TOXIC SUBSTANCE STORAGE TANK CONTAINMENT
ASSURANCE AND SAFETY PROGRAM
MARYLAND DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH AND MENTAL HYGENE
STATE OF MARYLAND
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND MENTAL HYGIENE
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS
SCIENCE AND HEALTH ADVISORY GROUP
TRAINING MANUAL
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811.3
,B3^
1983
MD-489-D502
TOXIC SUBSTANCE STORAGE TANK
CONTAINMENT ASSURANCE AND
SAFETY PROGRAM:
TRAINING MANUAL
PREPARED UNDER
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
GRANT NUMBER CS807904010
AUTHORIZED BY SECTION 28 OF THE
TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT
BY:
Ecology and Environment, Inc. and Whitman, Requardt and Associates
Buffalo, New York Baltimore, Maryland
FOR:
STATE OF MARYLAND
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND MENTAL HYGIENE
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS
SCIENCE AND HEALTH ADVISORY GROUP
201 WEST PRESTON STREET
BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 21201
^8$^ 4.
j ^
SEPTEMBER 1983 ^
v>\>SV
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the State of Maryland Department
of Health and Mental Hygiene, Office of Environmental Programs, and
approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Department of Health
and Mental Hygiene, or the United States Environmental Protection
Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products consti-
tute endorsement or recommendation for use.
Because hazardous materials vary widely in their characteristics
and in the manner in which they should be stored, the material con-
tained within this Manual can serve only as a guide. It is the
responsibility of the storage facility owner to seek the assistance of
appropriately qualified professionals with the necessary skills to
design a storage system which can be used safely, and which provides
the necessary measures for public and environmental protection.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Development of this document was accomplished with the assistance
of an advisory committee representing the following State of Maryland
agencies:
s Department of Health
and Mental Hygiene
Office of Environmental
Programs
- Air Management Adminis-
tration
- Waste Management Admin-
i stration
- Science and Health
Advisory Group
a Department of Public Safety
and Correctional Services
State Fire Marshall's Office
Department of Natural
Resources
Water Resources Adminis-
tration
Department of Licensing
and Regulation
Maryland Occupational
Safety and Health
Administration
also,
Maryland Casualty Company,
Baltimore
We also wish to express our appreciation for the guidance and
direction provided throughout this project by Mr. K.K. Wu, Toxics
Integration Coordinator, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Region III, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
i i i
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
1 INTRODUCTION 1-1
2 CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY 2-1
3 STORAGE SYSTEM DESIGN ELEMENTS 3-1
3.1 TYPES OF STORAGE TANKS 3-1
3.2 VALVES 3-8
3.3 TANK VENTING 3-8
3.4 FACILITY SITING 3-10
3.5 SPILL CONTAINMENT AND CONTROL 3-10
3.6 IGNITION SAFEGUARD 3-13
3.7 FAIL-SAFE AND WARNING DEVICES 3-14
4 CORROSION CONTROL 4-1
5 INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE 5-1
5.1 TEST METHODS 5-1
5.2 AREAS OF INSPECTION 5-2
5.3 INSPECTION FREQUENCIES 5-12
5.4 PRIORITIES FOR CORRECTIVE ACTION 5-22
5.5 TANK CLEANING 5-22
5.6 TANK CLOSURE 5-30
6 PERSONNEL HEALTH AND SAFETY 6-1
6.1 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 6-1
6.2 ACTIVITIES IN HAZARDOUS AREAS 6-5
6.3 FIRST AID AND MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE 6-5
v
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Table of Contents (Cont.)
Section Page
7 SPILL CONTROL AND PREVENTION 7-1
7.1 LAND SPILLS 7-1
7.2 SURFACE WATER SPILLS 7-1
7.3 ATMOSPHERIC RELEASES 7-4
7.4 SPILL PREVENTION AND CONTINGENCY PLANNING 7-16
vi
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2-1 List of Chemical Classes 2-2
3-1 Storage Tank Type for Liquid Chemicals, 25ฐC (77ฐF) 3-2
3-2 Existing Structural Guidelines 3-3
3-3 Approximate Bearing Capacities 3-5
3-4 Fire Protection Techniques for Storage of Selected
Hazardous Materials 3-15
3-5 Selected Methods of Extinguishing Chemical Fires 3-16
4-1 Metal Failure Frequency Over a Two-Year Period 4-2
4-2 Corrosion Control Methods 4-9
4-3 Typical Inhibitors and the Corrosion Systems in Which
They are Effective 4-12
4-4 Comparative Resistances of Typical Coatings 4-15
5-1 Application of Non-Destructive Testing Methods 5-2
5-2 Non-Destructive Test Methods 5-3
5-3 Typical Aboveground Tank System - Areas of Concern 5-11
5-4 Minimum Inspection Tasks and Frequencies 5-23
6-1 Chemical Resistance of Protective Clothing Materials ... 6-2
6-2 Selection of Respirators 6-6
6-3 Respirator Protection Factors 6-7
7-1 Properties of Sorbent Material 7-14
v i i
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
3-1 Foundation Schematic for Outdoor Tanks 3-6
3-2 Illustrative Ring Wall Foundation 3-7
3-3 Assessment of Vertical and Horizontal Tank Supports ... 3-9
3-4 Safe Separation Distances from Spills of Common
Liquid Industrial FuelsFire Threat 3-11
3-5 Spill Containment and Control Flow Chart 3-12
4-1 Corrosion Due to Improper Inlet Nozzle Placement 4-3
4-2 Stress Corrosion Cracking 4-4
4-3 Interior Galvanic Corrosion due to Coupling Copper
and Steel Pipe 4-5
4-4 Oxygen Concentration Cell with Rust on Tank Wall 4-6
4-5 Impingement Attack 4-7
4-6 Differential Environment Underground 4-8
4-7 Cathodic Protection by the Sacrificial Anode Method ... 4-16
4-8 Cathodic Protection by the Impressed Current Method ... 4-17
5-1 Areas of Concern in Typical Aboveground Vertical
Tank System 5-9
5-2 Areas of Concern in Typical Horizontal Tank System 5-10
5-3 Leak Testing Log 5-13
5-4 Critical Areas of Gate Valve 5-14
5-5 Critical Areas of Globe Valve 5-15
i x
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List of Illustrations (Cont.)
Figure Page
5-6 Critical Areas of Diaphragm Valve 5-16
5-7 Critical Areas of Butterfly Valve 5-17
5-8 Critical Areas of Safety (Pressure Relief) Valve 5-18
5-9 Types and Critical Areas of Check Valves 5-19
5-10 Critical Areas of Ball Valve 5-20
5-11 Areas of Concern in a Typical Tank Foundation 5-21
5-12 Daily Inspection Checklist 5-25
5-13 Weekly Inspection Checklist 5-26
5-14 Monthly Tank Inspection Log 5-28
5-15 Thickness Testing Log 5-29
7-1 Cross-Section and Interceptor Trench Containment and
Collection System for Floating Contaminants 7-2
7-2 Schematic of Deep Groundwater Recovery Well for
Floating Contaminants 7-3
7-3 Cross-Section of a Typical Boom, Showing Major Parts .. 7-5
7-4 Schematic of Typical Boom Anchoring System 7-6
7-5 Schematic of Typical Underflow Dam 7-7
7-6 Cross-Section of Typical Floating Weir Skimming Unit .. 7-8
7-7 Illustration of Floating Suction Skimming Unit 7-9
7-8 Cross-Section of Typical Oleophilic Drum Skimmer. 7-10
7-9 Schematic of Inclined Plane Belt Skimmer 7-11
7-10 Schematic of Oleophilic Belt Skimmer 7-12
7-11 Schematic of Oleophilic Rope Skimmer 7-13
7-12 Emergency Phone Numbers Form 7-17
7-13 Emergency Data Sheet Form 7-18
x
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Accidental spills or releases of hazardous materials can have
effects such as contamination of groundwater and surface water, expo-
sure of populations to hazardous materials, destruction of property,
severe financial liabilities, and adverse corporate publicity.
It is estimated that 40% of all spill incidents are caused by
equipment failures, and 18% by human error. Many of these spills
could be prevented by appropriate application of design, maintenance,
testing, and inspection procedures.
In order to reduce the occurrence of spills or releases from
storage facilities, the design of the facilities and maintenance and
operating procedures should be evaluated. If they do not meet current
standards, appropriate corrective measures should be implemented.
These measures constitute a Containment Assurance and Safety Program.
Objectives of such a program include:
q Utilization of the most recent chemical, technical, and struc-
tural standards for storage system design and maintenance;
o Standardization of preventive maintenance and inspection prac-
tices;
9 Education of management, maintenance, and inspection personnel
in proper hazardous materials control practices; and
o Provision of guidelines for developing a spill prevention pro-
gram.
The Toxic Substance Storage Tank Containment Assurance and Safety
Program: Guide and Procedures Manual was developed to provide basic
guidelines upon which a containment assurance and safety program
should be based. It provides guidelines for various design, mainte-
nance, inspection, and emergency procedures, and refers to the appro-
priate standards and codes with which storage tanks should be in com-
pli ance.
This Training Manual is intended to be a companion to the Guide
and Procedures Manual by "providing an introduction to and summary of
its contents. Subjects highlighted include:
Chemical compatibility issues;
ซ Storage system design elements;
1-1
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Maintenance and inspection procedures;
Health and safety issues; and
Spill prevention and countermeasures.
The Training Manual is not intended to be a substitute for the
Guide and Procedures Manual. Rather, it is meant to identify areas of
key importance, and may serve as the basis for an in-plant training
program. Users of The Training Manual are advised to consult the
Guide and Procedures Manual and the appropriate bibliographies therein
for detailed information on a given topic.
1-2
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SECTION 2
CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY
Care must be taken to avoid inadvertent mixture of incompatible
chemicals and materials. Combining two or more incompatible chemicals
may result in such consequences as:
Heat generation;
Fire;
o Explosion; or
Gas generation.
Exposure of construction materials to incompatible chemicals may
result in:
Corrosion;
Loss of structural integrity; or
o Total destruction of tank and pipe system.
Therefore, an inspector must be able to identify potentially incompat-
ible chemical/chemical or chemical/material combinations.
Table 2-1 lists the major chemical classes. An extensive listing
of chemicals within these classes is found in Appendix A. By iden-
tifying the classes to which two chemicals belong, the Chemical Com-
patiblity Matrix in Appendix B may be used to determine the likely
reactions resulting from their combination. (The matrix assumes chem-
icals of 100% concentration at 250C and 760 mm Hg).
The procedure for using the Chemical Compatibility Matrix (Appen-
dix B) is as follows:
1. Determine the chemical classes to which two chemicals belong,
as listed in Table 2-1 and Appendix A.
2. Locate the chemical class with the higher number on the left
side of the Appendix B chart.
3. Follow that row to the right until it intercepts the column
with the lower number.
4. The abbreviation at the point of intersection (explained in
the matrix legend) indicates the likely reaction.
5. If the point of intersection is blank, the classes are con-
sidered generally compatible. Two or more abbreviations
2-1
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Table 2-1
LIST OF CHEMICAL CLASSES
1 Acids, mineral, non-oxidizing
2 Acids, mineral, oxidizing
3 Acids, organic
4 Alcohols and glycols
5 Aldehydes
6 Amides
7 Amines, aliphatic and aromatic
8 Azo compounds, diazo compounds, and
hydrazines
9 Carbamates
10 Caustics
11 Cyanides
12 Dithiocarbamates
13 Esters
14 Ethers
15 Fluorides, inorganic
16 Hydrocarbons, aromatic
17 Halogenated organics
18 Isocyanates
19 Ketones
20 Msrcaptans and other organic sulfides
21 Metal compounds, inorganic
22 Nitrides
23 Nitrites
24 Nitro compounds
25 Hydrocarbons, aliphatic, unsaturated
26 Hydrocarbons, aliphatic, saturated
27 Peroxides and hydroperoxides, organic
28 Phenols and cresols
29 Organophosphates, phosphothioates,
and phosphodithioates
30 Sulfides, inorganic
31 Epoxides
32 Combustible and flanmable materials
33 Explosives
34 Polymerizable compounds
35 Oxidizing agents, strong
36 Reducing agents, strong
37 Water and mixtures containing water
38 Water reactive substances
Source: Hatayama, et al., 1980.
2-2
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indicate a series of expected reactions in the order in which
they would be expected.
As an example, consider determining the compatibility of toluene
diisocyanate and nitric acid. From Table 2-1 and Appendix A it is
determined that these compounds are in Class 18 (Isocyanates) and
Class 2 (Oxidizing Mineral Acids), respectively. Since 18 is the
higher number, locate Class 18 on the left side of the matrix and
follow that row to the right until it intersects the column for Class
2. The abbreviations "H," "F," and "GT" appear at the point of inter-
section. Consulting the legend, it is determined that the primary
consequences of mixing these two classes of chemicals would be heat
generation (H). Secondary consequences resulting from the generation
of heat would be fire (F) and generation of toxic gases (GT).
Resistance of tank construction materials to corrosion by given
chemicals is of primary importance for avoiding tank failure. Appen-
dix C provides a matrix of general compatibility between specific
chemicals and a variety of commonly used storage tank, liner, and
appurtenance construction materials.
To use the Appendix C Chemical/Material Compatibility Matrix,
find the chemical of interest in the vertical axis. Then follow the
row to the right until it intersects the column for the material of
interest. The symbol at the point of intersection should be inter-
preted as follows:
+ = The chemical/material combination is generally suitable
under most conditions.
c = The chemical/material combination is conditionally suit-
able, depending upon such factors as temperature, concen-
tration, presence of trace contaminants, degree of agita-
tion, method of material fabrication, etc. More specific
data should be obtained from the reference sources cited,
to determine suitability under specific conditions.
-- = The chemical/material combination is generally unsuitable
under most conditions.
N = Data are insufficient to determine suitability in general.
Refer to appropriate references for more specific data.
Corrosion rates are dependent on a variety of factors such as chemical
concentration, temperature, and humidity. Furthermore, in choosing
the appropriate material for use with a specific type of chemical,
it is necessary to consider such factors as:
ฎ Rate of corrosion that may occur;
9 Pressure resistance;
o Inherent strength; and
Degree of material permeability.
Because of variances caused by factors such as the above, use of
the Chemical/Material Compatibility Matrix should be limited to a
2-3
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preliminary screening of appropriate materials for a given chemical
application. Professional and technical sources should be consulted
for the final chemical/material selection.
2-4
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SUGGESTED EXERCISES
1. Name possible consequences of combining two or more incompatible
chemicals.
2. Name possible consequences of exposing chemicals to incompatible
construction materials.
3. Identify the chemical classes to which the following compounds
belong:
t Chloroform,
Parathion,
Hydrogen sulfide,
Hydrogen peroxide,
Mercuric oxide,
Hydrochloric acid,
Sulfuric acid,
Vinyl chloride,
Benzoyl peroxide, and
Styrene.
4. Identify the likely chemical reactions resulting from the follow'
ing chemical class combinations:
Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Oxidizing Mineral Acids,
Ketones and Aldehydes;
Caustics and Isocyanates;
ง Water-reactive Substances and Aromatic Hydrocarbons; and
Peroxides and Nitriles.
5. Identify the likely reactions resulting from the following chemi'
cal combinations:
Baygon and Sulfuric Acid,
Potassium Nitrate and Zinc sulfate,
Vinyl chloride and Potassium hydroxide,
Diazinon and Ammonium sulfide, and
Formaldehyde and Hydrogen peroxide.
6. Identify the degree of suitability of the following chemical and
material combinations:
Epoxy resins and Acetone,
o Pentachlorophenol and Stainless steel,
Glass and Ammonium flouride,
2-5
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Oleum and Mild Steel, and
Nickel and Cresote.
In addition to chemical compatibility, what other factors must be
considered in determining suitability of chemical and material
combinations?
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SECTION 3
-STORAGE SYSTEM DESIGN ELEMENTS
3.1 TYPES OF STORAGE TANKS
Tanks may be classified simply in terms of the internal vapor
pressures they are designed to sustain. This yields three types:
Atmospheric, for operating pressures close to atmospheric;
Low-pressure, for operating pressures from 0.5 to 15 pounds
per square inch gage (psig);
High-pressure, for operating pressures above 15 psig.
By determining the vapor pressure of a chemical at a given tempera-
ture, it is possible to specify the appropriate tank type. Table 3-1
illustrates appropriate tank types for a number of specific chemicals,
assuming operation at 25ฐC (77#F). Other factors which must be
considered in storage system selection include, but are not limited
to:
Vapor control measures;
Applications to which the system will be subjected;
Strength, resistance, and suitability of materials to use in
system construction;
Static load induced by the tank contents;
External loads, such as wind, on the tank;
o Desired tank capacity; and
e Specific gravity of the tank contents.
Table 3-2 lists the major technical design standards applicable to
atmospheric, low-pressure, and high-pressure tanks.
Tank foundations should provide uniform, adequate support and
avoid creating local corrosion sites. Foundations should be underlain
by sufficient pervious material to provide flexible, continuous sup-
port, and to prevent accumulation of moisture under the tank. The
bearing capacity (Table 3-3) of the supporting soils should be suffi-
cient to support the tank load. For large tanks with high shells, a
foundation ringwall may be required to distribute the tank load more
evenly. Figures 3-1 and 3-2 illustrate two types of tank foundations.
3-1
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Table 3-1
STORAGE TANK TYPE FOR
LIQUID CHEMICALS, 25#C (77'F)
Tank
Tank
Chemical
Type
Chemical
Type
Acetaldehyde
H
Ethylene diamine
A
Acetamide
A
Ethylene dichloride
L
Acetic acid
A
Ethylene glycol
A
Acetone
L
Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether
A
Acetonitrile
L
Formic acid
L
Acetophenone
A
Freons
H
Acrolein
L
Furfural
A
Acrylonitrile
L
Gasoline
A
Allyl alcohol
L
Glycerine
A
Ammonia
H
Hydrocyanic acid
L
Benzene
L
Ispoprene
L
Benzoic acid
A
Methyl acrylate
L
Butane
H
Methyl amine
H
Carbon disulfide
L
Methylchloride
H
Carbon tetrachloride
L
Methyl ethyl ketone
L
Chlorobenzene
L
Methyl formate
L
Chloroethanol
A
Naphtha
A
Chloroform
L
Nitrobenzene
A
Chloropicrin
L
Nitrophenol
A
Chlorosulfonic acid
A
Nitrotoluene
A
Cumeme
A
Pentane
L
Cyclohexane
L
Petroleun oil
A
Cyclohexanane
A
Propane
H
Dichloromethane
L
Pyridine
A
Diesel oil
A
Styrene
A
Diethyl ether
L
Sulfuric acid
A
Dimethylformamide
A
Sulfur trioxide
L
Dimethyl pthalate
A
Tetrachloroethane
A
Dioxane
L
Tetrathydrofuran
L
Epichlorohydrin
A
Toluene
A
Ethanol
L
Trichloroethylene
L
Ethyl acetate
L
Xylene
A
Ethyl benzene
A
Keys A = Atmospheric,
less than
0.5 psig
L = Low Pressure,
less than 15 psig but
greater than
0.5 psig
H = High Pressure
i, greater
than 15 psig
Source: Ecology and Environment,
, 1982.
3-2
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Table 3-2
EXISTING STRUCTURAL GUIDELINES
Promulgating
Tank Type Existing Guidelines Organization Comment
High Pressure
Low Pressure
Atmospheric
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2
Section X, Fiberglass rein-
forced plastic pressure
vessels
Standard 620, recommended
rules Tor design of large,
welded, low-pressure storage
tanks
Standard 650, welded ateel
Tor oil storage
Standard 12A, oil storage
tanks with riveted shells
Standard 12B, bolted pro-
duction tanks
Standard 12D, large welded
production tanks
Standard 12E, wooden pro-
duction tanks
Standard 12F, small welded
production tanks
American Society of
Mechanical Engineers
345 E. 47th Street
New York, NY 10017
212/705-7722
American Petroleum Institute
201 L Street, NW
Washington, DC 20057
202/457-7000
API
API
API
API
API
API
Applicable to non-
petroleun as well as
petroleum storage tanks
Sections VIII and X of
the ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code
also apply
Applicable to non-
petroleum as well as
petroleun storage tanks
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Table 3-2 (Cont.)
Promulgating
Tank Type Existing Guidelines Organization Comment
Atmospheric (Cont.) Standard for welded aluminum-
alloy storage tanks, ANSI
B96.1 - 1981
Standard steel tanks,
D100-67
Steel underground tanks for
flammable and combustible
liquids, UL 58
Steel above-ground tanks for
flammable and combustible
liquids
American National Standards
Institute, Inc.
1430 Broadway
New York, NY 10018
American Water Works
Association
6666 W. Quincy Ave.
Denver, CO 80234
303/794-7711
Underwriters Laboratory
333 Pfingsten Rd.
Northbrook, IL 60062
312/272-8800
Same as above
Adaptable to storage
tanks of chemicals as
well as water
Sources Ecology and Environment, Inc., 1982.
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Table 3-3
APPROXIMATE BEARING CAPACITIES
Soil Type Tons/Square Foot
Soft clay 1
Dry fine sand 2
Dry fine sand with clay 3
Coarse sand 3
Dry hard clay 3.5
Gravel 4
Rock 10 to 40
Source: Perry and Chilton, 1973.
3-5
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Tank Shell
k
18"
Minimum
Asphalt
Flashing
Slop*
1:12
Waterproof
Barm
\
Tank Radius
1" Crown For Every 10' Radius
i Plate
Slop*
. * * % o .ซ* o a. # ฎ ~* ปi l
ฆ' *ซ"' ฆ - *.ซ-*- .'"'-i .4'.'-MtnunumSand^
SOURCE: Staniar, 1959.
Figure 3-1 FOUNDATION SCHEMATIC FOR OUTDOOR TANKS
3-6
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Shell
i Si*
Sand or Compacted
Crushed Stone
orGraval
Bottom Pfa
SOURCE: Staniar, 1959.
Figure 3-2 ILLUSTRATIVE RING WALL FOUNDATION
3-7
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Smaller tanks resting on supports require saddles that contact at
least 120ฐ of the tank circumference. The saddles should be channel-
ized to drain precipitation and spillage, and they should be continu-
ously sealed along all points of contact. Wear plates should be
installed between the tank and saddle, but should not be of decompos-
able materials which may encourage corrosion. Figure 3-3 illustrates
types of vertical and horizontal support.
3.2 VALVES
Selection of the appropriate valve type and materials is based on
such factors as:
Liquid viscosity and corrosivity;
Pressure; and
Type of service.
The major valve types are as follows:
Gate - for flow isolation;
Globe - for throttling or flow-regulating;
Diaphragm - for regulating service under pressure of 0 to 50
pounds per square inch (psi);
t Butterfly - for regulating and isolating service;
Ball - for regulating service;
Pressure relief - for emergency venting of excessive vapors
and liquids; and
Check - to prevent reversal of flow through a pipe.
3.3 TANK VENTING
Tank vents and vapor emission controls are required to compensate
for the following conditions:
Air intake during tank emptying;
t Vapor exhaust during tank filling;
Tank "breathing" because of temperature fluctuations;
Evaporation of tank contents; and
Emergencies, such as fires.
Venting under normal operating conditions can be achieved with open
vents, pressure vacuum valves, pressure relief valves, and pilot-
operated relief valves. Further specifications may be obtained from
API Standard 2000, Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks.
High pressure tanks require the use of emergency venting only.
Such methods may include pressure relief valves, rupture discs, or
gages or manholes designed to open at excessive pressures.
3-8
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A
t
i
ป
ซ
i
f
t
K
t
I
t
?;*
::f-
::-r
ซ
I!
ป
I
77777777
POOR
777777777
BETTER
VERTICAL SUPPORTS
77777777
BEST
HORIZONTAL SUPPORTS
SOURCE: Staniar, 1959
Figure 3-3 ASSMENT OF VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL TANK SUPPORTS
3-9
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Emissions may be controlled in several manners. Safety relief
valves are often connected to piping systems which reroute the dis-
charge to a remote discharge point or to a control device. Other con-
trol methods for atmospheric and low-pressure tanks are floating
roofs, flexible diaphragms, and lifter roofs. Devices for control of
discharged vapors include carbon adsorption, thermal and catalytic
incinerators, and refrigerated condensors.
3.4 FACILITY SITING
Prediction of safe facility locations is dependent on a variety
of physical, chemical, statistical, meteorological, and .demographic
factors specific to the existing or proposed facility. These factors
should be incorporated into a hazard and risk analysis consisting of
the following steps:
Identification of types and causes of potentially hazardous
accidents;
Determination of chance of such accidents occurring at the
facility; and
Prediction of the consequences of an accident.
This analysis requires the use of such tools and methods as a fault
tree analysis, analysis of relevant historical data, and mathematical
models such as the Gaussian Point Source Model, Pasquil1-Gifford dis-
persion coefficients, or the United States Coast Guard Vulnerability
Model. Further guidelines, based on flammability, are provided by
NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, and by the United
States Department of Housing and Urban Development's "Safety Consider-
ations in Siting Housing Projects" (see Figure 3-4).
3.5 SPILL CONTAINMENT AND CONTROL
Facilities should incorporate physical controls to contain the
spread of spilled product. Factors which should be incorporated into
facility design and operation include:
Drainage lines from areas of expected light spillage to oil-
water separation or sump;
t Development of a positive contingency control plan;
Control of storm runoff via sewers, ditches, etc.;
Retention or diversion structures; and
Impervious surfaces (natural or synthetic).
Figure 3-5 outlines the necessary elements in a spill containment and
control system.
Selection of materials used for containment or collection is
dependent upon:
3-10
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Potential Diameter of Spill (Ft)
SOURCE: United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1975.
Figure 3-4 SAFE SEPARATION DISTANCES FROM SPILLS OF COMMON
LIQUID INDUSTRIAL FUELS-FIRE THREAT
3-11
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SOURCE: PACE, 1980.
Figure 3-5 SPILL CONTAINMENT AND CONTROL FLOW
3-1?
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Degree of impermeability required;
Longevity or weather resistance required; and
Compatibility with the stored material.
Some commonly used containment materials include:
0 Natural clays;
a Treated bentonite clays;
Synthetic membrane liners;
Asphalt; and
Concrete
Each of these materials must be evaluated individually to determine
its appropriate application at a given facility.
Secondary containment structures should be able to contain at
least the entire volume of the largest tank within the containment
area, plus an additional 10% allowance to accommodate accumulated pre-
cipitation or other materials. These areas should be equipped with
manually operated release valves (normally kept closed and locked) so
that accumulated rainwater may be removed from the area periodically.
3.6 IGNITION SAFEGUARD
Hazardous materials storage facilities should be evaluated to
determine the presence of or need for fire protection safeguards. The
evaluation should determine at least the following:
The type, quantity, and location of equipment necessary for
the detection and control of fires, leaks, and spills;
The methods necessary for protection of equipment and struc-
tures from the effects of fire exposure;
Fire protection water systems;
Fire extinguishing and control equipment;
The equipment and processes to be incorporated within an Emer-
gency Shutdown System (ESD) including an analysis of subsys-
tems, if any, and the need for depressuring specific vessels
or equipment during a fire;
The type and location of sensors necessary to initiate auto-
matic operation of the ESD or its subsystems;
o The availability and duties of individual plant personnel and
the availability of external response personnel during an
emergency; and
ซ The protective equipment and special training needed by the
individual plant personnel for their respective emergency
duties.
3-13
-------
Table 3-4 provides illustrative guidelines for fire prevention during
storage of hazardous materials.
Electrical ignition sources can be eliminated through adherence
to NFPA 70, the National Electric Code. To prevent static ignition,
the following safeguards may be used:
"Avoid splash-filling" of tanks or other strenuous agitation
of contents. The discharge from a fill hose into a tank
should be close to the bottom of the tank.
Limit the velocity of the incoming stream to 1 m/sec to mini-
mize the agitation of tank contents and subsequent build-up of
charge.
Eliminate ungrounded objects. .
Eliminate spark promoters within a tank such as protruding
metal surfaces or floating objects.
Bond and ground all metallic objects on RP tanks.
Electrically ground tank fill nozzles to the tank during tank
loading.
Additional preventive measures include:
Performing "hot work," such as welding, only after the area is
determined to be cleared of flammable gases and vapors;
Limiting smoking to designated safe areas;
Using only intrinsically safe devices within flammable areas;
and
Compliance with other regulatory or administrative controls.
Flammable gas detectors, fire detectors, and smoke or temperature
sensors should be installed to sound alarms at continuously attended
locations, or to activate emergency shutdown systems. Fire extin-
guishing methods must be readily available in accordance with NFPA
Standard Number 10, as well as NFPA Standards 11, 11-A, 11-B, 12,
12-A, 12-B, 16, and 17. Methods for controlling some specific chemi-
cal fires are shown in Table 3-5.
3.7 FAIL-SAFE AND WARNING DEVICES
Various sensing and warning devices can be used to prevent spills
by activating shut-off or diversion mechanisms, or by providing alarms
of adverse circumstances. Devices are available for level detection,
leak monitoring, and gas detection.
Level detectors are used to monitor tank contents and alert the
operator of potential overfill situations. They may be linked to
alarm or control mechanisms. Types of level detectors include:
3-14
-------
Table 3-4
FIRE PROTECTION TECHNIQUES FOR STORAGE OF
ELECTED HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Chemical
Fire Prevention
Cyanides
Avoid physical damage; insulate from acids
Chromic acid
Separate from oxidizable materials; avoid storage
on wooden surfaces; remove spills
Hydrofluoric acid
Corrodes many materials except lead, vซax, poly-
ethylene, and platinum; store in vented area
Hydrochloric acid
Separate from oxidizable materials; store in cool,
vented area; avoid contact with common metals
Nitric acid
Separate from metallic powders, carbides, hydrogen
sulfide, turpentine, organic acids, and oxidizable
materials; avoid direct sunlight
Sulfuric acid
Avoid nitrates, powdered metals, chlorates, and
other oxidizable materials
Acetic acid
Avoid oxidizable and combustible materials; keep
above freezing point
Ferric chloride
Protect against physical damage; store in cool,
vented area
Ammonium persulfate
Keep away from strong oxidizers like chlorates,
nitrates, and nitrites
Caustics
Store in dry place; avoid moisture; separate from
ignitable materials
Ammonia
Store in cool, vented area; avoid combustible
materials; avoid chlorine, bromine, iodine, acids
Alkaline wastes
Store in cool, vented area; avoid flammable mate-
rials
Mercury
Store in cool, vented area away from combustibles
Tetraethyl lead and lead
oxide mixed
Store in cool, vented area; avoid strong oxidiz-
ing agents; store in sprinklered area
Lead compounds and oxides
Store in cool, dry place; avoid storage on wood
floors; avoid combustibles
Zinc compounds
Store in cool, dry, vented area; avoid strong
acids and alkalies
Sodiun compounds
Store away from combustibles; avoid high tempera-
tures
Aluminum, phosphorus
compounds, and sulphur
compounds
Keep dry; insulate from acids, caustics, and
chlorinated hydrocarbons; avoid combustible mate-
rials
Sources Ecology and Environment, Inc., 1982.
3-15
-------
Table 3-5
SELECTED METHODS OF EXTINGUISHING CHEMICAL FIRES
Chemical
Extinguishing Methods
Cyanides
Chromic acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Nitric acid
Sulfuric acid
Acetic acid
Ferric chloride
Ammonium persulfate
Caustics
Ammonia
Alkaline wastes
Mercury
Tetraethyl lead and lead
oxide mixed
Lead compounds and oxides
Zinc compounds
Sodium compounds
Aluminum, phosphorus
compounds, and sulphur
compounds
Use water; do not use CO2 extinguishers; avoid
toxic fumes
Use water; caution should be exercised against
possibility of stream explosion
Use water; neutralize with soda ash or lime; if
water is ineffective, use "alcohol foam"
Use water; neutralize with soda ash or slaked lime-
Use a water spray; neutralize with soda ash or
lime
Use large amounts of water; reaction may occur;
neutralize with ash or lime; sand or gravel also
will help
Use water spray, dry chemical, "alcohol foam," or
carbon dioxide
Use water
Use water spray or water flooding; avoid toxic
fumes
Flood with water; avoid spattering or splashing
5top flow of material; use water to keep container
cool; avoid fumes
Use water; neutralize with dilute acid (acetic) if
necessary
Use water; avoid toxic mercury vapor
Fight fires from explosion-restraint location; use
water, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide
Use flooding amounts of water
Smother with suitable dry powder
Use water, dry powder; neutralize with appropriate
chemical, if necessary
Do not use water; smother with suitable dry
powder
Source: Ecology and Environment, Inc., 1982.
3-16
-------
t Float-activated devices - characterized by a buoyant member on
the liquid surface, coupled to an indicating gauge.
Electrical capacitance sensors - typically consisting of a rod
electrode positioned vertically within a tank, and a second
electrode which is usually the tank wall. The electrical
capacitance measured between the electrodes indicates the
height of the interface along the rod electrode.
Optical sensors - which operate on the principle of light beam
refraction in fluids. An electronic control device generates
a signal which is converted to a light pulse by sensors
mounted in the tank. The light pulse is transmitted through
the tank via fiber optics, through a prism, and then out again
through fiber optics. The light pulse is then reconverted to
an electronic signal which indicates the liquid level.
Ultrasonic sensors - which utilize principles of sound wave
generation to monitor liquid level. They may use piezoelec-
tric transmitters and receivers to indicate presence of liquid
within a specific area, or sonar transmitters to measure dis-
tance between the liquid/vapor interface and a sonar receiving
element.
Thermal conductivity sensors - which consist of two
temperature-sensitive probes connected in a Wheatstone
bridge. When the probes are in air or gas, the probes are
at the maximum temperature differential and highest voltage.
As they become submerged, the probe temperatures equalize
and the voltage across the bridge drops.
These devices may be limited to either mechanical, electronic, or
pneumatic devices which can be used to operate alarms, valves, or
pumps, shut down filling operations, or divert flow to emergency over-
flow tanks.
Leak detectors are used to detect liquid leaks onto the ground
surface, or into the surrounding groundwater. Leak detection devices
can be placed within a diked area to quickly reveal the first occur-
rence of a spill. For underground tanks, sensors can be placed within
slotted groundwater monitoring wells situated close to the storage
area in a downgradient direction. Spilled material that has saturated
the soil and entered the groundwater table will be readily detected.
However, the variety of chemicals that can be detected in this manner
may be limited by specific physical or chemical properties. Specific
equipment manufacturers should be contacted for information on spe-
cific applications.
Types of leak detectors include:
Electrical resistivity sensors - consisting of one or more
sensors which deteriorate in the presence of the stored pro-
duct. Once a spill or leak is detected in this manner, the
sensors must be replaced.
3-17
-------
Interstitial sensors - which monitor either the pressure,
vacuum, or presence of fluid between walls of a double-walled
tank.
Thermal conductivity sensors - which, when connected to an
electronic control device, can detect any changes in the
thermal conductivity of their surrounding environment to
determine if a leak or spill has occurred. These detectors
can determine if the monitored area is dry, wet with water, or
wet with leaking product.
Gas detectors are another form of leak detector used to monitor
a variety of flammable, non-flammable, or toxic gases and vapors in
the ambient air or in dry, permeable soil. They can be portable or
permanently installed, and may be used near valves and fittings, in
the backfill, or in specifically installed vapor wells. Types of gas
detectors include:
Combustible gas detectors;
Oxygen detectors;
Gas-specific detectors (e.g., CO, H2S, etc.);
Infrared analyzers;
Photoionization detectors; and
Flame-ionization detectors.
Combustible gas detectors can be used to detect conditions which
present an explosive hazard as a result of the release of any flam-
mable or combustible gases, or vapors from flammable or combustible
liquids. Other detectors are a- ailable for specific gases, such as
carbon monoxide or hydrogen sulfide. Infrared analyzers are particu-
larly useful in identifying single compounds that are infrared-active.
These would include carbon dioxide, halogenated hydrocarbons, and most
other hydrocarbons.
At unattended hazardous materials storage facilities, the appro-
priate sensing and warning devices should be connected to an alarm
circuit. This circuit should transmit the alarm to a continuously
attended facility to indicate any symptoms of trouble such as abnormal
temperatures, pressure increases, level changes, etc. The sensing
devices may also be used to activate ventilation equipment or process
interruption equipment.
Use of the above liquid and gas leak detection devices may be
supplemented by such methods as inventory control, periodic soil and
surface water sampling, and groundwater monitoring well sampling for
long-term monitoring and documentation of surrounding environmental
conditions.
3-18
-------
SUGGESTED EXERCISES
1. Name several factors which must be considered in selecting the
appropriate type of storage system.
2. Name and distinguish characteristics of three types of storage
tanks, based on internal operating pressures.
3. Identify two objectives of tank foundation design.
4. Identify two technical standards applicable to low-pressure stor-
age tanks.
5. Name six types of valves and the types of service for which they
are appropriate.
6. Identify five conditions which require tank ventilation.
7. Name three types of vapor emission control devices.
8. Describe the three steps of a hazard and risk analysis of a pro-
posed storage facility site.
9. Identify several factors which should be incorporated into facil-
ity design to contain and control spilled materials.
10. How is the volume of a secondary containment structure deter-
mined?
11. Identify four methods to control ignition resulting from static
electrical charges.
12. Discuss five areas which must be evaluated in a determination of
fire protection safeguards for a hazardous materials storage
facility.
13. Identify three types of fail-safe devices and provide at least
two examples of each.
3-19
-------
SECTION 4
CORROSION CONTROL
Corrosion results in more tank failures than any other cause.
Factors influencing corrosion include:
Velocity and pressure of chemical material streams;
Compatibility of tank materials with tank contents;
ซ Environmental factors, such as moisture; and
Inappropriate corrosion control methods.
Types of corrosion include:
Uniform surface degradation (such as oxidation);
Intergranular;
Pitting;
Stress cracking;
Fatigue;
t Galvanic;
Thermogalvanic;
t Crevice;
Oxygen concentration cell;
Erosion;
Cavitation;
Impingement attack;
Mechanical;
Fretting;
Hydrogen embrittlement;
Stray current; and
Differential environment cell.
Frequencies of metal failure attributed to various types of cor-
rosion are listed in Table 4-1. Illustrations of various corrosion
types appear in Figures 4-1 through 4-6.
A variety of methods are available to control the types of corro-
sion. These include:
9 Corrosion inhibitors;
o Cathodic or anodic protection;
o Protective liners; and
e Protective coatings.
Control methods for various types of corrosion are summarized in Table
4-2. Applications of Corrosion Inhibitors are listed in Table 4-3,
and comparative resistances of protective coatings are summarized in
4-1
-------
Table
METAL FAILURE FREQUENCY
(56.9% Corrosion and
4-1
OVER A TWO-YEAR PERIOD
43.155 Mechanical)*
Corrosion Failurest Percent (%)
Uniform corrosion 31.5
Stress corrosion cracking,
Corrosion fatigue 23.H
Pitting corrosion 15.7
Intergranular corrosion 10.2
Corrosion-erosion,
Cavitation damage, 9.0
Fretting corrosion
High temperature corrosion 2.3
Weld corrosion 2.3
Thermogalvanic corrosion 2.3
Crevice corrosion 1.8
Selective attack 1.1
Hydrogen damage 0.5
Galvanic corrosion 0.0
The percentages can vary considerably in other
industrial locations or environments.
Sources Pludek, 1977.
4-2
-------
SOURCE: Shields and Oessart, 1981.
Figure 4-1 CORROSION DUE TO IMPROPER INLET
NOZZLE PLACEMENT
4-3
-------
Stress corrosion
SOURCE: Pludek, 1977.
Figure 4-2 STRESS CORROSION CRACKING
-------
Steel Pipe
Copper Pipe
SOURCE: Department of the Navy, 1964.
Figure 4-3 INTERIOR GALVANIC CORROSION DUE TO COUPLING
COPPER AND STEEL PIPE
4-5
-------
Liquid
SOURCE: Department of the Navy, 1964.
Figure 4-4 OXYGEN CONCENTRATION CELL WITH RUST ON TANK WALL
-------
Corrosion Film
SOURCE: Pludek, 1977.
Figure 4-5 IMPINGEMENT ATTACK
-------
Topsoil
Topsoil
Aerated Soil
, Oxygen Available
Cori
1111111111
!!iW!,i!!'i!!,i'
ii111111111
'' 1111111
1111 t'i11
1111111111
ih1111111|
M ' I M' I ' I 1 I I I
'fading A rod
i11' 111' l' 1' 111' I
ฆ ฆ i ฆ i1 ฆ * i *
' i';111111 i1 ii
11111111
'lllil'Jr- 'I
i'i'i1!1!1!'!1!1!!
rp.it I 1 11 I I
1.1L111 1 1 ' 1 ' ' ' ' '
I " I ' I ' I ' I ' t I I ' I I ' t I I 1 1
I I I I I I I 1 1 I I '! I 1 I 1
'1 ' I 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 11
I I I I ! 1 I I 1 1 I 1 11
'i11'i i' i i i i i i lLlLi
Poor Or No Aeration
SOURCE: Department of the Navy, 1964.
Figure 4-6 DIFFERENTIAL ENVIRONMENT UNDERGROUND
4-8
-------
Table 4-2
CORROSION CONTROL METHODS
Type of Corrosion
Control Methods
Uniform Corrosion
ฆ
Inhibitors
ฆ
Protective coating
Anodic protection
Intergranular Corrosion
ฆ
Avoiding temperatures that can cause contaminant
precipitation during heat treatment or welding
Pitting Corrosion
ฆ
Protective coating
Allowing for corrosion in wall thickness
Stress-Corrosion
Cracking
ฆ
Reducing residual or applied stresses
Redistributing stresses
Avoiding misalignment of sections joined by bolts,
rivets, or welds
ฆ
Materials of similar expansion coefficients in
one structure
Protective coating
Cathodic protection
Corrosion Fatigue
Minimizing cyclic stresses and vibrations
Reinforcing critical areas
Redistributing stresses
Avoiding rapid changes in load, temperature, or
pressure
Inducing compressive stresses through peening,
swagging, rolling, vapor blasting, chain tumbling,
etc.
Galvanic Corrosion
Avoiding galvanic couples
Completely insulating dissimilar metals
(Paint alone is insufficient)
Using filler rods of same chemical composition as
metal surface during welding
Avoiding unfavorable area relationships
a
Using replaceable parts of the anodic (attacked)
metal
Cathodic protection
Inhibitors
4-9
-------
Table 4-2 (Cont.)
Type of Corrosion
Control Methods
Thermogalvanic Corrosion
ฆ
Avoiding non-uniform heating and cooling
a
Maintaining imform coating or insulation thickness
Crevice Corrosion;
Concentration Cells
ฆ
ฆ
Minimizing sharp corners and other stagnant areas
Minimizing crevices to a minimum, especially in
heat transfer areas and in aqueous environments
containing inorganic solutions or dissolved oxygen
Enveloping or sealing crevices
Protective coating
ฆ
Removing dirt and mill-scale during cleaning and
surface preparation
Welded butt joints with continuous welds instead
of bolts or rivets
Inhibitors
Erosion;
Impingement Attack
Decreasing fluid stream velocity to approach
laminar flow
Minimizing djrupt changes in flow direction
Streamlining flow where possible
Installing replaceable impingement plates at
critical points in flowlines
Filters and steam traps to remove suspended
solids and water vapor
Protective coating
Cathodic protection
Cavitation Damage
Maintaining pressure above liquid vapor pressure
Minimizing hydrodynamic pressure differences
Protective coating
Cathodic protection
Injecting or generating larger bubbles
Fretting Corrosion
Installing barriers which allow for slip between
metals
ฆ
Increasing load to stop motion, but not above load
capacity
Porous protective coating
e
Lubricant
4-10
-------
Table 4-2 (Cont.)
Type of Corrosion
Control Methods
Hydrogen Embrittlement
Low-hydrogen welding electrodes
Avoiding incorrect pickling, surface preparation,
and treatment methods
Inducing compressive stresses
Baking metal at 200-300aF to remove hydrogen
Impervious coating such as rubber or plastic
Stray-current
Corrosion
Providing goad insulation on electrical cables and
components
Grounding exposed components of electrical
equipment
Draining off stray currents with another conduct-
ing material
Electrically bonding metallic structures
Cathodic protection
Differential-environment
Cells
Underlaying and backfill underground pipelines and
tanks with the same material
Avoiding partially buried structures
8
Protective coating
Cathodic protection
Source: Adapted from Pludek,
1977.
4-11
-------
Table 4-3
TYPICAL INHIBITORS AND THE CORROSION ENVIRONMENT
IN WHICH THEY ARE EFFECTIVE
Inhibitor
Concentration
Inhibitor (percent by weight)
Environment
Metals to be Protected
Benzanilide
0.2
Lubricants
Cd-Ni: Co-Pbb bearings
Borax
2-3
Alcohol ant i- freeze
Car cooling systems
Calgon
small
Water
Steel
Dioctyl ester of sulpho-
succinic acid
0.05
Refined petroleum
Pipelines
Disodium hydrogen
phosphate
0.5
Citric acid
Steel
Erythritoi
small
k2so4
Mild steel
Ethylaniline
0.5
HC solutions
Ferrous metals
Formaldehyde
small
Oil wells
Oil-well equipment
Mercaptobenzthiazole
1
HC solutions
Iron and steel
Morpholine
0.2
Water
Heat exchangers
Oleic acid
small
Polyhydric alcohol
Iron
Phenyl acridine
0.5
H2SO4 solutions
Iron
Potassium dichromate
0.05-0.2
Tap water
Iron-brass
Potassium dihydrogen
Phosphate + sodium nitrate
small +
5 percent
Seawater
Steel
Potassium permanganate
0.1
NaOH solutions
Aluminum
Pyridine +
phenylhydrazine
0.5 +
0.5
HC solutions
Ferrous metals
Quinoline ethiodide
0.1
h2so4
Steel
Rosin amine-ethylene oxide
0.2
HC solutions
Mild steel
Sodium benzoate
0.5
NaCl solutions
Mild steel
Sodium carbonate
small
Condensate
Iron
Sodium chromate
0.07
CaClg brine
cooling water
Copper-brass rectifiers
Sodium dichromate
0.025
Water
Air conditioning
Sodium dichromate +
sodium nitrate
0.1 +
0.05
Water
Heat exchangers
4-12
-------
Table 4-3 (Cont.)
Inhibitor
Concentration
Inhibitor (percent by weight) Environment Metals to be Protected
Sodium hexametaphosphate
0.002
Water
(about pH 6)
Lead
Sodium metaphosphate
Small
Ammonia
Mild steel
Sodium nitrite
0.005
Water
Mild steel
Sodium orthophosphate
1
Water (pH 7.25)
Iron
Sodium silicate
Small
Seawater
Zn; Zn-Al alloys
Tetramethylammonium
oxide
0.5
Aqueous solutions
of organic solvents
Iron and steel
Thiourea
1
Acids
Iron and steel
Source: Uhlig, 1971.
4-13
-------
Table 4-4. Cathodic protection is illustrated in Figures 4-7 and 4-8.
Suitability of many protective liner materials can be found in Appen-
dix C.
4-14
-------
Tab]e 4-4
COMPARATIVE RESISTANCES OF TYPICAL COATINGS
Coating Type
Acid
Alkali
Salts
Solvents
Water
Oxidation
Sunlight and
Water
Stress
Abrasion
Heat
Acrylic
B
a
9
5
8
9
10
?
10
8
Alkyd
6
6
8
4
8
3
10
5
6
8
Asphalt
10
7
10
2
10
2
7
5
3
4
Chlorinated Rubber
10
10
10
3
10
9
7
7
7
5
Epoxy
10
9
10
8
10
6
9
3
6
9
Fur an
10
10
10
10
10
2
8
1
5
9
Inorganic (metallic)
1
1
5
10
5
10
10
?
10
10
Latex
2
1
6
1
2
1
10
?
6
5
Nsoprene
10
10
10
4
10
6
8
10
10
10
Oil Base
1
1
6
2
7
1
10
4
4
7
Phenolic
10
2
10
10
10
7
9
2
5
10
Saran
10
8
10
5
10
10
7
7
7
7
Urethanes
9
10
10
9
10
9
8
?
10
8
Vinyl
10
10
10
5
10
10
10
8
7
7
Scale: 1 = Nonresistant
10 = Extremely resistant
? = Insufficient data
Sources: NACE, Process Industries Corrosion, 1975.
Staniar, W., ed. Plant Engineering Handbook, 1959.
-------
Pipe (Cathode)
Zinc or Magnesium
Anode with prepar-
ed backfill.
Magnesium ribbon
(Anode)
Anode
Anode
Tank Corroding
EXTERNAL PROTECTION
Magnesium rod
(Anode)
Tank Protected
INTERNAL PROTECTION
SOURCE: Department of the Navy, 1964.
Figure 4-7 CATHODIC PROTECTION BY THE SACRIFICIAL
ANODE METHOD
4-16
-------
SOURCE: Department of the Navy, 1964.
Figure 4-8 CATHODIC PROTECTION BY THE IMPRESSED CURRENT
METHOD
4-17
-------
SUGGESTED EXERCISES
1. Name three factors which influence presence and rate of corrosion.
2. Identify and distinguish at least six types of corrosion.
3. Which four types of corrosion account for 80% of all corrosion-
related metal failure?
4. Identify appropriate corrosion control methods for the types of
corrosion identified in question 3.
5. Identify inhibitors which may be used to protect the following
combination of metals in corrosive environments:
Steel and water,
Mild steel and ammonia,
Aluminum and sodium hydroxide solutions,
Zinc and seawater,
Iron and steel and hydrocarbon solutions.
6. Rank the following coatings in order of resistance to solvents,
alkalis, and abrasion, respectively:
Acrylic
Epoxy
Latex
Asphalt
Oil base
7. Describe the differences between cathodic and anodic protection.
4-18
-------
SECTION 5
INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE
A successful maintenance and inspection program will:
Minimize probability of accidental spills or releases,
Reduce risks of fire or exposure,
Maintain safe working conditions,
t Detect potential trouble spots and begin corrective action
before serious damage occurs, and
Reduce monetary losses.
Therefore, an inspection program must be able to identify such prob-
lem areas as:
Excessive corrosion or erosion,
Structural fatigue or metal cracking,
Deterioration of liners and appurtenances,
Weakening or cracking of welds and joints, and
Leakage of valves, pipes, and tanks.
5.1 TEST METHODS
There are several methods for nondestructive testing of the
structural integrity of aboveground tanks, or of underground tanks
before installation. These methods include:
Radiographic,
Ultrasonic,
0 Wet magnetic particle,
Dry magnetic particle,
Liquid (dye) penetrant,
Hydrostatic,
o Eddy current, and
High-voltage spark.
The appropriate test type for detecting specific defects are sum-
marized in Table 5-1. An extensive listing of applications and lim-
itations of various test types is found in Table 5-2.
5.2 AREAS OF INSPECTION
Figures 5-1 and 5-2 illustrate specific areas of aboveground
tanks which should be inspected. Table 5-3 denotes the references
5-1
-------
Table 5-1
APPLICATION OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST METHODS
Test Type
Type or
Imperfection
Detected
Visual
Random
Radiographic
100%
Radiography
Ultrasonic
Wet
Magnetic
Particle
Dry
Magnetic
Particle
Liquid
Penetrant
Hydrostatic
Eddy
Current
Spark
Testing
VALVE
Cracks
X
X
Strength
X
TANK
Cracks or surface
discontinuities
X
X
X
X
X
X
Subsurface dis-
continuties
X
X
X
X
Thinning
Strength
X
X
X
WELDS
Crack
X
X
X
X
Incomplete
penetration
Porosity
Slag inclusions
X
X
X
X
X
SOURCE: Ecology unit Environment, Inc., 1982.
-------
Table 5-2
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST METHODS
Method
Measures or DetectBt
Applications
Advantages
Limitations
Acoustic emission
Crack initiation and
growth rate
Internal cracking in
welds during cooling
Boiling or cavitation
Friction or wear
Plastic deformation
Pressure vessels
Stressed structures
Remote and continuous
surveillsnce
Permanent record
Dynamic (rather than static)
detection of cracks
Portable
Triangulation techniques to
locate flaws
Transducers must be pieced in con-
tact with surface of part to be
tested
Highly ductile materials yield low
amplitude emissions
Part must be stressed or operating
Test system noise needs to be
filtered - out
Acoustic-impact
(tapping)
Debonded areas or
delaminations in metal
or non-metal composites
or laminates
Loose rivets or
fasteners
Crushed core
Brazed or adhesive-
bonded structures
Bolted or riveted
assemblies
Composite structures
Honeycomb sssemblies
Portable
Easy to operate
May be automated
Permanent record or posi-
tive meter resdout
No couplant required
Part geometry and maas influences
test results
Impactor end probe must be reposi-
tioned to fit geometry of part
Reference standards required
Pulser impact rate is critical for
repeatability
-------
(able 3-2 (Cunt.)
Method
Measures or Detects:
Applications
Advantages
Limitations
Cddv current
(200 Hz to 6 MHz)
tin
Electric current
Surface and subsurface
cracks and seams
Alloy content
Heat treatment varia-
tions
Wall thickness, coating
thickness
Crack depth
Conductivity
Permeability
Cracks
Crack depth
Resistivity
Mall thickness
Corrosion-induced
wal1 thinning
Tubing
"Spot checks" on all
types of surfaces
Proximity gage
Metal detector
Metal sorting
Measure conductivity
Metallic materials
Electrically conduc-
tive materials
No special operator skills
required
High speed, low cost
Automation possible for
symmetrical parts
Permanent record capability
for symmetrical parts
No couplant or probe con-
tact required
Access to only one surface
required
Battery or DC source
Portable
Conductive materials
Shallow deoth of penetration (thin
walls only)
Masked or false indications caused
by sensitivity to variations such as
part geometry, lift-off
Reference standards required
Permeability variations
Edge effect
Surface contamination
Good surface contact required
Difficult to automate
Electrode spacing
Reference standards required
-------
Table 5-2 (Cont.)
Method
Measures or Detects:
Applications
Advantages
Limitations
Fluoroscopy
(Cino-fluorography)
(Kine-fluorography)
Level of fill in
containers
Foreign objects
Internal components
Density variations
Voids, thickness
Spacing or position
Particles in liquid High-brightness images
flow
Real-time viewing image
Presence of cavitation magnification
Operation of valves
and switches
Permanent record
Moving subject can be
observed
Costly equipment
Lack of geometric sharpness
Thick specimens
Speed of event to be studied
Viewing area
cn
i
cn
Holiday detector
High voltage
(spark)
Inegrity of coatings
or linings
Detects holidays in
coatings of thickness
>15 mils
Portable
Easy to operate
Possible damage if dielectric
strength exceeded
Holiday detector
Low voltage
Integrity of coatings
Detects holidays in
coatings of thickness
<20 mils
Portable
Easy to operate
Requires contact with substrate
Leak testing
Leaks
Helium, Ammonia,
Smoke, Water, Air
Bubbles, Radioactive
gas, Halogens
Joints
Welded, Brazed,
Adhesive-bonded
Sealed assemblies
Pressure or vacuum
chambers
High sensitivity to
extremely small, tight
separations not detectable
by other NDT methods
Sensitivity related to
method selected
Accessibility to both surfaces of
part required
Smeared metal or contaminants may
prevent detection
Cost related to sensitivity
Fuel or gas tanks
-------
Table 5-2 (Cont.)
Met hod
Measures or Detects:
Applicat ions
Advantages
Limitations
Magnetic particle
Surface and slightly
subsurface defects;
cracks, seams, porosity,
inclusions
Permeability variations
Extremely sensitive for
locating small tight
cracks
Ferromagnetic mate-
rials; bar, forgings,
weldments, extrusions,
etc.
Advantage over penetrant is
that it indicates subsur-
face defects, particularly
inclusions
Relatively fast and low
cost
May. be portable
Alignment of magnetic field is
critical
Demagnetization of parts required
after tests
Parts must be cleaned before and
after inspection
Masking by surface cnatings
Magnet ic field
ur>
i
T>
Cracks
Wall thickness
Nonmagnetic coating
thickness on steel
Ferromagnetic mate-
rials
Inspection of coat-
ings on st eel
Wall thickness of
nonmagnet ic
materials
Measurement of magnet ic
material properties
May be automated
Easily detects magnetic
objects in nonmagnetic
material
Portable
Permeability
Reference standards required
Edge-effect
Probe lift-off
Loss of accuracy on curved surfaces
-------
Table 5-2 (Conl.)
Method
Measures or Detects:
Applications
Advantages
Limitations
Microwave
(300 Mlz-300-Ghz)
Cracks, holes, deboned
areas, etc., in non-
metallic parts
Changes in composition
degree of cure, moisture
content
Thickness measurement
Reinforced plastics
Between radio waves and
and infrared in the elec-
tromagnetic spectrum
Portable
Contact with part sur-
face not normally
required
Can be automated
Will not penetrate metals
Reference standards required
Horn to part spacing critical
Part geometry
Wave interference
Vibration
Penet rants
en (Dye or fluorescent)
i
Defects,open to sur-
face of parts; (cracks,
porosity, seams, laps,
etc.)
Through-wall leaks
All parts with nonab-
sorbing surfaces
forgings, weldments,
castings, etc.)
Low cost
Portable
Indications may be further
examined visually
Surface films, such as coatings,
scale, and smeared metal may pre-
vent detection of defects
Parts must be cleaned before and
after inspection
Results easily interpreted Defect must be open to surface
Bleed-out from porous surfpces can
mask indications of defects
-------
Table 5-2 (Cont.)
Method
Measures or Detects:
Applications
Advantages
Limitations
Radiography
(X-rays-film)
Internal defects and
variations; porosity;
inclusions; cracks;
lack of fusion; geometry
variations; corrosion
thinning
Density variations
Thickness, gap and
position
Misassembly
Misalignment
Castings
Electrical assemblies
Weldments
Small, thin, complex
wrought products
Nonmetallics
Composites
Permanent records; film
Adjustable energy levels
(5 kv-25 mev)
High sensitivity to density
changes
Nd couplant required
Geometry variations do not
affect direction of X-ray
beam
High initial costs
Orientation of linear defects in
part may not be favorable
Radiation hazard
Depth of defect not indicated
Sensitivity decreases with increase
in scattered radiation
Ultrasonic
(0.1-25MHz)
Internal defects and
variations; cracks,
lack of fusion, poros-
ity, inclusions, delami-
nations, lack of bond,
texturing
Thickness
Wrought metals
Welds
Brazed joints
Moat sensitive to cracks
Test results known im-
mediately
Automating and permanent
Adhesive-bonded joints record capability
Nonmetallics
In-service parts
Portable
High penetration capability
Couplant required
Small, thin, complex parts may be
difficult to check
Reference standards required
Trained operators for manual inspec-
tion
Special probes
Source: NACE, 1980.
-------
SOURCE: Ecology and Environment, Inc., 1983.
Figure 5-1 AREAS OF CONCERN IN TYPICAL ABOVEGROUND VERTICAL
TANK SYSTEM (See Table 53 for requirements)
-------
Check tank ends for Hairline
cracks or deformation result-
ing from excessive end deflec-
tion.
Check for localized corrosion
where wear plate or saddle
contacts tank.
rzr
r=i
Check saddle supports for de-
terioration or buckling.
Check for localized corrosion
on tank shell at all connections
such as manways,
ฃ
Check liquid-level gage for
, proper operation and adequate
freeboard.
Check for corrosion and hair-
line cracks at all welds and
seats.
Check yalves for leakage.
_Check integrity of contain-
"ment dikes.
Check for hairline cracks at
middle of tank resulting from
horizontal buckling.
SOURCE: Ecology and Environment, Inc., 1983.
Figure 5-2 AREAS OF CONCERN IN TYPICAL HORIZONTAL TANK SYSTEM
5-10
-------
Table 5-3
TYPICAL ABOVEGROUND TANK SYSTEM - AREAS OF CONCERN
Item Requirement
A Tank Fill valve should be in the closed position and
locked when not in use.
B The gate valve used Tor emptying the diked containment
area should be of the hand-operated variety only and
should be closed and locked at all times.
C All valves should be inspected for signs of leakage or
deterioration.
D, E Inlet and outlet piping, as well as tank flanges
should be checked for leakage and to insure that ade-
quate support is provided
F, G Automated fill control and discharge control equipment
should be checked to see that it is operating pro-
perly.
H The tank shell surface should be visually inspected
for areas of rust, or other deterioration. Particular
attention should be paid to peeling area, welds and
seams.
I The ground surfsce inside the diked area should be
checked for obvious signs of leakage or spillage.
3 The liquid level sensing device should be checked to
insure that there is adequate freeboard.
K External stairways and walkways should be checked to
insure that they are unobstructed and sound.
- L The oil/water separator should be checked for adequate
feeeboard and to insure that it is operating properly.
Source: Ecology and Environment, Inc., 1983
5-11
-------
designated in Figure 5-1. Leaks in underground tanks can be detected
by a number of hydrostatic, liquid-level, sonic, or indirect measure-
ments. These tests include:
Kent-Moore (Heath Petro-tite) test;
J-tube manometer test;
Arco HTC Leak Test
Laser beam leak detection;
t Sunmark Leak ,Lokator;
Sonic measurement test;
Inventory control records; and
Monitoring wells.
Usually only two or three of these tests are authorized for use in any
one jurisdiction. Consequently, it is the responsibility of the tank
owner to be sure the procedure to be used is authorized in that juris-
diction. Records of leak test results should be kept in a log. A
suggested format is illustrated in Figure 5-3. Although the specific
information to be recorded will vary with the type of test used, the
format illustrates the type of data that should be recorded.
Tank liners of magnetic materials may be tested by the magnetic
particle method. Other metal liners may be tested by the dye pene-
trant method. Non-conductive liner materials may be tested by the
high voltage spark test.
Valves require frequent visual inspection for leaks and imperfec-
tions. When tanks are out of service, valves should be dismantled for
inspection of internal conditions. Caliper measurements of body
thickness should be taken, especially if corrosion is visible. After
reassembly, the valves should be pneumatically or hydrostatically
tested. Specific critical inspection areas of common valve types are
illustrated in Figures 5-4 through 5-10.
Other storage facility areas requiring routine inspection are:
Stairways and walkways;
Flame arrestors;
Dikes and berms;
Grounding and electrical connections;
Pressure and vacuum vents;
Liquid level gaging and detection equipment;
Water drains;
Pipe supports and connections; and
Foundations.
Figure 5-11 illustrates areas of a typical tank foundation which
should be inspected.
5.3 INSPECTION FREQUENCIES
The intervals for performing various inspection tasks should be
determined on a case-by-case basis. Factors which should be consid-
ered in determining those frequencies include:
The chemical nature of the material stored;
Known or expected corrosion rates;
5-12
-------
-------
jia
iff
9
*
a
a
||j
Packing Gland and Packing Check
for leakage and replace as necessary.
Bonnet Bolts - Check for tightness.
Valve Body - Check for excessive
wall thinning, pitting, or cracking.
Check ball for smoothness and
snug fit against valve body.
Valve Seats - Check for snug fit
when gate is closed.
SOURCE: British Valve Manufacturers Association, 1966.
Figure 5-4 CRITICAL AREAS OF GATE VALVE
5-14
-------
Packing Material Check for leak-
age and replace as necessary.
Valve Body Check internal sur-
faces for corrosion from prolong-
ed contact with undrained liquid.
SOURCE: Perry and Chilton, 1973.
Figure 5-5 CRITICAL AREAS OF GLOBE VALVE
5-15
-------
Spindle ฆ Check for leakage. Leak-
age will indicate poor seating or
failure of diaphragm.
lange - Check for tightness and
leakage.
Flexible Diaphragm Check for
cracks or deterioration. Replace as
necessary. Use compatible material
only.
Valve Body - Measure for excessive
thinning, pitting or cracking.
SOURCE: British Valve Manufacturers Association, 1966.
Figure 5-6 CRITICAL AREAS OF DIAPHRAGM VALVE
5-16
-------
Packing Gland and Packing - Re-
place as necessary to prevent leak-
age.
Flange - Check bolts for tightness.
Butterfly - Check for snug fit against
valve body when in closed position.
Valve Body - measure for excessive
wall thinning, pitting or cracking.
SOURCE: British Valve Manufacturers Association, 1966.
Figure 5-7 CRITICAL AREAS OF BUTTERFLY VALVE
5-17
-------
Hold-Down Bolts - Check for tight-
ness and integrity.
Spring Check for corrosion and
excessive wear.
Valve Head Valve should be re-
moved from service and tested for
calibration annually.
Flanges Check bolts for tightness.
SOURCE: . British Valve Manufacturers Association, 1966.
Figure 5-8 CRITICAL AREAS OF SAFETY
(PRESSURE RELIEF) VALVE
5-18
-------
Cheek dashpot for
wear and deteriora-
tion.
Check valve seat for a
smooth fit and axcas-
GLOBE CHECK VALVE
Check integrity of
dashpot springs, if ap-
plicable.
Check valve bodies
for excessive wear and
deterioration.
Check dashpot for
wear and deteriora-
tion.
Check valve seat for a
smooth fit and exces-
sive wear.
Check integrity of
dashpot springs, if ap-
plicable.
Check valve bodies
for excessive wear and
deterioration.
ANGLE CHECK VALVE
Check valve seat for a
smooth fit and exces-
sive wear.
TILTING DISK CHECK VALVE
Check valve bodies
for excessive wear and
deterioration.
Check valve seat for a
smooth fit and exces-
sive wear.
Check insert bodies
for deterioration, and
replace as necessary.
Check valve bodies
for excessive wear and
deterioration.
Check valve seat for a
smooth fit and exces-
sive wear.
Check valve bodies
for excessive wear and
deterioration.
LIFT CHECK VALVES
SOURCE: Perry and Chilton, 1973.
Figure 5-9 TYPES AND CRITICAL AREAS OF CHECK VALVES
5-19
-------
Check ports for smoothness.
Check for leakage around valve
Check ball for smoothness and
snug fit against valve body.
Check valve body for excessive
wear or deterioration.
Check O-rings, plastic seat seals
and spring assembly as appro-
priate.
SOURCE: Perry and Chilton, 1973.
Figure 5-10 CRITICAL AREAS OF BALL VALVE
5-20
-------
Tank
Tank Shall Cheek for rust spot!,
pitting, hairlina cracks.
Welds - Check for hairline cracks,
uniformity.
>
Hold-Down
Connection
Rivets, Bolts Check for rust, de-
terioration, and hairline cracks
emanating from holes.
7/16"
Foundation - Check for crumbl-
ing, deterioration, seepage.
SOURCE: Ecology and Environment, Inc., 1983.
Figure 5-11 AREAS OF CONCERN IN A TYPICAL TANK FOUNDATION
5-21
-------
Acceptable corrosion allowances;
Historical or previously observed conditions; and
Facility location.
Table 5-4 outlines suggested frequencies for a variety of inspection
tasks. In order to standardize inspection procedures, suggested
inspection records are illustrated in Figures 5-12 through 5-15.
5.4 PRIORITIES FOR CORRECTIVE ACTION
Priorities for correcting adverse conditions are based largely on
the potential consequences of failure to correct the conditions, and
the probability that those consequences will occur. When time or
resources are factors, priority must be given to correcting those
defects with the highest probability of causing the worst conse-
quences. Among the factors to be considered in determining mainte-
nance and repair priorities are:
Age of the facility;
Construction materials;
Physical/chemical/toxicological properties of the stored mate-
rials;
Ouantities stored;
Operation of warning or control devices;
Geologic/hydrologic/topographic properties of the facility;
Design specifications and tolerances;
Size and proximity of adjacent population;
Monetary value of the stored materials, facility, and off-site
property; and
Likely consequences of storage system failure.
In any situation, it is best to take corrective action at the earliest
detection of problems.
5.5 TANK CLEANING
Tank cleaning procedures must be performed carefully to prevent
inadvertent spills, releases, reactions, or personnel exposure.
Proper equipment to be used includes:
Air monitoring equipment;
Protective clothing;
Appropriate ventilation or air supplies;
5-22
-------
Tab 1b 5-4
MINIMUM INSPECTION TASKS AND FREQUENCIES
Frequency Task
Oaily Visually check valve stems and flanges for leakage
Visually check piping for misalignment, bending, or
leakage with particular attention to tees, couplings,
elbows, and connections
Inspect ground surface around vertical and horizontal
tanks for signs of leakage
Check discharge and fill control equipment before
product is transferred to insure that it is
functioning properly
Check liquid level in the tank before product is added
to insure adequate capacity
Check gate valve frcm diked area to insure that it is
closed and locked
Check walkways and stairways for obstructions
Check and record inventory of tank contents
Weekly Check liquid level gaging equipment to insure that it
is functioning properly
Check roof drains for obstructions
Check vents and pressure-relief devices for
obstructions
Check grounding lines and connections for integrity
Check stairways for damaged rungs or handrails
Check containment dike or berm for integrity
Does oil/water separator or equivalent require
pumping
Check separator discharge for clarity
Does diked area require drainage
Check fire extinguishing equipment
Monthly Inspect all exterior tank surfaces, welds,
rivets/bolts, foundation
Check impressed current rectifiers
Inventory all spill control and other emergency
response equipment
Quarterly Non-destructive thickness testing of piping and valves
5-23
-------
Table 5-4 (Cont.)
Frequency Task
Semi-Annually Thickness testing for shell walls
(at scheduled
down-time) Inspection of liners
Leak testing of foundation
Leak testing of underground tanks assembly
Test structural stability of support structures for
elevated tanks and test pressure relief valves for
calibration
Measure tank-to-soil potential
Source: Ecology and Environment, Inc., 1983.
Annually
(at scheduled
down-time)
5-24
-------
Oaily Inspection Checklist
TANK * PAGE OF .
LOCATION . INSPECTED BY
Fill LEVEL OATE
CONTENTS
Inspection
Tank
Accept-
able
Unaccept-
able
(Specify)
Recommended Corrective
Action
Referred
To
Is fill valve locked
and closed?
Is dike gate valve
locked and closed?
Condition of
valve #
t
Condition of
inlet piping
Condition of
outlet piping
Fill control
equipment
functioning?
Discharge control
equipment
functioning?
Visual check of
tank shell integrity
Evidence of
leakage on ground?
la there adequate
freeboard in tank
Are stairoaya
and walkwaya
unobstructed
SOURCE: Ecology and Environment, Inc., 1983.
Figure 5-12 DAILY INSPECTION CHECKLIST
5-25
-------
WEEKLY INSPECTION CHECKLIST
TANK ป Mฎ Of
LOCATION - INSPECTED BY
FILL LEVEL ฆ WTE
CONTENTS
Item
Accept-
able
Unaccept-
able
(specify)
Recommended Corrective
Action
Referred
To
Is liquid level
gaging equipment
operating properly?
Is emergency shut-
dawn system func-
tioning properly?
Are roof vents
clear?
Are roof draina
clear?
Are pressure relief
devices free of
obstruction?
Are stairways and
handrails in good
condition?
Is containment
dike/bern intact?
Does diked area
require damage?
Is there adequate
freeboard in oil-
water separator
Is fire extinguish-
ing equipment in
place and func-
tioning properly?
Leak detection
equipment func-
tioning properly?
SOURCE: Ecology and Environment, Inc., 1983.
Figure 5-13 WEEKLY INSPECTION CHECKLIST
5-26
-------
Itam
Accept-
able
Unaccept-
able
(specify)
Recommended Corrective
Action
Referred
To
Cheek ignition
safeguards!
Isolated metal
objects and
fill noizels
grounded?
Absence of spark
promoters from
tank interior?
Inlet flow rate
sufficiently
limited?
Ground con-
nections secure?
Metallic shunts
Intact?
SOURCE: Ecology and Environment, Inc., 1983.
Figure 5-13 WEEKLY INSPECTION CHECKLIST (Cont.)
5-27
-------
Ol
I
ro
oo
MONTH* TANK INSPECTION LOG
IANK < LOCATIONS fill LEVEL I
CONTENTSi INSPECTED BVป DATE I PAGE Of
Item
Observations
Recoanendetiona for
Corrective Action
lank shell and roof
-Discoloration or flaking
of coating
-Localized corrosion
-Structural damage
-Development of hairline cracks
-Qulging or cavitation
-Deterioration at joints and
connections
Welds
-Localized corrosion
-Separatin or distortion
of welded comfttnente
-Development of hairline cracks
Riveta/bolte
-Localized corrosion
-loosened components
-Hissing
F oui ida t i ons/auppor t s
-Cracking or deterioration
of concrete ringwali
or support
-Uneven settlement
-Slippaije of tank
frota foundation or support
-tiuckling of saddle
or vertical supports
-Loosened anchor bolts
SOURCE: Ecology and Environment, Inc., 1983.
Figure 5-14 MONTHLY TANK INSPECTION LOG
-------
cn
i
ro
vo
THICKNESS TESTING LOG
TANK i LOCATIONi CONIENTSi
Date of
Inspection
rin
Level
Thickness, Inches
Tank
Certified
for
Continued
Service
at
Liquid
Height
h s
Tank
Certified
for
Continued
Service
at
Liquid
Gravity
G
h2
h4
h5
H
h?
h8
Roofj
Roof 2
Bottom]
Bottoa2
Valve]
Valve2
Valve]
Inlet
Piping
Outlet
Piping
SOURCE: Ecology and Environment, Inc., 1983.
Figure 515
THICKNESS TESTING LOG
-------
Appropriate cleaning equipment, such as steam nozzles, agita-
tors, sandblasters, etc.;
Safety belts and lines; and
First aid kits.
Procedures for cleaning tanks will vary with the specific job to
be performed. However, they may be generalized as follows:
Purge tanks and lines of contents;
Purge all residual vapors;
Monitor tank interiors for gases, vapors, and oxygen content;
Provide adequate ventilation of vapors, and fresh air supply
for personnel;
Use hot or cold cleaning solutions compatible with the resi-
dual tank contents; and
Take precautions to prevent spills of cleaning materials.
5.6 TANK CLOSURE
Tank closure may be temporary, pending future usage, or
permanent, at the end of the useful life of the tank. Temporary
closure is performed by:
Removing tank contents;
Filling with water and corrosion inhibitors;
Capping all fill and draw-off lines; and
Opening all vent lines.
Permanent closure may be achieved by removal or by abandonment in
place. For permanent closure, the tank should be:
Emptied of all liquids, solids, sludges, and vapors;
Thoroughly cleaned;
Filled with an inert solid, such as sand, gravel, or concrete;
Capped at all fill, vent, draw-off, and access points;
t Securely anchored if aboveground; and
If it is to be disposed of, rendered unusable or dismantled.
5-30
-------
SUGGESTED EXERCISES
1. Name three objectives of a maintenance and inspection program.
2. Identify areas of concern on which an inspection program should
focus.
3. Identify the applications and limitations of the following non-
destructive test methods:
Wet magnetic particle,
Eddy current,
Ultrasonic,
Radiographic, and
Spark testing.
4. Identify six tests for detecting leakage in underground tanks.
Which are approved or use in this facility's regulatory jurisdic-
tion?
5. Identify eight areas which should be inspected in a typical
aboveground tank system.
6. Identify critical inspection areas for the following valve
types:
Globe,
Diaphragm,
Ball, and
Butterfly.
7. Which factors must be considered in determining inspection fre-
quencies?
8. Identify three inspection tasks which must be performed at daily,
weekly, and semi-annual intervals, respectively.
9. Name six factors to be considered in determining maintenance and
repair priorities.
10. Describe procedures to be employed during tank cleaning.
11. Describe procedures to be employed during temporary tank clo-
sure.
5-31
-------
SECTION 6
PERSONNEL HEALTH AND SAFET-Y
Health and safety hazards can be controlled by:
Hazard elimination or substitution;
Engineering controls;
Administrative controls; and
Personal protective equipment.
Control of health and safety hazards are regulated by OSHA or by
appropriate state regulations. These standards should be supplemented
by ANSI, NIOSH, and ACGIH recommendations, which are more extensive,
more up-to-date, and often referenced by the state or OSHA regula-
tions.
6.1 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Hazardous materials facility personnel should be provided with
and use appropriate equipment to protect against skin or respiratory
exposures. Materials for hand and body protection include:
Leather, asbestos, wool, and aluminized materials for heat
protection;
Padded material for protection against cuts, blows, and
bruises; and
Impervious materials, such as natural and synthetic rubber,
neoprene, vinyl, and polypropylene. Resistance of some of
these impervious materials to selected chemicals is shown in
Table 6-1.
Standards for respiratory protection programs specify a number of
requirements, including:
Written standard operating procedures on respirator selection
and use;
Instruction and training in use and limitations of respirator;
and
Routine cleaning, inspection, and maintenance.
Respirators should be selected on the basis of:
Nature of the hazard;
6-1
-------
Table 6-1
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING MATERIALS
Neo-
prene
Poly-
vinyl
Chloride
(PVC)
Paracril/
PVC
Polyur-
ethane
Chlorinated
Polyethy-
lene
Butyl
Rubber
Natural
Rubber
Nitrile
Vitron
Poly-
vinyl
Acetate
(PVA)
Acetaldehyde
C
C
A
C
I
A
A
C
U
U
Acetic Acid
A
C
A
C
A
C
A
A
U
U
Acetone
A
C
U
C
A
C
A
C
U
U
Acrylonitrile
A
C
A
A
A
C
C
C
I
I
Ammonium Hydroxide
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
U
Amyl Acetate
C
C
A
C
C
C
C
C
U
A
Aniline
C
C
A
A
A
C
C
C
L
C
Benzaldehyde
C
C
A
C
C
A
C
C
U
A
Benzene
C
U
C
A
C
U
U
C
C
A
Benzyl Alcohol
A
C
A
C
A
A
A
A
I
I
Benzyl Chloride
C
C
A
C
U
C
C
C
C
1
Butyl Acetate
C
C
A
C
A
C
C
C
U
A
Butyl Alcohol
A
A
A
C
A
A
A
A
I
C
Carbolic Acid
C
C
A
A
A
C
A
C
A
C
Carbon Disulfide
C
C
A
C
C
U
C
C
I
A
Carbon Tetrachloride
C
C
A
C
C
U
C
A
A
A
Chloroacetone
C
U
C
C
U
C
C
C
I
I
Chloroform
C
C
A
C
U
U
C
C
A
A
A=Acceptable
U=Unacceptable
^Conditionally Acceptable
I=Insufficient Data
Note: This table is provided as a guide only. The user is advised to contact the protective clothing manufacturer
regarding the specific applicability and limitations of a material under proposed conditions of use.
-------
Table 6-1 (Cont.)
Neo-
prene
Poly-
vinyl
Chloride
(PVC)
Paracril/
PVC
Polyur-
ethane
Chlorinated
Polyethy-
lene
Butyl
Rubber
Natural
Rubber
Nitrile
Vitron
Poly-
vinyl
Acetate
(PVA)
Coal Tar Products
C
C
A
A
C
C
C
C
I
I
Cyclohexane
C
C
U
A
A
U
C
A
A
I
Diacetone Alcohol
A
A
A
C
A
A
A
A
I
1
Dibutyl Phthalate
C
C
A
C
C
A
C
A
A
A
Ethanol
A
A
A
c
I
A
A
A
A
U
Ethyl Ether
C
C
A
c
A
C
C
A
U
A
Ethylene Glycol
A
A
A
c
A
A
A
A
A
C
Formaldehyde
C
A
A
c
A
C
A
A
A
U
Formic Acid
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
C
U
U
Furfural
A
C
A
C
A
A
A
C
U
C
Gasoline
A
C
A
A
A
U
C
A
A
A
Glycerine
A
A
A
C
A
A
A
A
A
A
Hydrobromic Acid
A
A
A
C
A
A
I
I
I
I
Hydrochloric Acid
A
A
A
U
A
A
A
A
A
U
Hydrofluoric Acid
C
C
C
U
A
A
A
A
A
U
Hydrogen Peroxide
A
A
A
A
A
C
A
A
C
U
Hydrogen Sulfide
A
A
A
U
A
A
I
I
A
I
Isopropyl Alcohol
A
A
A
C
A
A
A
A
A
U
Kerosene
A
C
A
A
A
U
C
A
A
A
Lactic Acid
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
C
Linseed Oil
A
A
A
C
A
C
C
A
A
A
A=Acceptable
U=Unacceptable
C=Conditionally Acceptable
I=Insufricient Data
Note: This table is provided as a guide only. The user is advised to contact the protective clothing manufacturer
regarding the specific applicability and limitations of a material under proposed conditions of use.
-------
Table 6-1 (Cont.)
Neo-
prene
Poly-
vinyl
Chloride
(PVC)
Paracril/
PVC
Polyur-
ethane
Chlorinated
Polyethy-
lene
Butyl
Rubber
Natural
Rubber
Nitrile
Vitron
Poly-
vinyl
Acetate
(PVA)
Malic Acid
A
A
A
C
I
U
I
I
I
I
Methyl Acetate
A
C
C
C
A
A
C
C
I
I
Methanol
A
A
A
C
A
A
A
A
C
U
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
C
U
C
C
C
A
A
U
U
C
Nitric Acid
C
C
A
U
C
C
C
C
A
U
Nitrobenzene
C
C
A
C
C
U
C
C
A
I
Oleic Acid
A
A
A
C
A
A
C
A
A
A
Perchloroethylene
C
U
A
C
C
U
U
A
A
A
Phosphoric Acid
A
A
A
C
A
A
A
A
A
U
Pine Oil
A
A
A
C
A
U
C
A
I
I
Potassium Hydroxide
A
A
A
C
A
A
A
A
C
U
Sodium Hydroxide
A
C
A
C
A
C
A
A
C
U
Sulfuric Acid
C
C
A
U
C
C
C
C
C
U
Tannic Acid
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
U
Toluene
C
U
A
A
C
U
C
C
A
A
Trichloroethylene
C
C
A
C
C
U
C
C
A
A
Triethanolamine
A
A
A
C
A
A
A
A
U
A
Turpentine
C
C
A
C
A
U
C
A
A
A
A=Acceptable
U=Unacceptable
C=Conditionally Acceptable
I=Insufficient Data
Source: Ecology and Environment, Inc., 1982, from manufacturers' data.
Notes This table is provided as a guide only. The user is advised to contact the protective clothing manufacturer
regarding the specific applicability and limitations of a material under proposed conditions of use.
-------
Characteristics of the work to be performed;
Location of the hazardous area with respect to safe breathing
zones;
Time period for which respiratory protection will be needed;
Extent of worker's activity in the hazardous area;
Physical characteristics, capabilities, and limitations of
various respirator types; and
Respirator fit and protection factors.
Respirators may be classified as either air-supplied or air-
purifying. Air supplied respirators are required when oxygen levels
are less than 19.5%, and may also be used when toxic gases, vapors,
or particles exceed permissible concentrations. These include self-
contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or air-line respirators. If
the atmosphere is determined to be immediately dangerous to life and
health, the air-supplied respirator must be of the continuous flow
type with escape provisions, or it may be a pressure-demand or
positive-pressure closed-circuit SCBA. Air purifying respirators are
used to remove gaseous or particulate contaminants, and can only be
used when oxygen levels exceed 19.5%. These include simple filter,
chemical cartridge and cannister respirators. Table 6-2 provides
guidelines for respirator selection, and Table 6-3 lists protection
factors which can be achieved under optimum conditions.
6.2 ACTIVITIES IN HAZARDOUS AREAS
In areas of possibly ignitable vapors, no work with ignition
sources can be performed unless the vapor concentrations are moni-
tored. All metal equipment should be properly grounded and bonded,
and use of non-sparking tools and intrinsically safe equipment is
advised. Smoking should be prohibited in these areas.
Work in confined spaces requires:
t Oxygen and vapor monitoring;
Adequate fresh air supplies;
Constant audible and visible communication;
Adequate rescue resources; and
Appropriate training in first aid and cardio-pulmonary resus-
citation (CPR).
6.3 FIRST AID AND MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
A facility should have a medical surveillance program which
ensures that workers are fit to perform their duties, and provides
continual follow-up to monitor effects of potential exposures.
6-5
-------
Table 6-2
SELECTION OF RESPIRATORS
Hazard
Respirator (see note)
Oygen deficiency, immediately
dangerous to life and health.
Oxygen deficiency, not immediately
dangerous to life and health.
Gas and vapor contaminants immedi-
ately dangerous to life and health.
Gas and vapor contaminants not
immediately dangerous to life and
health.
Particulate contaminants immediately
dangerous to life and health.
Particulate contaminants not im-
mediately dangerous to life and
health.
Combination gas, vapor, and par-
ticulate contaminants immediately
dangerous to life and health.
Combination gas, vapor, and
particulate contaminants not
immediately dangerous to life and
health.
Air-line, continuous-flow, pressure-demand type
with escape provisions. Air-line, continuous-
flow helmet, hood, or suit, with escape pro-
visions. Self-contained breathing apparatus
(pressure-demand tyoe, or positive-pressure,
closed-circuit type;.
Self-contained breathing apparatus. Hose mask
with blower. Combination air-line respirator
with auxiliary self-contained air supply.
Self-contained breathing apparatus (pressure-
demand-type, open-circuit, or positive-pressure
closed circuit;.
Powered air-purifying, full facepiece respirator
with chemical cannister (if escape provisions
are provided). Self-rescue mouthpiece respira-
tor (for escape only). Combination air-line
respirator with auxiliary self-contained air
supply.
Air-line respirator.
Hose mask with or without blower.
Air-purifying respirator with chemical car-
tridge.
Self-contained breathing apparatus (pressure-
demand-type open-circuit, or positive-pressure,
closed-circuit).
Air-purifying, full facepiece respirator with
appropriate filter (if escape provisions are
provided).
Combination air-line respirator with auxiliary
self-contained air supply.
Air-purifying, respirator with particulate filter
pad or cartridge.
Air-line respirator.
Air-line, continuous flow helmet, hood or suit.
Hose mask with or without blower.
Self-contained breathing apparatus (pressure-
demand-type open-circuit, or positive-pressure,
closed-circuit).
Air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with
chemical cannister and appropriate filter (if
escape provisions are provided).
Combination air-line respirator with auxiliary
self-contained air supply.
Air-line respirator.
Hose mask with or without blower.
Air-purifying respirator with chemical cartridge
and appropriate filter.
Notes For the purpose of this table, "immediately dangerous to life and health" is
defined as any atmosphere that poses an immediate hazard to life, or produces
immediate, irreversible debilitating effects on health. Consult ANSI Z88.2-1980
for further definition and clarification of respirator selection criteria.
Source: 29 CFR 1926.103 and ANSI Z88.2 - 1980.
6-6
-------
Table 6-3
OPTIMAL RESPIRATORY PROTECTION FACTORS
Type Respirator Protection Factor
I. Air purifying:
A. Particulate removing
Single-use, dust 5
Quarter mask, dust 5
Half mask, dust 10
Half or quarter mask, high efficiency 10
Half or quarter mask, fume 10
Full facepiece, high efficiency 50
Powered, high efficiency, all enclosures 1,000
Powered, dust or fume, all enclosures
B. Gas and vapor removing 10
Half mask 50
Full facepiece
II. Atmosphere supplying:
A. Supplied air
Demand, half mask 10
Demand, full facepiece 50
Hose mask without blower, full facepiece 50
Pressure demand, half mask 1,000
Pressure demand, full facepiece 2,000
Hose mask with blower, full facepiece 50
Continuous flow, half mask 1,000
Continuous flow, full facepiece 2,000
Continuous flow, hood, helmet, or suit 2,000
B. Self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
Open circuit, demand, full facepiece 50
Open circuit, pressure demand full facepiece 10,000
Closed circuit, oxygen tank-type, full facepiece 50
Source: Clayton and Clayton, 1978.
6-7
-------
Although the program should be directed by a physician, it should be
administered on a daily basis by the Facility Safety Coordinator.
This person should:
Maintain on-going first aid and safety training;
Provide technical expertise in health and safety matters;
Oversee compliance with health and safety standards; and
Prepare and review all job-related safety plans.
Facility safety plans should be developed for major and routine
maintenance procedures. The plans should include:
First aid procedures for the expected hazards;
Addresses and directions to emergency facilities;
Medical limitations of personnel performing the work; and
Identification of personnel duties and responsibilities,
especially in an emergency.
6-8
-------
SUGGESTED EXERCISES
1. Identify three methods to control health and safety hazards.
2. Name four organizations.which promote standards for occupational
health and safety.
3. Hazardous materials facility workers require protection primarily
against what two types of exposures?
4. Identify protective clothing materials which may be effective
against exposure to:
o Acetone,
o Sulfuric acid,
o Methyl ethyl ketone,
o Kerosene, and
o Benzene.
5. Name seven factors which must be considered in selecting respira-
tory protection.
6. What types of respiratory protection are suitable for the fol-
lowing atmospheres:
Oxygen-deficient, immediately dangerous to life and health; or
Combination gas, vapor, and particulate contaminants, not
immediately dangerous to life and health.
7. Rank the following types of respirators in order of respiratory
protection provided (most to least):
Powered air-purifying device,
Quarter-face dust mask,
Full facepiece air-purifying mask,
Open-circuit, pressure-demand, full facepiece SCBA, and
t Continuous-flow helmet respirator.
8. Identify five precautions which must be taken for work in haz-
ardous areas.
9. Discuss the necessary elements of facility safety plans.
6-9
-------
SECTION 7
SPILL CONTROL AND PREVENTION
To maximize a response team's effectiveness, and to minimize
spill consequences, contingency plans for emergencies should be devel-
oped and available prior to occurrence of an emergency. Plans should
be developed to address spills on land, water, or releases into the
air. In conjunction with contingency planning, the team should be
thoroughly trained in response procedures applicable to the specific
facility. Ideally, a training manual such as this should be developed
for the facility, and it should be read and understood by each team
member as part of the emergency response training program.
7.1 LAND SPILLS
Land spills require prompt action to prevent migration of product
to surface or groundwater. Containment measures may include:
Sorbent materials;
Anti-wetting agents;
Gelling agents;
Imbiber beads;
Containment dikes; or
Interceptor trenches.
Figures 7-1 and 7-2 illustrate methods for removing contaminants from
groundwater.
Removal techniques will vary with the types material spilled and
the type of surface. These techniques include:
Vacuum collection;
Excavation;
In-situ neutralization;
Microbiological agents; or
On-site treatment.
Materials from hazardous materials spills must be disposed of in
accordance with applicable hazardous waste regulations.
7.2 SURFACE WATER SPILLS
Containment of surface water spills can be achieved through
proper selection and deployment of the following types of containment
equipment:
7-1
-------
SOURCE: Texas A&M, 1978
Figure 7-1 CROSS-SECTION OF INTERCEPTOR TRENCH CONTAINMENT
AND COLLECTION SYSTEM FOR FLOATING CONTAMINANTS
7-2
-------
SOURCE: Texas ASM, 1978
Figure 7-2 SCHEMATIC OF DEEP GROUNDWATER RECOVERY WELL FOR
FLOATING CONTAMINANTS
7-3
-------
Dams;
Natural debris;
Filter fences;
Sorbent materials;
Skirted booms;
Sorberit booms; or
Aeration techniques.
Figures 7-3-through 7-5 illustrate methods of spill containment.
Removal of spilled product should be begun as quickly as possible.
Removal techniques include:
Gravity skimmers;
Suction skimmers;
t Vacuum collection;
Adhesion equipment;
Advancing weirs;
Sorbents;
t Dredges; and
t Filter fences.
Figures 7-6 through 7-11 illustrate various spill removal techniques.
Properties of various sorbent materials are summarized in Table 7-1.
Chemical and biological agents (burning agents, sinking agents,
dispersants, collecting agents, and biological cultures) are available
for spill control, although physical removal methods are usually pre-
ferable. Authorization for use of chemical and biological agents must
be obtained from the appropriate regulatory agency prior to applica-
tion. Appropriate countermeasures for spills of more than 200 chemi-
cals on land or water are summarized in Appendix D.
7.3 ATMOSPHERIC RELEASES
Initial response to a gas or vapor discharge should be directed
toward eliminating the source of the discharge. Personnel should wear
appropriate protective equipment, and should have available a variety
of plugs and patches of various sizes to stop the leaks. Depending
upon wind conditions, atmospheric stability, and the nature of the
chemical released, the area may have to be evacuated until the dis-
charge is under control.
If the source cannot be stopped, measures must be taken to con-
trol the release. These include:
Water sprays;
Firefighting foams;
Diversion vents;
Trench vents; or
Emergency encapsulation (containment structures).
Normal atmospheric dispersion must be relied upon for returning air
to safe levels. Blower fans may be used to assist dispersion. Where
possible, vapors can be routed to treatment systems of such types as
carbon adsorbtion or thermal oxidation.
7-4
-------
SOURCE: Texas ASM, 1978
Figure 7-3 CROSS-SECTION OF A TYPICAL BOOM,
SHOWING MAJOR PARTS
7-5
-------
FLOAT WATER SURFACE
SOURCE: Texas A&M, 1978
Figure 7-4 SCHEMATIC OF TYPICAL BOOM ANCHORING SYSTEM
7-6
-------
SPILLED MATERIAL
SOURCE: Texas A&M, 1978
Figure 7-5 SCHEMATIC OF TYPICAL UNDERFLOW DAM
7-7
-------
SOURCE: Texas A&M, 1978
Figure 7-6 CROSS-SECTION OF TYPICAL FLOATING WEIR SKIMMING UNIT,
7-8
-------
SUCTION HOSE TO SEPARATOR
WATER SURFACE
CONTAMINANT'
INTAKE
SOURCE: Texas A&M, 1978
Figure 7-7 ILLUSTRATION OF FLOATING SUCTION SKIMMING UNIT
7-9
-------
SOURCE: Texas A&M. 1978
Figure 7-8 CROSS-SECTION OF TYPICAL OLEOPHILIC DRUM SKIMMER
7-10
-------
ROTATING BELT
SURFACE
CONTAMINANT
ฆ**** " "'N v,
COLLECTION WELL
M ฆซ ..I I '!)..
tv'
SOURCE: Texas A&M, 1978
Figure 7-9 SCHEMATIC OF INCLINED PLANE BELT SKIMMER
7-11
-------
SOURCE: Texas ASM, 1978
Figure 7-10 SCHEMATIC OF OLEOPHILIC BELT SKIMMER.
7-12
-------
SQUEEGEE
ROLLERS
SOURCE: Texas ASM, 1978
Figure 7-11 SCHEMATIC OF OLEOPHILIC ROPE
SKIMMER
'-13
-------
Table 7-1
PROPERTIES OF SORBENT MATERIAL
Type
Advantages
Disadvantages
Natural
Sorbents
Non-toxic, biodegradeable
Soak up both organics and Mater;
will sink when saturated
Recovery or large amounts of aorbent
is a labor-intensive operation
Trapped product may drain off
sorbent material
Inorganic or
Mineral-Based
Sorbents
Relatively inexpensive
Synthetic Exceptionally high recov-
Sorbents ery efficiences
Some materials can be re-
used after oil removal
Very light materials; difficult to
distribute when windy
Non-b iodegr adab le
Dust may cause respiratory
irritations
Can be abrasive to recovery
equipment
Expensive
Non-biodegradeable
Easily spread
Example
Capacity
Peat moss
Straw
Milled corn cobs
Wood cellulose fiber
In general, absorb 3 to 6
times their weight
Milled cottonseed
fiber
Perlite
Vermiculite
Volcanic ash
In general, absorb 4 to 8
times their weight
Polyurethane
Urea formaldehyde
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Varieble, but higher than non-
synthetic solvents, typically
about 20 to 2-5 times their own
weight
-------
Table 7-1 (Cont.)
Type Advantages Disadvantages Example Capacity
Easily recovered
Available in many forms
(e.g., rolls, sheets, booms)
Synthetic
Foam
Sorbents
Most efficient sorbents
available
Efficiency independent of
viscosity
Can be produced on-site
by mixing two liquids
Saturated slabs may tear during
recovery
Polyurethane foam
Variable, but higher than non-
synthetic solvents, typically
about 20 to 25 times their own
weight
i Source: Handbook for Oil Spill Protection Cleanup Priorities. 1981, Versor, Inc.
-------
7.4 SPILL PREVENTION AND CONTINGENCY PLANNING
All facilities should develop a Spill Prevention Control and
Countermeasure (SPCC) Plan. These plans should include description of
secondary containment, drainage, storage tanks, transfer operations,
maintenance and inspection procedures, security, and personnel train-
ing. The plan should be reviewed and updated at least every three
years.
In conjunction with the SPCC, the facility should also develop an
Emergency Contingency Plan delineating procedures to be taken and out-
lining resources and responsibilities in the event of an uncontrolled
spill or emeregency. The plan should contain a written inventory of
emergency equipment, sources of assistance, and descriptions of emer-
gency procedures, and should be regularly reviewed and amended. Gen-
eral emergency procedures which should be outlined and followed
include:
1. Activate alarms or other communication system to alert facil-
ity personnel;
2. Organize the in-house response team or notify the local spill
contractor;
3. Notify appropriate state and local agencies, (which should
already have copies of the contingency plan);
4. Characterize the emergency with respect to the source, the
amount of released material, and the hazards created;
5. If evacuation is warranted, initiate evacuation procedures,
(outside authorities may be needed to assist in evacuation
if it involves surrounding areas);
6. If areas outside the facility are affected, the appropriate
response or enforcement agencies must be notified. These may
include the National Response Center or the local On-Scene
Coordinator;
7. Take all reasonable measures to keep the spill or fire from
spreading;
8. Provide for treating, storing, or disposing of contaminated
soil, water, or other material;
9. As the cleanup nears completion, the appropriate state and
local officials should be notified (if they are not already
on-scene), so that they may determine when normal facility
operation may be resumed.
Formats for emergency plan data are found in Figures 7-12 and
7-13.
7-16
-------
EMERGENCY PHONE NUMBERS
1. In-house Emergency Response Coordinator and Alternates
A. Name: Telephone:
Address:
8. Name: Telephone:
Address:
C. Name: Telephone:
Address:
2. U.S. Coast Guard:
Local Phone:
3. National Response Center: (800) 424-8802
4. EPA On-scene Coordinator:
5. State Emergency Government:
6. Local Emergency Government:
Hospital/Health Treatment: A.
B.
C.
8. Police: A.
B.
C.
9. Sheriff:
10. Fire Oepartment:
11. Spill Clean-up Contractors:
A.
B.
12. Other:
SOURCE:
Ecology and Environment, Inc., 1983.
Figure 7-12 EMERGENCY PHONE NUMBERS FORM
7-17
-------
Facility
EMERGENCY OATA SHEET
Telephone
Address
1. Tank Identification
A. Tank Number
B. Location .
2. Chemical Identification
A. Name .
Synonyms
B. Molecular Formula
C. Molecular Weight
0. Boiling Point
E. Density
F. US OOT Classification
G. US OOT 1.0. Number
CAS 1.0. Number
References:
NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects p.
CRC Handbook of Chemistry p.
49 CFR 100-199
Hazardous Materials Emergency Response Guidebook, US DOT
3. Health Effects
A. Acute
3. Chronic
SOURCE: Ecology and Environment, Inc., 1983.
Figure 7-13 EMERGENCY DATA SHEET FORM
7-18
-------
C. Toxicity -
0. Route of Exposure
Eye Ingestion
Lung Skin
E. First Aid
F. Medical Monitoring
References:
Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, NIOSH/OSHA
ACGIH TLV Handbook, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials,
Sax.
4. Fire Protection
A. Prevention Technique
B. Extinguishing Agents
C. Combustion Products
References:
Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials, NFPA
Hazardous Materials, US DOT
5. Hazardous Properties
A. Major Chemical Incompatibilities
References:
CHRIS, Condensed Guide to Chemical Hazards, USCG
Merck Index
SOURCE:
Ecology and Environment, Inc., 1983.
Figure 7-13 EMERGENCY DATA SHEET FORM (Cont.)
7-19
-------
6. Methods of Storage
A. Primary
8. Second Containment .
C. Storage Hazards
References:
Fire Protection Suide on Hazardous Materials, NFPA
7. Environmental Protection
A. For Material in Fire:
B. For Material not in Fire:
References:
CHRIS, Condensed Guide to Chemical Hazards, USCG
Hazardous Materials, Emergency Response Guidebook
F1re Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials, NFPA
Chemtrec, (800) 424-9300
8. Personal Protection
SOURCE: Ecology and Environment, Inc., 1983.
Figure 7-13 EMERGENCY DATA SHEET FORM (Cont.)
7-20
-------
References:
Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials, NFPA
CHRIS, Condensed Guide to Chemical Hazards, USCG
Hazardous Materials Emergency Response Guidebook, US OOT
Bests' Safety Directory
9. Other Information
SOURCE:
Ecology and Environment, Inc., 1983.
Figure 7-13 EMERGENCY DATA SHEET FORM (Cont.)
7-21
-------
SUGGESTED EXERCISES
1. Identify four methods to contain releases of spilled materials on
land, surface water, and air, respectively.
2. How must materials used in spill cleanup be disposed?
3. Identify appropriate spill countermeasures for the following chem-
icals:
Arsenic trioxide,
Pentachlorophenol,
Vinyl acetate,
Parathion,
Calcium hydroxide, and
Hydrochloric acid.
4. What factor may influence evacuation due to an atmospheric
release?
5. Describe the elements of an SPCC plan.
6. Describe emergency procedures which should be incorporated into a
facility Emergency Contingency Plan.
7. Complete Figure 7-12 (emergency phone numbers) for this facility.
8. Complete Figure 7-13 (emergency data sheet) for each of three
materials stored at this facility.
7-22
-------
APPENDIX A
LIST OF CHEMICAL REPRESENTATIVES BY CLASS
A-l
-------
Class 1 Acids, Mineral, Non-Oxidizing
Boric acid*
Oilorosulfonic acid*
Difluorophosphoric acid
Disulfuric acid
Fluoroboric acid
Fluorosulfonic acid
Fluosilicic acid
Hexafluorophosphoric acid
Hydriodic acid*
Hydrobromic acid*
Hydrochloric acid*
Hydrocyanic acid*
Hydrofluoric acid*
Monofluorophosphoric acid
Permonosulfuric acid
Phosphoric acid*
Selenous acid
Class 2 Acids, Mineral, Oxidizing
Brotiiic acid
Chloric acid*
Chromic acid*
Hypochlorous acid
Nitric acid*
Nitrohydrochloric acid
Oleum*
Perbromic acid
Perchloric acid*
Perchlorous acid
Periodic acid
Sulfuric acid*
Sulfur trioxide*
Class 3 Acids, Organic (All Isomers)
Acetic acid*
Acrylic acid
Adipic acid
8enzoic acid*
Butyric acid
Capric acid
Caproic acid
Caprylic acid
Chloromethylphenoxyacetic acid
Cyanoacetic acid
Oichlorophenoxyacetic acid
Endothal
Fluoracetic acid
Formic acid*
Fumaric acid
Glycolic acid
Hydroxydibromobenzoic acid
Lactic acid*
Maleic acid*
Monochloroacetic acid
Oleic acid*
Oxalic acid
Peracetic acid
Phenoxyacetic acid*
Phthalic acid*
Propionic acid
Salycilic acid*
Succinic acid
Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
Trinitrobenzoic aci'd
Toluic acid
Valeric acid
Class 4 Alcohols and Glycols (All Isomers)
Acetone cyanohydrin
Allyl alcohol*
Aminoethanol
Amyl alcohol
Benzyl alcohol
Butanediol
Butyl alcohol
Butyl cellosolve*
Chloroethanol*
Crotyl alcohol
Cyclohexanol*
Cyclopentanol
Oecanol
Diacetone alcohol
Oichloropropanol
Diethanol amine
Diisopropanolamine
Ethanol*
Ethoxyethanol
Ethylene chlorohydrin*
Ethylene cyanohydrin
Ethylene glycol*
Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether*
Glycerin*
Heptanol
Hexanol
Isobutanol
Isopropanol
Mercaptoethanol
Methanol*
Monoethanol amine*
Monoisopropanol amine
Nonanol
Octanol
Propanol
Propylene glycol
'Representative chemical found in compatibility matrices.
A-2
-------
Propylene glycol monomethyl ether
T riethanolamine
Class 5 Aldehydes (All Isomers)
Acetaldehyde*
Acrolein*
Benzaldehyde
Butyraldehyde
Chloral hydrate
Chloracetaldehyde
Crotonaldehyde
Formaldehyde*
Furfural*
Glutaraldehyde
Heptanal
Hexanal
Nonanal
Octanal
Propionaldehyde
Tolualdehyde
Urea formaldehyde
Valeraldehyde
Class 6 Amides (All Isomers)
Acetamide*
Benzadox
Bromobenzoyl acetanilide
Butyramide
Carbetamide
Diethylamide*
Diethyltoluamide
Dimethy1formamide*
Dime fox
Diphenamide
Fluroacetanilide
Formamide
Propionamide
Schradan
Tris-O-aziridinyl) phosphine oxide
Wepsyn* 155
Valerainide
Class 7 Amines, Aliphatic and Aromatic
(All Isomers)
Aminodiphenyl
Aminoethanol*
Aminoethanolamine
Aminophenol
Aminopropionitrile
Amy 1 amine
Aminothiazole
Aniline*
Benzidine
Benzylamine
Butylamine
Chlorotoluidine
Crimidine
Cupriethylenediamine
Cyclohexylamine
Diamine*
Dichlorobenzidine
Diethanolamine
Diethylamine*
Diethylenetriamine
Diisopropanolamine
Dimethy1amine
Dimethylaminoazobenzene
Diphenylamine
Diphenylamine chloroarsine
Dipicrylamine
Dipropylamine
Ethylamine
Ethylenendiamine*
Ehtyleneimine
Hexamethylenediamine
Hexamethylenetetraamine
Hexylamine
Isopropylamine
Methylamina*
N-Methyl aniline
4,4-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)
Methyl ethyl pyridine
Monoethanolamine*
Monoisopropanolamine
Morpholine
Naphthylamine
Nitroaniline*
Nitrogen mustard
Nitrosodimethylamine
Pentylanine
Phenylene diamine
Picramide
Picridine
Piperidine
Propylamine
Propyleneimine
Pyridine*
Tetramethylenediamine
Toluidine
Triethanolamine
Triethylamine
Triethylenetetraamine
Trimethylamine
Tripropylamine
-------
Class 8 Azo Compounds, Dlazo Compounds,
and Hydrazines (All Isomers)
Aluminun tetraazidoborate
Aminothiazole
Azidocarbonyl guanidine
Azido-s-triazole
a.a-Azodiisobutyronitrile
Benzene diazonium chloride
Benzotriazole
t-Butyl azidoFormate
Chloroazodin
Chlorobenzotriazole
Diazodinitrophenol
Diazidaethane
Dimethylamino azobenzene
Dimethyl hydrazine*
Dinitrophenyl hydrazine
Guanyl nitrosoaminoguanylidine hydrazine
Hydrazine*
Hydrazine azide
Methyl hydrazine
Mercaptobenzothiazole
Phenyl hydrazine hydrochloride
Tetrazene
Class 9 Carbamates
Aldicarb
Bassa*
Baygon*
Butacarb
Bux*
Carbaryl
Carbanolate
Oioxacarb
Dowco* 139
Formetanate hydrochloride
Furadan*.
Hopcide*
N-Isopropylmethylcarbamate
Landrin*
Matacil*
Meobal
Mesurol*
Methomyl
Mipcin*
Mobam*
Oxamyl
Pirimicarb
Promecarb
Tranid*
T sumacide*
Class 10 Caustics
Ammonia*
Ammonium hydroxide*
Barium hydroxide
Barium oxide
Beryllium hydroxide
Cadmium amide
Calcium hydroxide*
Calcium oxide*
Lithiun amide
Lithium hydroxide
Potassium aluminate
Potassium butoxide
Potassiun hydroxide
Sodium aluminate
Sodiun amide
Sodium carbonate*
Sodium hydroxide*
Sodium hypochlorite
Sodium methylate
Sodium oxide
Class 11 Cyanides
Cadmium cyanide
Copper cyanide
Cyanogen bromide
Hydrocyanic acid*
Lead cyanide
Mercuric cyanide
Mercuric oxycyanide
Nickel cyanide
Potassium cyanide*
Silver cyanide
Sodiun cyanide*
Zinc cyanide
Class 12 Dithiocarbamates
CDEC
Dithane* M-45
Ferbam
Maneb
Metham
Nab am
Niacide*
Polyram-cobi*
Selenium diethyl dithiocarbamate
Thiram
Zinc salts of dimethyl dithiocarbamic acid
Zineb
Ziram
Group 13 Esters (All Isomers)
Allyl chlorocarbonate
Amyl acetate
Butyl acetate*
Butyl acrylate
A-4
-------
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Butyl formate
Dibutyl phthalate
Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate
Ethyl acetate*
Ethyl butyrate
Ethyl chloroFormate
Ethyl formate
2-Ethyl hexylacrylate
Ethyl propionate
Glycol diacetate
Isobutyl acetate
Isobutyl acrylate
Isodecyl acrylate
Isopropyl acetate
Medinoterb acetate
Methyl acetate
Methyl acrylate
Methyl amyl acetate
Methyl butyrate
Methyl chloroformate
Methyl formate*
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl proprionate
Methyl valerate
Propiolactone*
Propyl acetate
Propyl formate
Vinyl acetate
Dimethyl phthalate*
Class Ethers (All Isomers)
Anisole
Butyl cellosolve*
Bromodimethoxyaniline
Dibutyl ether
Dichloroethyl ether*
Diethyl ether*
Dimethyl ether
Dimethyl formal
Dioxane*
Diphenyl oxide
Ethoxyethanol
Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether*
Furan*
Glycol ether
Isopropyl ether
Methyl butyl ether
Methyl chloromethyl ether
Methyl ethyl ether
Polyglycol ether
Propyl ether
Propylene glycol monomethyl ether
TCDD
Tetrachloropropyl ether
Tetrahydrofuran*
Trinitroanisole
Vinyl ethyl ether
Vinyl isopropyl ether
Class 15 Fluorides, Inorganic
Aluminum fluoride*
Ammonium bifluoride
Ammonium fluoride*
Barium fluoride
Beryllium fluoride
Cadmium fluoride
Calcium fluoride
Cesium fluoride
Chromic fluoride
Fluoroboric acid
Fluosilicic acid*
Fluorosilicic acid*
Hexafluorophosphoric acid
Hydrofluoric acid*
Hydro fluorosilicic acid*
Magnesiun fluoride
Potassium fluoride
Selenium fluoride
Silicon tetrafluoride
Sodinn fluoride
Sulfur pentafluoride
Tellurium hexafluoride
Zinc fluoroborate
Class 16 Hydrocarbons, Aromatic (All
Isomers)
Acenaphthene
Anthracene
Benz-a-pyrene
Benzene*
n-Butyl benzene
Chrysene
Cumene*
Cymene
Decyl benzene
Diethyl benzene
Diphenyl
Diphenyl acetylene
Diphenyl ethane
A-5
-------
Diphenyl ethylene
Diphenyl methane
Dodecyl benzene
Dowtherm
Ourene
Ethyl benzene*
Fluoranthrene
Fluorene
Hemimellitene
Hexamethyl benzene
Indene
Isodurene
Mesitylene
Methyl naphthalene
Naphthalene*
Pentamethyl benzene
Phenanthrene
Phenyl acetylene
Propyl benzene
Pseudocumene
Styrene*
Tetraphenyl ethylene
Toluene*
Stilbene
Triphenylethylene
T riphenylmethane
Xylene*
Claas 17 Haloqenated Orqanics
(All Isomers)
Acetyl bromide
Acetyl chloride
Aldrin*
Allyl bromide
Allyl chloride
Allyl chlorocarbonate
Amyl chloride
Benzal bromide
Benzal chloride
Benzotribromide
Benzotrichloride
Benzyl bromide
Benzyl chloride*
Benzyl chlorocarbonate
Bromoacetylene
Bromobenzyl trifluoride
Bromoform
Bromophenol
Bromopropyne
Bromotrichloromethane
Bromotrifluoromethane
Bromoxynil
Butyl fluoride
Carbon tetrachloride*
Carbon tetrafluoride
Carbon tetraiodide
Chloral hydrate
Chlordane
Chloracetaldehyde
Chloroacetic acid
Chloroacetone*
Chloroacetophenone
Chloroacrylonitrile
Chloranil (tetrachloroquinone)
Chloroazodin
Chlorobenzene*
Chlorobenzotriazole
Chlorobenzoyl peroxide
Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile
Chlorobutyronitrile
Chlorocresol*
Chlorodinitrotoluene
Chloroethanol*
Chloroethylenimime
Chloroform*
Chlorohydrin
Chloromethyl methyl ether
Chloromethyl phenoxyacetic acid
Chloronitroaniline
Chlorophenol
Chlorophenyl isocyanate
Chloropicrin*
Chlorothion
Chlorotoluidine
CMME
Crotyl bromide
Crotyl chloride (1-chloro-2-butene)
D00
DOT
DOVP
Dibromochloropropane
Dichloroacetone*
Dichlorobenzene
Oichlorobenzidine
Dichloroethane
Dichloroethylene
Oichloroethyl ether*
Dichloromethane (methylene dichloride)*
Dichlorophenol
Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid
Dichloropropane
Dichloropropanol
Dichloropropylene
Oieldrin
Diethyl chloro vinyl phosphate
Dichlorophene
Dinitrochlorobenzene
A-S
-------
Endosulfan
Endrin
Epichlorohydrin*
Ethyl chlocoformate
Ethylene chlorohydrin*
Ethylene dibromide
Ethylene dichloride*
Fluoroacetanilide
Freons*
Heptachlor
Hexachlorobenzene
Hydroxydibromobenzoic acid
Isopropyl chloride
a-Isoprapyl methyl phosphoryl fluoride
Lindane
Methyl bromide
Methylchloride*
Methyl chloroform
Methyl chloroformate
Methyl ethyl chloride
Methyl iodide
Monochloroacetone
Nitrochlorobenzene
Nitrogen mustard
Pentachlorophenol*
Perchloroethylene
Perchloromethy lmer capt an
Picryl chloride
Polybrominated biphenyls
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Polychlorinated triphenyls
Propargyl bromide
Propargyl chloride
TCDO
Tetrachloroethane*
T etrachlorophenol
Tetrachloropropyl ether
T richloroethane
Trichloroethylene*
Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
T r ichloropropane
Trifluoroethane
Vinyl chloride
Vinylidene chloride (1,1-dichloroethylene)
Class 18 Isocyanates (All Isomers)
Chlorophenyl isocyanate
Diphenylmethane diisocyanate
Methyl isocyanate
Methylene diisocyanate
Polyphenyl polymethylisocyanate
Toluene diisocyanate*
Class 19 Ketones (All Isomers)
Acetone*
Acetophenone*
Acetyl acetone*
Benzophenone
Bromobenzoyl acetanilide
Chloroacetophenone
Coumafuryl
Coumatetralyl
Cyclohexanone*
Diacetone alcohol
Diacetyl
Oichloroacetone*
Diethyl l
-------
Naphthyl mercaptan
Perchloromethyl mercaptan
Phospholan
Polysulfide polymer
Propyl mercaptan
Sulfur mustard
Tetrasul
Thionazin
Class 21 Metal Compounds, Inorganic
Aluminun fluoride*
Aluminum sulfate*
Anrnoniun arsenate
Ammonium dichromate
Ammonium hexanitrocobaltate
Ammonium molybdate
Ammonium nitridoosmate
Ammonium permanganate
Ammonium tetrachromate
Ammonium tetraperoxychromate
Amnion inn trichromate
Antimony
Antimony nitride
Antimony oxychloride
Antimony pentachloride
Antimony pentafluoride
Antimony pentasulfide
Antimony perchlorate
Antimony potassium tartrate
Antimony sulfate
Antimony tribramide
Antimony trichloride
Antimony triiodide
Antimony trifluoride
Antimony trioxide
Antimony trisulfide
Antimony trivinyl
Arsenic
Arsenic pentaselenide
Arsenic pentoxide
Arsenic pentasulfide
Arsenic sulfide
Arsenic tribromide
Arsenic trichloride
Arsenic trifluoride
Arsenic triiodide
Arsenic trisulfide
Arsines
Barium
Barium azide
Barium carbide
Barium chlorate
Barium chloride
Barium chromate
Barium fluoride
Bariun fluosilicate
Barium hydride
Bariun hydroxide
Barium hypophosphide
Barium iodate
Barium iodide
Barium nitrate
Barium oxide
Barium perchlorate
Barium permanganate
Barium peroxide
Barium phosphate
8arium stearate
Barium sulfide
Bariun sulfite
Beryllium
Beryllium-copper alloy
Beryllium fluoride
Beryllium hydride
Beryllium hydroxide
Beryllium oxide
Beryllium tetradhydroborate
Bismuth
Bismuth chromate
Bismuthic acid
Bismuth nitride
Bismuth pentafluoride
Bismuth pentoxide
Bismuth sulfide
Bismuth tribromide
Bismuth trichloride
Bismuth triiodide
Bismuth trioxide
Borane
Bordeaux arsenites
Boron arsenotribromide
Boron bromodiodide
Boron dibromoiodide
Boron nitride
Boron phosphide
Boron triazide
Boron tribromide
Boron triiodide
Born trisulfide
Boron trichloride
Boron trifluoride
Cacodylic acid
Cadmium
Cadmium acetylide
A-8
-------
Cadmiun amide
Cadmium azide
Cadmiun bromide
Cadmium chlorate
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium cyanide
Cadmiun fluoride
Cadmiun hexamine chlorate
Cadmium hexamine perchlorate
Cadmium iodide
Cadmiun nitrate
Cadmium nitride
Cadmium oxide
Cadmium phosphate
Cadmium sulfide
Cadmium trihydrazine chlorate
Cadmium trihydrazine perchlorate
Calcium arsenate
Calcium arsenite
Chromic acid*
Chromic chloride
Chromic fluoride
Chromic oxide
Chromic sulfate
Chromiun
Chromium sulfide
Chromium trioxide
Chromyl chloride
Cobalt
Cobaltous bromide
Cobaltous chloride
Cobaltous nitrate
Cobaltous sulfate
Cobaltous resinate
Copper
Copper acetoarsenite
Copper acetylide
Copper arsenate
Copper arsenite
Copper chloride
Copper chlorotetrazole
Copper cyanide
Copper nitrate
Copper nitride
Copper sulfate
Copper sulfide
Cupriethylene diamine
Cyanochloropentane
Diethyl zinc
Diisopropyl beryllium
Diphenylamine chloroarsine
Ethyl dichloroarsine
Ethylene chromic oxide
Ferric arsenate
Ferrous arsenate
Hydrogen selenide
Indium
Lead
Lead acetate
Lead arsenate
Lead arsenite
Lead azide
Lead carbonate
Lead chlorite
Lead cyanide
Lead dinitroresordinate
Lead monoinitroresorcinate
Lead nitrate
Lead oxide
Lead styphnate
Lead sulfide
Lewisite
London purple
Magnesium arsenate
Magnesium arsenite
Manganese
Manganese acetate
Manganese arsenate
Manganese bromide
Manganese chloride
Manganese methylcyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl
Manganese nitrate
Manganese sulfide
Mercuric acetate
Mercuric ammonium chloride
Mercuric benzoate
Mercuric bromide
Mercuric chloride
Mercuric cyanide
Mercuric iodide
Mercuric nitrate
Mercuric oleate
Mercuric oxide
Mercuric oxycyanide
Mercuric potassium iodide
Mercuric salicylate
Mercuric subsulfate
Mercuric sulfate
Mercuric sulfide
Mercuric thiocyanide
Mercurol
Mercurous bromide
Mercurous gluconate
Mercurous iodide
A-9
-------
Mercurous nitrate
Mercurous oxide
Mercurous sulfate
Mercury
Mercury fulminate
Methoxyethylmercuric chloride
Methyl dichloroarsine
Molybdenum
Molybdenum sulfide
Molybdenum trioxide
Molybdic acid
Nickel
Nickel acetate
Nickel antimonide
Nickel arsenate
Nickel arsenite
Nickel carbonyl
Nickel chloride
Nickel cyanide
Nickel nitrate
Nickel selenide
Nickel subsulfide
Nickel sulfate
Osmium
Osmium amine nitrate
Osmium amine perchlorate
Phenyl dichloroarsine
Potassium arsenate
Potassiun arsenite
Potassium dichromate
Potassium permanganate
Selenium
Selenium fluoride
Selenium diethyl dithiocarbamate
Selenous acid
Silver acetylide
Silver azide
Silver cyanide
Silver nitrate*
Silver nitride
Silver styphnate
Silver sulfide
Silver tetrazene
Sodium arsenate
Sodium arsenite
Sodium cacodylate
Sodium chromate
Sodium dichromate
Sodium molybdate
Sodium permanganate
Sodium selenate
Stannic chloride
Stannic sulfide
Strontium arsenate
Strontium monosulfide
Strontium nitrate
Strontium peroxide
Strontiun tetrasulfide
Tellurium hexafluoride
Tetraethyl lead*
Tetramethyl lead
Tetraselenium tetranitride
Thallium
Thalliun nitride
Thallium sulfide
Thallous sulfate
Thorium
Titanium
Titanium sulfate
Titanium sesquisulfide
Titanium tetrachloride
Titanium sulfide
Tricadmium dinitride
Tricesium nitride
Triethyl arsine
Triethyl bismuthine
Triethyl stibine
Trilead dinitride
Trimercury dinitride
Trimethyl arsine
Trimethyl bismuthine
Trimethyl stibine
Tripropyl stibine
Trisilyl arsine
Trithorium tetranitride
Trivinyl stibine
Tungstic acid
Uranium sulfide
Uranyl nitrate
Vanadic acid anhydride
Vanadium oxytrichloride
Vanadium tetroxide
Vanadium trichloride
Vanadyl sulfate
Zinc
Zinc acetylide
Zinc ammonium nitrate
Zinc arsenate
Zinc arsenite
Zinc chloride*
Zinc cyanide
Zinc fluoborate
A-1Q
-------
Zinc nitrate
Zinc permanganate
Zinc peroxide
Zinc phosphide
Zinc salts of dimethyldithio carbamic acid
Zinc sulfate
Zinc sulfide
Zirconium
Zirconium chloride
Zirconiun picramate
Class 22 Nitrides
Phenyl acetonitrile
Phenyl valerylnitrile
Propionitrile
Surecide*
Tetramethyl succinonitrile
Tranid*
Vinyl cyanide
Class 24 Nitro Compounds (All Isomers)
Acetyl nitrate
Chlorodinitroluene
Chloronitroaniline
Chloropicrin
Collodion
Diazodinitrophenol
Diethylene glycol dinitrate
Dinitrobenzene
Dinitrochlorobenzene
Oinitrocresol
Oinitrophenol
Dinitrophenyl hydrazine
Dinitrotoluene
Dinoseb
Dipentaerythritol hexanitrate
Dipicryl amine
Ethyl nitrate
Ethyl nitrite
Glycol dinitrate
Glycol monolactate trinitrate
Guanidine nitrate
Lead dinitroresorcinate
Lead mononitroresorcinate
Lead styphnate
Mannitol hexanitrate
Medinoterb acetate
Nitroaniline*
Nitrobenzene*
Nitrobiphenyl
Nitrocellulose
Nitrochlorobenzene
Nitroglycerin
Nitrophenol*
Nitropropane*
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
Nitrosoguanidine
Nitrostarch
Nitrotoluene*
Nitroxylene
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate
Pier amide
Picric acid*
Picryl chloride
Antimony nitride
Bismuth nitride
Boron nitride
Copper nitride
Disulfur dinitride
Lithium nitride
Potassium nitride
Silver nitride
Sodium nitride
Tetraselenium tetranitride
Tetrasulfur tetranitride
Thallium nitride
Tricadmium dinitride
Tricalcium dinitride
Tricesiun nitride
Trilead dinitride
Trimercury dinitride
Trithorium tetranitride
Class 23 Nitriles (All Isomers)
Acetone cyanohydrin
Acetonitrile*
Acrylonitrile*
Adiponitrile
Aminopropionitrile
Amyl cyanide
a,a'-Azodiisobutyronitrile
Benzonitrile
Bromoxynil
Butyronitrile
Chloroacrylonitrile
Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile
Chlorobutyronitrile
Cyanoacetic acid
Cyanochloropentane
Cyanogen
Ethylene cyanohydrin
Glycolonitrile
A-11
-------
Polyvinyl nitrate
Potassium dinitrobenzfuroxan
ROX
Silver styphnate
Sodium picramate
Tetranitromethane
Trinitroanisole
Trinitrobenzene
Trinitrobenzoic acid
Trinitronaphthalene
Trinitroresorcinol
Trinitrotoluene
Urea nitrate
Class 25 Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic,
Unsaturated (All Isomers)
Acetylene
A1lene
Amylene
Butadiene*
Butene
Cyclopentene
Decene
Dicyclopent ad iene
Diisobutylene
Dimethyl acetylene
Dimethyl butyne
Dipent ene
Dodecene
Ethyl acetylene
Ethylene
Heptene
Hexene
Hexyne
Isobutylene
Isooctene
Isoprene*
Isopropyl acetylene
Methyl acetylene
Mปthyl butene
Methyl butyne
Methyl styrene
Nonene
Octadecyne
Oct ene
Pentene
Pentyne
Polybutene
Polypropylene
Propylene
Styrene*
Tetradecene
Tridecene
Undecene
Vinyl toluene
Class 26 Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic, Saturated
Butane*
Cyclohept ane
Cyclohexane*
Cyclopentane
Cyclopropane
Decalin
Decane
Ethane
Heptane
Hexane
Isobutane
Isohexane
Isooctane
Isopentane
Kfethane
Methyl cyclohexane
Neohexane
Nonane
Octane
Pentane
Propane
Class 27 Peroxides and Hydroperoxides,
Organic (All Isomers)!
Acetyl benzoyl peroxide
Acetyl peroxide
Benzoyl peroxide*
Butyl hydroperoxide
Butyl peroxide
Butyl peroxyacetate
Butyl peroxybenzoate
Butyl peroxypivalate
Caprylyl peroxide
Chlorobenzoyl peroxide
Cumene hydroperoxide
Cyclohexanone peroxide
Dicumyl peroxide
Diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide
Diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate
Dimethylhexane dihydroperoxide
Hydrogen peroxide*
Isopropyl percarbonate
Lauroyl peroxide
Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide
Peracetic acid
Succinic acid peroxide
A-12
-------
Class 28 Phenols, Cresols (All Isomers)
Amino phenol
Bromophenol
Bromoxynil
Carbacrol
Carbolic oil
Catecol
Chlorocresol*
Chlorophenol
Coal tar*
Cresol*
Creosote*
Cyclohexyl phenol
Dichlorophenol
Dinitrocresol
Dinitrophenol
Dinoseb
Eugenol
Guaiacol
Hydroquinone*
Hydroxyacetophenone
Hydroxydiphenol
Hydroxyhydroquinone
Isoeugenol
Naphthol
Nitrophenol*
Nonyl phenol
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol*
o-Phenyl phenol
Phloroglucinol
Picric acid*
Pyrogallol
Resorcinol*
Saligenin
Sodium pentachlorophenate
Sodium phenolsulfonate
T etrachlorophenol
Thymol*
T richlorophenol
Trinitroresorcinol
Class 29 Orqanophosphates, Phospho-
thioates, and Phosphodithioates
Abate*
Azinphos ethyl
Azodrin*
Bidrin*
Bomyl*
Chlorfenvinphos
Chlorothion*
Coroxon*
DO VP
Demeton
Demeton-s-methyl sulfoxid
Diazinon*
Diethyl chlorovinyl phosphate
Dimethyldithiophosphoric acid
Dimefox
Dioxathion
Disulfoton
Dyfonate*
Endothion
EPN
Ethion*
Fensulfothion
Guthion*
Hexaethyl tetraphosphate
Malathion*
Mecarbam
Methyl parathion
Mevinphos
Mocap*
a-lsopropyl methylphosphoryl fluoride
Paraoxon
Parathion*
Phorate
Phosphamidon
Phospholan
Potasan
Prothoate
Shradan
Sulfotepp
Supracide*
Shradan
Sulfotepp
Supracide*
Surecide*
Tetraethyl dithionopyrophosphate
Tetraethyl pyrophosphate
Thionazin
Tris-O-aziridinyl) phosphine oxide
VX
Wepsyn* 155
Class 30 Sulfides, Inorganic
Ammonium sulfide
Antimony pentasulfide
Antimony trisulfide
Arsenic pentasulfide
Arsenic sulfide
Arsenic trisulfide
Barium sulfide
Beryllium sulfide
Bismuth sulfide
A-13
-------
Bismuth trisulfide
Boron trisulfide
Cadmium sulfide
Calcium sulfide
Cerium trisulfide
Cesium sulfide
Chromium sulfide
Copper sulfide
Ferric sulfide
Ferrous sulfide
Germanium sulfide
Gold sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide
Lead sulfide
Lithium sulfide
Magnesium sulfide
Manganese sulfide
Mercuric sulfide
Molybdenun sulfide
Nickel subsulfide
Phosphorous heptasulfide
Phosphorous pentasulfide
Phosphorous sesquisulfide
Phosphorous trisulfide
Potassium sulfide
Silver sulfide
Sodium sulfide
Stannic sulfide
Strontium monosulfide
Strontium tetrasulfide
Thallium sulfide
Titanium sesquisulfide
Titanium sulfide
Uranium sulfide
Zinc sulfide
Class 31 Epoxides
Butyl glycidyl ether
t-Butyl-3-phenyl oxazirane
Cresol glycidyl ether
Diglycidyl ether
Epichlorohydrin*
Epoxybutane
Epoxybutene
Epoxyethylbenzene
Ethylene oxide
Glycidol
Phenyl glycidyl ether
Propylene oxide
Class 32 Combustible and Flammable
Materials, Miscellaneous
Alkyl resins
Asphalt
Bakelite*
Buna-N*
Bunker fule oil
Camphor oil
Carbon, activated, spent
Cellulose
Coal oil
Diesel oil*
Dynes thinner
Gas oil, cracked
Gasoline*
Grease
Isotactic propylene
J-100
Jet oil
Kerosene*
Lacquer thinner
Methyl acetone
Mineral spirits
Naphtha*
Oil of berganot
Orris root
Paper
Petroleum naphtha
Petroleum oil*
Polyamide resin
Polyester resin
Polyethylene
Polymeric oil
Polypropylene
Polystyrene
Polysulfide polymer
Polyurethane
Polyvinyl acetate
Polyvinyl chloride
Refuse
Resins
Sodium polysulfide
Stoddard solvent
Sulfur (elemental)
Synthetic rubber
Tall oil
Tallow
Tar
Turpentine*
Unisolve
Waxes
Wood
A-14
-------
Claaa 33 Explosives
Acetyl azide
Acetyl nitrate
Ammonium azide
Ammonium chlorate
Ammonium hexanitrocobaltate
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium nitrite
Ammonium periodate
Ammonium permanganate
Ammonium picrate
Ammonium tetraperoxychromate
Azidocarbonyl guanidine
Barium azide
Benzene diazonium chloride
Benzotriazole
Benzoyl peroxide*
Bismuth nitride
Boron triazide
Bromine azide
Butanetriol trinitrate
t-Butyl hypochlorite
Cadmium azide
Cadmium haxamine chlorate
Cadmium hexamine perchlorate
Cadmium nitrate
Cadmium nitride
Cadmium trihydrazine chlorate
Calcium nitrate
Cesium azide
Chlorine azide
Chlorine dioxide
Chlorine fluoroxide
Chlorine trioxide
Chloroacetylene
Chloropicrin
Copper acetylide
Cyanuric triazide
Oiazidoethane
Diazodinitrophenol
Diethylene glycol dinitrate
Dipentaerithritol hexanitrate
Dipicryl amine
Disulfur dinitride
Ethyl nitrate
Ethyl nitrite
Fluorine azide
Glycol dinitrate
Glycol monolactate trinitrate
Gold fulminate
Guanyl nitrosaminoguanylidene hydrazine
HMX
Hydrazine azide
Hydrazoic acid
Lead azide
Lead dinitroresorcinate
Lead mononitroresorcinate
Lead styphnate
Mannitol hexanitrate
Mercuric oxycyanide
Mercury fulminate
Nit rocarbonit rate
Nitrocellulose
Nitroglycerin
Nitrosoguanidine
Nitrostarch
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate
Picramide
Picric acid*
Picryl chloride
Polyvinyl nitrate
Potassium dinitrobenzfuroxan
Potassium nitrate
RDX
Silver acetylide
Silver azide
Silver nitride
Silver styphnate
Silver tetrazene
Smokeless powder
Sodium azide
Sodium picramate
Tetranitromethane
Tetraselenium tetranitride
Tetrasulfur tetranitride
Tetrazene
Thallium nitride
Trilead dinitride
Trimercury dinitride
Trinitrobenzene
Trinitrobenzoic acid
T rinitronaphthalene
Trinitroresorcinol
Trinitrotoluene
Urea nitrate
Vinyl azide
Zinc peroxide
Class 34 Polynterizable Compounds
Acrolein
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile*
Butadiene*
n-Butyl acrylate
Ethyl acrylate
Ethylene oxide
Ethylenimine
2-Ethylhexyl acrylate
Isobutyl acrylate
Isoprene
A-15
-------
Methyl acrylate*
Methyl methacrylate
2-Methyl styrene
Propylene oxide
Styrene*
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl chloride
Viyl cyanide
Vinylidene chloride
Vinyl toluene
Class 35 Oxidizing Agents, Strong
Ammoniun chlorate
Ammonium dichromate
Ammoniun nitridoosmate
Ammonium perchlorate
Ammoniun periodate
Ammonium permanganate
Ammonium persulfate
Ammonium tetrachromate
Ammoniun tetraperoxychromate
Ammonium trichromate
Antimony perchlorate
Barium bromate
Bariun chlorate
Barium iodate
Barium nitrate
Barium perchlorate
Barium permanganate
Barium peroxide
Bromic acid
Bromine
Bromine monofluoride
Bromine pentaFluoride
Bromine trifluoride
t-Butyl hypochlorite
Cadmium chlorate
Cadmium nitrate
Calcium bromate
Calcium chlorate
Calcium chlorite
Calcium hypochlorite
Calcium iodate
Calcium nitrate
Calcium perchromate
Calcium permanganate
Calcium peroxide
Chloric acid*
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Chlorine.fluoroxide
Chlorine monofluoride
Chlorine monoxide
Chlorine pentafluoride
Chlorine trifluoride
Chlorine trioxide
Chromic acid*
Chromyl chloride
Cobaltous nitrate
Copper nitrate
Dichloroamine
Dichloroisocyanuric acid
Ethylene chromic oxide
Fluorine
Fluorine monoxide
Guanidine nitrate
Hydrogen peroxide
Iodine pentoxide
Lead chlorite
Lead nitrate
Lithium hypochlorite
Lithium peroxide
Magnesium chlorate
Magnesium nitrate
Magnesium perchlorate
Magnesium peroxide
Manganese nitrate
Mercuric nitrate
Mercurous nitrate
Nickel nitrate
Nitrogen dioxide
Osmiun amine nitrate
Osmium amine perchlorate
Oxygen difluoride
Perchloryl fluoride
Phosphorus oxybromide
Phosphorus oxychloride
Potassium bromate
Potassium dichloroisocyanurate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium nitrate
Potassium perchlorate
Potassium permanganate
Potassium peroxide
Silver nitrate*
Sodium bromate
Sodium carbonate peroxide
Sodium chlorate
Sodium chlorite
Sodium dichloroisocyanurate
Sodium dichromate
Sodiun hypochlorite*
Sodium nitrate
Sodium nitrite
Sodium perchlorate
Sodium permanganate
Sodium peroxide
Strontium nitrate
Strontium peroxide
Sulfur trioxide*
-------
Trichloroisocyanuric acid
Ur.anyl nitrate
Urea nitrate
Zinc ammonium nitrate
Zinc nitrate
Zinc permanganate
Zinc peroxide
Zirconium picramate
Class 36 Reducing Agents, Strong
Aluminum borohydride
Aluminum carbide
Aluminum hydride
Aluminum hypophosphide
Ammoniun hypophosphide
Ammonium sulfide
Antimony pentasulTide
Antimony trisulfide
Arsenic sulfide
Arsenic trisulfide
Arsine
Barium carbide
Barium hydride
Barium hypophosphide
Barium sulfide
Benzyl silane
Benzyl sodium
Beryllium hydride
Beryllium sulfide
Beryllium tetrahydroborate
Bismuth sulfide
Boron arsenotribromide
Boron trisulfide
Bromodiborane
Bromosilane
Butyl dichloroborane
n-8utyl lithiun
Cadmium acetylide
Cadmium sulfide
Calcium
Calcium carbide
Calcium hexammoniate
Calciun hydride
Calcium hypophosphide
Calcium sulfide
Cerium hydride
Cerium trisulfide
Cerous phosphide
Cesium carbide
Cesium hexahydroaluminate
Cesium hydride
Cesium sulfide
Chlorodiborane
Chlorodiisobutyl aluminum
Chlorodimethylamie diborane
Chlorodipropyl borane
Chlorosilane
Chromium sulfide
Copper acetylide
Copper sulfide
Diamine*
Diborane
Diethyl aluminum chloride
Diethyl zinc
Diisopropyl beryllium
Dimethyl magnesium
Ferrous sulfide
Germanium sulfide
Gold acetylide
Gold sulfide
Hexaborane
Hydrazine*
Hydrogen selenide
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydroxyl amine
Lead sulfide
Lithium aluminum hydride
Lithium hydride
Lithium sulfide
Magnesium sulfide
Manganese sulfide
Mercuric sulfide
Methyl aluminum sesquibromide
Methyl aluminum sesquichloride
Methyl magnesiun bromide
Methyl magnesium chloride
Methyl magnesium iodide
Molybdenum sulfide
Nickel subsulfide
Pentaborane
Phosphine
Phosphonium iodide
Phosphorus (red amorphous)
Phosphorus (white or yellow)
Phosphorus heptasulfide
Phosphorus pentasulfide
Phosphorus sesquisulfide
Phosphorus trisulfide
Potassium hydride
Potassium sulfide
Silver acetylide
Silver sulfide
Sodium
Sodium aluminate
Sodiun aluminum hydride
Sodium hydride
Sodium hyposulfite
Sodium sulfide
Stannic sulfide
Strontium raonosulfide
Strontium tetrasulfide
A-17
-------
Tetraborane
Thallium sulfide
Titanium sesquisulfide
Titanium sulfide
Triethyl aluminun
Triethyl stibine
Triisobutyl aluminum
Trimethyl aluminum
Trimethyl stibine
Triwi-butyl borane
Trioctyl aluminun
Uranium sulfide
Zinc acetylide
Zinc sulfide
Class 37 Water and Mixtures
Containing Water
Aqueous solutions and mixtures
Water
Class 38 Water Reactive Substances
Acetic anhydride*
Acetyl bromide
Acetyl chloride
Alkyl aluminun chloride
Allyl tirchlorosilane
Aluminun aninoborohydride
oAluminum borohydride
Aluminum bromide
Aluminun chloride
Aluminum fluoride
Aluminum hydophosphide
Aluminun phosphide
Aluminun tetrahydroborate
Amyl trichlorosilane
Anisoyl chloride
Antimony tribromide
Antimony trichloride
Antimony trifluoride
Antimony triiodide
Antimony trivinyl
Arsenic tribromide
Arsenic trichloride
Arsenic triiodide
Barium
Barium carbide
Barium oxide
Barium sulfide
Benzene phosphorus dichloride
Benzoyl chloride
Benzyl silane
Benzyl sodium
Beryllium hydride
Beryllium tetrahydroborate
Bismuth pentafluoride
Borane
Boron bromodiiodide
I
Boron dibromoiodide
Boron phosphide
Boron tribromide
Boron trichloride;
Boron tri fluoride;
Boron triiodide
Bromine monofluoride
Bromine pentafluoride
Bromine trifluoride
Bromo diethylaluminum
rv-Butyl lithium
n-Butyl trichlorosilane
Cadmium acetylide
Cadmium amide
Calcium
Calciun carbide
Caldium hydride
Calcium oxide
Calciun phosphide
Cesium amide
Cesiun hydride
Cesium phosphide
Chlorine dioxide ;
Chlorine monofluoride
Chlorine pentafluoride
Chlorine trifluoride
Chloroacetyl chloride
Chlorodiisobutyl aluminum
Chlorophenyl isocyanate
Chromyl chloride
Copper acetylide
Cyclohexenyl trichlorosilane
Cyclohexyl trichlorosilane
Decaborane
Diborane
Diethyl aluminun chloride
Diethyl dichlorosilane
Diethyl zinc
Diisopropyl beryllium
Dimethyl dichlorosilane
Dimethyl magnesium
Diphenyl dichlorosilane
Diphenylmethane diisocyanate
Disulfuryl chloride
Dodecyl trichlorosilane
Ethyl dichloroarsine
Ethyl dichlorosilane
Ethyl trichlorosilane
Fluorine
Fluorine monoxide
A-18
-------
Fluorosulfonic acid
Gold acetylide
Hexadecyl trichlorosilane
Hexyl trichlorosilane
Hydrobromic acid*
Iodine monochloride
Lithiun
Lithium aluminum hydride
Lithium amide
Lithium ferroailicon
Lithium hydride
Lithium peroxide
Lithiun silicon
Methyl aluminum sesquibromide
Methyl alumintm sesquichloride
Methyl dichlorosilane
Methylene diisocyanate
Methyl isocyanate
Methyl trichlorosilane
Methyl magnesium bromide
Methyl magnesium chloride
Methyl magnesium iodide
Nickel antimonide
Nonyl tirchlorosilane
Qctadecyl trichlorosilane
Octyl trichlorosilane
Phenyl trichlorosilane
Phosphonium iodide
Phosphoric anhydride
Phosphorus oxychloride
Phosphorus pentasulfide
Phosphorus trisulFide
Phosphorus (anorphous red)
Phosphorus oxybromide
Phosphorus oxychloride
Phosphorus pentachloride
Phosphorus sesquisulfide
Phosphorus tribromide
Phosphorus trichloride
Polyphenyl polymethyl isocyanate
Potassium
Potassium hydride
Potassium oxide
Potassium peroxide
Propyl trichlorosilane
Pyrosulfuryl chloride
Silicon tetrachloride
Silver acetylide
Sodium
Sodium aluminum hydride
Sodiun amide
Sodium hydride
Sodiun methylate
Sodium oxide
Sodium peroxide
Sodium-potassium alloy
Stannic chloride
Sulfonyl Fluoride
Sulfuric acid (70S)*
Sulfur chloride
SulFur pentafluoride
Sulfur trioxide*
Sulfuryl chloride
Thiocarbonyl chloride
Thionyl chloride
Thiophosphoryl chloride
Titanium tetrachloride
Toluene diisocyanate
Trichlorosilane
Triethyl aluminum
Triisobutyl aluminum
Trimethyl aluminum
Tri-n-butyl aluminum
Tri-n-butyl borane
Trioctyl aluminum
Trichloroborane
Triethyl arsine
Triethyl stibine
Trimethyl arsine
Trimethyl stibine
Tripropyl stibine
Trisilyl arsine
Trivinyl stibine
Vanadium trichloride
Vinyl trichlorosilane
Zinc acetylide
Zinc phosphide
Zinc peroxide
A-19
-------
APPENDIX B
CHEMICAL CLASS COMPATIBILITY MATRIX
B-l
-------
APPENOIX B
anHicAi cuss cqmpaiiouiiv mairix
Cluaa
Nmuber
-J:-
t
~r
IF
ป
ซr
ii
w
Tj~
IT"
ir
u~
TT
Iff*
"TiT
"tt"
ir
~w
aT"
"ft"
li"
If
W
"W>
~JQ~
IT"
IT
IT"
W7
ir
wi
1T~
"wT
Cltenical Class
Jcida, Mineral,
Acids, Mineral, DxIdUiiq
Xciil8| Organic
Alcutioltt and Glycula
Alddliydai
Utile*
Aปiiw>8, Aliphatic ami Arooslic
Aio Cunpotaids, Dlazo Cuapuunds, end Hydrminefl
CarluMulซ8
Cauttl its
Cyanides
OitliiocarbaiMetetf
I t inn s
fluorides, Inorganic
Hydrocarbons, Aroauitic
IbtloQenated Qrtjenics
luocysnsles
Ketones
Hirctiptefu* and Oilier Organic Sulfiea
Hits) Coapuunds, Inorganic
Nitride*
Nitriles
Nitro CooiNHnds, Organic
Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic, Unsaturated
IVdrocarbons, Aliphatic, Saturated
I'eroxides and Hydropsroxidee, Organic
Phenols und Creaols
OryunuplMisfduites, Pttospluilhioates, Phosphodlthioates
Sulfiijau, Inorguiiic
fpoxldes
Cuhbustihls ukI f loanable Materials, Miscellaneous
Explosives
Polyaerizable Compounds
Oxidizing Agents, Strong
Reducing Agents, Strong
Water and Mixtures Containing Molar
Wdtur Raactiva Stiiutmtcaa
"cf.
"a
't
't
fcl
ฃ1
it
'V/
ป
't
"f
*Jil
Igi
'V
Ltll
tr
Baacllvltv Code
1g
V
'CI
10
tt
"m
LCI
Mf,
ฃ1
"t!
I
w
IS
If
H
r
6
CI
cr
c
f
s
u
ซ?';
ซ
Ltl
CTu
ป
w
Ifil
II
"ct,
Tf
ici
Her
W
If
"PI
P
Vil
"c
'V
LECIIIO
Consequences
Host generation
Fire
Innocuous and non-flsMsble gas gsneratioi
Voxic gsa genaration
ttawMfele gas generation
Cxploaion
Violent polymerisation
Solubilization of tonic subatancea
Hay to hazardous but tmfcnom
~S1
LฃI
Cf
m
m\
ซ
Lฃ1
rJC
IS
rซ
W
EXIREMEIV REACI1VEI
00 NOT NIX Willi ANY CHEMICAL Oft HASTE MAfEBIALt
CXTREMEtV REACIIVEI
1 HZ 3 T* * [ ~ * * 10 1 H 1 U 11 | H t ** | t& | 1T l 1* | 19 t *ฐ1 %X I " f " U1 ** | ** I? j ป| 3ป~| 30 | >1] ปT] I> | ป [ >S | K | |?
Sourcei llutayawo, ซt ul., A Muthud for Determining the Compatibility of Ifarurdoua Moat a. tl.S EPA, I960.
-------
APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL/MATERIALS COMPATIBILITY MATRIX
Sources:
Mel!an, I., Corrosion Resistant Materials Handbook, Noyes Data Cor-
poration, 1976.
Perry, R. and C. Chilton, Chemical Engineer's Handbook, McGraw-Hill,
1973.
Rabald, E., Corrosion Guide, Elsevier Scientific Publishinq Company,
1968.
Shreir, L., Corrosion, Volumes 1 and 2, Newnes Publishinq Company,
1976.
Staniar, W., Plant Engineering Handbook, McGraw-Hill, 1959.
C-l
-------
APPENDIX C
OtCMI CAt/HAIEfl IAL CQXPAIiBIUIV MATRIX
Material
10
40
(A
>s
t
"a
u
V
u.
l>
tt
5
S
2
o
rป
z
c
<.
<
8
I
Mild Steel
3
**
m
0
d
o
(S
10
i
u
ฆH
S
i
3
|A
u
CD
>ซ
u
>ป
o
>ป
B
0
s
OE
i
ft
s
s
K\
ft
4>
r
w
ฆ4 ป
ฃ
e
a
J
-+
ee
g
&
*
o
ฃ
fheaicaft Name
Cheaical
Class
1
5
a
i/i
w
s
u
8
ซ
in
#4
ง
3
Nickel
?
8
X
i*
D O
ฃ 00
ซ*
8
X
CI
1
*ป
8
X
>>
M
&
III
Class
9
i
a.
u
t
>ป
s
CD
8
tm
&
s
u
V)
ป-r
e
a.
1
Wood
Acetaldehyde
5
N
N
N
~
~
~
~
....
~
*
N
Acetunldtf
6
N
N
N
ซ
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
~
N
H
N
N
~
N
N
~
N
N
(m
Acetic acid <
/ ions
3
J
~
~
~
~
~
~
+
C
c
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
*
C
~
~
~
~
C
~
~
N
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
Acetic anhydride
38
-
~
~
~
~
~
c
~
~
~
~
+
~
-
~
~
~
Acitt ute
19
~
*
*
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
*
~
~
--
N
N
Acetophenone
19
~
~
~
~
*
N
~
~
~
~
N
N
H
N
N
~
N
~
~
N
N
N
Auryluuitrile
21, 54
N
N
N
M
N
N
N
H
N
N
N
N
H
-
N
N
N
N
N
N
N-
N
Aldrln
17
N
~
~
N
H
N
N
H
N
N
N
N
N
~
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
II
M
N
N
Ally alcuhol
4
N
N
N
N
H
N
~
H
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
~
C
N
N
N
N
N
N
LCCCND
~ s Ceiusrally suitable
C s Conditionally suitable
s (ieiitra!ly unsuitable
N s Insufficient data
-------
Material
to
ซ>
a
X
a
>ป
3
u
"2
u.
)
V
5
&
o
r~
c
s
<
i
<
**
8
i
ป
a
in
m
st
o
N
8
TO
S
2
o
m
u
o
g
H
ซ
ฃ
u
i
2!
ซ
s
Cn
~D
-H
X
2
NO
n
8t
&
h
c
i
*0
o
*4
o
0
1
8
U
ฆH
5
ae
g
>ป
ฃ
Riemical Name
Cheaicel
Glass
ii
ft
ftl
ft
c
2
Cast 1
8
-H
V)
ง
<
Si
u
*ซ
z
*5
1
jjo
ฃ8
0
*ป
s
X
ซ
1
ii
8
X
>ป
X
&
Ml
i
c
3
u.
ซ
8
. u
i
2
a.
*
a
ฃ
1
i
u
Siran
S.
o
a.
Cement
1
*
Alunimra fluoride
21
C
N
N
N
C
N
~
~
N
N
N
N
N
~
~
N
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
Aluninta sulfate
21
-
--
C
~
-
~
--
G
C
C
~
Aaitto etlianal
ซ, 7
+
~
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
~
~
~
N
N
~
~
H
N
N
~
N
Auuaoiiia, uq.
10
--
~
~
~
N
N
Auunoniuo fluoride
15
--
~
N
N
N
N
N
+
~
--
N
~
~
~
~
N
Amountua hydroxide
10
~
~
~
~
N
N
"
~ -
H
N
N
~
~
C
~
~
~
~
~
~
N
N
Aniline
7
C
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
C
~
-
~
N
~
N
N
Beer
~
~
~
~
N
~
N
~
N
N
N
N
~
~
~
~
~
N
N
~
H
N
(len?ene
16
~
c
~
~
ป
~
N
Uun/oic acid
3
-
~
~
~
"
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
-
N
Ben/uly peroxide
27, JJ
N
N
*
N
-
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
~
N
N
~
~
N
N
N
N
tieiwyl chloride
17
--
N
~
-
-
~
-
~
~
N
~
~
N
c
~
C
-
~
N
N
-
--
ftoric acid
1
~
~
ฆฅ
~
~
C
~
~
+
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
N
LCCCNO
* s Generally suitable
C s Conditionally suitable
= Generally unsuitable
N s Insufficient data
-------
o
Material
IS
a
t>
M
s
o>
>s
o
ซฆ*
%
ฃ
o
*3
U
o
"i
Ifa
rป
c
c
<
<
8
H
s
IS
ซ
u\
3
K\
I
SI
Cn
o
N
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Hut ttdieiie
25, J4
+
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~
N
N
N
~'
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
H
N
N
N
N
N
Buiune
26
t
~
~
N
N
N
~
N
N
N
N
M
N
N
N
N
-
N
-
-
N
N
~
N
N
Uutyl ocetule
C
-
*
-
-
~
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-
-
N
Calcirn hydroxide
10
~
~
~
~
~
-
C
C
-
~
~
~
t
~
~
N
N
Carbuslde
N
N
~
N
N
N
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
~
~
~
N
N
~
~
N
N
N
N
N
Curbon disulfide
20
~
H
C
~
~
~
~
~
~
H
N
*
H
-
4*
c
~
~
-
-
N
N
Carlton letracbloride
17
-
--
C
~
~
~
c
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
-
r-
~
-
N
N
Carbonic acid
M
~
~
~
N
~
c
~
N
~
~
~
N
~
~
*
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
-
N
Chloric acid
2, 35
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
~
N
N
Chloroairetune
17, 19
--
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
~
N
N
N
N
UCCND
~ s Cetwrully suiluhle
C = Conditionally suitable
-- = Generally unsuitable
N : liiGitlficieiil liuta
-------
0
1
cn
Material
to
10
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Butyl Rut
Neoprent
Ceramic
ฃ
Chemical Name
Chemical
Class
H
X
1
ซ(
&
C
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in
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8
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ฆM
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Wood
Chlorotien/ene
17
~
~
~
~
~
~
*
~
~
~
N
N
N
c
*
~
N
Chioruureeol
17, 28
C
~
~
~
C
~
~
~
~
~
N
N
N
-
-
~
-
~
ซ
~
~
Chloruethanol
4. "
~
~
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
H
~
~
~
N
--
~
N
N
N
. N
N
Chloroform (dry)
17
~
~
~
*
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
c
~
~
-
+
-
-
N
N
Chloruuiilftmic acid
1
__
N
C
ป
-
~
c
+
*
*
~
~
~
-
--
+
-
*
-
N
N
N
N
N
( 2ป
Qirunic acid <
/ am
2, 21, >S
2. 21, ป
~
C
*
~
~
N
N
N
N
~
~
N
N
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
G
C
-
N
N
Creottut e
28
~
+
*
c
N
N
c
N
C
N
H
N
N
N
N
~
-
N
~
N
N
N
ฆ
N
Cresol
26
+
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
N
H
N
N
N
~
~
N
H
-
ป
N
Cuneiw
U
N
N
~
N
N
~
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
M
N
Cycluliexane
26
C
N
N
~
*
N
~
N
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
~
~
--
M
N
-
N
N
Cyc lot lexui tone
19
"
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
~
ivN
N
N
N
N
UCCNO
* = Generally uoituhte
C s Cnmtit UhiuIly suitable
z Generally misuiluhle
N = Insufficient duU
-------
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Material
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Chemical Name
Chemical
Class
n
ฆH
r
II
ft
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H
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Cement
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Cyclohexanol
4
N
H
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
~
H
~
H
N
N
~
N
N
Diamine
a, 3&
-
*
N
N
N
N
+
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Oichloroaceluite
17, 19
N
N
H
H
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Dichloroethyl ether
14, 17
N
N
N
H
H
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Dichloromethane
17
~
N
C
N
H
H
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
+
N
-
N
N
N
N
N
Diesel oil
32
+
*
+
*
~
~
+
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
H
Diethylamide
6
N
N
N
N
N
N
H
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
H
Diethylamide
7
C
~
+
~
N
~
C
~
~
~
M
N
N
N
N
~
N
t
*
~
N
N
N
N
Dimethylformaiaide
6
N
N
H
N
N
N
~
H
N
N
N
N
N
-
-
N
N
~
-
N
N
N
N
N
Dimethyl hydrazine
a
N
N
H
N
N
N
~
H
N
N
H
N
N
N
N
N
N
-
N
H
N
N
N
N
N
Dimethyl ketuiie
19
+
+
+
N
N
N
~
H
N
N
H
N
N
~
~
~
N
~
N
H
N
N
N
Dimethyl phthalat'e
13
N
H
N
N
N
N
~
H
N
N
N
N
H
N
N
N
N
N
~
--
N
H
ป
N
N
Dioxaiuj
14
~
~
N
N
N
N
C
H
N
N
H
N
H
N
N
~
H
N
N
N
Epichloruhydrifi
17, 31
~
~
N
N
N
~
H
N
N
H
N
H
~
~
+
H
N
H
N
N
N
tthdiiul (water free)
4
ฆ*
+
~
~
~
~
~
+
ฅ
~
H
~
N
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
N
N
N
LtGCND
~ - Generally suitable
C = Conditionally suitubla
s Ccuoruliy unsuitable
N s Utuuffieieut data
-------
Material
*
>ป
3
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1ป
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5
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5
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Cheaical Name
Qieaical
Claaa
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M
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Ceramic
&
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5
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Cement
Wood
Ethyl acetate
C
~
--
~
Ethyl benzene
16
N
N
~
N
N
N
~
N
N
N
H
N
N
~
~
N
N
N
N
N
ethylene chloruhydrin
4. 17
+
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
N
-
~
~
~
--
-
N
~ .
Ethylene diamine
7
H
N
~
N
N
N
C
N
N
N
N
H
N
N
N
M
N
~
~
N
N
N
N
H
Ethylene dichioride
17
~
~
~
~
H
~
C
~
~
C
~
H
N
~
C
~
-
--
-
~
-
~
N
H
Ethylene Qlycul
4
C
~
~
~
C
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
' ~
~
C
N
~
fthylene glycol
oonobutyl ether
4, 14, 17
N
~
~
H
N
~
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
~
~
N
~
~
"
N
N
N
N
N
Ethyl ether
14
C
N
C
N
N
H
c
N
N
N
N
N
N
-
ฆ -
H
N
N
-
N
N
Ethyl mercaptan
20
-
H
~
N
N
H
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
-
-
H
N
-
-
N
N
N
N
N
Tatty acid*
~
ซ
*
-
' *
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
C
~
~
ป
~
ป
C
~
Fluusilicic ucid
1. IS
N
C
N
N
N
N
~
~
N
G
~
~
N
H
C
N
N
UGtND
t s Generally suitable
C s Conditionally suitable
s Generally unsuitable
N - Insufficient data
-------
0
1
Material
10
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8
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Qtetnical Name
Cheaical
Class
T>
H
X
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8
CJ
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Nickel
*
5
X
Sz
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X
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3
X
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M
S.
;
b
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Glass
I
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PVC
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3
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C
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4
u
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t
1
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3
Mood
furaaldehyde
5
N
C
~
C
*
c
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
N
N
furaic acid
J
--
ป
~
~
-
c
~
~
ซ
~
~
~
*
~
~
C
~
~
~
~
~
~
N
N
Trent ta
17
N
N
N
N
N
c
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
H
-
M
N
M
N
N
furuii
14
~
*
~
N
N
N
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
furCurat
5
N
N
N
N
-
C
~
~
N
N
N
N
Gasoline
32
C
~
~
N
N
Glycerine
4
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
C
~
~
N
N
~
~
~
~
c
~
~
~
N
Hydra/trie
8, 56
-
~
~
~
--
N
~
~
~
~
~
C
~
N
N
N
N
llydr iodic acid
1
N
N
N
N
N
N
-
N
N
N
N
N
H
N
-
N
-
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
llydrobroaic acid
1, 3tt
~
~
N
N
~
N
N
~
C
~
C
+
~
~
~
+
N
lis*
Hydrochloric acid {
( JBS
1
1
fr
H
N
~
~
N
N
N
N
+
~
C
c
~
~
~
~
~
C
C
~
~
~
~
~
~
M
N
N
N
Hydrocyanic acid
(concent ruled)
1. 11
C_
+
~
C
*
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
c
~
~
-
~
~
~
N
N
\ 2US
Hydrofluoric acid {
/ 75%
1. 15
1. 15
~
~
~
~
N
N
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
+
~
G
~
~
~
~
N
N
HydrofluorosUicic acid
15
N
C
~
N
H
N
N
H
N
tt
N
~
N
~
~
~
N
N
N
N
N
LCGCNO
~ s Generally uullable
C s Conditionally ouilulile
s Genefally unsuitable
N s Inuulficient diita
-------
Cheuical Name
Material
u ซ-
Chetoical
Claaa
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8
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5
R
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I
liydroijen peroxide
Hydruquinone
Kerosene
Luetic acid
Ma lath tun
Maleic acid
Helhiiiiul
Hulhyl ocrylate
Methyl auine
Hulhyl chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl (ornate
Methyl isohutyl ketone
27
2a
32
3
29
J
4
13, 34
7
17
19
13
19
C
C ~
~ ~
c
N
~ ~
C
H
H
~
H
H
H
H
H
N
LEGEND
~ : Generally uuitable
C s Conditionally suitable
s Generally uiisuUcihle
N s liibuf ticlent dat a
-------
Material
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Q ten leal Nana
Chemical
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&
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Saran
O
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Ceaent
Mood
Mjtkaethano Iamine
7
~
~
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
~
~
~
N
N
~
~
N
N
N
N
N
Naphtha (coal tar)
32
C
~
N
~
N
N
Naphthalene
16
N
N
N
~
~
N
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
~
N
~
N
N
( ICR
Nitric acid \
2
~
~
~
~
ฆ -
*
~
-
-
N
~
C
~
~
-
~
~
~
-
ซ
/ iom
2
C
C
~
~
C
C
~
~
Nitrubenzene
24
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
C
C
~
C
~
~
N
N
Nitrophenol
24, 20
C
~
~
N
C
N
~
~
~
~
N
N
N
~
~
~
~
N
N
N
N
N
C
~
Nitruprapane
24
~
N
~
N
N
N
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
~
~
~
N
N
N
N
N
Nitrutoloeiw*
24
N
N
N
N
N
~
N
N
~
N
N
~
~
Oleic acid
I
c
~
~
~
C
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
Oleum
2
c
C
c
*
C
N
~
-
-
N
N
~
N
-
~
N
~
N
N
Oxalic ucid
J
-
C
c
~
-
~
c
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
N
Carat hion
29
N
~
~
N
N
N
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
~
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Pent achluruphetiul
17, 28
~
~
~
H
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
H
N
N
N
N
U b( NO
+ s (ieiusrally stiiluhle
C s fundi! itmally suitable
s Generally unsuil able
N s Insufficient data
-------
Dteซical NtMoe
Perchloric acid
Phenol
PlMiaphuric acid
Phthalic acid
Phthalic anhydride
picric ucid
PuiassUn cyanide
Propiolactone
Pyridine
Quinone
itesurciiiul
StK
106*
Chemical
Class
2
28
1
1
3
24, 26, ป
11
1J
7
19
26
Material
ซ
8
o
g
o
o
r*
5
ป
a,
9
X
5
ฃ
B
ฆ5
M
at
in
l/l
K
i
5
3
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<0
u
a
B
H
|
1
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t
a
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0
8
u
i
1fs
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>>
e
>ป
o
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ae
p
u
|
It
s
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in
K\
c
**
8
rt
i
U-'i
ez
ซ>
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o
9
m
*3
t-k
ฃ
S
e
t
ฃ
o
ft
J;
H
0
ซ-
8
H
H
8
ซ
ft
B
go
c ฎ
+*
8
I
s
M
R
C
o
|
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u
>
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|
0
u
0
0
u
0
O
1
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X
(/I
u
1/1
ซC
z
ฃ
ae
2
X
Ui
**
u
A.
a.
CO
z
u
(St
a.
u
~
N
N
N
~
~
C
N
C
N
..
N
N
C
--
*
*
-
ซ
~
~
~
~
~
~
C
~
C
N
~
N
~
~
~
C
~
~
~
~
~
~
-
N
~
~
~
C
N
N
~
N
~
~
~
ฆ --
~
~
N
ซ
N
N
N
c
~
~
~
C
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
N
~
H
~
H
N
~
N
~
. ~
H
N
M
c
~
~
~
C
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
N
~
N
~
H
N
~
N
~
~
N
N
~
+
~
~
~
~
~
~
N
N
~
ซ
-
N
ซ
~
-
~
N
N
~
4
~
~
c
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
+
~
C
H
N
~
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
' N
N
N
N
N
H
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
~
~
-
~
N
~
~
~
N
N
N
N
N
+
N
N
N
N
~
H
~
~
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
~
N
N
N
N
H
N
H
N
N
N
N
N
N
H
N
N
N
UGCND
~ s fcnerally suitable
C = Conditionally auituble
s Generally ijiutuitable
N : Insufficient data
-------
Material
M
(0
ฃ
fi.
3
U
*s
. u.
8
8
o
8
o
o
rป
1
2
t.
ซe
KV
s
a
in
M
ui
o
N
j
s
e
5
u
u
A
u
o
8
1
1
H
J
u
|
!
3
tt
8
i
u
a
ง
ฃ
ป
O
>ป
a
>*
o
8
ป
M
|
3
1
2!
o.
i
&
|
t
TJ
Cheaical Nuue
Class
ฃ
a
a
M
8
H
3
G
-ซ4
5
So
e co
|
1
s
g
u
a
8
1
y
*
f
u
C
jj
I
X
Ifl
<_i
in
ซc
X
X
X
X
ฃ
Ul
b.
u
ฃ
a.
a
Jf
M
ฃ
u
Salycilic acid
3
c
~
~
~
c
~
C
~
~
~
N
H
N
~
~
~
~
~
C
~
~
N
~
Silver nitrate
21, 35
ซฆ
~
~
~
~
-
N
N
Soup solutions
c
c
C
~
c
~
c
~
C
~
~
~
~
~
*
~
~
~
~
~
N
~
N
N
Soillin carbonate
10
~
~
*
~
~
~
-
~
~
~
~
~
~
*
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
C
N
Sudliu chloride
~
c
c
*
c
~
G
~
~
C
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
SuJitnt cyanide
11
~
+
~
~
~
~
-
--
-
N
N
N
+
ฅ
C
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
Sodiua hydroxide
10
~
~
~
~
~
-
-
~
~
~
~
N
~
~
~
c
~
~
~
~
~
~
N
Sodium hypochlorite
10, 35
c
-
*
-
C
c
c
~
--
c
-
~
~
~
~
~
~
N
N
Styrene
16, 25, 34
N
N
c
N
N
N
~
N
H
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
Sulfuric acid (0 to )(R)
2, 38
-
c
~
C
~
~
+
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
.~
~
N
N
Sulfuric ucld <51K)
2, 38
~
~
-
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
-
~
~
~
~
~
N
N
Sulfuric acid (9Ml)
2, 30
c
-
c
~
~
~
-
C
~
~
~
..
--
~
~
N
N
Sulfur trioxide (dry)
35, 3B
~
+
>
*
~
~
~
-
-
~
N
N
N
~
N
N
~
~
~
~
~
N
N
let rectiloroothane
17
N
N
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
~
~
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
letraethyl lead
21
N
N
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
H
N
N
N
M
N
N
N
~
N
N
N
~
M
N
LEGEND
~ s Generally suitable
C s Conditionally suit utile
- s Generally unsuitable
N = loaullicient data
-------
Material
10
(6
9
'J
at
S
o
&
o
o
rป
s
i
o
s
c
3
in
3
I
c
2
tn
<
o
N
0ป
ซ
5
s
u
<
*
5
ง
H
3ป
SO
s
-a
a
>ป
e
u
>>
o
o
ปt
o
e
ฆr4
s
s
1
V
Caraaie
g
*4
>k
Qtenlcal Naue
Chemical
Class
i!)
x>
X
ti
&
ฆH
a
**
(A
i
u
8
-r*
ฆr*
U)
i
-H
1
<
Nickel
*5
i
S3
js
ป-*
tt
Ai
1
H
>
1
ป
8
X
>ป
X
&
uJ
B
c
Si
kte
Class
04
I
a.
PVC
ฆH
ป.
3
m
I
I
5 sran
$
o
a.
Cement
I
let raliydrofurun
14
N
H
~
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
H
~
N
N
N
N
N
~
N
N
N
lolnene
16
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
-
"
~
C
C
Irunsforner oil
N
H
~
N
N
N
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
~
~
~
~
-
-
~
N
N
N
N
N
1 r ichloroethy lene
17
"
-
*
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
N
~
~
-
C
~
-
~
N
N
lurpentine
>2
N
H
~
N
N
N
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
~
~
~
N
N
~
~
N
N
~
N
N
Urea
N
H
~
N
N
N
~
N
N
H
N
N
H
~
~
~
N
~
~
~
H
N
~
N
N
Xylene
16
~
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
H
-
-
~
~
N
-
-
H
N
--
"
N
2lnc chloride
21
C
C
t
C
~
~
~
~
~
H
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
N
C
LEGEND
~ s Generally suitable
C s Conditionally suitable
= Generally unsuitable
N s Insufficient date
-------
APPENDIX D
COUNTERMEASURES FOR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE SPILLS
ON LAND AND WATER
Source: Pilie, R.J., R.E. Baier, R.C. Zeigler, R.P. Leonard, J.C.
Michalovic, S.L. Pek, and D.H. Bock; 1975. Methods to Treat,
Controland Monitor Spilled Hazardous Materials, EPA-670/
2-75-042, National Environmental Research Center, Office of
Research and Development, United States Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
D-l
-------
Appendix D consists of matrix of countermeasures recommended for
treating hazardous substance spills. Chemicals are listed in alpha-
betical order in the first column. The second column identifies each
compound's EPA Toxicity Classification, based on LC50 toxic con-
centrations, as follows:
The third and fourth columns list, respectively, the density and phys-
ical form (solid or liquid) of the pure hazardous substance. The
physical/chemical properties of a chemical discharge (solubility, den-
sity, volatility, and ability to disperse in water) must be considered
in estimating its potential to harm the environment. Column five
identifies the P/C/D category, which takes into account physical/
chemical properties. The P/C/D categories are as follows:
IVF - Insoluble Volatile Floater
INF - Insoluble Non-volatile Floater
IS - Insoluble Sinker
SM - Soluble Mixer
P - Precipitator
SF - Soluble Floater
M - Miscible
SS - Soluble Sinker
The remaining columns of the matrix indicate which categories of
countermeasures are effective for controlling hazardous substances
discharged on the ground or into water.
Category
Toxicity Range
A
B
C
D
LC50 < 1 ppm
1 ppm""< LC50 1 10 PPปn
10 ppm < IC50 < 100 ppm
100 ppm < LC50~"< 500 ppm
D-2
-------
0
1
u>
MATERIAL
EPA
CATE
CORY
DENSITY
PHYSICAL
FORM
P/C/D
CATC
CORY
MASS TRANSFER mฃ(ปIA
NEUTRALIZING
AGENT
BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT
AGENT
GELLING
AGENT
ABSORBING
AOENT
OXIDIZING
AGENT
OISPERSINO
AGENT
ACTIVA-
TED
CARBON
CATION IC
RESIN
ANIONIC
RESIN
AGIO
BASE
PRECIPI-
TATING
AGENT
ACIIAtOEHYOE
C
0.783
L
M
m
ACETIC ACID
C
1.049
L
M
ACE IIC ANHYDRIDE
C
1003
L
SF
ACETONE CYANOHYORIN
c
0.00
L
SF
9
ACETYL BROMIDE
o
1.62
L
SS
ACETYL CIILORIOE
o
III
L
ss
ACROLEIN
A
0839
L
SF
ACHYl ONI f RILE
c
0807
L
SF
ADIPONITRILE
o
095
L
SF
ALDRIN
A
I6S
IS
ALLYL ALCOHOL
B
0854
L
M
*
C
09
L
IVF
ALUMINUM FLUORIOE
D
388
S
P
ALUMINUM SULFATE
D
1.69
s
P
AMMONIA
C
060
L
SF
AMMONIUM ACETATE
O
1.073
S
SM
AMMONIUM BENZOATE
D
126
s
SS
AMMONIUM BICARBONATE
O
168
s
SS
AMMONIUM BICHROMATE
O
2 16
s
SS
AMMONIUM BlfLUOBlOE
o
121
s
SS
AMMONIUM BISULFITE
o
-
s
SS
AMMONIUM BROMIDE
O
3.43
s
SS
AMMONIUM CARBAMATE
D
-
s
SS
AMMONIUM CARBONATE
s
' "
s
SM
AMMONIUM CHLORIOE
o
1.63
s
SS .
AMMONIUM CIIROMATE
D
191
s
SS
AMMONIUM CITRATE
D
-
s
SS
AMMONIUM FLUOBORATE
o
1.86
8
SS
AMMONIUM FLUORIDE
o
1.31
s
SM
AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE
c
0.9
S/L
M
'
AMMONIUM IIYPOPIIOSPHITE
D
-
8
SS
AMMONIUM IODIDE
O
2-66
S
SM
AMMONIUM NITRATE
D
1.66
8
SM
AMMONIUM OXALATE
D
1.60
6
SS
AMMONIUM PENTABORATE
D
-
S
SS
AMMONIUM PE RSUL FATE
D
1.98
S
SS
AMMONIUM SILICOFLUORIDE
C
201
s
SS
APPENDIX D: HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE/COUNTERMEASURE MATRIX
-------
0
1
MAIERIAL
EPA
GATE
GORY
0ENSITY
PHYSICAL
FORM
MASS TRANSFER MEOIA
NEUTR
AG
ALI2ING
ENT
PRECIPI-
TATING
AGENT
BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT
AGENT
GELLING
AGENT
ABSORBING
AGENT
OXIDIZING
AGENT
DISPERSING
AGENT
P/C/O
CATE
CORY
ACTIVA-
TED
CARBON
CATIONIC
RESIN
ANIONIC
RESIN
ACIO
BASE
AMMONIUM SULFAMATE
0
-
S
SM
AMMONIUM SULFIDE
0
1.03
S
ss
AMMONIUM SULFITE
0
1.41
s
ss
AMMONIUM TARTRATE
0
161
s
ss
AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE
O
1.31
8
SM |
AMMONIUM THIOSULFATE
0
-
6
sm 8
AMYL ACETATE
C
0.88
L
INF |
ANILINE
C
1023
L
SS
ANTIMONY PENTACHLORIDE
c
3.34
S
p
ANTIMONY PEN!AFLUORIDE
C
3.09
S
p
ANTIMONY POTASSIUM
TARTRATE
c
26
S
p
ANTIMONY TRIBROMiOE
c
4.14
s
p
ANTIMONY TRICHLORIOE
c
3.14
s
p
ANTIMONY TRIFLUORIDE
c
4.38
s
p
ANTIMONY TAIOXIOE
c
6 2
s
p
ARSENIC ACIO
c
3 '26
s
p
0
ARSENIC OlSULFlDE
c
3.4
s
IS
ARSENIC PENIOXIDE
B
4 09
s
p
arsenic t Bichloride
c
3.16
s
p
ARSENIC TRIOXIOE
B
3.89
s
p
ARSENIC TRlSULFlDE
6
343
6
IS
BARIUM CYANIDE
A
-
s
SS
BENZENE
C
0.879
L
INf
BENZOIC ACID
0
1266
6
SS
UEN20NTAILE
c
101
L
SS
BENZOYt CIILOIIIOE
o
1 20
L
SS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
0
09
L
IS
BE AYl LIUM CHLORIDE
D
1.90
6
p
BERYLLIUM FLUORIDE
C
1.99
6
p
BERYL! IUM NITRATE
C
166
6
p
BUTYL ACETATE
c
0.89
L
SF
BUTYLAMINE
c
0.74
L
M
BUTYRIC ACID
0
1.00
L
M J
CADMIUM ACETATE
A
2.01
S
SS
CADMIUM BROMIDE
A
6.19
s
P
CADMIUM CHLORIDE
A
40&
8
P
CALCIUM ARSENATE
C
30
8
IS
APPENDIX D: HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE/COUNTERMEASURE MATRIX (Cont.)
-------
0
1
cn
MATERIAL
EPA
CATE
CORY
DENSITY
PHYSICAL
FORM
P/C/O
CATE-
GORY
MASS TRANSFER MEDIA
NEUTfl
AC
ALIZIMG
ENT
BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT
AGENT
GELLING
AGENT
ABSORBING
AGENT
OXIDIZING
AGENT
DISPERSING
AGENT
ACTIVA-
TED
CARBON
CATIONIC
AESIN
ANIONIC
AESIN
ACID
BASE
PRECIPI-
TATING
AGENT
CALCIUM AHSfcNIfE
C
-
S
ss
a
CALCIUM CARBIDE
O
2.2
8
p
CAICIUM CHROMATE
D
2 88
S
ss
a
CALCIUM CYANIDE
A
-
8
: ss
. a
a
CALCIUM DOOECYLBEN2ENE
SULFONATE
0
6
ss
a
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE
O
2.604
S
ss
a
CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE
A
2 35
S
SM
a
CAICIUM OXIDE
D
3 40
S
SM
CACIAN
A
16
S
SS |
a
CARBAHYL
a
-
s
SS I
a
CARUON OfSliLflOE
c
1.26
L
ss |
a
CHLOROANE
A
159
L
IS
a
CHLORINE
A
32
L
SF
a
CHLOROBEN2ENE
0
1.1
L
IS
a
a
CHLOROFORM
0
16
UG
IS
a
a
a
CHLOROSULFONlC AClO
C
IB
L
ss
a
a
a
a
a
CHROMIC ACETATE
O
-
S
ss
a
a
CHROMIC ACIO
D
2.7
L
SM
a
a
a
a
a
a
CHROMIC SULFATE
O
1.7
S
SS
a
a
a
,
CI IROMOUS CHL ORIOE
O
2 0?
S
IS
a
a
a
CIIHOMYL CHLORIDE
O
i.ai
S
SS
a
a
a
COBALTOUS BROMIDE
c
247
S
p
a
a
COBALTOUS FLUORIDE
C
446
S
p
a
a
a
.
a
COBALTOUS FORMATE
C
2 19
S
p
a
a
a
COBAL TOUS SULF AMATE
C
-
s
p
a
a
a
COUMAPIIOS
A
-
S
ss
a
a
CRESOL
a
10
s
ss
a
a
a
a
a
CUPRIC ACETATE
0
It
s
. p
a
a
a
CUPlHC ACETOARSENITE
a
-
8
IS
a
a
a
CUPRIC CIILORIOE
0
339
S
p
a
a
a
CUPRIC FORMATE
o
103
s
p
a
a
a
CUPRIC GLYCINATE
a
s
ฆ p
a
a
a
CUPRIC 1 ACTATt
a
-
s
p
a
a
a
CUPHIC NITRATE
0
2.32
s
p
a
a
a
CUPRIC OXALATE
B
-
s
IS
a
a
a
a
CUPIIIC SUBACETATE
a
IS
s
p
a
a
APPENDIX D: HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE/COUNTERMEASURE MATRIX (Cont.)
-------
MATERIAL
EPA
CATE
GORY
DENSITY
PHYSICAL
FORM
P/C/D
CATE
CORY
MASS TRANSFER MEDIA
NEUTR
AG
ALI2ING
ENT
PRECIPI-
TATING
AGENT
BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT
AGENT
GELLING
AGENT
ABSORBING
AGENT
OMIDI2ING
AGENT
DISPERSING
AGENT
ACTIVA-
TED
CAROON
CATION IC
RESIN
ANIONIC
RESIN
ACIO
BASE
CUPRlC SULFATE
B
2 28
S
P
CUPRlC SULFATE
AMMGNIATEO
a
-
s
P
t
CUPRlC TAHIHATfc
B
-
s
IS
CUPROUS BROMIDE
B
4.72
s
IS
CYANOGEN CHLORIDE
A
1.166
a
SS
CYCLOHEXANE
C
0.779
L
INF
a
a
2. 4 O ACID
a
0 02
-
IS
2.41) ESTERS
a
-
-
IS
DALAPON
a
1.38
L
SS
a
a
ODT
A
-
S
IS
a
a
DIAZINON
A
1.116
L
IS
a
a
OlCAMUA
C
-
S
SS
a
OlCHt OtlCNIL
c
-
8
SS
a
OlCHt ONE
A
-
S
SS
a
a
OICtlLORVOS
A
-
L
SS
a
DIELOHIN
A
176
S
SS
a
DIE TMYL AMINE
C
a ?i
L
SF
a
a
a
DIMETHYL AMINE
C
060
L
SF
a
a
OINITROSEN2C NE
C
144
L
SS
a
a
a
OINITHOPHENOL
a
168
L
SS
a
a
a
a
DIQUAT
c
-
S
SS
a
OISULFOTON
A
1.14
L
SS
a
OIURON
a
-
S
SS
a
a
OODEC VL8E N 2E NESULF ONIC
ACIO
a
-
L
SS
a
a
a
OURSBAN
a
-
-
SS
ENDOSULFAN
A
-
S
SS
a
ENORIN
A
-
S
IS
ETMlON
A
1 22
L
SS
a
ETIIYLUENZENE
C
0.960
L
INF
a
a -
a
a
ETMYLENEOl AMINE
c
0 06
L
SF
a
a
a
a
EDTA
0
-
S
IS
a
a
FERRIC AMMONIUM CITRATE
c
-
s
P
a
FERRIC AMMONIUM OXALATE
c
-
s
P
FERRIC CHLORIDE
c
200
S
P
FERRIC FLUORIDE
c
3.62
S
P
FERRIC NITRATE
c
1 68
S
P
a
FERRIC SULFATE
c
20
s
P
APPENDIX D: HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE/COUNTERMEASURE MATRIX (Cont.)
-------
o
MATERIAL
EPA
CATE-
GORY
OENSITY
PHYSICAL
FORM
P/C/D
CAT!
GORY
MASS TRANSFER MEDIA
NEUTRALIZING
AGENT
PRECIPI-
TATING
AGENT
BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT
AGENT
GELLING
AGENT
ABSORBING
AGENT
OXIDIZING
AGENT
DISPERSING
AGENT
ACTIVA-
TED
CARBON
CATION IC
RESIN
ANIONIC
RESIN
ACID
BASE
FERROUS AMMONIUM SULFATE
C
187
S
P
FERROUS CHLORIOE
C
183
s
P
FERROUSSULFATE
C
1.888
S
P
FORMALDEHYDE
C
0816
L
M
FORMIC AGIO
C
1.22
L
M
FUMARIC AGIO
O
1636
L
SS
FURFURAL
C
1.16
L
ss
GUTIIION
A
1.44
L
IS
HEPTACIILOR
A
168
IS
ItYOROCHLORIC ACID
O
1.00
L
SS
O
HYDROFLUORIC ACID
o
1.16
L
M
'
HYDROGEN CYANIDE
A
010
L/G
M
9
HYDRO* YLAMINE
D
123
SS
ISOPRENE
C
0681
L
tvf
ISOPROPANOLAMINE DODECYL
UtNZENESOLFONATE
a
0.90
i
SS
KELTHANE
c
-
-
IS
LEAD ACETATE
D
2.26
S
p
IE AO ARSENATE
O
78
s
IS
LEAD CIILORIOE
D
6.86
8
p
LEAD Fl.UUORATE
O
-
8
p
LEAD FLUORIDE
C
82
S
IS
m
LEAO IODIDE
D
6.16
8
IS
LEAD NITRATE
O
4 61
8
p
LEAOSTERATE
O
1.4
S
p
LEAD SULFATE
O
6.2
8
IS
LEAO SULFIDE
C
7.1
6
IS
LEAO TETRAACETATE
O
223
8
p
,
LEAD TIIIOCYANATE
O
3.8
8
IS
LEAO THIOSULFATE
O
6.18
8
IS
LEAD TUNGSTATE
O
8 24
8
IS
LINOANE
A
187
8
SS
LITIIIUM BICHROMATE
D
2.34
8
SM
LITHIUM CHROMATE
D
-
8
SM
MALATIIION
A
1.23
L
SS
'
MALEIC ACID
O
1.68
8
SS
MALEIC ANHVORIOE
O
0.834
8
SF
APPENDIX D: HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE/COUNTERMEASURE MATRIX (Cont.)
-------
0
1
CO
MATERIAL
EPA
CATE
GORY
DENSITY
PHYSICAL
FORM
MASS TRANSFER MEDIA
NEUTfl
AC
ALIZING
SENT
PRECIPI-
TATING
AGENT
BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT
AGENT
GELLING
AGENT
ABSORBING
AGENT
OKIOIZtNG
AGENT
DISPERSING
AGENT
P/C/D
CATE-
GORY
ACTIVA-
TED
CARBON
CATIONIC
RESIN
ANIONIC
RESIN
ACID
BASE
MERCURIC ACETATE
A
326
S
P
MERCURIC CYANIDE
A
409
s
P
MERCURIC NITRATE
A
4.3
8
P
MERCURIC SULFATE
A
6 4?
8
P
MERCUHIC VMIOCYANAT&
A
-
S
IS
MERCUROUS NITRATE
A
4?a
S
P .
METHOXYCHLOR
A
1.41
8
IS
METHYL MERCAPTAN
B
08?
L/Q
INF
METHYL METHACRYLATE
D
0936
L
INF
METHYLPARATlON
B
i.a&a
L
IS
MEViNPHOS
A
-
L
M
MONOETHYL AMINE
C
101
-
M
MONOME TH YL AMINE
C
-
-
SF
NALEO
A
-
SSL
IS
NAPTHALENE
B
1.162
S
!S |
NAPTHENIC ACID
A
14
s
SS I
NICKEL AMMONIUM SULFATE
O
182
8
p 1
NICKEL CHLORIDE
O
368
8
p 1
NICKEL FORMATE
C
2. ปS
8
p 1
NICKEL HYDROXIDE
c
4.36
S
IS |
NICKEL NITRATE
D
2 OS
8
p
NICKEL SUFLATE
O
1848
8
p
NITRIC ACID
C
1.602
L
M
NITROBENZENE
O
1.19
L
88
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
c
1.448
L/Q
M
NITAOPHENOL
a
1.4
L
88
PARAFORMALDEHYDE
c
1.46
8
88
PARATHION
A
1.26
L
IS
PENTACIILOftOPHENOL
A
1978
8
IS
PHENOL
B
tori
8
SS
PHOSGENE
D
1.392
a/L
88
_
PHOSPHORIC ACID
O
1.834
L
M
PHOSPHOROUS
A
U*2.J
8
*
PHOSPHOROUS OXYCMLORIDE
O
1.67
L
SS
PHOSPHOROUS PENTASULFIDE
c
2.03
8
SS
PHOSPHOROUS TRICHLORIDE
o
1674
8
88
POLYCIILORINATEO BIPHENYLS
A
-
8
IS
APPENDIX D: HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE/COUNTERMEASURE MATRIX (Cont.)
-------
C3
VXD
MATERIAL
EPA
CATE
GORY
DENSITY
PHYSICAL
FORM
P/C/D
CATE
GORY
MASS TRANSFER MEOIA
NEUTH
AC
ALIZING
ENT
BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT
AGENT
GELLING
AGENT
ABSORBING
AGENT
OXIOIZING
AGENT
DISPERSING
AGENT
ACTIVA-
TED
CARBON
CATIONIC
RESIN
ANIONIC
RESIN
ACIO
BASE
PRECIPI-
TATING
AGENT
POTASSIUM ARSENATE
C
217
8
P
POTASSIUM ARSENITE
C
-
S
P
POT ASSIUM BICHROMATE
0
2 60
6
88
POTASSIUM CHROMATE
D
2.73
S
SS
POTASSIUM CVANIOE
A
1.62
s
SS
0
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
C
2.04
s
SM
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
a
2.7
s
SS
PROPR IONIC ACIO
0
0.993
L
M
PIIOPHIONIC ANHVDRlOE
O
1013
L
M
PROPYL ALCOHOL
D
00
L
M
PYRETHRlNS
C
-
L
SS
UUINOLINE
A
109
L
SS
HtSOBLINOL
a
1.27
6
SS
SELENIUM OXIDE
c
3.964
S
SS
SODIUM
c
0 971
S
SS
SODIUM ARSENATE
c
1.76
s
SS
SODIUM ARSENITE
c
1.87
s
SS
SODIUM BICHROMATE
0
262
6
SM
SODIUM BIF LUORIOE
0
2.08
6
SS
SODIUM BISULFITE
0
i.4a
8
SS
SODIUM CHAOMATE
O
1 463
6
SS
SODIUM CYANIDE
A
146
8
88
SODIUM OOOECVLBEN2ENE
SULFONATE
a
-
8
SS
SODIUM FLUORIDE
D
2.78
8
SS
SODIUM IIYOROSULFIDE
0
S
SS
SOOIUM HYDROXIDE
C
2.13
I
SS
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
A
-
8
SM
SOOIUM METHYLATE
C
2.4
S
SS
SODIUM NITRITE
a
2.17
8
SS
SODIUM PHOSPHATE
MONOBASIC
O
2.04
6
SS
SOOIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC
0
2.06
S
SM
SOOIUM PHOSPHATE TRIBASIC
D
16
8
SS
SODIUM SELENITE
c
1.63
S
SS
SODIUM SULFIDE
c
1.866
s
SS
STANNOUS FLUORIDE
0
2 79
8
SS
,
ST HONT IUM CIIROMATE
o
-
8
IS
APPENDIX D: HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE/COUNTERMEASURE MATRIX (Cont.)
-------
0
1
**
o
MATERIAL
EPA
CATE
CORY
DENSITY
PHYSICAL
FORM
MASS TRANSFER MEDIA
NEUTR
AG
At 1 ZING
ENT
PRECIPI-
TATING
AGENT
BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT
AGENT
GELLING
AGENT
ABSORBING
AGENT
OXIOIZING
AGENT
DISPERSING
AGENT
P/C/D
CATE-
GORY
ACTIVA
TED
CARBON
CATION IC
RESIN
ANIONIC
RESIN
ACIO
BASE
STRYCHNINE
C
1.36
S
SS
*
STYRENE
C
0009
4.
INF
a
SULFURIC ACIO
c
1034
t
M
a
a
a
SULFUR MONOCHLORIOE
D
ISฎ
&
SS
2.4.6T ACID
A
-
S
IS
2.4.61 ESTERS
A
-
s
18
a
TOE
A
-
s
IS
TETRAfcTHYL LEAD
A
1669
L
IS
TETRAETHYL PYROPHOSPHATE
a
12
L
M
TOLUENE
c
016
L
INF
a
a
TOXAPIIENE
A
1.66
L
IS
TRICHLOMFON
a
1)3
6
SS
a
TRICHLOROPHENOL
A
1.1
L
IS
a
a
TRIE THANOL AMINE OOOECYL-
BENZENESULFONATE
a
"
L
88
a
a
TRIE THYLAMINE
c
1.13
i
SF
a
a
TRIMETHYL AMINE
c
066
t
SF
a
a
a
URANIUM PEROXIDE
D
2.6
8
IS
lift AN VI ACETATE
D
286
S
P
URANYL NITRATE
D
2.80
s
P
a
a
URANYL SULFATE
O
3.26
s
P
a
VANADIUM PENTOXIOE
C
336
s
P
a
a
VANAOYL SUEATE
C
-
s
P
a
a
a
VINYL ACETATE
C
064
s
SF
a
a
XYLENE
C
0.86
L
INF
a
a
XYLENOL
c
1.02
L
8S
' a
a
2ECTRAN
c
-
-
SS
a
ZINC ACETATE
c
1736
s
p
a
a
2INC AMMONIUM
CHLORIDE
c
1.60
s
p
a
a
a
a
ZINC BICHROMATE
c
-
6
p
a
a
a
ZINC BORATE
c
3 64
S
p
a
a
ZINC UROMIOE
c
4 22
S
p
a
a
ZINC CARBONATE
c
4.42
S
IS
a
a'
a
ZINC CHLORIOE
c
2 807
8
p
a
a
a
ZINC CYANIOE
A
1.86
8
IS
a
a
a
a
zinc flurodie
c
4.84
S
*
a
a
a
ZINC FORMATE
C
2.21
8
p
a
APPENDIX D: HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE/COUNTERMEASURE MATRIX (Cont.)
-------
MASS TRANSFER MEDIA
NEUTRALIZING
AGENT
MATERIAL
IPA
CATE
GORY
DENSITY
PHYSICAL
fORM
P/C/D
CATE
CORY
ACTIVA-
TED
CARBON
CATIONIC
RESIN
ANIONIC
RESIN
ACIO
BASE
PRECIPI-
TATING
AGENT
BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT
AGENT
GELLING
AGENT
ABSORBING
AGENT
OXIOIZlNG
AGENT
DISPERSING
AGENT
ZINC HYOROSULf ITE
C
-
S
P
2INC NITRATE
c
207
S
P
2INC PHENOLSULf ONATE
c
-
s
P
2INC PHOSPHIDE
c
4bS
s
IS
2INC POTASSIUM CHROMATE
c
-
s
IS
2INC SUI ICOf LUORlOE
c
2 1
s
p
2INC SULFATE
c
364
8
p
ZINC SULFATE MONOI4YORATE
c
3 28
s
p
2IHCONIUM ACE TATE
o
-
s
p
2IHCONIUM NITRATE
0
-
s
p
ZIRCONIUM OXYCHLORIDE
0
-
s
p
ZIRCONIUM POTASSIUM
f-LUOmi)E
0
-
s
p
ZIRCONIUM SUL FA TE
0
3 22
s
p 1
.
2IHCONIUM TETRACHLORIDE
0
28
s
p
APPENDIX D:
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE/COUNTERMEASURE MATRIX (Cont.)
------- |