United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response
Hazardous Response Support Division
Environmental
Response
Team
Hazardous Materials
Incident Response Operations
Problems and Exercises
W4
"
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HuT]
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PROBLEM SESSION 1
LEVELS OF PROTECTION
I. OBJECTIVE
Personnel protective equipment to protect the body against contact
with known, unknown, or anticipated chemical hazards has been
divided into four categories—A,B,C, and D--according to the
degree of protection afforded. The objective of this problem is
to give participants experience in evaluating typical incidents
involving hazardous substances and recommending minimum levels of
protection and other related actions.
II. PROCEDURE
A. Evaluate the following 12 situations, and recommend specific
minimum levels of protection and other necessary related
actions that should be taken. Justify your recommendations.
Some information on the chemicals involved is on pages 1-6 to
1-14. Complete the answer sheets.
1. An ammonia vapor cloud forms after a tank truck
accident. Response personnel must enter the cloud-and
plug the leak. The ammonia concentration outside the
cloud is 400 ppm.
2. A concentration of 95 ppm of toluene has been detected
in the air at an abandoned hazardous waste site that
must be cleaned up. Prior to disturbing the site, the
toluene concentration appears steady, and no other
contaminants are present. Workers must enter to start
the clean up.
3. An abandoned hazardous waste site consists of
1,500-2,000 open and closed drums sitting on 1 acre. A
photoionization detector measured 20 units of
vapors/gases in the ambient atmosphere. Workers must
enter the site to take soil samples.
4. A response team will enter a vacant warehouse to measure
the atmosphere for combustiblity. At the doorway, the
combustible gas indicator reads 15% of the LEL. Workers
would like to identify the source of contamination.
5. An initial site survey team investigating an abandoned
hazardous waste site containing drums has measured 4
units organic vapor/gases and a radiation level of 0.08
mR/hr. Response workers are waiting to begin remedial
clean-up activities.
1-1
rev1sed/pdh/2-87
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6. A reconnaissance team is about to make an entry into an
abandoned hazardous waste site containing hundreds of
open drums and two large waste lagoons. A report states
that there is some stressed vegetation, and a dead dog
lies near the boundary. No other information is
available.
7. A train derailment sends a car carrying metal drums into
a ravine. The oxygen meter reads 18% and the
combustible gas indicator reads 45%. Personnel have
been told to go into the ravine to investigate the
opened drums.
8. A tank truck carrying styrene is involved in an
accident. There are no apparent leaks, but the
concentration of vapor near the truck is 900 ppm. The
driver of the truck appears unconscious and is still in
the cab. Response personnel must rescue the driver.
9. A 5,000 gallon storage tank containing phenol is
leaking. Approximately 100 square feet of liquid covers
the ground. Response personnel must patch the leak.
10. A tank truck strikes an unguarded fill line leading to a
storage tank containing 5,000 gallons of silicon
tetrachloride. The product is leaking into a drainage
system containing water and has generated a vapor
cloud. At the leak, the concentration of HCL in the air
is 0.03%.
11. Several drums must be moved from an abandoned hazardous
waste site where numerous containers labeled "PESTICIDE"
are open or have spilled.
12. An intial site survey is underway at an abandoned
hazardous waste site containing several hundred drums.
The ground is very wet and discolored. The
photo ionization detector reads 800-1 ,000 units of
vapors/gases 10 inches from the drum openings. Ambient
air readings are 0 ppm.
1-2
revised/pdh/2-87
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PROBLEM SESSION 1
ANSWER SHEET
1. Level of Protection 'CD* B CD
Other Related Actions: ^ ,
t/svji-9 &**-
2. Level of Protection A B - jWc&e**
,3'- Level of Protection A (B J C D «
Other Related Actions:
Justifications:
,4. Level of Protection {AJ B C D
Other Related Actions: ^
«-,.v ^
Justifications: . -U AOTT
/^fj> - ^ryx^d^x d$ &M hst***,
Jk^rt aJr ^.S% cj •
1-3
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— 5 C h/ri U[
5' -• cj 5"t> ,{5 o^i -A
5/JO - / JUsvdt ^nr^UL-
6. Level of Protection ©BCD
Other Related Actions: _ . - ivu,4'v^4*w,t&
Justifications: &
7. Level of Protection v A B C D
Other Related Actions: ~ <3cwy\vvwj t
XcrvW- (*A<
c^jiM Co.
Justifications: £<2>JT *^»)o
vi£ M\ 5jW- - 0> A-"W (Iaa/wJ^^ Vfi-
^ 0 U
8. Level of Protection
Other Related Actions:
Justifications:
low* ^ CMS, &r *
"fLNi ' 50
,^Wv
1-4
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9. Leval of Protection
Other Related Actions:
0 B C D
Justifications:
1'LW $
^
10. Level of Protection
Other Related Actions:
Justifications :
IaJvU , D
Other Related Actions: /i f< n . .
^¦TKWTrt^jfcffV £t*A — ^yVi-4^ >ru,-T aA. -
Justifications:
(V) BCD
12. Level of Protection A
Other Related Actions:
Justifications:
; ryu*&Si g0w fade-
- o _
rs,m^~
1-5
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DOCUMENTATION OF THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES
AMMONIA
NH,
TLV, 25 ppm ( 18'mg/mJ)
STEL, 35 ppm ( = 27 mg/m1)
Ammonia is a colorless gas with a sharp intensely irritat-
ing odor It is lighter than air and easily liquefied by pres-
sure. It has a boiling point of -3J.5" C. a freezing point of
-777° C, vapor pressure of the liquid is 8.5 atmospheres at
200 C, a specific gravity of 0.77 at 0" C with 0.6819 at the
boiling point and a molecular weight of 17. It is very solu-
ble m water, alcohol and ether.
Ammonia finds use as a fertilizer as such or in com
pounds; manufacture of nitric acid, hydrazine hydrate, hy
drogen cyanide, acryloniirile; refrigerant; nitriding of steel;
condensation catalyst for polymers and many uses.
Henderson and Haggard'11 record temporary blindness
and intolerable irritation from high concentrations. Os-
mond ef a/"1 describe severe eye damage and irritation of
the glottis from exposure at high concentrations. Schenk-
er'" reports that toxic doses of ammonia acutely affect cer-
ebral energy metabolism and this effect is preferentially
localized at the base of the brain. Henderson and Haggard
eport the least detectable odor level to be 50 ppm but
Smyth'41 found 1 ppm detected and identified by 10 sub-
jects. Analysis of data obtained in plant surveys'51 found the
limit of detection to be below 5 ppm and the complaint
level to be 20-25 ppm
Vigliam and Zurlo'6' found irritation of the respiratory
tract and conjunctivae in workers inhaling 100 ppm and 20
ppm caused complaints and discomfort in uninured work-
ers. Dalhamn'7' found that 3 ppm NHj stopped rat respira-
tory tract cilia from beating. Studies of the effect on man of
exposures in the 5-50 ppm range are meager but general
field experience with a large number of workers exposed
to NH| from blue printing and copying machines indicates
a maximum acceptable concentration without severe
complaints of 20-25 ppm.
In its criteria document for ammonia, NIOSH181 cites a
number of additional references indicating that concentra-
tions as low as 50 ppm are moderately irritating or dis-
agreeable, but that workers generally become inured to
these levels.'9-"' Later studies by Dalhamn on the effects of
ammonia on ciliary activity, in rabbits, showed that 100
ppm were required in the trachea to produce a significant
response.'"' The discrepancy between this finding and the
earlier report on rats'7' is not explained. It is noted that the
average nasal retention of ammonia by human subjects
was fo*
The maximum limit set by the Navy for continuous ex-
posure in submarines is 25 ppm.'"'1
NIOSH concludes that a TWA standard is inappropriate
lor ammonia, and recommends a five minute ceiling of 50
ppm as a workplace environmental standard.'8'
It is the ludgrnont of the Committee that the time
weighted average exposure is significant, and should be
maintained at a lower level than is permissible for brief
excursions The fact that continuous 24-hour exposure pro-
duces effects not observed from considerably higher expo-
sures of the occupational type'"' can be considered as pos-
sibly supporting this conclusion.
A TIV of 25 ppm has been selected to protect against
irritation to eyes and the respiratory tract and minimize
discomfort among uninured workers. It is suggested that
the short term exposure limit, however, be set at 35 ppm.
Other recommendations: West Germany (1974) Japan,
Yugoslavia, 50 ppm; East Germany (1973) 33 ppm; USSR
(1976), Sweden (1975), Australia, Belgium, Finland, Hun-
gary, Italy, Netherland, Poland, Romania, Switzerland, all 25
ppm
References:
1. Henderson, Y., Haggard, H.W.: Noxious Cases, Rein-
hold Publishing Company, NY (1927).
2. Osmond, A.H. ef al: Brit. Med. /. J:740 (Sept. 1968).
3. Schenker, S.J.: Clinical Invest. 46:838 (1967).
4. Smyth, H.F. Jr.: Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. Q. 77:45 (1956).
5. Bur. Ind. Hyg., Detroit Dept. of Health Unpublished
reports of investigations, 1965-1970.
6. Vigliani, E.C., Zurlo, N.: thru Abst., Arch. Ind. Health
J J: 403 (1956).
7. Dalhamn, T.: Acta. Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 123, pp 1-161
(1956).
8. NIOSH: Criteria for a Recommended Standard—Occu-
pational Exposure to Ammonia, HEW Pub. No.
(NIOSH) 74-136 (1974).
9. Industrial Biotest Laboratories: Irritation Threshold
Evaluation Study with Ammonia, I8T 663-03161 (March
23, 1973). Cited by NIOSH ref. 8.
10. MacEwen, J.D., Theodore, Vernot, E.H.: AMRL-TR-
70-102, paper no. 23, p. 355 in Proc. 1st Annual Conf.
on Environ. Toxicol., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base,
OH (9-11 Sept. 1970). Ibid.
11. Mangold, C.A.: Investigation of Occupational Expo-
sure to Ammonia, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard (29 No-
vember 1971). Ibid.
12. Pagnotto, L.D.: Private communication (1973).
13. Dalhamn, T., Sjoholm, J.: Acta Physiol. Scand. 58:287
(1963). Cited by NIOSH ref. 8.
14. lindill. H.O., Herrmann, R.C.: Arch Ind Hyv Occup
Mctl I lb (1950).
15. Dalhamn, T., Reid, L: in Davies, C.N.: Inhaled Particle*
A Vapours-ll, p. 299, Elmsford, NY, Pergamon Pub. Co
(Cited by NIOSH ref 8.
16. Submarine Atmosphere Habitabihty Data Hook.
NAVSHIPS No. 250-649-1, Rev. I Navy Oept , Hureau
of Ships (1962). Ibid
17. Stombaugh, D.P., Teague, H.S., Roller, W.L.: / Amm
So MH44 (1960). Ibid
1-6
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DOCUMENTATION OF THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES
TOLUENE
Toluol
Skin
TIV, 100 ppm ( 375 mg/m3)
STEl, 150 ppm ( ^ 560 mg/m3)
Toluene is a colorless liquid with a typical aromatic hy-
drocarbon odor Its molecular weight and specific gravity
are 92.13 and 0.866, respectively. The boiling point is
110.7° C and solidifies at -95° C. At 25" C, the vapor pres-
sure is 28 mm Hg. The closed cup flash point is 40" F. It is
insoluble in water, but miscible with most organic solvents.
Formerly derived solely from coal tar, toluene is now
obtained chiefly from petroleum, and is present in gasoline
and many petroleum solvents. It is used as a solvent in
paints and coatings, for rubber, oils, resins, etc., as a raw
material for the manufacture of benzene and a host of
other chemicals, including TNT, TDI, and ingredients of
detergents, dyes and drugs.
Because of its wide industrial use and chemical similari-
ty to benzene, the literature of industrial toxicology and
industrial medicine, particularly the latter, record numer-
ous investigations of the toxic effects of toluene. Accord-
ing to Patty'" the concentrations of toluene and benzene
required to cause prostration of mice are apparently 3000
ppm and 4700 ppm, respectively. Death from acute poison-
ing results from 10,000 ppm toluene compared with 14,000
ppm of benzene. Several incidents of workers being over-
come by toluene vapor, usually in confined spaces, have
been reported. Longley and co-workers'2' describe such an
event aboard ship where 26 men were overcome. There
were no deaths or serious aftereffects. No irritation of eyes
or respiratory passages was observed.
From the standpoint of chronic poisoning, toluene does
not cause the severe injury to the bone marrow character-
istic of benzene poisoning. Gerarde'3' stated that the my-
elotoxicity of benzene was completely absent in toluene
and other alkyl derivatives of benzene. Von Oettingen et
aim found that exposure of rats at 2500 to 5000 ppm of
toluene caused a temporary decrease in the white-cell
count, but no evidence of injury to blood-forming organs
or liver. Creenburg and co-workers'5' studied a group of
painters exposed to toluene in concentrations ranging
from 100 to 1100 ppm. Their findings included enlargement
of the liver, macrocytosis, moderate decrease in erythocyte
count and absolute lymphocytosis, but no leukopenia.
Wilson«» found that among workers exposed at less
than 200 ppm of toluene there were some complaints of
headache, lassitude and nausea, but physical findings were
essentially negative. At concentrations between 200 and
500 ppm impairment of coordination, momentary loss of
memory and anorexia were also present. Between 500 and
1500 ppm palpitation, extreme weakness, pronounced loss
ol ( ouniiridlion and impairment ot rea< don time were not
ed I ho rod (oil count fell m many instances, and there
were two cases ol aplastic anemia, in which recovery tol
lowed intensive hospital treatment A later comment by
Wilson,<7i however, suggests that he did not rule out the
possibility that some ol the above effects were due to a
benzene impurity m the toluene used.
According to Fairhall,'8' severe exposure to toluene may
result in a pronounced drop in the red count and partial
destruction of the blood-forming elements of the bone
marrow. However, Gerarde'" stated that extensive animal
studies clearly indicate that toluene is not a bone marrow
poison. While there have been occasional reports of aplas-
tic anemia attributed to toluene,!7' in some instances the
presence of benzene was not precluded, and there have
been no "epidemics" of this disease among toluene work-
ers comparable to those which have resulted from ben-
zene, Powars'10' reported six cases of aplastic anemia, one
of them fatal, among glue sniffers. Although toluene was
the solvent chiefly used, no analysis was given of the glue
involved in the fatal case. Exposures in these cases are
much greater than would normally arise from occupational
use of toluene. Thus Knox and Nelson'1" described an in-
stance of permanent encephalopathy involving a man who
inhaled toluene regularly for over 14 years.
Von Oettingen and co-workers'4' found that human
subjects exposed at 200 ppm suffered slight but definite
changes in muscular coordination. They concluded that
such concentrations were unlikely to have any discernible
untoward effects on health. Gerarde'9' however, believed
that von Oettingen's work did not justify the 200 ppm lim-
it. Ogata et a/',J' found that experimental human subjects
exposed at 200 ppm for seven hours showed prolongation
of reaction time, decrease in pulse rate and in systolic
blood pressure. They consider 200 ppm too high as the
MAC. Takeuchi'"' exposed rats at 200 ppm and higher con-
centrations of toluene for 32 weeks and then to benzene
for 39 days. On the basis of differences found between the
toluene-exposed animals and controls, e.g., changes in
weight of adrenal glands, he suggested that the MAC of
200 ppm for toluene should be reconsidered.
Smyth el al reported an oral LDso. administered to rats,
to be 7.53 mL/kg.''4'
On the basis of the above data, a reduction in the TIV
for toluene from 200 ppm to 100 ppm is recommended,
with a STEL of 150 ppm.
Other recommendations: Cook (1945) 200 ppm; Smyth
(1956) comments that this limit may permit early signs of
narcosis; Elkins (1959) 200 ppm; ANSI (1967) 200 ppm; USSR
(1967) 14 ppm; Czechoslovakia (1969) 50 ppm. West Ger-
many (1974) 200 ppm; Sweden (1975) 100 ppm; East Ger-'
many (1973) 50 ppm; NIOSH (1973) 100 ppm.
References:
1. Patty, fj.: Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, 2nd ed.. Vol. II, p
1226, tnierscience, NY (1%3).
2. Longley, E.Q., lone, A.T., Lomaev, O.: Arch. Env. Health 74:481
(1967).
1-7
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DOCUMENTATION OF THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES
1. Gerarde. H.W.: Arch Ind Health 19401 < W>)
4. Von Oettingen, W.f., Neal, P.A., Donahue, O.O., Svirbely, I.L.,
Baernstein, H.O., Monaco, A.R., Valaer, P.|., Mitchell, |.l.: I'uh
Health Bull. &279 US Pub Health Scrvnc (l't4«>)
5. Greenburg, I., Mayers, M.R., Heinmann, H„ Moskowitz, S.:
I.A M A IM573 (1942)
6. Wilson, R.H.: Ibid 123 1106 (1941)
7. The Question Clinic: I Occup Mcii 8 441 (I'wvi)
8. Fairhall, I.T.: Industrial Toxicology. 2nd <¦<( p 14 1 Williams &
Wilkins, Baltimore, MD (1957)
9. Gerarde, H.W.: Toxicology A Bio< hrim\iry tit Aromatic Hy
(irocarhons, pp 146, 148, Elsevier, Amsterdam jl9«))
10. Powars, O.: N?w [ng I ot Mcri 271 "(*) i i '«•>-">)
11. Kno*, I.W.. Nelson, I.R.: Ibid 1494 |VW>i
12. Ogata, M„ Tomokuni, K., Takalsuka, Y.: lint I ind \u-ri .'7 4 1
(1970)
13. Takeuchi, Y.: Industrial Health (lapan) 7 11 (t%4)
14. Smyth, H.F. |r. pt al Am. Ind. Hyg Asso< / ir>470 (1%9).
1-8
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DOCUMENTATION OF THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES
CHLORINE
Cl2
TLV, 1 ppm ( 3 mg/m1)
STEL, 3 ppm ( ss 9 mg/m3)
Chlorine is a gaseous element, atomic number 17, atom-
ic weight 35.453, in group VIIA of the periodic table It is a
greenish-yellow, non-combustible gas at atmospheric pres-
sure with a suffocating odor, which condenses to an amber
liquid at -35° C. The melting point is -1019 C and the liquid
has a density of 1.4085 at 20" C and 6.864 atm. Least detect-
able odor threshold is 3.5 ppm by volume. It is slightly solu-
ble in water
Chlorine has a wide range of uses, chiefly as an oxidiz-
ing or chlorinating agent: making chlorinated organic com-
pounds, purifying water, shrink proofing wool.
In spite of the employment of chlorine as a war gas and
its long and widespread use in industry, relatively few stud-
ies provide data useful in developing a TLV. Flury and Zer-
nik(1> and Patty*2' quoted reports in the older literature to
:he effect that concentrations around 5 ppm caused respi-
ratory complaints, corrosion of the teeth, inflammation of
the mucous membranes of the nose and increased suscep-
tibility to tuberculosis in workers chronically exposed.
Henderson and Haggard111 suggested 0.35 to 1 ppm as the
maximal concentration allowable for prolonged exposure.
McCord1'1 stated that concentrations up to 15 ppm in a
paper mill caused one case of chronic poisoning from ex-
posure over a period of years. Ferris and associates,151 in a
study of the pulp and paper industry, found exposures
highly variable, with average concentrations, on different
days, ranging from negligible to 7 ppm. Slight adverse ef-
fects on respiratory ailments were found; the same men
were exposed to lesser concentrations of chlorine dioxide.
Kowitz et aW found decreased lung capacity in a num-
ber of workers three years after a moderately severe acute
exposure.
Reportedly, concentrations too low to affect the lower
respiratory passages may irritate the eyes, nose and
throat.'7' Rupp and Henschler,<«i on the basis of irritation
observed by expermental humarf subjects, recommended a
limit of 0.5 ppm.
Back et al reported a LC» for rats and mice to be 293 and
137 ppm, respectively, after an inhalation exposure of one
hour.191
A TLV of 1 ppm and a STEL of 3 ppm are recommended
to minimize chronic changes in the lungs, accelerated ag-
ing and erosion of the teeth.
Other recommendations: West Germany, Switzerland
and Yugoslavia, 0.5 ppm; USSR and most eastern European
countries, 0.3 ppm; most other countries have adopted the
1 ppm TLV.
References:
1. Flury, F., Zernik, F.: Schadliche Case, p. 120, I. Springer, Berlin,
Germany (1931).
2. Patty, F.A.: Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, Vol II, p 847, In-
terscience, NY (1963).
3. Henderson, Y„ Haggard, H.W.: Noxious Cases, p. 32, Reinhold
Publishing Co., NY (1943)
4. McCord, C.P.: I. Am. Med. Assoc., p. 1687 (May 29, 1926).
5. Ferris, 8.G., Burgess, W.A., Worcester, Brit. j. Ind. Med. 24 26
(1964).
6. Kowtiz, T.A., Reba, R.C., Parker, R.T., Spicer, W.S.: Arch. £nv.
Health 74:545 (1967)
7. Noe, I.E.: Private communication to TLV Committee (1963)
8. Rupp, H„ Henschler, D.: Arch. Gewerbepath u. Gewerbehyg.
2J 79 (1967).
9. .Vlerck Index, 9th ed . p 266. Merck & Co.. Inc., Kahway. N|
(1976).
1-9
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DOCUMENTATION OF THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES
STYRENE, M0NOMER
Phenyl ethylene
QH,CHCH,
Skin
TlV, 50 ppm ( as 215 mg/mJ)
STEL, 100 ppm ( % 425 mg/mJ)
Styrene monomer is a colorless, oily liquid with an aro-
matic odor. Its molecular weight is 104.14 and specific
gravity is 0.9045. The boiling point is 145.2" C, melting
point is -30.6° C and has a closed cup flash point of 88" F.
It has a vapor pressure of 4.3 mm at 15" C and 10 mm at
30.8° C. Explosive limits in air by volume are 1.1 and 6.1%. It
is slightly soluble in water, miscible with alcohol and ether.
It must be inhibited, during storage, to prevent polymeriza-
tion.
Styrene is widely used in making polystyrene plastics,
protective coatings, styrenated polyesters, copolymer res-
ins and as a chemical intermediate. Styrene- butadiene
rubber is the most widely employed type of synthetic
rubber.
Spencer and co-workers'''' reported that repeated ex-
posures at 650 ppm of styrene were well (olerated by
guinea pigs. Thet believed that 400 ppm should present
no serious industrial hazard and suggested that vlaue ten-
tatively as the premissible limit. Carpenter ef a/'J> com-
pared the effects of styrene with those of other hydro-
carbons. They found 800 ppm more objectionable and
the narcotic effect greater than a similar concentration of
toluene.
Stewart and co-workers'J' exposed nine human volun-
teers to styrene vapor at concentrations of 50, 100, 216 and
376 ppm for varying periods up to seven hours. None of the
volunteers exposed at 50 ppm for one hour experienced
any subjective symptoms or abnormal objective clinical
findings. Vapor exposure at 100 ppm, however, produced
mild, untoward, but transient subjective responses in half
of those exposed. At 376 ppm the majority of individuals
experienced unpleasant subjective symptoms and definite
objective signs of neurologic impairment. No repetitive ex-
posures were made, so that the question of altered re-
sponse at the lowest levels tested cannot be answered as
yet.
Zielhuis<4> studied a group of nine workers exposed to
styrene in the use of a polyester resin. Drowsiness was re-
ported by a number of the employees, and a slight increase
in gamma globulin was noted. One of the nine had a pal-
pable liver and several slight tremors. No measurements of
styrene vapor in air were made; the consumption of styr-
ene was small, around 4 kg per man per month (total about
one gallon per day?). There was also exposure to triethy-
lenetetramine.
"Styrene sickness", consisting of drowsiness, nausea,
headache, fatigue and dizziness has been mentioned'56' in
workers exposed at 200 to 700 ppm.<7>
1-10
A single case of lymphoblastic sarcoma has been repeal
ed in a workers exposed to styrene under bad ventilation.in
Long term studies of female rats resulted in a slight in-
crease m the liver weights of animals exposed at 1000 ppm
for up to two years.w A possible increase in the frequency
rate of tumors in thelymphoid or hematopoietic classifica-
tion was observed in those exposed at 600 or 1000 ppm
The male rats showed questionable, if any, effects. Hardv
does not consider styrene to be a hematopoietic poison
however.
Other recommendations: Smyth (1956) 200 ppm, Elkms.
ANSI, ICI, West Germany (1974) 100 ppm; East Germany
(1973), Sweden (1975), Czechoslovakia (1969) 50 ppm; Po-
land (1968) 12 ppm; USSR (1972) 1.2 ppm.
References:
1. Spencer, H.C., Irish, D.D., Adams, E.M., Rowe, V.K.: / Ind.
Hyg. & Tox. 24:295 (1942).
2. Carpenter, C.P., Shaffer, C.8., Weil, C.S., Smyth, H.F. Jr.: Ibid.
26:69 (1944).
3. Stewart, R.D., Dodd, H.C., Baretta, E.D., Schaffer, A.W.: Arch
Env Health 76:656 (1968).
4. Zielhuis, R.L.: I Occup. Med. J:25 (1961)
5. Rogers, ).C., Hooper, C.C.: Ind. Med. Surg. 2b U (1957)
6. Hamilton, A., Hardy, H.I.: Industrial Toxicology. 3rd ed , p
135, Publishing Sciences Croup, Inc., Acton, MA (1974)
7. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc.: Hygienic Guide Series—Styrene -My
nomer (1959)
8. Baader, E.W.: Gewerbekrankenheiten, Munchen-Berlin, W-
band und Schwanenberg, (1954). Cited by Zielhuis m ret 4
9. Anonymous: Am Ind Hyg. Assoc. /. A-6(April 1978): ^
10. Merck Index, 9th ed., p. 1146, Merck & Co., Inc . Rahway.
(1976).
11. Dutkiewicz, T., Tyras, H.: 8rit I. Ind. Med. 25:24} (1968)
11 Gerarde, H.W.: Toxicology & Biochemistry of Aromatic Hy-
drocarbons, pp. 133-139, Elsevier Pub. Co., NY (1960).
13. Gerarde, H.W.: Arch. Ind. Health 79:403 (1959)
14. Patty, F.A.: Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, 2nd ed.. Vol n
pp. 1229-1231, Interscience, NY (1963).
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DOCUMENTATION OF THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES
PHENOL
c:„HsOH
Skin
TIV, S ppm ( « 19 mg/m1)
STEL, 10 ppm ( as 38 mg/m1)
I
Pure phenol is a solid at room temperature and is liqui-
fied by mixing with about 8% water. The molecular weight
is 94.11 and the specific gravity is 1.071. . It is white but
often has a pinkish hue, resulting from impurities or expo-
sure to light and has a characteristic sweet, tarry odor rhe
solid has a boiling point of 182" C and, when free from
water and cresols, it congeals at 41° C and melts at 43° C.
At 25" C it has a vapor pressure of 0.35 mm Hg. It is soluble
m water and most organic solvents and is combustible,
having a closed cup flash point of 172° F.
Its chief use is as a starting point in the manufacture of
phenolic resins, bis-phenol-A, caprolactam and many other
chemicals and drugs. It is employed as a disinfectant, in
germicidal paints and as a slimicide.
Deichmann('i reported results of animal experimenta-
tion in which guinea pigs were severely injured by inhala-
tion for 20 days of phenol vapor at concentrations of from
25 to 50 ppm. Post mortem evidence of acute toxicity to
the lungs, heart, liver and kidney was found.
Intermittent industrial exposure*2! (five to ten minutes
per hour) inside a conditioning room for phenol-impreg-
nated asbestos resulted in marked irritation of the nose,
throat and eyes. The average phenol concentration in the
room was 48 ppm, although formaldehyde (8 ppm) also
was found. Urine sulfate ratios were 79.4 and 86.7 percent.
Workers at the same plant, continuously exposed during
winding operations, experienced no respiratory irritation,
although the odor of phenol was noticeable. The average
concentration found was 4 ppm. Urine sulfate ratios aver-
aged 74 percent.
Due in part to its low volatility, phenol does not fre-
quently constitute a serious respiratory hazard in indus-
try. of poisonings among workers in Russia, who
quenched coke with waste water containing 0.3 to 0.8 mg
oi phenol per liter is discussed. Air samples indicated phe-
nol vapor concentrations of the order of 2 to 3 ppm, and
the author believed that phehcjl might have been implicat-
ed in the intoxications, which were not described.
The NIOSH recommendation of 20 mg/m' as a time-
weighted average standard is essentially the same as the
TLV of 5 ppm, established in 1952. The NIOSH ceiling of 60
mg/m' for any 15 minute period is higher than the STEL of
10 ppm ( 38 mg/mJ).
Except for the USSR, which has set an MAC of 1.3 ppm,
most of the published hygienic standards (East and West
Germany, Sweden, Czechoslovakia) are either 19 or 20
mg/m>. or, for practical purposes, 5 ppm.
References:
1. Deichmann, W.B., Kitzmiller, K.V., Witherup, S.: Am. I. Clin.
Path. )4:273 (1944).
2. Connecticut Bur. of Ind. Hygiene: Unpublished data.
3. Elkins, H.B.: The Chemistry of Industrial Toxicology, 2nd ed., p.
116, Wiley & Sons. NY (1959).
4. Patty, f.A.: Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, 2nd ed.. Vol. It, p.
1370, Interscience, NY (1963).
5. Thomas, A.A., Back, K.C.: A Symposium on Toxicity in the
Closed Ecologic System, p. 135, Honma & Crosby Ed., Lock-
heed Missiles & Space Co., Palo Alto, CA (1964).
6. NIOSH: Criteria for a Recommended Standard-Occupational
Exposure to Phenol, HEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 76-1%
(1976).
7. Petrov, V.I.: Cases of Phenol Vapor Poisoning During Coke
Slaking with Phenol Water, in levine, B.S. (trans): USSR Litera-
ture on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases-A Sur-
vey. U S. Dept. of Commerce, National Technical Information
Service 8:219 (1963) (NTIS 63-11570), Springfield, VA. Cited by
NIOSH in ref. 6.
1-11
-------
DOCUMENTATION OF THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
HO
CEILING LIMIT, 5 ppm ( sk 7 mg/m1)
A colorless gas with a suffocating odor, hydrogen chlo-
ride has a molecular weight of 36.47 and a density of 1.268
(air = 1.000). The boiling point is -85.05" C and the freez-
ing point is -114" C. It dissolves in water to form hydro-
chloric acid, which usually contains 20% (constant boiling
acid) or 38% of HCI.
Anhydrous HCI is used in making alkyl chlorides, in hy-
drochlorination,-polymerization, alkylation and nitration
reactions. The acid is employed where strong acids are
needed, as in activating oil wells, ore reduction, pickling
and metal cleaning, and food processing.
Machle and associates''1 exposed animals to hydrogen
chloride gas and described its strong irritant effect. Repeat-
ed exposures of animals at a concentration of about 34
ppm caused no immediate toxic effects and no morpho-
logic changes attcibutable to exposure. Henderson and
Haggard'21 reported that exposure of men at 50-100 ppm for
one hour was barely tolerable, 35 ppm caused irritation of
the throat on short exposure, and 10 ppm was the maximal
concentration allowable for prolonged exposure. £lkins'Jt
stated, however, that hydrogen chloride was immediately
irritating when inhaled at concentrations of 5 ppm or
more. Ho believed that lower concentrations were not
harmful Pally'4' also reported that concentrations above S
ppm were disagreeble.
Fairhall*s' quoled a report by Soviet investigators thdi
workers exposed to hydrochloric acid suffered from gastn
tis. Many cases of chronic bronchitis were also observed
Based on these reports, a ceiling limit of 5 ppm is inter-
preted to be sufficiently low to prevent toxic injury, but on
the borderline of severe irritation.
Other recommendations: Cook (1945) 10 ppm; Smyth
<1956) 5 ppm; Soviet (1966) 4 ppm; Czechoslovakia (1969) 5
ppm; West Germany (1974) and Sweden (1975) 5 ppm; East
Germany (1973) 4 ppm
References:
1. Machle, W., Kitzmiller, K.V., Scott, E.W., Treon, |.F.: / Ind Hyg
& Tox. 24-222 (1942).
2. Henderson, Y. Haggard, H.W.: Noxious Cases, p 126, Reinhold
Publishing Corp., NY (1943).
3. Elkins, H.B.: The Chemistry of Industrial Toxicology, p. 79, Wi-
ley & Sons, NY (1959).
4. Patty, F.A.: Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, Vol. II, p. 851, In-
terscience, NY (1963).
5. Bransburg, F.S., Karacharov, T.5.: Cigiena i. Sanit., Moscow, 7, 8,
28 (1946). Cited by Fairhall, LT. in Industrial Toxicology, p. 56,
Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MO (1957).
1-12
-------
DOCUMENTATION OF THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES
CARBON DIOXIDE
CO,
nv, 5000 ppm (s= 9000 mg/m3)
STEL, 15,000 ppm ( = 18,000 mg/mJ)
A colorless, odorless, non-combustible gas, carbon diox-
ide has a molecular weight of 44.01 and a density of 1.527
(air = 1). It sublimes at -78.33° C and has a vapor pressure
of > 7 atm. at 20° C It is soluble in water to the extent of
777 mL/100 mL at 0" Cand 760 mm Hg pressure, 88 ml/100
mL at 20° C and 36 mL/100 mL at 60° Under higher pres-
sure carbon dioxide is more soluble.
Carbon dioxide is used in carbonation of beverages, in
fire extinction and prevention, as a propellant in aerosols
and as dry ice for refrigeration.
Carbon dioxide when inhaled in elevated concentra-
tions may act to produce mild narcotic effects, stimulation
of the respiratory center and asphyxiation depending on
the concentration present and the duration of exposure.
Deaths have been reported from asphyxiation in workers
exposed to high concentrations of carbon dioxide.'11
Stimulation of the respiratory center is produced at 50,
000 ppm (5%). Submarine personnel exposed continuously
to 30,000 ppm were only slightly affected provided the oxy-
gen content of the air was maintained at normal concen-
trations;121 when the oxygen content was reduced to
15-17%, the crew complained of ill-effects. The gas is
weakly narcotic at 30,000 ppm'1' giving rise to reduced acu-
ity of hearing, and increasing blood pressure and pulse.
Above this level subjective symptoms occur. Signs of intox-
ication are produced by a 30-minute exposure at 50,000
ppm. Exposure at 7-10% produces unconsciousness within
a few minutes.(4)
Flury and Zernik quote lehman-Hess'5' as stating that
exposure at 5500 ppm of carbon dioxide for six hours
caused no noticeable symptoms.
Ebersole studied the physiological effects in men and
animals exposed at low concentrations of carbon dioxide
for prolonged periods.'4' During one exercise 23 men were
exposed at 1.5% carbon dioxide for a period of 42 days.
Under these conditions certain physiological adaptations
took place and mild evidence of stress reactions was ap-
parent. There was, however, no measurable decrement in
basic physiological functions or in psychomotor perfor-
mance. These data were interpreted to mean that 1.5% was
the upper limit of tolerance for carbon dioxide during pro-
longed exposure.
Schulte reported that persons exposed at 2% carbon
dioxide for several hours developed headache and dyspnea
on mild exertion.<7> Borum et aW showed that acidosis and
adrenal cortical exhaustion nt ( ur js the result of prolonged
continuous exposure to jn atmosphere containing 1-2";.
carbon dioxide Schaefer1''1 noted that it required three to
four weeks after removal from this atmosphere for the
complete recovery of electrolyte balance
Kent"'01 tabulated the effects of exposure to carbon
dioxide in "normal" people at normal atmospheric pres-
sure. He stated that persons could tolerate 1.5% in inhaled
air for prolonged periods without adverse effect but cal-
cium-phosphorus metabolism may be affected. At 2% he
reported deepened respiration
Sinclair et a/'"1 reported that levels of about 6600 ppm
proved to be successful in orbital and lunar space vehicles.
Gray et a/,ut studied 12 healthy submarine volunteers
who were exposed at 1% carbon dioxide lor 22 days Serum
calcium and urinary output of phosphorus fell progessivelv
throughout the exposure period. This was interpreted as
indicating a mild metabolic stress on the volunteers.
The maiority of the references quoted above are con-
cerned with studies on fit males in confined space. For
occupational exposures Cook in 1945<13' and Elkins in
195911<) recommended a TLV of 5000 ppm. The limit
adopted in Czechoslovakia in 1969 was 5000 ppm.(,5>
The TLV of 500 ppm and the STEL of 15,000 ppm for
carbon dioxide provides a good margin of safety from as-
phyxiation and from undue metabolic stress, provided nor-
mal amounts of oxygen are present in the inhaled air.
Workers in special occupational environments, e.g.,
submarines, space travel, brewereis, may tolerate daily ex-
posure up to 1.5%. Such exposures, however, should be
limited to medically fit workers.
Other recommendations: NIOSH has recommended
limit of 1% CO2 as a time-weighted average, with a permis-
sible excursion to 3% not to exceed 10 minutes duration,
frequency unspecified. This recommendation was made
chiefly on the basis of several reports of Schaefer and
others, and which ignored contradictory reports.'7 9'
Guidelines for Health and Medical Appraisal of
Individuals Exposed at 0.5 to 1.5 Percent Carbon Dioxide at
One Atmosphere
It is recognized that repeated daily exposure at 0.5 to
1.5% inspired carbon dioxide at one atmosphere is well
tolerated l>v normal individuals. Employment medical ex-
amination should be directed to selecting individuals nor-
mal in cardiovascular, pulmonary-respiratory and neuro-
logical function. Specific appraisal and standards should
include the following:
Medical history
Age: Exclude individuals over 65, even in evident good
health.
1-13
-------
DOCUMENTATION OF THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES
History ni current and past illness Fxtlude individuals
wiih re< cni (r> year) history of:
epilepsy ol
-------
PROBLEM SESSION 2
INCIDENT EVALUATION
At approximately 6:00 am, a freight train carrying various chemicals
derailed at a crossing in an industrial area. The situation was first
reported to authorities at approximately 7:30 am. A heavily populated
residential area is only a few blocks from the scene. Response personnel
have arrived approximately 30 minutes after the initial report.
The derailment was caused by deteriorating tracks and weather
conditions. It is raining moderately. The temperature is approximately
80°F. The wind is out of the west southwest at 10-15 mph.
A tank car of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is leaking at a broken valve. A
boxcar full of drums of acetic anhydride is on its side; drums, some
broken open, litter the tracks and roadway. A number of the drums can be
seen leaking with runoff washing into two sewers and toward the leaking
TDI. One of the sewers is for storm runoff and goes to a waste water
treatment plant and ultimately to a river. The other, an industrial
sewer, is part of an abandoned system that the local municipality has
blocked off.
A. Using the hazardous substance data sheets and the other information
provided answer the following questions.
1. What are the potential pathways of dispersion of the spilled
chemicals? {Wn >- 3 4. 'r
2. What other information is needed to fully evaluate the potential
pathways of dispersion?
3. What problems can be foreseen if the chemicals follow these
pathways?
4. What protection will response personnel working at the site
require? ^
5. What protection should be perscribed for the public?
B. From the first map, the hazardous substance data sheet, and the HNU
readings (ppm) below, determine the appropriate level(s) of
protection for personnel working in areas 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and ground
zero.
a - 20
f - 60
k - 240
p - 475
u - 0
b - 85
g - 30
1 - 15
q - 120
v - 5
c - 425
h - 10
m - 40
r - 30
w - 100
d - 600
i - 25
n - 120
s - 25
x - 175
e - 500
j - 55
0 - 375
t - 5
y - 210
C. On the second map, indicate how site control should be set up and
maintained; identify the command post and access control points.
D. What type of decontamination procedure would be appropriate?
-------
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE DATA SHEET
NAME OF SUBSTANCE:
COMMON; Acetic Anhydride
CHEMICAL:
PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Normal physical state:
Molecular weight
Density
Specific gravity
Solubility: (water)
Solubility:
Boiling point
Melting point
Vapor pressure
Vapor density
Flash point
Autolgnition point
Other:
Gas
maHg
Liquid
gm/ml
~°F/°C~
~°F/°C~
~°F/°C~
"of/°C~
~°F/°C~
~°F/°C~
~°F/°C~
°F/°C
"op/o
-------
HAZARD
CONCENTRATIONS
SOURCE
REACTIVITY Yes No
CORROSIVENESS
pH Yes No
Neutralizing agent:
RADIOACTIVE Yes No EXPOSURE RATE SOURCE
Alpha radiation __________________
Beta radiation
Gamma radiation
Natural (background) radiation
III.INCIDENT RELATED:
Quantity involved
Information released on
Monitoring/sampling recommended
Public
Environment
Worker
2-3
-------
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE DATA SHEET
NAME OF SUBSTANCE:
COMMON: Toluene Diisocyanate
CHEMICAL:
I. PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Normal physical state:
Molecular weight
Density
Specific gravity
Solubility: (water)
Solubility:
Gas
T
T
Boiling point
Melting point
Vapor pressure
Vapor density
Flash point
Autoignition point
Other:
mmHg
Liquid
gm/ml_
~°F/°C~
~of/°C~
"°F/°C"
~°F/°C~
~°F/°C~
~°F/°C~
"°F/°C"
°F/°C
~0F/°C~
"°F/°C~
SOURCE
Solid
II. HAZARDOUS CHARACTERISTICS
TOXICOLOGICAL
HAZARD
CONCENTRATIONS
SOURCE
Inhalation Yes No
Ingestion Yes No
Skin/eye absorpt. Yes No
Skin/eye contact Yes No
Carcinogenicity Yes No
Teratogenicity Yes No
Mutagenicity Yes No
Aquatic Yes No
Other: Yes No
FIRE
CONCENTRATIONS
SOURCE
Combustibility Yes No
Toxic byproducts Yes No
EXPLOSIVENESS Yes No
LEL
UEL
2-4
-------
HAZARD
CONCENTRATIONS
SOURCE
REACTIVITY Yes No
CORROSIVENESS
pH ' Yes No
Neutralizing agent:
RADIOACTIVE Yes No EXPOSURE RATE SOURCE
Alpha radiation
Beta radiation ___________________
Gamma radiation '
Natural (background) radiation
III.INCIDENT RELATED:
Quantity involved
Information released on
Monitoring/sampling recommended
Public
Environment
Worker
2-5
-------
Map i
1
2
w
m
6
5
2-6
SC/irc/i0.t
-------
Map 2
2-7
-------
SOBT PILE: ElEMEBT 4b
(1) TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE DATA SYSTEM: 72T16567
(2) CAS BEGISTBY NC: 1C8247
13) SIC CODE: 2al8; 2623
(4) NATEBIAL: S5S ACETIC ANHYDRIDE SSS
(5) SYNCNYBS: ACETIC CUBE; ACETII OXIEE; ETHANCIC ANHYDBATE;
(7) CHEMICAL POBMULA: (CHJC0J20
(8) SPECIES IH aiXTOEE: 100% PUBE;
(9) cceaoa oses:' intebbeciate celiolcse-acetate
(10) BAIL TBAMSPCBT (X): 85.4
(11) BARGE TBANSECBT <*): 00.1
(12) TBUCK TBANSECBT (1): 14.b
(13) PIPS IBANSPCBT (*): 000
(14) CCNTAI SEES: CNE-GALLCH GLASS JUGS WITH ALU SI SUB SCREW CAP;
ECXEt CAB20TS, TO 13-GALLCN CAPACITY; ALUMINUM CB STAINLESS STEEL
DB UMS, TO 5b GALLCNS;ALUBINUB TANK CABS, IANK BABGES. TANK CABS,
TBUCKS, DRUMS (AL, SS 0GSESIK-LINED)
(1b) GEMEBAL STCBAGE F5CCEDUBES: EBOTECT AGAINST PHYSICAL DAMAGE.
OUTSIDE OR DETACHED STCFAGE IS PBEFEEBED. STOBE IN CCOL,
'-JELL-VENTILATED PLACE, AH AY EBCM SCUFCES CP IGNITION CB HEAT. AVOID
PITS, DEEHESSICNS AND BASEMENTS. SEPABATE EBOM CTHEB STCBAGE. INSIDE
STCBAGE SHOULD HE IN A STANDARD FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS STCBAGE BOOM CB
CAEISET. FIRE-FBOOEED STCBAGE ABEA. VENTILATION AT FLCCB LEVEL AND
HIGHER. LOCATIONS - IIC PITS,DEPRESSIONS, EASEHENTS ETC. AUTOMATIC
SPRINKLER SYSTEM .
(16) GENERAL HANDLING E50CEDUBES: HANDLE IN SELL-VENTILATED AREA
(17) -PRODUCTION SITES:
CELANESE CCEP. OP AMERICA, AMCEL. CD.; CELBIVER, N.C.; NARROWS, VA.
HERCULES PCWCEB CO., I&C., cARLIN, N.J.
TENNESSEE EASTMAN CC., RINGSPCRT, TENN.
UNION CARBIDE CORP., CEEMICALS DIV., EECWSVILLE, TEXAS; INSTITUTE, S.
V A .
(20) BINARY SEACTANTS: CESOHIC ACID, GLYCEROL, NITBIC ACID,
PERCHLORIC ACID, PERMANGANATES, SODIUM PEECXIDE, WATER
(21) CCBBOSIVENESS: CCRRCDES IBCN, STEEL, CEBTAIS CTREE METALS AT
NC EM AL ATM. S T DUE TO REACTION WITH WATEE TO FORM ACETIC ACID.
(23) ANTAGONISTIC MATERIALS: HABDNESS APPEARS TO EE ANTAGONISTIC.
(24) FIELD DETECTION LIMIT (PPM) , TECHNIQUES, REE: 10, CARECXYLIC
ACID RADICAL, 2NW, 420171
(25) LAB DEIECTICS LIMIT (PPM), TECHNIQUES, REP: .6, GC 3NW,
16C7S7
(26) SI AN D AE D CODES: EPA 311; NPPA-2,2,2W; NC ICC; USCG-G3ADE D
COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID; IATA-COBBOSIVE LIQUID, WHITE LABEL, 1 LITER
PASSENGEB, 4C LITEE CABGC
(27) FLAMMABILITY: QUITE FLAMMABLE;
(26) LOWER FLAMM A3ILIT Y LIMIT (X): 02.9
(29) UPFEB FLAMMAEILITY LIMIT (%) : 10.3
(30) TOXIC COMEUSTICN EBCDUCTS: TCXIC, WEAB SELF-CONTAINED 3BEATHING
APPABATUS
(31) EXTINGUISHING METHCDS: PIBE FIGHTING PHASES: USE WATER SPRAY,
CAfiECN DIOXIDE, DBY CHEMICAL, CB "ALCOHOL" POAM. WEAB GOGGLES AND
SELF-CONTAIN-ED EREATHING AFPABAIUS.
(32) FLASH FCINT (DEG C) : 43.
(3 3) AUTO IGNITION PCIM (DEG C): 39C.
(34) EX ELO SIV EH - SS : EXPLOSIVE MIXTURE SITH AIH HIGHLY REACTIVE;
(35) LOSES EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (*): 2.67
(36) UPPEB EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (%): 1C.1
(37) MELTING POINT (DEG C) : -73.1
2-8
-------
OHMTADS
(39) SOILI8G POINT (D EG C) : 0140.
(41) SOLUBILITY (PPfi) , 2b CEG C: 0120CC0.
(43) SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 1.CH3
(44) VAPOB PHESSOB E (EE HG) : 10
(4b) VAPOR PBESSOBE TEXT: 10 MM HG AT 36 OEGBEES C;
(46) TAPOB CEUSITY (AXfi-1) t 3.52
(49) BIOCHEHICAL OXYGEN DEBAND TEXT
(LE/LB)/XTHEO/OAYS/SEEB/HETBCD/BEF
SEEEH TC ACETIC ACIC
(50) PERSISTENCY: iILL RAPIDLY CHANGE TO ACETIC ACIC AND THEN IS
SUBJECT TC BICDEGBADATICK.
(51) POTENTIAL FCB ACCO6ULATICN: NONE NEGATIVE;
(52) FOOD CHAIN CONCENTSATICN POTENTIAL: NONE NOTED NEGATIVE;
(58) F8ESH MATER TOXICITY TEXT
CONC. (EPil)/EXPOS. (HB)/ SPEC IE/EFFECT/TEST ENV/REF
BEEEB TC ACETIC ACI
(59) CHRONIC AQUATIC TCXICITY LIMITS (PPM): .000036
(6C) REF FOB CHRONIC AQUATIC TOXICITY LIBIT: SEE ACETIC ACID
CHLCRELLA PYBENOIDCSA, C-10;
(62) SALT BATEH TOXICITY TEXT
CONC. (EES) /EXPOS. (HR)/SEEC IE/EFFECT/TEST ENV/REF
5EFER TC ACETIC ACIC;
(62) ANIMAL TOXICITY VALUE: 17B0; 1C0C; 4000; 2000; >2000
(64) ANIMAL TOXICITY TEXT
VALUE/TI3E/SPECIES/PARAS./ECUTE/REF.
171:0/ ./RAT/LC5 /ORL/D-i;
1000/ /RAT/LCLO/INH/R-1;
UO CO/ /RBT/LD50/SKN/APE;
2 C CO PPM/4 HR/BAT/LC10C/ISH/B-119;
SAT VAP/>b MIN/RAT/LC/INH/E-1 19;
(79) 3 A J 0 R SPECIES THREATENED: WILDLIFE CEPENDEKT CN AFFECTED 'i ATSS
SUFFLY.
(81) REF FCE TASTE IMPARTING CHARACTERISTICS: ' SEE ACETIC ACID
(82) INHALATION LIMIT (VALUE): 2400
(86) DIRECT CONTACT: ICCAL IRRITANT. SEVERE EYE BOENS, SKIN E05NS
WITH PBCLCNG ECCC NT ACT. E*E, NOSE, THRCAT, UPPER 3 ESP. TRACT.
(87) GENERAL SENSATION: GENERAL SYSTEMIC EFFECTS NCT REPORTED.
LACRIMATOB VRICH CAN STIKtlLATE COOGH. CDCR EETECTAELE AT . 1U-. 36 EPM IN
AIR; COUGHING, BURNING IN NOSE AND THROAT. VAPOR PRESSURE 15 TIMES ODOR
THRESHOLD. (R-63) ; BURNING ANC KATESING OE EYES. SKIN IRRITATION GRADE
2-SLIGHT CAPILLARY INJECTION; STRONG PUNGENT CDCB. EYE IRRITATION GRADE
9-SEVEHE EORNS FROM 0.5 fil 1* SOLUTION. (B-119) ; SHCULD FRCVE IRRITATING
AT LEVELS LOSER THAN HAZAEC LEVELS.
(88) LCWER CDOB THRESHOLD (PPM) : C0000C5.
(89) LCWER OCOB THRESHCID EEFERENCE:
C-63
(90) MEDIUM ODOR THRESECLD (PPH): 000024.3
(91) MEDIUM ODOR THRESHOLD REFERENCE: , E-63
(92) UPPER CDOB THRESHOLD (PPM): C0008 1.2
(93) UPPER CDOB THHESHCLC EEFERENCE: , E-63
(102) REC CHINKING KATES LI3IIS (?EM): 104
(103) BEF FCB EEC DRINKING WATER LIMITS: TOLERABLE R-117;
(103) PERSONAL SAFETY IBECAUTICNS: CHEMICAL SAFETY GOGGLES, FACE
2-9
-------
OHMTADS
SHIELDS. PVA 3ATEBIAL »CT BECOHHENEED (B-121); DUBI3G EQUIPMENT
CLEANING OB REPAIRS, BESEIBATCRY EQUIPIJENT - GAS HASKS, SELFCONTAIMSD
BREATHING APPABATOS. EQUIPMENT SHOULD EE ACID RESISTANT. RUBBEB
CC AT EC CLOTHING OR Otitis IEPEBHEAELE MATERIALS SHOULD EE USED.
(109) ACUTE HAZABC LEVEL: HIGH DUE TO EISASTEB POTENTIAL AMD
CCBHOSIVE ACIIOH.
(110) CHBOHIC HAZARD ItVEL: DERMATITIS AND OTHER SKIN IRRITATION.
(111) CEGBEE OF HAZABC TO PUBLIC HEALTH: DISASTER POTENTIAL AND
EXTREME CCRRCSI7E-IRRITANT PROPERTIESARE CF GREATEST CONCERN.
(112) AIR POLLUTICN: 1CXIC HIGH;
(113) AC7ICN LEVELS: NCTIFY LOCAL FIRE AUTHORITY. ENTER FROM
UPWINC SICE. 3ESTBICT ACCESS TO 8ATEB SHICH MAY CAUSE SEVERE BURNS.
(114) IN SITU AflELICBAlICN: RESPONSE IS THAT CP ACETIC ACID SPILL.
NEUTRALIZE WITH SCEIUH EICAREOUATE OR LIME. ANION EXCHANGERS CAN EE
EKELCYED.
1115) EEACH AND SHOBE EES10BAIION: BAY EE EUBNEC CFF UNDER
CCNTFOLLED CONDITIONS.
(116) AVAILAEILIIY OF CCUKTERMEASURE MATERIALS: SCDIOK 3IC A3 EONATE
- GBCCEEY WHOLESALERS OB EISTBIEUTORS, LARGE EAK2RIES LIME - CEMENT
PLANTS ANION EXCHANGERS - WATER SOFTENER SUPPLIES
(117) DISPOSAL METHODS: SMALL QUANTITIES CAN SE PCORED CN SAND AND
IGNITED. 1< MIX WITH FLAECAEIE SOLVENT ANC INJECT AT EASE OF INCIN
E3ATCB WITH AFTEBEURSER. 2< SOLID ACIC SAY EE PACKAGED IN PAPER AND
BUSNED IN INCINEBATCR.
(11«) DISPOSAL NOTIFICATION: AIR ANC FIBE AUTHORITIES.
(119) INDUSTRIAL FCULISG POTENTIAL: VOLATILE NATURE MAY CAUSE
EXPLOSIONS 15 ECILEB FEED MATER. LIQUID IS EIGHLY CCRBOSIVE ALSO.
(120) EFFECTS Oil WATER TREATMENT PROCESS: HIGH CONCENTRATIONS 3 A Y
CAUSE EXTciEilELY LOW ?K WHICH CAN DESTROY £101A ANC INTERFERE KIIH
WATER USES TEREATENED: PECSEATION, INDUSTRIAL
:LE LCCATICN ANC STATE CF MATERIAL: '-ILL DISSOLVE IN
[C ACID.
CHEMISTRY: ACETIC ANHTCRICE HYBBCLYZES TC ACETIC ACID IN
IN WATER: COLORLESS
ICY CF DATA: GCCD
CCAG'JLAT
ION.
(121)
A J 0 B
(122)
PROBA
WATEB AS
ACET
1124)
WATER
WATEF.
(125)
COLO 5
11 26)
ADEQ 0
2-10
-------
SORT FILE: ELEMENT 955
(1) TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE DATA SYSTEM: 7 2T17313
(2) CAS "REGISTRY NL»: 26471625
(3) SIC COCE: 2820
(41 MATERIAL: TOLUENE OIISOCYANATE
15) SYNONYMS? ISCCYANIC ACID; 4-METHYL-N-PHENYLENE ESTER?
2,4-CII SOCYANATO TOLUENE; 4-METHYL-N-PHENfLENE D11 SCCYANATE;
T0LUeNE-2,4-CIIS0CYANATE;
(6) TRADE NAME (COMPANY NAME): HYLENE-T; MONOUR-TOSi
HYLENE-T-ORG AMC—I SOCYANATE ; NACCQNATE-100
(7) CHEMICAL FORMULA: 1C6H3CH3)(NCO)2 «
(9) COMMON USES: PLASTICS SYNTHESIS
(IC) RAIL TRANSPORT (J): 24.9
(LI) BARGE TRANSPORT (*J: 50.8
(12) TRUCK TRANSPORT U»: 24.1
(13) PIPE TRANSPORT U): 000.
(14) CONTAINERS: DRUMS. TANK TRUCXS, TANK CARS
(15) GENERAL STORAGE PPCCEOURES: PROTECT AGAINST PHYSICAL DAMAGE.
INSIDE STORAGE SHOULD BE IN A ORY, FIRE-RESISTIVE, wELL-VENTILA TED
STORAGE ROOM. IF STORED IN TANKS, IT SHOULD BE BLANKETED WITH AN INERT
GAS SUCH AS NITRUGEN OR WITH DRY AIR.
(16) GENERAL HANCLING PROCEDURES: CONTAINERS SHOULD REMAIN CLOSED
AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE. CLEAN UP SPILLS IMMEDIATELY. _(SEE CHEM. SAFETY
DATA SHEET SD-73, MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION FOR TECHNIQUES FOR
USE CN ROUTINE SPILLS ANC ON ¦ COLD WEATHER" SPILLS.) DO NOT SEAL
CONTAINERS WHICH CONTAIN UNREACTED WATER ANC TOLUENE OIISOCYANATE.
(I 7) PRODUCTION SITES:
ALLIED CHEM CORP., SPECIALTY CHEMS. 01V., MOUNDSVILLE, w.VA;
dASF WYANDOTTE CORP., WYANDOTTE CHEMS. CORP. SUBS IC., GEISMAR, LA.
e.i.cou punt de nemqurs g co., inc., elastomer chems. dept.,
CEEPwATEk POINT, N.J.
MCdAY CHEM. CO., CEDAR BAYOU NEAR EAYTCWN, TEX.; NEWMARTINSVILLE»
'W.VA.
(21) CGRRUSIVENESS: RELATIVELY NON-CURROSIVE AT NORMAL TEMPERATURES
124) FIELD DETECTION LIMIT (PPM), TECHNI CUES, REF: 0.03 MG/L CN,
G-ll
(26) STANOARC COCES: NFPA - 2,1,2
(27) FLAMMAeiL ITY: SLIGHT - REQUIRES PREHEATING
(28) LOWER FLAMMA8ILITY LIMIT (I): 0.9
(29) UPPER FLAMMABILITY LIMIT (?): 9.5
(30) TOXIC CUMBUSTICN FRGDUCTS: CYANICES - WEAR APPROVEC BREATHING
CEvlCE
(311 EXTINGUISHING METHODS: FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: USE WATER SPKAY,
CAR8CM OIOXICE OR ORY CHEMICAL. WEAR SELF-CCNTAINEC BREATHING
APPARATUS. RE-MOVE ANO DECONTAMINATE CLOTHING AS SCUN AS POSSIBLE.
(32) FLASH POINT (OEG C): 0132.
(34) EXPLOSIVENESS: REACTIVE UNOER CONFINEMENT;
(37) M£LriNG POINT (OEG C): 019.5
(39) BOILING POINT (OEG C): 0251.
(42) SCLU3 ILITY CHARACTERISTICS: INSOL.
(43) SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 1.22
(44) VAPOR PRESSURE (MM HGJ: .01
(45) VAPOR PRESSLRE TEXT: .01 MM HG AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS;
(46) VAPOR OENSITY (AIR>1): 6.0
(47) VAPQR DENSITY TEXT: 7.7568 G/L;
(63) ANIMAL TOXICITY VALUE: 5800; .5; 12
(64) ANIMAL TOXICITY TEXT
VALUE/TIME/SPEC IES/PARAM./ROUTE/REF.
2-11
-------
OHMTADS
58CO/ /RAT/L050/GRL/Q-U;
.5 PPM/ /HMN/TCLC/INH/R—I;
12 PPM/ /RAT/LCLC/INH/fi-1;
(32) INHALATION LIMIT (VALUE): 0000.02
(86) DIRECT CONTACT: SKIN IRRITATION, ALLERGIC EXZEMA, BRONCHIAL
ASTHMA"
187) GENERAL SENSATION: SHARP PUNGENT OOOR. 2.14 PPM RECOGNITION
OJCR IN AIR; IRRITANT; CAUSES SENSITIZATION. PARTICULARLY IRRITATING TO
EYES. CAPABLE OF PROOUCING SEVERE DERMATITIS ANO BRONCHIAL SPASM.
(88) LC/lER UDCJR THRESHOLD (PPM): 00000.2
18S) LCwER CDOR THRESHCLO REFERENCE: , Q-4
(IJ8) PERSONAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS: GOOO VENTILATION OR SCBA
REQU IREO. WEAR FULL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING ANO SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING
APPARATUS.
(IC9) ACUTE HAZARC LEVEL: LETHAL CON. FOR RATS IN AIR 12 PPM. STRONG
IKRITANT. HIGHLY HAZARDOUS WITH INGESTION OR INHALATICN. LOW TASTE
THRESHOLD.
(110) CHRONIC HAZARO LEVEL: CHRONIC ALLERGEN ANC STRONG IRRITANT.
HIGHLY HAZARCUUS *ITHPROLONGED INHALATION. SLIGHT CHRONIC INGESTION
HAZARO.
(111) DEGREE OF HAZARC TO PUBLIC HEALTH: STRONG IRRITANT. HIGHLY
TOXIC WITH ACUTE OR CHROMC INGESTION OR INHALATION. CHORNIC ALLERGEN.
RELEASES TOXIC VAPORS WHEN HEATED TU DECOMPOSITION.
(U2) air pollution: ugh;
(113) ACTICN LEVELS! NOTIFY AIR AUTHORITY. ISOLATE FROM HEAT.
.RESTRICT ACCESS TO AFFECTEO WATERS.
(114) IN SITU AMELIORATION: PUMP CR VACUUM FRCM BOTTCM
(lib) BEACH ANO SHORE RESTORATION: DC NOT BURN
(116) AVAILABILITY OF CCONTERMEASURE MATERIALS: PUMP - FIRE
DEPARTMENT VACUUM - SWIMMING POOL SUPPLIERS
(117) DISPOSAL METHOOS: I. POUR OR SIFT CNTO SODIUM BICARBONATE 03 A
SANO-SODA ASH MIXTURE (5C-IQ). MIX AND PACKAGE IN HEAVY PAPER CARTONS
*ITH PLENTY OF PAPER PACKING TO SERVE AS FUEL. BURN IN AN INCINERATOR.
FlnE MAY BE AUGMENTED WITH SCRAP WOOD. 2. THE PACKAGES OF NO. I MAY BE
BURN6J MOKE EFFECTIVELY IN *N INCINERATOR WITH AFTERBURNER ANO SCRUB3t«
(ALKALINE). 3. THE WASTE MAY BE MIXED WITH A FLAMMABLE SOLVENT
(ALCCHCL, 3ENZENE, ETC.) AND SPRAYED INTO THE FIRE CHAMBER OF AN
INCINERATOR WITH AFTERBURNERS AND SCRUBBER. ANY QUANTITY OF TOLUENE
DI ISOCYANATE ThAT IS TO eE OISPOSED OF SHOULD FIRST BE TRANSFORMED TO A
UREA. THIS CAN BE DONE BY MAKING USE OF THE METHOD DESCRIBED. 7.3.3
EMPTY DRUMS MAY BE OECONTAMINATED BY PLACING THEN IN A *ELL VENTILATED
AREA AND FILLING WITH WATER. (NOTE: KEEP FACE AWAY FROM BUNGHOLES WHILE
FILLING.) ALLOW TO STANO AT LEAST 43 HOURS TO CONVERT ANY RESIDUAL
TOLUENE OilSOCYANATE TO SGLIC UREA. A SMALL AMOUNT OF ISOPROPRYL
AuCUHCL AND AMMONIA CAN BE ACD-ED TO SPEEC THE REACTION. BUNGS MUST NOT
dc REPLACED CN DRUMS CONTAINING WATER ANO UNREACTEC TOI. IN THIS WAY
IRRITATING TOLUENE 01 ISOCYANATE VAPOR IS NOT PRESENT IN GREAT AMOUNTS
ANC THE SGLIC MATERIAL ThAT RESULTS CAN BE DISPOSEO OF. LIQUID TD I
SHOULD NEVER BE WASHED DIRECTLY DOWN THE ORAIN WITH WATER# BECAUSE THE
SLLICS THAT RESULT MAY PLUG THE SEWER LINE. OISPOSAL OF WASTES SHOULD
BE INACCOROANCE WITH FEDERAL* STATE ANO LOCAL REGULATIONS REGARD- ING
POLLUTION CONTROL.
(121) MAJOR hATER USES THREATENED: POTABLE SUPPLY, RECREATION
(122) PROBABLE LOCATION ANO STATE OF MATERIAL: LIQUIO AT RUOM TEMP.
REACTS WITH H20 TO FORM CC2. CLEAR TO PALE YELLOW. WILL SINK TO BOTTOM.
CARKENS CN EXPOSURE TU LIGHT.
2-12
-------
OHHTADS
(125) CULUR IN MATER: COLORLESS
(126) ADEQUACY OF OATA: FAIR - LIMITED REFERENCES
2-13
-------
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE
Efttnoe
Strong
A*o* contact witt ftgutf M vapor 6 nsoom oversowing
Tmctudwg gtoveei
Slop aacnarge mad. a* couoo noueea, ww>» or on
tt Breeding « drtftcut g*e oiygan
Piwen affected araaa wtn plenty of «atar
ip in EVES, noid ayetta ooon ano *uan «tn pie^ry :~ ««t«r
# SWAU0W60 and wCttm >S CONSCIOUS. n«v« «rr> ar>n« *al«r
00 NOT INOUCE VOMITING.
HARMFUL TO AQUATIC UPE IN VERY LOW CONCENTRATIONS,
it f braatftng Bacomea
dffloidl qno wygart gai medM cam dwewy. INGESTION oo not >nouce «onwng. Skin on
€VE CONTACT WITH UOU® OR VAPOR: HuaR mmefleioN *tn panty of seen rvnmng watar
we*i eyee for at teeat 19 nan. and gat meacei care qucfciy
M TfvaaMM Umn vatees s pom
U SWtTd
IS Taitan m ii
17 CeloTw
11 Vapor (Dee) dvttont CftarootertetloK Vapor« modarataly «maong sue* mat personnel not
uauady toiarato moderate or ngn vapor concantraoona.
19 Uould or todd Inttanl Cftaraetartaoeat Pa*fy —vara sum irmant m«v causa earn and
•econfrdegree Owns attar a law mmutaa of contact
110 Odor TfcreoAOtt 0 .14 ppm
Ltl lOLM Valaat tOOO ppm
Grads 2; LOm • 0 5 to 3 g/hg irat)
i niiiuzMos
10. HA2AR0 ASSISSMCRT COM '
(.1 n*M MM !»•' O.C . IJO-F cc
(See Haerd Aaaoaemem HendOooti)
u taMLMaatti)vmai« QJom
t.3 Inert Atmeepfierwi no feouvsmem
14 Vandng; Prasaura-vacuum
t F1K HAZARDS (Cattttaaad)
111 stewwemethe Air to Fuel Ratte: Data not
avaMOte
113 Wame Tsmperatwrai Oata not tviascie
i
JUNE ISBS
-------
TOLUENE 2,4-DIISOCYANATE
! —
TO „
85 V.
AVO© CONTACT WTTX UOOtQ AMO VAPO*. KMD 9MCM My
cST<
rflos5y;
POnONMMVPWOUCBNm
WwgDMMikarmtntf
TSwMdns ^o»1.
U^aAaAtfycMialVWtatdB
w«mt and taam mar to "Mtan" aw
Com avaaad cantaran «
CALL FOA MCOCAL AiO.
mSSnOUS 9 «VAUOMDl
RiaD aflacMd araaa wdi Man* at «mm.
IF in 6YS8. notd «i«Mdi own and flu* «* Marwy M wai
IF SWALLOWED «M vcam • CONSCIOUS, nav* "earn 4
or mML
do not wouce vomiting.
Exposure
Water
Pollution
Eftan of loar oonoanraana «* audc Ma •
Mar &a dangareua « « anOT *>
L KSRMtTO MCMAMC
m Aaapaaaa nmm Handdaa*
ShoMd to famavad
tpnran
2. UKL
11 cmiiT
14 Ohb«
11 00
U Fan
1 CMCMKAL OOtfNATIMS
Camp—M»y Cto nuyanaia
¦MM lO4«C^MNC0)r2. 4
1 08SURMSU CMUMCTCBSTICS
U MOAM Ow^alaR Net N>
U DOT 0 MBhi Oata net watt*
U C and ; eat a deoor at one® skin; fean »m*
«*a «df: Mpa «•» mttbaig afoonoe «aan wdi aoao and am
HNMI LMM VMMM 0.006 gpm
Mart Tana mmmMi 1Mb O.OJ ppm tor 5 am.
TOMSK* ay MfaMMM *O.C.
U ftaMllUMlllAtoOM4i««
a-x-y
•V ehaadeM, or eeben deadi
44 ftf UtoptfaMns aqmm Mai • to
UaaM WaMr m team way mm ludaV
1L HAZAJD CLAttmCATNM
° "NMNa^qlCwaMP
¦nan ftaaaad
FoNaa B
Id BaMv M nai NM FMttvnl
114 NllMlMi|«rliA«Mr
- 17 ipMn Taa^araMM >JffF
Tiaaasartaaam
•J OaaMaM NMrdi nm partnaM
Oaiasanr
Id ¦«*¦« Mm On nM aaaM*
fta 1
CIS MMtnaaTaapMa
OaiflMMiaMo
vapar mm J
111 StoMaaaMi A* ta Ami JMm
Uvarfor SaMMM. _ 9
OaMnmaNfttti
AMMna • .. «
CIS nw fMpanMa Oa* mi aaaHHa
WaaarFoMdn
Human ToMBdy —2
A*itTTaa«tr
AaadMe enact 4
7. OKWCM.mCTVWn
Mae**
7.1 ftaaadtf* WOi VMR Fonrb oarbon
OtmOmrnm — 3
4adda gd» end an ogam baaac via
WBMr -— ... 3
W 'Cw—8 "*
1M *w**!l.r|' ~ 1l- - ..
7 J SMO* OmM| ftanapart 8«tfa
HaaMiHawdtM 3
naiimaiMi) (nam - - 1
ftaaoMy (Yadaa) - 1
1 >aaf
¦M ll|T
AadWO Otffe nM avadaMa
74 NaaMMIy^M 12
a nrocAL am cmwcal noramo
•MB
it* HaiBMivwai** 174.1*
1S4 laO|MttM1Md
4d3*F • 2SO*C • S2TK
1S4 F*a**PaMt
l *atu mumoN
fld-TTF
• 20—4TC • Z91 AQd'y
11 A#aai Tuaay. on nM anaMMa
la waartaaiTaMrOMnoifMMi
11 MbsM Piyvaa Oaaaad (BOO*
117 HadhMfi
OaianMMrtaMa
14s m arc d»M
114 U^d Sdrtaad TanaOT (aai)
Nona
29 dynaa/em - O.OSB N/m « 25*C
114 UdMd mar MMM« Tmmm (aai)
46 dpwa/cm • 0.M6 N/m M 2S*C
1110 Vapar fQaa) tpaMMa QraMir
NMparMaM
"** «* "W' ^
111a umm HaM af VapeiMant
111S HaM al CoMtaMSas (aaL)
-10.000 8a; 38% 2. •>. Ad
maiuaa nava flMM dia aaiaa haaid
U SMasa Taa«araM 75—100*F
dj Mart inanad
WTO
JUNE 1916
-------
MERCK
44. Acetic Anhydride. Acetic oxide; acetyl oxide.
C(H(Op mol wt 102.09. C 47.06%, H 3.92%. O 47.02%.
(CHjCO).O. Equivalent to 117.64% acetic acid. Made
foimerly from sod. acetate and acetyl or suifuryl chloride:
now usually obtained from acetylene and acetic acid in the
Presence of mercuric uxide: Hauh ¦.t at.. mcu.iirutl Chemicali
(Wiley, 3rd ed.. 1965) Of industrial importance is also the
ketene process, starting with the thermal decomposition of
acetone: Schmtdlin. Bergmann. Btr. 43, 2821 (1910). From
acetaldehyde: Faith tt al. loc. cit.
Very refractive liquid; strong acetic odor. Readily com-
bustible. Fin hazard. Flash pt 130*F. dj' 1.080. mp —7 J*,
bp 137. nf 1.3904. Slowly soluble in water, forming acetic
acid; with alcohol forms ethyl acetate; sol in chloroform,
ether. LDa orally in rats 1.78 g/kg.
USE: Manuf acetyl compounds, cellulose acetates. As ace-
tulizer and solvent in examining wool fat. glycerol, fatty and
volatile oils, resins; detection of rosin. Widely used in or-
ganic syntheses, e.g.. as dehydrating agent in nitrations, sul-
fonations and other reactions where removal of water is nec-
essary. Caution: Produces irritation and necrosis of tissues
in liquid or in vapor state. Avoid contact with skin. eyes.
9226. Toluene 2,4-Diisocyaaate. 2.4-Diisocyanatotolu-
ene; 2.4-tolylene diisocyanate; TDI; Nacconate 100. C.H,-
N,Oj. mol WI 174.15. C 62.07%. H 3.47%. N 16.09%. O
18.37%. Usually prepd from toluene-2.4-diamine and phos-
gene in a solvent, such as o-dichlorobenzene or toluene.
Numerous patents. Review: Astle. Industrial Organic Nitro-
gen Compounds (New York. 1961) pp 284-313.
MC0
KCO
Liquid at room temperature. Sharp, pungent odor, mp
19.5-21.5*. df liq 1.2244. bp,„ 251*: bp,, 126*. Darkens on
exposure to sunlight. Reacts with water with evolution of
carbon dioxide. Flash pt 132* (270*F). Miscible with alco-
hol (decompn), diglycol monomethyl ether, ether, acetone,
carbon tetrachloride, benzene, chlorobenzene. kerosene,
olive oil. Coned alkaline compds such as NaOH or tert-
amines may cause run-away polymerization.
use: In the manuf of polyurethane foams and other elas-
tomers. Caution: Causes skin irritation, allergic eczema,
also bronchial asthma.
2-16
-------
EXERCISE 1
DONNING AND DOFFING OF FULLY ENCAPSULATING SUIT
I. OBJECTIVE
Participants become familiar with procedures for donning and doffing a fully
encapsulating suit by watching a demonstration. Participants then don and doff
suits and wear them for a short time without the Self-Contalned Breathing
Apparatus (SCBA).
II. PROCEDURE
A. Instructors demonstrate the step-by-step procedure for donning and doffing
a fully encapsulating suit. The Instructor also wears the SCBA in the
demonstration.
B. Working with a buddy, each participant dons and doffs a full encapsulating
suit following the procedures on the next two pages.
C. The suit is worn for a short period so that the participant becomes
familiar with it.
D. Upon completion of the exercise, the suit must be properly stored.
3-1
-------
DONNING OF FULLY ENCAPSULATING SUIT
Prior Co wearing an encapsulating suit, inspect it thoroughly for damage
and potential aalfunction.
1. While sitting (preferably), step into legs, place feet properly, and
gather suit around waist.
2. Put on steel toe and shank boots over feet of suit.
3. Put on disposable boot covers.
4. Don SCBA air cylinder with assistance of buddy.
5. Don SCBA facepiece and perforin negative pressure check.
6. Put on hard hat.
7. Put on gloves to be worn under suit.
8. Put arms into sleeves of suit.
9. Pull suit up and over SCBA, placing hood on top of air cylinder.
10. Place hood on head.
11. Put on outer gloves.
12. Connect breathing hose to regulator.
13. Secure suit by closing all fasteners.
3-2
-------
DOFFING OF FULLY ENCAPSULATING SUIT
During removal, be careful to protect wearer's air supply and prevent transfer of
contaminants from suit to wearer.
1. Remove disposable clothing such as gloves, boot covers, etc..
2. Remove boots.
3. Open suit.
4. Raise hood over head and place on air cylinder.
5. Remove arms, one at a time, from suit.
6. Lower suit to waist.
7. While sitting (preferably) remove both.legs from suit.
8. Roll off Internal gloves.
9. Remove and store SCBA correctly.
10. Dry suit, properly fold, and store after use.
3-3
MCF/ITC/10-82
-------
EXERCISE 2
CHECKING OUT SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS (SCBA)
I. OBJECTIVE
Participants will learn the procedures for inspecting and storing a
Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA).
II. PROCEDURE
Do Not Open The REGULATOR At Any Time!
A. The instructor will demonstrate the proper method of inspecting and
storing the SCBA.
B. Once the instructor has completed the demonstration, each set of buddies
will proceed through the check out procedures listed on the following two
pages at the direction of the instructor.
C. Participants will repeat the check out procedures until they feel
confident in performing them.
4-1
-------
SCBA CHECKOUT
BEFORE PROCEEDING, CHECK THAT:
High-pressure-hose connector is tight on cylinder fitting.
By-pass valve is closed.
Mainline valve is closed.
Regulator outlet is not covered or obstructed.
BACKPACK AND HARNESS ASSEMBLY
Visually inspect straps for wear, damage, completeness.
Check wear and function of Buckle.
Check backplate for damage and attachment to cylinder.
CYLINDER AND HIGH-PRESSURE-HOSE ASSEMBLY
Check cylinder to assure that it is firmly fastened to
backplate.
Open cylinder valve; listen or feel for leakage around
packing and hose connection.
Check high-pressure-hose for damage or leaks.
REGULATOR
Cover regulator outlet with palm of hand.
Open mainline valve.
Note stoppage of air flow after positive pressure builds.
Close mainline valve.
Remove hand from regulator outlet.
Open by-pass valve slowly to assure proper function.
Close by-pass valve.
Cover Regulator outlet again with palm of hand.
-------
r$pen Mainline valve.
- Note pressure reading on regulator gauge.
Close cylinder valve while keeping hand over regulator
outlet.
Slowly remove hand from outlet and allow air to flow.
Note pressure when low-pressure warning alarm sounds; it
should be between 550-650 psi.
Remove hand from regulator outlet.
Close mainline valve.
Check regulator for leaks; blowing air into regulator for
5-10 seconds. Suck air from outlet for 5-10 seconds. If a
positive pressure or vacuum cannot be maintained, do not use
that SCBA. It is leaking.
5. FACEPIECE AND CORRUGATED BREATHING TUBE
Inspect head harness and facepiece for damage, serrations,
and deteriorated rubber.
Inspect lens for damage and proper seal in facepiece.
Inspect exhalation valve for damage and dirt build-up.
Stretch breathing tube and carefully inspect for holes and
deterioration.
Inspect connector for damage and presence of washer.
Perform negative pressure test with facepiece donned.
6. STORAGE
Refill cylinder to 2216 psi.
Close cylinder valve.
Tightly connect high-pressure-hose to cylinder.
Bleed pressure from high-pressure-hose by opening mainline
valve.
Close by-pass valve.
- Close mainline valve.
4-3
-------
"TFully extend all straps.
Store faceplece In a clean plastic bag for protection.
7. MONTHLY INSPECTION
a. Check cylinder label for current hydrostatic test date.
b. Inspect cylinder for large dents or gouges in metal.
c. Check presence of cylinder lock.
d. Inspect cylinder gauge for damage.
e. Complete full checkout procedure.
f. Fill out appropriate records with results and
recommendations.
8. REGULAR INSPECTION
a. Immediately prior to donning.
b. Prior to storing after cleaning and sanltization.
4-4
-------
EXERCISE 3
SCBA INSPECTION AND USE
I. OBJECTIVE
Participants become more familiar with the proper techniques of
inspection, donning and doffing, and use of the Self-Contalned
Breathing Apparatus (SCBA). The students wear SCBA and become more
confident in using it by performing various tasks at exercise stations.
II. PROCEDURE
A. Participants leave the room while the instructor alters the SCBAs.
B Participants return, check out their SCBAs, note any problems,
determine cause, and restore their SCBAs to proper working order.
C. Instructor demonstrates how to properly don, doff and store the
SCBA, two donning methods are demonstrated - overhead and
over-the-shoulder.
D. Participants don SCBAs and facepieces.
E. Partcipants connect breathing hose and turn on mainline valve.
F. Instructor explains and demonstrates emergency use of by-pass.
G. Participants try by-pass valves.
H. Participants practice emergency hand signals (Table 3-1).
I. Participants proceed to exercise area and perform various tasks as
described at each station.
J. Students proceed to Training Center after completion of all
stations.
K. Instructor demonstrates cylinder changes without removing backpack.
L. Participants remove their SCBAs and properly store them.
5-1
-------
EMERGENCY HAND SIGNALS
1. Hand gripping throat:
2. Grip partner's vrlst or place
both hands around waist:
3. Hands on top of head:
4. Thumbs up:
5. Thumbs down:
Out of air, can't breath.
Leave area Immediately, no debate.'
Need assistance.
OK, I'm all right, I understand.
No, negative.
5-2
-------
EXERCISE 4
ESCAPE MASK USE
OBJECTIVE
Response personnel may have to carry escape masks when on sites
requiring Level C and D protection. In this exercise,
participants don typical escape masks, the Robertshaw Air Capsule
and the ELSA.
PROCEDURE
Each participant dons escape masks following the procedure listed
below:
1) Open case.
2) Pull out air capsule. (Mask should be packed so that it can
be pulled forward out of case.)
3) Unfold hood.
4) Pull start ring.
5) Take a deep breath
6) Remove and discard other respirator (if one is being worn).
7) Slip hood over head starting from back of head.
8) Pull drawstring tight and adjust elastic neck band.
6-1
revised/pdh/2-87
-------
EXERCISE 5
FIT-TESTING RESPIRATORS
I. OBJECTIVE
Participants learn to fit-test a full-face air purifying respirator with
procedures suitable for field use.
II. PROCEDURE
A. Instructor demonstrates proper fit-testing with Irritant smoke and isoamyl
acetate.
B. Each person must successfully fit-test at least one participant. It is
desirable for each person to fit-test a full-face mask using both methods
of testing.
C. Each participant must be fit-tested until a full-face mask is found that
provides a good face seal.
7-1
-------
RESPIRATOR FIT-TESTING
1. Don respirator to be tested with proper cartridges:
Isoamyl acetate - Organic Vapor Cartridge
Irritant smoke - High-Efficiency Particulate Filter
2. Place the participant's head in a plastic bag containing the test atmosphere.
Irritant smoke must be added regularly to maintain the atmosphere.
3. Breathe normally for about 10 seconds.*
4. Breathe deeply for about 10 seconds.*
5. Move head back and forth for about 10 seconds.*
6. Move head up and down for about 10 seconds.*
7. Count or recite for about 10 seconds.*
8. Bend over and move head around for about 10 seconds.*
9. Run in place for about 10 seconds.*
10. The wearer who detects no odor or irritation has passed the fit-test.
(*) Note any odor or irritation.
7-2
-------
FIT-TEST record
Name:
Location:
Signature:
Name of Fit-Tester:
Signature:
Date:
Date:
TYPE OF TEST
Type of mask:
Manufacturer:
Model:
ISOAMYL
ACETATE
Pass/Fail
IRRITANT
SMOKE
Pass/Fail
Type of mask:
Manufacturer:
Model:
Pass/Fail
Pass/Fail
Type of mask:
Manufacturer:
Model:
Pass/Fail
Pass/Fail
Type of mask:
Manufacturer:
Model:
Pass/Fail
Pass/Fail
Type of mask:
Manufacturere:
Model:
Pass/Fail
Pass/Fail
Comments:
7-3
MCF/ITC/10-82
-------
EXERCISE 6
RECHARGING SCBA AIR CYLINDERS
I. OBJECTIVE
The air cylinder of an open-circuit Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
can supply air for up to 30 minutes. Then the cylinder oust be removed and
refilled, either by an air compressor or a cascade system. A cascade system
consists of three to five large air cylinders and a filling system that is used
almost exclusively on sites. All persons who must wear an SCBA should be
familiar with the proper procedures for recharging the cylinder.
A. The recharging system operates on the principle of cascading, the
equalization of pressure between the supply cylinders and the apparatus
cylinder in sequence. The proper procedure for SCBA recharging is as
follows:
1. Open and close the valve on each supply cylinder to find its air
pressure relative to other supply cylinders.
2. Mark supply cylinders from 1 to 5 in order of least pressure to
highest pressure.
3. Attach high pressure hose from cascade manifold to SCBA cylinder
valve.
4. Check pressure in SCBA cylinder.
Cascade
Recharging
System
II. PROCEDURE
8-1
-------
5. Slowly open valve on SCBA cylinder.
6. Slowly open valve on high pressure hose from cascade manifold.
7. Determine which supply cylinder should be used to begin Che cascading
operation. The supply cylinder with the lowest pressure, yet with a
greater pressure than that in the SCBA cylinder should be used.
8. Slowly open the valve on supply cylinder #1 (as determined in Step
//2).
9. When pressure on the manifold gauge stops dropping, pressure in the
two cylinders has equalized.
10. Close the supply cylinder valve.
11. If apparatus cylinder has not reached desired pressure; repeat
procedure using cylinder 112.
12. If supply cylinder #5 does not fully recharge apparatus cylinder
remove supply cylinder //I and replace with full cylinder.
13. Return to Step //7.
14. Once apparatus cylinder is at desired pressured, close all values in
system and disconnect apparatus cylinder from cascade high pressure
hose.
15. Mark supply cylinders empty to avoid confusion.
B. Each participant recharges at least one air cylinder according to the
method described and any special directions from Che Instructor.
8-2
MCF/ITC/10-82
-------
EXERCISE 7
COMMUNICATION DEVICES-INSTRUCTION AND USE
I. OBJECTIVE
Communication devices play a vital role in hazardous materials
incident operations and should be an integral part of both the
Site Safety Plan and the Site Work Plan. Response personnel
must rely on such devices to link on-site operations with
off-site activities and decision making. The nature of on-site
activities and the level of protection may favor one type of
communication device over another. In this exercise,
participants are instructed in use of a typical communication
device.
II. PROCEDURE
The following represents the basic information necessary to
familiarize the participant in the proper operation of the
communication device.
A. Examine the unit noting placement and positioning of
controls and microphone.
B. Check battery charge.
C. Turn the ON-OFF/VOLUME control to the ON position to
activate the device; volume is increased by rotating the
knob.
D. Turn the SOUELCH control (right knob) clockwise until
static is heard, then back-off counterclockwise just
until it is gone; further adjust VOLUME control as needed.
E. Unit is now ready to transmit and receive. Transmissions
should be made clearly, without hesitation and with
enough volume to actuate a sustained signal; low volume
or halting speech may result in broken transmissions.
F. Complete transmissions as directed by instructor.
G. When exercise is completed, make sure that the unit
control is switched to the "OFF" position.
eh/7440D:0158D
9-1
pdh/REVISED:2-87
-------
EXERCISE 8
WEARING FULLY ENCAPSULATING SUIT
I. OBJECTIVE
Participant becomes familiar with donning and doffing both the
Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) and a fully encapsulating
suit, then wear them for a time to experience the problems associated
with the combination.
II. PROCEDURE
A. Participants don the SCBA and fully encapsulating suit as
directed in previous exercises assisted by their buddies.
B. With equipment on and air connected, each participant will be
escorted by instructors through an obstacle course and then
through various exercise stations.
C. Participants remove their equipment and properly store it.
10-1
-------
EXERCISE 9
USING AIR MONITORING INSTRUMENTS
I. OBJECTIVE
In this exercise, participants operate several air monitoring instruments and
then perform analysis and interpretation of the data they generate.
II. EXCERCISE PROCEDURE
The exercise has been divided into four stations. Each station will be
equipped with air monitoring instruments and gas sampling bags. Each team
(consisting of two students) must complete the following tasks at the
appropriate station.
Station A: Combustible Gas Indicators (CGI's)
Three gas sampling bags contain mixtures of flammable gas/vapors
in air, one each at concentrations:
Below LEL
Between LEL and UEL
Above the UEL
Measure each bag using both CGI's. Record concentrations on the
answer sheet at the end of this exercise. In Column 4, identify
the mixture in each bag.
Station B: Oxygen Indicators
Two gas sampling bags contain different concentrations of
oxygen. Sample each bag with each of the two instruments.
Record results on the answer sheet.
Station C/: Colorimetric Indicator Tubes and Pumps
Station D
Two gas sampling bags contain mixtures of toluene in air and
carbon dioxide in air. Using each of the two colorimetric
indicator tubes and pumps, measure each bag according to
manufacturer's instructions. (See end of this exercise.)
Record type of gas and concentrations on answer sheet.
11-1
-------
III. INSTRUMENT OPERATING PROCEDURE
General operating instructions for combustible gas indicators,
oxygen Indicators and colormetric indicator tubes and pumps are
listed below. Specific air monitoring instrument instructions are
also given for all equipment used in this exercise. When
performing the exercise procedures at each station use these
instructions as a guide to proper instrument use. Due to the
training function of this exercise, many instructions have been
rewritten for brevity and clarity. In actual use, instruments
should be operated and calibrated according to the manufacturer's
instructions.
A. Combustible Gas Indicators (CGIs)
1. Operating Instructions
In addition to the instructions found below, all CGIs
should be calibrated prior to use, in a
noncontaminated, fresh air environment. Furthermore,
units incorporating an aspirator bulb or other
air-drawing device should be checked for leaks in the
following manner:
- Attach all hoses, probes, and other devices to CGI.
- Place a finger over probe or hose end.
- Operate pump or squeeze aspirator bulb.
In a leak-free system, bulb remains collapsed or pump
labors. In a leaking system, bulb regains its shape or
pump does not labor. Do not cover inlet to a pump
driven unit for an extended period of time or the pump
motor will burn out
eh/7441D:0158D
11-2
phd/REVISED-2/87
-------
a. MSA Explosimeter Combustible Gas Indicator
1. Turn Explosimeter on by lifting end of "On-Off" bar on
"Rheostat" knob and rotating "Rheostat" kriob clockwise 1/4
turn.
2. Flush Instrument with fresh air by squeezing and releasing
aspirator bulb about five times.
3. Rotate "Rheostat" knob until meter needle rests at zero.
(Avoid large clockwise rotation, which sends large current
through filament, perhaps shortening its useful life.)
4. To sample, place hose or probe end in atmosphere to be
measured and operate aspirator bulb about five times.
5. Read percent of lower explosive limit (LEL) as meter needle
fluctuates from a steady-state level to a higher level each
time the aspirator bulb is flexed. The steady-state
reading indicates the "true" value.
6. Turn Explosimeter off by lifting end of "On-Off" bar on
"Rheostat" knob and rotating it counterclockwise until it
"clicks". "On-Off" bar retracts into "Rheostat" knob.
11-3
-------
b. Bacharach Oxygen/Combustible Gas Indicator, Model GPK
1. Rotate "Function" switch clockwise to "Volt Test"
position. To avoid decalibration, all knobs must be pulled
and rotated at the same time. Motor starts and the "%
Oxygen" and "Sniffer" needles move up scale.
2. Rotate "Volt Adj" knob to bring "Gas Detector" needle over
green arrow.
3. Turn "Function" switch clockwise to "On". The "Z Oxygen"
needle should rise to about 20.82 and "Gas Detector" needle
should drop to about zero.
4. Rotate "Oxy Cal" knob to adjust "% Oxygen" needle to black
"Calibrate" line.
5. Rotate "Zero Adj" knob to adjust "Gas Detector" needle to
zero.
6. Momentarily place finger over hose or thread "Air Intake"
nipple and observe the pump working.
7. To sample, place hose end or probe in atmosphere to 'be
measured. Within 30 seconds, steady-state readings are
indicated on "2 Oxygen" and "Gas Detector" scales.
8. Rotate "Function" switch counterclockwise to "Off".
11-4
-------
B. ©xygen Meters
1. Operating Instructions
In addition to the instructions found below, all oxygen meters should
be calibrated prior to use, in a noncontaminated fresh-air
environment. Furthermore, units incorporating an aspirator bulb or
other air-drawing device should be checked for leaks in the following
manner:
Attach all hoses, probes, and other air-drawing devices to
instrument.
Place finger over probe or hose end.
Operate the pump or squeeze aspirator bulb.
In a leak-free system bulb remains collapsed or pump labors.
In a leaking system, bulb regains its shape or pump does not
labor.
11-5
-------
a. Bacharach Oxygen Indicator Model K-25
1. Turn unit on by rotating "Calibrate" knob clockwise. (To
avoid decalibration, knob must be pulled up and rotated at
the same time.)
2. Squeeze and release aspirator bulb two or three times and
allow meter needle to stabilize.
3. Turn "Calibrate" knob to adjust meter needle to read 21%
Oxygen as marked on "Meter Scale".
4. To sample, insert probe or hose end into atmosphere to be
measured and operate aspirator bulb about 10 times.
5. Read meter needle once it has stablized about 10 seconds
after pumping stops.
6. Turn unit off by rotating "Calibrate" knob counterclockwise
until it "clicks".
11-6
-------
B MSA Oxygen Indicator, Model #245R
1. Assemble remote cell to housing by threading "Phono
Plug" in "Phone Jack".
2. Press "Read" switch. Meter needle should indicate 21%
oxygen, represented by Hash on "Meter Scale".
3. If needle does not indicate 21%, adjust by rotating
"Calibrate Potentiometer" clockwise with a jeweler's
screwdriver to increase reading or counterclockwise to
decrease it.
4. To sample place remote cell in atmosphere to be
measured and press "Read" switch.
5. Read meter needle once it has stabilized.
6. Turn instrument off by releasing "Read" switch.
eh/7441D:0158D
11-7
pdh/REVISED-2-87
-------
Colorimetric Indicator Tubes and Pumps
Operating Instructions
In addition to the instructions found below, all
colorimetric indicator tubes and pumps should be field
calilbrated prior to use. This calibration tests for leaks
in the following manner:
1) Insert unbroken tube into pump's tube holder.
a) For Draeger, squeeze bellows on bellows-type pump.
After 60 seconds, bellows should not regain its
original shape or chain should not be taut.
b) For MSA or Sensidyne, pull back and lock handle on
piston-type pump. Rotate handle 1/4 turn. Handle
should return to within 1/4 inch of zero cc mark.
2) If a pump fails these tests, it should be serviced
according to manufacturer's instructions.
eh/7441D:0158D
11-8
pdh/REVISED-2-87
-------
a. MSA Model A Samplair Pump
1. Break off both tips of a fresh colorlmetric indicator tube
in the tube breaker hole in the face of the pump head.
2. Insert tube into tube holder with arrow on tube pointing
towards pump.
3. Align index marks on handle and cap of pump.
4. Pull handle straight back to desired volume of 25, 50, 75,
or 100 cc's. Handle automatically locks at these volumes.
5. Walt for time specified in tube's Instructions.
6. Rotate handle 90° to unlocking and push handle in.
7. Realign index marks for next stroke or test. Refer to
tube's instructions for required number of strokes.
8. Read concentration of material in air stained-unstained
interface.
11-9
-------
b. Drlger Indicator Tube Pump
1. Break off both tips of a fresh colorimetric indicator tube
in break-off eyelet on front cover plate or in break-off
husk (an accessory).
2. Insert tube into pump head with arrow on tube pointing
towards pump.
3. Hold pump with holding plate between thumb and the base of
index finger and front cover plate contacting finger.
4. Compress the bellows completely with a squeezing motion
assuring that total volume of bellows is used.
5. Release grip and allow chain to become taut, signifying
that 100 cc of air have been pulled through tube.
6. Complete steps 4 and 5 as many times as tube's instructions
state.
7. Read concentration of material in air at stained-unstained
interface.
11-10
-------
ANSWER SHEET
STATION A: CGI
Concentrations
MSA
Bacharach o%-
Mixture
Ba£
Explosimeter
GPK
(Check One)
A
c"0 %
O? % ^
yS < LEL
, LEL to UEL
>UEL
B
< LEL
bs^LEL to UEL
¦ ;
>UEL
C
y
>/^D- ^ ^
< LEL
•V \VO
LEL to UEL
XW,^>UEL
STATION B: Oxygen Meters
% Oxveen
Bacharach
MSA
Bag
Model K-25
Model 245R
1
Zi c?a
2
a 5
n. o?*
STATION C/STATION D: Colorlmetric Indicator Tubes and Pumps
A
B
Concentrations
Type of
MSA Model A
JSam£lai^_
*1^ p#
r£hv
Drag
er
£6 pj)
-------
ch assoi DRXGU-Rohrdun
Kohltndioxid 0,1 %/«
GEARAUCHSANWCI3UNQ 234-23S 21. Auagebe MlrtlMI
1. AllgtMiMi und
Oberwodtung von Arbeitsrdumenp4iP9*rr,6umen und KOhlrdumen.
"*os R&hrchen Itonn ouch xur Unterujchung tedtnisdter Cost benutit werden.
ir Hondhobung der 0RAGER*R6hrcfcen und dot Gosspurgerdtes vgl. Absdinitt 4
eser G«broudisanweisung towio Gebroudisonweisung 2341.
2. foftdtreibung
Vgl. Abbildung.
Offngngszttf (Oouor ernes Pumpenhubes bis sur vollen Sponnung dor Sperr*
kette); 15 bis 30 Sekundon.
DRXGER Tube ch assoi
Carbon Dioiidt 0.1 %/a
OPCRATINO INSTRUCTIONS 3M-MS* ¦ ]1th SdtUon ¦ March 1 Ml
1. C«M«al and ApflindM
Monitoring of working, itorag* and cooling rooms.
Tho Tub* can olio bo u«»d for totting Industrial gaiH
For lh« use of ORAGER Tubes and of the Got Detector Section A at thmtn
Operating Instruction, and Instructions for U» 2VU' °
2. OMcriplioR
Soo illustration.
SSt)"'"! to*30 'standi" PUn,P M"HI ,H* lim', '» «"»P'*«olr
1 und 2 zusommengeschmolzene Spi tzen
3 Sdireibfldche
4 Anzeigesdtidit (weiB) mil Stridi-
jkolen; Zahlenwerte in Vol.-1/# CO,
5 Pfeil (soil boi der Prufung zur
Pumpe weisen)
6 Abdecfcung
1 ond 2
3
4
fused tips
writing surface
indicating loyer (white) with calibrated
scale; numoneol values a vol.*/# CO,
orrow (must point towords tho
pump during testing)
cover film
25 794
J. MeBberetdi
,20* C, 1013 mbor; entspredtend 20°C, 740 Torr)
8st zunochst mit 1 Hub durch dos ORAGER-Rdhrchen
zu sdugen. In Anwesenheit von CO, verfdrbt sich die Anzeigeschicht mehr
Oder wemger we»t, wobei eine blauvio'ette Verfdrbung auftntt. Die gesomte
Long© der Verfdrbung -ft dos Mod fur die Konzentrotion. Auf der 1-Hub-
Skalo Konzentrotion in Vol ¦ •*/# oblesen. Liegt der Wert uber 1 Vol.-*/*, so
>st die Prijfung beendet. Werden wernger als I Vol.-'/* obgetesen, so »«t die
PrQt\jftg mi* 4 weiferen jolso insgesamf 5) Huben fortzuserzen. CO,-Konzen*
•ration in Vol.-"# ietzr auf der 5*Hub*Skalo ablesen (vgl. Abbiidung).
Bemerfcungen
eft negativem °rOfergebnis kann das R6Krchen am seioen Arbettsfage noch
.«eimot benufzt we'den. Noch positivem Bofund nidit mehr verwendbar. Ver«
''srbungtn jmd nyf Legrenzr holtbor: longe der Fsrbzone verdndert sieh.
4. Einftufl der Umqet jnqtbedingungen
5 1 Tempe'atur
Die OPAGER-Oohi „nen «onnen m ei«em Temperaturoereich von 0 C DiS 309C ven*en-
3et we^aen
: 2 .=euCM.-gke>r
im Bere^ch ven 3 Ois 20 frig H.O pro Liter hot die Feuchtigkeit keinen Einfiuft
d e Anze^ge.
¦; 3 '.uftaruCK
Zur KorreMtur des OrucKemdusses '9t die Anzetge mit dem foigenden FaKtor zu muitiph-
zieren
^013
ge ber-jhr auf der Farbreokfion des Kohlendioxids mit einer Hydrozin-
Verbiftdung, deren Verbrauch durch den Farbumschtao emes Redox-lndikafors
!lvio!etf) angezeigt wird. Andere Gose und Dampfe beemflussen die
Anzeige mcbt.
S vergatehen* Verbrsuchsxett
veorauensdatum und Lagertemporatur vgt. die Angabon auf der Banderole
9. Toiisdio Oaten (CO,)
0 5 Voi.-S MAK-Wert (BPO 1980)
10. Hinweis
Agf Wunsch des Benutters liefern wir folgende Information:
31 Qie for die Kolibnerung der Priifrohrchen vervrendete Methode.
5! Oen Einflufl von Tesfbedingungen {einschliefllich Reoktionsoblauf) out d-e
Umsefzung und ouf die Zuverldssigkeit der Anzeige, sofem uns diese Sftenfe
se*annt sind.
U. COt-tohrdien mit onderen MoBboreichen
CO, 0,01 ®Va 0.01 bis 0.3 Vol.-%
CO, 0.5#/fc'a 0,5 bis 10 Vol -%
1 "9 1 b'S 20 Vol.-8'#
5 31 A 5 b-5 60 Vol -"9
Un\«re Tobelle 2340 enthair alohabotisdi geordnet die mit DRAGER*ROhrcften
me^boren Goto und Oompfo, wichtigo physikolisdio und toiikologisd«o Daten
2er Gase und Oompfe sowie Literoturhmweise.
3e diese Tabelle bei uns on!
Acntung!
ve'oraucnte OflAGER-^onrcnen mcnt acnoos (ortwerfen, damit sie nicht m Kmaemande ge*
3. Ronge ol Mooturomont
(20° C, 1013 mbor, corresponding to 20° C, 760 mm Hg)
With 1 stroke; 0.5 to 4 vol.*/# CO, \ mr inn
With 5 strokes: 0.1 to 1.2 vol.*/* CO, / mbor
4. Tett and Evaluation of tho Result
4.1 Before eoch series of measurements, check tho pump for leaks using an un«
opened DRAGER Tube.
4 2. Break-off the tips of th« ORAGER Tube.
4 3. Insert the ORAGER Tube tightly in tho pump hood
(arrow points towords the pump).
4 4. First sudi the air sample through the DRAGER Tube with 1 pump stroke. In
the presence of CO„ the indicating layer dionges colour to blue-violet
to a greater or lesser extent. The total length of the discoloration 3s a
measure of the concentration. Read-off the concentration' in vol.Vt on the
1-stroke scale. If the value is above 1 vol.Vi, the test is completed. If the
concentration read*off is less than 1 vol.*/#, the test should be continued
with a further 4 (thus a total of 5) strokes. Now read*off the CO, concen-
tration in vol.*/# on the 5>stroke scale (see illustration).
5. Remarks
After a negative result, the Tube can be used again two more rimes on the
some day. It cannot be used aaatn after a positive result. The discolorations
last only for a limited time and the lengths of the coloured xones diange.
I. Influence of Ambient Conditions
6.1. Temperature
ORAGER Tubes can used in a temperature range from 0*C to 30#C.
4 2. Humidity
Between 3 and 20 mg H,0 per litre, humidity has no influence on the
indication.
6.3. Atmospneric pressure
For pressure correction, muittpiy the tube reading by tne following factor:
'013
Conversion factor =
Conversion factor a
actual atmospheric pressure (in mpar)
¦ 760
actual atmospheric pressure (m Torr)
f. Specificity (Cross«SentitW»ly)
The indicotion >s based on rhe colour reaction of carbon dioxide with a hydra-
zine compound, the consumption of which is indicated by the dtonge in co»
lour of o redox indicotor (crystal violet). Other gases and vapours do not affect
the indicotion.
$ Shelf Life
See expiration date and storage temperature on label of the box.
9. Toxicity Data
0.5 vol S TLV (USA. 1980)
10. Information
At 'he request of the tube user, we will supply the following information:
o) The methods used for calibration of the detector tubes,
b) The effects (including reactions) on the operation and accuracy of the gas
detector tube unit caused by specific environmental conditions described by
the user, if the effects are known to us.
11. CO, Tubes with Other Ranges of Measurement
CO, 0.01 Vv'o 0 01 to 0.3 vol.*/#
CO. 0.5#/*'a 0.5 to 10 vol.
CO, 1 1 io 20 vol.*/#
CO, 59VA 5 to 60 vol.9/#
Our table 2340e contains in alphabetical order the Qfttet and
able with ORAGER Tubes, important physical and toxicolegicol
gases and vapours as well as many references to literature.
This table will be sent to you on request.
Caution
Do not allow ORAGER Tubes to foil into tho hands of children.
maosut-
i of the
li
-------
mgEI Detector Tubes
instructions for detecting Carbon Dioxide
using detector tube, part number BS976
1. WARNING. These instructions are applicable for use with the Universal
Tester™ Pump Pi. No. 83499 or the Samplait* Pump Pi. No. 463998 only.
When using these lubes with any other MSA sampling device, use the instruc-
tions and calibration values provided with that device. These tubes are not
calibrated /or use with other than MSA sampling devices and are not certified
except when used with the MSA Universal Tester Pump or the MSA
Samplair Pump.
1. Storage. Do not store at temperatures above U0"K. Protect from prolonged
exposure to light. Either of these conditions could cause a change in the
sensitivity and accuracy of the tubes.
3. Shelf Life. If stored properly, these tubes can be used up to 30 months from
date of manufacture. They must be used prior to the expiration date stamped
on the box.
4. Chemical Reaction and Color Change.This detector tube provides a quan-
titative method for estimating the concentration of carbon dioxide in air.
Indication is based on the color reaction of carbon dioxide with thymol blue
and diethanol amine, with the formation of diethanol amine carbonate and
a change in structure of the acid-base indicator, thymol blue. The color
change is blue to pale yellow.
5. Test Procedure
6.1 Check pump for leaks in accordance with the instruction manual for
the pump.
5.2 When using the Universal Tester Pump, set the rotating pump head on
#2 index mark. With the Samplair Pump, no indexing is necessary.
5.3 Remove one detector tube from the box and break off both tips using
the tube breaker hole in the head of the pump.
5.4 Insert the detector tube into the rubber tube holder of the pump, with
the arrow on the tube pointing toward the pump.
5.5 Align the index marks on the handle and back plate of the pump.
5.6 Pace the mounted' detector tube into the atmosphere to be tested. Take
•n appropriate volume of air to be sampled by pulling the pump handle
outward the required number of strokes.
Use 5 pump strokes (500 cc) for 0 to 0.5%
Use 2 pump strokes (200 cc) for 0.5 to 1.2%
Use 1 pump stroke (100 cc) for 1.2 to 3.0%
Use % pump stroke (25 cc) for 3.00 to 12.0%
NOTE: Wait a minimum of 100 seconds after each full stroke and
28 seconds after each Vi stroke for the evacuated pump to fill.
If carbon dioxide is present, a yellowish stain develops in the
detector chemical.
NOTE: For health inspection, use 2 pump strokes for 0-1.2% and 1 pump
stroke for concentrations greater than 1.2%. For concentrations
of 1.2% or less on the 1 pump stroke scale, immediately use
another pump stroke and read the concentration on the 2 pump
stroke scale.
5.7 To determine the concentration when using 1 or 2 pump strokes, read the
appropriate scale printed on the tube. Kead the concentration in % by
volume at the end of stain. When using Vt or 5 pump strokes, select the
calibration scale for the number of pump strokes used. Place zero on
the scale in line with the zero on the tube. Kead concentration on the
scale ut the end of stain. If the end of stain should be uneven, reud at
the position of the average length of stain.
CALIBRATION SCALES — % BY VOLUME
I | |—I | I | I | 1 | I | % PumP
10 12
+4
f—|—|—I—|—I ' 5 pump strokes
6. Limitations and Corrections.
6.1 Interferences. Other common gases in the range of their allowable limits
do not interfere with accurate measurements.
6.2 Temperature. Accuracy of indication is not affected by temperatures
between 40* F. and 100* F. Test conditions colder than 40* P. will result
in an indication of carbon dioxide below that actually present; therefore,
the tube must be kept at a temperature between 40*F. and 100'F., as by
keeping it in an inner pocket before use and keeping it warm with the
hand during test. Do not use at temperatures above 100* F.
6.3 Relative Humidity. Accuracy of indication is not affected by relative
humidities between 0 and 100%.
6.4 Pressure. Calibrations are made at 740 mm mercury. A pressure cor-
rection must be used for pressures greatly different from this. To cor-
rect for pressure, use the following formula:
corrected reading, ppm =: ^
actual reading, ppm x
test pressure in mm mercury
7. Measurement Range. This tube measures carbon dioxide over the range
from .02% to 12%. It is certified by NIOSH over the range 0.25% to 2.5%.
8. Calibration and Accuracy. Each lot of tubes is separately calibrated. The
accuracy over the certified range is 2:25% for concentrations between 0.5 to
2.5% and ±35% at 0.25%.
9. Remote Sampling Procedure:
9.1 Remove the metal connecting tube from the spare parts vial and insert
one end into the sampling line and the other end into the rubber tube
holder on the pump.
9.2 Follow the directions under Paragraph 5, Test Procedure, inserting for
Step 5.4: "Insert the detector tube into the other end of the sampling
line, with the arrow on the tube pointing in the direction of the pump."
f.y.l—Ul MINE SAFETY APPLIANCES COMPANY
IULZIZjbJ Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania, u s a . 15200
A0I1 (I) REV I 984201
-------
CM 23001
OURAUCHSANWIISUNG 234.230
DRXGER-Aohrduii
Toluol 5/o
14. Aingabe
S
I
E
0
*
9
1
?
I
p
1. Altg—leiim und Airaendimgibereldi
Beitunmung von Toluol |C«H;CH]{ m LuH
Die Rohrchen sifi^zusammen m»t der DRAGER'Gosspurpumoe *u verwenden.
Zur Hondhabung »gt. Abschnitt 4 dieser Gebraucntonweisung und GobraucHs-
anweuung 4341.
2. (Mdiraibaaf
Vgl. Abbitdung.
Offnurainit (Oouef Pumpentojbei bit lur vol Ian Spannung der Sparr-
kette). 10 bis 30 Sekunden.
CM S300
ORXGEftTub*
Tohitnt 5/o
ORIRATING INSTRUCTIONS 234-UOe 14* M*. Wy l«
1. Caawvl aad Application
~•termination of toluene lC»H,CH3] ,n air
The tubes are to be u»ed m conjunction w.fh the 0RAGER Go« Oet
434le'*' Section 4 o* these Operating instructions and Instruct
2. Oowriptioii
Sew illustration.
Sstts to7o tsssrof one bu,bo !,rak# un"',h# d,°in" eon,«"s'ei
1 und
2 zugesthmolzene Sp>)zen
3 Schreibflache
4 Vorschidit [wei5|
5 Anzeifltscfucht (we"01 mit Strichskolo;
Zohlenwerte m ppm Toluol.
gultig fur n = 5 Hiibo
6 Pfeil (soli bei dor Prufung zur Pumpe
weisen)
* 5
£
3 4
2
21 649
1 and
2 Fused tips
3 writing surface
4 pre-1 oyer (white)
5 indicating lever (white) with calibrated scaie;
numerical values = ppm toluene.
valid for n s 5 strokes.
6 arrow (must point towards pump during
testing)
3* Meftbereidi (20° C. 1013 mbor; entsprechend 20" C, 760 Torr)
Bei n s S Huben: S bis 400 ppm Toluol
(Oer erste Teilstnch der Skola entsprch nur aoscnatxen;
Bei n s 4 Huben B*s maximal 500 ppm Toluol
'vgl. Abschnitt 4 5.)
1 ppm Toluol o 3,84 mg/m» l -,n: r inn .
1 mg ToluOl/m' a 0.26 ppm t <•> 10,3 mbor
8. Priifvng ynd Beurteilung dee trgebnitiei
4.1. Pumpe v©r jeder Meftreihe mit ungeoffnetem Rohrchen duf Oichth'eit prijfen.
4 2. Spitzen des DRAGERRdhrchen* obbr»chen.
4 3. ORAGER-ROhrchen dctit in den Pumpenkopf einsetzen (Pfetl went zur
Pumpe).
4 4. Zu untersuchende luft m.t 5 Huben durch dos Rbhrchen sougen. liegt Toluol
vor. so verfarbt sich d3e Anze>geschicht brawn. 0>e Longe der Ver-
farbung ist obhdng;g von der Konzentration.
Zahlenwerte = ppm Taiuol.
4 5. Messungen m Konren'rationsbereich oberholb von 400 eom.
O.e zu untersuchende luft ;st m-.t 4 Huben durch das ?dhrchen zu saugen.
An:e-ae (Zahlenwerte der Skaia) multiphz erf rmt dem Fektor 1,25 entspncht
ppm Toluol.
5. Bamerfcungen
D«e Verforbungen smd einiqe "age hoi'bar, wenn T'cn a e fiohichen mit Gummi-
2 mg H O Qfi Liter "it j e reuch'.gke-f veinen
£ n(!ufl Ouf d1® ge.
6 3 LuttdruCN
2uf >t Jodsoure und Schwefslsou'e
Forbumschlog von we-O nocn brouni.
3enz -! e An:e-ge erst bei Konrenvationen uuer 150 ppm
Ourch Benrol w rd 3;e Anseig^tch-cht dilfus geib verforbt
Xylole werden mit geringerer 5mpfindlicnke»t cnrjeze'gt als dos Toluol
8 Vorgetehene VerbreuehMen
Verortuensoetum una LAgertemperetur vgl die Angaoen aut der Sanderoie.
9. Wiehtige EigentchoHen dee Toluol*
MAK-Wert Bundesrepublik Oeutscnlond 1980) ICO sd™
U^'ere Zundgrenze: ; 2 Vol -J'j :b«> 20 Ci
Obere Zundgrenw: ' 0 Vci •' j .bei 20 G
Zundtemperotur: 535 'C
Fiommpgnkt: ^ C
Oomofdruck: ^2 • orr -'be- 20 C!
F'ucht.gketf !Sdttigun^>kcn7ert,''C' un .n Luf" ' '' ^q'C.rer be* 20' C)
Molekulmosse J2.'
O cve (flussig): 0 37 q-crr-'b«: 20 C
Sz^melzpwnkt: —1*5 C
S edepunkt: 11': G
10. Hinwoifl
Agf Wunsch des Benutzers i:«iern wir die fo^ge-dei ^rc-'^oJ-cnen
al 0:e fuf d«e Kalibrterung der Prufrdhrchen ver^e^de'e Methode.
bi Gen EinfiuO von Testbed>naungen (ege physikalische und tonkologische Oeten der
Gase und Oampfe sowie L>teraturmnweise.
8itte. fordern S*e diese Tabelle oet uns an
Achtungi
Verbrouchte ORAGER-Rdhrchen nicht ochtlos fortwerfen, domit s>e nichf >n Kinder*
honde getangen!
Inholt otzt1
3. Range oi i—qiMrewewt (20° C, 1013 mbar; corresponding to 20° C 760 mm ht5
With n s 5 strokes: 5 to 400 ppm toluene
(The first scale division corresponds to 50 ppm,
smaller concentrations con only be eitn the concentration ronge oeove 400 ppm.
Suck the air sample through the tube with 4 pump strokes. The •nd>ca* c-
(numericol volues on the scale) mult.plied by a foctor of 1 25 g«ves cc-
loluene.
5. Remarks
The d sceiorat;ons lost for o few doys n cs"centrat>ons obove '50 opm
Sc^rene cno^ges *^e csicur z- 'he -ndxa? *g iover ?a a s^'use y«:i-w
Xylenes are indicated w.ih o ower sens,-.v :> -"on 'O'-e^e.
8 Shell Lite
See expiration gate ana storage temperature on iaoe* of me 00*
9. Important Properties of Toluene
TLV 1 USA 1980)
lower ign.'ion tim.t
upper gnihcn limit:
ign-' on remperature:
F^esn point:
Vapour pressure:
Volatility 1,Saturation concentration -n O"")
Molecular we'gt>t:
0ens ?y iliqu'dh
Meting point:
Boiling point
10. Information
At ?he request of the »ube user, we w.il supply the fcMow-ng inforrrc* z--s
a; The methods uvea for cal'Orot»on of "he detector *uoes.
bi The influence of test c3r»dit:ons .including react.ensi on »he cs'j.'se
reaction and the reliability of the indication, provided that "hese
ore known ro us.
11. Fitter Protection
Should filter respiratory protection be necessary and acceptable, f•*
the code letter A shouid be used.
Our tablo 4340e contains m oipnabeficai order me gates and vapour* 'ecs. :: • "
ORAGER Tuoes. important pJiyticol and toikologicol data
goses and vapours os well as many references to I'teroture.
This table will be sent to you on request.
Caution
Oo not allow ORAGER Tubes to fall into the bonds of children.
Contents are corrosive!
100 ppm
2 vot. "«fat 20- CI
7 0 vol. .at 20" C
535 -C
6-C
22 mm Hg (at 2Q; C)
111 mg/nrre (at 203 C)
92.1
0.87 3.-cm- at 20= C)
-9S- C
in • c
-------
AA5A
Detector Tubes
instructions for detecting Toluene
using hydrocarbon detector tube part no. 461371
1. WARNING. These instructions are applicable for use with the Universal
Tester™ Pump Pt. No. 83499 or the Samplaii* Pump Pi. No. 463998 only.
When using these lubes with any other MSA* sampling device, use the in-
structions and calibration values provided with that device. These tubes are
not calibratt .l for use with other than KiSA sampling devices, and are not
certified except when used with the Universal Tester Pump or the Samplair
Pump.
2. Storage. Do not store at temperatures above 90°F. Protect from prolonged
exposure to light. Either of these conditions could cause a change in the
sensitivity and accuracy of the tubes.
3. Shelf Life. If stored properly, these tubes can be used up to 30 months from
date of manufacture. They must be used prior to the expiration date stamped
on the box.
4. Chemical Reaction and Color Change. This detector tube provides a quan-
titative method for estimating the concentration of toluene in air. Indi-
cation is based on the color reaction of iodine pentoxide and sulfuric acid
impregnated silica gel with toluene. The color change is from white to brown.
5. Test Procedure
5.1 Check pump for leaks in accordance with the instruction manual for
the pump.
5.2 When using the Universal Tester Pump, set the rotating pump head on
#2 index mark. With the Samplair Pump no indexing is necessary.
5.3 Remove one detector tube from the box and break off both tips using
the tube breaker hole in the head of the pump.
5.4 Insert the detector tube into the rubber tube holder of the pump, with
the arrow on the tube pointing toward the pump.
5.5 Align the index marks on the handle and back plate of the pump.
5.6 Face the mounted detector tube into the atmosphere to be tested. Take
an appropriate volume of air to be sampled by pulling the pump handle
outward the required number of strokes.
Use 3 pump strokes (300 cc) for 12.5 to 400 ppm.
Use 2 pump strokes (200 cc) for 400 to 700 ppm.
NOTE: Wait a minimum of GO seconds after each full stroke for the
evacuated pump to fill. If toluene is present, a brownish stain
develops in the detector chemical. Measure the slain within 4
minutes after sampling.
5.7 To determine the concentration, read the concentration in ppm at the
end of stain from the appropriate scale printed on the tube. If the end
of stain should be uneven, read at the position of the average length of
stain.
6. limitations and Corrections.
G.l Interferences. Other aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons interfere with
accurate measurements. Also some other reducing gases may interfere,
for example, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. Some examples of
interferents are:
10 ppm benzene indicates 10 pprr\ toluene
100 ppm xylene indicates 50 ppm toluene
100 ppm hexane indicates 15 ppm toluene
100 ppm carbon monoxide indicates 50 ppm toluene (very light stain) •
100 ppm carbon monoxide in 50 ppm toluene indicates
55 ppm toluene (10% high)
100 ppm carbon monoxide in 100 ppm toluene indicates
110 ppm toluene (10% high)
10 ppm hydrogen sulfide indicates 5 ppm toluene (very light stain)
10 ppm hydrogen sulfide in 50 ppm toluene indicates
66 ppm toluene (10% high)
0.3 ppm phosphine indicates 0 ppm toluene (no interference)
6 ppm hydrogen chloride indicates 0 ppm toluene (no interference)
* Stain fades and disappears in 2 minutes and would not constitute
a serious interference with an experienced user.
6.2 Temperature and Relative Humidity. The calibration scales were
obtained at 75°F and 50% relative humidity. At other temperatures and
relative humidities, the concentration should be adjusted by multiply-
ing by the correction factor given in the chart for the actual sampling
temperature and relative humidity.
TEMPERATURE - HUMIDITY CORRECTION FACTORS
Of
X
40
SO
(0
10
79
80
90
ss
10
1.25
1.20
1.18
1.14
1.13
1.11
1.09
1.06
»
1.23
1.18
1.14
1.09
1.07
1.05
1.00
0.99
so
1.20
1.16
1.10
1.04
1.00
1.00
0.98
0.94
0.92
70
1.18
1.12
1.0S
0.98
0.96
0.92
0.89
SO
1.14
1.08
1.01
0.96
0.94
0.93
0.87
0.85
6.3 Pressure. Calibrations are made at 740 mm mercury. A pressure correc-
tion must be used for pressures greatly different from this. To correct
for pressure, use the following formula:
corrected reading, ppm =
740
actual reading, ppm x
test pressure in mm mercury
7. Measurement Range* This tube measures toluene over the range from 12.5
ppm to 700 ppm. It is certified by NIOSH over the range SO to 500 ppm.
8. Calibration and Accuracy. Each lot of tubes is separately calibrated. Over
the certified range from 100 to 500 ppm, the accuracy is ±25%, while at
50 ppm it is ±35%.
9. Remote Sampling Procedure.
9.1 Remove the metal connecting tube from the spare parts vial and insert
one end into the sampling line and the other end into the rubber tube
holder on the pump.
9.2 Follow the directions under Paragraph 5, Test Procedure, inserting for
step 5.4: "Insert the detector tube into the other end of the sampling
line, with the arrow on the tube pointing in the direction of the pump."
MttriufttLttii'ltil £>y
llM=M MINE SAFETY APPLIANCES COMPANY
li AT"°/mi PITTSBURGH. PENNSYLVANIA. U.S.A.. 15200
AOII (I) RIV. 4
481424
-------
EXERCISE 10
FIELD USE OF AIR MONITORING INSTRUMENTS
I. INTRODUCTION
This exercise gives participants further opportunity to use air monitoring
instruments and to wear protective clothing and self contained breathing
apparatus.
The purpose is to become more familiar with the instruments, especially when
used while wearing personal protective devices.
II. PROCEDURE
A. The exercise consists of three identical stations each with air monitoring
instruments and a 55 gallon drum with its bung removed.
B. Each participant wears protective clothing and SCBA (Level B).
C. Each set of buddies is responsible for utilizing the available instruments
and identifying the unknown contaminants in the drum. '
D. Students should document results on the following answer sheet.
12-1
-------
ANSWER SHEET
Instrument
Concentration
Mixture
(Check One)
Combustible Gas Indicator
LEL
LEL to UEL
UEL
Colorimetric Indicator
Tubes And Pumps
Acetone
Alcohol
Toluene
12-2
MCF/ITC/10
-------
EXERCISE 11
WEARING PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT IN SMOKE ROOM
I. OBJECTIVE
Participants become familiar with wearing protective clothing and SCBAs in a
low visibility area.
II. PROCEDURE
A. Each participant dons protective clothing and a SCBA (Level B).
B. Each set of buddies enter smoke filled room in order to investigate and
map the area.
C. Participants exit the smoke room.
13-1
MCF/ITC/10-82
-------
EXERCISE 12
DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES
I. OBJECTIVE
This exercise introduces methods and techniques for decontamination of
response personnel. The participant gains practical experience in setting up
and operating a decontamination line.
II. PROCEDURE
Prior to the start of the exercise, participants should follow the instructor
to the exercise area along with their PVC rain gear and air purifying
respirators.
A. In the exercise area, participants are given a brief review of the
decontamination procedure for Levels B and C protection detailed in the
Standard Operating Safety Guides. The procedures and steps are explained
by the instructor and discussed with the group. The ability to add,
combine or eliminate steps is emphasized.
B. The group is then divided into two subgroups, one to perform a Level B
decontamination and the other Level C. A volunteer is then identified
for each and instructed to don either Level B* or Level C** protection as
appropriate for their respective subgroup.
C. While the volunteers dress out, the remaining members must construct
decontamination lines applicable for their assigned level of protection
and appropriate for a set of "on-site" conditions given to each subgroup
by the instructor. Both subgroups must justify any decisions to add,
combine, or eliminate steps or procedures. A set of decomtamination
equipment* will be made available to each subgroup in the exercise area.
D. Once the volunteers have dressed out and the decontamination lines have
been constructed, the members of each subgroup must don Level C
protection, i.e., PVC rain gear and air purifying respirators, and begin
to decontaminate the volunteer entering the line from the "Exclusion
Zone."
E. When completed, the decontamination procedures of both subgroups are
critiqued, the lines disassembled, and the equipment properly stored.
14-1
-------
*Level B to include:
- 30 minute SCBA with face piece
- Two piece PVC rain gear
- Latex inner gloves
- Neoprene outer gloves
- Steel toe/shank neoprene boots
- Hardhat
- Taped joints at outer gloves and boots
**Level C to include:
- Full face dual cartridge air purifying respirator
- Two piece PVC rain gear
- Latex inner gloves
- Neoprene outer gloves
- Steel toe/shank neoprene boots
- Hardhat
Taped joints at outer gloves and boots
+ The following decontamination equipment will be available to each
subgroup:
3 Wash tubs
6 Hudson sprayers with water
6 Brushes
6 Step stools
7 Garbage cans
2 Buckets
3 Sponges
14-2
-------
EXCLUSION
ZONE
TANK
CHANGE
0
SEGREGATED EQUIPMENT
OAOP
• "-HOTLINE-«-
0
OUTER GARMENT, SOOTS. ANO
' 1 GLOVES WASH ANO RINSE
6 0
CONTAMINATION
REDUCTION
ZONE
$
OUTER SOOT ANO
GLOVE REMOVAL
BOOTS. GLOVES. ANO
OUTEA GARMENT
REMOVAL
UlttlliUftl
DECONTAMINATION LAYOUT
LEVEL A PROTECTION
FIGURE A*1
0
• I SCSA REMOVAL
CONTAMINATION
CONTROL LINE
0
7 ] FIELD WASH
SUPPORT
ZONE
-------
-------
-------
Exercise 13
PHOTOIONIZATION EXERCISE
I. Objectives
The students will learn to operate and calibrate the HNU PI101 and the
Photovac photoionization detectors. Samples of various concentrations of
air contaminated with organic vapors will be measured and the results
will be interpreted and recorded properly.
II. Procedures for HNU PI101 Use
A. The students will divide into groups and be directed to an
assigned station.
B. Check the function switch on the HNU PI101 instrument provided
and assure that the instrument is off. Attach the 10.2 eV probe
to the readout unit by plugging in the 12 pin adapter plug.
Check to assure that the voltage interlock button is depressed
by the 12 pin adapter.
C. Adjust the function switch to the "battery check" position and
determine if the needle on your instruments meter is within the
green range. If the needle is not in the green range, then the
battery should be recharged prior to use.
D. Turn the function switch to one of the operating ranges (0-20,
0-200, 0-2000) and determine if the ultraviolet lamp is
operating. This can be accomplished by sampling a known
contaminated air sample or by briefly looking at the lamp
holding the probe at lease six inches away. If the UV lamp is
lit, you will observe a purple glow. (DO NOT STARE INTO THE
PROBE FOR ANY LENGTH OF TIME - the UV light can damage your
eyes).
E. Zero the instrument by placing the function switch into the
"standby" position and rotating the "zero potentiometer knob"
until the meter reads zero.
F. Check the gas sample bags at your station and you should have
the following tetiar gas bags:
Bag
Concentration
Substance
A
100 ppm
Acetone
B
100/102 ppm
Acetone/Toluene
C
100 ppm
Toluene
D
800 ppm
Toluene
E
599 ppm
Tol uene
F
382 ppm
Tol uene
G
191 ppm
Toluene
H
50 ppm
Tol uene
I
50 ppm
Hexane
15-1
pt/5603D:0138D phd/REVISED/2-87
-------
G. Perform the following exercises by operating and calibrating
the instrument.
1. Calibrate the Instrument to the sample in Bag "A". Measure
the concentration in Bag "B". Record the result on the
answer sheet.
2. As in Step #1, calibrate the instrument to Bag "C".
Measure the concentration of the sample in Bag "B", Bag
"D", Bag "E", Bag "F", Bag "G", and Bag "H", record the
results on the answer sheet.
3. Finally, measure the concentration of the sample in Bag "I"
with the span dial set at 10, 7, 5, 3, 2, 1, 0.5 and 0.0.
Record the results.
H. Plot the following response curves from the data you have
recorded on the answer sheet.
1. On the first graph, plot the true concentration (x-axis)
versus the instrument reading (y-axis) for Bags "C", "D",
"E", "F", "G", and "H", you recorded for exercise step 2 on
the answer sheet.
2. On the second graph, plot a response curve using the data
recorded for step 3 on the answer sheet. Be sure to
properly label both the x-axis and y-axis.
III. Procedures for Photovac Tip
A. Assemble the Photovac TIP photoionizer. Turn the power switch
to "ON" by pulling the handle up toward the operator first,
then into the "ON" position. Pump will come on momentarily and
a minute later you will hear a continuous low humming sound
coming from the pump inside the unit. This indicates that the
ultraviolet lamp has ignited. Allow another minute for the ion
cell to come into the equilibrium.
B. Set the "SPAN" knob to two. Use the "ZERO" knob to set the
liquid crystal display to zero. For best results, this should
be done while allowing "zero impurity" air to be pumped into
TIP*. Outdoor air will usually serve as a zero air source for
less demanding applications. Lock the "Zero" knob by turning
the black locking ring counterclockwise.
C. Repeat step 1 by calibrating the TIP to bag "A" and then
measure Bag "B".
pt/5603D:0138D
15-2
-------
DATA SHEET
Exercise Sample Span Actual Instrument
Step Bag Component(s) Setting Concentration Reading
A
Acetone
100
ppm
-tee- ^
HNu-1
B
Acetone/Toluene
II
100 ppm/100 ppm
C
Toluene
jSj4/
100
ppm
100
B
Acetone/Toluene
ii
100 ppm/102 ppm
15*?
D
Toluene
ii
800
ppm
530
E
Toluene
ii
599
ppm
HIP
NHu-2
F
Toluene
ii
382
ppm
G
Toluene
ii
191
ppm
Ha.
H
Toluene
11
50
ppm
St
I
Hexane
10.0
50
ppm
4,1
Hexane
7.0
50
ppm
sn
Hexane
5.0
50
ppm
n.f
Hexane
3.0
50
ppm
ii. i
HNu-3
Hexane
2.0
50
ppm
I'M
Hexane
1.0
50
ppm
MP
Hexane
0.5
50
ppm
Mo
Hexane
0.0
50
ppm
Hip
A
Acetone
,£
100
ppm
100
TIP-4
B
Acetone/Toluene
ii
100 ppm/102 ppm
(eV>
pt/5603D:01380
15-3
-------
Graph 1
True Concentration Versus Instrument Reading
1
1
1
1
1
i
let*
r^
y
/
S-
/
•
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
True Concentration (ppm)
15-4
-------
Graph 2
r
4
&
V>
l»-tt
4-*
a-°
I
1
V
\
\
\
\
\
\
,
\
\
k.
X
• * •
O t> I
5|EiTlA) C-» 7
10
15-5
-------
QUESTIONS
1. Looking at graph #1, does the instrument measure accurately at all
six concentrations? If you were going to measure toluene vapors at
concentrations of 0-10 ppm, would this calibration curve be of value
to you?
2. How do the measured values with the HNU and TIP compare for Bag "B"?
3. From the curve you plotted on graph #2, what is the span setting when
the instrument is calibrated to Bag "I"?
4. Considering the relative response of the instrument to toluene,
acetone, and hexane, list these substances in order of the most
responsive to the least responsive.
15-6
-------
QUESTIONS (Cont'd)
At what setting would you adjust the span potentiometer of an
instrument to be used on an Initial survey of a hazardous waste site
investigation? Why?
Your instrument is calibrated to benzene. You have received a
reading of 200 on your meter during an investigation of a hazardous
waste site containing hundreds of open drums. How do you report your
findings?
-------
EXERCISE 14
RADIATION SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
I. OBJECTIVE
This exercise familiarizes participants with the operation of
radiation survey instruments. Instruments are then used under
controlled conditions to determine the type of radiation being
emitted, to interpret instrument readings, and to learn radiation
survey techniques.
II. INSTRUMENTS
A wide variety of monitoring instruments are available for radiation
surveys. Although each instrument is unique in its uses and
limitations, in general, many features are common to all
instruments. Therefore, familiarity with the operation of one
instrument should transfer over to other instruments.
This exercise features a Ludlum, Model 19 Micro R Meter. The
instrument utilizes an internally-mounted 1 "x 1" Nal(Tl)
scintillator.
A. Control s
The following controls are essential to operation of the Model
19:
1. "AUDIO ON-OFF" Toggle Switch: In the ON position, operates
the unimorph speaker, located on the left side of the
instrument. The frequency of the clicks is relative to the
rate of the incoming pulses. The higher the rate is, the
higher the audio frequency. The audio should be turned OFF
when not required to reduce battery drain.
2. "F/S": Fast-Slow Toggle Switch provides meter response.
Selecting the "F" position of the toggle switch provides 90%
of full scale meter deflection in 3 seconds. In "S"
position, 90% of full scale meter deflection takes 11
seconds. In "F" position, there is fast response and larger
meter deviation. "S" position should be used for slow
response and damped, meter deviation.
3. "BAT": BATTERY Pushbutton switch, when depressed, indicates
the battery charge status on the meter. The range selector
switch must be out of the OFF position.
4. "RES" Button: When depressed, provides a rapid means to
drive the meter to zero.
5. "L": Light Pushbutton Switch, when depressed, lights the
meter face.
16-1
-------
~":6. "Range Selector Switch" is a 6-position switch marked OFF,
5000t 500, 250, 50 and 25. Moving the range selector switch
to one of the range positions provides the operator with an
overall range of 0-5000 Micro R/hr.
7. The meter face is made up of two sales, 0-50 and 0-25, plus
battery test. The 0-50 scale corresponds to the 50, 500 and
5000 positions on the range selector switch. The 0-25 scale
corresponds to the 25 and 250 positions on the range
selector switch. Note that range positions 5000, 500 and 50
are screened in black and correspond to the meter scale,
screened in black. The range positions 250 and 25 are
screened in red and correspond to the meter scale, screened
in red.
B. Procedures
1. Range Selector Switch: Select the 0-5000 range.
2. BAT TEST Button: Depress. Check the BAT test on the
appropriate scale. Replace the batteries if the meter
pointer is below the battery CHK line.
3. Light Button: Depress. Check for light on the meter face.
4. Meter Response Switch: Check the response in the "F" and
"S" positions.
5. Audio 0N-0FF Switch: Check for audio indication.
6. Check the instrument for the proper scale indication with a
known source. Check all the ranges for the appropriate
scale indication.
7. Reset Button: Depress. Check to see that the meter pointer
returns to the zero position.
8. The instrument is ready for monitoring.
9. During monitoring, use the lowest range scale that will
still provide an on-scale reading.
10. Please remember that the Model 19 gives readings in
microroentgens (microR).
16-2
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RADIATION
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREE MAJOR TYPES
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-------
III. EXERCISE
A. Instructions
Using the Model 19, perform the requested operations at the
following stations. Record results on worksheet on next page.
Station 1: Record a background reading for the room.
Station 2: Measure the exposure rate due to the source at the
3 distances, as marked.
Station 3: Screen the "samples" for the presence of radiation
and record reading for^radiation present (if any).
Station 4: Locate the "contamination" and record reading.
B. Questions
1. How does distance between source of radiation and probe
affect reading?
(Vwy c\r^
2. If an instrument indicates an exposure of 50 mR/hr and a
person worked in this area for 5 hours, what would be the
total exposure?
3. Differentiate Radiation Monitoring procedures for unknown
versus known situations.
4. What type of protection is adequate to perform a survey at a
site that may have radioactives?
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16-4
eh/5830D:0158D pdh/REVISED-2-87
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WORKSHEET
Instrument Number:
Station 1:
Station 2:
Station 4:
Background =
Source
2 foot
4 foot
7
3o
Le>
Station 3: Radioactive Sample(s)
Reading at surface of container
_micro R/HR
micro R/HR
micro R/HR
micro R/HR
(letter)
micro R/HR
Location of contamination; foW? ^
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16-5
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EXERCISE 15
ABANDONED WASTE STORAGE FACILITY
I. SITUATION
As a response team for the EPA, you have been asked to assist in a
criminal investigation of an illegal hazardous waste storage
facility. Information regarding the stored waste is needed to
support further legal action, i.e., you need to identify the
materials, the hazards, the potential risks, and the need for any
other mitigative actions. No product sampling is required at this
time. As indicated on the map on the next page, your investigation
will only include Bay C of Building 205.
Prior to entry, there must be a prepared site safety plan, outlining
the level of protection required by the team members as well as the
other safety considerations to be followed at the time of the
investi gation.
II. PROCEDURES
The class is divided into two response teams, each working
independently. Each team will select an On-Scene Coordinator who
will be responsible for all team action. Teams are expected to
apply what they have learned in class and other exercises to
evaluate the site and carry out response operations.
pt/5412D:0158D
pg. 17-1
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Bay B
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GSA RARITAN DEPOT
WAREHOUSE EXERCISE SITE
|N0T TO SCALE]
17-2
BC/ITC/S-84
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EXERCISE 16
TRANSPORATION INCIDENT
OBJECTIVE
In this exercise, participants evaluate a simulated incident consisting of a
transporation accident involving hazardous substances. The exercise entails
proper site organization, evaluation, and response operations.
PROCEDURE
The class, working as a team, selects an On-Scene-Coordinator who will be
responsible for all team action. The team is expected to apply what they've
learned in class and other exercises to evaluate the site and to carry out
response operations.
SITUATION
At 8:00 a.m. this morning, a flatbed tractor-trailer rig jack-knifed into a
local field. All of the many 55-gallon drums on the truck fell off during the
accident. The surrounding area is inhabitated, and the traffic is moderate.
The truck driver is still on-site. The only available law enforcement officer
is on-scene. The truck driver and law enforcement officer cannot control the
site, and a number of on-lookers are reported wandering around.
©V>yecJ-\^£^ '« y
18-1
MCF/ITC/10-82
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