-------
FOREWORD
The four volumes comprising this document describe a
coal-fired power plant trace element study prepared under EPA
Contract 68-01-2663.
This work was conducted under the direction of Mr.
Terry L. Thoem, Project Officer, Environmental Protection Agency,
Region VIII, Denver, Colorado. The Radian program staff included
Dr. F, G. Mesich as Program Manager and Dr. K. Schwitzgebel as
Technical Project Director. Principle contributors were Mr.
R. A. Magee, Dr. F. B. Meserole and Mr. R. G. Oldham.
Acknowledgement is given to the station personnel from
each utility company whose full cooperation greatly facilitated
the field work. Mr. R. M. Mann, Mrs. G. E. Wilkin and Mrs.
C. M. Thompson contributed significantly to the program during
sampling and analysis.
i
-------
ABSTRACT
This report summarizes the results of a program to
characterize the trace element emissions from three coal-fired
electric generating stations. A material balance approach was
used for a quantitative examination of twenty-seven elements.
An additional twenty-six elements were surveyed semiquantita-
tively.
The trace elements can be broadly classed into three
general groups; (1) those uniformly distributed in the coal ash,
(2) those preferentially emitted with the fly ash, and (3) those
emitted as vapors in the flue gas.
The selection of stations using different coals
with different boiler and particulate collection configurations
provided a comparison of trace element emissions as a function
of plant design and operating parameters.
The overall report is presented in four volumes.
Volume I compares the three stations. Volumes II, III and IV
give detailed results and descriptions of the methodology used
for the individual stations.
ii
-------
VOLUME I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PaSe
TABLE OF CONVERSION UNITS 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 2
2.0 SAMPLING 4
2.1 Plant Descriptions 4
2.2 Sampling Techniques 7
2.3 Flow Rate Determinations 7
3.0 ANALYSIS 13
4.0 RESULTS 18
5.0 DISCUSSION 30
5.1 Coal Ash Distribution 32
5.2 Element Distributions 33
5.3 Comparison of the Stations I, II,
and III Coals with the Trace Element
Content of Other U. S. Coals 46
5.4 Enrichment Mechanism 46
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX A - SURVEY OF TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS
IN VARIOUS COALS
-------
VOLUME II
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TABLE OF CONVERSION UNITS 1
STATION I SUMMARY 2
1.0 INTRODUCTION 4
2.0 SAMPLING AND SAMPLE HANDLING 6
2.1 Plant Description 6
2.2 Sampling Points and Flow Rate
Determination 6
2.3 Summary of Flow Rates and
Estimated Errors 16
2.4 Sampling Schedule 18
2.5 Sample Analysis 18
3.0 DATA EVALUATION 26
3.1 Trace Element Material Balances 26
3.2 Error Propagation Analysis 29
4.0 RESULTS 30
5.0 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 44
5.1 Material Balance Closure 44
5.2 Distribution of Elements in the
Exit Streams 45
APPENDIX A - SAMPLING AT STATION I
APPENDIX B - ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
-------
VOLUME III
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TABLE OF CONVERSION UNITS 1
STATION II SUMMARY 2
1.0 INTRODUCTION 4
2.0 SAMPLING AND SAMPLE HANDLING 6
2.1 Plant Description 6
2.2 Sampling Points and Flow Rate
Determinations : 6
2.3 Summary of Flow Rates and Estimated Errors. 15
2.4 Sampling Schedule 15
2.5 Sample Analysis 18
3.0 DATA EVALUATION 23
3.1 Trace Element Material Balances 23
3.2 Error Propagation Analysis 25
4.0 RESULTS 26
5.0 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 37
5.1 Material .Balance Closure 37
5.2 Distribution of Elements in the Exit
Streams 40
APPENDIX A - SAMPLING AT STATION II
APPENDIX B - ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
-------
VOLUME IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TABLE OF CONVERSION UNITS 1
STATION III SUMMARY • 2
1.0 INTRODUCTION... 4
2.0 SAMPLING AND SAMPLE HANDLING 6
2.1 Plant Description 6
2.2 Sampling Points and Flow Rate
Determinations 6
2.3 Summary of Flow Rates and Estimated
Errors 14
2.4 Sampling Schedule. 16
2.5 Sample Analysis 16
3.0 DATA EVALUATION 23
3.1 Trace Element Material Balances 23
3.2 Error Propagation Analysis 25
4.0 RESULTS 27
5.0 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 39
5.1 Material Balance Closure 39
5.2 Distribution of Elements in the
Exit Streams 40
APPENDIX A - SAMPLING AT STATION III
APPENDIX B - ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
-------
TABLE OF CONVERSION UNITS
To Convert From
BTU
BTU/pound
Cubic feet
Cubic yards
Feet
Feet/second
Gallons (U.S. liq.)
Gallons (U.S. liq.)
Gallons/minute
Grains/cubic foot
Inches
Inches of 1^0 (4°C)
Pounds
Pounds / BTU
Pounds/hour
Pounds/standard
cubic foot (60 F,
29.92 inches llg)
Tons
Yards
To
Calories, kg
Calories, kg/kilogram
Cubic meters
Cubic meters
Meters
Meters/second
Cubic meters
Liters
Cubic meters/minute
Grams/cubic meter
Centimeters
Millimeters Hg (0°C)
Kilograms
Kilogram/calorie, kg
Kilograms/hour
Kilograms/standard
cubic meter (0 C,
760 mm Hg)
Metric tons
Meters
Multiply By
0.25198
0.55552
0.028317
0.76455
0.30480
0.30480
0.0037854
3.7854
0.0037854
2.2884
2.5400
1.8683
0.45359
1.8001
0.45359
15.155
0.90719
0.9144
-1-
-------
1.0 INTRODUCTION
As natural gas and petroleum resources become less
available and more costly, coal will receive increasing emphasis
as a primary'domestic energy source. The use of the extensive
Northern Great Plains area coal deposits may provide a significant
portion of the United States' energy requirements for the fore-
seeable future. The most common utilization of coal will con-
tinue to be the conversion to electrical energy by coal-fired
generating stations.
The combustion process produces a wide variety of
emissions and effluents ranging from sulfur and nitrogen oxides
and particulates in the flue gas to solid and liquid wastes.
In addition to carbonaceous material, coal contains inorganic
matter in the form of mineral inclusions in the coal which
becomes part of the emissions and effluents from the generating
station. The distribution of this material among the effluent
streams of a generating station is dictated by the coal composition
station boiler configuration and the flue gas particulate control
devices utilized. As a part of this inorganic material, the
minor and trace elements in the coal are distributed among the
ash streams, dependent on the properties of each element.
This report describes in four volumes the detailed
characterization of 27 trace and minor elements in the material
flows around three coal-fired steam generating stations. Volume
I gives brief descriptions of the stations, the general sampling
and analytical approach, and the mass flow results for the
elements. The discussion in this volume concentrates on
comparisons among the three stations and consistencies of
element behavior. The remaining three volumes give detailed
descriptions for each of the individual stations. The three
-2-
-------
stations include examples of two boiler designs, tangentially
fired and cyclonic, and three flue gas particulate control
techniques: venturi scrubber, electrostatic precipitator, and
mechanical cyclones,
-3-
-------
2.0 SAMPLING
The sampling scheme for each of the stations was
designed to collect representative samples and mass flow rate
data for each incoming and exiting material stream. The three
stations operated at relatively constant boiler load during the
sampling periods, thus approximating steady state conditions.
Therefore, long-term averaging of samples and flow rates were
not required to obtain representative data. The following
sections describe briefly the three plants, the sampling and
sample handling techniques and the flow rate determinations.
Detailed descriptions for each station are given in the indivi-
dual volumes which constitute the remainder of this report.
2.1 Plant Descriptions
Station I consists of four individual units with a
total generating capacity of 750 MW fired with Wyoming sub-
bituminous coal. Unit No. 4 was sampled for this program.
This unit is a tangentially-fired, balanced draft 330 MW boiler
with three venturi scrubbers for particulate emission control.
A schematic of Unit No. 4 at Station I with approximate sample
point locations is presented in Figure 2-1 and the incoming
and exiting streams are illustrated in Figure 2-2.
Station II has a 350 MW boiler tangentially-fired
with Wyoming sub-bituminous coal. A hot-side electrostatic
precipitator provides fly ash control. The physical arrangement
of Station II with sample point locations is presented schemat-
ically in Figure 2-3. Figure 2-4 illustrates the incoming and
exiting material streams.
-4-
-------
FIGURE 2-2
IN AND OUTGOING STREAMS AT THE
BOILER NO. 4 SCRUBBER SYSTEM AT STATION I
INGOING STREAMS
OUTGOING STREAMS
CD
<5)
©
(D
Co a 1
Bottom Ash Solids ^
Bottom Ash Sluice
Bottom Ash Sluice t
Water
Cooline Tower ^
Economizer Ash
Blowdown
Scrubber Make-uo
Scrubber Solids ^
Water ""
to r'ond
Lime
Scrubber Liauid
to Fond
Flv Ash Throueh
Stack
¦<2)
¦Q
¦<0>
-5-
-------
FIGURE 2-3 SCHEMATIC OF STATION II
FIGURE 2-4
IN AND OUTGOING STREAMS
AT STATION II
Ingoing Streams
Outgoing Streams
©
COAL
(J) INLET SLUICE WATER^
SLUICE SOLIDS
OUTLET SLUICE
-CD
MATER^@
PRECIPITATOR ASH
FLY ASH
-6-
-------
A North Dakota lignite is fired in a 250 MW cyclonic
boiler with mechanical cycl ne particulate collectors at Station
III. Figure 2-5 is a schematic of the plant with the sample
point locations indicated. The incoming and exiting streams
are listed in Figure 2-6.
2.2 Sampling Techniques
All incoming and exiting streams at each plant were
sampled concurrently over a two-day period. Fly ash in the
exiting flue gas was collected using wet electrostatic precipitator
(WEP) sampling devices. The collection efficiency of this device
was found to be 99+% when compared to the recommended EPA filter
technique. The capability of long-term sampling and excellent
sample recovery coupled with its high collection efficiency make
this sampling technique especially suitable for trace element
determination in the flue gas.
Solid, liquid, and slurry streams were sampled period-
ically during the sampling period. The individual solid samples
were combined and representative portions obtained by random
splitting either by quartering or with riffle buckets. Composite
samples of the solids and liquids in slurry streams were obtained
by combining the individual samples and separation of solids and
liquids by filtration. Composite samples of liquid streams were
also obtained by combination of the individual samples. Liquid
samples were acidified to prevent adsorption of trace constituents
on the walls of the polypropylene containers.
2.3 Flow Rate Determinations
The mass flow rate of each stream was determined either
by direct measurement, from plant operating data or from material
balance calculations for total mass flow or mass flow of a major
-7-
-------
Figure 2-5 SCHEMATIC OF STATION III
CRUSHED COAL
A
WATER
CYCLONES
ECONOMIZER ASH TO ASH POND
®3>
' BOTTOM ASH TO ASM POND ®@
FIGURE 2-6
In and Outgoing Streams
at Station III
INGOING STREAMS
OUTGOING STREAMS
©-
©¦
Coal
Ash Sluice Water
Bottom Ash
Bottom Ash Sluic
Water
Economizer Ash ^ ^
Economizer Ash^. ^
Sluice Water ^
Cyclone Ash ^ ^
Flv Ash
-8-
-------
constituent. The flow rates for the streams at each station,
the estimated error in the flow determination, and a brief
description of the method of determination are presented in
Tables 2-1, 2-2, and 2-3.
-9-
-------
TABLE 2-1
FLOW RATES FOR STREAMS
AROUND STATION I
Stream
Coal
Flow Rate
2.83 x 10s lb/hr,
Error Limit
±10%
1.29 x 106 lb/hr.
Bottom Ajh
Sluice Water
Inlet
Cooling Tower
Blowdown
Scrubber Make-up 4.00 x 106 lb/hr,
Water
4.39 x 10s lb/hr.
Lime
Bottom Ash
Bottom Ash
Sluj.ce Water
Outlet
4.78 x 103 lb/hr.
1.15 x 10" lb/hr.
1.29 x 10$ lb/hr.
Scrubber Solids 5.00 x. lO*1 lb/hr.
±15%
±15%
±10%
±15%
±40%
±15%
±20%
Scrubber Liquid 4.18 x 106 lb/hr.
±10%
Economizer Ash
Flue Gas
Fly Ash
26.3 lb/hr.
5.01 x 107 scfh
1.65 x 102 lb/hr.
±10%
±10%
±10%
Method Used For
Flow Determination
Control room print-out
and heat balance
Pump power consumption
and pump curves
Pump heads and pump
curves
Flowmeters
Calculated from calcium
material balance
Calculated from total
ash balance
Rate was set equal to
inlet sluice water
Calculated from slurry
solids content and flow
rate of scrubber liquid
Calculated from total
water balance around
scrubbers
Measured directly by
volume and known density
Measured by stack traverses
Determined from cumulative
grain loadings
-------
TABLE 2-2
FLOW RATES FOR STREAMS AROUND STATION II
Stream Flow Rate Error Limit
Coal 2.75 x 105 lb/hr ±10%
Inlet Sluice Water 5.02 x 10s lb/hr ±15%
Sluice Solids 4.4 x 103 lb/hr ±25%
Sluice Liquid 5.02 x 10s lb/hr ±15%
Precipitator Ash 1.53 x 10* lb/hr. ±10%
Flue Gas 5.46 x 107 scfh ±10%
Fly Ash 1.40 x 102 lb/hr ±10%
Method Used for
Flow Determination
Metered at coal feeders
Pump heads and pump
curves
Plant personnel estimate
of ash distribution and
total ash from coal
Rate set equal to inlet
sluice water
Plant personnel estimate
of ash distribution and
total ash from coal
Measured by stack traverses
Determined from cumulative
grain loadings
-------
TABLE 2-3
FLOW RATES FOR STREAMS
AROUND STATION III
Stream
Flow Rate
Error Limit
Coal
Bottom ash and
economizer ash
sluice water
inlet
Bottom ash
2.34 x 105 lb/hr.
2.65 x 10s lb/hr.
1.68 x 10 u lb/hr.
±10%
±15%
±15%
Bottom ash
Bluice water
outlet
Economizer ash
Economizer ash
sluice water
outlet
Cyclone ash
1.78 x 105 lb/hr.
154 lb/hr.
8.71 x 10" lb/hr.
6.23 x' 103 lb/hr.
±15%
±20%
±15%
±10%
Flue gas
Fly ash
4.11 x 107 scfh
3.42 x 103 lb/hr.
±10%
±10%
Method Used For
Flow Determination
Revolutions of coal
feeders were measured
Rates were set equal
to sluice water outlet
rates
Difference of ash rate
in incoming coal and
discharge rates of econ-
omizer ash, cyclone ash
and fly ash
Directly measured and
corrected for solids
content
Calculated from economizer
ash sluice rate
Directly measured and cor-
rected for solids content
Measured by weighing trucks
and from differences in
silo level
Measured by duct traverses
Determined from point
grain loadings
-------
3.0 ANALYTICAL STRATEGY
The samples were quantitatively analyzed for 27 trace
and minor elements. These analyses were based on five general
techniques:
(1) atomic absorption spectroscopy
(2) X-ray fluorescence
(3) ion selective electrodes
(4) fluorometry, and
(5) colorimetry
Four general sample types were encountered at the three
plants:
(1) coal
(2) coal ash and sludge
(3) lime
(4) aqueous, including WEP liquor
The analytical schemes for these sample types are illustrated
schematically in Figure 3-1 through 3-4. A detailed description
of the analytical techniques is contained in the individual
plant volumes, Appendix B.
Semiquantitative analyses by spark source mass spectro-
metry (SSMS) for 53 elements, including the 27 analyzed quanti-
tatively, were performed by Accu-Labs, Inc. Proximate and
ultimate analysis of the coal and mineral analysis and viscosity
calculations for the coal ash were also performed by Accu-Labs,
Inc.
-13-
-------
Acid Digestion
Atomic Absorption
Ag, Cr
Li2C0^ -Na2B^O^ Fusion
X-Rav Fluorescence
^2^2 Fusion
Ion Selective Electrode
Coal
NaF Fusion
Fluorescence
HNO^-HCIO^. Digestion
Fluorescence
Se
Oxygen Bomb Digestion
Titrimetry
Flameless Atomic Absorption
Hg
Thermal Oxidation/
HF, HN03, H2S04
Digestion
Colorimetry
I Atomic Absorption
Extraction/Atomic Absorption
Ti, B
Al, Mg, Fe»
Ca, V, As,
Mn, Cu, Zn
Co, 3e, Pb,
Mo, Cd, Sb,
Ni
FIGURE 3-1
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE FOR TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
OF COAL
-14-
-------
Mo, Cd, Sb
Ni
FIGURE 3-2
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE FOR TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
OF COAL ASH AND SLUDGE
-15-
-------
Lime
Acid Digestion
Atomic Absorption
Ag, Cr
Li-CO.- Na„B.0, Fusion
2 3 2 4 7
X-Rav Fluorescence
Na^CO^ Fusion
Ion Selective Electrode
CI, F
NaF Fusion
Fluorescence
•U
HNO^ HCIO^ Digestion
Fluorescence
Se
HC1 Digestion
Titrimetry
Gold Amalgamation
Atomic Absorption
¦Hg
Thermal Oxidation/
Colorimetry
HF, HNO3, H2SO4
Digestion
Atomic Absorption
Extraction/Atomic Absorption
.Ti,B
Al» Mg, Fe,
^a» V, As,
Mn. Cu, Zn
Co» Be, Pb,
Mo» Cd, Sb,
Ni
FIGURE 3-3
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE FOR TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
OF LIME
-16-
-------
WEP
or
Aqueous
Samples
Coloritnetry
¦Ti, B
Atomic Absorption
Al, Mg, Fe,
Ca, V, As,
Mn, Cu, Zn
Extraction/Atomic Absorption^0'
^Moi Cd) Su)
Ni
Ion Selective Electrode
¦CI
FIGURE 3-4
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE FOR TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
OF WET ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR LIQUORS AND AQUEOUS SAMPLES
-17-
-------
4.0 RESULTS
From the analytical results and mass flow rate deter-
minations , mass flows for each element in each plant stream were
calculated. Material balances were calculated for each element
around each plant according to the general expression
ZIn M.XW. (j) - Z°Ut M XW (j) (4-1)
i 1 1 k k k
where,
£*n MjXW^(j) ¦ the summation of the mass flows of the element
*¦ j in the incoming streams (lb/hr)
Z M XW (j) s the summation of the mass flows of the element
« 1c ^
j in the exiting streams (lb/hr)
Mi' ^k = the mass fl°w t*ie or stream (lb/hr)
ttl
XW. (j), XW, (j) = the weiguu traction of the element j in the k—
k # th
or stream
The results of these capitulations from the quantitative
analytical results for the three plants are presented in Tables
4-1, 4-2, and 4-3. The error limits presented for the summations
are derived from propagation of the analytical and flow rate
errors through the material balance calculations. Tables 4-4,
4-5, and 4-6 list the results of the material balance calculations
based on the spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS) results. In
general, the results of SSMS survey analyses are no more than
order-of-magnitude accuracy due to several important limitations
of the technique: (1) It is extremely difficult to provide
accurate blank and standard samples to compensate for matrix
-18-
-------
effects. (2) Significant losses of some elements are unavoidable
during preparation aqueous samples. (3) Physical properties of
the prepared samples such as homogeneity and particle size are
difficult to reproduce from sample to sample.
-19-
-------
TABLE 4-1 TRACE ELEMENT FLOWS* AMD MATERIAL
BALANCE RESULTS AROUND STATION I (9/14/74)
Element
Coal
Ash Cooling
Sluice Tower M&ke-Vp
Uater Blowdown Water tine
£ In
Boccim
Ash
Ash
Sluice
.Water
Scrubber
Solids
Scrubber
Liquid
Economizer
Ash
Flue
Gas
I Out
I OutH In
I
K>
0
1
Aluminum
6 SOU
b. 5
1.0
20
14
6550
±
830
1188
3
5400
20
2.6
16.5
6630 ± 1260
1.01
Antimony
.15
.03
.01
.096
.003
.29
t
.03
.0045
.053
.12
.15
.00005
.0017
.33 t .04
1.14
Arsenic
.23
.0058
.0013
.018
.0003
.26
±
.03
.015
.0053
.26
.0054
.00008
.021
.31 ± .06
1.19
Barium
37
.65
.22
2
.19
40
+
8
7.7
.65
42
2
.02
.41
53 i 12
1.33
Beryllium
.23
.0017
.0016
.0052
.0057
.25
+
.03
.029
.0017
.16
.0063
.00008
.0012
.20 ± .04
.80
Boron
14
4.1
.12
13
.03
32
t
3
1.8
3.2
11
12
.0068
.67
28 t 3
.88
Cadmium
.051
.0070
.0004
.022
.0022
.082
t
.009
.012
.0049
.09
.028
.0002
.0078
.14 ± .02
1.71
Calcium
4»ao
1019
61
3160
2557
11.800
t
700
995
1019
5900
3804
3
56
11,800 ± 1300
1.00
Chlorine
12
36
11
112
.60
170
1
17
2
36
4
117
.005
18
180 t 18
1.06
Chromium
5.9
.095
< .025
.30
.057
6.4
.8
.77
.15
5.9
.59
.0030
.76
8 i 1
1.25
Cobalt
.59
.010
.011
.032
.0067
.66
t
.08
.081
.0065
.41
.046
.0004
.013
.6 ± .1
.91
Copper
9.6
.046
.11
.14
.081
10
t
2
1.1
.031
7.8
.20
.0028
.058
9 ± 2
.90
Fluorine
40
26
.40
80
2
150
±
12
1.2
21
41
84
.0032
-.85
150 t 14
1.00
Iron
1132
.4
. 5
1
6
1140
t
130
289
.4
1125
3
.6
9
1430 ± 260
1.25
Uad
1.2
.010
.007
.032
.053
1.3
t
.2
.082
.009
2.5
.096
.0004
.05
2.7 ± .7
2. OS
Magnesium
621
aa
16
272
22
1200
t
90
138
88
680
259
.4
'9
1170 ± 150
.98
Manganese
48
l.i
.044
3.4
.37
53
±
6
8.0
1.0
50
3.7
.026
.22
60 * 10
1.13
Mercury
.037
.0006
.0002
.002
.0003
.040
±
.005
.0002
.0006
.0027
.0029
2 x 10"7
.022
.029 ± .004
.73
Molybdenum
1.1
.045
.022
.14
.022
1.4
i
.2
.043
.072
.52
.063
.0009
.36
1.1 t .1
.79
Nickel
2.5
.032
.002
.10
.016
2.7
t
.4
.45
.019
1.9
.063
.001
. .099
2.5 i .5
.93
Seleniuu
.62
.06 2
.0016
.19
.0013
.86
t
.07
.008
.040
.44
.50
.00001
.017
1.0 ± .1
1.14
Silver
.013
.0004
.0001
.0012
.00006
.014
±
.002
.0013
.0005
.012
.002
2 x 10~6
.0007
.016 ± .003
1.14
Sulfur
2038
1013
1165
3140
.14
7380
t
410
.001
993
720
3615
7 x 10-&
1185
6510 ± 440
.88
Titanium
311
<.13
<.04
<¦4
.42
310
t
40
52
<.13
200
<•4
.13
.79
.250 ± 50
.81
Uranium
.37
.013
.0066
.04
.037
.46
t
.04
.15
.007
.18
.036
.0002
.0057
.38 ± .07
.83
Vanadium
14
.20
.062
.63
.15
15
±
2
2.6
.25
13
.97
.007
.41
18 ± 3
1.20
Zinc
b.tt
.13
.18
.40
.030
8
1
1
.47
.098
9.5
.37
.0015
.25
11 t 2
1.38
* All values In lb/tir.
-------
TA&Ll 4-2
TRACE ELEMENT
FLOWS* AMD MATERIAL BALANCE RESULTS
AROUND STATION
11 (10/23/74)
Element
Coal
hlet Slule*
Water
Z In
Precipitator Ash
Sluice Ash
Outlet Sluice
Water
Flue Gas
Z Out
Z Out/I
Aluminum
1950
<•05
1950 ± 250
1830
480
4.6
17
2330 ± 270
1.19
Antlpony
.044
.0012
.045 t .008
.035
<•0004
.0019
.0016
.040 ± .006
.89
Arsenic
.70
<.00005
.7 t .1
.73
.0062
<.00005
.0004
.7 i .1
1.00
Barium
127
<-30
130 * 28
119
23
<.30
<•14
140 ± 28
1.08
Beryllium
.080
<.0010
.08 * .01
.086
.018
<.0010
<• 0023
.11 ~ .013
1.38
Boron
8.5
.09
8.6 ± 1
8.4
1.1
.25
.50
10 i 1
1.16
Cadmium
<•028
<4010
<•029
.018
.0037
<.0010
<.0009
<•024
—
Calcium
3000
29
3030 ± 310
2980
660
57
30
3730 * 350
1.21
Chlorine
2.6
4.3
6.9 i .8
.72
<•004
7.5
16
25 ~ 3
3.62
Chromium
2.5
<.027
2.6 t .4
1.8
.34
<•027
.32
2.5 ± .3
.96
Cobalt
.41
<.0015
.41 t .06
.41
.079
<.0015
.0081
.5 ~ .06
1.22
Copper
8.5
.0060
8,5 4 i
7.0
1.0
.011
.068
8 11
.94
Fluorine
18
.23
19 1 2
17
.084
.35
1.3
19 ± 2
1.00
Iron
580
.OfiO
580 * 70
451)
180
.0050
5.2
640 i 70
1.10
Lead
.63
.0085
.64 * .13
.34
.048
.0030
.033
.42 ± .07
.66
Magnesium
413
7.4
420 t 40
428
91
7.9
4.4
530 t 50
1.26
Manganese
6.6
.017
6.6 t .8
6.2
1.4
.0080
•10
7.7 t .9 .
1.17
Mercury
.037
.040
.077 ± ,009
<.0002
<•00004
<.0002
.0093
.010 t .002
.13
Molybdenum
.18
<.0001
.18 t .03
.13
.015
.0075
•017
.17 t .02
.94
HlcVel
.58
<•010
.59 * .09
.57
.12
<.010
.86 i .1
1.46
Selenium
.44
.0009
.44 ± .05
.10
.0015
.0019
.068
.17 t .01
.39
Silver
.013
<.0001
.013 ± .002
.014
.0005
<•0001
.0002
.015 t .002
1.15
Sulfur
1350
7
1350 * 140
120
4.0
54
1300
1430 ± 180
1.10
Titanium
160
<.05
160 * 20
146
40
<.05
1.2
190 t 20
1.19
Uranium
.24
.0042
.25 ± .03
.089
.022
.0022
.0017
.U ± .01
.44
Vanadium
5.5
.029
5.5 * .8
4.5
.84
.036
• 14
5.5 i .7
1.00
Zinc
1.1
.20
1.3 * .2
1.2
.69
.0042
, 046
1.9 ± .3
1.46
•All value* In Ib/hr.
-------
TABLE 4-3
TRACE ELEMENT FLOWS* AND MATERIAL BALANCE RESULTS AROUND STATION III (8/29/74)
Flue
Ash Bottom Economizer Gas
Element:
Coal
Sluice
Wafer
E
In .
Bottom
Ash
Ash Sluice
Water
Economizer
Ash
Ash Sluice
Water
Cyclone
Ash
Flue Gas
South Duct
North
Duct
t
Out
I Out/Z
Aluminum
1740
0.11
1740
220
1480
.30
13.
.05
463
164
82
2200
: 260
1.26
Antimony
.094
.0048
.10
.02
.013
.0061
.00008
.0018
.0049
.040
.025
.09
i .01
.90
Arsenic
1.9
.0016
1.9
.3
.33
.0015
.019
.0001
1.2
.15
.25
1.9
± .2
1.00
Barium
102
< .13
103
23
96
< .089
1.3
< .044
48.
<1.3
< 1.0
147
± 26
1.43
SeryIlium
.14
.0004
. 14
.02
.089
.0003
.0014
. 0003
.052
.006
.004
. 15
s .02
1.07
Boron
36
.07
36
5
8.7
.045
.11
. 21
10.
16.
6.4
42
i 3
1.17
Cadmium
.046
.00007
.046
.007
.015
.0002
.0003
.0001
.018
.012
.011
.056
~ .005
1.22
Calcium
3220
9
3230
330
2180
8.
18.
4.
816.
397.
204.
3630
i 340
1.12
Chlorine
13
3. 2
16
2
1.5
2.8
.02
1.5
.84
6.4
8.0
21
i 2
1.31
Chromium
3.1
<.014
3. 1
.4
1.6
<.0094
.019
<.0046
.54
.78
.68
3.6
i .4
L. 16
Cobalt
.18
.00007
.18
.02
.17
.0007
.0018
.0003
. 081
.062
.039
.35
1 .03
1.94
Copper
2.5
.002
2.5
.4
.84
.002
.014
.0007
.90
.42
.29
2.5
i .2
1.00
Fluorine
13.
.05
13
2
<•17
.044
.01
.02
4. 2
6.4
6.1
17
~ 2
1.31
Iron
1770
.11
1770
210
1100
.4
10.
.12
358
2.08
103
1730
1 1C0
1.01
Lead
.20
.3040
.21
.04
<013
.0043 .
.0013
. 0022
.051
.062
.062
. 20
t .02
.95
Magnes iun
870
7
880
90
623
4.6
5.8
2.1
226
100
49
1010
s 100
1.15
Manganese
18
.022
18.
2
12
.0098
. 14
.0084
4.7
1.6
.8
19
i 2
1.06
Mercury
.017
<.0001
.017
.002
<.0002
<.00008
.00001
<.00004
.0011
.018
.016
.036
± .004
2.12
>Volybiienum
.46
.0087
.47
.08
.30
.0028
.0068
.0010
38
.46
.70
1.9
1 .2
4.04
Nickel
1.3
.0016
1.3
.2
.39
.0002
.0055
0006
. 24
.52
.56
1.7
i .2
1.31
Selenium
.31
.0003
.31
.03
.0042
.0002
.00002
.0001
.059
.070
.049
.18
2 .01
.58
Silver
.0079
<.00006
.008
.001
.0018
<.00004
.0004
<.00002
.0047
<.0007
<.0006
.0078
t .0007
.98
Sulfur
3380
18
3400
340
1.6
13.
.20
6.7
54.
1560
1390
3020
i 300
.89
Titanium
82.
<.027
82
10
5?
<.018
.59
<.0087
19.
3.4
3.3
85
i 10
1.04
L'rar.iua
.36
.0006
.36
.04
.054
.0006
.0017
.0004
' .075
.034
.016
. 18
± .02
.50
Vanadium
3.5
<.0013
3.5
.5
2.4
<.0009
.017
<.0004
. 54
.57
.41
3.9
i .4
1.11
Zinc
1.8
. 0034
1.8
.3
.30
.0023
.022
.0024
. 75
.78
.41
2.3
i .3
1.28
*A11 flow rates in lb/hr.
-------
TABLE 4-4 TRACE ELEMENT FLOWS* AND MATERIAL BALANCE RESULTS
Cooling
Element
Coal
Bottom Ash
Sluice Water
Tower
Blcwdown
Make-up
Water
Lime
Z In
Alumiram
-v-2434
2.7
.19
8.4
.37
¦v-2400
Antimony
.12
.014
< .0004
.044
<.0002
.18
Arsenic
.37
< .006
< .0004
<.02
< .003
.40
Barium
37
.19
.029
.60
.033
38
Berylliun
.54
< . 001
< .0004
<.004
.001
.54
Bismuth
< .20
< .001
< .0004
< . 004
< .0004
< .20
Boron
31
< .13
.088
< . 40
.007
32
Bromine
.48
.034
< .0004
.10
.001
.62
Cadniuro
.18
.062
.057
.19
.0008
.49
Calciun
>2830
955
48
2960
>48
>6800
Cerium
16
.008
< .0004
.024
.049
16
Cesium
.19
.003
.002
.008
.00004
.20
Chlorine
28
.023
.001
.072
.062
28
Chromium
8.2
.005
.0008
.016
.003
8.2
Cobalt
1.7
.030
.018
.092
.002
1.8
Copper
7.1
.067
.057
.21
.006
7.4
Dysprosiun
.45
< . 001
< .0004
< . 004
.001
.46
Erbiun
.14
< .001
< .0004
<.004
.0003
.15 u
Europiun
.23
< .001
< .0004
< . 004
.0003
.24
Fluorine
93
2.8
—
8.$
2.1
110
Cadoliniun
.037
< . 001
.001
< . 004
.0003
< .044
Galliun
1.0
.018
.001
.056
.003
1.1
Germaniun
.16
.043
.0004
.13
.0001
.34
Gold
< .028
< .001
<.0004
< . 004
< .0004
< . 034
Hafnium
.088
< . 001
< .0004
< . 004
.003
.096
Holmiun
.042
< . 001
<:0004
< . 004
.00009
< . 048
*All flows in lb/hr.
STATION I FROM SPARK SOURCE MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSES
Bottom
Ash
Bottom Ash
Sluice Water
Scrubber
Solids
Scrubber
Liquid
Economizer
Ash
Flue
Gas
I Out
>115
17
>500
17
>.26
3.5
>650
.006
.027
.041
.067
.00002
.003
.14
.062
< .004
.85
.008
.0002
.005
.93
3.7
.44
5.5
.92
.003
.079
11
.13
< . 001
.38
< . 004
.0001
< .0008
.51
.002
< . 001
.023
< . 004
.00001
.0008
.032
9.2
< .13
27
< . 42
.013
< . 083
36
.017
.071
.049
.075
.00004
< .0008
.21
.008
.19
.045
.00006
.091
.54
>115
929
>500
3511
>.26
34
>5100
2.3
.004
5
.017
.002
.013
7.3
.049
.006
.14
.004
.00005
.017
.22
.30
.36
.85
.39
.0002
.005
1.9
1.3
.003
9
.017
.003.
.42
11
.30
.013
.85
.059
.0004
.025
1.2
1.4
.18
17
.75
.002
.055
19
.048
< . 001
.14
< . 004
.00008
< .0008
.19
.006
< . 001
.024
< .004
.00001
< .0008
< . 036
.012
< . 001
.035
< .004
.00003
< .0008
.052
1.0
—
15
3.4
.003
.003
19
.008
< .001
.055
< . 004
.00001
.002
.070
.31
.008
2.4
.19
.0003
.056
3.0
.032
.089
.20
.20
.00005
.006
.53
< . 001
< . 001
< .005
< . 004
< 2 x 10"6
< .0003
< .012
.066
< .001
.090
<.004
.00006
< .0008
.16
.004
< . 001
.01
< . 004
8 x 10"6
< .0008
< .020
-------
TABLE 4-4 TRACE ELEMENT FLOWS* AMD MATERIAL BALANCE RESULTS AROUND STATION I FROM SPARK SOURCE MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSES CCont'dl
Cooling
Elenent
Coal
Bottom Ash
Sluice Water
Tower
Blowdcwn
Make-up
Water
Lime
t In
Bottom
Ash
Bottom Ash
Sluice Water
Scrubber
Solids
Scrubber
Liquid
Econonizer
Ash
Flue
Gas
E Out
Iodine
.34
< . 001
<.0004
< .004
.0008
.35
.007
.005
.01
.004
4 x 10"6
< .0008
.027
Iridium
< . 028
< . 001
<.0004
< . 004
< .0004
< .034
< .001
< .001
< .005
< . 004
< 2 x ie"6
< .0008
< .012
Iron
>1415
.59
.48
1.8
-x-27
>1400
>115
1.5
>500
3.8
>.26
6.7
>630
Laicharun
2.5
.004
< .0004
.012
.004
2.6
¦ .36
.013
1.0
.013
.0005
.012
1.4
Lead
.82
.005
.002
.016
< .0004
.84
.092
.017
1.4
.013
.0002
.015
1.5
Lithium
19
.037
.0004
.62
.036
19
9.9
.17
.10
.18
.011
.007
10
Lutecium
.023
< . 001
< 0004
< . 004
.0001
< .029
.002
< .001
.005
< . 004
3 x 10"6
< .0008
< .013
Magnesium
>2800
90
15
280
a-24
>3200
>115
89
>500
272
>.26
7.3
>980
Manganese
23
.67
.016
2.1
.81
26
•v.38
.52
tllO
4.2
•v. 087
.17
•\-153
Mercury
.034
—
~
< .0004
.034
< . 001
—
< .005
—
7 x 10"'
—
< .006
Malybdenun
4.0
.085
.005
.26
.042
4.4
.40
.18
1.2
.42
.0004
.057
2.2
Neod/miuD
21
.006
< .0004
.02
.006
21
1.5
.014
4.2
.013
.002
.016
5.7
Nickel
3.7
.59
.034
1.8
.007
6.2
.32
.099
.95
2.9
.0002
.39
4.6
Niobiun
1.5
< ;001
< .0004
< .004
.002
1.5
.21
< . 001
1.2
< . 004
.0004
.013
.1-4
Osmium
< .028
< .001
< .0004
< .004
< .0004
< . 034
< .001
< .001
< . 005
< . 004
< 2 x 10"b
< .0008
< .012
Palladiun
< .028
< . 001
< .0004
< .004
< .0004
< .034
< .001
< .001
< . 005
< . 004
< 2 x 10'6
< .0008
< .012
Phosphorus
181
.083
Vl8
.26
.48
182
-v-21
.14
85
.41
.055
3.8
-v.110
Platinum
< .028
<.001
<.0004
< . 004
< .0004
< . 034
< .001
< .001
< .005
< .004
< 2 x 10*6
< .0008
< .012
Potassium,
-v-736
14
3.6
44
.24
-v800
-v28
15
>250
50
>.13
2
>350
Praseodymium 2.0
.001
< .0004
.004
.001
2.0
.13
.001
.38
< .004
.0001
.002
.51
Kheniun
< .028
< . 001
< .0004
< . 004
< .0004
< . 034
< .001
< . 001
< . 005
< . 004
< 2 x 10"6
< .0008
< .012
Rhodiun
< .028
< .001
< .0004
< . 004
< .0004
< . 034
< . 001
< .001
< . 005
< .004
< 2 x 10"6
< .0008
< .012
Rubidium
2.5
.58
.018
1.8
.0005
4.9
.26
.11
1.6
.12
.0002
.050
2.2
Ruthenium
< .028
< . 001
< .0004
<.004
< .0004
< . 034
< . 001
< .001
< . 005
< . 004
< 2 x 10"6
< .0008
< .012
~All flows in lb/hr.
-------
TABLE 4-4 TRACE ELEMENT FLOWS* AND MATERIAL BALANCE RESULTS
Cooling
Bottom Ash Tower Make-up
Element
Coal
Sluice Water
Blowdown
Water
Lime
Z In
Samariun
.093
< .001
<.0004
< . 004
.0002
.099
Scandium
3.7
< .001
< .0004
< . 004
.008
3.7
Seleniim
.45
.19
.029
.60
.001
1.3
Silver
.063
< .001
.004
< .004
.0001
.077
Sodium
144
98
38
304
1.1
590
Strontium
42
8.5
.26
26
1.5
79
Tantalum
< .028
.009
< .'0004
.028
.003
< .068
Tellurium
.028
< .001
< .0004
< . 004
< .0003
< .034
Terbiun
.025
< .001
< .0004
< . 004
.00009
< . 031
Thalliun
< . 028
< .001
< .0004
< . 004
< .0004
<.034
Thorium
.74
< .001
< .0004
< .004
.003
.74
Thulium
.011
< .001
< .0004
< .004
.00009
< .017
Tin
.51
.005
.003
.016
.0008
.53
Titaniixn
-*•538
.30
.033
.92
.27
-v540
Tungsten
'.96
.005
< .0004
.02
.005
.99
Uraniun
.71
.003
< .0004
.008
.006
.72
Vanadiun
21
.25
.003
.76
.006
22
Yt terbiun
.076
< . 001
< .0004
< .004
.0007
< .083
Yttrium
4.8
.001
< .0004
.004
.010
4.8
Zinc
.25
.13
.18
40
.001
.95
Zirconiun
8.8
.004
< .0004
.012
.005
8.8
*All flows in lb/hr.
)UND STATION I FROM SPARK SOURCE MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSES (Cont'd)
Bottom
Ash
Bottom Ash
Sluice Water
Scrubber
Solids
Scrubber
Liquid
Economizer
Ash
Flue
Cas
t Out
.022
<
.001
.065
< .004
.00002
< .0008
.093
.92
<
.001
2.7
< .004
.001
< .0008
3.6
.010
.25
.29
.54
.00001
.22
1.3
. .002
.001
.010
.004
5 x 10"*
< .0008
.017
25
101
>500
334
>.13
14
>974
LI
5.8
43
41
.037
.83
102
.030
<
.001
.04
.004
.00005
.002
.078
.002
<
.001
.005
.004
1 x 10~6
.0008
.013
.005
<
.001
.008
< . 004
4 x 10"6
< .0008
< .019
.002
<
.001
.013
< . 004
.000008
.006
.026
.15
<
.001
.90
< .004
.0003
.0005
1.1
.003
<
.001
.006
< .004
.00001
< .0008
< .015
.023
.005
.16
.050
.00006
.055
.29
115
<
.001
>500
.92
v 20
1.7
>620
.042
.004
.25
.013
.0001
.004
.31
.26
.003
.36
.013
.0002
.004
.64
>2.1
.086
14
1.2
.005
.44
18
.012
<
.001
.07
< .004
.00001
< .0008
.088
.86
.021
2.5
.008
.002
.006
3.4
.12
.095
3.3
.21
.0006
.22
3.9
.71
.008
3.8
.017
.001
.012
4.6
-------
TABLE 4-5 TRACE ELEMENT FLOWS* AND MATERIAL BALANCE RESULTS AROUND STATION II
FROM SPARK SOURCE MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSES
Element
Coal
Make-Uo H,0
Z In
Precipitator
Ash
Sluice Ash
Sluice Ash
Filtrate
WEP
Z Out
Aluminum
>1375
.090 ¦
>1400
>162
>46
1.3
9.9
>220
Antimony
.17
.0005
. 17
.31
.005
.0005
<.0004
.037
Arsenic
26
.002
26
.24
.042
.002
<.0009
.29
Barium
110
.011
110
t79
>46
.11
.36
>126
Beryllium
.25
<.0005
.25
.018
.012
<.0005
<.0004
.031
Bismuth
<.13
<¦0005
<.13
.12
.023
<.0005
<.0004
.14
Boron
9.4
.008
9.4
">•23
3.5
.043
.039
-v.26
Bromine
1.2
.004
1.2
.029
.003
.009
.002
.043
Cadmium
1.0
<.003
1.0
.12
.006
<.003
.003
.14
Calcium
>2750
25
>2800
>162
>46
50
19
>280
Cerium
2.3
<.0005
2.3
4.5
2.4
<.0005
.004
6.9
Cesium
.061
<.0005
.061
.013
.004
<.0005
<.0004
.018
Chlorine
69
--
69
.76
.092
--
.85
Chromium
1.7
.027
1.7
.99
.28
. 027
.24
1.5
Cobalc
.83
<.0005
' .83
.21
.065
<.0005
.003
.28
Copper
4.7
.007
4. 7
3.6
.55
.007
.030
4.2
Dysprosium
.74
<.0005
.74
.18
.088
<.0005
<.0004
.27
Erbium
.11
<.0005
.11
.032
.006
<.0005
<.0004
.039
Europium
.072
<.0005
.072
.057
.022
<.0005
<.0004
.080
Fluorine
106
--
106
¦v-34
.97
--
-v.35
Gadolinium
.036
<•0005
.036
.023
.011
<.0005
<.0004
.035
Gallium
00
<.0005
.83
.26
.040
.011
.018
.33
Certnanium
.063
<.0005
.083
.053
.014
.002
.0009
.070
Cold
<.028
<•0005
<.028
<.002
<.0004
<.0005
<.0004
<.003
Hafnium
.28
<.0005
.28
.065
.031
<.0005
<.0004
.097
Holmium
.019
<.0005
.020
.016
.006
<.0005
<.0004
.024
Iodine
.33
.0005
.33
.005
.003
<.0005
<•0004
.009
Iridium
<.028
<.0005
<.028
<.002
<.0004
<.0005
<.0004
<.003
Iron
->•63 3
.085
t630
>162
>46
.27
2.9
>210
Lanthanum
1.2
.002
1.2
.97
. 35
.001
.003
1.3
Lead
2.6
.003
2.6
1.2
.069
.003
.006
1.3
Lithium
2.8
.005
2.8
2.7
. 55
.001
.0009
3.2
Lutetiua
.039
<.0005
.039
.009
.004
<.0005
<.0004
.013
Magnes iura
>2750
7.5
>2800
>162
>46
8.0
3.2
>220
Manganese
8.0
.007
B.O
4. 1
.23
.007
.050
4.3
Mercury
<.028
<.0005
<.028
<002
< 0004
<.0005
<.0004
<.003
*All values in lb/hr.
-------
TABLE 4-5 TRACE ELEMENT FLOWS* AND MATERIAL BALANCE RESULTS AROUND STATION II
FROM SPARK SOURCE MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSES
Precipitator Sluice Ash
Element
Coal
Make-Up H.,0
I In
Ash
Sluice Ash
Filtrate
WEP
t Out
Molybdenum
3.6
.003
3.6
-94
.092
.024
.009
1.1
Keodymium
4.0
<.0005
4.0
3.1
1.2
.0005
.006
.4. 2
Nickel
.94
.002
.94
1.3
. 17
.010
.16
1.6
Niobium
1.1
<.0005
1.1
. 39
.26
<.0005
.002
.65
Osmium
<.028
<.0005
<.028
<.002
<.0004
<•0005
<.0004
<.003
Palladium
<.028
<.0005
<.028
<.002
<.0004
<.0005
<.0004
<-003
Phosphorus
-058
.065
•>¦358
>162
-v.22
.10
2.4
>187
Platinum
<•028
<-0005
<.028
<.002
<.0004
<•0005
<.0004
<.003
Potassium
99
1.4
100
•v.19
¦v.6. 5
2.4
.41
^29
Praseodymium
1.5
<•0005
1.5
.49
.092
<.0005
.0009
.58
Rhenium
<.028
--
<•028
<•002
<.0004
_ _
<.0004
<.002
Rhodium
<.028
<.0005
<.028
<•002
<.0004
<.0005
<.0004
<-003
Rubidium
.33
.002
.33
.70
.40
.003
.003
1.1
Ruthenium
<.028
<.0005
<.028
<.002
<.0004
<.0005
<.0004
<.003
Samarium
.14
<-0005
. 14
.087
.019
<¦0005
<.0004
.11
Scandium
2.0
< 0005
2.0
.65
. 18
<•0005
.002
.84
Selenium
.74
.001
.74
. 14
.006
.005
.022
.18
Silicon
>2750
3.1
>2800
>162
>46
5.5
5.0
>220
Silver
.033
<•0005
.034
.004
.0006
<.0005
<-0004
.006
Senium
>2750
14
>2800
>162
>46
22
1.0
>230
Strontium
85
1.0
86
>81
>23
1.8
.90
>107
Sulfur
>2750
~20
>2800
>162
>23
>50
^45
s2S0
Tantalum
.22
<•0005
.22
.060
.014
<.0005
<.0004
.075
Tellurium
<.028
<.0005
<•028
.009
.0007
<.0005
.001
.011
Terbium
.052
<•0005
.053
.024
.005
<.0005
<.0004
.030
Thallium
<.028
<.0005
<.028
.006
<.0004
<.0005
<.0004
.007
Thorium
.85
<.0005
.85
.22
.083
<.C005
<.0004
.31
Thulium
.030
<.0005
.031
.004
.003
<.0005
<.0004
.008
Tin
.33
.003
.33
.053
.011
.001
.003
.068
Titanium
124
.010
124
>81
>46
.022
.90
>128
Tungsten
.33
<.0005
.33
.096
. 03"*
<.0005
<.0004
. 13
Uranium
.55
.0005
.55
. 12
.055
<.0005
<.0004
. 17
Vanadium
7.4
.002
7.4
5.8
.97
.030
.054
6.8
Ytterbium
.24
<.0005
.24
.052
.013
<.0005
<.0004
.066
Yttrium
4.7
.0005
4.7
2.9
.74
.001
.045
3.7
Zinc
1.3
.19
1.5
1.2
.27
.040
.036
1.5
Zirconium
4.4
.001
4.4
.71
00
P-.
.001
.018
1.5
*A11 values in lb/hr.
-------
TABLE 4-6 - TRACE ELEMENT FLOUS* AND MATERIAL BALANCE RESULTS AROUND STATION TTI FROM SPARK SOURCE MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSES
ELEMENT
COAL
ASH
SLUICE H20
T. IN
BOTTOM
ASH
BOTTOM ASH
SLUICE H20
ECON ASH
ECON ASH
SLUICE H20
CYCLONE FLUE CAS
ASM SOUTH DUCT
FLUE GAS
NORTH DUCT
E OUT
ALUMINUM
410
0.32
410
>168
0. 13
>1.5
0 10
>62
62
8
>300
ANTIMONY
0.095
< 0003
0.095
0.042
0.0005
0.0004
<0.00008
0.016
0.052
0.014
0.13
ARSENIC
1.6
0.0013
1.8
0.20
0.0021
0.0088
0.0017
0.75
0.42
0.11
1.5
BARIUM
88
0.082
88
12
0.071
M).40
0.27
vll
1.0
0.43
a.25
BE3YLLIUM
0.61
<0.0003
0.61
0.94
<0.0002
0.0017
<0.00006
0.069
0.0026
0.0021
1.0
BI SMITH
<0.19
<0.0003
<0.19
<0.0029
<0.0002
0.0005
<0.00008
0.0093
0.010
0.0021
0 025
BORON
59
<0.027
59
M7
<0.018
•v-0. 34
<0.0087
¦>•16
4.1
-v-37
BPO'ilNE
0.72
0.0066
0.72
0.052
0.012
0.0005
0.0010
0.034
0.023
0.0041
0.13
cad-:iu:i
0.56
0.0077
0.57
0.022
0.066
0.0004
0.0025
0.0031
1.3
0.19
1.6
CALCHIM
>2560
8 7
>2570
>168
7.3
>1.5
4.1
>62
234
140
>620
CERIUM
3.1
0.0013
3.1
0.67
0.0004
0.011
0.00008
0.44
0.055
0.035
1.2
CESIUM
0.059
0.00D3
0.059
0.0072
0 0011
0.0002
0.00008
0.027
0.029
0.064
0.13
CHL0MNE
26
0.05
26
0.44
0, 36
0.014
O.OJ2
0. 32
0.15
0.052
1.4
CHROMIUM
2.6
0.0003
2.6
0.89
0 057
0.00&2
0.0009
0.69
3.1
0.35
5.1
COBALT
0.56
0.012
0.58
0.25
0 0005
0.0062
0.0004
0.25
0.091
0.066
0.67
COPPER
3.1
0.0034
3.1
0.71
0 10
0.018
0.0057
1.5
1.8
0. o2
4.7
DYSPROSIUM
0.13
<0.0003
0 . 33
0.071
<0.0002
0.0013
<0.00008
0 026
0.007S
<0.0021
0.11
ESHI CM
0.038
<0.0003
0.039
0.018
<0.0002
0.0002
<0.00008
0 0030
0.0026
<0.0021
0.027 *
El'SCPHM
0.031
<0.0003
0.031
0.011
<0.0002
0.0001
<0.00008
0.015
0.0052
<0.0021
0.034
FLUORINE
23
0.13
23
1.5
0.036
0 014
0,0027
2.8
0.088
0.43
4.9
GADOLINIUM
0.049
<0.0003
0 049
0.012
<0.0002
0.0002
<0.00008
0 0062
0 010
<0.0021
0.031
GALLIUM
0.20
0.0008
0.20
0.22
0.0014
0.0042
0.0005
0.29
0.55
0.84
1.1
GESMANIUH
0.28
0.0019
0. 28
0.047
0.0007
0.0022
0.0003
0.087
0.23
0.23
O.oO
GOLD
<0.026
<0.0003
<0.026
<0 0017
<0.0002
<0.00001
<0.00008
<0 0006
<0.0026
<0.0021
<0.0072
HAFNIUM
0.069
<0.0003
0.069
0.096
<0 0002
0.0004
<0.00008
0.036
<0.0026
<0.0021
0.14
hol>:ium
0.015
<0.0003
0 016
0.0052
<0.0002
0 00004
<0 00008
0.0019
<0,0026
<0.0021
0.012
iodi:;e
0.31
<0.0003
0. 31
0.0060
0.0046
0.0002
0.00008
0.0037
<0 0026
<0 0021
0.019
IRIDIUM
<0.026
<0.0C03
<0.026
<0.0017
<0.0002
<0 00001
<0.00008
<0.0006
<0.0026
<0.0021
<0.0072
ip.o:j
>1792
0. 15
>1790
>168
0.59
>15
0 23
>62
179
37
>450
LANTHANUM
0. 74
0.0027
0 . 74
0.15
0.002 5
0.0026
0.0002
0.054
0.029
0.0062
0.24
LEAD
0.17
0.0024
0.17
0.013
0.027
0 .0062
0.0004
0.25
0.24
0.021
0.56
LITHIUM
2.4
0.0032
2.4
1. 2
0.0028
0.062
0.0019
5.4
0.042
0.0041
6.7
LUT.CT( iJM
0.011
'0.0003
0.013
0.0074
<0.flO02
0.00004
<0.00003
0.0009
<0.0026
<0.0021
0.013
KACKESIUM
>2560
6
>2570
>168
u . •>
>1.5
2 ;
>C2
70
35
>340
MANGANESE
10
0.032
10
t 42
0.077
^0 . 51
0.010
¦v7.5
4.7
0.95
-v.56
* All flow* In lb/hr.
-------
TABLE 4-6 - TRACE ELEMENT FLOWS* AND MATERIAL BALANCE RESULTS AROUND STATION III FROM SPARK SOURCE MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSES
(Cone.)
ELDEST
COAL
ASH
SLUICE H20
I IN
BOTTOM
ASH
BOTTOH ASH
SLUICE HjO
ECON ASH
ECON ASH
SLUICE HjO
CYCLONE
ASH
FLUE GAS
.SOUTH DUCT
FLUE CAS
.WORTH DUCT.
£ OUT
MERCURY
<0.026
<0.026
<0.0017
<0.0C001
<0.0006
<0 0023
MOLYBDENUM
1.3
0.0037
1.3
0.59
0.0032
0.0026
0.0012
0.46
0.70
0.19
2.0
'COPYMtUM
2 6
0.0013
¦> (.
0.91
0.0016
0.020
<0.00000
0.34
0.021
0.C1':
1.3
niCXFX
2.0
0 0/i
2.0
0.47
C. 0032
0. DC43
O.OOOi
C 31
6.2
0.25
7.3
HIOSIUM
0.64
0.0003
0.64
0. 30
<0.0002
0.0028
<0.00008
0.11
0.021
0.014
0.45
OSMIUM
<0.026
<0.0003
<0.026
<0 0017
<0.0002
<0.00001
<0.00008
<0 0006
<0.0026
<0.0021
<0.0072
PALLADIUM
<0.026
<0.0003
<0.026
<0.0017
<0.0002
<0.00001
<0.00008
<0.0006
<0.0026
<0.0021
<0.0072
PLATINUM
<0.026
<0.0003
<0.026
<0.0017
<0.0002
<0.00001
<0.00008
<0.0006
<0.0026
<0.0021
<0.0072
POTASSIUM
205
4.8
210
•v-81
3.2
¦>.7 ,4
1.6
•vl5
42
33
•>¦180
PRASEODYMIUM
0.61
<0.0003
0.61
0.082
<0.0002
0 0017
<0.00008
0.030
0.0078
0.0021
0.12
rhe::il'm
<0.026
<0.0003
<0.026
<0.0017
<0.0002
<0 00001
<0.00008
<0.0006
<0.0026
<0.0021
<0.0072
RHODIUM
<0.026
<0.0003
<0.026
<0.0017
<0.0002
<0.00001
<0.00008
<0.0006
<0.0026
<0.0021
<0.0072
PCBIDIL'M
0.54
0.0050
0 . 54
0.067
0.009J
0.0035
0.0036
0. 14
0.52
0.72
1.5
RUTItEMlUM
<0.026
<0.0003
<0.026
<0.0017
<0.0002
<0.00001
<0.00008
<0.0006
<0.0026
<0.0021
<0 0072
SAMARIUM
0.064
<0.0003
0.064
0.014
<0.0002
0.0003
<0.00008
0.012
<0.0026
<0.0021
0.031
SCANDIUM
0.97
<0.0003
0.97
1.3
<0.0002
0.0025
<0.00008
0.21
<0.0026
<0.0021
1.6
SELENIUM
0.69
0.011
0. 70
0.032
0.0043
0.0007
0.00J 7
0.054
2.0
0.27
2.4
5. ILVlia
0.046
0.0005
0.047
0.024
0.0043
0.00004
0.0002
0.0017
0.16
<0.0021
0.19
SODIUM
>2560
34
>2590
>168
23
>i.5
11
>62
78
62
>410
stp.o::tium
110
0 . 37
110
¦>-47
0. 5!)
•vl.2
0.33
¦vbO
7.5
9.7
¦>•130
TA-ITAT.UM
<0.026
0.0008
<0.026
0.044
0.0004
0.0002
0.00008
0.0075
0.0078
0.0041
0.0o4
TELLURIUM
0.026
0.0005
0.026
0.0087
<0.0002
0.00002
<0.OOOO3
O.OOIO
0.023
0.0021
0.035
TERSIUK
0.023
<0.0003
0.023
0.0089
<0.0002
0.00008
<0.00008
0.0050
<0.0026
<0.0021
0.019
THALLIUM
<0.028
<0.0003
<0.028
<0.0017
0.0005
<0.00001
<0.00008
0.0050
0.075
<0.0021
0.035
THORIUM
0.28
<0.0003
0.28
0. 22
<0 0002
0.0020
<0.00008
0.0S1
<0.0026
0.0021
0.31
THULIUM
0.015
<0.0003
0.016
0.0044
¦3.1
11
3.7
a-34
TUNGSTEN
0.77
0.0019
0.77
0.27
0.0005
0.0057
0.0002
0.23
0.031
0.0062
0.54
CRA"Il'M
0.20
<0.0003
0.21
0.18
0.0004
0.0017
<0.00008
0.069
0.010
0.006
0.27
VANADIUM
3.3
0.0021
3.3
1.4
0.0018
0.013
0.0027
1.1
5.2
0.56
S.3
YTTERBIUM
0.059
<0.0003
0.059
0.035
<0.0002
0.0003
<0.00008
0.0062
<0.0026
<0.0021
0.047
YTTRIUM
1.6
0.0003
1.6
0.72
0.0004
0.012
0.00008
0.75
0.10
0.019
1.6
ZINC
0.16
0.021
0.18
0.034
0.10
0.0007
0.0070
0.34
3.4
1.1
5.1
ZIRCONIUM
4.4
0.0008
4.4
1.0
0.0007
0.0095
0.00008
0.69
0.21
0.039
2.0
* All flows In lb/hr.
-------
5.0 DISCUSSION
Th£ three power stations considered in this study eacn
utilize a different type of particulate control, specifically
venturi wet scrubbers, hot side electrostatic precipitator and
cyclones. A comparison of the annual trace element stack emis-
sions from these units normalized to 1000 MW generating capacity
is presented in Table 5-1. While the variations in emission
levels among the three stations are indicative of the control
devices other factors such as coal composition and boiler design
also contribute to these differences.
The quantity of an element leaving a generating station
in each of the various exiting ash streams is dependent on
several factors including:
(1) its concentration in the coal,
(2) station boiler configuration and load,
(3) flue gas emission control devices
employed, and
(4) the properties of the element and
its compounds.
The first factor is a function of the type and source
of the coal. The last three influence the fractional distribution
among the various exiting ash streams of the elements which enter
the station with the coal. The distribution of the total ash
among these streams is dictated by the boiler configuration and
the collection efficiency of the flue gas particulate control
devices. The effect of the individual properties of the elements
on their distribution may be elucidated by comparing the distri-
bution of the elements to the total ash distribution.
-30-
-------
TABLE 5-1
TRACE AND MINOR ELEMENT STACK-EMISSION
(lb/yr-1000 MM)
Station II
Element/Station Station I Sub-bityminous Station III
Coal Type Sub-bituminous Electrostatic Lignite
Emission Control Venturi Scrubber Precipitator Cyclone
Aluminum
390,000
350,000
6,900,000
Antimony
41
33
1,800
Arsenic
500
8.2
11,000
Barium
9,800
<3,000
<70,000
Beryllium
29
<50
280
Boron
16,000
10,000
630,000
Cadmium
190
18
650
Calcium
1,300,000
610,000
17,000,000
Chlorine
430,000
330,000
410,000
Chromium
18,000
6,500
41,000
Cobalt
310
170
2,900
Copper
1,400
1,400
20,000
Fluorine
20,000
31,000
350,000
Iron
210,000
110,000
8,800,000
Lead
1,200
670
3,500
Magnesium
210,000
90,000
4,200,000
Manganese
5,300
2,000
68,000
Mercury
530
190
960
Molybdenum
8,600
350
33,000
Nickel
2,400
3,300
30,000
Selenium
410
1,400
3,300
Silver
17
4.1
<40
Sulfur
28,000,000
27,000,000
83,000,000
Titanium
19,000
24,000
190,000
Uranium
140
35
1,400
Vanadium
9,800
2,900
28,000
Zinc
6,000
940
33,000
Fly Ash
3,900,000
2,900,000
97,000,000
-31-
-------
In the following sections, the differences in boiler
configuration and flue gas particulate control among the steam
stations and the accompanying effects on the ash distribution
are discussed. The elements are classified roughly according
to their distributions in the exit ash streams relative to the
distribution of the total coal ash. In conclusion, the implica-
tions of this data with respect to other types and sources of
coal are examined and the findings of this study are compared
with results of other investigations.
5.1 Coal Ash Distribution
The trace and minor constituents entering the power
stations with the coal are distributed among the following exit
ash streams:
(1) fly ash or vapor phase in the flue gas
(2) bottom ash
(3) scrubber ash (Station I)
precipitator ash (Station II)
cyclone ash (Station III)
In all three cases, the economizer ash was an extremely small
stream and, therefore, not considered. It was combined with
bottom ash at Station II because the two were sluiced together
with pyrites from the mills and separate samples were not
available.
At the three stations, the distribution of the total
ash from the coal among these streams is as follows:
-32-
-------
TABLE 5-2
DISTRIBUTION OF THE COAL ASH
AMONG THE EXIT ASH STREAMS
Stream
Station I
Station II
Station III
Bottom ash
Scrubber ash
Precipitator ash
Cyclone ash
Fly ash
21.3%
78.4%
0.3%
22.2%
77.1%
0.7%
63.1%
24.0%
12.9%
The tangentially-fired boilers at Stations I and II
produce approximately the same portion of bottom ash. The
cyclonic boiler at Station III yields significantly more bottom
ash as is common with this burner design. This separation
between bottom ash and fly ash leaving the boiler is the first
significant point of fractionation of the coal ash and the
accompanying elements. The second major fractionation comes at
the flue gas particulate control devices. Stations I and II are
again comparable at this point. The venturi wet scrubbers at
Station I and the hot side electrostatic precipitators at Station
II exhibit collection efficiencies for the fly ash based on the
ash distributions given above of 99.6% and 99.1% respectively.
The mechanical cyclone collectors at Station III retain approxi-
mately 65% of the fly ash from the boiler.
5.2 Element Distributions
The majority of the trace and minor elements contained
in coal are associated with the mineral matter which forms the
major portion of the coal ash. Unless some mechanism produces
a selective partition of the elements during one of the major
fractionations of the ash, the elements would be distributed
-33-
-------
among the ash streams in the same proportions as the total ash.
However, from1the examination of the data to follow, it is
evident that many of the elements are enriched in some of the
ash streams and correspondingly depleted in others.
In the following sections, the distributions of the
elements among the ash streams are compared to the total ash
distribution for each station and to the corresponding elemental
and ash distribution of the other stations. The conclusions
drawn are mainly based on the results obtained from the quanti-
tative analyses for 27 elements. The behavior of an additional
23 elements is characterized based on the semiquantitative spark
source mass spectrometry survey results.
5-2.1 Fly Ash in the Flue Gas
The percent of the 27 elements exiting the stations in
the fly ash and flue gas are listed in Table 5-3. The total ash
percents in the flue gas are 0.3%, 0.77. and 12.9% for Statiohs I,
II and III respectively. These percents are also presented
graphically in Figure 5-1. The total ash percents in the flue
gas are indicated by vertical lines color coded for each plant,
The crossing of a total ash line and an elemental bar of the
same color indicates enrichment of that element in the fly ash
and flue gas. The elements'in Figure 5-1 are approximately
arranged in order of decreasing enrichment in the flue gas plus
fly ash. This order will be retained in the discussions of the
other ash streams in the following sections.
Enrichment in the flue gas at all three stations (arsenic
at two of the three stations) is indicated for:
-34-
-------
<2
.
U-O U_6
<
0
UJ^S
DO
c!2
ALUMINUM
CALCIUM
IRON
MANGANESE
MAGNESIUM
TITANIUM
100%
FIGURE 5.1
FRACTIONS OF ELEMENTS
DISCHARGEDWITH FLUE GAS
-35-
-------
TABLE 5-3
FRACTIONS OF ELEMENTS ENTERING WITH COAL DISCHARGED
IN
FLUE GAS FOR
SAMPLED STATIONS
Station I"
Flue Gas
(12.97c)
Element
Station I
Flue Gas
(0.3%)
Station II
Flue Gas
(0.7%)
Aluminum
0.25
0.7
11.2
Antimony
0.61
3.9
77.9
Arsenic
7.5
0.05
20.5
Barium
<0.84
<0.09
< 1.6
Beryllium
0.65
<2.0
6.5
Boron
5.9
4.7
54.1
Cadmium
7.0
<3.8
41.1
Calcium
0.85
0.8
16.6
Chlorine
75.0
80.2
80.0
Chromium
9.9
12.4
40.3
Cobalt
2.6
1.5
28.5
Copper
0.66
0.8
28.9
Fluorine
2.0
7.6
74.0
Iron
0.63
0.8
17.5
Lead
1.9
7.5
64.6
Magnesium
1.2
0.8
14.8
Manganese
0.38
1.2
12.5
Mercury
86.8
97.9
96.1
Molybdenum
43.2
9.4
63.0
Nickel
4.1
18.2
62.8
Selenium
2.2
27.7
65.4
Silver
4.7
1.3
<15.9
Sulfur
62.2
87.8
98.1
Titanium
0.30
0.6
7.9
Uranium
2.0
1.5
27.6
Vanadium
2.5
2.4
24.9
Zinc
2.5
2.6
52.7
-36-
-------
sulfur
mercury
chlorine
antimony
fluorine
selenium
vanadium
lead
molybdenum
nickel
boron
zinc
cadmium
chromium
copper
cobalt
uranium
arsenic
silver
The remainder of the elements exit the stack in the same propor-
tions as the ash. These include:
barium aluminum manganese
beryllium calcium magnesium
iron titanium
5.2.2 Bottom Ash
At all of the stations, the bottom ash was sluiced to
settling ponds. During the course of the sluicing some of the
elements are leached from the ash by the sluice water. The
measured bottom ash trace element content was corrected for
this loss. These corrections were insignificant in most cases
and are described in detail in Volumes XI, III and IV. The
sluice ash at Station II includes not only bottom ash but also
pyrites from the mills and economizer ash. The quantities of
both are small enough that their effect on the results may be
considered negligible.
The corrected fractional discharge in percent for each
element with the bottom ash at each of the stations is listed
in Table 5-4. The fractions of the coal ash discharged as
bottom ash were 21.37» for Station I, 22.2% for Station II and
63.1% for Station III. Discharge values for individual elements
smaller than these values indicate depletion of that element in
-37-
-------
TABLE 5-4
FRACTION OF ELEMENTS ENTERING WITH COAL DISCHARGED IN
BOTTOM ASH OR SLUICE ASH FOR SAMPLED STATIONS
Station I Station II Station III
Bottom Ash Sluice Ash Bottom Ash
Element (21.3%) (22,2%) (63.1%)
Aluminum
18.0
20.5
67.2
Antimony
9.9
2.7
15.9
Arsenic
5.0
0.8
16.9
Barium
15.4
16.0
64.9
Beryllium
15.7
16.9
58. 2
Boron
7.9
12.1
21.0
Cadmium
8.9
<15.7
26.8
Calcium
15.1
18.5
60.3
Chlorine
8.3
16.0
12.2
Chromium
10.7
13.9
44.2
Cobalt
15.5
15.6
48.0
Copper
12.4
12.7
34.1
Fluorine
0
1.1
<1.1
Iron
20.4
27.9
61.8
Lead
3.1
10.3
< 7.8
Magnesium
17.7
17.2
62.1
Manganese
13.6
17.3
62.5
Mercury
0.78
2.1
< 0.8
Molybdenum
8.4
12.8
16.3
Nickel
18.3
13.6
22.7
Selenium
0
1.4
2.3
Silver
9.5
3.2
22.0
Sulfur
0
3.4
0.09
Titanium
20.6
21,1
69.2
Uranium
50.1
18.0
29.8
Vanadium
16.3
15.3
60.9
Zinc
4.4
29.4
13.3
-38-
-------
the bottom ash. Figure 5-2 provides a graphical presentation
of this elemental fraction data. The format is the same as that
used in Figure 5-1. Depletion of an element in the bottom ash
of a station is indicated by the failure of the total ash line
and an element bar of the same color to intersect. In general,
the elements listed as enriched in the flue gas exhibit deple-
tion in the bottom ashes. Those elements which followed the
total ash distribution in the flue gas continue to do so in the
bottom ash.
5.2.3 Precipitator, Scrubber and Cyclone Ash
The fractions of the elements in the scrubber ash
(Station I), precipitator ash (Station II) and cyclone ash
(Station III) are presented in Table 5-5 and Figure 5-3. These
presentations follow the same schemes as used in Sections 5.2.1
and 5.2.2. The element fractions are similar to the total ash
fractions for most of the elements. Sulfur, mercury and chlorine
are markedly depleted in these ash streams. These three elements
appear to be leaving the stations predominantly as gaseous
species.
5.2.4 Element Distributions Based on Semiquantitative
SSMS Surveys
The semiquantitative survey results based on spark
source mass spectrometry were analyzed in the same fashion as
the quantitative data presented in the previous sections. The
conclusions drawn in the following discussion must be considered
in the perspective of the accuracy limitations of the technique
employed. Due to the scatter in the data* enrichment and de-
pletion of some elements in the flue gas and bottom ash reflect
this variability.
-39-
-------
SULFUR
MERCURY
CHLORINE
ANTIMONY
FLUORINE
25%
50%
FIGURE 5.2
FRACTIONS OF ELEMENTS
DISCHARGED WITH BOTTOM ASH
OR SLUICE ASH
75%
100%
-40-
-------
25%
50%
FIGURE 5.3
FRACTION OF ELEMENTS
DISCHARGED WITH SCRUBBER SLURRY,
PRECIPITATOR ASH, OR CYCLONE ASH
75%
100
41-
-------
TABLE 5
-5
FRACTION OF
ELEMENTS ENTERING WITH
COAL DISCHARGED
IN ECONOMIZER
ASH PLUS
SCRUBBER SLURRY OR CYCLONE ASH OR PRECIPITATOR ASH
FOR SAMPLED STATIONS
Element
Station I
Economizer Ash &
Scrubber Slurry
(78.5%)
Station II
Precipitator
Ash
(77.1%)
Station IIX
Economizer A.s
& Cyclone Ast*.
(24.0%)
Aluminum
81.7
78.8
21.6
Antimony
89.4
93.4
6.2
Arsenic
87.6
99.1
62.6
Barium
83.6
83.9
33.3
Beryllium
83.8
81.0
35.0
Boron
86.3
83.2
24.8
Cadmium
84.2
80.5
32.5
Calcium
84.1
80.7
23.1
Chlorine
16.7
3.8
7.6
Chromium
79.4
73.7
15.4
Cobalt
81.8
82.9
23.4
Copper
87.0
86.5
37.2
Fluorine
98.0
91.3
25.0
Iron
80.0
71.3
20.7
Lead
.94.9
82.2
27.7
Magnesium
axa
82.0
23.1
Manganese
85.9
81.5
25.2
Mercury
12.5
0
3.1
Molybdenum
48.4
77.8
20.9
Nickel
77.6
68.2
14.3
Selenium
97.8
60.9
32.4
Silver
86.1
95.5
62.2
Sulfur
37.8
8.8
1.8
Titanium
79.1
78.3
23.0
Uranium
47.8
80.5
12.4
Vanadium
81.1
82.3
14.1
Zinc
93.0
68.0
34.2
-42-
-------
The individual element fractions in the flue gas and
bottom ash along with the corresponding total ash fractions for
the three plants are presented graphically in Figures 5-4 and
5-5 respectively. The presentation format and color code follow
that used in the previous figures.
The elements enriched in the flue gas are:
tin gallium
rubidium bismuth
tellurium thallium
cesium bromine
The remainder of the elements appear to be more or less evenly
distributed. These include:
europium
tantalum
holmium
phosphorus
gadolinium
lanthanum
strontium
zirconium
praseodymium
niobium
cesium
yttrium
tungs ten
neodymium
An analogous pattern is reflected in the element frac-
tions in the bottom ash where those elements enriched in the
flue gas demonstrate a corresponding depletion in the bottom
ash. Elements for which the SSMS data were inconclusive are not
included in the above analysis.
-43-
-------
CERIUM
YTTRIUM
TUNGSTEN
NEODYMIUM
FIGURE 5.4
FRACTIONS OF ADDITIONAL
ELEMENTS FROM SSMS ANALYSIS
DISCHARGED WITH FLUE GAS
-44-
-------
X
If)
<
s
o
X
I
<
£
LU
0
1— •
—J OJ
Oco
l/)OJ
CD t£>
25%
50%
75%
100%
FIGURE 5.5
FRACTIONS OF ADDITIONAL
ELEMENTS FROM SSMS ANALYSIS
DISCHARGED WITH BOTTOM ASH,OR SLUICE ASH
-45-
-------
5.3 Comparison of the Stations I, II and III Coals With
the Trace Element Content of Other U.S. Coals
The concentrations of 27 elements measured in the
coals from Stations I, II and III are summarized in Table 5-6.
The arrangement of the elements follows the degree of enrichment
in the flue gas discussed in Sections 5.2 and 5.3. Also listed
in Table 5-6 are average values reported in 82 Illinois Basin
coal samples comprising deposits in Illinois, Indiana, and
Western Kentucky (RU-019). It can be seen that the trace
element levels for the three western coals analyzed in this study
are in most cases much lower than the average levels found in
other coals. This is especially true for chlorine, while the
levels for fluorine and copper are of the same order of magnitude.
The lower trace element content does not necessarily mean lower
emissions per unit of electrical power generated due to the
lower heating value of western coal.
Stations with similar boiler configurations and flue
gas particulate controls to the stations studied should experience
similar elemental behavior. However, the trace element contents
of coals vary widely as evidenced by the review data in Appendix
A. The conclusions drawn.from the enrichment and depletion
patterns in the ash streamg about the elemental behavior during
the coal combustion are of a qualitative nature. Quantitative
assessment of emission levels must be on a case-by-case basis
with experimentally determined emissions rather than general
predictions until a great deal more data is accumulated.
5.4 Enrichment Mechanism
The enrichment of certain elements in the fly ash and
flue gas of the various stations can be explained by the volatil-
ization of these elements or their compounds in the fire box of
-46-
-------
TABLE 5-6
COMPARISON OF STATIONS I, II & III
Station I Station II
ppm ppm
Element lb/109 BTu dry weight lb/109 BTu dry weight
Sulfur
760
0. 72%
420
0.49%
Mercury
0.014
0.13
0.012
0.14
Chlorine
4.6
44
0.80
9.4
Antimony
0.056
0.53
0.014
0.16
Fluorine
15
140
5.7
67
Selenium
0. 23
2.2
0.14
1.6
Lead
0.44
4.2
0.20
2.3
Molybdenum
0.42
4.0
0.055
0.64
Nickel
0.95
9.0
0.18
2.1
Boron
5.4
51
2.6
31
Zinc
2.5
24
0.35
4.1
Cadmium
0.019
0.18
<0.008
<0.1
Chromium
2.2
21
0.79
9.3
Copper
3.6
34
2.6
31
Cobalt
0.22
2.1
0.13
1.5
Uranium
0.14
1.3
0.076
0.89
Arsenic
0.087
0.83
0.21
2.5
Silver
0.0047
0.045
0.0041
0.048
Barium
14
130
39
460
Beryllium
0.086
0.82
0.025
0.29
Vanadium
5.4
51
1.7
20
Aluminum
2420
2.3%
610
0. 71%
Calcium
1850
1.76%
930
1.09%
Iron
420
0.40%
180
0. 21%
Manganese
18
170
2.0
24
Magnesium
300
0.29%
130
0.15%
Titanium
120
1100
48
565
BTU/lb (dry)
—
95ll
--
11708
Ash (dry basis)
21700
20.6%
6150
7.2%
Moisture
38800
27.0%
35200
29.2%
WITH OTHER U.S. COALS
Stat
lb/109 BTu
ion III
ppm
dry weight
Average of
(Illinois Basin)
82 Coals
lb/109 BTu
Average of
(Illinois Basil
82 Coals
ppm dry weight
1460
0.0075
5.6
0.041
5.8
0.13
0.087
0. 20
0. 55
15
0. 79
0.020
1.3
1.1
0.076
0.15
0.81
0.0035
45
0.061
1.5
750
1400
760
8.0
380
35
12600
59300
1.447.
0.074
55
0.40
57
1.3
0.86
2.0
5.4
150
7.8
0.20
13
10.5
0. 75
1.5
8.0
0.034
440
0. 60
15
0. 74 %
1.38%
0.75%
79
0.37%
350
9838
12.4%
36.8%
2750
0.016
120
0.11
4. 7
0.16
3.1
0.62
1.7
8.9
25
2.3
1.1
1.1
7.2
1.2
0.13
2.6
960
580
1610
4.2
39
47
8850
8730
3. 51%
0. 21
0. 15%
1. 35
59.3
1. 99
39.83
7.96
22. 35
113.79
313.04
2. 89
14.10
14.09
9.15
14.9
1.72
33.13
1. 22%
0.74%
2.06%
53.16
0.05%
0.06%
12750
11.28%
10.02%
-------
the boilei;. This volatilization provides the mechanism for th§
selective partitioning of elements during the fractionation of th^
ash between fly ash and bottom ash. The volatilized elements or
t.heir compounds can subsequently
(1) remain gaseous
(2) recondense partially, or
(3) recondense completely.
In the first case, a high percentage of an element
incoming with the coal will be discharged through the stack
unless the flue gas control devices are designed for their
collection. This behavior seems to be exhibited by these ele-
ments :
(1) sulfur
(2) mercury, and
(3) chlorine.
Partial or complete condensation will lead to an
increase in the concentration of these elements in the fine
particulate fraction of the fly ash. Condensation can occur by
nucleation or deposition on available surfaces. At the relatively
low residence times between volatilization and condensation, any
nucleation that occurs will result in small particles. Deposi-
tion on the fly ash particles will be surface area dependent.
This also will result in increased concentrations in the small
particulates since the specific surface area is greater for the
smaller ash particles.
This trace element concentration dependence on the fly
ash particle size was also observed by Davison, Natusch and
-48-
-------
Wallace (DA-105). Elements found to increase markedly in concen-
tration as function of decreasing particle size were Pb, Tl, Sb,
Cd, Se, As, Zn, Ni, Cr and S. The concentration dependence was
found to be inversely proportional to the average particle diameter.
Similar results were found by Lawasani and West (LA-146).
Elements enriched in the fine particulate matter were As, Cu, Mo,
Pb, Se, Sn and Zn. No concentration dependence was found for
Al, Fe, Nb, Rb, Sr, Y and Zr.
Gladney, Gordon and Zoller (GL-035) measured the enrich-
ment of elements in urban aerosols and compared their concentration
with the average in the earth crust. Enrichment factors of greater
then ten times over average crustal abundance for Tl, Cr, Ni, Cr,
Zn, As, Cd, Sn, Pb, Se, CI and Br were measured. The authors
established correlations with enrichment patterns in coal fly ash,
municipal incinerator fly ash and residue fuel oil.
The findings of the present study are compared with
those cited above in Table 5-7. Qualitative agreement between
the various sources is excellent.
-49-
-------
TABLE 5-7
ELEMENT ENRICHMENT IN FINE PARTICULATE MATTER
Sources
Davison
Gladney'
Elements Found to be Enriched in Fines or Completely Volatile
S Sb Se Pb Ni Zn Cd Cr As
CI
Se Pb Ni Zn Cd Cr Cu
As Sn
Tl
T1 Br
Lawasani-
West3
Sb Se Pb Mo
Zn
Cu
As Sn
This
Study
S Hg CI Sb F Se Pb Mo Ni B Zn Cd Cr Cu Co U As Ag Sn* Rb* Te* Cs* Ga* Bi* Tl* Br*
(DA-105)
2(GL-035)
3(LA-146)
*Based on SSMS results
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DA-105 Davison, Richard L., et al. , "Trace Elements in Fly-
Ash. Dependence of concentration on Particle
Size", Env. Sci. Tech, 8(13). 1107 (1974).
GL-035 Gladney, Ernest S., et al., "Composition and Size
Distributions of Atmospheric Particulate Matter
in Boston Area", Env. Sci. Tec. 8(6). 551 (1974).
LA-146 Lawasani, Mohammed Hussain, "Model of Fate of Trace
Elements in Coal Fired Power Plant", Summary of
Master's thesis.
RU-019 Ruch, R. R., Harold J. Gluskoter, and E. Joyce Kennedy,
Mercury Content of Illinois Coals, Environmental
Geology Notes No. 43, Urbana, 111., Illinois State
Geological Survey, 1971.
-------
APPENDIX A
SURVEY OF TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS
IN VARIOUS COALS
-------
Element
Type and/or
Origin of Coal
Concentration In
Coal or Ash
Remarks
Source
Al
U. S.
Coal
43-3.0':%
Whole coal, X-RF
4
Anthracite
Ash
13. 2-23. 37.
3
Bituminous
Ash
2. 1-20.6%
3
Sub-bituminous
Ash
2.1-18.5%
3
Lignite
Ash
2. 1-13.8%
3
Illinois Basin
Coal
.43-3.04%
Whole coal, X-RF
4
Sb
West Virginia
Ash
<.004-.023%
2
100-200 ppm
England, vi train
Ash
<.01-.05%
2
Ruhr, Germany
Ash
. 37. max.
2
Coal
17 ppm max
Germany
Ash
>1000 ppm
2
Coal
10-30 ppm
>
1
U. S.
Coal
.20-8.90 ppm
LTA, NAA
4
I-1
Illinois Basin
Coal
.20-8.90 ppm
LTA, NAA
4
As
Germany
Ash
.05-.1%
Also atmospheric dust
2
.007-.033%
England
Coal
2
0. S.
Coke
.0037%
1
Germany
Coke
.002-.011%
2
Sydney, Nova Scotia
Ash
280-2300 ppm
2
Coal
33-270 ppm
Germany
Ash
10,000 ppm max
2
Coal
500 ppm max
-------
Element
Type and/or
Origin of Coal
As (Cont'd) U. S. Coal
England
Coal
England
Coal
France
Coal
Germany, Lower Rhine
Coal
Germany, Saarbruck
Coal
South Africa
Coal
South Africa
Coal
South Africa
Coal
Pennsylvania, anthracite
Ash
Pennsylvania, anthracite
Ash
North and South Dakota
Ash
West Virginia
Ash
England, Newcastle
Ash
Germany, Newrode
Ash
Portugal, anthracite
Ash
U. S.
Coal
Illinois Basin
Coal
Ba England
Germany
England
England
England
Concentration In
Coal or Ash Remarks Source
.00008-.0016% 13 samples 2
.0106% 1 sample
0-.0098% 2
0-.0220% 2
.04157, 2
.08-.2% 2
.003% 2
.00003-.00103% 2
0-.0008% 2
Up to .0006% 2
.0021-.0055% 2
Up to .01% 2
.1-1.0 2
Up to .0577. 2
. 65% 2
. 07% 2
.01-.1% 2
.50-93.0 ppm LTA 4
1.70-93.0 ppm LTA, NAA 4
Mine waters 2
Mine waters 2
Roof rocks above coal bed 2
Sandstone above coal 2
Barite fissure 2
-------
ELement
Type and/or
Origin of Coal
Concentration In
Coal or Ash
Ba (Cont'd)
>
I
CO
Be
Wcsc Virginia
Ash
.05-.44%
North Dakota
Ash
.157.
Alaska, Nenna Field
Ash
. 4- . 3%
England
Ash
0-4. 3%
Nova Scotia
Ash
.0018-.22%
G ermany, Newro de
Ash
.22%
Germany, brown coal
Ash
.0001%
Germany
Ash
>.1%
Portugal, anthracite
Ash
.01-.1%
Spitzenberger
Ash
.1-.2%
Eastern U. S., anthracite
Ash
540-1340 ppm
Western U. S., high vol.
bituminous
Ash: 210-4660 ppm
Interior U. S., low vol.
bituminous
Ash
96-2700 ppm
Northern Great Plains,
medium vol. bituminous
Ash
230-1800 ppm
Great Plains, lignite and
sub-bituminous
Ash
550-13900 ppm
Appalachian -Eastern Province:
Northern Region:
Lower Kittanning bed
Ash
.0016-.0041%
Coal
1.6-4.1 ppm
Middle Kittanning bed
Ash
.0016-.014%
Coal
1.5-4.2 ppm
Remarks Source
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
LTA 3
LTA 3
LTA 3
LTA 3
LTA 3
2
2
-------
Type and/or Concentration In
Element Origin of Coal Coal or Ash
Be (Cont'd) Southern Region:
Alabama
Ash
.0011- .0157,
Coal
.5-4.6 ppm
Eastern Kentucky
Ash
.001-.11%
Coal
.4-31 ppm
Tennessee
Ash
.0005-.0046%
Coal
.1-11 ppm
Virginia and
West Virginia
Ash
.0007-.0072%
Coal
.2-3.6 ppm
Interior Province:
Eastern Region:
Illinois (total)
Ash
.0004-.011%
Coal
.7-6.3 ppm
Illinois, Bed 5
Ash
.0011-.011%
Coal
1-3.2 ppm
Illinois, Bed 6
Ash
.0004-.0044%
Coal
.7-4 ppm
Indiana (total)
Ash
.0032-.017%
Coal
1.5-12 ppm
Western Kentucky (total)
Ash
.0004-.0093%
Coal
.5-9.5 ppm
Western Kentucky, Bed 9
Ash
.0013-.0057%
Coal
1.7-4.3 ppm
Remarks
Source
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
-------
Element
Type and/or
Origin of Coal
Concentration In
Coal or Ash
Be (Cont'd) Western Region:
McAlister Basin
All other
Northern Great Plains:
Jurassic and Cretaceous
Paleocene and Eocene
>
i
Ln
Rocky Mountains:
Sweetwater County,
All other
Wyoming
Northern Great Plains
Eastern Interior
Appalachian
England and Germany
France
Pennsylvania, anthracite
Texas, Colorado, North
and South Dakota
West Virginia
Belgium
Ash: . 0001- . 0037.
Coal: <.1-2.9 ppm
Ash; .0003-.0117,
Coal: .5-5.1 ppm
Ash: .0015-.0094%
Coal: 2.7-5.8 ppm
Ash: <.0001-. 0137.
Coal: <.1-9.1 ppm
Ash: .0003-. 038"L
Coal: .1-13 ppm
Ash: <.0001-.062%
Coal: <.1-31 ppm
Coal: 1.5 ppm avg.
Coal: 2.5 ppm
Coal: 2.5 ppm
Ash: .001-1.0%
Coal:
Ash: .001-.009%
Ash: .1-1.0%
Ash: .0007-.0108%
Ash: .002-.05
Remarks
Source
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
-------
Element
Type and/or
Origin of Coal
Concentration In
Coal or Ash
Be (cont'd)
>
i
o>
Germany, Newrode
Ash
. oor/o
Germany
Ash
.0013%
England, Newcastle
Ash
.0036%
England, vitrain
Ash
.005-. on
Nova Scotia
Ash
. 00147,
Portugal, anthracite
Ash
up co .01%
Russia
Ash
0- , 17.
U. S.
Coal
. 20-4.00 ppm
Northern Great Plains
Ash
<.0001-.03%
Coal
<.1-8.2 ppm
Eastern U. S., anthracites
Ash
6-11 ppm
Western U. S., high vol.
bi tuminous
Ash
4- 60 ppm
Interior U. S., low vol.
bituminous
Ash: 6-40 ppm
Northern Great Plains,
medium vol. bituminous
Ash
4-31 ppm
Great Plains, lignite and
sub-bituminous
Ash
1-28 ppm
Illinois Basin
Coal
.50-4.0 ppm
Texas, Colorado, North
and South Dakota
Coal
> . 1%
Germany
Ash
New Zealand
Coal
Remarks Source
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
HTA, OE-DR, OE-P 4
1
LTA 3
LTA 3
LTA 3
LTA 3
LTA 3
HTA. OE-DR, OE-P 4
2
2
2
-------
Element
Type and/or
Origin of Coal
Concentration In
Coal or Ash
>
B (Cont'd) Poland Coal
Northern Great Plains Ash
Coal
West Virginia Ash
North Dakota Ash
Eastern Interior Coal
Appalachian Coal
Nova Scotia Ash
Germany, Newrode Ash
England, Newcastle Ash
England, vitrain Ash
Spitzbergen Ash
Portugal, anthracite Ash
New Zealand Ash
Austria Ash
England Coa!
South Africa Coal
U. S. Coal
Eastern U. S., anthracite Ash
Western U. S., high vol.
bituminous
Interior U. S., low vol.
bituminous Ash:
Northern Great Plain, medium
vol. bituminous Ash:
.005-.65%
116 ppm
.008-.096%
.21%
96 ppm
25 ppm
.0052-.022%
.09%
. 317.
.02-.3%
.1-2.0%
.001-1.0%
up to 1.51%
up to .46%
2-140 ppm
11-60 ppm
5-224 ppm
63-130 ppm
Ash: 90-2800 ppm
76-180 ppm
74-780 ppm
Remarks Source
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
HTA, OE-DR 4
LTA 3
LTA 3
LTA 3
LTA 3
-------
Element
B (Cont'd)
Cd
Ca
Type and/or
Concentration In
Origin of Coal
Coal or Ash
fircat Plains, lignite and
sub-bituminous
Ash
320-1900 ppm
Illinois Basin
Coal
12-224 ppm
U. S.
Coal
.10-65.0 ppm
Illinois Basin
Coal
.10-65.0 ppm
U. S.
Coal
.05-2.67%
Anthracite
Ash
.14-2.86%
Bituminous
Ash
.50-25.7%
Sub-bituminous
Ash
1.57-37.1%
Lignite
Ash
8.86-37.1%
Illinois Basin
Coal
.05-2.67%
CI
>
00
Illinois
Western U. S.
Poland
England*
England
U. S.
Illinois Basin
Coal
Coal
Coal
Coal
Coal
Coal
Coal
.03-.56%
.01-. 467.
0-. 197.
.01-1.0%
.01-.54%
.01-.54%
Cr
Northern Great Plains
Ash:
Coal:
<.0001-.03%
7 ppm
LTA
HTA, OE-DR
LTA, AA
LTA, AA
Whole coal, X-RF
Whole coal, X-RF
AgNO^ titrate
O2 bomb and titrate
Whole coal, X-RF
Whole coal, X-RF
-------
Element
Type and/or
Origin of Coal
Concentration In
Coal or Ash
>
I
vO
Cr (Cont'd) North Carolina, peat
Pennsylvania, anthracite
Pennsylvania, Cambria County
Pennsylvania, Washington Co.
Texas, Colorado, North
and South Dakota
West Virginia
England
England, vitrain
England, Newcastle
England, vitrain
Germany, Newrode
Nova Scotia
Portugal, anthracite
Spitzbergen
U. S., Eastern Interior
Appalachian
J apan
Germany
U. S.
Eastern U. S., anthracites
Western U. S., high vol.
bituminous
Interior U. S., low vol.
bituminous
Ash-.
. 019-. O257o
Ash:
. 001-. 017.
Ash:
.0271
Ash:
. 013%
Ash:
.01-.1%
Ash:
.011-.02%
Ash:
.0114- .0177"L
Ashr
.01-.1%
Ash:
. 03%
Ash:
up to 1. 5%
Ash;
. 014%
Ash:
.0018-.0079%
Ash:
.01-.1%
Ash:
.01-.U
Coal:
20 ppm
Coal:
13 ppm
Coal:
.03-33 ppm
Coal:
50 ppm
Coal:
4-54 ppm
Ash:
210-395 ppm
Ash:
74-315 ppm
Ash:
120-490 ppm
Remarks Source
HTA, OE-DR, OE-P
LTA
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
3
LTA
LTA
3
-------
Element
Type arid/or
Origin of Coal
Concentration In
Coal or Ash
Cr (Cont'd) Northern Great Plains,
medium vol. bituminous Ash: 36-230 ppm
Great Plains. lignite and
sub-bituminous Ash: 11-140 ppm
Illinois Basin Coal: 4-54 ppm
Northern Great Plains
Coal
2. 7 ppm
Eastern Interior, U. S.
Coal
3.8 ppm
Appalachian
Coal
5.1 ppm
Northern Great Plains
Ash
<.0005-.009%
Pennsylvania, anthracite
Ash
.001-.009%
Texas, Colorado. North
and South Dakota
Ash
.01-1.0%
West Virginia
Ash
.005-.018%
England, vitrain
Ash
.01-.03%
Finland, peat
Ash
<.001-.03%
Germany
Ash
.2% max
Nova Scotia
Ash
.0026-.0196%
Portugal, anthracite
Ash
,01-.1%
Spitsbergen
Ash
.001-.01%
U. S.
Coal
1-43 ppm
Northern Great Plains
Coal
<. 4-12 ppm
Eastern U. S., anthracite
Ash
10-165 ppm
Western U. S. , high vol.
bituminous
Ash
12-305 ppm
Remarks Sou-rce
LTA 3
LTA 3
HTA, OE-DR, OE-P 4
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
HTA, OE-DR, OE-P 4
1
LTA 3
LTA 3
-------
Type and/or Concentration In
Element Origin of Coal Coal or Ash Remarks Sourcfe
Co (Cont'd) Interior U. S., low vol.
bituminous
Ash:
26-440 ppm
LTA
3
Northern Great Plains,
medium vol. bituminous
Ash:
10-290 ppm
LTA
3
Great Plains, lignite and
s ub-b i tuminous
Ash:
11-310 ppm
LTA
3
Illinois Basin
Coal:
2-34 ppm
HTA, OE-DR. 0E-P
4
Northern Great Plains
Coal:
15 ppm
2
Eastern Interior, U. S.
Coal:
11 ppm
2
Appalachian
Coal:
15 ppm
2
England
Coal
1-170 ppm
pyrites
2
Romania
Coal:
1.87-14.68 gm/ton
2
New Brunswick, Canada,
peat
Coal
300 tons in peat swamp
2
Northern Great Plains
Ash
.002-.07%
1
North Dakota
Ash
.027.
2
Pennsylvania, anthracite
Ash
.001- .017.
2
Ash
. 03- . 077.
Texas, Colorado, North
and South Dakota
Ash
: .01-.1%
2
West Virginia
Ash
: .022-. 17,
2
England, Newcastle
Ash
: . 067a
2
England, vitrain
Ash
: . 03- . 17,
2
Germany, brown coal
Ash
: up to . 0017.
2
-------
Element
Type and/or
Oi'if.in of Coal
Concentration In
Coal or Ash
Cu (Cont1d)
>
i
M
to
Germany, Westphalia
Ash
.016-.054%
Germany
Ash
. 4°L max
Portugal, anthracite
Coal
. 001- . 017.
U. S.
Coal
5-61 ppm
Northern Great
Plains
Coal
2.6-185 ppm
Eastern U. S.,
anthracite
Ash
96-540 ppin
Western U. S.,
high vol.
bituminous
Ash
30-770 ppm
Interior U. S.
, low vol.
bituminous
Ash
76-850 ppm
Northern Great
Plains,
medium vol.
bituminous
Ash
130-560 ppm
Great Plains,-
lignite and
sub-bituminous
Ash
58-3020 ppm
Illinois Basin
Coal
5-44 ppm
Western Pennsylvania
Coal
85 ppm, 167
Vancouver, Washington
Coal
145-295 ppm
Utah
Coal
145-295 ppm
Utah
Coal
40-13 2 ppm
England
Coal
Japan
Coal
100-480 ppm
England
Coal
0-175 ppm
U. S.
Coal
25-143 ppm
Illinois Basin
Coal
30-143 ppm
LTA, AA; HTA, OE-DR
LTA
LTA
LTA
LTA
LTA
LTA, AA; HTA. OE-DR
2 samples
Whole coal, ISE
Whole coal, ISE
-------
Element
Type and/or
Origin of Coal
Concentration In
Coal or Ash
Remarks
Sou rce
Fe
U. S.
Coal:
.34-4.32%
Whole coal, X-RF
4
Anthracite
Ash :
1.4-7. 07,
3
Bituminous
Ash:
1.4-30.8%
3
Sub-bituminous
Ash:
2.1-13.3%
3
Lignite
Ash:
.7-23.8%
3
Illinois Basin
Coal:
.48-4.32%
Whole coal, X-RF
4
Pb
England
Coal
. 0247.
2
England
Coal
.0001-.0461%
Pyrites
2
West Virginia
Ash
.019-.13%
2
Texas, Colorado, North
and South Dakota
Ash
: .01-.1%
2
Pennsylvania, anthracite
Ash
: .001-.01%
2
Nova Scotia
Ash
: .0572% ave
2
England, vitrain
Ash
: . 02- . 087,
2
>
Germany
Ash
: 3.1% max
2
OJ
U. S.
Coal
: 4-218 ppm
LTA, AA. HTA, OE-DR
4
Eastern U. S., anthracite
Ash
: 41-120 ppm
LTA
3
Western U. S., high vol.
bituminous
Ash: 32-1500 ppra
LTA
3
Interior U. S., low vol.
bituminous
Ash: 23-170 ppm
LTA
3
Northern Great Plains,
medium vol. bituminous
Ash: 52-210 ppm
LTA
3
-------
Elemont
Type and/or
Origin of Coal
Concentration In
Coal or Ash
Pb (Cont'd) Great Plains, lignite and
sub-bituminous Ash: 20-165 ppm
Illinois Basin Coal: 4-218 ppm
Mn
>
i
West Virginia
Ash
.012-..187.
Pennsylvania, anthracite
Ash
. 005-. 0067.
North Dakota
Ash
.15%
Montana
Ash
.33%
Alabama
Ash
.04-.05%
Texas, Colorado, North
and South Dakota
Ash
.1-1.0%
England
Ash
.08-.18%
England, Newcastle
Ash
.01%
Germany, Neurode
Ash
.05%
Germany, Ruhr
Ash
.6%
Germany, brown coal
Ash
.35%
Germany
Ash
2. 2% max
Portugal, anthracite
Ash
.001-1.0%
Nova Scotia
Ash
.0165-.22%
Spitzbergen
Ash
.01-.1%
Russia, peat
Ash
.098-.109%
Russia
Ash
.0205%
U. S.
Coal
6-181 ppm
Eastern U. S., anthracite
Ash
58-365 ppm
Remarks
Sou fl'tr
LTA 3
LTA, AA. HTA, OE-DR 4
2
2
2
2
2 analyses 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Whole coal, flAA 4
LTA 3
-------
Type antl/or Concentracion In
Elenient Origin of Coal Coal or Ash Remarks Suurcfc
Mn (Cont'd) Western U. S., high vol.
bituminous
Ash:
31-700 ppm
LTA
3
Interior U. S., low vol.
bituminous
Ash:
40-780
LTA
3
Northern Great Plains,
medium vol. bituminous
Ash:
125-4400 ppm
LTA
3
Great Plains, lignite and
sub-bituminous
Ash:
310-1030 ppm
LTA
3
Illinois Basin
Coal:
6-181 ppm
Whole coal, NAA
4
U. S.
Coal
.01- .257.
Whole co^l, X-B.F
4
Anthracite
Ash
.12-.67.
3
Bituminous
Ash
. 06- 2 .47.
3
Sub-bituminous
Ash
.30-4.87.
3
Lignite
Ash
1. 68-8. 47.
3
Illinois Basin
Coal
.01- . 177.
Whole coal, X-RF
4
West Virginia
Coal
; <.007%.
2
Ash
: <.007-. 0197o
. 0557. max
Western U. S.
Coal
: <. 17.
2
England
Coal tar
: 1 part in 1.5
million parts tar
2
U. S.
Coal
: .02-1.60 ppm
Whole coal, NAA
4
Illinois Basin
Coal
.03-1.60 ppm
Whole coal, NAA
4
-------
Element
Type and/or
Origin of Coal
Concentration In
Coal or Ai;h
Northern Great Plains
Ash
<.0005-.0065%
Texas, Colorado, North
and South Dakota
Ash
. 1- 1.07o max
South Dakota, Harding Co.
Ash
. 15%
West Virginia
Ash
.003-.02 7%
Pennsylvania, anthracite
Ash
. 001- . 0097,
Nova Scotia
Ash
. 0018-. 01057o
Portugal, anthracite
Ash
.001-. 017.
Germany, Newrode
Ash
. 007%
England, Newcastle
Ash
.033%
England, vitrain
Ash
. 008-. 027u
Northern Great Plains
Coal
1.7 ppm
Eastern Interior, U. S.
Coal
4. 3 ppm
Appalachian Area
Coal
3.5 ppm
Germany
Coal
21 p pin
Everglade, peat
Coal
U. S.
. Coal
1-30 ppm
Northern. Great Plains
Coal
<. 7-4.9 ppra
Illinois Basin
Coal
1-29 ppm
Kuznetsk Basin, U.S.S.R.
Coal
. 001- . 01?o
.05-1.0%
England, vitrain
Coal
2. 367.
Durham, England
Ash
1
00
h-1
©*-
HTA, OE-DR
HTA, OE-DR
1.35 sp. gr
1.35 sp. gr
-------
E 1 onion t
Typo and/or
Origin of Coal
Concunt; rat ion In
Coal or Ash
Ni (Cont'd)
>
i
Kent, England, vitrain
Ash:
.08-1. 3%
Yorkshire, England
Ash:
.78%
Northern Great Plains
Ash:
.0003-.059%
Texas, Colorado, North
and South Dakota
Ash
.01-1.0%
South Dakota
Ash
. 12%
West Virginia
Ash
.013-.079%
Pennsylvania, anthracite
Ash
.01-.09%
Australia
Ash
.001-.06%
Nova Scotia
Ash
.0052-.0645%
Spitzbergen
Ash
.001-.01%
Germany, Neurode
Ash
. 11%
Germany
Ash
.3% max
England, Newcastle
Ash
.079%
England, vitrain
Ash
.05-.3%
Russia
Ash
.47-1.02%
U. S.
Coa
3-80 ppm
Northern Great Plains
Eastern U. S., anthracite
Western U. S., high vol.
bituminous
Interior U. S., low vol.
bituminous
Coal:
Ash:
.42-40 ppm
125-320 ppni
Ash: 45-610 ppm
Ash: 61-350 ppm
Remarks
Sou ret
1.30 sp. gr. 2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3 out of 7 samples 2
HTA, OE-DR, OE-P 4
LTA, AA
Whole coal, X-RF
1
L TA 3
LTA 3
LTA
3
-------
Element
Type anil/or
Origin of Coal
Concentration In
Coal or Ash
Ni (Cont'd) Northern Great Plains,
medium vol. bituminous
Great Plains, lignite and
sub-bi tuminous
Illinois Basin
Ash: 20-440 ppm
Ash: 20-420 ppm
Coal: 8-68 ppm
Se
U. S.
Illinois Basin
Coal: .45-7.70 ppm
Coal: .45-7.70 ppm
Ag
>
I-1
00
Western U. S.
West Virginia
Germany
Eastern U. S., anthracite
Western U. S., high vol.
bituminous
Interior U. S., low vol.
bituminous
Northern Great Plains,
medium vol. bituminous
Great Plains, lignite and
sub-bituminous
Ash
Ash
Ash
Ash
.0001-. 0017.
<.0005-.0028%
. 006%
1 ppm
Ash: 1-3 ppm
Ash: 1-1.4 ppm
Ash: 1 ppm
Ash: 1-50 ppm
S
U. S.
Coal:
.42-6.47%
Remarks
Source
LTA 3
LTA 3
HTA, OE-DR, 0E-P 4
LTA, AA
Whole coal, X-RF
LTA, NAA 4
LTA, NAA 4
2
2
2
LTA 3
LTA 3
LTA 3
LTA 3
LTA 3
Whole coal, X-RF 4
-------
£ Ie:>:e:ir
Type and/or
Oi-jflin of Coal
Concentration In
Coal or Ash
S (Cont'd)
Ti
!>
i
(-•
v£>
Anthracite
Ash:
0.04-0.4%
Bituminous
Ash:
0.04-12.8%
Sub-bituminous
Ash:
0.12-6.4%
Lignite
Ash:
3.32-12.87.
Illinois Basin
Coal:
.85-5. 597.
England
Ash:
.41-1.557.
North Carolina, peat
Ash
.20-. 297.
U. S.
Ash
.3-1.57.
West Virginia
Ash
.60-1. 387.
Western U. S.
Ash
. 1-1. 07.
Northern Great Plains
Ash
-15-2.67.
Pennsylvania, anthracite
Ash
.58-1. 207.
Northumber and Durham,
England
Ash
: A. 2-14. 67.
Coal
: .1-1.07. ash
Kent, England
Ash
: 2.0-5.97.
Coal
: .7-2.9% ash
England, vitrain
Ash
. 3-. 87.
North Staffordshire,
North Wales
Ash
: 3.2-17.7%
England
Ash
: 0-1.87.
South Africa
Ash
: . 46-1.187.
U. S.
Coal
: .02-.15%
Remarks
Source
3
3
3
3
Whole coal, X-RF 4
Cow peas ash .0067. 2
Oak wood ash .197.
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
Whole coal, X-RF 4
-------
£ lenient
Type and/or
Origin of- Coal
Concentration In
Coal or Ash
Ti (Cont'd)
>
i
to
o
Northern Great Plains
Coal •
95-2320 ppm
Anthracite
Ash:
0.60-1.20%
Bituminous
Ash:
0.30-2.4%
Sub-bituminous
Ash:
0.36-1.2%
Lignite
Ash:
0.0-.48X
Illinois Basin
Coal:
.02-. 157.
Denver, Colorado
Coal:
.2-2%
Rocky Mtn. area
Coal:
.005-.01%
California
Coal:
.02% max
Idaho, Bonneville Co.
Coal:
.027. avg
Coal:
. 137. max
Idaho, Cassia Co.
Coal:
o
0
1
M
Coal:
.097% max
Illinois
Coal:
<.001-.008%
Indiana
Coal:
. 001%
Montana, lignite
Cpal:
.001-.034%
Coal:
.013% max
Nevada, Esmeralda Co.
Coal:
. 003%
Nevada, Churhi11 Co.
Coal:
.059%
New Mexico, SondovalCo.
Coal:
.001-.62%
North Dakota, lignite
Coal:
.045% max
Coal:
.14% max
Ohio
Coal:
. 001%
Pennsylvania
Coal:
.002-.014%
Coal:
.019% max
Remarks
Source
Whole coal, XR-F
1
3
3
3
3
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
?
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
-------
£I eir.ep.c
Type and/or
Origin of Coal
Concentration In
Coal or Ash
U (Cont'd)
>
i
to
t-*
Pennsylvania, anthracite
Coal:
. 001%
South Dakota, lignite
Coal:
CO
r-».
i
CO
o
Coal:
.005-.02%
Coal:
.01%
Coal:
. 0057. avg
Utah, Southern
Coal:
. 002%
Northern West Virginia
Coal:
<.001-.003%
Southern West Virginia,
and Eastern Kentucky
Coal:
. 001%
Southern West Virginia,
Southwestern Virginia
Coal
<.001%
Wyoming, sub-bituminous
Coal
.001-.051%
Coal
.00227.
Coal
.003-.016%
Coal
.001-.014%
Coal
. 107. max
Coal
.002-.007%
Austria, Trimmelkam,
lignite
Ash
: 5.3-1500 gm/ton
Austria, brown coal
Ash
: 6-100 gm/ton
Ash
: '.00 gm/ton
Belgium
Coal
.0054-.009%
Czechoslovakia
Coal
.0002-.009%
Hungary
Ash
: .017%
Italy
Coal
: .000187-.000233%
Remarks
Sou re c-
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
-------
Element
U (Cont'd)
Type and/or
Origin of Coal
Japan
Romania
Sweden "Kolm",
bituminous
Concentration In
Coal or Ash
Coal
Coal
Coal
.00008-.0025%
.00008-.0025%
.00172-.0029%
Coal: 1.4-2.4%
Mendoza, Argentina,
lignite
Ash
21.41%
Argentina
Ash
21.6%
Yauli, Peru
Ash
21.3%
Australia
Ash
25.1%
Pennsylvania, Schuylkill
Co., Buck Mtn. bed
Ash
. 11%
Pennsylvania, Diamond bed
Ash
. 09%
Peru, Yauli Province
Ash
.12%
Peru, Cahta Province
Ash
.07%
Russia, Urals, vitrain
Ash
.31-4.92%
Northern Great Plains
Ash
<.001-.058%
Texas, Colorado, North
and South Dakota
Ash
.01-.1%
West Virginia
Ash
.018-.039%
Pennsylvania, anthracite
Ash
.01-.02%
North Carolina, peat
Ash
.0006-.0017%
Australia, Collie
Ash
trace- . 127„
England, vitrain
Ash
.04-.5%
Remarks Source
2
2
2
.63% ash (38.22% V205) *2
38.5% V205- 2
38% V205 2
1.7% ash 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
-------
E! erne n i
Type and/or
01"i.flin of Coal
Concentration In
Coal or Ash
tsJ
Co
V (Cont'd) England, vitrain Ash
England, Newcastle Ash
Germany, Neurode Ash
Germany Ash
Nova Scotia Ash
Sptizbergen Ash
J apan, Fukui Ash
Japan, Heijo Ash
Italy Ash
Russia Ash
Russia Ash
Russia, Ural Ash
Russia, Alai and Turkestan Ash
Northern Greac Plains Coal
U. S., Eastern Interior Coa
Appalachian area Coa
Australia Coa
Nigeria Coa
Japan Coa!
U. S. Coa
.7-7.9%
.05%
. 12%
.1% max
.0061-.0244%
.01-.1%
.007-.02%
.062%
.16-.60%
.01-.17%
.011-.034%
.10-2.05%
.006-.73%
16 ppm
35 ppm
21 ppm
110-670 ppm
100-200 ppm
.3-109 ppm
11-78 ppm
Northern Great Plains
Eastern U. S., anthracite
Western U. S., high vol.
bituminous
Coal: <1.4-59.0 pom
Ash: 210-310 ppm
Ash: 60-840 ppm
Remarks
Sou rce.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Whole coal, LTA, X-RF 4
HTA, OE-DR, OE-P
1
LTA 3
LTA 3
-------
E lenient
Type and/or
Oriftin of Coal
V (Cont'd) Interior U. S., low vol.
bituminous
Northern Great Plains,
medium vol. bituminous
Great Plains, lignite and
sub-bituminous
Illinois Basin
>
i
fo
2n Kentucky, Crittendon Co,
Kentucky, Hopkin Co.
West Virginia
Western U. S.
Northern Great Plains
Nova Scotia
England
-P- Germany
Yorkshire, England
Clarain
Durain
England, vitrain
U. S.
Northern Great Plains
Eastern U. S., anthracite
Western U. S., high vol.
bituminous
Concentration In
Coal or Ash Remarks sou r c e
Ash
115-480 ppm
LTA
3
Ash
170-860 ppm
LTA
3
Ash:
20-250 ppm
LTA
3
Coal
16-78 ppm
Whole coal, LTA. X-RF
4
HTA, 0E-DR, OE-P
Ash
1.67.
2
Ash
.16%
2
Ash
0437. avg, . 19% max
2
Ash
<. 017.
2
Ash
.02-.7%
.02% detection limit
1
Ash
.0115-.055%
2
Ash
11.1%
2
Ash
2.17. max
2
Ash
.317.
2
Ash
.35%
Ash
.07%
2
Coal
6-5350 ppm
LTA, AA
4
Coal
<9-1000 ppm
1
Ash
155-350 ppm
LTA
3
Ash
50-1200 ppm
LTA
3
-------
Cv 111
Element Qtly.in ot Coal Coal or Asfr Remarks Source
Zn Interior U. S. , low vol.
bituminous Ash: 62-550 ppm LTA 3
Northern Great Plains,
medium low bituminous Ash: 50-460 ppm LTA 3.
Great Plains, lignite and
sub-bituminous Ash: 50-320 ppm LTA 3
Illinois Basin Coal: 10-5350 ppm LTA, AA . 4
AA - atomic absorption
NAA - neutron activation analysis
OE-DR - optical emission, direct readout
OE-P - optical emission, photographic
LTA - low temperature ashing
HTA - high temperature ashing
^ X-RF - X-ray fluorescence
r
N>
Ui
Source 1 Zubovic, P., T. Stadnichenko, and N. B. Sheffey, "Geochemistry of Minor Elements in Coals of the Northern
Great Plains Coal Province", U.S.G.S., Bui. 1117-A, 1961, 58 pp.
Source 2 Abemethy, R. F. and F. H. Gibson, "Rare Elements in Coal", Bureau of Mines, Jnfo. Circ. 8163, 1963, 69 pp.
Source 3 O'Gorman, J. V. and P. L. Walker, "Studies on Mineral Matter and Trace Elements in North American Coals",
Office of Coal Research, Dept. of Interior, Contract No. 14-01-0001-390, 1971, 183 pp.
Source 4 Ruch, R. R. , H. J. Gluskoter, and N. F. Shimp, "Occurrence and Distribution of Potentially Volatile Trace
Elements in Coal", Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-650/2-74-054, 1974, 95 pp.
-------