, exist apart from mechanisms interfering with the po-
tassium assimilation, also factors conducive to its retrogression.
8) The assimilation of magnesium by the plants sown on the experi-
mental plots was also hindered. The content of assimilable ma-
gnesium in the soils was high, yet it was low in the vegetable
material. The proof of magnesium deficiency gives also the very
good crop observed on the micro-plots of the III block, fertilized
outside, the roots with this element (table 13).
9) On the basis of carried out analyses only in the case of phos-
phorus there was ascertained a relatinship between its quantity
in the soils and in plants. The plants utilized here the phospho-
rus derived from the ground phosphate rock, introduced into the
soils as a neutralizer of toxicity. No handicaps were ascertained
in the assimilation of phosphorus on the D combination, where
parallel with the ground phosphate rock there was also applied
the agricultural ground quicklime, the CaO.
-------
Some chemical properties of the soils on experimental plots of lignite surface mine
"TunSw" - 1975
Table 18
Combina-
tions of
the ne-
utraliza-
tion
method
Type
of
ferti-
liza-
tion
Depth
of
sample
taking
cm
pH
reac-
tion
in
KCl
Hydro
lytic
acidi-
ty,
Hh
-Re-
place-
able
Alu-
minum
Al»
Content of components
dissolvable in 20 % of
KCl
Content of
assimilables
Yields q/ha
1— swath
7.V11.1975
Na20
K2°
CaO
MgO
P2°5
K2°
MgO
P2°5
Zn
Cu
Mn
B
Mo
fresh
mass
air- dry
mass
mval
mg/100 g
ppm
A
X1
0-20
3.9
8,2
2.40
0,02
0,05
0,15
0,10
0,05
16,7
24,5
0,5
26,6
9.7
28,8
0,43
0,44
66,3
31,7
*2
0-20
3,8
8,2
2,40
0,02
0,06
0,16
3,11
3,05
16.2
30,8
0.7
30,3
13,6
32,5
0,45
0,50
91,8
41,0
X1
0-20
4,0
4,0
1,00
0,01
0,05
0,18
0,13
0,05
10,5
22,5
1.1
24,3
10,5
21,2
0,32
0,36
105,0
42,0
B
*2
0-20
4,8
2,3
0,50
0,02
0,06
0,26
0,13
3,05
12,5
21,9
1,0
26,6
10,0
18,2
3,47
3,40
92,4
47,1
X1
0-20
5,1
4,2
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,32
0,10
0,05
16,4
24,5
2,6
26,5
9,2
38,8
0,42
0,54
96,7
40,0
C
*2
0-20
4.6
4,0
0,0^
0,02
0,04
0,33
0,07
0,05
o
H
21.1
2,0
30,3
9,6
23,8
0,27
3,39
111,2
42,9
X1
0-20
4,6
1.8
0,01
0,02
0,07
0,21
0,14
3,06
17,8
24,9
3,1
25,6
9.1
21,3
0,46
0,45
108,1
59,5
D
X2
0-20
4,6
4,8
0,20
0,03
0,06
0,^5
0,13
3,09
21,8
24,9
15,0
32,8
10,1
19,4
0,42
0,41
152,8
78,6
E
X1
0-20
4,0
4,9
2,20
0,07
0,08
0,15
0,12
0,04
24,4
28,2
5,9
31,4
9.6
17,5
0,51
0,47
90,6
38,2
0-20
4,0
6,5
1,20
0,03
0,08
3,16
0,15
0,07
23,9
35,2
6,8
28,7
9.6
20,7
0,55
0,40
94,1
41,7
P
X1
0-20
3.7
8,1
1,65
0,01
0,05
0,15
0,10
0,07
14.2
19,6
8,6
27,9
9,4
30,0
0,25
0,35
101,8
42,9
0-20
3,7
5.9
1,50
0,03
0,06
0,22
0,11
0,08
16,8
30,0
8,4
23,5
10,2.
20,3
0,64
0,48
106,2
54,6
x/ average values of 4 repetitions
-------
Fig.6 Effects of soils' neutralization and plant* yields.
Experimental plots of the Lignite Surface mine .TurtSw."
-------
- 86 -
7.4.3.3. The _waters. _
The experimental plots as already mentioned were set up on a
local elevation of an internal stack. In this way these fields could only
be watered by a rainwater. The top flat area, the crown, was fashioned
in such a way that no water drifting down the slopes was occurring -
the top portion was formed so that the downgrade by the slope's verge
was made in the direction to the center of the stack area towards the
experimental plots. The only spot, where from a local depression of the
top area an actual water downtaking was taking place is in a ditch dug
out on the northern side of the block HI, close to the water sampling
station no. 7. In this situation one may consider that no surface water
runoff is taking place from the plots set up on the top area and a perio-
dical surplus of water evaporates or percolates deeper down.
The creation of anti - slopes by the verges of the top area protects
also the slopes against being eroded by the waters that could be coming
from the top. The only erosional washouts that might happen could only
occur in the course of water drifts generated by heavy storms, with rain
falling directly on the slopes.
On the northern slope within the reach of the S-III block, there the
natural water discharges occur. The presence of these outflows proves
the existence of local pervious materials, of which is the stack made and
also indicates that the flow of waters infiltrating down is mainly is the di-
rection of these discharges. On the remaining slopes no such discharges
were observed.
Por the performance of observations, necessary to describe the qu-
ality of waters as found on this type of disposing stacks, the following
stations, of water sampling were set up, where the waters were collected
for the analyses: 1-st station - a draining system specially made on the
flat top, off the southern part of the block III,
2—nd station - where the surface waters are collected, close to the II
block's southern side, on the top area,
3—rd station — surface waters from a local depression continuously being
repleted with water coming from a slope shelf, near the S-III block,
4—th station — waters coming from a natural outflow from the upper part
of the northern slope beyond the reach of the S-III block,
-------
- 87 -
5-th station — waters coming froni a natural outflow occurring on the
lower part of northern slope, within the limits of the S-I1I block - the
second in line discharge off the ramp of the access drive,
6-th station - surface waters from a local depression of the terrain,
on the slope's shelf, within the reach of the plots of the S-III block,
7-th station - surface waters derived from the top area, on the northern
side of the S-III block,
8-th station — waters coming from a natural discharge on a lower part
of northern .slope occurring within the S-III block limits - the first in
line discharge off the drive's ramp, to the top area,
9-th, 10-th and 11-th stations - surface waters collected from the upper
part of the northern slope from gullies made for the water sampling
within the reach of the S-III block,
12-th station - surface waters coming from the upper part of the nort-
hern slope, from a gully made to sample waters found outside the plots
of the S-III block.
The arrangement of the stations is shown on a drawing. Results of the
water samples' analyses are compiled summarily for each station on
tables entitled: "Specification of water analyses", which tables are enclo-
sed at the end of this chapter.
The collected water samples were analysed within the scope of the follo-
wing indices regarded as characteristic: the chlorides, the sulphates,
the ammonia nitrogen, the nitrate and nitrite nitrogen, the sodium, the
potassium, magnesium calcium, manganese, iron and aluminium - and
the indices providing the general qualities of waters such as: reaction,
basicity, acidity, hardness, the dissolved compounds, turbidity colour
and smell.
The quantity of the specified indicators was determined with the follo-
wing analytic methods:
- reaction with a potentiometric method,
- basicity in a titration with acid in the presence of methyl orange,
- acidity in a titration method with a sodium hydroxide, using a phe-
nolphthalein as indicator with the determination of an overall (total)
acidity and the methyl orange was employed in case when a mineral
acidity was occurring,
-------
- 88 -
- chlorides with the Volhard's method,
- sulphates with the method of weighing and with nephelometry,
- ammonia nitrogen with a distillation method using the Nessler reagent,
- nitrate and nitrite nitrogen with the colorimetric method,
- sodium, potassium, calcium with the flame photometric method,
- magnesium, manganese with the method of atomic absorption after a
previous mineralization of samples,
- dissolved compounds with the method of vaporization and desicca-
tion of water sample to a state of stable weight, in a temperature of
105°C, soluble mineral compounds in calcination in temperature of
600°C, (total soluble compounds),
_ phosphates with a colorimetric method,
- colour was determined through comparisons with the platinum -
cobalt reference standards,
- turbidity with phenolmetric method,
- smell by an indirect method according to the 5-grade scale,
- aluminium with a colorimetric method.
The obtained results of tests constituted a basis for the determi-
nation of a state of the waters pollution. The source of contamination
of these waters are the compounds soluble in water, and contained in
the overburden of the lignite deposit of the open pit mine "Turow".
On the basis of the waters 'composition one must state that the material
accumulated on the disposal stack is containing appreciable quantities
of easily dissolving acid substances, which proves that the reaction is
of waters, particularly of under-ground waters flowing out from natural
discharges that have a longest route of filtration in points 5 and 8 and
in point no. 12 of the surface water collection.
Waters being in direct contact with substances penetrating from
the stack possess an acidity of a mineral character induced by a
presence of large amounts of dissolved sulphates of metals.
Within the reach of waters stagnating on plots pt. 2.7 the pH value
changes from 3.55 to 5.4.
-------
- 89 -
Por the surface water in point no. 10 of sampling, the pH attains
a value of about 6.8, for point no. 11 it has the 6.4 value, and for
point 9 it has the 5.3 value; for the underground -water collected in
point 4, with its shortest route of filtration the pH value was about
6.6. SC>4 ions occur in very high concentrations of up to 2060 mg/l.
Waters coming from the draining system in point no. 1, waters flo-
wing out from the slopes in points 4,5 and 8 and waters stagnating
on a shelf in point 6 were marked with a highest content of sulpha-
tes - more than 1000 mg/l. A smaller amount of sulphates of about
the 1000 mg/l order was ascertained in a water stagnating on the
plot 4 in point no. 7 and the smallest one about 500 mg/l was found
in waters flowing down the slopes.
The content of chlorides on the whole investigated area fluctuated
around the 10 mg/l value. Maximum values are higher than 20 mg/l.
The highest ammonia nitrogen content was found in points of sampling
nos, 2,7 and 9. The highest value is obtained in point no. 9 (13 and
17 mg /l). Por the remaining points the content of ammonia fluctuates
from 0,03 mg/l for the water from the draining system point no. 1, to
6,6 mg/l in the underground water in point no. 5.
The nitrite nitrogen occurs in trace quantities on the investigated area.
Amongst the elements of alkaline soils manifests itself calcium in pre-
valence over the magnesium.
The established quantities are as follows;
Ca: from 300 mg/l to 500 mg/l for the water from the draining system
and from discharges on the slopes about 10 mg/l - 70 mg/l for the
remaining points of sampling.
The content of alkaline elements is coming to:
Na: from about 110 mg/l for water from the draining system and from
discharges, to about 10 mg/l - 50 mg/l for the remaining points
of the water collection,
K: from 30 mg/l to 80 mg/l for water from the draining system and
from discharges, and 10 mg/l _ 30 mg/l for the remaining points.
Contents of iron and manganese in the region of the investigated
points of water collection are as follows:
Pe: from 0,05 mg/l in water from the draining system with a tendency
to increase to 6,45 mg/l for the stagnating surface waters on the
-------
- 90 -
plots, and achieves highest values to over 200 mg/l in point 5 of
the underground water sampling from natural discharges.
Mn; from about 0,5 mg/l for surface water from point 11 to about 11,9
mg/l for discharge in point 5.
The passing of iron from the soil, in which it is in abundance
in a form of pyrite (PeS2) into natural waters takes place in the co-
urse of oxidation or decomposition in a reaction with carbonic acid
or other organic acids. In underground waters the iron appears most
frequently in a shape of iron bicarbonate or ferrous sulphate. Mana-
ganese as a rule occurs together with iron in a form of manganous
sulphate, the MnSO^, or as a manganese bicarbonate - the Mn (HCO^-
The proportion of manganese to iron concentration in natural waters
amounts from 1:5 to 1:10. This rule holds on the whole good also in
these investigations, with the exception of water samples from point 8,
where the content of iron amounts to over 100 mg/l, and of manganese
to 6 - 9 mg/l.
The content of calcium and magnesium salts is the cause of appre-
ciable non-carbonate hardness (CaSO^ and MgSO^). The highest har-
dness possesses water from the draining system, over 100 German
grades. Lowest hardness have surface waters in points 3,9 and 11,
having values of 20,25 German grades. For the remaining points of
water collection this amounts on average from 50° to 100° German
grades.
On account of a very high salinity of the investigated waters, the con-
tent of dissolved mineral substances is very high - achieving values
from 1500 mg/l to 3000 mg/l for waters from the draining system and
from the discharges on the slopes, and to 1300 mg/l for the surface
waters.
Physico — chemical properties of the tested surface waters.
Waters within the reach of the stack are characterized with a si-
gnificant diversification as regards the quantities of investigated pollu-
tant indicators.
With the increase in acidity the content of sulphate ions increases.
Content of bicarbonates is very small. Chlorides appear in constant
-------
- 91 -
quantities of about 20 mg/l, indicating no connections with the con-
tents of dominating anions.
Discounting the presence of ammonia derived in underground waters
in effect of reclamation activity, the ammonia can also be generated
in a reduction of nitrates and nitrites with pyrites and with hydrogen
sulphide. In connection with this the waters originating from these
sources next to large quantities of iron possess also large amounts
of ammonia of a non-organic origin. Quantities of the main cations con-
tained in acid and weakly acid waters, unlike as was the case with
sulphates, indicate no clear diversification.
Acidity of a mineral type, causing a low level reaction, facilitates the
retention in waters of significant quantities of elements, occurring as
microelements in natural conditions.
Moreover, in the course of soils leached out the enrichment of waters
takes place with other elements such as iron, manganese and magne-
sium.
-------
Specification of water analyses
Object Lignite Mine „Tur6v *
Nr ot stand and t lace of taking • 1-Vaten trom.ipec.mad* drain* on th» steek flat, top from tl* south Jidaot com p. Bl
i
Definition
Unit
Dat
e of sampling
«W*
«n>
naii
hOM
up**
1*W»
tl^BJ!
aotfjxnn
20118
taon
1
2
3
4
s
6
7
8
9
10
H
12 | 13
14
15
16
17
18
1
2
\irbidity
mg/dm'SiOi
50
so
10
Colour
mg/dm'Pt
60
40
10
-
40
40
40
35
25
20
50
15
3
Smell
Z1R
Z1R
Z2S
Z1S
Z1S
21$
23S
Z1S
Z2S
Z2S
Z25
Z2S
u
pH value
pH
7.2
&8
7.1
7.9
615
6.8S
5J2
7.4
5:6
7.2
S.95
S7S
-
6«SiCity
rnval /dm'
1.0
Q7
0.8
1.2
0.7
0.75
0.3
—
0.30
040
035
0.5
e
Total Baldness
grades
100
103LB
107
107.8
t06j9
86.4
61
—
850
64.2
39.6
SI.2
7
Non carbonate hardness
grades
97.2
10184
TCXtfi
104.4
104.8
—
605
—
84.2
6308
3862
8
Carbonate hardness
grades
2.8
1.96
22
3.4
1.96
—
0.5
—
084
1.12
098
9
Total iron
Zeiaio oatf.ne
mg/dm'Fe
—
—
—
0.0S
0.15
0.05
0.10
0.17
008
005
OiOl
1.45
10
Manganese
mg/dm'Mn
12
28
SjOO
7.75
a6
525
S.75
MS
4.05
5.20
11
Chlorides
mg/dm'c '
13
11
19.0
ISO
30.0
130
110
—
6.0
130
90
12X3
12
Ammonia
mg/dm' N
as6
14
as
0.06
003
007
030
QOS
—
4.75
049
13
Nitrites
mg/dm'N
O.OI
QOOI
XXX
0.006
aooe
0004
ooot
note
0012
ooot
14
Nitrates
mg/dm'N
0.07
1«
&S0
075
2A8
004!
005
0.11
ais
0.91
1.45
15
FVmanganate value
mg/dm'o,
96
—
10.0
9.0
a9
6.7
OA
02
02
24
*
Mineral acidity
mval/dm"
17
Total acidity
rnval/ dm*
050
0.18
0.96
—
090
0.17
0.70
0.75
18
Phospates
mg/ drr'fO,
ai
0
0
0068
OOBt
QUO
0.03«
oxxt
0026
ooio
0018
0026
19
total dissolved solids
mg/dm'
2*16
3362
2980
2459
1998
—
7TTS
1857
198b
20
Mineral dissolved solids
mg/dm'
2858
2978
2840
2506
1778
—
1779
727
1736
1242
21
Substances ditsdved voletite
mg/dm*
se
384
370
43
220
—
250
*30
248
202
22
Sviphatei
mg/dm*S0»
f*e
18.72
3099
1150
1400
1416
1176
1492
1280
M7S
1532
78T75
23
Calcium
mg/dm'c a
433
40&4
5400
3800
24S.O
2804
22S0
2I0.C
264
n«o
1830
24
Magnesium
mg/dm'Mg
18*5
1S13
174
15O0
7.5
800
8X75
51
725
875
S75
WO
25
Sodium (photometr)
mg/dm*Na
110
140
119(0
66.0
36«
S40
630
625
57.6
4G7
uas
»
n>tassium| photometr)
mg/dm*K
80
48*
S7S
sao
¦25
31 J?
565
385
4®6
367
423
27
Aluminium
mg /dm'AI
122
1.S7
—
03$
12
Q2S
17$
0.70
-------
- 03 -
Specification of water analyses
Object Lignite Mine Jutdw'
Nr ot stand and t lace of laking• 2-Supef. \vt. from top's south sida, comp. HI
0«finifion
Unit
Date of sampling
¦on
men
tsar*
Ml.*.
asoa
soon
nan
1
2
3
4
s
6
7
8
9
10
ii
12
13
14
1»
1«
«
18
1
Turbidity
mg/dm'SiOi
1S
—
—
—
2
Colour
mg/dm'Pt
20
so
70
50
40
40
35
.40
3
Small
Z2R
Z1S
zis
Z2S
Zis
ZIS
Z1S
ns
6
pH valua
pH
46
495
54
52
5.1
5.4
48
59
c
Basicity
mvil/dm *
QS
as
0.40
03
0.15
025
020
Q5
6
Tot al Haitinats
gradai
75
418
256
141
110
370
30*
1S.0
7
Nan cartxxi«t« hartinau
gradas
73.6
4Q4
—
13-3
lose
363
30CX
S
Carbcnata hardnasi
gradas
1.4
1.4
—
Q64
042
O70
ase
9
Total iron
Zalaio oo£:na
mg/dm'Fa
04
ais
Q3S
005
6A5
Q44
Q10
3260
10
Manganasa
mg/dm'Mn
8.12
110
260
1.8
1.30
180
3.60
tso
11
Chloridai
mg/dm'c 1
240
140
10.0
2.0
S.O
90
90
1Q0
12
Ammonia
mg/dm* N
1.98
875
125
034
030
328
0.»
130
13
Nitritas
mg/dm'H
aos
ooie
ocas
acne
OlOOC
0033
aots
0330
14
Nitratas
mg/dm'N
2.0
&9S
aoi
0.11
OIS
48.5
14.80
4.92
15
*
ftrmanganata valua
mg/drrJo,
WO
244
19j0
14.1
83
12
0.3
3.2
Minaral acidity
mval/dm*
17
Total acidity
myal/dm*
19
Q46
Q35
Q34
Q98
1.39
1.52
065
18
Phospatat
mg/dm'PO,
QS
0.063
0990
0018
ODOS
0019
aos
0032
19
20
Total dissolvad tolids
mg/dm'
248C
1128
838
458
4010
12S0
1031
492
Minaral dissolved solids
mg/dm*
ms
922
751
378
3230
925
774
383
21
Subitancaidiaalvad wlatila
mg/dm*
3,15
306
91
80
7SO
325
2S7
110
22
Sulphates
mg/dm*S0»
8KZ
500C
381
2*
VAX)
*0
460
2530
23
Calcium
mg/dmlca
4061
29QG
TOO
TOO
50.0
1575
no
500
24
Magnasium
mg/dm'Mg
9QO
75j0
1550
156
47
fflO
VtS
15.0
25
Sodium (photomatr)
mg/dm'Na
9S.0
HO
9iS
280
30
22.5
211
WO
26
ft)ta«ium| photomatr J
mg/dm'K
35,6
iao
315
40
150
«
33.0
26.5
27
Aluminium
mg/dm'AI
—
32
25
—
50
35
9.X
1.2
-------
- 94 -
Specification of water analyses
Object Ugntt* Hin* Jurow"
Nr ot stand and rlace of takm^-Supvf wt from local .dapiwtan continuouity fiUad srttti wt on 11mstop* ihtlf nr eomp sn
Oafinifion
Unit
Dale of sampling
b*h bow uuoo uon «.n» nan boh Kan tons turn
10
12
1S U
14
1«
Turbidity
mg/drrfSiOi
10
Colour
mg/dm1 Pt
20 5
ao
40
35
20
25 15
10
Small
Zlfl
210
Z1S
Z1S
Z1S
Z1S
Z1S
as
Z1S
Z1S
pH vaHia
PH
un
UA
4.6
an
52
5.4
44
405
UU 43
425
Basieity
mval /dm"
Q1
05
0.30 Q1S
020
W3
03
Total Haidnass
Non carbon* l« handnaB
Carbonata hard nail
Total iron
ZalatD
gradas
138
<>1.0
gradas
12.52
39.6
gradas
Q2B
14
oafllna
mg/dm Fa
a 33
1.14
«4 ii.2
1&4
240
17.8
U2
043 00
1.0 OSO
035
36.5 S3.0
312 26.4
22.8
17.4 365
a«s
0.60
2.70
S30
jaw
26.it —
aw
230
025
036
0-70
10*3
10 1 Manganaw
mg/dm* Hn
12.6 16
155
160
195
5.50 7.00
405
3130
2&0
tl
Chloridas
mg/dm'C I
20
200
10
2.0
3.0
70
240
10 3.0
^2 I Ammonia
mg/dm N au
0.6
1.4 0.24
Q27
006
052 043
an aw
aos
13 1 Nitritas
mg/dm*N
001
3l01€
ocw 30to qoce aoa
0.002 aoo oaa
3005
14
N i train
mg/dm'N
007
QS3
om
OM
3-03S
007
0.19 003
004
aos
15 I fWmanganata valua
ig/drri'o,
46
44
&2
8.5 5-5
24
as
as
w
Mineral acidity
mval/dm*
Q20
— — 026
Q12
17
Total acidity
mval/dm*
2.1
0.45
033
Phospatas
mg/drnPO,
0001
0017
W»
aoa
055
OOIJ
1.31
1,78
1.17
OOK
00* QOWOOI8
1.70
0.70
^ I total dissolved lolids
mg/dm'
1322 612
448 658 560C DUO
1258
1023
1603
054
Hinaral dissolved solids
mg/dm*
1148
506
308
627
47608B2.C
O50
8M 1408
S22
21
Substancasdtadvad volatile
mg/dm*
17b
106
HO
1560 308 m
194
Q2
22 I
23 |
Sulphates
mg/dm'SO.
138.6
BBUfl
¦no
354
UOC 7210
8*)
390
1310
5210
Calcium
mg/dmlca
SQ4
1854
11O0
1500 000
ets
*».( 1575
1*4
1033
82.5
3k
» |
26 |
27
Magnesium
mg/dm'Mg
2*8
630
18.8
sso
162S
17.5
10
3S0 30fi
27.5
2375
Sodium (photometr)
mg/dm'Na
48.0
124
80
ao
22.5
27.0
«0
103
17.5
Pstassium( photomatr)
mg/dm*K
118
lOS
no
115
ao
12.5
140
75
US
Aluminium
mg /dm'AI
115
ZS
7.8
9.7
680
48
2j6S
-------
Specification water analyses
Object Lignite Mln« Jurdw *
Nrot stand and place of taking • Ar-AYt from net .affluent, in north slop* top. part outside the plot.-oomp SHU rang*.
-------
- 96 -
Specification of water analyses
Object Lignite„Mini Turfrv*
Nr ol stand and place of taking • S-Vt from natural atfl in north bottom slope wKhin the S-Ill comp ranaa-seeond effluent fnm ramp
side
Oefiniflon
1 Date of sampling I
Unit
» w 4 h iS t ti ts to z te
10.11 01.7b 04T
-------
- 97 -
Specification of wafer analyses
Nrot
Object
stand and dace of taking • 6-Sup«rf
Lignite Mine Jurow"
w. ^ MK ft. ^ ^
-------
Specification of water analyses
Ob|ect Lignite Mine wTun>w"
Nr ot stand and dace of taking# 7rSup«rf wt from top flat on the north side of comp III
Oafinifion
Unit
Date of sampling
»
(A 71.
u
Ofc.*
V*
OS1*.
is
0774
u
11.74
OMS
H
04.7S
fc
0S.7S
2
0*7S
B
am
1
2
3
4
S
(
1
•
9
10
11
12
13
14
1S
16
17
16
1
Turbidity
mg/drr?SiO)
10
2
Colour
mg/dm'Pt
s
—
30
50
SO
35
30
35
30
15
3
Small
Z1R
Z15
Z1S
Z1R
Z1S
Z1S
Z1S
Z1S
Z1S
Z1S
4
pH valua
PH
4.6
49
3.4
355
5.1
54
5.25
45
55
635
5
Baiieity
mval/dm*
0.1
08
—
—
Q1S
020
020
025
Q25
0.6
6
Total Hardnati
grades
490
500
32.8
15.2
162
76
18.2
17.2
206
166
7
Non cafeonata haodnan
grades
487
478
32.8
—
1S«
704
176
1650
20.10
—
a
Carbonata hardnau
grades
Q3
22
00
—
Q42
Q56
as6
oro
OTJ
—
9
Total iron
Zaluo ootine
mg/dm'Fa
0.*
oa
0.1S
OAO
QOS
on
050
ais
ao2
0.02S
10
Manganase
mg/dm'Mn
a7o
30
2.25
125
1AS
067
1.65
190
1.65
065
tl
CMeridai
mg/dm'C 1
0.0
».s
360
70
46
30
100
so
60
2.0
12
Ammonia
mg/dm*N
1.6
422
13.1
032
0.48
036
0.33
Q2I
a*
007
13
Nitritas
mg/dm'N
001
0023
0.015
OjOT7
Q017
QOCff
OjO®
3009
QOQ)
0009
14
Nitratas
mg/drr^N
as
207
&»
0.55
007
002
Q28
Q02
004
0.06
15
ffcrmanganat* valua
mg/drrfc,
43
—
1Z6
18:6
9J
7.5
2.4
04
as
15
16
Minaral acidity
mvM/dm*
—
—
Q40
5.92
—
—
—
—
—
17
Total acidity
m*al/dm'
2.1
—
146
402
QS2
046
069
0.5
Q31
QX
*
Phwpates
mg/dm'FO,
ao
aooi
aoz
a«o
3.03C
aow
aa*
QOK
003
0046
19
Total dissolved solids
mg/dm*
1S54
IMS
1213
635
462
262.0
57.1
5860
1201
452
30
Minaml dissolved solids
mg/dm*
*06
It 14
1021
425
412
20W
47.9
436C
1010
336
21
Subttancai dtealvad volatile
mg/dm*
146
296
162
410
60
560
92.0
1300
191
116
22
Sulphataj
mg/dm'SO.
»«
320
252
506
264
1270
340
279
640
?S70
23
Calcum
mQ/dm'Ci
2831
2S(X
20QC
750
615
300
62.5
65.0
70-S
68.5
34
Magnesium
mg/dm *Mg
SCO
275
100
KkO
11.25
4.5
75
105
113
600
2S
Sodium (photomatr)
mg/dm'Na
2M>
215
9JO
2.0
42
17
W.6
94
23
610
26
fotassium (p«oio
-------
Specification of water analyses
Object Lignite ..Mintjucow"
Nrof stand and i tace of faking • 8-Vatan from.nat effluent in the north bottomtlape ivtthJnthe corapS-* firet«mMntftamtt»
rnrnp slda
Definition
Unit
Date of sampling
4
0474
U>
OS*
15
tS-07
4
1174
11
0*13
35
OkTS
*0
0S.7S
i
Q773
"1
C7.7S
1
2
3
4
s
6
7
8
9
10
H
12
13
14
«
16
17
18
1
Turbidity
mqfdrr1 SiO»
2
Colour
¦-¦i - '
—
so
CO
80
SO
40
30
30
40
3
Smell
Z2S
Z2S
Z2S
zts
Z1S
Z1S
Z2S
21S
Z2S
4
pH value
pH
3.9S
345
31
3.45
425
3.9S
31
35
33
5
Basicity
mvel/dm'
6
Total Haidnass
grades
teo
sao
sao
420
49.0
(OO
46A
52Jt
68.0
7
Non carbonate hardnen
grades
too
soo
—
47
490
62.0
464
52.8
8
Carbonate hardness
grades
oo
oo
—
—
—
—
—
—
9
Total iron
mg/dm'Fe
154C
©25
«o
•to
1850
1712!
78.75
2950
oov
10
Mangeneje
mg/dm* Mn
S9
&20
725
74
700
725
668
8.75
&50
11
Chlorides
mg/dm'c 1
ao
*0
13.0
ttO
90
210
100
HO
115
12
Ammonia
mg/dm1N
01Z
3.90
10S
0.49
Q31
0)9
032
040
0.21
13
Nitritai
mg/dm'N
QOOS
aoa
009C
coca
qoo:
0003
0014
0004
QOM
14
Nitrates
mg/dm'N
129
139
an
QS3
008
1.72
029
074
ais
15
RMrnanganate valua
mg/dm'o,
_
148
28*
461
411
3»0
16
3.1
27.6
16
Mineral acidity
mval/dm*
—
aeo
a72
031
0*
048
asi
0.46
10
17
Total acidity
mval/ dm*
—
8.80
8.60
147
13.5
118
90
7.8
03
18
Phoipates
mg/dm'PO,
don
atx
OjOM
0013
acec
aow
OO*
0010
aow
19
Dotal dissolved solids
mg/dm'
2282
1842
2245
1962
vmx
not
2182
2500
1964
20
Minaral dissolvtd solids
mg/dm*
1740
1544
1976
1S04
MSC
V031
1806
2125
1494
21
SubstancMdlschad wtatile
mg/dm*
54S
298
266
458
5270
43QC
376
375
«0
22
Sulpha tai
mg/dm'SOn
860
786
1400
1340
I39U
1430
1440
2080
1242
23
Calcium
mg/dm'ca
mo
290
WIS
1900
157.0
1825
22SC
1720
«QC
2ft
Magnesium
mg/dm*Mg
800
1S
650
625
12
52.5
650
600
750
25
Sodium (phatometr)
mg/dm'Na
too
26
23.0
52jO
S10
S2.0
67.0
570
600
26
Rstatsiumi photometr)
mg/dm'K
2Q5
22
21.2
iai
16i3
17.0
23.0
22.S
21.8
27
Aluminium
mg/dm'AI
—
175
91
_
51
77
690
3.6
425
-------
Specification of water analyses
Object Lignite Mina „TunJw"
Nr of stand and dace of taking *9-Sup«rf vf frotn north slope lop part, gullay.nr.t to vt taking wtthln the eomp.S-l(|rang*.
Definition
Unit
Dat
e of
sar
npting
OS7B
13
aru.
30
0S.7S
i
07.75
26
mn
1
2
3
A
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1»
16
t7
18
1
Turbidity
mg/dnrf SiOi
2
Colour
mg/dm'Pt
35
35
20
30
30
3
Smell
Z1S
Z1S
zzs
Z2S
Z1S
4
pH value
pH
40
44
5.3
50
5.2
5
Basicity
mval/dm'
—
0.2
0.25
am
03
6
Total Haidness
grades
2Q6
21.6
Z7.8
ao
2.6
7
Non carbonate hardness
grades
206
2710
7.44
—
8
Carbonate hardness
grades
0X3
—
0.70
056
—
9
Total iron
2e(azo oa4ine
mg /dm'Pe
Q40
010
0.07
001
Q06<
10
Manganese
mg/dm'Mn
1.1S
2.05
1.40
0.35
035
11
Chlorides
mg/dm1 C I
240
70
70
50
12.0
12
Ammonia
mg/dm' N
132
175
1.87
109
1.83
13
Nitrites
mg/dm'N
00K
owe
aoK
0076
0072
14
Nitrates
mg/dm'N
199
230
1030
2.05
2.73
15
Awrnanganale value
mg/dm'o,
100
9.4
Q4
08
tz
16
Mineral acidity
mval/dm'
0.24
—
—
—
17
Total acidity
rrwal/dm'
1.30
1.06
Q77
Q38
035
18
Phospates
mg/ dm*FOt
0224
ao*
0005
0005
0019
19
total dissolved solids
mg/dm'
see
ei2
m>
1131
176
20
Mineral dissolved solids
mg/dm*
450
371
708
1037
110
21
Subitanca dissolved volatile
mg/dm'
118
41
202
144
68
22
Sulphates
mg/dm*S0»
170
306
426
860
65.5
23
Calcium
mg/dm'ca
180
800
1300
175.0
250
1
at
Magnesium
mg/dm*Mg
10
1575
300
3.3
2.75
25
Sodium (photometr)
mg/dm'Na
10
3.5
360
OlS
5jP
26
tatassium| photometr)
mg/dm'K
»'
145
140
ao
12,0
27
Aluminium
mg /dm'AI
70
75
195
1.3
Q75
-------
Specification of water analyses
Object Lignite Min»
Nrot stand and place of taking •10-Supwf vvHrom north slop* tap part gutaynr2.b wUaldng within Jh*oornp.S-IHiang*.
Date of sampling
Dafiniflon
Unit
/
it
OS*.
IS
OI.7U
1
2
3
4
s
6
7
8
•
10
11
12
13
14
1S
16
17
18
1
Turbidity
mg/dm'Si 0t
—
—
2
Colour
mg/dm'Pt
80
TO
3
Small
2lS
Z2S
i
pH valua
PH
6A5
660
S
Basicity
rwal/dm'
Q7
1.S5
6
Total Haidnass
gradas
528
382
7
Non cartxmata handnass
gradas
SOB
—
8
Carbonat* hard nan
gradas
1.96
—
9
Total iron
Zaluo oo6lna
mgWm'Fa
0.15
025
10
Manganasa
mg/dm'Mn
0.75
135
11
Chloridas
mg/dm'c 1
300
80
12
Ammonia
mg/dm® N
054
040
13
Nitritas
mg/dm'N
azs
0001
14
Nitratai
mg/dm'N
432
019
15
tomanganata valua
mg/dm'o,
11.8
S 2
16
Minaral acidity
mval/dm>
—
—
17
Total acidity
mval/dm*
030
0.19
18
Phospatas
mg/ drrfPO,
MM
OOU
1»
Total diiiolvad solids
mg/dm'
1246
928
30
Minami dissotvad solids
mg/dm*
KMO
838
21
Substaneaidissolvad wlatila
mg/dm'
236
90
22
Sulpha tas
mg/dm'so.
MO
506
23
Calcium
mg/dm*Ca
290
125
24
Magnesium
mg/dm'Mg
14
1&2S
25
Sodium (photomatr)
mg/dm*N»
tt
•oo
26
ftit allium (photomatr)
rog/dm'K
12
9.5
27
Aluminium
mg /dm'Al
13
1.2S
-------
Specification of water analyses
Object lignite Mint „Tun5w"
Nrot stand and place of taking#. tl-Sup«rf vt f ram north slop* top part guilty nr.3 to.wt .taking within the com p. S-lll rang*.
Da'imfion
Unit
Oat
e of sampling
*
03.74
«
07.74
30
05.73
N
0113
1
2
*
4
s
6
7
•
9
10
H
12
13
14
1$
16
17
1»
1
Turbidity
mg/drrfSiOi
-
—
—
—
2
Colour
mg/dm1 Pt
50
uo
30
25
3
Smell
Z1S
ns
Z2S
Z2S
4
pH value
pH
S25
62
U>
60S
5
Basicity
mval/dm*
0.2
as
065
a<*
6
Total Hardnajj
gradas
268
TIC
M.4
42
7
Non carbonata hardnan
gradas
262
—
3956
—
e
Carbonata hardnais
gradai
0.56
—
182
—
9
Total iron
ZaiaiD oo6ina
mg/dm'Fa
035
Q10
aoe
aoso
10
Mangana*
mg/dm'Mn
OSS
aso
155
0.20
11
Chloridai
mg/dm'c'
160
70
40
1Q0
12
Ammonia
mg/dm'N
2.65
OAS
a«
m
13
Nitritas
mg/dm*N
oceo
DOW
0058
0.45
%
Nitrataj
mg/dir^N
434
091
1.13
033
15
RM-manganata valua
. mg/diri'o,
no
90
05
24
16
Minaral acidity
mval/dm*
—
—
—
17
Total acidity
rrwal/dm'
Q«0
013
036
Q2
18
PhoipatM
mg/drrfPO,
CK»
0105
O.C08
WW
19
Total dilwlvad tolidt
mg/dm*
634
336
1322
242
ao
Minaral dtnolvad soiidi
mg/dm*
526
303
1088
148
21
Subftancadteohwl wlatila
mg/dm*
106
33
234
94
22
Sdphatas
mg/dm*S0»
«0
370
792
670
23
Calcium
mg/dm'Ca
200
55.2
2000
25j0
2t
Magna* ium
mg/dm'Mg
io
7.25
325
2.00
2S
Sodium (photomatr)
mg/dm'Na
10
2.0
4S.0
40
26
ft>tauium( photomatr)
mg/dm'K
12
70
160
113
27
Aluminium
mg/dm'AI
3.3
097
030
0.40
-------
Specification of water analyses
Object Lignite Mine ,Tur6w"
Nr ot stand and place of taking • 12-Suparf waters from northsiopa top part fnyn guKay nr4 for wt taking ouhida tha ptot-comp.S-1
Definition
Unit
Date of sampling
0S.7»
07.*
10
05-75
I
om
M
om
1
2 _
3
4
»
6
7
8
9
10
11
«
,3
14
15
1€
17
*•
1
Turbidity
mg/drtf SiO>
2
Cotour
mg/dm'Pt
30
40
20
so
25
3
Small
Z1S
Z1S
Z1S
Z2S
Z1S
•
4
pH valua
pH
19
35
4.7
4.3
4.7
S
Basicity
mval/dm»
—
—
040
0.2$
Q3
6
Total Hatdnass
gradas
ta.2
90-9
% 0
40.8
2BO
•
7
Non carbons ta hard nan
gradas
412
—
72M
4Q10
—
B
Carbonata hard nasi
gradas
OO
—
112
0.70
9
Total iron
Zalaa> ooilrm
mg/dm'Fa
2 25
3A0
008
QOS
1035
10
Manganasa
mg/dm'Mn
S.20
16.75
870
650
2.1S
tl
Chloridas
mg/dm'c 1
iao
6J0
ISO
90
80
12
Ammonia
mg/dm® N
1.63
090
081
095
0.12
13
Nitritas ¦
mg/dm'N
aoa
0.0T9
O.OCE
Q009
Q02
14
Nitratai
mg/dm*N
0.6ft
Q23
Q05
01S
003
1S
Ffcrmanganata valua
mg/dn/o,
17. 2
66
02
Q2
2.4
16
Minaral acidity
mval/dm>
azo
125
—
—
—
17
Total acidity
mval/dm'
2.10
371
2.0
t.72
080
18
Pticipajai
mg/drri'PO,
aox
0098
aoae
0019
aost
19
Total dissolved solids
mg/dm'
1132
283C
2266
1917
824
20
Minaral dissolved solids
mg/dm'
934
2726
1914
1964
6>9D
21
Substancwdtaolwad wrtatila
mg/dm*
196
110
352
153
194
22
Sulphates
mg/dm'SOi,
4SO
1864
1440
1640
SCSjO
23
Calcium
mg/dmlca
260
2S7.6
371.0
1550
10QS
K
Magnesium
mg/dm'Mg
18
8SS
7S0
61.3
275
25
Sodium (photomatr)
mg/dm'Na
«
33-0
480
24.5
1&5
26
FWa«ium( photomatr)
mg/dm*K
9
235
21.0
125
14.3
27
Aluminium
mg /dm*AI
134
19S
9.20
10.S
290
-------
- 104 -
7.4.4. PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION.
North-western corner; plots on the western slope on the right.
Erosive washings on the north western corner.
-------
-------
- 106 -
General view of experimental plots on the slope.
-------
View of vegetation in 1974 growing on the experimental plots set on the top portion -
of the plots on the II block and of investigated neutralization and fertilization combinations
photos on the pages 107 - 112,
-------
- 108 -
-------
- 109 -
-------
- 110 -
-------
- Ill -
-------
- 112 -
-------
- 113 -
View of vegetation growing, in 1974 on experimental plots set on the slope - blocks - I
and tested combinations of neutralization - photos on the pages 113 - 114.
-------
- 114 -
-------
- 115 -
General characteristics of the Ufinite surface mine "Przyjazri
Narod6w".
On the terrains of the lignite surface mine "Przyjafri Naroddw"
the extraction operations have ended few ye firs ago - the profi-
table resources of lignite have been exhausted. The lignite seam
of miocene age was occurring in a form of narrow synclines on
the depth from few to about 50 meters. The overburden constituted
mainly fine grained sands or loamy sands.
The overburden was worked with dragline excavators and directly
dumped into the internal stack. The lignite was excavated by me-
ans of shovel excavators and transported by the rail directly to
the nearby situated briquetting plant. Here after its moulding it was
supplied to the consignees. In the effect of so conducted exploi-
tation the obtained worked out terrains have small diversification
in respect of altitude. The main areas are the inner spoil disposals
and the final reservoirs. The. small areas of external stack are the
gently undulated surfaces inclining towards the final excavations.
Presently the activity on the mine is being limited to the performan-
ce of reclamation work.
The report of the research work carried out on the experimental
plots localized on an internal stack of the lignite surface mine
"Przy.iairt Narodow".
The experimental plots are localized on an almost levelled out flat
north - eastern part of the internal stack. The area on which the
plots were set up has the direction of general inclination towards
the final excavation filled with water and is situated somewhat be-
low the level of natural terrain. This area is situated, at a distance
of 80 km from Tur6w in the northern direction.
-------
116 -
7.6.1. The characteristics of the habitat conditions on the
experimental^ plots._
7.6.1.1. The ^characteristic of soils.
In order to prepare a pedological and chemical - agricultural
documentation of soils of the experimental plots, set up on an Internal
stack were tested 64 samples. These samples constituted an average
of few points from every plot, and were taken from 4 depths, i.e. 0-10,
10-20, 20-30 and 30-40 cm. Each sample represents a corresponding
plot i.e. one plot represents one combination of the method of neutra-
lization, and simultaneously the 3 ways of applied biological lining.
The results of laboratory tests of physical and chemical proper-
ties are compiled on the table 19 from which transpires, that the soils
occurring in this area are hardly diversified.
Considering the granulation of soils represented by 64 samples
one has to state, that these constitute mainly sands, as only one sam-
ple contained a mild cloy. According to the classification of soils as
adopted by the Polish Pedological Association, the diversification of
the granulometric composition presents itself as follows:
4 samples sands lightly clayey
49 samples light clayey sands
3 samples rich clayey sands
1 sample light clay
Prom this transpires also the equal content of particles 0,002 mm,
the quantity of which fluctuates within the 5-8 %. A quantitative preva-
lence indicates fraction 0,1 - 0,25 mm diam. These soils lack the frac-
tion dlam. 1,0 mm occurring here only exceptionally. In the mineral
composition of the considered soils prevails quartzite, occurring mainly
in a form of sharp edged grains of a diameter 0,1 - 0,25 mm. Amongst
the particles of the silty fraction prevails kaolinite. There is very little
minerals from the illite group, and where are present they form bands
with the montmorillonite. Also ascertained was the presence of small
quantities of feldspars. Almost. in all samples there occurs the carbon
substance, mainly in a form of comminuted lignites and xylites.
-------
- 11? -
Specification of the analytical research result* of soil investigation a
on the spoil stack
Experimental plots KWB "Prcyjatri Naroddw" - 1974
Table 19
Designation*
Unit
from
to
Average
Remarks
Content of skeleton 4 1 mm
% weight
0
1.7
0
Content at organic substance
(Lignites, xylites )
* weight
0,0
1,0-2,5
Porticles content
1.0 - 0,1
mm
62
87
66 - 80
Casagrade areometric
65
63
70-77
method in Pr6ss]ntaki
0,1 - 0,25
mollification fraction
0,25- 0,5
0
14
1-5
1,0 - 0,1 mm with the
alevemethod
0,5 _ 0,1
0
0
0,1 - 0,09
mm
1
21
0
!¦»
01
0,05 _ 0,02
mm
1
4
1-4
0,02 - 0,002
mm
1
10
S - 8
<0,002
mm
2
15
5 - 8
Maximal capillary water capacity
* weight
21,0
30,1
23 - 27
Field water capacity
% weight
19,5
27,6
21 - 25
Filtration
cm/hour
0,5
10,5
2-6
after 24 hours
Maximal hlgroaeopity
% weight
0,6
3.3
1 - 1,0
Specific gravity
i 3
fl/cm
2,60
2,67
2,62 - 2,67
Weight by volume
a/cm3
1,28
1,50
1,34 - 1,43
pouring
Porosity
*
42,7
51,1
45 - 40
pF pope at t > 38
u
6
45
>*
o
a
10
o
38 - 39
U
6
55
30 - 40
<»
u
17
fid
25 - 40
Methylen blue sorption
mval/100 g
1,«
5,5
3,5 - 4.5
Reaction In H^O
PH
2.*
*.o
2,8 - 3,2
potsntiometrlc
in KC1
pH
2.*
*r<>
2,8 - 3,2
Hydroiitic acidity 1^
mval/100 g
5*1
15,8
8,0 - 12,0
Bxchangabie acidity
mval/100 g
0,1
2,0
©
1
©
ExchongaMe aluminium
mval/100 g
2,2
13,5
6,0 - 10,0
S - total. In thlsi
* weight
0,2
0,9
0,3 - 0,5
JO ¦
SC>4 in form of salt
mg/100 g
56,0
356,2
100 - ISO
SOj2 in form of free H^SO^
mg/100 g
0,0
61,3
10 - 30
Content at soluble components
in 20 % HC1
Na_0
% weight
0,01
0,01
k2o
0,01
0,06
0,Q2 - 0,04
MgO
m m —
0,01
0,07
0,02 - 0,04
CaO
m m m
0,04
0t13
0,05 - 0,10
r^p3
0,41
0,89
O,50 - 0,80
P2°5
m " m
0,01
0,02
0,01 - 0,02
Content at components In a form
assimilable by plants
KjO
mg/100 g
1,3
4,5
1,8 - 3,0
P2°5
mg/100 g
0,2
0,7
0,3 - 0,5
N - general
*
0,03
0,06
0,03
Denoted only in
0-10 cm layer
-------
- 118 -
The soils of the experimental plots are characterized with a consi-
derable permeability a small sorptive capacity and a small resour-
cefulness into the plant nutrients. In the tertiary formations superim-
posed on the lignite seams there occur significant amounts of sulp-
hates. In the course of exploitation,, and stacking these undergo a
fast oxidation and they do not occur on the stack as a rule. Cha-
racteristic however is the presence of the products of their decom-
position, and amongst them of the free AgS04, which causes the re-
action of soils to be toxically acid. In natural conditions, the a polls
of this mine are completely deprived of vegetation derived from natu-
ral succession.
7.6.1.2. Characteristic _of_ atmospheric precipitations.
The characteristic of atmospheric precipitation was prepared on
the basis of observations performed in a meteorological station situ-
ated at a distance of 2 km from the experimental plots. Compiled on
the table are average and extreme values of monthly and yearly sums
of precipitations, determined from the observation period 1950 - 1972
and also the monthly and yearly sums of precipitations recorded in
the years 1973 - 1975. Moreover, similarly as in the case of Tur6w,
the distribution of daily precipitations for the period of time of per-
formed research the data were marked on the comprehensive diagram
of carried out observations and treatments.
Prom the values given on the table transpires, that the most
advantageous year for the vegetation was the year 1974, during which
in the summer period the amount of precipitations was higher or only
slightly lower than average values. Only in April the precipitation
was considerably lower than average, which only a little belaled the
early growth of plants. The year 1975 must be considered as a very
unfavourable for the vegetation. There occurred only few precipitations
In the following months: February, March, May, June, September.
These low precipitations and the lack of rainfall for several days du-
ring the remaining months of the vegetation period was very difficult
for the plants particularly when growing on sandy soils.
-------
Specification of characteristic values of precipitations for the precipitation
station Lqknica
Table 20
Period
year
Months
Rainfall
in mm
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
-Year
From
the
Sums;
Average
41
38
38
46
61
66
75
76
50
44
44
44
629
period
1950 -
1972
Maximum
Minimum
76
12
75
4
70
15
86
11
155
17
133
14
229
16
132
14
137
4
115
7
88
13
88
6
841
416
1973
Sums
27,7
47,7
24,1
96,3
63,7
43,0
161,1
64^7
22,7
64,4
44,8
7 2,0
732,2
1974
Sums
39,6
47,1
28,0
13,7
109,4
81,3
62,7
68,6
55,5
193,2
75,1
179,8
953,5
1975
Sums
53,9
13,8
22,6
54,8
42,2
32,2
96,5
79,9
21,1
58,0
-------
- 120
7.6.1.3. _The__ characteristic of air temperature. _
Owing to the fact, that the temperature is a climatic factor less
changeable than is precipitation the observations carried out- in
Zgorzelec station (40 km to S) were utilized for the characteriza-
tion of the air temperatures. The average values of temperatures
are given and discussed in the point 7.4.1.2.
7.6.1.4. Th.e characteristic of atmospheric air pollution.
In the region of i^knica there are no industrial enterprizes that
could pollute the atmosphere, and therefore the problem of air pollu-
tion has nobearing on the acquired results of research work.
7.6.2. Reclamation work.
7.6.2.1. Neutralization. _
The treatments of neutralization pertaining to the excessive soil
acidification were performed during the months November 1973 -
January 1974. Used as neutralizers were two substances in various
doses:
1) the magnesia (magnesium oxide) lime being a waste product
from the production of zinc,the chemical composition of which is
presented in approximation as follows:
CaO 40 %
MgO 20 %
Pe203 12 %
Si02 9 %
the remainder constitute Al^O^i S and a number of microelements.
2) the ground phosphate rock containing about 40 % of CaCO^i and
30 % of P20g.
On the experimental plots the following combinations of neutralization
were used:
-------
- 121 -
A. magnesia lime in a dose of 25 t/ha, in one layer, on 16 plots of
a total area 0,5 ha
B. magnesia lime in a dose 50 t/ha, in one layer, on 16 plots of
total area 0,5 ha
C. magnesia lime in dose 50 t/ha* in two layers:
0-20 cm 40 t/ha
20 - 40 cm 10 t/ha
16 plots of a total area 0,5 ha
D. magnesia lime in a dose 45 t/ha and ground phosphate rock in
a dose 5 t/ha, in two layers:
0-20 cm magnesia lime 40 t/ha
20 - 40 cm magnesia lime 5 t/ha and ground
phosphate rock 5 t/ha
16 plots of a total area 0,5 ha.
So the experimental area involved 64 plots of a total area 2,0 ha
(AS- 7).
A detailed description of a method of neutralizers introduction was
given in a report of investigations performed in the second stage in
1974. The treatments connected with this activity contained:
1) Spreading out of magnesia lime on 16 plots of a combination
A#B,C,D, i.e. on a total area 2,0 ha.
2) Spreading out of ground phosphate rock on 16 plots of the D
combination, i.e. of a total area 0,5 ha.
3) Twice done tilling with a roto-tiller of 32 plots of the C, D com-
bination i.e. on a total area of 1,0 ha.
4) Ploughing accomplished on 32 plots of C, D combination, i.e. on
a total area of 1,0 ha.
5) Sowing out of the remaining dose of magnesia lime on 32 plots
of C, D combination, on a total area 1,0 ha.
6) Four times done tillage with a roto-tiller on the entire experimen-
tal area, i.e. on 64 plots of a total area 2,0 ha.
-------
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PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
- 124 -
7.6.2.2. Mineral fertilization.
On the whole experimental arfea a uniform NPK mineral fertili-
zation was applied. Doses and forms of introduced fertilizers in par-
ticular years were specified on table 21.
Hie employed mineral fertilization was augmented in relation to the
assumed amount in the plan of experiments, that was elaborated in
1974 year. In particular increased was the dose of nitrogen by
50 kg/ha, phosphorus by 20 kg/ha, phosphorus by 20 kg/ha, and po-
tassium by 35 kg/ha. The premise to increase the doses of fertilizer
amounts were the observations made on the growth and the health of
plants, and also the results of chemical analyses of soils and vege-
tation from adjacent terrains, already restored in previous years.
Mineral fertilization employed on experimental
plots of the Lignite Surface Mine "Przyjairi
Narod6w "
Table 21
Fertilizing
component
Doses and forms of mineral fertilizers used in year at
1974
1975
N
200 kg/ha nitro-chalk 25 %
i.e. 50 kg/ha N
300 kfi/ha nitro-chalk 25%
i.e. 75 kg/ha N
P
150 kg/ha superphospha-
te 18 %
i.e. 12 kfi/ha P
255 kg/ha superphosphate
18 %
i.e. 20 kfi/ha P
K
100 kg/ha potash salt
60 %
i.e. 50 kfi/ha K
180 kg/ha potash salt 40%
i.e. 60 kfi/ha K
During a two - yearly period of conducted research on the disposal
of the Lignite Surface Mine "Przyjairi Narod6w", i.e. in the years
1974 - 1975, the treatments connected with fertilization involved the
following operations:
in 1974
l) Sowing out of potash salt and nitro-chalk on the whole experimen-
tal area, i.e. on 64 plots of a total area 2,0 ha.
-------
125 -
2) Harrowing of the whole experimental area, i.e. on 64 plots of
a total area 2,0 ha.
3) Sowing out of superphosphate on the whole experimental area,
i.e. on 64 plots of a total area 2,0 ha.
4) Harrowing of the entire experimental area, i.e. of 64 plots of a
total area 2,0 ha.
in the year 1975
1) Spreading out the potash salt and nitro—chalk on the whole expe-
rimental area, i.e. on 64 plots of a joint area 2,0 ha.
2) Harrowing the whole experimental area i.e. of 64 plots of a total
area 2,0 ha.
3) Sowing out superphosphate on the whole experimental area, i.e.
on 64 plots of a total area 2,0 ha.
4) Harrowing the whole experimental area, i.e. of 64 plots of total
area 2,0 ha.
5) Sowing out the potash salt and nltro-chalk on the whole expe-
rimental area, i.e. on 64 plots of an area 2,0 ha.
6) Harrowing the whole experimental area of 64 plots with a toted
area of 2,0 ha.
7) Sowing out superphosphate on the whole experimental area, i.e.
on 64 plots of total area 2,0 ha.
8) Harrowing the whole experimental area of 64 plots, of a total
area 2,0 ha.
7.6.2.3. Introduction of vegetation.
mm tm H w ^
Within the limits of the experimental area three kinds of a bio-
logical lining with a herbaceous vegetation were applied, and namely;
Mo without sowing on of any vegetation seeds,
16 plots of a total area equalling 0,5 ha.
M1 mixture no. 1 of papilionaceae with grasses, 16 plots of a total
area 0,5 ha.
-------
- 126 -
m2
M3
mixture no. 2 of papilionaceae with grasses, 16 plots of
a joint area 0,5 ha
mixture no. 2 of papilionaceae with grasses, 16 plots of
a joint area 0,5 ha.
The sper'es composition of the mixtures appeared as follows:
Mixture no. 1
Sundial lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus) 30 kg/ha
Redtop (Agrostis alba) 8 kg/ha
Tall ryegrass (Arrhenatherum elatius) 6 kg/ha
Meadow fescue (Festucca pratensis) 6 kg/ha
together 50 kg/ha
Mixture no.2
Birds foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) 20 kg/ha
Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis) 8 kg/ha
Dutch ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum
westerwaldicum) 6 kg/ha
Meadow grass (Poa pratensis) 6 kg/ha
together 40 kg/ha
Mixture no.3
White clover (Trifolium repens) 10 kg/ha
White melilot (Melilotus Albus) 5 kg/ha
Timothy grass (Phleum pratense) 8 kg/ha
Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) 6 kg/ha
Creeping fescue (Festuca rubra) 6 kg/ha
together 35 kg/ha
The treatments connected with the introduction of vegetation and its
cultivation comprized the following operations:
In year 1974
l) Sowing out of mixtures no. 1, 2 and 3 on 48 plots with a total
area 1,5 ha.
-------
- 127 -
2) Harrowing and rolling of the entire experimental area, i.e. the
64 plots of a total area 2,0 ha.
in the 1975 year
1) Harrowing the entire experimental area, i.e. the 64 plots of total
area 2,0 ha
2) Mowing with a mower - cutter the entire experimental area on
the 20-th of June, 64 plots of a total area 2,0 ha.
7.6.3. ^Assessment of effects_ of reclamation work carried out on_
the Lignite Surface Mine "Przyja£ri Narodow
In order to determine the effects of reclamation operations,
there were made apart from the usual current observations of vege-
tation and a systematic control of the neutralization progress and
a periodical assessment performed of the soils * resourcefulness in
nutrients, also the following operations:
in the year 1975
1) The determination of the size of crops - I swath in the second
ten day period of month June.
2) Sample taking of the vegetative material in order to determine the
chemical composition - June.
3) Visual estimation of the green growth floristic composition - June.
4) Measurement of the root systems of papilionaceous plants from
the introduced mixtures - the third decade of June.
7,6.3.1. yejj$etation._
On the flat top part of the spoil stack there were set up expe-
rimental plots in 1973, where various combinations of the neutraliza-
tion methods were used. These plots were being sown over by 3
mixtures of papilionacea mixed with grasses, of followind compositions:
-------
- 128 -
Mixture M1
Lupin us polyphyllum
30 kg/ha
Agrostis alba
8 kg/ha
Arrenatherum elatius
6 kg/ha
Festuca pratensis
6 ko/ha
together
50 kg/ha
Mixture Mg
Lotus corniculatus
20 kg/ha
Brome inermis
8 kg/ha
Ivolium multifiorum westerwal-
dicum
6 kg/ha
Poa Dratensis
6 kfi/ha
together
40 kg/ha
Mixture
Trifolium re pens
10 kg/ha
Melilotus albus
5 kg/ha
Phleum pratense
8 kg/ha
I/olium multiflorurr
w esterwaldicul
' 6 kg/ha
Festuca rubra
6 kfi/ha
together 35 kg/ha
Owing however to the difficult soil conditions and to the unfavourable
distribution of atmospheric precipitation recorded in 1974, the first
crop from the plots was collected only in 1975, and only 1 swath,
as the drought made impossible the re growth of the green growth.
Results of a visual evaluation of vegetation development (growth,
compactness, green growth appearance ), on plots with particular com-
binations of the neutralization method, are being specified on the
table 22, The best valuation results acquired mixtures sown out on
plots of the D combination. This method of neutralization influenced
-------
- 129 -
moat advantageously the flora composition of the green growth, as
a highest rate of the papilionaceous plants participation was apparent
in it (Table 23).
The carried out observations permitted to formulate the following con-
clusions regard inc. suitability of the being introduced species for a
biological lining of the disposals that have characteristics approxi-
mating the ones obtaining on the spoil stack of the Lignite Surface
Mine "Przyja£A Narod6w".
Results of a visual evaluation of vegetation growth - carried out in
June of 1975 x'
Experimental plots of the Lignite Surface Mine "Przyja£A Naroddw"
1975
Table 22
Mixture of
plants
Combina-
tions of
the neutrali-
zation method
Mo
Mi
M2
M3
A
2
2
2
2
B
3
2
2
2
C
3
3
2
3
D
4
4
4
4
x/ — average from the block I - IV
Mq - plot not sown over (control)
M^, M^, - mixtures of papilionaceous plants with grasses.
Scale of appreciation
5 growth very good
4 growth good
3 growth average
2 growth poor
1 growth bad
-------
Participation of grasses and papilionaceae in green growth
dependent on the method of neutralization and species com-
position of the employed mixture of grasses with papilionaceae.
Experimental plots of the Lignite Surface Mine "Przyjafn
Narod6wn- 1975
Table 23
Mixture of plant seeds
M
M2
M3
Neu- ——
X
45
tralization
C ombinations
Plant
% participation in green
growth
Gramineae:
95
85
98
A
L/upinus polyphyllus
Lotus corniculatus
5
15
-
Trifolium repens
-
-
2
Gramineae:
95
79
98
B
Lupinus polyphyllus
I/otus corniculatus
5
21
-
Trifolium repens
-
-
2
Gramineae:
92
82
97
C
Lupinus polyphyllus
Lotus corniculatus
8
18
-
Trifolium repens
—
—
3
Gramineae:
78
71
79
D
Lupinus polyphyllus
Lotus corniculatus
22
-
-
Trifolium repens
-
-
21
-------
131 -
l) Among the tested species of papilionaceous plants the best suita-
bility and usefulness exhibited the Lupinus polyphyllus. Its health
•was good, it was giving a comparatively large mass of the above
ground and the below the surface portions. The main root mass
was reaching to a depth of 20 cm, therefore not so deep as on
the plots of the Lignite Surface Mine "Turow",
2) Of the remaining species of Papilionaceae, both Lotus corniculatua
and Trifolium repens also developed well, but the Melilotus albus
only very poorly. It's roots were strongly deformed and wore
reaching not deep.
3) Amongst the tested out species of Gramineae the best suitability
have indicated the Agrostis alba and the Lolium multiflorum wester-
woldicum. The remaining sorts also were growing not badly, whe-
reby the surveillance of reclaimed portions of the disposal before
the 1974 was showing that after few years amonc the Gramineae,
there the Agrostis alba, the Festuca rubra and the Phleum pra-
tense began to prevail distinctly.
4) Most advantageously influenced the size crops the D and C ne-
utralization combinations, whereby the highest crops were attained
from M2 and Mg mixtures. On the whole, however, the crops were
low, all the more so, as no further swaths were collected, aa it
was usual during years with a normal number of days with atmosphe-
ric precipitation (table 24).
5) Linked closely with the biomass above the ground is the develop-
ment and the reach of biomass from under the surface. It appears
from the table 25, that the weight of the root systems of Lupinus
and Lotus was even higher than the weight of the developed above
the ground mass of the mixture.
6) The vegetable material from the plots is being characterized by
a low content of K, Ca and N.
Somehow low put for S, P and Cu, on the other hand rather good
for Mg and Zn and put a little high for Fe and Mn (table 26).
In the mixtures of herbaceous vegetation, there is a lack of more
pronounced differences in the contents of particular components,
-------
Amount of crops and chemical composition of plants, dependent on the
neutralization method and the species composition of the mixture of
papilionaceous plants with grasses.
Experimental plots of the Lignite Surface Mine "Przyjairi Narod6w" - 1975.
Table 24
Combi-
nations
Mixtu-
Crop yields
a/ha
Content in a
dry mass of the plant mixture
of the
neutra-
lization
method
r©
of
Swath
I x/
Macrocomponents %
Microcomponents fb
plants
Fresh
mass
Air -
dried
mass
Na
K
Ca
Mg
P
N
S
Zn
Cu
Mn
Fe
Mo
15,8
5,7
0,02
1,5
0,2
0.2
0,26
1,3
0,2
35
4
282
300
M1
25,1
8,5
0,02
1,6
0,2
0,2
0,26
1,3
0,2
35
5
383
440
A
M2
14,4
5,3
0,01
1,2
0,3
0,2
0,27
1,1
0,2
35
1
247
570
M3
20,4
8,4
0,02
1,3
0,3
0,2
0,25
1,0
0,2
33
3
295
460
M0
23,0
8,3
0,01
1,6
0,2
0,2
0,26
1,2
0.2
32
4
294
280
M1
29,6
11.8
0,01
1,6
0,2
0,2
0,26
1,0
0,2
32
1
478
350
B
M2
11,4
7,7
0,02
1,3
0,3
0,2
0,30
1,0
0,1
34
3
280
445
M3
19,2
10,0
0,02
1,3
0,3
0,2
0,28
1,1
0,1
35
2
425
505
Mo
19,9
7,6
0,01
1,6
0,2
0,2
0,26
1,2
0,2
32
5
344
390
34,8
15,6
0,01
1,5
0,2
0,2
0,22
1.1
0,2
32
traces
420
385
L
m2
15,7
6,6
0,01
1,3
0,3
0,2
0,25
1,3
0,1
35
5
225
560
M3
32,4
14,3
0,02
1,6
0,3
0,2
0,28
1.1
0,2
36
5
440
285
M0
25,4
11,2
0,01
1,6
0,2
0,2
0,37
1,3
0,2
32
5
275
370
M1
40,9
15,5
0,01
1,6
0,3
0,3
0,37
1,1
0,2
36
7
380
484
D
m2
27,8
11,4
0,01
1.4
0,3
0,3
0,33
1,3
0,2
37
2
185
560
M3
40,8
15,5
0,04
1,3
0,3
0,2
0,40
1,3
0,2
43
4
400
380
Notice: Due to unfavourable -weather conditions only one sw'ath had been collected.
x - average value from 4 repetitions k - species composition of the mixtures is compiled
on the table
-------
Wtight of root • mass of papilonaceoua plants dependent on the neutralisation
method - 2-nd year of vegetation
Experimental plot* of the Lignite Surface Mine "Przyjafri Narod6wM - 1975.
Table 25
Plant
Specie* composition of
Combinations
of the neutraliza-
A
B
C
D
mixture
the mixture
tion method
Weight of root
mass o/ha
Lupinus
polyphyl.
Lotus
cornic.
Trifollum
re pens
Lupinus
polyphyl.
Lotus
comic.
Trifolium
repens
Lupinus
poiyphyl
Lotus
cornic.
Trifolium
re pens
Lupinus
polyphyl
Lotus
cornic.
Trifolium
repens
Mi
Lupiniue polyphyUu»
Agrostis alba
Arrenatherum elatius
Peatuca pratenais
Fresh mass
Air-dried mass
79,0
27,9
-
52,0
16,9
-
-
39,0
10,6
-
-
35,0
11,6
-
-
M2
Lotua corniculatua
Brora us inermia
Lolium muttiftorum
Poa pratenais
Freeh mass
AiiKlried mass
-
59,0
21,3
-
-
85.0
33.1
-
-
51.0
19,2
-
-
28,0
9,4
-
M3
Trifollum repena
Melitotus albus
Phleum pratense
Lcdiuin muliiflorum
Festuca rubra
Fresh mass
Air-dried mass
f
-
20,0
6,6
—
14,0
4.*
—
-
10,0
2,6
'
-
15,0
3,9
-------
- 134 -
however it seems, that the D combination of neutralization method
has shown itself as the best. The vegetation from these plots namely
characterizes a lightly higher content of macro- and microelements.
Also on the plots of the D combination, the plants derived largest
amounts of nutritious components (table 26).
7.6.3.2. S _o_i I s._
In order to determine the effects of soils' neutralization and the
plants' fertilizer requirements, samples of soils were taken from
experimental plots in the year 1975. The average results of the pe-
dological chemical analyses were shown on figure 9 and on tables
24 and 27.
The estimation of changes in soils characteristics in the effect of
employed neutralizers on experimental plots of the Lignite Surface
Mine "Przyjazri Narodow" affords certain difficulties. It is being linked
with a very weak buffering of sandy soils by the neutralizers. The
presence, for example, in a taken for tests soil sample of a not de-
composed lump of lime, used for the neutralization, distorts also the
results of chemical analyses, and not only of reaction, and in con-
sequence may lead to an erroneous evaluation of reclamation results.
Taking into consideration these limitations, one can, on the basis of
acquired results, formulate the following conclusions:
1) After the introduction of neutralizers into the. soil a rapid but of
short duration alkalization of top layers occurs, and after the
withdrawal of it, the differences among the chemical characteristics
of soils placed on the 0-10 and 10 - 20 cm depths are decre-
asing. This proves that a displacement of lime compounds from
the surface into deeper layers is taking place.
2) All the combinations of the neutralization method of excessive
soils' acidification employed on the plots were materially raising
the reaction (pH) in the layer 0-20 cm, were depressing the
hydrolytic acidity (Hh), and decreasing the content of replaceable
aluminium (Alw). It is difficult to select here one of the employed
combinations of neutralization as definitely the best. It seems, that
both the B and the D combinations are the very good ones.
-------
- 135 -
3) Similarly as on the experimental area of the Lignite Surface
Mine "Turow", little marked was the dependence between the
effects of neutralization expressed by pH, and Al^ changes
and the change of plants' growth conditions, as manifested by
the crops. Based on the size of crops one can ascertain the
superiority of the two component combined neutralization.
4) On the experimental plots of the Lignite Surface Mine "Przyjafrt
Narod6w", there were, with the exception of D combination, sur-
faces occurring of land not covered by any vegetation. On the
plots of A combination these occupied about 10 % of area, on
the B combination about 5 %, and on C combination about 3 %
of the plots' area. The analytic tests of soil samples taken from
places deprived of vegetation have shown that the cause of this
was first of all the continuing toxicaUy acid soil reaction, fluctu-
ating from 2,6 to 2,9 pH.
5) It was ascertained on the experimental plots of Lignite Surface
Mine "Przyjairi Narod6w" the occurrence of more explicit relat-
ionships than was the case on the experimental area of the
"Turow" Lignite Surface Mine, between the chemical composition
of soils and the vegetation (table 24 and 27).
The put low contents of potassium in plants are linked with its
low content in the subsoil, and also with big concentration of
2+ 2+
Ca and Mg ions, impeding the assimilation of this constituent.
Owing to the application of magnesia lime (magnesium oxided lime)
as a neutralizer, both in soils and in plants good Mg content was
ascertained.
6) No phosphorus famine was observed in the vegetation, despite
the trace amounts only of this element in the soils. Possibly a
certain role in mobilizing this component played large biomass of
underground portions of the many species mixtures of papiliona-
ceous plants mixed with grasses.
7) The analysis of contents of some trace elements in the soils of
the disposal indicated the not bad content of Zn and an average
one of Mo, and a somehow put low Cu and B, and also low Mn
-------
Quantity of component* assimilated by the above the ground portions of plants, dependent on the
neutralisation method and on species composition of the' used mixture of papilionaceous plants
with grasses.
Experimental plots of the Lignite Surface Mine "Przyja£rt Narod6w" - 1975 TabU
Combi-
nations
of the
neutra-
Mixture
Yields
q/ha
Quantity of components
assimilated with the yield of t>
ie 1 swath of hay in kg/ha
of
plants
I swath x/
7.VU.1975
macro - components
micro - componei
its
lization
method
Fresh
mass
Air—drie<
mass
1 Na
K
Ca
Mg
P
N
S
Zn
Cu
Mn
Fe
Mo
15,8
5,7
0.1
8,6
1.1
1,1
1.5
7,4
1.1
0,02
0,002
0,16
0,17
M1
25,1
8,5
0,2
13,6
1,7
1.7
2.2
11.1
1.7
0,03
0,004
0,33
0,37
A
m2
14,4
5,3
0,1
6,4
1,6
1.1
1.4
5,8
1.1
0.02
O.OOl
0,13
0,30
M3
20,4
8,4
0,2
10,9
2,5
1.7
2,1
8,4
1.7
0,03
0,002
0,25
0,39
Mo
23,0
8,3
0,1
13,3
1,7
1.7
2,2
10,0
1,7
O.03
0,003
0,24
0,23
w
M1
29,6
11,8
0.1
18,9
2,4
2.4
3,1
11,8
2,4
0,04
0,001
0,56
0,41
B
M2
11.4
7.7
0,2
10,0
2,3
1.5
2,3
7,7
0,8
0,03
0,002
0,22
0,34
M3
19,2
10,0
0,2
13,0
3.0
2.0
2.8
11,0
1.0
0,04
0,00 2
0,43
0,51
Mo
19,9
7,6
O.l
12,2
1.5
1.5
2,0
9,1
1.5
0,02
0,004
0,26
0,30
M
34,8
15,6
0,2
23,4
3,1
3,1
3,4*
17,2
3.1
0,05
traces
0,66
0,60
C
*2
15,7
6,8
0,1
8,8
2,0
1.4
1.7
8,8
0.7
0,02
0,003
0)15
0,38
M3
32,4
14,3
0,3
22,9
4,3
2,9
4,0
15,7
2,9
0,05
0,007
0.63
0,41
Mo
25,4
11,2
0,1
17,9
2,2
2,2
4,1
14,6
2,2
0,04
0,006
0,31
0,41
D
M1
40,9
15,5
0,2
24,8
4,7
4,7
5,7
17,1
3,1
0,06
0,011
0,59
0,75
M2
27,8
11,4
«.l
16,0
3,4
3,4
3,8
14,8
2,3
0,04
0,002
0,21
0,64
-3
40,8
15,5
0,6
20,2
4,7
3.1
6,2
20,2
3,1
0,07
0,006
0,62
0,59
u
01
x/ average values calculated from 4 repetitions
-------
-------
Some chemical properties of soils.
Experimental plots of the Ugnite Surface Mine "Priyjaiii Noroddw" - 1975
Table 27
Combi-
nations
of the
neutra-
lization
method
Depth of
the sampl
taking,
cm
pH
in
KC1
Hydro ty-
tic
acidity
"h
Repla-
ceable
Alumi-
nium
Al
r
N
general
*
Content of assimilsbles
Yields q lha.
1 swath
7.VU.1975
k2o
MgO
P 0
2 5
Cu
Zn
Mn
B
Mo
Fresh
mass
Air- dried
mass
mval
mg/lOO g
ppm
A
O - 20
5,7
2,26
0,00
0,02
4.0
38,6
0,7
2.4
18,2
3.8
0,16
0,19
18,9
7,0
B
0-20
6,4
1,30
o,oo
0,02
4,2
38,8
0,5
2.3
15,1
2,5
0,14
0,19
20,8
9.5
C
0-20
5,9
2,20
o,oi
0,03
3,7
44,8
0,2
2,1
11,1
3,8
0,16
0,18
25,7
11,1
D
0
1
N
O
6,5
4,04
0,02
0,02
4,1
47,9
5,5
2.4
19,8
3,8
0,15
0,22
33,7
13,4
x/ - oversee values calculated from 4 repetitions
-------
139 -
content. Most probably the liming, connected with neutralization of
excessively acid soils of this disposal, is the cause of the low con-
tent occurrence of some trace elements in the form assimilable to
the plants.
7.6.3.3. The ^waters.
In order to characterize the quality of waters and the impact of
reclamation treatments on the water quality two stations were assigned
for the water samples' taking for the analyses.
Station 1 - Surface water from the final excavation working filled
with water.
Station 2 - Specially executed draining system, intaking the waters,
that percolated through a layer of soil of a thickness
about l m.
The surface waters' sampling was practically impossible on account
of a considerable permeability of formations from which the stack was
made. The surface water was occurring only for a short duration and
only during the periods of rains of great intensity or during the times
of very early spring with long lasting precipitations.
Rains of great intensity were causing the formation of erosion washings
on areas not grown over with vegetation, and which were inclined a
little. The flowing water through these washings was a mixture of soil
and water, and not a polluted water. The results of analyses of taken
water samples are specified on tables.
Water from the draining system was initially very strongly acidified
with the pH - 2,8, with large content of total iron - 115 mg/dm , with
3 3
manganese 3,8 mg/dm , aluminium - 1986 mg/dm and a very large con-
tent of dissolved substances, mainly mineral matter and sulphates.
-------
140 -
Probably, in the effect partly of performed reclamation treatments com-
pleted, and partly through a leached out from soils certain quantity of
compounds, an improvement took: place in the parameters of the pollu-
tants. Especially distinctly advantageous changes occurred in the follo-
wing indicators:
PH
increased
to
4,0
total iron
- decreased
to
0,020 mg/dm
mineral acidity
decreased
to
0,6 mval/dm^
dissolved solids
- decreased
to
692 mg/dm3
sulphates
- decreased
to
447 mg/dm3
aluminium
decreased
to
5,0 mg/dm3.
In reference to water from the final excavation no such so clearly
advantageous change was noted. This water was characterized with
a good stability of particular parameters of pollutants, the variation of
which seems to depend mainly on the season of the year and on the
water content of the reservoir. Furthermore, it looks as if the reclama-
tion treatments carried out on the surface of the terrain, even the ones
placed very close to the final excavation working would have only a
small impact on the quality of waters in this reservoir.
-------
- 141 -
Specification water analyses
Object Lignite Mint,, Ptzyfatfi Naroddw"
Mrot stand and rlac* of taking • l-NVatari ftprn final mareir
Oafintfion
Unit
Date ot sampling
¦tin.
KCV*
ua
nan
in*
Hod
SOW
IOCS)
van.
U1
1
2
3
4
i
(
7
•
9
10
11
12
It
14
15
16
17
18
1
Turbidity
mgWm'SiOj
15
2
Colour
mg/dm'pt
S
—
20
20
30
30
20
20
15
30
3
Small
t1R
tfs
ZIS
115
Z1S
215
ZIS
115
ZIS
ZIS
4
pH valua
pH
32
u
3J
325
32
15
34
15
ia
3.4
5
Basicity
mval/dm1
0.0
6
Total Haidnass
gradas
12.8
128
408
116
131
88
1SO
100
29.6
9i6
7
Non carbonata hardnaa
gradai
128
12.8
408
—
116
88
15.0
100
29.6
8
Cartxmata hardnass
•
gradas
QO
00
0.0
9
Total. iron
Zalaio oo6ina
mg/dm'Fa
1*0
77
7.15
73
525
895
11.50
800
710
10*>
10
Manganaia
rug/dm1 Mr
7.0
07
Q6S
115
065
QS7
OB
063
O70
Q«S
tl
CMoridat
mg/dm'c 1
00
7.0
180
120
30
15l0
4.0
1Q0
150
12
Ammonia
mg/dm*N
a«
03}
a*
0*5
OIK
OSS
033
OM
048
008
13
Nitritas
mg/drrfN
008
001
008
9045
0015
00*3
0Off
90(9
O.QOt
0015
%
Nitratai
rng/drrfN
—
oo»
ao>
aw
on
an
0.28
017
0.11
an
15
ftrmanganata valua
mg/dir^Q,
2.1
—
16
60
18
452
06
0.3
OA
ZQ
*
Hinaral acidity
mval/dm'
—
—
15
1.76
0<8
117
120
20
099
1.10
17
Total acidity
mval/dm'
—
2.0
450
4.42
5.23
530
115
5.1
442
4.60
ie
Phoipatat
mg/dmVot
—
>031
QOlt
OOI6
aax
aos
aoao
0004
oax
OOW
19
Total dissolvad solids
mg/dm*
504
372
Ut
585
590
8980
8210
652
*91
634
ao
Hinaral dissolvad solids
mg/dm*
312
3V,
388
442
370
351.0
UJUJCt
492
1164
330
21
Substancasdiactvad wWila
mg/dm»
172
258
ISO
143
220
308C
217.0
WO
127
304
22
SUphatas
mg/dm'so.
295
202
160
332
476
USD
3BQC
298
12S0
395
23
Calcium
mg/dm'c*
46.4
130
15.0
32.5
143
14.5
15.0
157
205
17.5
3h
Magrwthjm
mg/dm'Mg
253
7.5
HO
825
75
US
7.8
9.8
63
200
2S
Sodium (photomatr)
mg/dm'Na
6.0
37
6
2.0
68
72
6.3
10
10
80
26
ftrt allium (photomaw)
mg/dm'K
47
47
6
5.5
3.95
7.6
42
4.7
4.0
4.8
27
Aluminium
mg /dm'AI
—
—
31.2
32.5
~~~~
34.7
3QS
35.C
315
28.5
-------
- 142 -
Specification of water analyses
Object Llflnlte Mine „Prtyjaifi Narodow"
Nrot stand and place of taking »2-Waters from specmade drains on th« plot nr 64/eomp (V
Definition
Unit
D'at
e of
sar
ripling
H.OO
c.ou.n
i<>asa
aim.
nora
taon
1
2
3
4
5
s
7
•
9
10
11
1t
13
14
IS
16
17
18
1
Turbidity
mg/dm* SiOt
5
—
—
—
—
2
Colour
mg/dm'Pt
30
—
40
50
20
30
3
Smell
Z2R
21S
as
Z1S
ns
Z2S
4
pH value
pH
ta
as
3.0
3.4
3.9
40
S
Basicity
mval/dm*
00
6
Total Haidness
gradjs
1348
490
9840
232
47.0
216
7
Non carbonate hardness
grades
Okl
490
964.0
23.2
470
e
Carbonate hardness
grades
0.0
00
00
—
—
—
a
9
Total iron
Zalazo .o
116
40
16.3
6.1
4.0
26
Potassium (photometr)
mg/dmV
11.7
25.0
10.0
126
67
SO
27
Aluminium
mg /dm'AI
S8&
—
9SQC
—
100.0
S£
-------
7.6.4. Phc^£raj^i<^j^<^^2^nt^on.
General view of a levelled out internal stack before the tests 'commencement.
-------
-------
- 145 -
-------
-------
- 14? -
>
I
-------
- 148 -
-------
- 149 -
*7.7. Summing up of results of the 3 years of research.
The main objective of research carried out in a framework of the
project'was an elaboration of a complex technology of technical
and biological reclamation of the toxic spoil stacks of surface mi-
nes of lignite. The program of the research took into considera-
tion the following detailed problems:
1) Methodology elaboration of the toxicity level evaluation of the
overburden and the spoil stacks formations.
2) Elaboration of the neutralization methods of toxic soils on the
spoil stacks in adaptation to agricultural or forestry restora-
tion.
3) Elaboration of the neutralization technology of toxic soils on
very steep slopes, and the principles of their biological con-
solidation preventing, the erosion.
4) Selection of a qualitative and a quantitative composition of ve-
getation initiating the soil creating processes, and actively
contributing to a biological neutralization of toxic formations.
5) Determination of an appropriate agrotechnique of the reclamation
work.
6) Elaboration of guide - lines the overburden management, having
for its object the liquidation or limitation of toxicity, through
the proper distribution of formations with such properties.
The 3 years period of carried out experiments, as for the nature
investigations, was relatively short, and it would be very beneficial
to continue the observations during next few years.
7.7.1. _The_ management w ith_oyejburden._
The lands occupied by the surface mining are being transfor-
med in various ways. The principal their portion (82 - 87 %)
undergoes a substantial transformation in the course of direct
excavation operations - the displacement of ground masses. The
remaining portion constituting about 13 - 18 % of the general taken
-------
- 150 -
over terrains, la being transformed to a small extent. On these te-
rrains namely there are being constructed accompanying objects:
industrial* transportation, administrative - dwelling, social, recreatio-
nal ones etc. the conditioning and associated with an economic acti-
vation of the area.
In order to determine the adequate solutions providing a high quality
of formations dumped on the surface of spoil stacks necessary is
a very accurate qualitative and quantitative reconnaissance of the
overburden. Only on the basis of such a reconnaissance is possible
to determine the best technology for the excavation operations taking
into consideration the requirements of reclamation.
In the polish lignite surface mines the overburden constitute several
types of soil of different physical mechanical and chemical properties
- silts, clays, tertiary and quaternary sand occurring often not regu-
larly.
With the not orderly mass removal of the overburden appears on the
terrains of stacking a mosaic of formations of various origins and
compositions. A transformation of these formations into soils of appro-
priate suitability with biological methods was very difficult* and in
many cases outright impossible - especially on the terrains of mines
on which in the overburden there occur toxic formations. Professor
T. Skawina elaborated for practical purposes a five degree classifi-
cation of the overburden formations regarding their suitability for the
economic restoration.
A - soils very good, suitable for the agriculture restoration,
B - good soils, less suitable for agricultural restoration, but very
amenable to a forestry recurvation,
C - faulty soils, not suitable for agricultural restoration, but suitable
for silvicultural utilization, only after some partial improvement
effected on them,
D - bad soils sterile not suitable for economic restoration,
E - toxic soils.
The soils of the A, B, C classes are generally characterized as the
so called potentially productive soils.
-------
- 151 -
The inclusion of the soils into one of the classes is based on labo-
ratory tests and in active, working mines also on the field tests.
Dependent on the amounts of soils of particular classes and the
planned directions of economic restoration, a technological model is
determined of the overburden removal and of its stacking. Three
types of models are being considered.
I, Model based on a large scale mass removal of overburden.
This model is used when the method of overburden removal and
its stacking has no influence on the assigned direction of the
recultivation. This obtains in two cases:
I. 1. When the overburden consists wholly of potentially pro-
ductive soils (A, B, C). A dominating significance in these
instances have the biological methods, transforming the
soils.
I. 2. When the overburden is made wholly of soils, that have no
ability to reproduce the live matter (d# E).
Of significance in these cases is the fertilization and neutraliza-
tion performed in the course of detailed recultivation.
This model is typical for a forest recultivation determination,
II. Model baaed on a controlled management with the worst soils of
of overburden.
This model is beinc applied, when in overburden appear relatively
little of the D and E class soils, and when the degree of their
noxiousness is considerable.
In order to restrict their negative influence on the effects of re-
clamation and recultivation two versions are used.
IL 1. Location in the spoil stacks' deeper layers of worst soils
of overburden and the insulation of their effects by a thick
layer formed from potentially productive soils.
n. 2. Deconcentration of the negative effects of toxic or sterile
soils' occurrence, by way of their dispersion in a mass
of potentially productive soils.
-------
- 152 -
I1L Model baaed on a controlled management with the best soils
of overburden.
This is a typical model for agricultural recultivation assignment,
as its basic assumption is the attainment of soils of a high pro-
duction capability, providing the possibility of applied recultivation
immediately after the completion of basic reclamation or after few
only executed initiating treatments in the phase of detailed recla-
mation. The models based on a principle of a controlled manage-
ment of overburden - in surface mining employing the belt conve-
yeor transportation - should satisfy few fundamental requirements,
the most important of which are;
- the provision in the excavator - belt conveyor - stacker tech-
nological systems of a possibility to direct the winning fed from
selected excavators to selected stackers,
- the provision of variations in the effected redirecting the over-
burden material from particular excavators to particular selected
stackers, without halting the excavator - belt conveyor - stacker
system or even for a momentary stopping, such that would have
a bearing on the efficiency of the whole system,
- effectuation of division of the overburden into working levels
and the spoil stack's into the stacking levels, taking into con-
sideration the soils' quality and the closely connected with it
reclamation requirements,
- adequate training of the staff to perform direct excavation, pre-
paring it for the tasks within this sphere, making the people
sensitive to the environment protection problems.
All the considered above models were being used on a majority of
mines during the period of their development. In the initial period
i.e. during the period of gaining access to the lignite, the I -
model was used working on a large scale mass removal of over-
burden. In a later period but still during the stacking of the being
removed overburden on an external spoil stack the II - model was
used - during the period of the controlling selective management
-------
- 153 -
with worst soils; - and after going over to the internal stacking
the III - model was used for the controlled management "with the
best soils of overburden. The model based on a selective removal
of the top soil (the most accurate removal) is not being used on
a practical scale in Polish circumstances. The performed technical
- ecnomic analyses show the non - profitability of this kind of
approach mainly for two things:
- the very low quality of 9oils occurring on the being worked terrains
- mainly of the IV and V class and very rarely only of in - rd
class, with a very small thickness of the top-soil,
- considerable distances for the soil transportation from the foregro-
und of the advancing opencast excavation to tho spoil stack site
- with the added to it great depths' of the mines.
The 111 class soils are being utilized most frequently for the impro-
vement of soil quality on the adjacent to the mine terrains and as
material required to consolidate the trench sides and the transport
system embankments, the permanent and important components of a
surface mine, such as the belt conveyor ramps, machines 'ramps etc.
i.e. where the biological consolidation is used only for the protection
of these objects against a washout by rainwaters.
7.7.2. The shaping of worked out terrains.
In the surface mines, in the course of their exploitation, three
main forms of the terrains are coming into being, differing chiefly in
the respect of the relief formation and the water conditions prevailing
within the reach of these forms. Their proportions depend mainly on
the depth of the deposit occurrence. These forms are aa follows:
- The external spoil stack - considerably uplifted over the surroun-
ding it natural terrain.
- The internal spoil stack - formed flush with, or slightly raised above
the surrounding it terrains.
- The final excavations - terrains depressed in relation to the adja-
cent terrains, with the greatest depth beina equal to the depth of
the mine.
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- 154
The stability of slopes and the requirements of reclamation as deri-
ved from the planned direction of these terrains recultivation deter-
mine the final geometrical configuration of particular forms of the
worked out terrains. The reclamation requirements in relation to the
whole system of slopes do not call for a more gentle incline, than
the derived one from a geotechnical surveying. However, in relation
to particular slopes in a system of slopes where a requirement
arises from the reclamation demands' point of view for a gentler
incline, motivated by the need for performance of many meliorating
and cultivating treatments, in the process of the slopes' reclamation
and recultivation. Regarding the formation of the flat top portions of
the external and internal spoil stacks, these are being determined
by the technical conditions, such as are derived from the anticipated
economic assignment of these terrains after their industrial exploita-
tion accomplished.
The configuration of the worked out terrains is at the same time one
of the more important factors- deciding the recultivation assignment.
Por the external spoil stacks and for portions of the internal spoil
stacks when these are appreciably raised above the surrounding
land the adoption of forestial restoration is being contemplated as a
rule. The direction of agricultural restoration is practiced only on in-
ternal spoil stacks. The direction of aquatic recultivation is being
practiced on final excavations or on parts of the excavation specially
for this purpose predetermined and not covered up to the level of
the surrounding terrain.
Occasionally a communal direction of economic use is resorted to
such as for example the airfields for planes of the industrial or me-
dical service, and also small areas are reserved for communal or
industrial developments. The essential configuration of the terrains is
executed by the basic workina and stacking machines, and based on
instructions of reclamation regarding the final shape is being achie-
ved by means of auxiliary machinery - most often by bulldozers.
The basic machines owing to their size have only limited possibili-
ties of an accurate formation of slopes and levels.
Working these machines -with a maximum efficiency and reach addi-
tionally restricts these possibilities. So far as the work of stackers
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- 155
is concerned, then with a maximum care contributed by their opera-
tors to an accurate formation of the erected external permanent spoil
stacks, one is in a position to achieve an approximate shape as
shown on fig. 10.
The execution of a final adopted configuration of the spoil stack is
regarded as a part of reclamation work itself. On the top portion
surfaces of the spoil stacks a levelling of the terrain is made so as
to achieve surfaces of varying gradients. The directions and the
gradients of these inclines are chosen in such a way, that is possi-
ble to carry away waters gravitationally from the top area by means
of draining ditches, especially constructed for this purpose, i.e. ta-
kina water down the slopes. In polish climatic conditions in construc-
ting the spoil stacks from formations with prevalence of cohesive soils,
the surplusses of water occur periodically. The requirement to fast
offtake the water excess is dictated by agrotechnical considerations
and by the requirement of slopes stability. Heavy soils belong to the
soils, with a relatively easy cultivation, but only by a determined hu-
midity level, which as rule lasts only a very short time. During the
period of excessive humidity the machines sink in a quag, and in a
dry weather the cultivation treatments encounter too much resistance
and large solid masses and lumps are in evidence.
On the basis of practical experiments realized until now, the inclines
not greater than 5 % are used on the tops of newly formed spoil
stacks, and on very small area? of the spoil stacks the 10 % gradients
are observed. By larger gradients an erosion occurs. The shaping of
spoil stack slopes and of final excavations absorbs most of the atten-
tion and effort as these are maximally exposed to erosion - mainly to
water erosion. A very disadvantageous consequence of waters flowing
down the slopes of permanent external spoil stacks is the drifting of
washed out material from the stack onto the adjacent terrains. The
suppression of erosion is therefore an important issue, both for the
reclamation and for the protection of adjacent terrains.
The carried out tests of erosion suppression on steep slopes by way
of biological consolidation introduced in a form of trees, shrubs and
grasses gave negative results. Only the intensity of occurrence decre-
ased. Adequate, satisfactory results were achieved only after an occa-
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- 156 -
sioned decrease in the gradients of slopes.
Now the following way of slopes formation is being practiced:
(fiS- 11).
- the incline of the entire system of slopes - should be in accor-
dance with geotechnical calculations,
- the incline of particular slopes should not be greater than the
1 : 3 ratio,
— the slopes higher than 10 m are divided additionally by interme-
diate shelves formed on them, of a 5 — 7 m width, inclined in its
gradient to the inside.
The vertical distance between shelves is 8 - 10 m and in the
zones of greater atmospheric precipitations' it comes down to even
6 m,
— the formation on the spoil stack's top portion surface of counter-
slopes made by the verges of the slopes. Such an anti - slope is
inclined to inside with the gradient of 5 %.
The counterslopes formed on the top flat portions of the stacks pro-
tect perfectly well the slope system against a washing out by ero-
sion induced by the rainwater flowing down the slopes. The creation
of counterslopes (antislopes) is the more important, the higher are
stacks and the more impermeable the soil, forming these spoil stacks.
The banks (walls) of final excavations, positioned above a stable
water table level are being formed in accordance with the presented
above rules. The banks situated below the water table's stable le-
vel are formed with only basic excavators, to a general incline as the
one determined by geotechnical surveys, with the consideration of
changed water conditions relevant to the phase of the exploitation
operations performed. Also the requirements derived from the planned
economic use of the water reservoir is being taken into consideration,
where the formation of the final working is concerned. Part of the re-
servoir is being formed in such a way, as to acquire, after the re-
servoir is filled, areas with small depths, to be utilized as beaches,
for angling, etc., and to provide proper conditions for a natural fish
breeding.
-------
Fig.*) Schmo of ttw spoil stock formation by » stacfcr rmchin*
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PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
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- 159 -
7.7.3. Evaluation _of the_ toxicity degree in the overburden and
spoils formations.
Toxicity of the overburden and spoil stacks' of the surface
mines results mostly from the presence of:
1) sulphides, native sulphur, or sulphites
2) salinity
3) greater amounts of trace elements (for example B, Pb, Znt Cu,
As, P)
4) easily hydrolysing A1 salts
5) radioactive elements.
Evaluation and nature of the toxic reacting of the soil medium on the
introduced vegetation in the course of reclamation are difficult even
when three is only one cause of toxicity, as for instance the sulphi-
des on the spoils of surface mines of lignite. The mechanism of phy-
totoxic compounds' transformations and forms of their manifestation
in the course of weathering are complex and still hot accurately
known. The research on toxicity of the worked out terrains indicates,
that there should be distinguished at least two forms of toxicity inters
linked:
- general toxicity m
passive toxicity - active toxicity
^ potential) (current)
Passive toxicity (potential) in the overburden and on the spoil
stactra of lignite surface mines is connected with the presence in the
soils of the not yet decomposed sulphides. Not without a significance
is their form of occurrence (mineral composition) and the way of
their distribution in soils of different lithological set up. The mentio-
ned factors affect the rate of weathering and further the possibility of
appearance of an active toxicity.
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- 160 -
Active toxicity (current) is connected first of all with a raised
content - in a liquid or gaseous phase of the soil medium - of
compounds having harmful character for the biological processes.
These compounds can also occur in a solid phase, but in a form
readily passable in the solution. In the case of overburden and of
spoil stacks of the lignite surface mines, the cause of active toxi-
city is sulphuric acid and.other products of a biological and che-
mical decomposition of sulphides, and also compounds originating
as a result of influence of these products of decomposition onto the
mineral and . ^^anic material of the soil medium.
A typical symptom of active toxicity is the excessive soil acidifica-
tion, hence the (pH) reaction is being generally recognized as the
basic criterium of toxicity. The chemical diagnostics of toxicity is
sometimes being widened through the employed supplementary crite-
ria, based on the content of replaceable aluminium (Alp) and hydro-
lytic acidity (H^). The content of this acidity is very often being
assumed as a quantitative criterium for the calculation of lime amount
(CaO), required for the reaction controlling.
The results of carried out investigations indicate that the acceptance
of reaction as a basic criterium for the toxicity level evaluation is
accepted within a limited scope, and namely in reference to soils
characterized by the occurrence of active toxicity only. Partly satisfy
such conditions the soils of spoil stack of the lignite surface mine
"PrzyjafA Narod6w" of which soils are very strongly acidified (pH
in KC1 3,0), and in which no sulphides occur but solely the products
of their decomposition.
The basing of a diagnosis on a determination of toxicity level of soils,
whose reaction amounts to 3,0 - 4,0 pH in KC1 or even when is hig-
her than that, can be deceptive, primarily when;
1) The object of a diagnosis are soils characterized with a signifi-
cant potential toxicity, and when the mechanism blocking it is
weak.
2) When the harmfulness of phyto-toxic compounds is mitigated or
intensified by some factors connected with the composition or the
properties of soil. To such factors belong the mineral and granu-
lar composition, the presence of organic substance, the resources
of nutritious components for the plants, the water - air conditions
etc.
-------
161 -
The named matters are conducive to a detailed examination of po-
ssibilities of basing the toxicity level classification on results of
denotations of the base - forming compounds content, mainly the Ca
and Mg, and the acid - forming compounds, chiefly the sulphur.
The up to now used method of evaluation of the toxicity level, ba-
sed on a so called balance of bases and acids, was elaborated in
the East Germany by Mr. K. lllner. This method allows to describe
the general and the potential toxicity, but it does not take into con-
sideration the mentioned earlier softening up factors, or the factors
intensifying the harmful effects of toxic compounds. This fact limits
the practical adaptability of this method, as have proved our inves-
tigations carried out in the framework of this project.
In the case of soils of the Lignite Surface Mines "Tur6w" and
"Przyjazri Narod6w" plots, values of the bases and acids balance
were similar, and yet the real differences in the toxicity level were
very great. This points to the necessity to increase the elements
quantity, on which is based the appreciation of a toxicity level. It
shall involve the requirements of further pedological, chemical and
especially biological research continuation regarding the mechanizm
of toxicity manifestation and of the factors stipulating its neutraliza-
tion.
7.7.4. The methods of neutralization _of_ tox_ic_soils_on the spoil _
stacks in their adjustmej^for_an j*£ricultural _or_ silyicultural
restoration.
On the experimental plots of the Lignite Surface Mines "Turow"
and "PrzyjafA Narod6w" there were tried in the years 1973 - 1975
the following 4 neutralizers, applied in various doses, independently
or in several combinations, used in one or two layers:
1) the agricultural ground quicklime - CaO
2) the ground phosphate rock of a 40 % CaCO^ content and 30 %
of P2°5 content
3) ammonia water 25 %
4) magnesium - oxide (magnesia) lime (CaO, MgO) containing about
40 % of CaO and 20 % of MgO.
-------
- 162 -
The inspection tests of the course of neutralization process, obser-
vations of the growth and health of the vegetation, its flora compo-
sition and amounts of yields allow to draw the following, conclusions:
1. Among the tested out methods of liquidation of excessive soils'
acidification the best results gave the simultaneous employment
of two neutralizers, and namely:
a) on the spoil stacks of the Lignite Surface Mine "Tur6w" the
application of agricultural, fertilizing, ground quicklime, CaO,
together with the ground phosphate rock,
b) on the spoil stacks of the lignite surface mine "Przyjairi
Narodow" the employment of magnesia (megnesium oxide) lime,
CaO, MgO, jointly with the ground phosphate rock.
The phosphorus neutralizer performs a very important function,
blocking the harmful for the development of plants, readily hydro-
lyzing compounds of aluminium and iron, and apart from that it is
a fertilizer too. It became evident in connection with this, that due
to the placing of CaO lime and ground phosphate rock, at different
depths in the soil, both these neutralizers can be used simultane-
ously. The lime in such a placement does not hinder the plants
from deriving the phosphorus from the ground phosphate rock.
2. The doses of neutralizer should be adapted to the planned line of
reclamation. Linked with this are defined requirements concerning
the value, which the reaction (pH) has to achieve, on various depths
of the soil profile, and the time length needed for the attainment of
this state. The results acquired in the course of three years of re-
search work show, that for the soils toxically acid there exists a
certain threshold value of the reaction, the stepping over which
even in small way not only mokes possible the development of ve-
getation but also allows to achieve even sizeable crops. This thres-
hold value in the conditions of the investigated mines is contained
probably within the sector of 3,0 - 3,5 pH in KC1. It is different
for different soils, as it depends on many factors such as the form
of toxicity, the mineral and lithological soil composition, presence
of organic substance etc. The doses of lime necessary to negotiate
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- 163 -
the threshold value of the soils acidification amounted in the
lignite surface mine "Przyjazri Narodow" to 25 - 50 t/ha of CaO,
MgO and in "Turow" to 5-10 t/ha of CaO.
3. In the case of agricultural reclamation the doses of neutralizers
are not required to secure outright the rise in reaction to an
optimum value needed for the development of the crop plants,
i.e. of a reaction which would be contained within the 6,5 —
- 7,5 pH limits, as there is such a tendency where the agricul-
tural soils are being limed. Since the acid reaction of the rec-
laimed soils has a chemical character, as the case with ordinary
soils usually is, and not always is connected with it, the whole
lot of unfavourable features, such as the improverishment in the
Ca, Mg and other nutritious components, also the decomposition
of silty materials, and the acid character of the humus. For this
reason in the soils being reclaimed evem a small rise in the
reaction value to more than the threshold value, facilitates an
almost normal development -of vegetation, despite the fact that the
reaction in reality is still very acid. This permits a stage by sta-
ge liquidation of an excessive acidification, where at the first
stage there the free HgS04 should be eliminated, and blocked the
potential acidity, and the reaction in the 0-30 cm layer should
be raised to the 4,5 - 5,0 pH value. In the second stage the ne-
utralized layer should be made deeper, through an additional liming
employed jointly with a special cultivation effected (deep plowing
to 0,5 - 0,6 m). Further propagating of neutralization should be
made by way of biochemical processes.
On account of the water deficiency and the necessity of roots'
penetration into the deeper layers of subsoil, the depth of neutra-
lization during the first stage should be greater on the sandy
soils than on the clayish soils. Hence also in case of sandy soils
one prefers the neutralization executed in two layers.
4. With the forestral reclamation of soils on the spoil stacks of the
"Tur6w" lignite surface mine, there achieved were positive results,
with an application of a single layer neutralization connected with
an introduction of herbal vegetation striking roots deep, and this
fact facilitated the displacement of the neutralizer deep down into
-------
- 164 -
the ground. However in the course of forestrial reclamation of
soils on the stacks of the "Przyjafn Narod6w" surface mine and
presumably of all other similar soils, there was the necessity to
execute the neutralization in two layers 'placement. If this should
be impossible because of technical considerations, then the ne-
utralization in one layer should go along with the cultivation of
a herbaceous vegetation developing roots very deeply and this
should be maintained longer the worse are the water - air con-
ditions on the spoil stack,
7,7.5, The technology ototoxic _s oils^eutraliz«tion_ on very steej>
slopes and the rules of _their biological ^consolidation preven-
ting the eipsion._
An elucidation of issues connected with the biological consoli-
dation which on toxic slopes must be preceded by the soils 'neutra-
lization, requires longer period of research work. The results obtained
in the course of experiments carried out on the spoil stack of the
Turow lignite surface mine allow only an initial formulation of conclu-
sions, which had been collated with observations carried out on the
slopes of this spoil stack, reclaimed in the years 1960 - 1972,
Summing up the achieved results of research one can state the follo-
wing rules of the technology for the anti - erosion biological consoli-
dation of the steep toxic slopes,
1. The to be applied on the slopes neutralizer should be very active,
and be in a concentrated form. From the generally used neutrali-
zers, the agricultural ground, fertilizing quicklime (CaO), of a po-
ssibly high quality, or the magnesia, (magnesium oxide) lime (the
CaO, MgO), could be recommended,
2. The doses of neutralizer should quickly provide the exceeding
the reaction threshold value (pH), and to at least such a depth,
to which plants will be introduced. More correct though would be
the application of higher doses, which would provide:
-------
- 165 -
a) in the first phase, raising the reaction of the top layers cle-
arly to beyond the reaction threshold value,
b) making good the inevitable losses caused by erosion,
c) in the further phases the liquidation or the reduction in the
acidification of deeper layers, mainly through the migration of
the neutralizers together with the infiltrating waters.
These doses on the soils of the spoil stack of "Turow" lignite
surface mine amount to about 10 t/ho of CaO, or to an equivalent amo-
unt of other neutralizer, and on the soils of the "Przyjazri Narod6w"
stack - the 40-50 t/ha of CaO are required.
3. The method of the neutralizer's introduction should be such as to
provide possibly the fastest reaction with the soil and also to limit the
losses of neutralizer caused by wind and water erosion. Such effects
can be achieved through a mechanical loosening of the slope's surfa-
ce and the digging of pits for the plants, still before the application
of the neutralizer, even then when neutralization considerably is in
time ahead of the planting of the tree and shrub vegetation.
4. The fertilization employed by a biological consolidation of slopes invol-
ves the NPK fertilizers, with the provision, that one should use their
active, quickly producing effects forms. As the possibilities of agrotech-
nical treatments on the slopes are limited, therefore in order to reduce
the losses of fertilizer one should sow it on previously loosened sur-
face. The improved possibility of the fertilizer utilization can be achie-
ved when adopting the following plan of fertilization:
a) the initial NPK fertilization, to stimulate the acclimatization of the
vegetation,'
b) nitrogenous fertilization, provided outside the roots, used in few do-
ses' amounts dependent on needs.
5. The halting of erosion on the steep slopes is possible through the in-
troduction of herbaceous vegetation in a shape of papilionaceous plaints
mixture with grasses. The species coming into the composition of these
mixtures should satisfy the following requirements:
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- 166 -
a) fast germination and growth,
b) resistance to drought and to sudden chemical changes of the
medium, which are rather frequent, especially during the first
period of neutralization,
c) robust root system
d) small height.
The grasses create the protective cover quickest. In a mixture
though they must be accompanied by the papilionaceous plants
on account of their nitrogen bonding ability, the fulfilling of soil
producing function (deeper root system) and a nursing role per-
formed in regard of the seedlings of trees and bushes.
The experiments have shown, that when employing the mixture of
a composition given on table 4, one can quickly stop the erosion.
The participation in it of Phleum pratense should be somewhat
smaller owing to its strong competition in relation with the cuttings.
At the expense of this species one should increase the quantities
of the remaining species, amongst others of the Lupinus polyphyllus,
Lotus corniculatus and Trifolium repens. One should also, and this
requires a verification still, consider in the mixture composition the
yearling grasses, for example the Lolium multiflorum westerwoldicum.
The arborescent species introduced on the slopes can be divided
in respect of their performed functions into:
a) the phytomeliorating - among others the Alnus glutinosa, Salix
caprea,
b) the protecting - amongst others the Robinia pseudacacia, Hi-
ppopha£ rhamnoides, Caragana arborescens,
c) the biocenoseous - amongst others the Sorbus aucuparia,
Rhus typhina, Sambucus racemosa, Sambucus nigra, Evonymus
europaea,
d) of a target destination - amongst others the Larix europaea, the
Que reus borealis, the quercus robur, the Populus robusta,
the Populus Hybrida - 275, the Populus serotica, the Fraxinus
-------
- 167 -
excelsior, the Acer platamoidea, Acer pseudoplatanus, Carpinus
betulus, Fagus silvatica.
On the very steep slopes the proportion of seedlings from the
group of the phytomeliorating and the protective species should re-
ach the 65 — 80 level, whereby among the protecting species, for
the conditions suiting the spoil stacks of the "Tur<5w" mine as the
most suitable one has shown itself to be the Caragana arborescens,
and from the phytomeliorating the Alnus glutinosa.
Used for the planting should be material of a high quality, from a
nursery acquired. The spacing of the plantings should be sufficiently
dense, no more though than 1,5 x 1,5 m. Very favourable from the
economic, and other points of view, are plantings of shoot cuttings,
which can be set up in more humid places, with more dense spacing
out, but of no more than 0,5 x 1,0 m distances.
7.7.6. The selection of a^ ^ueditative _al2d_a_ quantitative _compoaitio_n _
of vegetation initiating the soil producing processes, and acti-
vely contributing^ to the biological neutralization _of_ the_ toxic_
formations^
The vegetation initiating the soil producing processes and acti-
vating the neutralization of toxic compounds contained in soils of the
spoil stacks should be satisfying a number of requirements. To the
most important ones belong the:
1) Particular resistance to acidification and to its' effects and to
the dynamics of the reaction changes and also to other chemical
peculiarities in a vertical and horizontal cross - section of the
root zone.
2) Very good resistance to particularly bad water - air conditions,
the typical characteristic of which are the extremely short periods
of a favourable soil humidity. Long lasting especially are the dry
weather periods, which worsen even more the already adverse
chemistry of the soil medium.
-------
- 168 -
3) The very fast growth providing a coverage of the surface and
curbing all forms of erosion.
4) Production of a large mass above and below the ground surface,
whereby this biomass should particularly readily be subject to
the mineralization and especially to the humification.
5) The roots of the plants should penetrate possibly the largest mass
of soil, securing thus a deep vertical drainage by means of the
thick tap roots,
6) To possess the ability of bonding the free nitrogen from the air
and availing of difficult assimilable forms of the phosphorus and
other microelements.
It is obvious that only one of the species of plant cannot satisfy
all these needs. With difficulty this can satisfy a made of many spe-
cies mixture, and only then, when the reclamatory operation were to
mitigate the bad chemical and physical conditions of the soil medium.
A proper shaping and regulation of hydrological conditions, then the
neutralization, the mineral fertilization, the cultivation, the nursing and
other like agrotechnical operations should serve this objective.
On the top flat portions of the spoil stack of the "Tur6w" lignite
surface mine good results were achieved from the application of a
mixture given on the point 7.4.2.3. It appears these results could
even be better provided the floristic composition of the mixture were
to be selected so as to suit the employed neutralization method.
In case of the CaO alone or. in a combination with the ground phos-
phate rock application for neutralization, the participation of the papi-
lionaceous* plant, and especially of lupin, should be increased by at
least 50 On the other hand in application of ammonia water in
cor^junction with ground phosphate rock as a neutralizer, the lupin
seeds should be eliminated from a mixture, increasing instead the pro-
portion of grasses in it by about 100 %.
On the spoil stack of the "Przyjafn N&rodow" lignite mine the
good results were achieved when using the mixtures M, and M„, of
which the qualitative and quantitative composition is given on the in
point 7.6.2.3. One should eliminate from the Mixture the Melilotus
-------
- 169 -
Albus, introducing in its stead the e.g. Lotus Corniculatus.
7.7.7. determination of a suitable agrotechnique for the
jedamation operations.
The cycle of experiments realized on the spoil stacks of
"Turow" and "Przyja£ri Narod6w" lignite surface mines involved the
cultivation of the mixtures of perennial papilionaceous vegetation
with grasses. This vegetation constituted a biological test of effec-
tiveness of the used methods of neutralization, and moreover it's
task was to initiate the soil producing processes. Subordinated to
these superior objectives was the agrotechnique, which was limited
to the pre - sowing cultivation, work connected with an intensive
mineral NPK fertilization, and in following years it was restricted
to a supplementary fertilization outside the roots, connected with the
loosenina of surface, and the mowing of the mixture, and leaving
the comminuted biomass on the being reclaimed surface.
A 3-yearly period of experim ents allows also to formulate one s
view regarding the advantages and disadvantages of the employed
agrotechnique. However taking into consideration the planned for the
next years realization of the research program regarding the agri-
cultural reclamation of the spoil stacks, more advantageous will be
to propose the rules of a suit
-------
- 170 -
8.
REFERENCES.
Bauman Kt and other#.
Reclamation of toxic spoil stack for various selected soil conditions -
with the Tur6w Lignite Mine as an Example. 1- st Interim Report Jan.
1, 1973, Oct. 31.1973, 2-nd Interim Report Dec. 1, 1973, Oct. 31,1974.
Bireckl M.
Kullman i inni
Gogatisvili A.D.
Greszta J.
Morawski S.
Untersuchungsmethoten des Bodenstrukturzustandes, Berlin 1968.
Investigation methods of the soil structure conditions, Berlin, 196S.
Problem® vosstanovlenija pocv poale razrabotki rudriych mestorozdenij
otkrytym sposobem. Sbornik naucnych trudov Estonskoj SSR.
Rekultywacja nieuzytk6w poprzemyslowych, PWRiL Warszawa 1972
Reclamation of post - industrial waste lands, PWR and L,
Heide G.
Kulturbbden aus kCinstlich umgelagerten Bodenmaterial,
Proceedings Inst. Congress of Soil Science 1974.
Fertile soils obtained through selective stacking.
lllner K.
Lorenz W.D,
Das Dormsdorfer Verfahren zur Wiederbarmachung von Kippen und
Halden des Braunkohlenbergbaues, Berlin Humbolt- Universit&t 1965.
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of the Lignite Opencast Mining, Berlin Humbolt University 1965.
Jonas P.
Tvorba pudy na vyaypk£ch alozenych z sedych micennich Jflu v oblasti
severoceskeho hnedouhelneho reviru. Lesnictvf 18 1972.
Jonas F,
Nadloznf jrty a jejich kvalitotivnf diferenciace pro ucety rekultivace v
revfru SHR. UhlT 6 1972.
Knabe W,
Zur Wiederurbarmachung im Braunkohlenbergbau, Berlin, 1959.
Restoration in the Lignite Opencast Mining.
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Razrabotka apoaobov rekultivacii land»afta naruaennego pronyalennoj dejatielnoatiu.
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Inat. Pocvovedenlja i Agrotechnlki im. N. Puakarova 1973.
Elaboration of the reclamation methoda of the diaturbed by induatry terrain.
Matarlala of the V International Sympoaium Agricultural State Academy, mamorial to G. Dymilrov Inati-
tuta of Agrotechniquea, mamorial of N, Puakarov, 1973.
Motorina UW, Promyalennoat i rakultlvacia nmal, Moakva, 1975.
Owctnnikow W.A.
Nowoaielakl O. Metody oznaczania potrzeb nawozowych PWRiL, Wa-wa 1968,
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Klaayflkacja nieuzylk6w poprzemyaiowych, Biuletyn nr 1 Komlaji Biologic znego
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Sindelar B.W,
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Reproduction of soils for agricultural restoration of spoil stacks with " Konin"
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ment 1.
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BtB conveyor system
Belt conveyor
Bucket wheel excavator
Coal band
Collecting belt conveyor
Cut (bench)
Ditch
Draining ditch
Excavator
Exploitation front
External spoil stack
Fertilization outside
the roots
assembled In series system of belt conveyors,
installation is intended for a continuous transportation of materials^
excavator working on a continuous basis by way of a wheel equipped
into buckets and transferring the winning with Internal belt conveyor onto
the transportation arrangements,
thin layer of coal, usually of small radius, occurring within the overbur-
den and being removed or intended to be removed together with the
overburden material,
belt conveyor gathering material from few conveyors; usually a stationary
belt conveyor,
portion of formation or stack contained between two neighbouring levels,
- elongated depression executed in a ground and Intended for intaklng
and oStaking water or only ofttaking water,
- ditch intaklng and offtaking rain waters, or undeground and rain waters,
- a self propelled machine intended for workina the soil material on the
worked slope in the excatlon, and loading it on transportation means,
- system of working faces.
_ the spoil stack localized outside the open-pit,
- scattering of mineral fertilizers onto the growing plants,
_ exploitation front of open pit working,
_ exploitation front of the spoil stack.
Incline of slope (overall angle of slope system) - ratio of altitude (of a cut or a sum of cuts)
to the base of cross - section (of slope, or system of slopes).
- Introduction of mineral fertilizers prior to sowing plants.
_ level situated between the exploitation levels not equipped with basic
machinery,
- slope, on which working or stacking Is performed,
- the spoil stack localised Inside the open-pit.
- a horizontal area dividing the open pit or stack into cuts,
- work connected with the Introduction of neutralizer to the soil.
Front of excavation
Front of stacking
Initial fertilization
Intermediate level
Movable slope
Internal spell stack
Level
Neutralization
Neutralizes
Offtaking ditch
Overburden
elements or chemical compounds employed for the purpose of liquidation
or limitation of toxic influence of compounds occurring In the soil,
ditch in which water is taken from a drained area of a working or a
spoil stack.
layers of waste rock occurring over the deposit of coal intended for
exploitation,
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Overburden material distributing station - assembly of systems, with the old of which is directed over-
burden material from the collecting belt conveyor onto the belt conveyor
transporting the overburden to a selected stacker,
Permanent slope
Over stacker layer
Pioneering vegetation
slopes on which no working or stacking is performed,
stacking above the level on which are standing the stacking appliances,
vegetation being introduced onto the worked out terrains In a framework
of reclamation, with the goal to inhibit the erosion and to initiate the inten-
sification of soil reproducing processes,
Reclamation of worked out terrains - all undertakings and operations connected with introduction of
pioneering vegetation onto the worked out terrains,
Recurvation of the exploited-out terrains - all undertaklnos and operations connected with the
introduction of economic activity on reclaimed terrains,
Seam of lignite - continuous layer of lignite occurring between the non-organic soils (rocks)
being a subject to exploitation, or Intended for exploitation.
Selective stacklnA
purposeful separate stacking on selected parts of the stack, or on separate
stacks of different kinds of spoils accordino t<-> a determined schedule.
Site of stack - a demarcated terrain intended for the distribution of stacked material,
Shelf - a flat horizontal surface left on the decline between the slopes in order
to Increase the stability of the slope of a pit or a stack, or executed fcr
the purpose of reduction In water erosion.
Slope - Inclined surface formed in the effect of mining operations.
Spoils - soils of waste rock occurring in the overburden and in between the seams
of coal,
Stack - spoil disposal (dump, pile, heap etc.).
Stacker - a self - propelled machine Intended for continoos collection of ground
masses from belt conveyors and their disposing onto the front of stacking,
Stacking - the whole of activities connected with the collection and distribution of
spoils on a demarcated site.
Stationary belt conveyor - belt conveyor based on permanent contrete foundation,
side area Impound In a the open pit working or the stack.
System of slopes
(of stack or working)
Top portion of stack
Toxic soils
the top (crown) area of the Internal or external stack almost flat or of
a small decline.
- soils, In which are occurring elements or, chemical compounds harmful to
the growth of plants, or caousing a bad quality of achieved products,
from the point of view of their consumption by animals or humans,
Travelling belt conveyor - belt conveyor of a construction adopted to shifting (on skids),
- stacking below the level on which aire standing stacking appliances,
- reinforced ditch executed on a slope or system of slopes Intended to
offtake waters derived from drainage of above positioned condlgnations of
stack or working,
- an open pit excavation existing durlna the time of performed exploitation,
- the length of a worked slope prepared for one excavator or a stacker
performing the work.
Under stacker layer
Water down-take
Working
Working face
Worklntt level
level on which the working or stacking takes places together with the
haulage,
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Printed in Poltegor, 29/76, 50 cop.
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