Everything You Wanted
To Know About
Environmental
But Were Afra
Town Hall
A Guide For Small Communities
Revised Edition
-------
i- f
I i
01
This handbook was developed by the Region VIII Small C ' *
Community Work Group. The agencies and organizations
represented on the work group include:
American Water Works Association
Colorado Department of Local Affairs
Colorado Municipal League
Colorado Special District Association
EPA, Region VIII
Midwest Assistance Program
Montana Department of Commerce
Montana Department of Health & Environmental Sciences
Montana State University Extension Service
North Dakota Dept. of Health & Consolidated Laboratories
North Dakota League of Cities
Rural Community Assistance Corporation
South Dakota Dept. of Environment & Natural Resources
South Dakota Municipal League
U.S. Department of Agriculture - Farmers Home Admn.
Utah Department of Environmental Quality
Utah League of Cities and Towns
Wyoming Association of Municipalities
Wyoming Casper College Environmental Training Center
APRIL 1993
i
-------
Preface
This handbook was prepared with the small local units of government
(communities) in mind. For the purpose of this handbook, a small community
is defined as a local unit of government with a population of 5,000 or less. It
was prepared for use by the officials of such communities as a quick reference
to the environmental issues facing their constituencies. If your community
exceeds this definition you will need, as a minimum, to comply with the
enclosed requirements. It is likely you may need to meet additional require-
ments.
Information presented in the handbook is meant only as a summary of
basic environmental requirements and/or agency guidance criteria. It is not
intended to serve as a definitive statement to the specific ways in which a
community may assure environmental compliance, but rather, it is a quick
guide to the environmental programs that typically apply to most small
communities.
The requirements and guidance presented in this handbook are based on
federal regulations and/or guidance in place in early 1993. These requirements
are implemented by a federal agency, usually the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA). It should be expected that some of these requirements/guidance
will change in the future. In addition, States and Indian tribes are required to
adopt rules at least as stringent as these federal rules. States and Tribes may
adopt rules that are somewhat different and possibly more stringent in some
cases, e. g., frequency of sampling or required date of implementation. Be sure
to ask for and read the rules from the appropriate state or tribal agency.
This document was initially prepared in late 1990 by the Midwest
Assistance Program, Inc. under contract to EPA Region VHI. It was expanded
by EPA Region VBI in early 1991 to include the EPA non-regulatory programs
that typically apply to small local units of government. The handbook was
updated in April 1993.
-------
i' '5%li
~ ~
~
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CROSS MEDIA PROGRAMS
3
6'!
Pollution Prevention 1
Public-Private Partnerships 4
SARA Title III Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-
Know Act 6
Asbestos 8
Indoor Radon 12
Pesticides 15
Toxics-PCBs 16
A
AJR PROGRAM
Clean Air Act Amendments 17
LAND PROGRAMS
RCRA Hazardous Waste 18
Subtitle D Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Criteria 22
Underground Storage Tanks 24
Superfiind 27
46
WATER PROGRAMS
Water and Wetlands Protection 29
Nonpoint Source Pollution 32
Drinking Water 33
Injection Wells 50
Wellhead Protection 52
Wastewater 54
State Revolving Fund 65
o
1*1
o
til
111
i—-»
~*>
o
w
s
LJ
DEFINITIONS-ACRONYMS 67
mm m »
¦ ¦¦ ¦
• Mil
RESOURCE MATRIX 71
iii
-------
CROSS MEDIA PROGRAMS H
0151
POLLUTION PREVENTION
EPA's Pollution Prevention approach
The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 establishes pollution prevention as
national policy-EPA's preferred approach for protecting human health and the
environment. The primary goal of pollution prevention is preventing or reducing the
generation of wastes and pollutants at the source. Pollution that cannot be prevented
should be recycled whenever possible. Pollution that cannot be prevented or recycled
should be treated in an environmentally safe manner. Disposal or other release into
the environment should be used only as a last resort and should be conducted in an
environmentally safe manner. Instead of using traditional pollution treatment and
control methods to stop existing pollutants from reaching the environment, pollution
prevention aims to anticipate and avoid the generation of pollutants in the first place.
Actions for communities
Rulings by courts, pronouncements by EPA, or wishing alone cannot clean up
the environment or keep it from becoming more polluted. What we need is an attitude
change. Community leaders can develop policies that encourage environmental
awareness and provide mechanisms to help build the ethic of preventing pollution.
Small communities are in a unique position to make things happen and to win the battle
against pollution. Local governments can encourage and stimulate the practice of
pollution prevention at all levels by working with industry and manufacturing, private
and public business (including agriculture, transportation, energy generators, hospi-
tals and schools), communities, and individuals.
Here are suggestions on how community leaders can fight pollution and
preserve environmental quality, human health and natural resources:
-Set pollution prevention as a major goal and integrate the concept into
governmental activities. Publicly recognize pollution prevention as a
priority. Practice what you preach—set an example.
-Educate the public as well as business and industry about pollution
prevention. Create an awareness of the profitability and benefits of
pollution prevention through greater efficiency and utilization of natural
resources.
-1-
-------
-Develop programs that provide environmental alternatives:
-Recycle paper, glass, plastic, aluminum, scrap metal, motor oil, and yard
wastes.
-Use less energy. Set back thermostats, insulate, buy energy-efficient
lighting and appliances, and make creative use of daylight.
-Use less water. Be conservative. Use ultra-low flush toilets, install water
meters, repair leaks, review maintenance schedules, use water conserving
landscaping.
-Transportation. Buy energy efficient automobiles and other fleet vehicles
and keep them tuned. Carpool, bike, walk, or use mass transit when
possible.
-Sustainable agriculture. Take advantage of natural methods of protec-
tion. Apply pesticides such as insecticides and herbicides carefully if they
must be used.
-Reduce smoke, radon, asbestos and other indoor-air pollutants.
-Hazardous waste. Reduce toxic use, encourage product substitution and
operation modification to environmentally sound practices. Recycle used
motor oil.
-Buy recycled or recyclable products. Seek out reusable, recyclable or
returnable packages.
-Lead. Be careful around surfaces covered with lead-base paint, and be
cautious when children are nearby during renovation or rehabilitation of
old buildings. Be sure drinking water does not contain harmful levels of
lead or other contaminants.
-Plant trees, shrubs, and indoor plants. They replenish the earth's oxygen
supply, and clean the air by removing pollution.
-------
Additional information
EPA, Region VIII, Pollution Prevention Office - 303/293-1471 or
303/293-1456
Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse - 703/821-4800
Pollution Prevention Information Exchange System (PIES) - 703/506-1025
(access through a personal computer or modem)
(See the listing for State Pollution Prevention contacts in the resource section)
-------
CROSS MEDIA PROGRAMS
~I In
~ ~
PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
As a community leader, you face the prospect of building or upgrading
facilities to meet environmental needs. You already may be feeling the squeeze of
growing environmental protection needs and expectations coupled with decreased
funding for infrastructure projects. As the pressure grows to minimize rate shock for
facility users, local community leaders must find new ways for their communities to
hold down costs and build public support for necessary additional expenses. Public-
private partnerships offer one solution.
| "The Self-Help Guide for Local Governments" has been written to acquaint
local officials with the concept of public-private partnerships, their benefits, and the
steps a community must take to build relationships with the private sector. This
information will be conveyed in the following sections.
Public-Private Parternships: What and Why
A public-private partnership is a contractual relationship between a public and
private partner that commits both to providing an environmental service. The private
sector can be involved in a variety of ways, from the initial design of a facility to its
I daily operation and maintenance.
Although each arrangement is unique, most public-private partnerships fall
into one of five categories. These types are contract services, turnkey facilities,
developer financing, privatizations, and merchant facilities. There are different
I benefits associated with each of these categories.
Communities enter into partnerships for various reasons. These include: access
to more sophisticated technology; cost-effective design, construction and/or opera-
tion; flexible financing; delegation of responsibility and risk; and guaranteed cost.
Building a Public-Private Partnership: An Action Checklist
No two communities build a partnership in exactly the same way, but all must
take roughly the same steps. This document presents an action checklist of the steps
that will help a community make the many decisions necessary to enter into a contract
with a private firm.
A community initiates the public-private partnership process by evaluating its
service needs, reviewing available technology, and identifying resources that may be
able to assist in the development of the contract. It is also important for community
-4-
-------
leaders to generate public support while they are evaluating financing prospects and
studying laws and regulations.
Reviewing a potential private partner's track record is also an important part
of the process. Another option a municipality may consider is regionalizing services
with surrounding communities. Eventually, local officials must narrow partnership
options, select and conduct its procurement process and finally, develop the service
agreement.
Financing, Procurement, and the Service Agreement
Three of the most difficult steps in building a public-private partnership are
financing, procurement, and the service agreement.
In choosing a financing method, a community should estimate the capital
required and identify various financing options. These financing strategies should
then be assessed against the financial condition of the municipality, the project's
costs and any risks. The community must select the option which is most appropriate
by comparing benefits and costs.
A local government starts to implement its choice by initiating the procurement
process. The three types of procurement most communities select are advertised
procurement, competitive negotiation, and two-step advertising. While advertised
procurement allows the community to dictate the terms of the solicitation, competi-
tive negotiation offers greater flexibility. Two-step advertising is a mixture of the
other two.
Finally, a partnership arrangement must be defined in a service agreement.
Each contract must include a number of elements. The contract must define: the
project and performance criteria; compensation method and timing; changing
situations and risk allocations; and contract termination and step-in-rights. Insur-
ance and bonding should also be considered since they may affect the terms of the
contract.
Additional Information
EPA, Region VIII, Pollution Prevention Office - 303/293-1456
"The Self-Help Guide for Local Governments/ EPA National Small Flows
Clearinghouse, 1-800/624-8302
-5-
-------
CROSS MEDIA PROGRAMS @0
SARA TITLE III - THE EMERGENCY PLAN-
NING AND COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW ACT
The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) Title III has two
purposes: to encourage and support emergency planning for responding to chemical
accidents, and to provide local governments and the public with timely and
comprehensive information about possible chemical hazards in communities.
Does the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know
Act apply to my community?
Yes, the chemicals in your community may pose a threat to citizens and to those
individuals being asked to respond to emergencies involving hazardous substances.
All facilities, including government facilities, in your community storing certain
hazardous chemicals (excluding specified quantities) must provide information to
government agencies and local communities. Also, if there is a chemical accident,
and if the accident results in the release of any one of a large number of hazardous
substances, immediate notification must be made to governmental agencies.
The law provides stiff penalties for facilities that do not comply, and it allows
citizens to file lawsuits against companies and government agencies to force them to
obey the law.
What are the requirements under this law?
The law, passed in October 1986, had many requirements and deadlines
associated with its passage. For example, governors were required to establish State
Emergency Response Commissions (SERCs); facilities subject to emergency plan-
ning requirements were required to notify their state commissions; and SERCs were
required to appoint Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs). LEPCs were
required to analyze hazards and develop a local emergency plan to respond to
chemical emergencies in each local district. Additionally, the LEPC must exercise,
review and update the plan annually, informing the public of these activities.
The LEPC has other responsibilities besides developing an emergency response
plan. It receives emergency release and hazardous chemical inventory information
submitted by local facilities, and must make this information available to the public
| upon request.
-------
Title HI requires owners and operators of facilities storing specified hazardous
substances to report to the LEPC within 60 days. As a result, the law allows small
communities to identify what needs to be done at the local level to better deal with
chemical emergencies.
If the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know
Act applies, what should I do?
As a local official you should insist on complete planning and adequate
preparation for an emergency. Review the membership list of your Local Emergency
Planning Committee (LEPC). Make sure it is fully representative of the community
and includes individuals from citizen groups, fire departments, public institutions
(hospitals, schools, state and local governments), medical, industry and business
fields, and farmers. It is important not only to participate in emergency planning but
to also communicate with the public.
Become familiar with the law so that you will know what tools are being made
available to the community to better assess and manage risks present within the
community. Identify what needs to be done at the local level to better prepare the
response community to more effectively deal with and prevent chemical emergen-
cies.
A dditional Information
EPA, Region VIII, Emergency Response Branch - 303/293-1723
SARA Title ffl Hotline - 1-800/535-0202
(See the Hating for State Emergency Response contacta in the reaource aection)
-------
~110
~ ~
CROSS MEDIA PROGRAMS
ASBESTOS
On October 22, 1986, the President signed the Asbestos Hazard Emergency
Response Act (AHERA) into law. The Act required EPA to develop regulations
creating a comprehensive framework for addressing asbestos hazards in schools. The
Act required EPA to construct a model accreditation program for individuals who
conduct inspections for asbestos, develop management plans, and perform abatement
work.
Other provisions of AHERA require all public and private elementary and
secondary schools to conduct inspections for asbestos-containing building materials,
develop management plans, and implement response actions in a timely fashion.
Specifically, each local education agency (or LEA, which means a public school
district or private school) must do the following:
-Designate and train a person to oversee asbestos-related activities in the LEA
(designated person).
-Inspect every school building for both friable and nonfriable asbestos
containing building materials.
-Prepare a management plan for managing asbestos and controlling exposure
in each school and submit that plan to the appropriate State agency. The
plan should include a time frame for implementation of recommended actions.
-Use only properly accredited persons to conduct inspections and develop
the asbestos management plan. Accredited personnel must also conduct the
required triennial reinspections.
-Provide custodial staff and short-term workers with information about the
location of any asbestos-containing materials. Post warning labels as re-
quired.
-Provide custodial and maintenance staff with two hours of awareness
training and an additional 14 hours of training for employees whose duties may
cause them to disturb asbestos. This additional training must include proper
work practices and the use of protective equipment when disturbing asbestos
containing materials.
-Notify parents, teachers, and other school employees about the asbestos
inspection and the availability of the asbestos management plan for review.
-8-
-------
-Utilize properly accredited individuals to design and conduct asbestos abate-
ment actions that are necessaiy and appropriate to protect health and the
environment. These actions or methods must be documented in the manage-
ment plan.
-Keep records of all asbestos-related activities in the plan and make them
available for public review.
-Inform employees and building occupants or their legal guardians annually
regarding the management plan availability and related ongoing activities
pertaining to implementation.
Management plans were submitted to State agencies on or before May 9,1989,
as mandated by the provisions of AHERA. LEAs were required to begin
implementation of their management plans by July 9, 1989. LEAs are required to
update and maintain management plans to reflect activities with ongoing operations
and maintenance, periodic surveillance, inspection, reinspection, and response
action activitities.
Interim Guidance on Asbestos School Hazard Abatement
Reauthorization Act (ASHARA) Requirements:
-After November 28,1992, AHERA Section 206 requires all persons inspect-
ing for asbestos or designing or conducting asbestos response actions in public and
commercial buildings to be accredited in accordance with the Model Accreditation
Plan (MAP). Persons who violate these requirements are subject to penalties of up
to $5,000 per day, per violation.
-Until the revised MAP takes effect, persons wishing to become accredited
asbestos professionals must successfully complete a course approved in accordance
with the existing MAP requirements and applicable state or local regulations.
-Until the revised MAP takes effect, training course providers and states are
under no obligation to take any action with respect to the increased training
requirements of ASHARA. However, they should be aware of the statutorily-
extended accreditation requirements and conduct their training and licensure pro-
grams in a consistent manner. Interested parties should consult the May 13, 1992,
Federal Register Notice 57 FR 20438 for information on the changes EPA is
proposing to make in the MAP.
-Until the revised MAP takes effect, terms used in AHERA Section 206 are to
be given their statutory definitions.
-------
-"Public and commercial buildings" are all buildings other than schools and
apartment buildings of fewer than 10 units. EPA interprets this term to exclude
single-family homes.
-AHERA does not define "inspection," so the ordinary meaning of the word
"inspection" should be used to determine whenever accreditation is required for a
particular asbestos-related task. For example, one meaning of the word "inspection"
is careful examination.
Response action is defined by AHERA as methods which protect health and
the environment from the hazards of asbestos-containing material, including
methods described in Chapters 3 and 5 of the Purple book. The statute does not
contain an explicit exemption for small projects, although EPA is considering that
or some other type of limitation in the MAP revisions.
What help is available?
EPA has established several programs to assist schools in assessing and
managing their asbestos related problems. Through its Headquarters office in
Washington, D.C. and the Regional office, the Agency provides direct technical
assistance to help school officials, school employees and parents better understand
asbestos issues. EPA provides funds to assist states in developing asbestos programs
and to help schools comply with federal asbestos regulations.
Under the Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act (ASHAA) program, EPA
provides financial aid to schools in the form of an interest-free loan, grant, or a
combination of both.
In accordance with Section 112 of the Clean Air Act, EPA established National
Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) to protect the public.
Asbestos was one of the first substances regulated under Section 112. EPA first
promulgated the Asbestos NESHAP in 40 CFR Part 61 on April 6, 1973. In 1990
a revised NESHAP regulation was promulgated.
The Asbestos NESHAP regulations protect the public by minimizing the
re ease o as s os i ers uring activities involving the processing, handling, and
d|jj£d of asbestos containing material (ACM). Accordingly, the Asbestos
T Tf PraC"CeS '0be f°U0Wed duri"8 demolitions and renovations
f fC atlons> ^d buildings (excluding residential buildings having
four or fewer dweUmgumts). In addition, the regulations require the owner of the
, rr0nw 101!°noUfy ,he W'icableto* and/
will r i demolitions>or before renovations of buildings that
will disturb a certain threshold amount of asbestos.
-------
How do I obtain more information?
Under AHERA, LEAs afford citizens the opportunity to become familiar with
asbestos activities in their respective school districts. The initial point of contact to
obtain information on asbestos activities should be the LEA designee. This
individual is most familiar with the asbestos situation in your school. Additionally,
state AHERA designees and local, state, and national parent and teacher organiza-
tions are excellent sources for requesting information on asbestos activities.
Additional information
EPA Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Hotline - 202/554-1404
ASHAA Asbestos Hotline (Schools) - 1-800/462-6706
EPA has an asbestos ombudsman to help citizens with asbestos-in-schools
issues, questions, and complaints. Call 1-800/462-6706.
Call 202/544-1404 to obtain the following documents: "Managing Asbestos
in Place, A Building Owner's Guide to Operations and Maintenance
Programs for Asbestos-Containing Material/ "The ABC's of Asbestos in
Schools," "100 Commonly Asked Questions About the New AHERA
Asbestos-in-Schools Rule."
For more information about Asbestos NESHAP, contact your state or local
agency.
(See the Hating for State Asbestos contacts in the reaource aection)
-------
CROSS MEDIA PROGRAMS
INDOOR RADON
Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that conies from the natural
breakdown (radioactive decay) of uranium in soil, rock and water. Radon moves up
through the ground to the air above and into homes and other buildings through
cracks or holes in the foundation, and other entry points. The home acts to trap radon
gas, especially when the home is closed, increasing indoor radon levels. Most soils
contain vaiying amounts of uranium; and therefore, elevated radon levels have been
found in homes, schools and buildings throughout the U.S.
Exposure to high radon levels is dangerous. The health hazard from radon
arises from inhaling of its radioactive decay products. The Surgeon General has
warned that radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the U.S. today. For
persons who smoke the health risk of elevated radon levels is especially high.
The EPA has established an action level for indoor air radon levels of
4 pCi/1 (picocuries per liter). Nearly one out of every 15 homes in the U.S are
estimated to have radon levels that exceed the action level. The EPA has estab 1 ished
a testing procedure for testing homes, schools and buildings. This procedure is
described in the "Citizen's Guide to Radon."
In 1988, Congress enacted the Indoor Radon Abatement Act (IRAA) with the
goal of reducing indoor radon levels to radon levels found in outside air. Among
other provisions, IRAA provided funds for state governments to establish radon
programs and to assist local governments and communities in encouraging residents
to test for radon and mitigate elevated radon levels. IRAA also required EPA to
develop a national description of radon levels in homes and schools throughout the
countiy. Most states and many Indian nations in conjunction with the EPA have
CA°!\ ,1radoin residential surveys to characterize statewide radon distributions.
Additionally, about 1,200 schools were tested in the winter of 1991. Results of the
National School Radon Survey are available
IRAA also required the EPA to develop a program to evaluate radon mitigation
con rac ors an on measurement labs. In response, the EPA established four
regional radontraining centers to train radon professionals. The EPA also developed
ana ion pro ciency exam to test the knowledge of radon contractors. Contractors
TonrT88 ?e Cfam UStfd °n the Radon Contractor Proficiency (RCP) list. About
1,200 contractors are included on the RCP list
-12-
~I in
ran
-------
Does the radon program apply to my community?
Local communities, in concert with state governments, play a vital role in
reducing the public health risk of radon. It is very likely that there are homes, day
care centers, schools or commercial buildings in your community that have elevated
indoor air concentrations of radon.
Currently, most radon-related policies are non-regulatory. EPA, state and
local governments have focused their energies toward educating the public about the
health risk of radon and encouraging voluntary testing of homes and buildings.
Some states, however, have developed radon regulations including certification of
radon professionals and mandatoiy testing of all public schools. Additionally, in
1993 model building codes for new construction will be proposed that may be
incorporated into the building codes of local jurisdictions. Finally, Congressional
attention has been directed toward required radon testing during real estate
transactions that involve federal agencies, such as Farmer's Home Administration
(FmHA) or Housing and Urban Development (HUD).
Local governments can act to protect their residents from radon in several
ways: first, through developing radon education and outreach programs; second,
through adopting radon-resistant building codes for new construction, such as the
model codes to be proposed by the EPA; third, by encouraging voluntary testing
in local communities; fourth, by ensuring that local radon contractors are RCP-
listed; finally, by working in conjunction with the state radon office and community
organizations, such as the American Lung Association, to elevate local attention to
this important health risk.
Actions your community should be taking
-Become familiar with the health risks associated with radon as well as the
ways radon enters homes, schools and buildings.
-Identify ways to educate the community about radon and to encourage
voluntary testing.
-Contact your state radon office. Request their assistance in providing you
with public information about radon, including citizen guides to radon,
current lists of radon contractors and measurement firms, and the status of
state regulatory programs.
-------
Additional Information
The EPA has established a toll-free number to obtain radon information.
1-800/SOS RADON. Many states also have toll-free numbers to answer
questions regarding radon.
"A Citizen's Guide to Radon," U.S. EPA, August 1986, OPA-86-004
National School Radon Survey, U.S. EPA, 1-800/SOS-RADON
(See the listing for State Radon contacts in the resource section}
-14-
-------
CROSS MEDIA PROGRAMS
PESTICIDES
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registers and regulates the use
of pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
(FTFRA) and the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. Under FTFRA, EPA has
the authority to require manufacturers to submit specific research data to EPA in
order to determine whether a chemical can be registered for production, sale,
distribution and use in the United States. These products must have been approved
and possess an EPA registration number. EPA also has the authority to cancel,
suspend or place more use restrictions on a chemical product should that be
necessaiy in order to protect the public or the environment.
On August 13, 1992, the Worker Protection Standards became law and
greatly expanded the protection to workers and handlers of pesticide products.
Employers must now insure that these individuals are properly trained and
necessaiy safety measures are taken to protect the users of these chemicals.
Additionally, they must provide medical assistance and decontamination facilities
to those who may accidently become exposed to a chemical. The "Worker
Protection Standards" also increase the labelling requirements.
Final Rule publication is expected in the near future that would address issues
dealing with the hazards associated with the contamination of ground water
resources by pesticides and the killing of threatened and endangered species due
to the use of pesticides. States are now being encouraged by EPA to develop plans
with the cooperation of local units of government that will address these items. On
matters dealing with the use, storage, sale, registration or health and environmental
problems relating to pesticide use, contact EPA.
Q ~
nc
Additional Information
EPA Region VUI Toxic Substances Branch - 303/293-1803
-------
CROSS MEDIA PROGRAMS
TOXICS - PCBS
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are toxic substances which are a hazard to
human health and the environment due to their persistence, bioaccumulation in the
food chain, toxicity, and delayed reproductive effects.
The Environmental Protection Agency was required by Congress under Section
6(e) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) (Public Law 94-469, October 11,
1976) to promulgate rules for marking, storing, and disposing of PCBs.
Virtually every municipality and utility in the U.S. is, or has been, in possession
of regulated PCB equipment. Manufacturers and servicers inadvertently introduced
PCBs into a large proportion of the mineral oil filled electrical equipment in use prior
to 1978. Most contamination resulted from mixing PCBs and mineral oil during
servicing operations.
~
~
~
~
Dielectric fluid less than 50 parts per million (ppm) PCBs is considered "non-
PCB,H but disposal is required. These fluids may not be used for any purpose except
that they may be burned in specified industrial furnaces and space heaters. Fluid
containing more than 50 ppm PCB is regulated for disposal. Fluid containing more
than 500 ppm PCB is regulated for both use and disposal.
L f^rrently'. EPA has Cooperative Agreements with a number of states to enforce
the PCB regulations.
EPA ^®nds allow use of contaminated and PCB equipment for the remainder
o i s use i e as ong as the equipment is properly monitored and maintained.
Additional Information
PCB Regulations, 40 CFR, Part 761
EPA Toxic Substances Branch - 303/293-3978 or 303/293-1686
-16-
-------
AIR PROGRAMS
CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS
Will the Clean Air Act Amendments apply to my community?
Most provisions will not affect small communities. However, there may be
instances when impacts may occur. Communities located in areas where National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are not being met may be impacted by
regulatory actions to correct the problem (e.g., oxygenated fuels in carbon monoxide
nonattainment areas or restrictions on woodburning in ski communities).
Actions your community should be taking
Prior to initiating significant involvement to address air pollution issues which
may arise, small communities should contact their State Air Pollution Agency and
the Regional EPA Small Community Contact for guidance.
A
Additional information
Clean Air Act Amendments:
TITLE VIII- MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Sec. 810. Impact on small communities
Before implementing a provision of this Act, the Administrator of the
Environmental Protection Agency shall consult with the Small Communities
Contact of the Environmental Protection Agency to determine the
impact of such provision on small communities, including the estimated cost
of compliance with such provision.
Region VIII Small Community Contact - 303/294-1108
(See the listing for State Air contacts in the resource sectionJ
-17-
-------
LAND PROGRAMS /MWm-.
RCRA HAZARDOUS WASTE
Hazardous waste is prevalent throughout all levels of commerce and industry.
Wastes are identified as hazardous if they pose a potential danger to human health
and/or the environment when not properly treated, stored, transported, disposed, or
otherwise managed. Potential dangers include explosions, fires, corrosive destruc-
tion of materials, chemical reactions, and/or health impairing exposure to toxic
chemicals. The greater the quantity or concentration of chemicals exhibiting any of
these dangers, the greater the need to assure their proper management.
In 1976, Congress enacted the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) as the primary regulatoiy vehicle to assure that hazardous waste is properly
managed from the point of its generation to its ultimate disposal or destruction, i.e.,
from cradle to grave. RCRA establishes a very complex and comprehensive set
of requirements to define what hazardous waste is subject to regulation. The Act also
describes the responsibilities of anyone who generates, transports, stores, treats,
disposes or otherwise manages hazardous waste. At this time, waste generated by
individual households, many of which may still exhibit some of the dangers
described above, are not subject to federal RCRA requirements. Many states are
authorized for implementing the hazardous waste program In cooperation with your
local county health officials, they sometimes conduct household hazardous waste
collection days. You should contact your state or county representatives to find out
when the next household hazardous waste pickup will be
In 1984, Congress enacted the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendment
(HSWA) to RCRA. These rules broadened EPA1 s authority to address past disposal
of solid wastes at active and inactive facilities.
Currently, there are three categories of hazardous waste generators under the
RCRA program requirements:
Large Quantity Generator (LQG) - Facilities that generate more than 1,000
kilograms per month of any hazardous waste or more than one kilogram
/f hazardous waste- A kilogram is approximately 2.2 pounds
an i ograms is approximately five, 55 gallon drums of material.
-Small Quantity Generator (SQG)- Facilities that generate less than 1,000
i ograms per month of hazardous waste but more than 100 kilograms per
mon approximately one half 55 gallon drum). Small quantity generators
are given a ltional time to comply with new regulations and for on-site
storage of their waste.
-18-
-------
-Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generator (CESQG) - Facilities that
generate less than 100 kilograms a month of any hazardous waste are condition-
ally exempt from the RCRA regulations. These facilities may generally dispose
of their waste in accordance with state "solid waste" requirements such as
those described under the Subtitle D program (Municipal Solid Waste Landfill
Criteria).
Does the RCRA Program apply to my community?
It is very likely that some types of hazardous waste are generated by businesses
in your community or by your municipal facility operations themselves. These
businesses often generate hazardous waste that may be subject to RCRA require-
ments. These hazardous wastes may be generated by vehicle repair shops, auto body
repair shops and dry cleaning facilities and may include such things as solvents,
corrosives and materials containing metals, i.e., chrome, cadmium and leal. Any
discarded material must be evaluated to determine if it has been listed by EPA as
hazardous waste or if the waste exhibits any of the following characteristics:
ignitablity, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity as determined by the Toxic Character-
istic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test.
In addition to used materials which might be considered hazardous waste, you
must also be careful with your management of products that no longer are wanted or
needed, and you now wish to discard. Leftover pesticides from grounds keeping
operations, old paint thinner, etc. must be fully evaluated before you determine what
you are going to do with the waste. EPA has identified several hundred chemical
products which, if disposed of, would also be considered "listed hazardous waste."
Another area of possible concern for your community would be the operation
of a trash collection system and/or a landfill. Normally, because household wastes
are currently exempt from RCRA regulation, municipal landfills are regulated under
a program referred to as the "Subtitle D Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Criteria"
which is intended to insure proper management of the municipal landfill. However,
the addition of commercial waste materials collected and/or co-disposed with the
household materials might trigger RCRA jurisdiction over the entire facility.
Another area of concern includes used oil. In 1992, EPA revised its used oil
regulations considerably. EPA decided not to list used oil as a hazardous waste but
Published specific management procedures. Contact the RCRA hot line for further
information or your regional or state office.
Timetable
RCRA regulations were first published in 1980 and are constantly amended to
add new wastes subject to the program. Once you determine that you are a handler
°f hazardous waste (i.e., either generating, storing, transporting, etc.), you must
-19-
-------
notify EPA and/or the State Hazardous Waste Office of your activity and receive
an EPA RCRA identification number.
Different timetables and responsibilities apply to the different activities.
Generators may accumulate waste on-site for up to 90 days without triggering a
requirement to obtain a storage permit. Small quantity generators have up to 180
days or may accumulate, one time, up to 6,000 kg. on site.
Securing a permit authorizing the treatment, storage, or disposal of hazardous
waste is a very expensive and lengthy process.
Actions your community should be taking
-Become familiar with the kinds of waste materials that are subject to
RCRA regulation.
-Identify ways to reduce or recycle chemicals that are generating waste.
Find non-toxic substitute products for hazardous chemicals.
-Buy the right amount of chemicals you need, not more. Try to find
someone to use unwanted, unused chemicals rather than throwing them
away.
-Become familiar with the industrial facilities served by your community.
Understand how they are managing their dangerous and hazardous waste.
-20-
-------
Additional Information
The RCRA regulations are published at 40 CFR (Code of Federal Register)
Part 260 through Part 272. Part 261 defines what materials are hazardous waste and
therefore subject to the RCRA requirements.
EPA is reinventing its approach to environmental protection rather than
focusing only on "end of pipe" regulatory controls. Much emphasis is placed on
pollution prevention/waste minimization in the hazardous waste program. Contact
the EPA Waste Minimization Office - 303/294-1065 if you have innovative ideas
for stopping or minimizing the generation of hazardous waste and/or pollution
prevention as it relates to hazardous waste, or if you wish to know more about what
the Region is doing in these areas.
Many states have been approved by EPA to apply and enforce the federal
RCRA hazardous waste requirements. You may wish to contact your state
environmental agency to get more information on how your state offices are
involved.
EPA has also established a toll free RCRA Hotline to answer questions
regarding the applicability or interpretation of the RCRA regulations. The RCRA
Hotline number is 1-800/424-9346.
(See the listing for State Solid & Hazardous Waste contacts in the resource section)
-21-
-------
LAND PROGRAMS
SUBTITLE D MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
LANDFILL CRITERIA
Municipal Solid Waste is a non-hazardous waste generated at residences,
commercial establishments, and institutions.
The Subtitle D Municipal Solid Waste Landfill regulation was published
October 9, 1991 and will become effective on October 9, 1993. The regulation
covers six aspects of landfills: location, operation, design, ground water monitoring
and corrective action, closure and post-closure care, and financial assurance.
Does the regulation apply to my community?
The regulation applies only if your community owns or operates a landfill.
Landfills that were closed before October 9, 1991, do not have to comply with any
of the requirements of the new regulation. Landfills that stop receiving solid waste
before October 9,1993, will only have to comply with the final cover requirements,
landfills that are operating on October 9, 1993, must comply with all of the
requirements of the new federal regulation. (Landfill owners and operators need to
remember that state rules still apply regardless of the changes in the federal
regulation.)
If your landfill is small, receiving no more than 20 tons of solid waste per day
on an annual average, it may be exempt from the design, ground water monitoring
an corrective action criteria of Subtitle D if it meets certain other requirements, such
as: 1) there is no evidence of ground water contamination, 2) it is located in an area
that receives less than 25 inches of precipitation annually, and 3) the community has
no ot er practica e solid waste disposal alternative. Communities need to contact
their state regulatory officials for eligibility for this exemption.
Indian tribes with solid waste permitting programs approved by
EPA may be more flexible m implementing the new regulation. All six states and
several Indian tribes in Region VIII are seeking or plan to seek program approval.
Timetable
The new solid waste regulation will become effective on October 9, 1993. The
fnH™ ^ e!" mo°1
-------
Actions your community should be taking
-Learn what impact Subtitle D Solid Waste Regulations will have on your
landfill and community.
-Be prepared to either close your landfill or upgrade it to meet the new
regulation.
- Consider joining with other nearby communities to jointly run and share costs
of a "regional landfill."
- Plan and prepare a community solid waste management program which
includes recycling, composting, waste reduction and other disposal options in
addition to landfills.
Additional Information
40 CFR Parts 257 and 258, RCRA Subtitle D Criteria for Municipal Solid
Waste Facilities
RCRA Solid Waste Hotline - 1-800/424-9346
Technical guidance is available from your EPA Region VIII Solid Waste
Office 303/293-1661
-------
LAND PROGRAMS
UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS
What is an underground StorageTank? An Underground Storage Tank (UST)
is any tank, including underground piping connected to the tank, that has at least 10
percent of its volume underground.
Does the UST regulation apply to my community?
Yes, if an UST is storing either petroleum or certain hazardous chemicals and
it fits the UST definitions. Most communities have USTs covered by these
regulations.
Does the UST regulation apply to all underground storage
tanks?
No, some exclusions are:
-Farm or residential tanks holding 1,100 gallons or less of motor fuel used for
noncomercial purposes
-Tanks storing heating oil which is used on site
-Emergency spill or overfill containment UST system
-Septic tanks and systems for collecting storm or wastewater
-Wastewater treatment tanks regulated under the Clean Water Act
-Tanks whose capacity is 110 gallons or less
-Storage tanks on or above the floor of an underground area, such as a
basement, tunnel or vault
-Field constructed tanks
If the UST regulation does apply, what must the owner do?
-Equip theUST with devices that prevent spill and overfills by December 1998
-Protect the tank and piping from corrosion or structural failure by
upgrading it by December, 1998
-24-
-------
-Equip the tank and piping with leak detection within the following specified
time frames:
Tank and Piping Age:
Leak Detection is Required By:
25 years or older
20 - 25 years old
15 - 19 years old
11-14 years old
5-9 years old
December 1989
December 1990
December 1991
December 1992
December 1993
-Verify that the stored contents are compatible with the tank's interior
walls.
-Be financially responsible for the cost of cleaning up a leak or compen-
sating other people for bodily injury and property damage caused by a leaking
I own tanks to which regulations apply, but I'm not using
them, what should I do?
Follow closure requirements for tanks temporarily or permanently closed.
(Note: Tanks not used for 3 to 12 months can be temporarily closed.) Beyond 12
months, for permanent closure, the tank will have to be emptied and cleaned,
possibly removed. The State agency will help you decide how best to close the UST
so that it meets all local and state requirements.
If a leak or spill should occur, what must be done?
-Contact the fire department to ensure that it does not pose a hazard to human
health and safety.
-Tell the State agency within 24 hours; the regulatory authority will decide
if you must take further action.
-Assume financial responsibility for taking corrective measures and
compensating individuals who are harmed by leaks or spills from USTs that
store petroleum products.
-If closure is necessary, notify the State agency as soon as possible
before you close your UST.
What are the reporting requirements?
You need to check with your State agency about the particular reporting
requirements in your area. You may only need to report to the State agency at the
beginning and end of the UST system's operating life.
UST.
-------
Additional Information
"Musts for USTs: A Summary of the New Regulation for Underground
Storage Tank Systems," U.S. EPA, Office of Underground Storage Tanks,
July 1990
RCRA/Superfund Hotline 1-800/424-9346
Local Fire Marshall
All states may have different requirements for Underground Storage Tanks.
Contact your State agency to obtain specific state information.
(See the listing for State UST eontacts in the resource section)
-26-
-------
LAND PROGRAMS
SUPERFUND
As the 1970's came to a close, a series of stories gave Americans a look at the
dangers of dumping industrial and urban wastes on the land. First, there was New
York's Love Canal. Hazardous waste buried for 25 years contaminated streams and
soil and endangered the health of nearby residents who had to be evacuated.
It became increasingly clear that there were large numbers of serious hazardous
waste problems that were falling through the cracks of existing environmental laws.
The magnitude of these emerging problems moved Congress to enact the Comprehen-
sive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) in 1980.
CERCLA, commonly known as Superfund, was established to deal with the dangers
posed by the nation's abandoned or uncontrolled waste sites.
Since the program began, hazardous waste has surfaced as a major environmen-
tal concern in every part of the United States. It wasn't just the land that was
contaminated by past disposal practices, but chemicals in the soil were spreading into
the ground water and into streams, lakes and wetlands. Toxic vapors contaminated
the air at some sites, while improperly disposed or stored wastes threatened the health
of the surrounding community and the environment.
Few realized the size of the problem until the EPA began the process of site
discovery and evaluation. Congress directed EPA to set priorities and establish a list
of sites to target. The sites on the National Priority List (NPL), are almost 1,250 and
the most complex and compelling cases of the entire inventory of potential hazardous
waste sites.
Superfund responds immediately to sites posing imminent threats to human
health and the environment at both NPL sites and sites not on the NPL. The purpose
is to stablilize, prevent, or temper the effects of a release of hazardous substances, or
the threat of one, into the environment. These might include tire fires or transportation
accidents involving the spill of hazardous chemicals.
Superfund has completed actions to reduce immediate threats at over 1,760 NPL
and non-NPL sites. Further, at over 160 of the NPL sites action of the final remedy
has been completed.
-------
Superfund activities also depend upon local citizen participation. The EPA's
job is to analyze the hazards and to deploy experts, but the agency needs citizen
input. Because people in the community where a site is located will be those most
directly affected by the wastes and cleanup process, EPA encourages citizens to get
involved in cleanup decisions.
Additional Information
EPA Region VIII Superfund Program - 303/293-1518
Superfund/RCRA Hotline 1-800/424-9346
-28-
-------
WATER PROGRAMS
WATER AND WETLANDS PROTECTION
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (later amended and renamed
the Clean Water Act) defined waters of the United States, including wetlands, and
mandated a variety of protection programs. Also, the Clean Water Act along with
the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 mandated every federal agency to
assess the environmental impact of any proposed federal action on waters of the U.S.
Protection of U.S. waters and wetlands involves several federal agencies (primarily
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Soil Conservation Service) plus many State
agencies (usually State Departments of Environmental Quality, Health, Conserva-
tion, Transportation, Agriculture and others). The objectives of the Clean Water Act
and other legislative acts and subsequent regulations include restoring and maintain-
ing the chemical, physical and biological integrity of U.S. waters (including
wetlands).
U.S. waters include lakes, streams, rivers, wetlands and coastal waters. The
Water Quality Standards (WQS) program requires State agencies to establish
designated uses for all waters of the State, and to adopt and implement criteria (e.g.,
for specific chemicals) to protect those uses. The designated uses for water bodies
may include:
- Aquatic life uses - protection of fishes and other aquatic organisms;
- Recreational uses - swimming, wading, boating and incidental contact;
- Drinking water supply - protection for downstream public water supply
intakes; and
- Miscellaneous - industrial or agricultural uses, tribal religious use, etc.
Hie various uses established must be accompanied by specific criteria (includ-
ing chemical, physical, and biological measures) which are protective of all uses. In
addition, WQS must provide for protection of all downstream uses, and state
Provisions must include an antidegradation policy to protect water quality already
better than state standards.
WQS differ from some other regulations in that they usually are not "self-
implementing. " For example, in order to prevent point source discharges from
vioIating standards, specific limitations are included in discharge permits, and these
-29-
46
-------
permit limitations become the "enforceable" provisions. Finally, State agencies are
required to review State WQS at least once every three years to include a public review
process and to submit the WQS to EPA for review and approval.
U.S. waters also include wetlands, generally defined as saturated or flooded
areas where there is a prevalence of aquatic hy drophy tic vegetation such as in swamps,
marshes, bogs and other similar areas. All states have (or are currently in the process
of including) wetlands in their definition of waters of the state. Protection of wetlands
means virtually any type of activity which affects or may potentially affect them which
could require a regulatoiy review prior to the activity commencing. Violation of these
and related environmental protection laws can involve stiff penalties including fines,
requirements to restore the area, and/or imprisonment.
Wetlands are being lost at an alarming rate. Today, less than half of our original
wetlands remain. Some of the major causes of wetlands loss include, but are not
limited to, agriculture drainage, urban development, trash deposition, chemical
contamination and other pollution. Wetlands have many functions and values that
make them dynamic and serve many purposes. They help maintain and improve water
quality, store water during floods and reduce erosion as well. Wetlands are sources
of ground water and surface water, providing for domestic and agriculture needs.
Wetlands are important wildlife habitats as many species are dependent on them for
survival. These biologically diverse areas are also recognized for their scientific and
educational opportunities.
The three agencies most frequently involved in wetlands protection are:
- U.S. Department of Defense, Army Corps of Engineers
- U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
State agencies with responsibility for water quality (e.g. Department of
Environmental Quality, Health Department, etc.) have responsibility for all aspects
of WQS - including designated uses, criteria, antidegradation, and overall implemen-
tation.
-30-
-------
Additional Information
The Clean Water Act of 1977 (33 U.S.C. 1251-1376)
The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321)
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1934, amended 1946, 1958, 1977 (16
U.S.C. 661-667e)
River and Harbor Act of 1899, Section 10 Hazardous Waste
Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, as amended (33
U.S.C. 1431)
The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (16 U.S.C. 1451)
The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531)
U.S. Army Corps of Engineer Regulations (33 CFR 320-330)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (40 CFR 230, also known as the
404(b)(1) guidelines)
Executive Order 11990, May 25, 1977, pages 26961-26965
The Wetlands Protection Hotline operates Monday through Friday, exclud-
ing Federal holidays, from 9:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. (EST). The Hotline number
is 1-800/832-7828
{See the listing for State Wetlands contacts in the resource section)
-------
WATER PROGRAMS
NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION
Despite progress in improving water quality impacts from industrial and
municipal dischargers (point sources), the Nation faces significant water quality
challenges. The nation's major remaining water pollution problems are caused by
less obvious and more widespread sources of pollution - nonpoint sources that affect
both surface water and ground water. Unlike the other programs described in this
book, Nonpoint Source Programs (NPS) may or may not be regulatoiy. These
relatively uncontrolled sources of pollution may contribute more to water quality
degradation than point sources. Leading nonpoint sources of pollution include
agriculture, grazing, forestry, construction, urban runoff, mining, and hydrologic
modification. The nonpoint source program is locally focused and state adminis-
tered.
The nonpoint source program is to be implemented on a watershed-by-
watershed basis insofar as possible. Geographic targeting of watersheds focuses not
on political boundaries such as federal regions, states, counties, or municipalities,
but on ecological units - river basins, estuaries, or the critical habitat of a species or
group of species. Watershed management integrates the environmental resources
with human activities. This approach shifts the emphasis from particular pollutants
or pollution sources to a process that begins with the questions: "What do we want
this watershed to look like? What is affecting the watershed? Can the resources and
activities be managed differently to achieve our goals?"
46
(See the Hating for State Nonpoint Source contacts in the resource section)
-------
WATER PROGRAMS
DRINKING WATER
Safe drinking water is a fundamental right of every American. It is in this
spirit that Congress passed the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) in 1974. Congress
took an even stronger stand with the 1986 amendments to the SDWA. Amending
the SDWA vastly increased the number of contaminants (see the following table) that
need to be monitored by a small community Public Water System (PWS). The
amendments will also create regulations for ground water disinfection, disinfection
and disinfection by-products and 25 additional contaminants eveiy three years.
The potential health benefits of the SDWA amendments are significant.
One report estimates that the aggregate health benefits for all rules, except for the
disinfection and disinfection by-products, includes: 178 cases of cancer avoided
each year, over 200,000 cases of waterborne disease avoided annually, 226,000
persons having reduced exposure to cadmium, and 138 million persons estimated to
have reduced exposure to lead. The key to realizing these health benefits is
monitoring.
Timetable
All the contaminants in the following table will need to be tested at least once
prior to January 1996. The system may be able to eliminate or reduce monitoring
now and in the future (see section on actions your community should be taking).
Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLS)
Compare your monitoring results with the MCLs listed on the following
pages. If your system exceeds any MCL, then your system may need to install
the best available technology (BAT) to treat that contaminant.
46
-------
EPA FINALIZED NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING
WATER REGULATIONS
MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS
CONTAMINANT
MCL
Total Coliforms
* Presence/Absence
Giardia Lamblia
Treatment Technique
Heterotrophic Plate Count
Treatment Technique
Leqionella
Treatment Technique
Virus
Treatment Technique
Turbidity
Treatment Technique
< 5.0 NTU at all times
<0.5 NTU in 95% of all samples for
conventional & direct filtration
<1.0 NTU in 95% of all samples for
diatomaceous earth and slow sand
filtration, and other filtration techniques
• If > 40 samples/month: no more than 5% of the samples may be Total
Coliform Positive.
If < 40 samples/month: no more than 1 sample may be Total Coliform Positive.
INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS
CONTAMINANT
MCL
~*BAT
Antimony
0.006 mg/l
1,7
Asbestos
7 million
fibers/liter longer
than 10 um
1,2,3,4
Arsenic
0.05 mg/|
Not yet specified in
regulation. However,
technologies with the
highest removal efficiencies
for Arsenic are 1,6,7,9
-34-
-------
INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS (continued)
CONTAMINANT
MCL
'BAT
Barium
2 mg/l
5.6,7,8
Beryllium
0,004 mg/l
1,5,6,7,9
Cadmium
0.005 mg/l
1,5,6,7
Chromium
0.1 mg/l
1,5,6,7 (BAT for Chromium
111)
1,5,7 (BAT for Chromium VI)
Copper
Treatment
Technique
1,5,6,7 (Source Water BAT)
2,11 (Distribution System
BAT)
Cyanide
0.2 mg/l
5,7,12
Fluoride
4.0 mg/l
7,9
Lead
Treatment
Technique
1,5,6,7 (Source Water BAT)
2,11 (Distribution System
BAT)
Mercury
0.002 mg/I
f1,6,7J (BAT only if influent
Mercury concentration is
less than 10 ppb.); 10
Nickel
0.1 mg/l
5,6,7
Nitrate as (N)
10 mg/l
5,7,8
Nitrite as (N)
1 mg/I
5,7
Selenium
Sulfate
0.05 mg/l
Deferred
1,6,7,8,9 (BAT for Selenium
IV)
6,7,8,9 (BAT for Selenium
VI)
Thallium
0.002 mg/l
5,9
Total Nitrate &
Nitrite
10 mg/l
5,7,8
Best Available Technology to remove contaminant
(Not necessarily BAT for variances & exemptions)
-35-
-------
BEST AVAILABLE TREATMENT (BAT) TECHNOLOGIES
1
Coagulation & Filtration
8
2
Corrosion Control
9
3
Direct Filtration
10
4
Diatomite Filters
11
5
Ion Exchange
6
Lime Softening
12
7
Reverse Osmosis
Electrodialysis
Activated Alumina
Granular Activated Carbon
Public Education and Lead
Servica Line Replacement
Chlorine Oxidation
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS
PESTIClDES/PCBs/HERBICIDES
CONTAMINANT
MCL (ma/I)
BAT
Alachlor
0.002
Granular Activated Carbon
Aldicarb
(deferred)
Granular Activated Carbon
Aldicarb sulfoxide
(deferred)
Granular Activated Carbon
Aldicarb sulfone
(deferred)
Granular Activated Carbon
Atrazine
0.003
Granular Activated Carbon
Carbofuran
0.04
Granular Activated Carbon
Chlordane
0.002
Granular Activated Carbon
2,4-D
0.07
Granular Activated Carbon
Dalapon
0.2
Granular Activated Carbon
1,2-Dibromo-3-
Chloropropane
(DBCP)
0.0002
Granular Activated Carbon
Packed Tower Aeration
Dinoseb
0.007
Granular Activated Carbon
Diquat
0.C2
Granular Activated Carbon
Endothall
0.1
Granular Activated Carbon
Endrin
0.002
Granular Activated Carbon
Ethylene dibromide
(EDB)
0.00005
Granular Activated Carbon
Packed Tower Aeration
Glyphosate
0.7
Oxidation (Chlorine or Ozone)
Heptachlor
0.0004
Granular Activated Carbon
-36-
-------
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS
PESTICIDES/PCBs/HERBICIDES (continued)
CONTAMINANT
MCL (ma/1)
BAT
Heptachlor epoxide
0.0002
Granular Activated Carbon
Lindane
0.0002
Granular Activated Carbon
Methoxychior
0.04
Granular Activated Carbon
Oxamyl (Vydate)
0.2
Granular Activated Carbon
Picloram
0.5
Granular Activated Carbon
Polychlorinated
byphenyls (PCBs)
0.0005
Granular Activated Carbon
PentachJorophenol
0.001
Granular Activated Carbon
Simazine
0.004
Granular Activated Carbon
Toxaphene
0.003
Granular Activated Carbon
2,4,5-TP (Silvex)
0.05
Granular Activated Carbon
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS
VOLATILE ORGANIC CHEMICALS
CONTAMINANT
MCL
(ma/l)
BAT
Benzene
0.005
Granular Activated Carbon,
Packed Tower
Aeration
Carbon Tetrachloride
0.005
Granular Activated Carbon,
Packed Tower Aeration
Dichlorobenzene (p-)
0.075
Granular Activated Carbon,
Packed Tower Aeration
Dichlorobenzene (o-)
0.6
Granular Activated Carbon,
Packed Tower Aeration
Dichloroethane (1,2-)
0.005
Granular Activated Carbon,
Packed Tower Aeration
Dichloroethylene (1,1-)
0.007
Granular Activated Carbon,
Packed Tower Aeration
-------
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS
VOLATILE ORGANIC CHEMICALS (continued)
TONTAM1NANT
MCL
{mfl/')
BAT
Dichloroethylene (cis-1,2-)
0.07
Granular Activated Carbon,
Packed Tower Aeration
Dichioroethylene (trans-
1,2-)
0.1
Granular Activated Carbon,
Packed Tower Aeration
Dichloromethana
0.005
Packed Tower Aeration
Dichloropropane (1,2-)
0.005
Granular Activated Carbon,
Packed Tower Aeration
Ethylbenzene
0.7
Granular Activated Carbon,
Packed Tower Aeration
Monochlorobenzene
0.1
Granular Activated Carbon,
Packed Tower Aeration
Styrena
0.1
Granular Activated Carbon,
Packed Tower Aeration
Tetrachloroethylena
0.005
Granular Activated Carbon,
Packed Tower Aeration
Toluene
1
Granular Activated Carbon,
Packed Tower Aeration
Trichloroathana (1,1,1 -)
0.2
Granular Activated Carbon,
Packed Tower Aeration
Trichtoroethana (1,1,2 )
0.005
Granular Activated Carbon,
Packed Tower Aeration
Trichloroethylena (TCE)
0.005
Granular Activated Carbon,
Packed Tower Aeration
Trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-)
0.07
Granular Activated Carbon,
Packed Tower Aeration
Vinyl Chloride
0.002
Packed Tower Aeration
Xylenes (Total)
10
Granular Activated Carbon,
Packed Tower Aeration
-38-
-------
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS (cont)
OTHER ORGANIC CHEMICALS
CONTAMINANT
MCL
BAT
Acrylamide
Treatment
Technique
Polymer Addition Practices
Benzo(a)pyrene (PAH)
0.0002 mg/l
Granular Activated Carbon
DH2-ethylhexyl)adipate
0.4 mg/l
Granular Activated Carbon
Packed Tower Aeration
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
0.006 mg/l
Grsnuiar Activated Carbon
Epichlorohydrin
Treatment
Technique
Polymer Addition Practices
Hexachlorobenzene
0.001 mg/l
Granular Activated Carbon
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
0.05 mg/l
Granular Activated Carbon
Packed Tower Aeration
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)
3 X 10*
mg/l
Granuiar Activated Carbon
Trihalomethanes
(Chloroform, Bromoform,
Bromodichloromethane,
Dibromochloromethana)
0.100 mg/l
Chloramines
Chlorine Dioxide
tmproved Clarification for
THM Precursor Reduction
Moving the Point of
Chlorination to Reduce
TTHM
Powdered Activated
Carbon
RADIONUCLIDES
CONTAMINANT
MCL
~BAT
Gross Alpha Particie
Activity
15 pCi/L
Reverse Osmosis
Gross Beta Particle
Activity
4 mrem/yr
Ion Exchange
Reverse Osmosis
Radium-226 and
Radium-228
5 pCi/L
Ion Exchange
Lime Softening
Reverse Osmosis
-------
RADIONUCLIDES (continued)
* These are proposed BAT's for Radionuclides in the July 18, 1991
Federal Register.
Note: Gross Beta applies to small PWS only if downstream from a man-
made radioactive contaminant (e.g. nuclear power plant).
SECONDARY MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVELS (SMCL's)
CONTAMINANT
LEVEL
Aluminum
0.05 TO 0.2 mg/1
Chloride
250 mg/I
Color
15 Color Units
Copper
1.0 mg/I
Corrosivity
Non-Corrosive
Fluoride
2.0 mg/I
Foaming Agents
0.5 mg/1
Iron
0.3 mg/1
Manganese
0.05 mg/1
Odor
3 Threshold Odor Number
pH
6.5 - 8.5
Silver
0,'i mg/1
Sulfate
250 mg/I
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
500 mg/I
Zinc
5.0 mg/I
Note: Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels are recommended,
not mandatory standards.
-40-
-------
UNREGULATED CONTAMINANTS
Unregulated VOCs
Unregulated SOCs
Unregulated
lOCs
Chloroform
Aldrin
Sulfate
Bromodichloromethane
Butachlor
Chlorodibromomethane
Carbaryl
Bromoform
Dicamba
Chlorobenzene
Dieldrin
m-Dichiorobenzene
3-Hydroxycarbofuran
1,1-Dichlorobenzene
Methomyl
1,1-Dichloroethane
Metolachlor
1,1,2,2-T etrachloroethane
Metribuzin
1,3-Dichloropropane
Propachlor
Chloromethane
Bromomethane
1,2,3-Trichloropropane
1,1,1,2-T etrachloroethane
Chloroethane
2,2-DichIoropropane
o-Chlorotoluene
p-Chlorotoluene
Bromobenzene
1,3-Dichloropropene
Note: "Unregulated" means no MCL established; however,
monitoring may be required.
-------
Actions your community should be taking
The most important action for your community is to monitor for contaminants
listed in the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs). The
NPDWRs are written at the federal level by the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA). Failure to comply with: 1) an MCL, 2) treatment technique, 3) the schedule
within variance or exemption, 4) monitoring requirement, 5) testing procedure or,
6) a variance or exemption is a violation and requires public notification.
The NPDWRs have discretionary options for implementing the monitoring
requirements. Each state drinking water monitoring program differs slightly
depending on which discretionary items are implemented. The guidelines to
monitoring, listed below, describe the baseline federal monitoring and identify what
questions you need to ask your state to determine if there are additional specific
requirements. When you know your monitoring obligations, fill out the 3-year
calendar at the end of this section.
Guidelines for public notification
Federal baseline monitoring
Violations to 1, 2, and 3 in paragraph 1 above are Tier 1 violations. Tier 1
violations are subdivided into "acute" and "nonacute" violations. Acute risks are
those that involve an immediate risk to human health and include nitrate and/or
nitrite, violations of the MCL for total coliforms when fecal coliforms or E. Coli are
present, waterborne disease outbreak in an unfiltered surface water system, and other
violations as specified by the state. If your PWS has a Tier 1 violation, you must
provide public notice.
ACUTE violations only:
-within 72 hours through television and radio station serving the area, hand
delivery (no TV or radio available), or posting (no TV or radio available)
Acute and nonacute Tier 1 violations:
-within 14 days through a newspaper, posting (no newspaper available) or hand
delivery (no newspaper available)
-within 45 days through direct mail or hand delivery
-repeat every three months by direct mailing or posting for as long as the
violation exists
Violations to 4, 5, and 6 in paragraph 1 above are Tier 2 violations. If your
PWS has a Tier 2 violation, you must provide public notice:
-within three months through a newspaper, posting (no newspaper available)
or hand delivery (no newspaper available)
-repeat every three months by direct mailing or posting for as long as the
violation exists
-42-
-------
A Public Notice must: (1) clearly explain the violation, (2) contain information
about potential health effects, (3) contain information about the population at risk,
(4) contain information about the necessity of seeking alternative water supplies,
(5) include preventive measures which will be taken until the violation is corrected,
(6) be conspicuous, not contain unduly small print, (7) contain a phone number of
someone to contact at the PWS as a source of additional information and, (8) where
appropriate, be multi-lingual.
Questions to ask the state
Does the state have boiler plate language or any examples of a public notice
available? Where should I post the notice? Are there additional state requirements
for public notice?
Guidelines for microbiological monitoring
Federal baseline monitoring
If your PWS serves less than 1,000 people, then one routine bacteriological
sample is required each month. If your PWS serves more than 1,000 people, then
more samples are required each month. Contact your state drinking water program
for the required number. The MCL is based on the presence or absence of total
coliform, andasystem can haveno more than one coliform-positive sample per month
before it incurs a violation.
If the sample tests positive for total coliforms, you must collect four repeat
samples within 24 hours of notification. These repeat samples must be collected
within five service connections of the original sample with at least one taken at the
original location, at least one upstream and at least one downstream. If total coliforms
are detected in any repeat sample, your PWS is in violation of the MCL and you must
notify the state by the next business day. If fecal coliforms or E. Coll. are also
detected in the same month, the PWS violates the MCL and the PWS incurs an acute
violation. For an acute violation, contact the state the same day you receive the
results.
The month following a MCL violation the PWS must collect five routine
samples.
Questions to ask the state
When is the next sanitary survey scheduled for my PWS (at least one by
June 29, 1994 and eveiy five years thereafter)?
-------
Guidelines for Giardia Lamblia. heterotrophic plate count,
legionella, virus and turbidity monitoring
Federal baseline monitoring
PWSs do not have to test directly for the above contaminants. They can usa
treatment technique. The treatment technique is filtration and disinfection. Any
surface water (SW) or ground water (GW) under the influence of surface water must
(starting June 29, 1993):
-provide filtration
-provide a finished water turbidity less than 5.0 NTU at all times
-provide a finished water turbidity less than 0.5 NTU in 95% of the samples
taken eveiy four hours (conventional and direct filtration)
-provide a finished water turbidity less than 1.0 NTU in 9596 of the samples
taken every four hours (slow sand, diatomaceous earth and other filtration
technologies)
-maintain a 0.2 mg/1 of chlorine residual going into the distribution system
at alt times
-maintain a detectable chlorine residual in the distribution system at all times
-insure that filtration and disinfection are achieving a 99.9% inactivation of
Giardia Lamblia and 99.99% inactivation of viruses
Questions to ask the state
Is my GW impacted by SW? How and when will my GW be tested for SW
influences? If my GW is impacted by SW, when must filtration be installed? Can
I avoid filtration if my GW is under the influence of SW? Can I reduce turbidity
monitoring? Can I reduce the disinfection monitoring? How do I insure that filtration
and disinfection are achieving a 99.9% inactivation of Giardia Lamblia and 99.99%
inactivation of viruses?
Guidelines for inorganic organic chemical (IOC) monitoring
Federal baseline monitoring
One sample from each source is required every three years for GW. One sample
from each source is required every year for SW.
Questions to ask the state
How do I receive a waiver for IOC monitoring?
Guidelines for IOC monitoring: nitrate and nitrite
Federal baseline monitoring
Both GW and SW systems sample once for nitrite. For nitrate, GW systems
must sample once per year. SW systems must sample once per quarter. No waivers
are available for nitrate and nitrite
-44-
-------
Questions to ask the state
When do I take the nitrite sample? For surface water sources only: Can I
reduce monitoring from quarterly to annually?
Guidelines for IOC monitoring: asbestos
Federal baseline monitoring
Both GW and SW systems have to sample once before Januaiy 1,1996. Repeat
monitoring is required every nine years.
Questions to ask the state
How do I receive a waiver for asbestos monitoring? When should I monitor
for asbestos?
Guidelines for lead and copper monitoring
Federal baseline monitoring
A PWS serving less than 100 people must collect five first flush tap water
samples for lead and copper analysis, 10 samples if serving between 101-500, and
20 samples if serving between 501-3,300. Water for first flush tap water sampling
must stand motionless for at least six hours prior to sampling and may be collected
hy residents. There are two six month monitoring periods; the first begins July 1993.
If the 90th percentile sample exceeds the lead action level of 0.015 mg/1 or the copper
action level of 1.3 mg/1, testing for water quality parameters and treatment techniques
aPply. If the PWS does not exceed these action levels, then reduced monitoring may
be available. The four types of actions required to remedy high lead and copper levels
are: corrosion control, source water testing (and possible treatment), public
education (within 60 days of the exceedance of the action level for lead only), and lead
service line replacement.
Questions to ask the state
What is needed for a sample siting plan? Are there videos available on how to
sample at the tap? If my results show that lead and copper are below the action level,
can I reduce monitoring? [The following questions pertain to those systems which
exceeded the action level.] What are water quality parameters (WQP), and when do
the samples for WQP need to be taken? Do I continue to monitor for lead even
though I am over the action level? Where do I get material for public education?
How should this material be distributed to residents? How often must I repeat these
Public education requirements? How do I recommend optimal corrosion control
treatment to the state? How many source water samples do I take? How do I
recommend treatment to the state if there is no lead in the source water? Who can
w°rk with me to do a corrosion control study or install corrosion control study or
install corrosion control treatment? What happens if optimal corrosion is installed
I still cannot meet the action levels?
-------
Lead material ban
The lead ban went into effect in 1986 and prohibits lead material from
jlumbing used for drinking water systems. Continue to ensure that leaded solder
'more than 0.2% lead) is not being used in plumbing that distributes drinking water.
Guidelines for volatile organic chemical (VOC) monitoring
Federal baseline monitoring
Both GW and SW systems must take one year of quarterly samples before
January 1, 1996. Sampling is done annually thereafter. GW systems can reduce
monitoring after three rounds of annual monitoring, withno VOCs detected, to once
every three years.
Questions to ask the state
When do I sample for VOCs? How do I receive a wai ver for VOC monitoring?
Does the Chafee/Lautenberg amendment apply to our PWS? Does grandfathering
of past VOC data apply to our PWS?
Guidelines for synthetic organic chemical (SOC) monitoring
for systems serving less than 3,300 people
Federal baseline monitoring
Both GW and SW systems must take one year of quarterly samples before
January 1, 1996. Sampling is done once every three years thereafter.
Questions to ask the state
When do I sample for SOCs? How do I receive a waiver for SOC monitoring?
Does the Chafee/Lautenberg amendment apply to our PWS? Does grandfathering
of past SOC data apply to our PWS?
Guidelines for radionuclide monitoring
Federal baseline monitoring
All community PWSs must composite samples every four years.
Guidelines for unregulated (VOC) monitoring
Federal baseline monitoring
SW systems must take one year of quarterly samples before January 1, 1996-
GW systems must take one sample before January 1, 1996.
Questions to ask the state
When do I sample for unregulated VOCs? How do I receive a waiver f°r
unregulated VOC monitoring? Does the Chafee/Lautenberg amendment apply to our
-46-
-------
PWS? Does grandfathering of past VOC data apply to our PWS? If our PWS has less
than 150 service connections, do I still need to take unregulated VOC samples?
Guidelines for unregulated (SOC) monitoring
Federal baseline monitoring
Both GW and SW systems must take one year of quarterly samples before
January 1, 1996.
Questions to ask the state
When do I sample for unregulated SOCs? How do I receive a waiver for
unregulated SOC monitoring? Does the Chafee/Lautenberg amendment apply to our
PWS? Does grandfathering of past unregulated SOC data apply to me? If my PWS
has less than 150 service connections, do I still need to take unregulated SOC
samples?
Guidelines for unregulated (IOC) monitoring
Federal baseline monitoring
Both GW and SW systems must take one sample before January 1, 1996.
Questions to ask the state
When do I sample for unregulated IOCs? How do I receive a wa^r for
unregulated IOC monitoring? Does grandfathering of past unregulated IOC data
app]y to our PWS?
General questions to ask the state
When I detect a contaminant, is a check sample required? When an MCL is
exceeded, is a check sample required? What else should be done immediately when
MCL is exceeded? Where can I get free feet sheets on these regulations. Can I
composite my samples with other systems? Which contammants «n I composite
Mmple? What is compositing? Where do I receive the bottles and what type of bottles
do I use for taking the samples? Where can I get instructions on how to sample Who
¦an help me take the sample? What is a certified laboratoiy, and why must I use a
^rtified laboratoiy to test for NPDWRs?
future drinking water regulations
Expect the following additions to the NPDWRs for small PWSs;
-A sulfate regulation
-A revised radionuclide rule
-A different MCL for arsenic
-------
-Disinfection and disinfection by-products regulation
-Ground water disinfection regulation
-Regulations for additional IOCs, SOCs and VOCs
Additional information
Your State Drinking Water Agency will be able to provide information and
fact sheets.
Region VIII, Drinking Water Branch - 1-800/227-8917, extension 1413
National SDWA Hotline - 1-800/426-4791
American Water Works Association (A WW A) - 303/794-7711
AWWA Small System Operational Support - 1-800/366-0107
Your State Rural Water Association and Environmental Training Center
Rural Community Assistance Corporation - 916/447-2878
(See the Hating for Stmts Drinking Water contacts in the resource section)
-48-
-------
MONITORING WORKSHEET
Record when you must sample for NPDWRs.
Month
1993
1994
1995
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
-49-
-------
WATER PROGRAMS
INJECTION WELLS
What is ail injection well? EPA defines a well as either a dug hole or a bored,
drilled or driven shaft, whose depth is greater than its largest surface dimension.
Injection into a well is defined as the subsurface emplacement of fluids. Fluids can
be semisolid, liquid, sludge or in a gaseous state.
In 1974, Congress created the Underground Injection Control (UIC) program
in order to prevent the contamination of Underground Sources of Drinking Water
(USDW) by injection wells. An USDW is defined as an aquifer or its portion which
supplies any public water system or contains a sufficient quantity of ground water to
supply a public water system, and contains less than 10,000 mg/1 total dissolved
solids. The UIC program divides injection wells into five main categories.
Class I:
Wells used to inject hazardous wastes or dispose of industrial and treated
municipal sewage below the deepest USDW.
Class II:
Wells used to inject fluids associated with the production of oil and natural gas
or fluids/compounds used for enhanced hydrocarbon recovery.
Class III:
Wells that inject fluids used in subsurface mining of minerals such as salt and
uranium.
Class IV:
Wells which dispose of hazardous or radioactive wastes into or above a USDW
(banned).
Class V:
Wells not included in the other classes, generally injecting nonhazardous fluid
into or above a USDW. This category represents the largest number of wells
and is the most common.
Does the UIC program apply to my community?
Only shallow Class IV and V wells are likely to be found within your
community. However, it is these wells which pose the greatest threat to public and
private drinking water wells. The types of injection wells most commonly operated
in small communities include agricultural drainage wells, domestic waste water
disposal wells (e.g., septic systems and cesspools) that serve more than 20 persons
per day, and commercial disposal wells used by small businesses (e.g., auto service
stations and car washes). Individual or single family residential septic systems or
cesspools are not regulated by the UIC program.
46
-------
Timetable
Federal regulations are currently being developed for specific categories of
Class V injection wells including those found in small communities.
Actions your community should be taking
Methods that have proven successful in locating injection wells include
telephone and mail surveys as well as public meetings. Community efforts should
target residential, agricultural, and commercial areas/facilities not served by or
connected to a municipal sewer system. If an injection well is found, its potential
for contaminating ground water will depend upon:
-Where injection occurs relative to the ground water aquifer;
-Well construction, design, and operation;
-Composition of the injected fluid and;
-Volume of fluid injected.
The threat of contamination to ground water from injection well disposal can
be reduced significantly by utilizing best management practices. By limiting the use
of pesticides and fertilizers, the amount of chemicals that reach ground water via
agricultural drainage wells can be reduced. The development of public awareness
programs to educate community members on the adverse effects of disposing of
household chemicals into septic systems is another best management practice. Such
best management awareness programs can also encourage small businesses (e.g.,
auto service stations) to practice source reduction and recycling of used oil,
antifreeze, solvents, and heavy metals that may otherwise be improperly disposed
(e.g., via a septic system).
Additional information
National Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 1-800/426-4791
"Shallow Injection Wells and How They Affect Drinking Water, "U.S. EPA
Region VIE, Drinking Water Branch - 303/293-1413
Residents of Colorado, Montana, and South Dakota can contact theU.S. EPA
Region VIII, Drinking Water Branch - 303/293-1413. Residents of Utah,
North Dakota, and Wyoming can contact their respective state agency.
(See the listing for State UIC contacts in the resource section)
-------
WATER PROGRAMS
WELLHEAD PROTECTION
The 1986 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) call upon
each state to develop a Wellhead Protection (WHP) program. This legislation
established a nation-wide program to encourage states to develop systematic and
comprehensive programs within their jurisdictions to protect public water supply
(PWS) wells and wellfields from contamination.
The statute specifies that all states will participate. However, the EPA has
no authority to establish a WHP program if a state chooses to forego action on its
own. There are no sanctions against states that do not participate. States are
encouraged to participate and to exercise individual discretion in developing
methods of protecting ground water used for drinking water.
Under SDWA, Section 1428, each state must develop a WHP program that
consists of several elements. At a minimum, each state's WHP program must:
-Specify roles and duties of State agencies, local government entities, and
public water suppliers, with respect to WHP programs;
-Delineate the wellhead protection area (WHPA) for each wellhead;
-Identify sources of contaminants within each WHPA;
-Develop management approaches to protect the water supply within
WHP As from such contaminants;
-Develop contingency plans for each public water supply system to respond
to well or wellfield contamination;
-Site new wells properly to maximize yield and minimise potential
contamination; and
-Ensure public participation.
Actions your community should be taking
The Wellhead Protection program requires the participation of all levels of
government. The Federal Government is responsible for approving State Wellhead
Protection programs and for providing technical support to state and local
governments. States must develop and implement Wellhead Protection programs
4A
-52-
-------
that meet requirements of the SWDA Amendments. While the responsibilities of
local governments depend upon the particular requirements of the State s Wellhead
Protection program, localities are often in the best position to implement measures
to ensure that wellhead areas are properly protected from contamination.
Local governments typically implement zoning decisions, develop land-use
plans, oversee building and fire codes, implement health requirements, supply water
and sewer services, and enforce police powers. Each of these local powers may be
used to protect the quality of local aquifers.
Local cities and counties are also often the innovators in developing Wellhead
Protection programs by applying combinations of management techniques (e.g.,
zoning and source prohibitions) to meet unique local conditions. Localities often
protect ground water as part of larger projects, such as developing growth
management plans or economic development efforts. In close cooperation with
regional, State and Federal agencies, local governments can take positive steps to
protect their wellhead areas.
Each year the Region VHI Ground Water Branch announces the availability of
approximately $100,000 to fund "Wellhead Protection (WHP) Demonstration
Projects." These funds are designed to provide financial support for demonstration
projects aimed at assisting municipalities to design and implement a WHP program.
Eligible applicants are municipalities, as defined under Section 1401 (10) of the
SDWA, meaning cities, towns, or other public bodies created by or pursuant to state
law, or Indian tribes.
These Cooperative Agreement funds allow municipalities the opportunity to
. develop local approaches that may be appropriate on a statewide basis and assist states
in developing or implementing effective WHP programs.
The Ground Water Branch can provide technical assistance which includes but
is not limited to: delineation of the wellhead protection area, identifying potential
sources of contamination, developing ordinances for WHP, and establishing
mechanisms for developing comprehensive ground water protection programs.
Additional Information
Region Vin WHP Coordinator - 1-303/294-1162
Ground Water Protection Document Request Hotline - 1-800/426-4791
National Technical Information Service Hotline - 1-703/487-4650
(See the listing for State Wellhead Protection contacts in the resource section}
-------
WATER PROGRAMS
WASTEWATER
NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION
SYSTEM (NPDES)
Public Law 92-500 amended the Federal Water Pollution Control Act in 1972
(later amended and renamed the Clean Water Act). It established a national policy
to restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the nation's
waters. The U.S. EPA or the state environmental control agency has responsibility
for administering NPDES permits. These permits are issued to operators discharg-
ing any pollutant (including wastewater effluent) to State/U.S. waters (such as
streams, lakes, wetlands, etc.) If, however, the operator can effectively establish
a non-point discharge of domestic wastewater effluent, requirements and responsi-
bility for NPDES may be minimized.
Specific terms and conditions for a NPDES permit vary from state to state, but
each primacy state must administer the program to meet minimum EPA standards.
In addition, permit requirements within a given state may also vary because of
different geological conditions, the beneficial uses of the receiving water and other
factors at the discharge site.
Actions your community should be taking
Maximize community awareness and education concerning wastewater collec-
tion and disposal, available solution alternatives, funding resources and procedures
for implementing the most appropriate wastewater collection and treatment facility.
Numerous technical and administrative resources are available at little or no cost to
the community. Your State agency may be able to provide additional information.
Reduced levels of funding for wastewater collection and disposal means rural
communities and their technical consultants must identify appropriate technology
resources to substantially reduce capital project cost and operating expense if
wastewater collection and disposal is to be affordable and effective in rural America.
Fortunately, these technology resources are available, but not all technical
consultants, regulatory authorities and funding agencies have made the necessary
transition to facilitate full use of these options. Thus, it is crucial in the decade of
the 90's to better educate all participants if the most appropriate and affordable
wastewater collection and disposal facility is to be installed in your particular
community. Knowledge and cooperative efforts from all parties are essential for
rural America to have successful wastewater collection and disposal in the decade
of the 90's.
46
-54-
-------
Additional Information
Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (33 U.S.C. 1342)
EPA Administered Permit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System, 40 CFR 122
Small Wastewater Systems - Alternative Systems for Small Communities and
Rural Areas, EPA National Small Flows Clearinghouse, 1-800/624-8301
"It's Your Choice - A Guidebook for Local Officials on Small Community
Wastewater Management Options," EPA National Small Flows Clearing-
house, 1-800/624-8301
"Self-Help Handbook," Jane Schautz, Rensselaerville, NY 12142,
518/797-3783
"Community Managed Septic Systems - A Viable Alternative to Sewage
Treatment Plants," Controller General Report to the Congress of the United
States, CED 78-168, 11/3/78
"Design Manual - Constructed Wetlands and Aquatic Plant Systems for
Municipal Wastewater Treatment," Center for Environmental Research Infor-
mation, Cincinnati, OH 45268, EPA/625/1-88/022
(See the listing for State Water Quality - Permita contacts in the resource section)
-55-
-------
WATER PROGRAMS
WASTEWATER
SECONDARY TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL
WASTEWATER
Secondary treatment is the minimum treatment requirement for most Publicly
Owned Treatment Works (POTW). Secondary treatment, among other things,
requires that effluent concentration of five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)
and total suspended solids not exceed 30 mg/1 as a 30-day average. Some states allow
higher total suspended solids limits if certain conditions are met. In general, at a
minimum the treatment process must be a stabilization pond.
Does the secondary treatment regulation apply to my
community?
Yes, all treatment facilities that discharge to waters of the U.S. must comply.
Beneficial uses of the receiving waters may necessitate higher quality effluent be
discharged or possibly require no point discharge.
Actions your community should be taking
If a wastewater treatment plant discharges to waters of the State/United States
(such as streams, lakes, wetlands, etc.), it is required to have a National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. States may have slightly different
names for their permit programs. The permit will specify effluent limitations and i
monitoring requirements.
If the POTW cannot meet the effluent limitations specified in the permit, it may
be necessary to upgrade the treatment facility, review operational improvements, and/
or improve the sewer collection system to correct excess inflow/infiltration problems
or minimize water use (i.e., water conservation, such as the use of low flow plumbing
fixtures in homes and buildings).
If you suspect a problem, notify the organization you feel appropriate, starting
with the POTW itself, community officials, county sanitarians, or state officials
responsible for water quality and/or wastewater discharge permits.
46
-------
A dditiona/ Information
U.S. EPA Secondary Treatment regulations, 40 CFR 133
"Needs Survey Report to Congress," EPA, February 1987
"Overview of Selected EPA Regulations and Guidance Affecting POTW
Management,11 EPA, September, 1989
(See the Hating for State Water Quality-Permits contacts in the resource section)
-57-
-------
WATER PROGRAMS
46
WASTEWATER
SEWAGE SLUDGE USE AND DISPOSAL
Municipal wastewater sludge is a by-product of the wastewater treatment
process. Sludge regulations ensure that sewage sludge is handled properly and is
of sufficient quality for use as a soil conditioner, fertilizer, or other intended use.
Do the sewage sludge regulations apply to my
community?
Yes, if the wastewater treatment system includes any form of central
treatment or mechanical plant, including a lagoon, which will need to be cleaned,
regardless if it is in your permit or not.
Even septage is now covered as sewage sludge as long as it is primarily
domestic. Commercial industrial septage is not included.
Timetable
The sewage sludge regulations were effective March 19, 1993. These
regulations apply to you even if your permit does not address sewage sludge in
detail. If you can meet the requirements of the sludge regulations without
construction you must do this within 12 months of the final regulation. However,
if construction is required you will have 24 months from the effective date of the
regulation.
Actions your community should be taking
Be aware of restrictions covering proper use of the sewage sludge land
application (both agricultural and non-agricultural) or distribution and marking,
and proper disposal (landfilling, incineration, and surface disposal). Contaminated
sludge or poor disposal practices can pose a threat to public health and the
environment.
Monitoring will be required for metals and pathogen reduction. Contact your
state or EPA for details.
-58-
-------
Additional information
State Sludge Management Program Regulations are contained in 40 CFR
501. Federal Regulations for sewage sludge are contained in 40
CFR 503
EPA's Policy Promoting The Beneficial Use Of Sewage Sludge and The New
Proposed Technical Sludge Regulations, June 1989
"Environmental Regulations and Technologies-Control of Pathogens in
Municipal Wastewater Sludge," September 1989
"Suggested Guidelines for the Disposal of Drinking Water Treatment
Wastes Containing Naturally Occurring Radionuclides," U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Office of Drinking Water, July 1990
"Guide to Soil Suitability and Site Selection for Beneficial Use of Sewage
Sludge," Manual 8, Oregon State University Extension Services/U.S. EPA
(Less than five copies are FREE of charge)
"Completing the Cycle, Beneficial Use of Sewage Sludge." A video available
from EPA Region VHI
Information may be obtained by contacting the county sanitarian, or your
State agency responsible for water quality
(See the listing for State Sludge contacts in the resource section}
-59-
-------
WATER PROGRAMS
WASTEWATER
PRETREATMENT REQUIREMENTS
Pretreatment refers to those measures taken to prevent pollutants from sources
other than conventional domestic wastewater entering the wastewater system.
Pretreatment is the treatment of a waste before it is discharged into the sanitary sewer.
A pretreatment program includes ordinances, education, inspections, monitoring,
and enforcement.
46
In other words, pretreatment requirements control pollutants which are
incompatible or will interfere with the treatment process or pass-through the POTW
and cause problems in the receiving stream or lake. In addition, pretreatment
requirements will improve opportunities to recycle and reclaim domestic wastewaters
and sludges.
Do the Pretreatment requirements apply to my community?
Traditionally, the smaller POTWs are not required to establish local pretreat-
ment programs. Very small communities have few, if any, non-domestic users.
If the community has non-domestic users (such as sawmills, food processing
plants, metal finishers, etc.) discharging pollutants that could pass through the
POTW untreated or interfere with operations, the community may have to implement
a pretreatment program to satisfy the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) permit requirements.
Your current NPDES permit does contain a section on prohibited discharges
and industrial waste. This section requires all municipali ties to protect their POTWs
from pass-through, interference, sludge contamination or adverse effects on worker
safety from the discharge of pollutants by an industrial user. These are pretreatment
requirements and are designed to ensure that you protect your POTW.
If the rule applies to my community, what should I do?
If you are required to establish a pretreatment program, your municipality will
establish local ordinances implementing the pretreatment requirements and identify
a person responsible for insuring the program is administered and enforced.
Discharge limitations are developed and enforced by POTWs to implement
prohibitions and to protect the POTW. They are site specific to ensure pretreatment
standards are in place to protect the POTW, the receiving stream and municipal sludge
quality.
-GO-
-------
If your community wants to establish a local pretreatment program, and is
not required to through your NPDES permit, contact your State agency or EPA
for assistance.
If you suspect a problem, notify your POTW operator, community official,
county sanitarian, department of state government responsible for wastewater
discharge permits or EPA.
Additional Information
Pretreatment Final Rule, 40 CFR 403
Your State agency or EPA will be able to provide additional details.
(See the Hating for State Pretreatment contacts in the resource sectionJ
-------
WATER PROGRAMS
WASTEWATER
STORM WATER
The storm water regulations are a new part of the National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES). As part of the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1987,
Congress acted to directly address storm water by adding Section 402(p). In response
to these changes, EPA issued a final application rule in November 1990.
This regulation defines the initial scope of the NPDES permit program for storm
water discharges. It defines the terms "storm water discharges associated with industrial
activity," and "large and medium municipal separate storm sewer systems" and the
permit application requirements for these discharges.
At this time, the municipal side of the program requires applications only from
cities with a population of 100,000 or more and counties having large populations in
unincorporated, urbanized areas. Phase II (sometime after October 1994) may require
communities less than 100,000 to obtain a permit and develop a storm water
management program. It is unknown at this time if there will be exemptions for veiy
small communities.
The industrial side of the program requires specific " industrial type" facilities (see
the following page on storm water associated with industrial activity) to apply for and
obtain a permit regardless of the size or ownership (private or government) of the
operation.
In December 1991, the President signed anew bill into law that contained a storm
water provision affecting municipalities. The new law, known as the Transportation Act
of 1991, said that industrial activities owned or operated by municipalities with a
population of less than 100,000 must apply for and obtain storm water permits only for
airports, powerplants, and uncontrolled sanitary landfills. The State or EPA may
require a permit for other activities, if necessary, to control contaminated runoff. Phase
II (sometime after October 1994) may require that other industrial facilities, owned or
operated by municipalities, get a storm water permit.
Actions your community should be taking
Find out if the defined industrial operations owned or operated by the community
(i.e. airport, powerplant or uncontrolled sanitary landfill) need permits. The State or
EPA contacts will be able to give assistance to determine which industrial operations
need permits and how to apply for the permits.
46
-62-
-------
Develop an information and education program for the community to increase
awareness of the relation between the storm water drain system and the local lake or
stream. Storm runoff water collects in street gutters and storm drains and flows directly
to streams with little or no treatment. Educate the citizens that they play a role in the
quality of the streams and lakes. Dumping used motor oil, unused paint, pesticides and
other household chemicals on the ground or in the street can severely impact nearby
surface water.
Communities should also consider establishing local ordinances controlling the
improper disposal or discharge of pollutants to the municipal storm water drain system.
Classes of facilities that discharge storm water associated
with industrial activity
-Facilities subject to National effluent limitation guidelines;
-Facilities classified as Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Codes 24
(except 2434), 26 (except 265 and 267), 28, (except 283 and 285) 29, 311,
32 (except 323), 33, 3441, and 373 (including lumber; paper; chemicals;
petroleum; leather tanning and finishing; stone, clay, glass, and concrete;
metal; enameled iron and metal sanitary ware; and ship/boat manufacturers);
-Facilities classified as SIC codes 10 through 14 including active and inactive
mining and oil and gas operations with contaminated storm water discharges,
except for areas of coal mining operations which have been reclaimed and the
performance bond has been released by the appropriate Surface Mining
Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) authority, or non-coal mining
operations which have been released from applicable State or Federal
reclamation requirements after 30 days after publication of the final regula-
tion;
-Hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal facilities;
-Landfills, land application sites, and open dumps that receive industrial
wastes;
-Recycling facilities including metal scrap yards, batteiy reclaimers, salvage
yards, and automobile junkyards (classified as SIC codes 5015 and 5093
only);
-Steam electric power generating facilities (including coal handling sites);
-------
-Transportation, facilities classified as SIC codes 40, 41, 42 (except 4221-
4225), 44, 45, and 5171 (including vehicle maintenance, equipment cleaning,
and airport deicing areas);
-Treatment works treating domestic sewage or any other sewage sludge or
wastewater treatment device or system, used in the storage, treatment,
recycling, and reclamation of sewage (including land used for the disposal of
sludge located within the confines of the facility) with a design flow of 1.0 mgd
(million gallons per day) or more;
-Construction activity (except for disturbances of less than five acres of total
land area winch are not part of a larger common plan of development or sale);
and
-For the following facilities, if materials are exposed to storm water: facilities
classified under SIC codes 20, 21, 22, 23, 2434, 25, 265, 267, 27, 283, 285,
30, 31 (except 311), 323, 34 (except 3441), 35, 36, 37 (except 373), 38, 39,
and 4221-25 (including food; tobacco, textiles; apparel; wood kitchen cabi
nets; furniture; paperboard containers and boxes; converted paper/paper prod-
ucts; printing; drugs; paints; rubber; leather; fabricated metal products;
industrial and commercial machinery and computer equipment; electronic
equipment; transportation equipment; measuring, analyzing and controlling
instruments and photographic instruments, medical and optical goods,
watches, and clocks; miscellaneous; and certain warehousing and storage).
(See the listing for State Storm Water contacts in the resource section)
-------
WATER PROGRAMS
WASTEWATER
STATE REVOLVING FUND PROGRAM
Title VI of the 1987 Amendments to the Clean Water Act authorized EPA to award
grants to states for capitalization of State Revolving Funds (SRFs) which are intended to
be a source of financial assistance for water pollution control projects in perpetuity. States
must provide at least 20 percent match for each grant. However, the program allows states
to employ optional, innovative financial strategies to multiply by two to fivefold the
amounts made available by federal grants. An SRF may provide financial assistance to
municipalities and intermunicipal and interstate agencies for construction of publicly-
owned wastewater treatment works, including storm water facilities, and for implemen-
tation of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution and ground water (GW) protection manage-
ment programs For NPS and G W projects an SRF may directly assist private citizens.
Eligible assistance includes loans, purchase or refinancing of existing municipal debt,
guarantee of municipal or State obligations and purchase of insurance to enhance
municipal debt. Direct grants are not authorized.
Subject to minimal federal requirements, each state develops, implements and
administers its unique SRF program, which is meant to be a one-stop technical and
financial service. Annually, each state prepares anlntended Use Plan for public comment
on SRF operations for the following year. Each state drafts an Annual Report to facilitate
federal oversight. Loans must meet these basic criteria:
-Interest rales at or below maricet, including zero percent (negative amortiza-
tion is not authorized)
-Amortization schedules of 20 years or less
-Annual principal and interest payments commencing not later than one
year after project completion
-Pledge of a dedicated source of revenue by each borrower
-Deposit of all principal and interest payments into the SRF
4A
-65-
-------
Additional Information
EPA Region VIII SRF Coordinator - 303/293-1551
Initial Guidance for State Revolving Funds, Januaiy, 1988
U.S. EPA State Revolving Fund Program Implementation Regulations,
40 CFR 35, Subpart K
Final Questions and Answers, July, 1991
(See the listing for State Revolving Fund contacts in the resource section}
-66-
-------
DEFINITIONS-ACRONYMS
ACM - Asbestos Containing Material
AHERA - Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act
ASHAA - Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act
ASHARA - Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Reauthorization Act
Bacteria - Microbiological contaminants frequently found in drinking water
samples are fecal coliforms and the bacterium E. coli. Their presence is
evidence of sewage contamination.
BAT- Best Available Technology
CAA - Clean Air Act
CWA - Clean Water Act
CERCLA - Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and
Liability Act
CESQG - Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generator
CFR - Code of Federal Regulations
DBP - Disinfection By-product
EPA - Environmental Protection Agency
FIFRA - Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act
FmHA - Farmers Home Administration
HUD - Housing and Urban Development
GW - Ground water below the land surface that feeds wells and springs
GWUI - Ground Water Under the Influence (of surface water)
HSWA - Hazardous and Solid Waste Act
-------
IOC - Inorganic Chemical
1RAA - Indoor Radon Abatement Act
LEA - Local Education Agency
LEPC - Local Emergency Planning Committee, established under SARA
LQG - Large Quantity Generator
MAP - Model Accreditation Plan
MCL - Maximum Contaminant Level
NAAQS - National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NESHAP - National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
NPDES - National Pollution Discharge Elimination System
NPDWR - National Primary Drinking Water Regulation
NPL - National Priority List
NFS - Nonpoint Source
NTNC - Non-transient Non-community Water System
NTU - National Turbidity Units
OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PCBs - Polychlorinated Biphenals
pH - A measurement of hydrogen ion activity in a solution determines whether
the solution is "acidic" or "basic"
ppm - parts per million
POTW - Publicly Owned Treatment Works
PWS - Public Water System (25 or more persons or 15 or more service
connections)
-68-
-------
RCRA - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RCP - Radon Contractor Proficiency
SARA - Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
SDWA - Safe Drinking Water Act
SERC - State Emergency Response Commission, established under SARA
SIC - Standard Industrial Classification
SMCRA - Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
SMF - Standardized Monitoring Framework
SMCL - Secondaiy Maximum Contaminant Level
SOC - Synthetic Organic Chemical (non-volatile)
SQG - Small Quantity Generator
SRF - State Revolving Fund
State Agency - When used in this handbook, "State Agency" or "State" means
that department of the State Government designated by the Governor and
approved by EPA to administer the rules discussed in this handbook. State
agencies with addresses and phone numbers for each state in Region VDI are
listed at the end of this handbook.
SW - Surface water that is open to the atmosphere and subject to surface runoff
TCLP - Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure
TSCA - Toxic Substances Control Act
UIC - Underground Injection Control
USDW - Underground Source of Drinking Water
UST - Underground Storage Tank
VOC - Volatile Organic Chemical
-------
WHP - Wellhead Protection
WHPA - Wellhead Protection Area
WQP - Water Quality Parameters
WQS - Water Quality Standard
-------
.RESOURCE MATRIX
Pollution
State Prevention
Colorado Pollution Prevention Waste
Reduction Program
Department of Health
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80222-1530
303/692-3003
Montana Dept. of Health & Env. Sciences
Cogswell Bldg., Rm. A-206
P.O. Box 200901
Helena, MT 59620-0901
406/444-2406
Pollution Prevention Program
Extension Service
Montana State University
201 Taylor Hall
Bozeman, MT 59717
406/994-3451
North Dakota Environmental Health Section
Dept. ofHea!th&Consolidated Labs
1200 Missouri Ave., Rm. 201
Bismarck, ND 58502
701/221-5150
South Dakota Dept. of Env. & Natural Resources
Joe Foss Building
523 East Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
605/773-4216
^h Policy Planning & External Affairs
Dept. of Environmental Quality
P.O. Box 144810
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4810
801/536-4480
Wyoming Solid Waste Mgt. Program
Dept. of Environmental Quality
122 W. 25th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
307/777-7752
Emergency
Response
Waste Management Division
Department of Health
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80222-1530
303/692-3022
Dept. of Health & Env. Sciences
Cogswell Bldg., Rm. A-206
P.O. Box 200901
Helena, MT 59620-0901
406/444-3948 or
406/444-6911 (24 hr.)
Division of Emergency Management
State Emergency Operation Center
P.O. Box 5511
Bismarck, ND 58502-5511
701/224-2111
Dept. of Env. & Natural Resources
Joe Foss Building
523 East Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
605/773-3151
Div. of Env. Response&Remediation
Dept. of Environmental Quality
P.O. Box 144840
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4840
801/536-4100
Wyoming Office of Emergency Mgt.
P.O. Box 1709
Cheyenne, WY 82003
307/777-7566
-------
RESOURCE MATRIX
U.S. EPA
Hotline
Pollution
Prevention (cont.)
U.S. EPA (8PM-SIPO)
999-18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202-2466
303/293-1471 or
303/293-1456
Emergency
Response (cont.)
U.S. EPA (8HWM-WM)
999-18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202-2466
303/293-1723
1-800/535-0202
-72-
-------
RESOURCE MATRIX
State Asbestos
Colorado Air Pollution Control Division
Department of Health
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80222-1530
303/692-3164
Denver Dept. of Health & Hospitals
605 Bannock Street, Room 333
Denver, CO 80204
303/436-7300
Montana Air Quality Branch
Dept. of Health & Env. Sciences
Cogswell Building
P.O. Box 200901
Helena, MT 59620-0901
406/444-3671
North Dakota Div. of Environmental Engineering
Dept. ofHealth & Consolidated Labs
1200 Missouri Avenue
Bismarck, ND 58502-5520
701/221-5188
South Dakota Div. of Environmental Regulations
Dept. of Env. & Natural Resources
Joe Foss Building
523 East Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
605/773-3153
Utah
Wyoming
Division of Air Quality
Dept. of Environmental Quality
288 North 1460 West
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-0690
801/536-4087
Salt Lake City/County Health Dept.
610 South 200 East
Salt Lake City, UT84111
801/534-4516
Air Quality Division
Dept. of Environmental Quality
122 West 25th Street
Herschler Building
Cheyenne, WY 82002
307/777-7394
Radon
Radiation Control Division
RCD-RMLI-B1
Department of Health
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80222-1530
303/692-3057
Dept. of Health & Env. Sciences
Cogswell Building
P.O. Box 200901
Helena, MT 59620-0901
406/444-3671
Environmental Health Section
Dept. of Health& Consolidated Labs
1200 Missouri Avenue
Bismarck, ND 58502-5520
701/221-5150
Div. ofEeavironmental Regulations
Dept. of Env. & Natural Resources
Joe Foss Building
523 East Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
605/773-3351
Division of Radiation Control
Dept. of Environmental Quality
288 North 1460 West
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4850
80I//536-4250
Radon Project Coordinator
Department of Health
Hathaway Building, Room 469
Cheyenne, WY 82002
307/777-6015
-------
RESOURCE MATRIX
Asbestos (cont.)
U.S. EPA U.S. EPA (8AT-TS)
999-18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202-2466
303/293-1442
Radon (cont.)
U.S. EPA (8ART--RP)
999-18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202-2466
303/293-1709
U.S. EPA
Washington, DC
202/544-1404 or
1-800/368-5888
U.S. EPA
Washington, DC
202/233-9400
Hotline
ASHAA (Schools)
1-800/462-6706
1-800/SOS-RADON
-74-
-------
resource matrix
State
Colorado
Montana
North Dakota
South Dakota
Utah
Wyoming
Air
Air Pollution Control Division
Department of Health
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80222-1530
303/692-3100
Air Quality Bureau
Dept. of Health & Env. Sciences
Cogswell Building, Rm. A-116
P.O. Box 200901
Helena, MT 59620-0901
406/444-3454
Div. of Env. Engineering
Dept. of Health & Consolidated Labs
1200 Missouri Avenue
Bismarck, ND 58502-5520
701/221-5188
Point Source Control Program
Dept. of Env. & Natural Resources
Joe Foss Building
523 East Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
605/773-3351
Division of Air Quality
Dept. of Environmental Quality
P.O. Box 144820
Salt Lake Gity, UT 84114-4820
801/536-4000
Air Quality Division
Dept. of Environmental Quality
122 West 25th Street
Herschler Building
Cheyenne, WY 82002
307/777-7391
Hazardous Waste
Solid Waste & Incident Mgt. Sect.
Department of Health
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80222-1530
303/692-3300
Recycling Coordinator
Office of Energy Conservation
112 E. 14th Avenue
Denver, CO 80203
303/620-4292
Solid & Hazardous Waste Bureau
Dept. of Health & Env. Sciences
Cogswell Building
P.O. Box 200901
Helena, MT 59620-0901
406/444-1430
Division of Waste Management
Dept. ofHealth&ConsolidatedLabs
1200 Missouri Avenue
Bismarck, ND 58502-5520
701/221-5166
Division of Env. Regulations
Dept. of Env. & Natural Resources
Joe Foss Building
523 East Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
605/773-3153
Special Services Section
Div. of Solid & Hazardous Waste
Dept. of Environmental Quality
288 North 1460 West
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4880
801/538-6170
Solid Waste Program
Dept. of Environmental Quality
Herschler Building, 4th Floor
122 West 25th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
307/777-7752
-75-
-------
RESOURCE MATRIX
Air (cont.)
U.S. EPA U.S. EPA (8ART-AP)
999- 18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202-2466
303/293-1730
iurt a
::::
¦ IB ¦ •
Hazardous Waste (cont.)
U.S. EPA (8HWM)
999-18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202-2466
303/294-1361 or
1-800/227-8917
Waste Minimization
303/294-1065
Hotline
1-800/424-9346
-16-
-------
RESOURCE MATRIX
Underground
Storage Tanks
Colorado Colorado UST Coordinator
Department of Health
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80222-1530
303/692-3453
State Oil Inspection Office
1001 E. 62nd Avenue
Denver, CO 80216
303/289-5644
Montana Montana UST Coordinator
Dept. of Health & Env. Sciences
Cogswell Building, Rm. B-201
P.O. Box 200901
Helena, MT 59620-0901
406/444-5970
North Dakota North Dakota UST Coordinator
Division of Waste Management
Dept. of Health & Consolidated Labs
1200 Missouri Avenue
Bismarck, ND 58502-5520
701/221-5166
South Dakota South Dakota UST Coordinator
Dept. of Env. & Natural Resources
Joe Foss Building
523 East Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
605/773-3296
Utah Utah UST Branch Manager
Division of Environmental
Response Remediation
Dept. of Environmental Quality
288 North 1460 West
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4840
801/536-4100
Wyoming Wyoming UST Coordinator
Water Quality Division
Dept. of Environmental Quality
Herschler Building, 4th Floor
122 West 25th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
307/777-7096
Water Quality -
Standards
Water Quality Control Division
Department of Health
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80222-1530
303/692-3500
Water Quality Division
Dept. of Health & Env. Sciences
Cogswell Building, Rm A-206
P.O. Box 200901
Helena, MT 59620-0901
406/444-2406
Division of Water Quality
Dept. of Heal th&Consolidated Labs
1200 Missouri Avenue
Bismarck, ND 58502-5520
701/221-5210
Division of Water Resources Mgt.
Dept. of Env. & Natural Resources
Joe Foss Building
523 East Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
605/772-4216
Division of Water Quality
Dept. of Environmental Quality
288 North 1460 West
P.O. Box 144870
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4870
801/538-6146
Water Quality Division
Dept. of Evironmental Quality
Herschler Building, 4th Floor
122 West 25th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
307/777-7072
-------
RESOURCE MATRIX
Underground
Storage Tanks (cont.)
U-S. EPA U.S. EPA (HWM-WM)
999-18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202-2466
303/293-1484
J] irrm
Ikl^i
mi* m i
SSS!
Water Quality -
Standards (cont.)
U.S. EPA (8WM-WQ)
999-18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202-2466
303/293-1568
Hotline
1-800/624-8301
-78-
-------
RESOURCE MATRIX
State
Colorado
Montana
North Dakota
South Dakota
Utah
Wyoming
U.S. EPA
Hotline
Wetlands Protection
Water Quality Control Division
Department of Health
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80222-1530
303/692-2000
Water Quality Bureau
Dept. of Health & Env. Sciences
Cogswell Building
P.O. Box 200901
Helena, MT 59620-0901
406/444-2406
North Dakota Game &
Fish Department
100 N. Bismarck Expressway
Bismarck, ND 58501
701/221-6300
Dept. of Env. & Natural Resources
Joe Foss Building
523 East Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
605/773-3351
Utah Dept. of Natural Resources
1636 West North Temple
Salt Lake City, UT 84116-3156
801/538-7240
Water Quality Division
Dept. of Environmental Quality
Herschler Building, 4th Floor
122 West 25th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
307/777-7081
U.S. EPA (8WM-WQ)
999-18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202-2466
303/293-1568
Public Outreach 303/293-1552
1-800/227-8917
Nonpoint Source
Water Quality Control Division
Department of Health
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80222-1530
303/692-2000
Water Quality Bureau
Dept. of Health & Env. Sciences
Cogswell Building
P.O. Box 200901
Helena, MT 59620-0901
406/444-2406
Dept. of Health& Consolidated Labs
1200 Missouri Avenue
Box 5520
Bismarck, ND 58502-5520
701/221-5210
Division of Water Resources Mgt.
Dept. of Env. & Natural Resources
Joe Foss Building
523 E. Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
605/773-3151
Division of Water Quality
Dept. of Environmental Quality
P.O. Box 16690
Salt Lake City, UT 84116-4810
801/538-6146
Water Quality Division
Dept. of Environmental Quality
Herschler, Building, 4th Floor
122 West 25 th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
307/777-8871
U.S. EPA (8WM-WQ)
999-18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202-2466
303/293-1572
1-800/227-8917
-79-
-------
RESOURCE MATRIX
Drinking
State Water
Colorado Drinking Water Section
Department of Health
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80222-1530
303/692-3500
Montana Drinking Water Section
Dept. of Health & Env. Sciences
P.O. Box 200901
Helena, MT 59620-0901
406/444-4549
U.S. EPA (8MO)
Federal Office Building
Drawer 10096, 301 S. Park
Helena, MT 59626-0026
406/449-5486
North Dakota Drinking Water Program
Dept. of Health & Consolidated Labs
1200 Missouri Avenue
Bismarck ND 58502-5520
701/221-5210
South Dakota Office of Drinking Water
Dept. of Env. & Natural Resources
Joe Foss Building
523 East Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
605/773-3754
Utah Division of Drinking Water
Dept. of Environmental Quality
288 North 1460 West
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4830
801/538-6159
Wyoming Water Quality Division
Dept. of Environmental Quality
Herschler Building, 4th Floor
122 West 25th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
307/777-7781
Underground
Injection Control
(See U.S. EPA)
i|
¦ •a i
-j
U.S. EPA (8MO)
Federal Office Building
Drawer 10096, 301 S. Park
Helena, MT 59626-0096
406/449-5432
Division of Water Quality
Dept. of Health & Consolidated Labs
1200 Missouri Avenue
Bismarck, ND 58502-5520
701/221-5210
(See U.S. EPA)
Division of Water Quality
Dept. of Environmental Quality
288 North 1460 West
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4870
801/538-6146
Water Quality Division
Dept. of Environmental Quality
Herschler Building, 4th Floor
122 West 25th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
307/777-7095
-80-
-------
RESOURCE MATRIX
Drinking
Water (cont.)
U.S. EPA U.S. EPA (8WM-DW)
999-18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202-2466
303/293-1413 or
1-800/227-8917 Ext. 1413
Underground
Injection Control
(cont.)
U.S. EPA (8WM-DW)
999-18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202-2466
303/293-1413
Hotline
1/800-759-4791
1-800/759-4372
-81-
-------
RESOURCE MATRIX
Wellhead
State Protection
Colorado Department of Health
WQCD-B2
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80222-1530
303/692-3500
Montana Water Quality Bureau
Dept. of Health & Env. Sciences
P.O. Box 200901
Helena, MT 59620-0901
406/444-2406
Water Quality -
Permits
J I >/!
-------
RESOURCE MATRIX
Wellhead Water Quality -
Protection (cont.) Permits (cont.)
U.S. F-PA U.S. EPA (8WM-GW)
999-18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202-2466
303/294-1162
U.S. EPA (8WM-C)
999-18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202-2466
303/293-1568
U.S. EPA
Washington, DC
202/260-7077
Hotline 1-800/426-4791
1-703/487-4650 (NTIS)
-------
RESOURCE MATRIX
State Sludge
Colorado Department of Health
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80222-1530
303/692-3598
Pretreatment
Department of Health
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80222-1530
303/692-3598
Montana Water Quality Bureau
Dept. of Health & Env. Sciences
P.O. Box 200901
Helena, MT 59620
406/444-2406
U. S. EPA (8MO)
Federal Office Building,
Drawer 10096, 301 S. Park
Helena, MT 59626-0096
406/449-5486
U.S. EPA (8MO)
Federal Office Bldg.,
Drawer 10096, 301 S. Park
Helena, MT 59626-0096
406/449-5486
Norh Dakota (See U.S. EPA) (See U.S. EPA)
SouthDakota Division of Water Resource Mgt. (See U.S. EPA)
Dept. of Env. & Natural Resources
Joe Foss Building
523 East Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
605/773-3351 -Tech. Asst.
Questions
Utah
Division of Water Quality
Dept. of Environmental Quality
288 North 1460 West
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4870
801/538-6146 -Tech. Asst.
Questions
Industrial Pretreatment
Division of Water Quality
Dept. of Environmental Quality
288 North 1460 West
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4870
801/538-6146
Wyoming Dept. Environmental Quality (See U.S. EPA)
Water Quality Division
Herschler Building, 4th Floor
122 West 25th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
307/777-7082 -Tech. Asst.
Questions
U.S. EPA U.S. EPA (8WM-C)
999-18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202-2466
303/293-1627
Hotline
U.S. EPA (8WM-C)
999-18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202-2466
303/293-1592 or
303/293-1654
-84-
-------
RESOURCE MATRIX
State Storm Water
Colorado Water Quality Control Division
Department of Health
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80222-1530
303/692-3590
State Revolving Fund
Grants/Revolving Fund Assist. Prog.
Water Quality Control Division
Department of Health
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80222-1530
303/692-3554
Montana
North Dakota
South Dakota
Utah
Wyoming
U.S. EPA
Water Quality Bureau
Dept. of Health & Env. Sciences
Cogswell Building
P.O. Bo* 200901
Helena, MT 59620-0901
406/444-2406
Division of Water Quality
Dept. of Health & Consolidated
Labs
1200 Missouri Avenue
P.O. Box 5520
Bismarck, ND 58502-5520
701/221-5210
Mun. Wastewater Assist. Program
Water Quality Bureau
Dept. of Health & Env. Sciences
Cogswell Building
P.O. Box 200901
Helena, MT 59620-0901
406/444-5325
Division of Municipal Facilities
Dept. of Health & Consolidated Labs
1200 Missouri Avenue
P.O. Box 5520
Bismarck, ND 58502-5520
701/221-5210
Point Source Control Division Division of Water Resource Mgt.
Dept. of Env. & Natural Resources Dept. of Env. & Natural Resources
Joe Foss Building Joe Foss Building
523 East Capitol 523 East Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501-3181 Pierre, SD 57501-3181
605/773-3351 605/773-4216
Hotline
Division of Water Quality
Dept. of Environmental Quality
288 North 1460 West
Salt Lake City, UT 84116-0690
801/538-6146
Water Quality Division
Dept. of Environmental Quality
Herschler Building, 4th Floor
122 West 25th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
307/777-7082
U.S. EPA (8WM-C)
999-18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202-2466
303/293-1630
703/821-4823
Division of Water Quality
Dept. of Environmental Quality
288 North 1460 West
P.O. Box 144870
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4870
801/538-6146
Water Quality Division
Dept. of Environmental Quality
Herschler Building - 4th Floor
122 West 25th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002-0600
307/777-7781
U.S. EPA (8WM-MF)
999-18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202-2466
303/293-1551
-85-
~ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1993-776-239/65,036 REGION NO. 8
------- |