EPA 904/R-96/006
POTENTIAL HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS OF INGESTING
FISH WHICH ARE TAKEN FROM LOCATIONS NEAR THE
SAVANNAH RIVER SITE (SRS)
May 1996
Atlanta, Georgia
U.S. EPA Region 4
Waste Management Division
Department of Energy Remedial Section / Federal Facilities Branch
-------
1
INTRODUCTION
This screening-level risk assessment is for a hazardous waste site. This analysis
characterizes risks due to ingesting fish which have radioactive and nonradioactive
contaminants and are taken from locations along the Savannah River near the Savannah
River Site (SRS), which is located near Aiken, South Carolina. The potential human health
effects of the radioactive contaminants in these fish are analyzed in Part I; the
nonradioactive contaminants in Part II; and their combined effects in Part III. Part IV
presents the overall risk characterization for this risk screening.
The risk characterization. Part IV, clearly highlights both the confidence and the
uncertainty associated with this screening-level risk assessment. This risk characterization
conveys the assessor's judgment as to the nature and existence of both human and
ecological risks. However, even though there is a limited discussion of the ecological
considerations of chemical releases from this site in Part IV, the primary site-specific focus
of this analysis is potential human health risks.
RESULTS IN BRIEF
This section provides an executive summary of overall risks derived in this analysis. Individual risk Iincluding both
centra! tendency and high end) are presented, along with population risk. Important subgroups, such as highly
exposed or highly susceptible, ore identified. Refer to Part IV. the risk characterization section, for more detailed
information from several types of exposure scenarios and the use of multiple risk descriptors (e.g., central
tendency, high end of individual risk, population risk, important subgroups, if known) consistent with terminology
in the Agency's Guidance on Risk Characterization, Agency Risk Assessment Guidelines fRAGs) and program-
specific guidance.
Hazard Indexes (His) for deleterious non-cancer systemic effects during a lifetime obtained
by ingesting fish which are contaminated with selected nonradioactive contaminants and
are taken from various locations along the Savannah River near the Savannah River Site
(SRS)
Four nonradioactive contaminants were analyzed. None of the doses of these four
contaminants exceeded their respective reference doses (RfDs) and are therefore not likely
to be associated with any systemic health risks. Of the four nonradioactive contaminants
studied, mercury had the highest hazard index (0.62). However, RfDs for b-BHC and DDE
are not available at this time, and any hazard for these contaminants presently cannot be
estimated. Consequently, the overall hazard for deleterious non-cancer systemic effects
during a lifetime obtained by ingesting fish which are contaminated with these two
pollutants is unknown.
Summary of Part I Results
Estimated lifetime excess total cancer risk for a resident ingesting fish which are
contaminated with selected radioactive contaminants and are taken from various locations
along the Savannah River near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
-------
Estimated risks for rural resident with RME to Strontium-90 (SR-90). Cesium-137 (CS-
137). Tritium (H-3). and Gross Alpha la)
The estimated lifetime excess total cancer risk for a Reasonably Maximally
Exposed (RME) rural resident ingesting Savannah River fish taken from the
Vogtle Electric Generating Plant Discharge (VEGPD) (which is close to Four
Mile Creek), the mouth of Four Mile Creek, the mouth of Steel Creek, and
the mouth of Lower Three Runs Creek (radioactive combined) is 5.46E-5
In short, with arithmetic rounding, this risk from SR-90, CS-
137, H-3, and a combined for a RME rural resident should be
considered to be a "1.00E-4" risk
Stated in other terms, this is roughly equivalent to one extra
case of cancer in every 10,000 individuals with maximum
exposure to SR-90. CS-137, H-3, and a
Estimated risks for rural residents with average exposure to SR-90 and CS-137. H-3. and
a
The upper bound estimate of lifetime excess total cancer risk due to SR-90,
CS-137, H-3, and CT combined for an average rural resident ingesting
Savannah River fish taken from various locations along the Savannah River
near the Savannah River Site (SRS) (radioactive combined) is 8.40E-6.
In short, with arithmetic rounding, the upper bound estimate of
this risk from SR-90, CS-137, H-3, and a combined for an
average rural resident should be considered to be a "1.00E-5"
risk
Stated in other terms, this is roughly equivalent to one extra
case of cancer in every 100,000 individuals with average
exposure to SR-90, CS-137, H-3, and a
The lower bound estimate of lifetime excess total cancer risk due to SR-90,
CS-137, H-3. and a combined for an average rural resident ingesting
Savannah River fish taken from various locations along the Savannah River
near the Savannah River Site (SRS) (radioactive combined) is 3.98E-6.
In short, with arithmetic rounding, the lower bound estimate of
this risk from SR-90, CS-137, H-3, and flr combined for an
average rural resident should be considered to be a "1.00E-6"
risk
-------
3
Stated in other terms, this is roughly equivalent to one extra
case of cancer in every 1,000,000 individuals with average
exposure to SR-90, CS-137. H-3, and or
Summary of Part II results
Estimated lifetime excess total cancer risk for a resident ingesting fish which are
contaminated with selected nonradioactive contaminants and are taken from various
locations along the Savannah River near the Savannah River Site (SRSJ
Estimated risks for rural resident with RME to As. b-BHC. and DDE
The estimated lifetime excess total cancer risk due to As, b-BHC, and DDE
(nonradioactive combined) for a Reasonably Maximally Exposed (RME) rural
resident ingesting Savannah River fish taken from various locations along the
Savannah River near the Savannah River Site (SRS) is 1.06E-5
In short, with arithmetic rounding, this risk from As, b-BHC.
and DDE combined for a RME rural resident should be
considered to have a "1.00E-5" risk
Stated in other terms, this is roughly equivalent to one extra
case of cancer in every 100,000 individuals with maximum
exposure to As. b-BHC, and DDE
Estimated risks for rural resident with average exposure to As, b-BHC, and DDE
The upper bound estimate of lifetime excess total cancer risk due to As, b-
BHC, and DDE (nonradioactive combined) for an average rural resident
ingesting Savannah River fish taken from various locations along the
Savannah River near the Savannah River Site (SRS) is 6.19E-6
In short, with arithmetic rounding, the upper bound estimate of
this risk from As, b-BHC. and DDE combined for an average
rural resident should be considered to have a "1.00E-5" risk
Stated in other terms, this is roughly equivalent to one extra
case of cancer in every 100,000 individuals with average
exposure to As, b-BHC, and DDE
* The lower bound estimate of lifetime excess total cancer risk due to As, b-
BHC, and DDE (nonradioactive combined) for an average rural resident
ingesting Savannah River fish taken from various locations along the
Savannah River near the Savannah River Site (SRS) is 2.78E-6
-------
4
In short, with arithmetic rounding, the lower bound estimate of
this risk from As, b-BHC, and DDE combined for an average
rural resident should be considered to have a "1.00E-6" risk
Stated in other terms, this is roughly equivalent to one extra
case of cancer in every 1,000,000 individuals with average
exposure to As, b-BHC. and DDE
Summary of Part III Results
Estimated lifetime excess total cancer risk for a resident ingesting fish which are
contaminated with selected radioactive and nonradioactive contaminants and are taken
from various locations along the Savannah River near the Savannah River Site fSRS)
Estimated risks for rural resident with RME to radioactive and nonradioactive contaminants
The estimated lifetime excess total cancer risk due to radioactive and
nonradioactive contaminants combined for a Reasonably Maximally Exposed
(RME) rural resident ingesting Savannah River fish taken from these locations
is 6.52E-5
in short, with arithmetic rounding, this risk from both
radioactive and nonradioactive contaminants for a RME rural
resident should be considered to be a "1.00E-4" risk
Stated in other terms, this is roughly equivalent to one extra
case of cancer in every 10,000 individuals with maximum
exposure to both radioactive and nonradioactive contaminants
Estimated risks for rural resident with average exposure to radioactive and nonradioactive
contaminants
The upper bound estimate of lifetime excess total cancer risk due to
radioactive and nonradioactive contaminants combined for an average rural
resident ingesting Savannah River fish taken from various locations along the
Savannah River near the Savannah River Site (SRS) is 1.46E-5
In short, with arithmetic rounding, this risk from radioactive
and nonradioactive contaminants combined for an average
rural resident should be considered to be a "1.00E-5" risk
Stated in other terms, this is roughly equivalent to one extra
case of cancer in every 100,000 individuals with average
exposure to radioactive and nonradioactive contaminants
The lower bound estimate of lifetime excess total cancer risk due to
radioactive and nonradioactive contaminants combined for an average rural
-------
5
resident ingesting Savannah River fish taken from various locations along the
Savannah River near the Savannah River Site (SRS) is 6.76E-6
In short, with arithmetic rounding, this risk from radioactive
and nonradioactive contaminants combined for an average
rural resident should be considered to be a "1.00E-5" risk
Stated in other terms, this is roughly equivalent to one extra
case of cancer in every 100.000 individuals with average
exposure to radioactive and nonradioactive contaminants
An executive summary of overall risks derived in this analysis is shown in Tables 1. and 2.
which follow:
-------
Table 1.
Summary Table Of Hazard Indexes (His) For Deleterious Non-Cancer Systemic Effects
During a Lifetime Obtained by Ingesting Fish Which Are Contaminated With Selected
.Nonradioactive Contaminants And Taken From Various Locations Along the Savannah
River Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
HI = Human Dose / RfD
If this number is = or > "1", this indicates that the RfD has been exceeded. Usually,
doses less than the RfD are not likely to be associated with any systemic health risks and
are therefore less likely to be of regulatory concern. However, as the frequency of
exposure exceeding the RfD increases, and as the size of the excess increases, the
probability increases that adverse effects may be observed in a human population.
Note: The maximum (19 kg/yr) fish consumption rate was used to obtain these upper
estimates; the minimum (9 kg/yr) consumption rate was used elsewhere in this risk
screening to obtain lower estimates os well.
Contaminant
of Concern
Consumption Scenario
HI
Arsenic
Reasonably Maximally Exposed (RME)
0.12
Maximum Estimate of Average Exposure
0.05
Mercury
Reasonably Maximally Exposed (RME)
0.62
Maximum Estimate of Average Exposure
0.30
Selenium
Reasonably Maximally Exposed (RME)
0.06
Maximum Estimate of Average Exposure
0.03
Zinc
Reasonably Maximally Exposed (RME)
0.03
Maximum Estimate of Average Exposure
0.02
b-BHC
Can Not Be Estimated Because a Reference Dose (RfD) Is
Not Available At This Time
Unknown
DDE
Can Not Be Estimated Because a Reference Dose (RfD) Is
Not Available At This Time
Unknown
-------
Table 2.
Summary Table of Estimated Lifetime Excess Cancer Risk For a Resident
Ingesting Fish Which Are Contaminated With Selected Radioactive and
Nonradioactive Contaminants And Are Taken From Various Locations
Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
Note: The maximum (19 kg/yr1 fish consumption rate was used to obtain
these upper estimates; the minimum (9 kg/yr) consumption rate was used
elsewhere in this risk screening to obtain lower estimates as well.
Consumption
Scenario
Radioactive
Nonradioactive
Radioactive and
Nonradioactive
Combined
Reasonably Maximally
Exposed (RME)
5.46E-5
1.06E-5
1.30E-4
Maximum Estimate of
Average Exposure
8.40E-6
6.19E-6
1.46E-5
Minimum Estimate of
Average Exposure
3.98E-6
2.78E-6
6.76E-6
-------
POTENTIAL HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS OF INGESTING FISH WHICH ARE
TAKEN FROM LOCATIONS NEAR THE SAVANNAH RIVER SITE (SRS)
PART I. RISK SCREENING ESTIMATES OF POTENTIAL HUMAN
HEALTH EFFECTS DUE TO INGESTING FISH WHICH HAVE
RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINANTS AND ARE TAKEN FROM
LOCATIONS NEAR THE SAVANNAH RIVER SITE (SRS)
PART II. RISK SCREENING ESTIMATES OF POTENTIAL HUMAN
HEALTH EFFECTS DUE TO INGESTING FISH WHICH HAVE
NONRADIOACTIVE CONTAMINANTS AND ARE TAKEN FROM
LOCATIONS NEAR THE SAVANNAH RIVER SITE (SRS)
PART III. RISK SCREENING ESTIMATES OF POTENTIAL HUMAN
HEALTH EFFECTS DUE TO INGESTING FISH WHICH HAVE
COMBINED RADIOACTIVE AND NONRADIOACTIVE
CONTAMINANTS AND ARE TAKEN FROM LOCATIONS NEAR
THE SAVANNAH RIVER SITE (SRS)
PART IV. OVERALL RISK CHARACTERIZATION OF POTENTIAL HUMAN
HEALTH EFFECTS DUE TO INGESTING FISH WHICH HAVE
COMBINED RADIOACTIVE AND NONRADIOACTIVE
CONTAMINANTS AND ARE TAKEN FROM LOCATIONS NEAR
THE SAVANNAH RIVER SITE (SRS)
-------
PART I.
RISK SCREENING ESTIMATES OF POTENTIAL HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS
DUE TO INGESTING FISH WHICH HAVE RADIOACTIVE
CONTAMINANTS AND ARE TAKEN FROM LOCATIONS NEAR THE
SAVANNAH RIVER SITE (SRS)
-------
Key to Radioactive Risk Screening Tables
Table
Number
Title
1
Summary Table Of Estimated Lifetime Excess Cancer Risk For a Resident
Ingesting Fish Which Are Contaminated With Selected Radioactive
Contaminants And Are Taken From Various Locations Along the Savannah
River Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
2
Mean Levels of Selected Radioactive Contaminants in Edible Portions of Fish
From Various Locations Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah River
Site (SRS)
3
Mean Annual Dose Of Radioactivity From Selected Radioactive
Contaminants Per kg Of Fish Obtained By Ingesting Fish Taken From
Various Locations Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah River Site
(SRS)
4
Summary Table Of Unit Risk Factors (q,*s) for Oral Exposure To Selected
Radioactive Contaminants Found In Fish Taken From Various Locations
Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
5
Estimated Lifetime Excess Total Cancer Risk From Selected Radioactive
Contaminants to a Resident Obtained By Ingesting Fish Taken From Various
Locations Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
6-1
Mean Annual Dose Of Radioactivity Per kg Of Fish From Selected
Radioactive Contaminants Obtained by Ingesting Fish Taken From the
Vogtle Electric Generating Plant Discharge {VEGPD) Near the Savannah
River Site (SRS)
6-2
Mean Annual Dose Of Radioactivity Per kg of Fish From Selected
Radioactive Contaminants Obtained by Ingesting Fish Taken From the
Mouth Of Four Mile Creek Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
6-3
Mean Annual Dose Of Radioactivity Per kg Of Fish From Selected
Radioactive Contaminants Obtained by Ingesting Fish Taken From the
Mouth of Steel Creek Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
6-4
Mean Annual Dose Of Radioactivity Per kg Of Fish From Selected
Radioactive Contaminants Obtained by Ingesting Fish Taken From the
Mouth of Lower Three Runs Creek Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
7-1
Estimated Lifetime Excess Total Cancer Risk For a Reasonably Maximally
Exposed (RME) Resident Ingesting Savannah River Fish Which Have
Selected Radioactive Contaminants And Are Taken From the Vogtle Electric
Generating Plant Discharge (VEGPD) Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
7-2
Estimated Lifetime Excess Total Cancer Risk for a Reasonably Maximally
Exposed (RME) Resident Ingesting Savannah River Fish Which Have
Selected Radioactive Contaminants And Are Taken From the Mouth Of Four
Mile Creek Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
-------
7-3
Estimated Lifetime Excess Total Cancer Risk For a Reasonably Maximally
Exposed (RME) Resident Ingesting Savannah River Fish Which Have
Selected Radioactive Contaminants And Are Taken From the Mouth of Steel
Creek Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
7-4
Estimated Lifetime Excess Total Cancer Risk For a Reasonably Maximally
Exposed (RME) Resident Ingesting Savannah River Fish Which Have
Selected Radioactive Contaminants And Are Taken From the Mouth of
Lower Three Runs Creek Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
-------
Table 1.
Summary Table Of Estimated Lifetime Excess Cancer Risk For a Resident Ingesting Fish
Which Are Contaminated With Selected Radioactive Contaminants And Are Taken
From Various Locations Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
Note: The maximum (19 kg/yr) fish consumption rate was used to obtain these upper
estimates; the minimum (9 kg/yr) consumption rate was used elsewhere in this risk
screening to obtain lower estimates as well.
Consumption
Scenario
a Hot Zone
{STN 360)
Resident
Consumes
Fish From
Vogtle Electric
Generating
Plant
Discharge
(VEGPD)
SR-90
Hot Zone
{STN 365)
Resident
Consumes
Fish From
Mouth Of
Four Mile
Creek
H-3
Hot Zone
(STN 410)
Resident
Consumes
Fish From
Mouth Of
Steel Creek
CS-137
Hot Zone
(STN 440)
Resident
Consumes
Fish From
Mouth Of
Lower Three
Runs Creek
Radioactive
Hot Zones
Combined
Resident
Consumes Fish
From VEGPD,
Four Mile
Creek, Steel
Creek, and
Lower Three
Runs Creek
Hare SR-90, CS-
137. H-3, and trail
ere present, but [<4
It highest
Hare SR-90. CS-
137. H-3, and oaS
are present, but
[SR-90] b highest
Hare SR-90. CS-
137, H-3. and sag
re present, but
[H-3] Is highest
Hare SR-90. CS-
137. H-3, and ami
are present, but
[CS-137] Is highest
Here Resident
consumes Rsh With
the ttighest
Concentrations of
SR-90, CS-137,
H-3, and a together
Reasonably
Maximally
Exposed
(RME)
4.53E-5
1.18E-4
4.64E5
1.05E-5
5.46E-5
Resident
Consumes Fish
From Specific Hot
Zones at the
Mouths of Streams
Leaving SRS
-------
Maximum
Estimate of
Average
Exposure
7.39E-6
1.09E5
9.84E-8
1.52E5
8.40E-6
Resident
Consumes Fish
From Various
Locations Along
the Savannah River
Near SRS
{Aihiiimi Higher Annual
Consumption Rata)
Minimum
Estimate of
Average
Exposure
3.50E-6
5.18E-6
4.66E8
7.20E-6
3.98E-6
Resident
Consumes Fish
From Various
Locations Along
the Savannah River
Near SRS
[Auumw Lower Annual
Consumption Bate)
-------
Table 2.
Mean Levels Of Selected Racfioactive Contaminants In Edible Portions of Fish From Various Locations Along the Savannah
River Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
Note: Lab results (i.e. dry) were converted to fresh (i.e. wet) concentrations in this risk screening; the dry concentration results were
multiplied by 0.3, which approximates the typical dry/wet (D/W) ratios observed in these samples (which were 0.3+/-0.1)
Sampling
Station
Number
(STNJ
CS-137
SR-90
H-3
a
(picoCuries
per dry
kilogram)
(picoCuries
per wet
kilogram)
(picoCuries
per dry
kilogram)
(picoCuries
per wet
kilogram)
(picoCuries
per dry
kilogram)
(picoCuries
per wet
kilogram)
(picoCuries
per dry
kilogram)
(picoCuries
per wet
kilogram)
330
667.14
200.14
543.33
163.00
1,128.57
338.57
305.00
91.50
335
394.33
118.30
166.67
50.00
350
2,078.75
623.63
5,295.00
1588.5
5,612.50
1,683.75
185.00
55.50
355
116.67
35.00
...
360
(VEQPD.
which h doaa
to the Mouth
of Four MJh
Crook)
386.67
116.00
475.00
142.50
916.67
275.00
504.29
151.29
365
(Mouth of
Foi* W3e
Creek)
2,154.55
646.37
8,642.86
2,592.86
28.411.11
8,523.33
296.67
89.00
375
620.00
186.00
2,000.00
600.00
425.00
127.50
410
(Mouth of
Steel Creek)
2,560.00
768.00
273.33
82.00
31,138.46
9,341.54
345.00
103.50
420
970.00
291.00
1,733.33
520.00
...
-------
440
(Mouth of
Lower Three
Bum Creek)
2,851.42
855.43
1,771.43
531.43
300.00
90.00
460
213.33
64.00
1,575.00
472.50
165.00
49.50
530
186.67
56.00
1,800.00
540.00
215.00
64.50
540
138.29
41.49
30.00
9.00
2,216.67
665.00
Overall
Arithmetic
Means
1.025.99
307.80
1.173.81
352.14
6036.19
1810.86
210.84
63.25
-------
Table 3.
Mean Annual Dose of Radioactivity From Selected Radioactive Contaminants Per kg of Fish Obtained by
Ingesting Fish Taken from Various Locations Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
Consumption Scenario
CS-137
SR-90
H-3
a
Minimum Estimate
of Average Exposure
307.80 pCi/kg
X 9 kg/yr =
352.14 pCi/kg
X 9 kg/yr =
1.810.86 pCi/kg
X 9 kg/yr =
63.25 pCi/kg
X 9 kg/yr =
(Assumes Lower
Annual Consumption Rate)
2.770.20 pCi/yr
3.169.26 pCi/yr
16,297.74 pCi/yr
569.25 pCi/yr
Maximum Estimate
of Average Exposure
307.80 pCi/kg
X 19 kg/yr =
352.14 pCi/kg
X 19 kg/yr =
1.810.86
X 19 kg/yr =
63.25 pCi/yr
X 19 pCi/yr =
{Assumes Higher
Annual Consumption Rate)
5,848.20 pCi/yr
6.690.66 pCi/yr
34,406.34 pCi/yr
1,201.75 pCi/yr
-------
Table 4.
Summary Table Of Unit Risk Factors (q
-------
Table 5.
Estimated Lifetime Excess Total Cancer Risk From Selected Radioactive Contaminants to a
Resident Obtained By Ingesting Fish Taken From Various Locations
Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
Note: The standard consumption period used in this risk screening is that usually used for rural residents (40
yrh the standard consumption period for an urban resident would be fess (30 yrj
Consumption
Scenario
CS-137
SR-90
H-3
or
Radioactive
Combined
Minimum Estimate
of Average Exposure
(Assumes Lower Annual
Consumption Rate)
2,770.20
pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 3.16E-11
(Risk/pCi)
= 3.50E-6
3,169.26
pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 4.09E-11
(Risk/pCi)
= 5.18E-6
16,297.74
pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 7.15E-14
(Risk/pCi)
= 4.66E-8
569.25
pCi/yr X
40 yrs X
3.16E-10
(Risk/pCi)
= 7.20E-6
3.98E-6
Maximum Estimate
of Average Exposure
(Assumes Higher Annual
Consumption Rate)
5,848.20
pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 3.16E-11
(Risk/pCi)
= 7.39E-6
6,690.66
pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 4.09E-11
(Risk/pCi)
= 1.09E-5
34,406.34
pCi/yr X 40
yrs X
7.15E-14
(Risk/pCi)
= 9.84E-8
1,201.75
pCi/yr X
40 yrs X
3.16E-10
(Risk/pCi)
= 1.52E-5
8.40E-6
-------
Table 6-1.
Mean Annual Dose Of Radioactivity Per kg Of Fish From Selected Radioactive Contaminants
Obtained by Ingesting Fish Taken From the Vogtle Electric Generating Plant Discharge (VEGPD)
Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
(STN 360)
Consumption
Scenario
CS-137
SR-90
H-3
a
Minimum Estimate
of Average Exposure
(Assumes Lower
Annual Consumption Rate)
116.00 pCi/kg
X 9 kg/yr =
1,044.00 pCi/yr
142.50 pCi/kg
X 9 kg/yr =
1,282.50 pCi/yr
275.00 pCi/kg
X 9kg/yr =
2,475.00 pCi/yr
151.29 pCi/kg X
9kg/yr =
1.361.61 pCi/yr
Maximum Estimate
of Average Exposure
(Assumes Higher
Annual Consumption Rate)
116.00 pCi/kg
X 19 kg/yr =
2204.00 pCi/yr
142.50 pCi/kg
X 19 kg/yr =
2,707.50 pCi/yr
275.00 pCi/kg
X 19 kg/yr =
5,225.00 pCi/yr
151.29 pCi/kg
X 19 kg/yr =
2,874.51 pCi/yr
-------
Table 6-2.
Mean Annual Dose Of Radioactivity Per kg Of Fish From Selected Radioactive Contaminants Obtained
by Ingesting Fish Taken From the Mouth of Four Mile Creek Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
(STN 365)
Consumption
Scenario
CS-137
SR-90
H-3
a
Minimum Estimate
of Average
Exposure
(Assumes Lower Annual
Consumption Rate)
646.37 pCi/kg
X 9 kg/yr =
5,817.33 pCi/yr
2,592.86 pCi/kg
X 9 kg/yr =
23,335.74 pCi/yr
8,523.33 pCi/kg
X 9 kg/yr =
76,709.97 pCi/yr
89.00 pCi/kg
X 9 kg/yr =
801.00 pCi/yr
Maximum Estimate
of Average
Exposure
(Assumes Higher Annual
Consumption Rate)
646.37 pCi/kg
X 19 kg/yr =
12,281.03 pCi/yr
2,592.86 pCi/kg
X 19 kg/yr =
49,264.34 pCi/yr
8,523.33 pCi/kg
X 19 kg/yr =
161,943.27 pCi/yr
89.00 pCi/kg
X 19 kg/yr =
1,691.00 pCi/yr
-------
Table 6-3.
Mean Annual Dose Of Radioactivity Per kg Of Fish From Selected Radioactive Contaminants Obtained
by Ingesting Fish Taken From the Mouth of Steel Creek Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
(STN410)
Consumption
Scenario
CS-137
SR-90
H-3
a
Minimum Estimate
of Average Exposure
(Assumes Lower
Annual Consumption Rate)
768.00 pCi/kg
X 9 kg/yr =
6,912.00 pCi/yr
82.00 pCi/kg
X 9 kg/yr =
738.00 pCi/yr
9,341.54 pCi/kg
X 9 kg/yr =
84,073.86 pCi/yr
103.50 pCi/kg
X 9 kg/yr =
9,315.00
pCi/yr
Maximum Estimate
of Average Exposure
(Assumes Higher
Annual Consumption Rate)
768.00 pCi/kg
X 19 kg/yr =
14,592.00 pCi/yr
82.00 pCi/kg
X 19 kg/yr =
1,558.00 pCi/yr
9,341.54 pCi/kg
X 19 kg/yr =
177.489.26 pCi/yr
103.50 pCi/kg
X 19 kg/yr =
1,966.50
pCi/yr
-------
Table 6-4.
Mean Annual Dose Of Radioactivity Per kg Of Fish From Selected Radioactive
Contaminants Obtained by Ingesting Fish Taken From the Mouth of Lower Three Runs
Creek Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
(STN 440)
Consumption
Scenario
CS-137
SR-90
H-3
a
Minimum Estimate
of Average Exposure
(Assumes Lower
Annual Consumption Rate)
855.43 pCi/kg
X 9 kg/yr =
7,698.87
pCi/yr
531.43 pCi/kg
X 9 kg/yr =
4,782.87 pCi/yr
90.00 pCi/kg
X 9 kg/yr =
810.00 pCi/yr
Maximum Estimate
of Average Exposure
(Assumes Higher
Annual Consumption Rate)
855.43 pCi/kg
X 19 kg/yr =
16,253.17
pCi/yr
531.43 pCi/kg
X 19 kg/yr =
10,097.17 pCi/yr
90.00 pCi/kg
X 19 kg/yr =
1,710.00 pCi/yr
-------
Table 7-1.
Estimated Lifetime Excess Total Cancer Risk For a Reasonably Maximally Exposed (RME) Resident Ingesting Savannah
River Fish Which Have Selected Radioactive Contaminants And Are Taken From the Vogtle Electric Generating Plant
Discharge (VEGPD) Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
(STTJ 360)
Note: The standard consumption period used in tNa risk screening is that usually used for rural residents (40 yr); the standard consumption
period for an urban resident would be less (30 yr)
Consumption
Scenario
CS-137
SR-90
H-3
or
Radioactive
Combined
Minimum Estimate
(Assumes Lower
Annual Consumption Rate)
1,044.00 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 3.16E-11
(Risk/pCi)
= 1.32E-6
1,282.50 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 4.09E-11
(Risk/pCi)
= 2.10E-6
2,475.00 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 7.15E-14
(Risk/pCi)
= 7.08E-9
1,361.61 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 3.16E-10
(Risk/pCi)
= 1.72E-5
= 2.06E-5
Maximum Estimate
(Assumes Higher
Annual Consumption Ratol
2,204.00 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 3.16E-11
(Risk/pCi)
= 2.79E-6
2,707.50 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 4.09E-11
(Risk/pCi)
= 4.43E-6
5,225.00 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 7.15E-14
(Risk/pCi)
= 1.49E-8
2.874.51 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 3.16E-10
(Risk/pCi)
= 3.63E-5
= 4.35E-5
-------
Table 7-2.
Estimated Lifetime Excess Total Cancer Risk For a Reasonably Maximally Exposed (RME) Resident Ingesting Savannah
River Fish Which Have Selected Radioactive Contaminants And Are Taken From the Mouth of Four Mile Creek Near the
Savannah River Site (SRS)
(STN 365)
Note: The standard consumption period used in this risk screening is that usually used for rural residents (40 yrl; the standard consumption
period for an urban resident would be less (30 yrj
Consumption
Scenario
CS-137
SR-90
H-3
a
Radioactive
Combined
Minimum Estimate
(Assumes Lower
Annual Consumption Rate)
5,817.33 pCi/yrX
40 yrs
X 3.16E-11
(Risk/pCi)
= 7.35E-6
23,335.74 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 4.09E-11
(Risk/pCi)
= 3.82E-5
76.709.97 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 7.15E-14
(Risk/pCi)
= 2.19E-7
801.00 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 3.16E-10
(Risk/pCi)
= 1.01E-5
= 5.59E-5
Maximum Estimate
(Assumes Higher
Annual Consumption Rate)
12.281.03 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 3.16E-11
(Risk/pCi)
= 1.55E-5
49.264.34 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 4.09E-11
(Risk/pCi)
= 8.06E-5
161.943.27 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 7.15E-14
(Risk/pCi)
= 4.634E-7
1.691.00 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 3.16E-10
(Risk/pCi)
= 2.14E-5
= 1.18E-4
-------
Table 7-3.
Estimated Lifetime Excess Total Cancer Risk For a Reasonably Maximally Exposed (RME) Resident Ingesting Savannah
River Fish Which Have Selected Radioactive Contaminants And Are Taken From the Mouth of Steel Creek Near the
Savannah River Site (SRS)
(STN 410)
Note: The standard consumption period used in this risk screening is that usually used for rural residents (40 yr); the standard
consumption period for an urban resident would be less (30 yr)
Consumption
Scenario
CS-137
SR-90
H-3
a
Radioactive
Combined
Minimum Estimate
(Assumes Lower
Annual Consumption Rate)
6,912.00
pCi/yr X 4-0 yrs
X 8.74E-6
(Risk/pCi)
= 8.74E-6
738.00 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 4.09E-11
(Risk/pCi)
= 1.21E-6
84,073.86 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 7.15E-14
(Risk/pCi)
= 2.40E-7
931.50 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 3.16E-10
(Risk/pCi)
= 1.18E-5
= 2.20E-5
Maximum Estimate
(Assumes Higher
Annual Consumption Rate)
14,592 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 3.16E-11
(Risk/pCi)
= 1.84E-5
1,558.00 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 4.09E-11
(Risk/pCi)
= 2.55E-6
177.489.26 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 7.15E-14
(Risk/pCi)
= 5.08E-7
1,966.50 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 3.16E-10
(Risk/pCi)
= 2.49E-5
= 4.64E-5
-------
Table 7-4.
Estimated Lifetime Excess Total Cancer Risk For a Reasonably Maximally Exposed (RME) Resident Ingesting
Savannah River Fish Which Have Selected Radioactive Contaminants And Are Taken From the Mouth of
Lower Three Runs Creek Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
(STN 440)
Note: The standard consumption period used in this risk screening is that usually used for rural residents (40 yr); the standard
consumption period for an urban resident would be less (30 yr)
Consumption
Scenario
CS-137
SR-90
H-3
or
Radioactive
Combined
Minimum Estimate
(Assumes Lower
Annual Consumption Rate)
7,698.87 pCi/yr X
40 yrs
X 3.16E-11
(Risk/pCi)
= 9.73E-6
4,782.87 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 7.15E-14
(Risk/pCi)
= 1.37E-8
810.00 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 3.16E-10
(Risk/pCi)
= 1.02E-5
= 4.99E-6
Maximum Estimate
(Assumes Higher
Annual Consumption Rate)
16.253.17 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 3.16E-11
(Risk/pCi)
= 2.05E-5
10,097.17 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 7.15E-14
(Risk/pCi)
= 2.89E-8
1,710.00 pCi/yr
X 40 yrs
X 3.16E-10
(Risk/pCi)
= 2.16E-5
= 1.05E-5
-------
PART II.
RISK SCREENING ESTIMATES OF POTENTIAL HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS
DUE TO INGESTING FISH WHICH HAVE NONRADIOACTIVE
CONTAMINANTS AND ARE TAKEN FROM LOCATIONS NEAR THE
SAVANNAH RIVER SITE (SRS)
-------
Key to Nonradioactive Risk Screening Tables
Table
* Number
Title
1
Summary Table Of Hazard Indexes (His) For Deleterious Non-Cancer
Systemic Effects During a Lifetime Obtained by Ingesting Fish Which Are
Contaminated With Selected Nonradioactive Contaminants And Are Taken
From Various Locations Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah River
Site (SRS)
2
Summary Table of Estimated Lifetime Excess Cancer Risk For a Resident
Ingesting Fish Which Are Contaminated With Selected Nonradioactive
Contaminants And Are Taken From Various Locations Along the Savannah
River Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
3
Mean Levels Of Selected Nonradioactive Contaminants In Edible Portions of
Fish Taken From Various Locations Along the Savannah River Near the
Savannah River Site (SRS)
4
Mean Daily Doses of Selected Nonradioactive Contaminants Per kg Of Fish
Obtained By Ingesting Fish Taken From Various Locations Along the
Savannah River Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
5
Summary Table Of Reference Doses (RfDs) For Oral Exposure To Selected
Nonradioactive Contaminants Found In Fish Taken From Various Locations
Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
6
Hazard Index (HI) For Deleterious Non-Cancer Systemic Effects During a
Lifetime Obtained By Ingesting Fish Contaminated With Arsenic And Taken
From Various Locations Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah River
Site (SRS)
7
Hazard Index (HI) For Deleterious Non-Cancer Systemic Effects During a
Lifetime Obtained By Ingesting Fish Which Are Contaminated With Mercury
And Taken From Various Locations Along the Savannah River Near the
Savannah River Site (SRS)
8
Hazard Index (HI) For Deleterious Non-Cancer Systemic Effects During a
Lifetime Obtained By Ingesting Fish Which Are Contaminated With Selenium
And Taken From Various Locations Along the Savannah River Near the
Savannah River Site (SRS)
9
Hazard Index (HI) For Deleterious Non-Cancer Systemic Effects During a
Lifetime Obtained By Ingesting Fish Which Are Contaminated With Zinc And
Taken From Various Locations Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah
River Site (SRS)
-------
10
Summary Table Of Unit Risk Factors (q/s) For Oral Exposure To Selected
Nonradioactive Contaminants Found In Fish Taken From Various Locations
Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
11
Upper Estimates Of Lifetime Excess Total Cancer Risk For a Resident
Obtained By Ingesting Fish Which Are Contaminated With Arsenic And
Taken From Various Locations Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah
River Site (SRS)
12
Upper Estimates Of Lifetime Excess Total Cancer Risk For a Resident
Obtained By Ingesting Fish Which Are Contaminated With b-BHC And Taken
From Various Locations Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah River
Site (SRS)
13
Upper Estimates Of Lifetime Excess Total Cancer Risk For a Resident
Obtained By Ingesting Fish Which Are Contaminated With DDE And Taken
From Various Locations Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah River
Site (SRS)
-------
Table 1.
Summary Table Of Hazard Indexes (His) For Deleterious Non-Cancer Systemic Effects
During a Lifetime Obtained by Ingesting Fish Which Are Contaminated With Selected
.Nonradioactive Contaminants And Taken From Various Locations Along the Savannah
River Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
HI = Human Dose / RfD
If this number is = or > "1", this indicates that the RfD has been exceeded. Usually,
doses less than the RfD are not likely to be associated with any systemic health risks and
are therefore less likely to be of regulatory concern. However, as the frequency of
exposure exceeding the RfD increases, and as the size of the excess increases, the
probability increases that adverse effects may be observed in a human population.
Note: The maximum f19 kg/yr) fish consumption rate was used to obtain these upper
estimates; the minimum (9 kg/yr) consumption rate was used elsewhere in this risk
screening to obtain lower estimates as well.
Contaminant
of Concern
Consumption Scenario
HI
Arsenic
Reasonably Maximally Exposed (RME)
0.12
Maximum Estimate of Average Exposure
0.05
Mercury
Reasonably Maximally Exposed (RME)
0.62
Maximum Estimate of Average Exposure
0.30
Selenium
Reasonably Maximally Exposed (RME)
0.06
Maximum Estimate of Average Exposure
0.03
Zinc
Reasonably Maximally Exposed (RME)
0.03
Maximum Estimate of Average Exposure
0.02
b-BHC
Can Not Be Estimated Because a Reference Dose (RfD) Is
Not Available At This Time
Unknown
DDE
Can Not Be Estimated Because a Reference Dose (RfD) Is
Not Available At This Time
Unknown
-------
Table 2.
Summary Table of Estimated Lifetime Excess Cancer Risk For a Resident
Ingesting Fish Which Are Contaminated With Selected Nonradioactive
Contaminants And Are Taken From Various Locations Along the Savannah River
Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
Note: The maximum (19 kgfyr) fish consumption rate was used to obtain these
upper estimates: the minimum (9 kg/yr) consumption rate was used elsewhere in
this risk screening to obtain lower estimates as well.
Consumption
Scenario
As
b-BHC
DDE
Nonradioactive
Combined
Reasonably Maximally
Exposed (RME)
1.86E-9
2.68E-5
5.06E-6
1.06E-5
Maximum Estimate
of Average Exposure
(Assumes Higher
Annual Consumption Rate)
7.45E-10
1.73E-5
1.26E-6
6.19E-6
Minimum Estimate
of Average Exposure
(Assumes Lower
Annual Consumption Rate)
3.53E-10
8.24E-6
5.94E-7
2.78E-6
-------
Table 3.
Mean Levels of Selected Nonradioactive Contaminants In Edible Portions Of Fish Taken From Various Locations
Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
Cowity
Looua
Spoafaa
Awrag*
tangth
in
Inchw
ContaiAant of Conoacn fcngftgl
Am
M<|
Sa
Zn
bfiHC
DOC
run
avg
run
avg
run
avg
run
avg
run
avg
run
avg
Richmond
Dowwlnwi
leak 1 Dwti
Largamoutb
Bnt
14.8
-
-
0.18
to 0.21
0.20
0.32
to 0.38
0.36
8.80
to 10.00
9.40
-
0.02
< 0.01
< 0.1
6uokซr
14.9
-
-
0.10
to 0 26
0.18
0.26
to 0.36
0.31
8.30
to 12.00
9.70
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
to 0.02
0.006
Chatham
US 17
Channel
Catfiah
16.1
0.02
to 0.06
0.03
0.04
to 0.08
O 06
0.06
to 0.14
0.10
6.10
to 6.30
6.36
-
-
-
-
Largamouth
Ban
13.3
<0 02
to 0.03
0.01
0.02
to 0 06
004
0.11
to 0.19
0.14
4 20
to 6.70
6.17
-
-
-
-
Combined
Counties
Composite
14.8
0 02
to 0.06
0.02
0 02
to 0.26
0.12
0.06
to 0.38
0.23
4.20
to 12.00
7.40
< 0.01
to 0.02
0.013
< 0.01
to 0.02
0.006
-------
Table 4.
Mean Daily Doses Of Selected Nonradioactive Contaminants Per kg Of Fish Obtained By Ingesting Fish Taken
From Various Locations Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
Consumption
Scenario
As
Hg
Se
Zn
b-BHC
DDE
Minimum Estimate
of Average Exposure
(AatirriM Lower
Annual Consumption Rett)
0.02 mgJkg
X 9 kg/yr -
0.18 mg/yr ฆ
4.93E-4 mg/d -
7.06E-6
mg/kg-d
P.12mg/Vg
X 9 kg/yr -
1.08 mg/yr -
2.98E-3 mg/d -
4.23E-5
mg/kg-d
0.23 mg/kg
X 9 kg/yr -
2 07 mg/yr -
5.67E-3 mg/d
8.10E-6
mg/kg-d
7.40 mg/kg
X 9 kg/yr -
68.8 mg/yr ฆ
0.18 mg/d ฆ
2.61 E-3
mg/kg-d
0.013 mgAcg
X 9 kg/yr -
0.117 mg/yr -
3.21E-4 mg/d -
4.68E-8
mg/kg-d
0.006 mg/kg
X 9 kg/yr -
0.046 mg/yr -
1.23E-4 mg/d -
1 .78E-6
mg/kg-d
Maximum Estimate
of Average Exposure
Higher Annual
Consumption Rate)
0 02 mgfltg
X 19 kg/yr -
0.38 mg/yr -
1.04E-3 mg/d -
1.49E-S
mg/kg-d
0.12 mg/kg
X 19 kg/yr -
2.28 mg/yr -
0.25E-3 mg/d -
8.93E-6
mgAg-d
0.23 mg/kg
X 19 kg/yr -
4.37 mg/yr ฆ
1.20E-2 mg/d -
1.71E-4
ma/k g-d
7.40 mg/kg
X 19 kg/yr -
140.80 mg/yr -
3.8&E-1 mg/d -
6.60E-3
mg/kg-d
0.013 mg/kg
X 19 kg/yr -
0.247 mg/yr -
6.77E-4 mg/d -
9.87E-8
mg/kg-d
0.006 mg/kg
X 19 kg/yr -
0.B60 mg/yr ฆ
2.60E-4 mg/d -
3.72E-6
mg/kg-d
-------
Table 5.
Summary Table Of Reference Doses (RfDs) For Oral Exposure To Selected
Nonradioactive Contaminants Found In Fish Taken From Various Locations Along
the Savannah River Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
Contaminant
of Concern
As
Hg
Se
Zn
b-BHC
DDE
RfD (mg/kg-day)
3.00E-4
3.00E-4
5.00E-3
3.00E-1
Not
Available
at this
time
Not
Available
at this
time
-------
Table 6.
ฆ
Hazard Index (HI) for Deleterious Non-Cancer Systemic Effects
During a Lifetime Obtained By Ingesting Fish Which Are
Contaminated With Arsenic And Taken From Various Locations
Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
HI
= Human Dose / RfD
If this number is = or > "1this Indicates that the RID has been
exceeded. Usually, doses less than the RfD are not likely to be
associated with any systemic health risks and are therefore less
likely to be of regulatory concern. However, as the frequency of
exposure exceeding the RfD increases, and as the size of the
excess increases, the probability increases that adverse effects may
be observed in a human population.
Note: The maximum (19 kg/yri fish consumption rate was used to
obtain these upper estimates; the minimum (9 kg/yr) consumption
rate was used elsewhere in this risk screening to obtain lower
estimates as well.
Consumption
Scenario
Daily Dose
HI
Reasonably Maximally
Exposed (RME)
0.05 mg/kg
X 19 kg/yr =
3.72E-5 mg/kg-d
[Channel Catfish Taken
Solely at US
17, Chatham County]
0.95 kg/yr =
2.60E-3 mg/d =
3.72E-5
mg/kg-d
0.12
3.00E-4 mg/kg-d
Maximum Estimate
of Average Exposure
1.49E-5
mg/kg-d
1.49E-5 mg/kg-d
[Fish Taken From Various
Locations Along the
Savannah River Near the
Savannah River Site (SRS)]
0.05
3.00E-4 mg/kg-d
-------
Table 7.
Hazard Index (HI) For Deleterious Non-Cancer Systemic Effects During
a Lifetime Obtained By Ingesting Fish Which Are Contaminated With
Mercury and Taken From Various Locations Along the Savannah River
Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
HI = Human Dose / RfD
If this number is = or > "1", this indicates that the RfD has been
exceeded. Usually, doses less than the RfD are not likely to be
associated with any systemic health risks and are therefore less likely
to be of regulatory concern. However, as the frequency of exposure
exceeding the RfD increases, and as the size of the excess increases,
the probability increases that adverse effects may be observed in a
human population.
Note: The maximum (19 kg/yr) fish consumption rate was used to
obtain these upper estimates; the minimum (9 kg/yr) consumption
rate was used elsewhere in this risk screening to obtain lower
estimates as well.
Consumption
Scenario
Daily Dose
HI
Reasonably Maximally
Exposed (RME)
[Sucker Taken Solely at
Downstream Lock & Dam,
Richmond County]
0.25 mg/kg
19 kg/yr =
4.75 mg/yr =
1.30E-2 mg/d =
1.86E-4
mg/kg-d
1.86E-4 mg/kg-d
= 0.62
3.00E-4 mg/kg-d
Maximum Estimate
' of Average Exposure
8.93E-5
mg/kg-d
8.93E-5 mg/kg-d
= 0.30
[Fish Taken From Various
Locations Along the
Savannah River Near the
Savannah River
Site (SRS)]
3.00E-4 mg/kg-d
-------
Table 8.
Hazard Index (HI) For Deleterious Non-Cancer Systemic Effects During a Lifetime
Obtained By Ingesting Fish Which Are Contaminated With Selenium And Taken From
Various Locations Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
HI = Human Dose / RfD
If this number is = or > "1", this indicates that the RfD has been exceeded. Usually,
doses less than the RfD are not likely to be associated with any systemic health risks and
are therefore less likely to be of regulatory concern. However, as the frequency of
exposure exceeding the RfD increases, and as the size of the excess increases, the
probability increases that adverse effects may bo observed in a human population.
Note: The maximum (19 kg/yrj fish consumption rate was used to obtain these upper
estimates; the minimum 19 kg/yr) consumption rate was used elsewhere in this risk
screening to obtain lower estimates as well.
Consumption
Scenario
Daily Dose
HI
Reasonably Maximally
Exposed (RME)
[Largemouth Bass Taken Solely at
Downstream Lock & Dam,
Richmond County]
0.38 mg/kg
X 19 kg/yr =
7.22 mg/yr =
1.98E-2 mg/d =
2.83E-4
mg/kg-d
2.83E-4 mg/kg-d
= 0.06
5.00E-3 mg/kg-d
Maximum Estimate
of Average Exposure
1.71E-4
mg/kg-d
1.71E-4 mg/kg-d
= 0.03
[Fish Taken From Various
Locations Along the Savannah
River Near the Savannah River
Site (SRS)]
5.00E-3 mg/kg-d
-------
Table 9.
Hazard Index (HI) For Deleterious Non-Cancer Systemic Effects During
a Lifetime Obtained By Ingesting Fish Which Are Contaminated With
Zinc And Taken From Various Locations Along the Savannah River
Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
HI = Human Dose / RfD
if this number Is = or > "1this indicates that the RfD has been
exceeded. Usually, doses less than the RfD are not likely to be
associated with any systemic health risks and are therefore less likely
to be of regulatory concern. However, as the frequency of exposure
exceeding the RfD increases, and as the size of the excess increases,
the probability increases that adverse effects may be observed in a
human population.
Note: The maximum (19 kg/yr) fish consumption rate was used to
obtain these upper estimates; the minimum f9 kg/yr) consumption
rate was used elsewhere in this risk screening to obtain lower
estimates as well.
Consumption
Scenario
Daily Dose
HI
Reasonably Maximally
Exposed (RME)
[Sucker Taken Solely at
Downstream Lock & Dam,
Richmond County]
12.00 mg/kg
X 19 kg/yr =
228 mg/yr =
0.62 mg/d =
8.92E-3
mg/kg-d
8.92E-3 mg/kg-d
= 0.03
3.00E-1 mg/kg-d
Maximum Estimate
of Average Exposure
5.50E-3
mg/kg-d
5.50E-3 mg/kg-d
= 0.02
- [Fish Taken From Various
Locations Along the
Savannah River Near the
Savannah River Site (SRS)]
3.00E-1 mg/kg-d
-------
Table 10.
Summary Table of Unit Risk Factors (qn*s) For Oral
Exposure To Selected Nonradioactive Contaminants
Found In Fish Taken From Various Locations Along
the Savannah River Near the Savannah River Site
(SRS)
Contaminant
of Concern
As
b-BHC
DDE
q,* (mg/kg-d)'1
5.00E-5
1.80E + 0
3.40E-1
-------
Table 11.
Upper Estimates Of Lifetime Excess Total Cancer Risk For a Resident Obtained
By Ingesting Fish Which Are Contaminated With Arsenic And Taken From
Various Locations Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah River Site
(SRS)
Individual Risk = Unit Risk Factor X Individual Dose
Note: The maximum (19 kg/yr) fish consumption rate was used to obtain these
upper estimates; the minimum (9 kg/yr1 consumption rate was used elsewhere in
this risk screening to obtain lower estimates as well.
Consumption
Scenario
Daily Dose
Individual Risk
Reasonably Maximally
Exposed (RME)
[Channel Catfish Taken
Solely at US 17, Chatham
County)
0.05 mg/kg
X 19 kg/yr =
0.95 kg/yr =
2.60E-3 mg/d =
3.72E-5
mg/kg-d
3.72E-5 mg/kg-d
X = 1.86E-9
5.00E-5 (mg/kg-d)-1
Maximum Estimate
of Average Exposure
[Fish Taken From Various
Locations Along the
Savannah River Near the
Savannah River Site (SRS)]
1.49E-5
mg/kg-d
1.49E-5 mg/kg-d
X = 7.45E-10
5.00E-5 (mg/kg-d)'1
Minimum Estimate
of Average Exposure
[Fish Taken From Various
Locations Along the
Savannah River Near the
. Savannah River Site (SRS)]
7.05E-6
mg/kg-d
7.05E-6 mg/kg-d
X = 3.53E-10
5.00E-5 (mg/kg-d)1
-------
Table 12.
Upper Estimates Of Lifetime Excess Total Cancer Risk For a Resident
Obtained By Ingesting Fish Which Are Contaminated With b-BHC And Taken
From Various Locations Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah River
Site (SRS)
Individual Risk = Unit Risk Factor X Individual Dose
Note: The maximum (19 kg/yr1 fish consumption rate was used to obtain these
upper estimates; the minimum (9 kg/yr} consumption rate was used elsewhere
in this risk screening to obtain tower estimates as well.
Consumption
Scenario
Maximum Daily
Dose
Individual Risk
Reasonably Maximally
Exposed (RME)
[Largemouth Bass Taken
Solely at Downstream Lock
& Dam, Richmond County]
0.02 mg/kg
X 19 kg/yr =
0.38 mg/yr =
1.04E-3 mg/d =
1.49E-5
mg/kg-d
1.49E-5 mg/kg-d
X = 2.68E-5
1.80E + 0 (mg/kg-d)-1
Maximum Estimate
of Average Exposure
IFish Taken From Various
Locations Along the
Savannah River Near the
Savannah River Site (SRS)]
9.67E-6
mg/kg-d
9.67E-6 mg/kg-d
X = 1.73E-5
1.80E + 0 (mg/kg-d)'1
Minimum Estimate
of Average Exposure
[Fish Taken From Various
Locations Along the
Savannah River Near the
Savannah River Site (SRS)]
4.58E-6
mg/kg-d
4.58E-6 mg/kg-d
X = 8.24E-6
1.80E + 0 (mg/kg-d)'1
-------
Table 13.
Upper Estimates Of Lifetime Excess Total Cancer Risk For a Resident
Obtained By Ingesting Fish Which Are Contaminated With DDE And Taken
From Various Locations Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah River
Site (SRS)
Individual Risk = Unit Risk Factor X Individual Dose
Note: The maximum (19 kg/yr) fish consumption rate was used to obtain
these upper estimates; the minimum (9 kg/yr) consumption rate was used
eisewhere in this risk screening to obtain lower estimates as well.
Consumption
Scenario
Daily Dose
Individual Risk
Reasonably Maximally
Exposed (RME)
[Largemouth Bass Taken
Solely at Downstream Lock
& Dam, Richmond County]
0.02 mg/kg
X 19 kg/yr =
0.38 mg/yr =
1.04E-3 mg/d =
1.49E-5
mg/kg-d
1.49E-5 mg/kg-d
X = 5.06E-6
3.40E-1 (mg/kg-d)-1
Maximum Estimate
of Average Exposure
[Fish Taken From Various
Locations Along the
Savannah River Near the
Savannah River Site (SRS)]
3.72E-6
mg/kg-d
3.72E-6 mg/kg-d
X = 1.26E-6
3.40E-1 (mg/kg-d)"1
Minimum Estimate
of Average Exposure
[Fish Taken From Various
Locations Along the
Savannah River Near the
Savannah River Site (SRS)]
1.76E-6
mg/kg-d
1.76E-6 mg/kg-d
X = 5.94E-7
3.40E-1 (mg/kg-d)1
-------
PART III.
RISK SCREENING ESTIMATES OF POTENTIAL HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS
DUE TO INGESTING FISH WHICH HAVE COMBINED RADIOACTIVE
AND NONRADIOACTIVE CONTAMINANTS AND ARE TAKEN FROM
LOCATIONS NEAR THE SAVANNAH RIVER SITE (SRS)
-------
Key to Combined Radioactive and Nonradioactive Risk Screening Tables
Table
Number
Title
1
Summary Table Of Hazard Indexes (His) For Deleterious Non-Cancer
Systemic Effects During a Lifetime Obtained by Ingesting Fish Which Are
Contaminated With Selected Nonradioactive Contaminants And Are Taken
From Various Locations Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah River
Site (SRS)
2
Summary Table of Estimated Lifetime Excess Cancer Risk For a Resident
Ingesting Fish Which Are Contaminated With Selected Radioactive and
Nonradioactive Contaminants And Are Taken From Various Locations Along
the Savannah River Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
-------
Table 1.
Summary Table Of Hazard Indexes (His) For Deleterious Non-Cancer Systemic Effects
During a Lifetime Obtained by Ingesting Fish Which Are Contaminated With Selected
Nonradioactive Contaminants And Taken From Various Locations Along the Savannah
River Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
HI = Human Dose / RfD
If this number is = or > "1". this indicates that the RfD has been exceeded. Usually,
doses less than the RfD are not likely to be associated with any systemic health risks and
are therefore less likely to be of regulatory concern. However, as the frequency of
exposure exceeding the RfD increases, and as the size of the excess increases, the
probability increases that adverse effects may be observed in a human population.
Note: The maximum (19 kg/yr) fish consumption rate was used to obtain these upper
estimates; the minimum (9 kg/yrf consumption rate was used elsewhere in this risk
screening to obtain lower estimates as well.
Contaminant
of Concern
Consumption Scenario
HI
Arsenic
Reasonably Maximally Exposed (RME)
0.12
Maximum Estimate of Average Exposure
0.05
Mercury
Reasonably Maximally Exposed (RME)
0.62
Maximum Estimate of Average Exposure
0.30
Selenium
Reasonably Maximally Exposed (RME)
0.06
Maximum Estimate of Average Exposure
0.03
Zinc
Reasonably Maximally Exposed (RME)
0.03
Maximum Estimate of Average Exposure
0.02
b-BHC
Can Not Be Estimated Because a Reference Dose (RfD) Is
Not Available At This Time
Unknown
DDE
Can Not Be Estimated Because a Reference Dose (RfD) Is
Not Available At This Time
Unknown
-------
Table 2.
Summary Table of Estimated Lifetime Excess Cancer Risk For a Resident
Ingesting Fish Which Are Contaminated With Selected Radioactive and
Nonradioactive Contaminants And Are Taken From Various Locations
Along the Savannah River Near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
Note: The maximum (19 kg/yr) fish consumption rate was used to obtain
these upper estimates; the minimum (9 kg/yr) consumption rate was used
elsewhere in this risk screening to obtain lower estimates as well.
Consumption
Scenario
Radioactive
Nonradioactive
Radioactive and
Nonradioactive
Combined
Reasonably Maximally
Exposed (RME)
5.46E-5
1.06E-5
6.52E-5
Maximum Estimate
of Average Exposure
8.40E-6
6.19E-6
1.46E-5
Minimum Estimate
of Average Exposure
3.98E-6
2.78E-6
6.76E-6
-------
PART IV.
OVERALL RISK CHARACTERIZATION OF
POTENTIAL HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS DUE TO INGESTING FISH WHICH
HAVE COMBINED RADIOACTIVE AND NONRADIOACTIVE
CONTAMINANTS AND ARE TAKEN FROM LOCATIONS NEAR THE
SAVANNAH RIVER SITE (SRS)
-------
1
I. Risk Characterization
The purpose of this section is to clearly communicate results of the risk assessment to the risk manager. Key
scientific concepts, data, and methods are discussed here. This section provides an evaluation of the overall
quality of the assessment and the degree of confidence the authors have in the estimates of risk and conclusions
drawn. Section also describes risks to individuals and populations in terms of extent and severity of probable
harm. This section integrates individual characterizations from:
A. Hazard Identification
1. WMwtt Is kmwm s&mfl to mystxsltiy tuff SSm ismiSimSmests e/H
Hmmssm, Umw&sirf mmSmmSs, wr wiMBIfo egimsSm?
EPA classifies all radionuclides as Group A (known human)
carcinogens. Radionuclide slope factors are calculated by
EPA's Office of Radiation and Indoor Air (ORIA) to assist
HEAST (Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables) users
with risk-related evaluations and decision-making at various
stages of the remediation process. Therefore, the radioactive
contaminants of concern in this risk screening, Strontium-90
(SR-90), Cesium-137 (CS-137), Tritium (H-3), and Gross Alpha
(or) are analyzed as Group A (known human) carcinogens.
The unit risk factors (q/s) for these four radioactive
contaminants appear in Part I, Table 4.These q,*s have been
obtained from the most currently available version of HEAST
(November, 1994).
There are six nonradioactive contaminants of concern in this
risk screening: Arsenic (As); Mercury (Hg); Selenium (Se); Zinc
(Zn); Hexachlorocyclohexane, Beta (b-BHC); and 2,2-BIS(p-
CHLOROPHENYU-1,1 -DICHLOROETHYLENE (DDE).
Three of these nonradioactive contaminants of concern are
also carcinogens:
As is a Group A (known human) carcinogen
b-BHC is a Group B2 (probable human)
carcinogen
DDE is a Group B2 (probable human) carcinogen
The q/s for these three nonradioactive contaminants appear in
Part II, Table 10. These q,*s have been obtained from an on
line search of EPA's IRIS (Integrated Risk Information System)
on July 25, 1995.
All six of these nonradioactive contaminants of concern can
cause deleterious non-cancer systemic effects. However,
-------
2
Reference Doses (RfDs) for b-BHC and DDE are not available
at this time in IRIS. Consequently, these two nonradioactive
contaminants of concern were not analyzed further.
The RfDs for four of the nonradioactive contaminants appear
in Part II, Table 5. These RfDs have been obtained from an on
line search of EPA's IRIS (Integrated Risk Information System)
on July 25, 1995.
2. sm Ufa# mS'C&tdl wwntSbMSsฎ xmsS pdBwy
Since b-BHC and DDE were not analyzed, due to RfDs for
these two contaminants not being available, it is not known if
consumption of fish with existing levels of these two
pollutants can produce deleterious non-cancer systemic
effects.
B. Dose-Response Assessment
1. WkM Is kmmm dbmni tSfot budfoz&asH nmokamUmm smU
Mopsw&t cniix&smsMjs-s wosftwty&HB tevjf tfflfosSs a&smmtdl Hps tikt
m xf&aMtm gmswMkgi nfiafim ituse
asaaamsm/sS?
See entries for these contaminants of concern in
EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS).
2. WktiS turn ftaMwS senmcSnfoif&ss tmrf mSstms
(sktsfasm?
See entries for these contaminants of concern in
EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS).
C. Exposure Assessment
in this subsection severed types of risk information are presented on the range
of exposures derived from exposure scenarios and on the use of multiple risk
descriptors consistent with terminology in the EPA Guidance on Risk
Characterization. Agency risk assessment guidelines, and program-specific
guidance.
1. WMti Is Qmowm dbm& &kw puSimSipSs psiSttoa, mdl
msn^MwSm tuff Swrnm md w8MWa> tmspmiim md mmOma e/S
tpMmums mr wlimfo sjpxsdkm Hk
-------
3
fish to other wetland species such as the raptors ( e.g.,
kingfishers, hawks, owls, cormorants, osprey, and eagles), as
well as several varieties of turtles and alligators. Since bones
and carcass are usually taken whole as prey, the bone seeking
characteristic of SR-90 should be considered, because one
could reasonably hypothesize that levels of SR-90 might be
successively magnified through the food chains of these
predacious species.
The principle human pathway is fish ingestion. All individuals
in the general population who ingest these fish should sustain
some small, but measurable, additional risk. Recreational and
subsistence fishermen, because of higher consumption rates,
should be expected to sustain relatively higher levels of these
risks than the general population.
2. WDomtt sm tUhr wmsrtinfitisfifas smtS mskcmt pdhsy
dkxGfiota?
Subsistence fishermen frequently do not release undersized
fish. This is especially true for small panfish like bluegills,
sunfish, and suckers. These small fish frequently are simply
gutted, fried whole and consumed "bones and all". This local
consumption practice would necessarily increase SR-90 levels,
because there would be relatively more SR-90 in the bones of
the fish vis-d-vis the filet.
Additionally, subsistence fishermen frequently don't simply
consume pan fish. Local subsistence fishermen in this area
are known to include other aquatic species such as eels,
turtles, and alligators in their catch. One would expect that
these particular aquatic species, because they are further
along the food chain than pan fish, might successively magnify
levels of SR-90 in the bones of fish that they prey on.
Subsistence fishermen may thereby obtain higher levels of SR-
90 in their diet than either recreational fishermen or fish
consumers in the general population. Therefore, the risks for
subsistence fishermen, who in this analysis are consuming
only fish filets, would probably be underestimated.
Locally grown vegetable crops around SRS are monitored for
radionuclide content. Vegetable crops which normally have
high calcium content, e.g., collard greens, can also have
relatively increased levels of SR-90. As a local favorite,
particularly among people of color, this staple of the local diet
may serve as an additional avenue of exposure, in addition to
that which is obtained by Savannah River fish consumption.
However, the potential pathway for SR-90 in locally grown
-------
4
collard greens is not analyzed here. The amount of SR-90
consumed by fish consumers thereby may be higher than the
amounts calculated here, and this would tend to underestimate
the risk due to SR-90.
II. Discussion of Uncertainty in the Overall Assessment
The purpose of this section is to discuss fully the uncertainty in the overall assessment The quality and quantity
of available data, gaps in the database for specific chemicals, and the quality of the measured data are discussed.
Use of default assumptions is reviewed. Any incomplete understanding of general biological phenomena is
discussed here. Importantly, scientific judgments or science policy positions that were employed to bridge
information gaps are presented here.
A. Quality and Quantity of Available Data
1. Variability
There are two separate sets of data which have been analyzed
in this screening-level risk assessment, the nonradioactive
contaminants and the radioactive contaminants were
measured in separate groups of fish samples at two different
periods. Further, there is incomplete overlap of the portions of
the Savannah River selected for sampling the fish. Ideally,
simultaneous analyses of both radioactive and nonradioactive
contaminants should be obtained in the same fish, from the
same locations. However, to the Agency's knowledge these
are the only sets of fish sampling data available for analysis at
this time.
2. Uncertainty
There are many more aquatic species, and many more samples
for each of these species, in the radioactive data set than in
the nonradioactive data set. Therefore, one should be much
more confident about the risks identified in this analysis for the
radioactive contaminants vis-d-vis the nonradioactive
contaminants.
B. Data Gaps
The special circumstance of a lack of data for nonradioactive contaminants
in the Savannah River basin limit a detailed analysis of the impacts of these
pollutants on human health and the environment of this community. There
is relatively much more data on radioactive contaminants for this geographic
area, and the analysis of the potential effects of this class of pollutants is
consequently more robust. The authors are therefore much more confident
-------
5
about the risk characterization of the radioactive contaminants vis-d-vis the
nonradioactive contaminants.
C. Process of Alternatives Selection
1. Rationale for the Choice
Maximum estimate of average exposure is based on fish
samples taken at random along a 132.8 mile stretch of the
Savannah River, this length being determined by the
availability of sampling data near the Savannah River Site.
Georgia Department of Natural resources provided the data
used in this risk screening.
a. Radioactive Contaminant Data
Source
In December, 1994, the Georgia Department of
Natural Resources (DNR) Environmental
Protection Division (Environmental Radiation
Section) had provided EPA Region IV the
document titled: "Environmental Radioactivity
Data: SRS (Savannah River Site) area ...1/1/90 -
4/20/94" (compiled 4/20/94).
Radioactivity levels in fish samples, reported in
picoCuries per dry kilogram, appear on pp 72-75
of this document, which was the primary source
of radioactive contaminant data used in this risk
screening.
b. Nonradioactive Contaminant Data
Source
Data sheets for the Augusta and Savannah site
sampling of fish on the Savannah River was
collected September 22 - 23, 1993 as part of
the Georgia Department of Natural Resources
River Assessment Project.
c. Scope and Methodology
Levels for CS-137, K-40, H-3, ALPHA, BETA,
BETAS, and SR-90 are reported for several
aquatic species. On advice of the Region IV
Office of Radiation, the alpha levels are
considered to be contributed predominantly by
-------
6
a. This risk screening focuses on only CS-137,
SR-90, H-3. and a levels in fish taken from a
132.8 mile stretch of the Savannah River close
to the Savannah River Site.
Even though levels of radioactivity in both edible
and inedible portions of fish are reported, only
portions designated as "edible" or "filet" have
been used in this risk screening. Lab results (i.e.
dry) were converted to fresh (i.e. wet)
concentrations by multiplying by 0.3, which
approximates the typical Dry/Wet (D/W) ratios
observed in these samples (which were 0.3 +/-
0.1).
Both minimum (9 kg/yr) and maximum (19 kg/yr)
consumption rates, for both urban and rural
residents were used in this risk screening. Risks
for urban residents (consumption period 30
years) and rural residents (consumption period
40 years) were estimated.
Arithmetic means of radioactivity levels in fish
for various locations along this 132.8 mile
stretch of the Savannah River adjacent to the
Savannah River Site (SRS) were calculated.
Next, a mean dose of radioactivity per kg of fish
for various locations along this stretch of the
Savannah River was obtained. This mean dose
of radioactivity was then used to estimate
average cancer risk for both urban residents and
rural residents taking fish from various locations
along this 132.8 mile stretch of the Savannah
River.
In like fashion, a mean dose of radioactivity per
kg of fish was obtained for fish taken at the
Vogtle Electric Generating Plant Discharge
(VEGPD) [which is close to the mouth of Four
Mile Creek], and the confluences of Four Mile
Creek, Steel Creek, and Lower Three Runs
Creek. Similarly, this mean dose of radioactivity
was then used to estimate Reasonable Maximum
Exposure (RME) cancer risk for rural residents
taking fish from each respective confluence.
-------
7
Sport fish data were derived from a creel survey
conducted by the Georgia Department of Natural
Resources from the Savannah River Lock and
Dam to the Atlantic Ocean 1/10/88 -12/24/88.
See report by Dennis Schmidt (DNR-Fisheries
@912-727-2112), "Savannah River Creel
Survey", Report F-30-16.
Two consumption rates were used in this risk
screening: a minimum estimate of 9 kg/yr and a
maximum estimate of 19 kg/yr. These
consumption rates are taken from WSRC-RP-91 -
17, "Land and Water Use Characteristics of the
Savannah River Site (U)", published in March,
1991. Nuclear Regulatory commission (NRC)
default values for average and maximum
consumption are 6.3 and 21 kg respectively.
2. Effects of Alternatives Selected on the
Assessment
These Savannah River sampling sites are spread along 132.8
miles of stream near the vicinity of the Savanah River Site
(SRS). The Vogtle Electric Generating Plant discharge is 3.5
miles downstream from the first sampling site and 0.9 miles
upstream of the mouth of Four Mile Creek. Although the
Vogtle Plant is believed to discharge a small quantity of CS-
137, DNR considers SRS to be the major contributor of CS-
137 and the sole contributor of SR-90.
Samples taken at the mouth Four Mile Creek contained the
highest concentrations of SR-90. The highest concentrations
of H-3 were found at the mouth of Steel Creek, and the
highest levels of a were found 50 yards downstream of
VEGPD. The highest concentrations of CS-137 were found in
samples taken near the confluence of Lower Three Runs
Creek.
3. Comparison with Other Plausible Alternatives
Actual risk estimates that might be obtained from a formal risk
assessment could vary substantially from this initial risk
screening; most probably they would be greater than the
estimates presented here. For instance, some risk assessors
may chose to include all portions of the available fish samples
and not restrict the analysis to the edible flesh portions, (t is
likely that the SR-90 risk estimates could be substantially
-------
8
greater if the whole fish were to be consumed, because SR-90
is a known "bone seeker"; this would increase risk estimates.
Additionally, some risk assessors may choose to use 70 years
of fish consumption, instead of the 40 year period used in this
risk screening; this would further increase risk estimates
shown above.
III. Conclusions
This risk characterization is separate from any risk management considerations. In decision-making, risk
managers should use risk inlormation appropriate to their program legislation.
This risk characterization presents several types of information. Information is presented on the range of
exposures derived from exposure scenarios and the use of multiple risk descriptors (e.g., central tendency, high
end of individual risk, population risk, important subgroups, if knownJ consistent with terminology in the
Agency's Guidance on Risk Characterization. Agency Risk Assessment Guidelines (RAGs) and program-specific
guidance.
A. Noncancer Systemic Effects
Hazard Indexes (His) for deleterious non-cancer systemic effects during a
lifetime obtained by ingesting fish which are contaminated with selected
nonradioactive contaminants and are taken from various locations along the
Savannah River near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
Four nonradioactive contaminants were analyzed. None of the doses of
these four contaminants exceeded their respective reference doses (RfDs)
and are therefore not likely to be associated with any systemic health risks,
however, RfDs for b-BHC and DDE are not available at this time, and any
hazard for these contaminants presently cannot be estimated.
Consequently, the overall hazard for deleterious non-cancer systemic effects
during a lifetime obtained by ingesting fish which are contaminated with
these two pollutants is unknown.
B. Cancer Effects
1. Risk due to selected radioactive contaminants
Estimated lifetime excess total cancer risk for a resident
ingesting fish which are contaminated with selected
radioactive contaminants and are taken from various locations
along the Savannah River near the Savannah River Site (SRS)
a. Estimated risks for rural resident
with RME to SR-90. CS-137. H-3.
and cr:
-------
9
An analysis of an individual rural resident with a
Reasonable Maximum Exposure (RME) to SR-90,
CS-137,H-3, and cr was performed for sampling
data from VEGPD, and the mouths of Four Mile
Creek, Steel Creek, and Lower Three Runs
Creek, those locations of this stretch of the
Savannah River which have the highest levels
these radionuclides. The estimated lifetime
excess total cancer risk due to SR-90, CS-137.
H-3. and a for a Reasonably Maximally Exposed
IRME) rural resident ingesting Savannah River
fish taken solely from these locations is 5.46E-5.
In short, with arithmetic rounding, the risk from
these radionuclides combined for a RME rural
resident should be considered to be a "1.00E-4"
risk.
b. Estimated risks for rural residents
with average exposure to SR-90.
CS-137. H-3. a:
An analysis was performed of an individual rural
resident consuming fish from various locations
along the Savannah River near the Savannah
River Site (SRS). In this consumption scenario
this rural resident consumes fish from the
VEGPD as well as from the mouths of Four Mile
Creek, Steel Creek, and Lower Three Runs
Creek. Thereby this rural resident obtains fish
with the highest concentrations of SR-90, CS-
137. H-3. and cr.
The upper bound estimate of lifetime excess
total cancer risk due to SR-90. CS-137. H-3. and
a for a rural resident ingesting the upper limit of
an average amount of Savannah River fish taken
solely from these locations is 8.40E-6. In short,
with arithmetic rounding, the upper bound
estimate of this risk from these radionuclides for
an average rural resident should be considered to
be a "1.00E-5" risk.
The lower bound estimate of lifetime excess
total cancer risk due to SR-90, CS-137, H-3. and
a for a rural resident ingesting the lower limit of
an average amount of Savannah River fish taken
solely from these locations is 3.98E-6. In short.
-------
10
with arithmetic rounding, the upper bound
estimate of this risk from these radionuclides for
an average rural resident should be considered to
be a "1.00E-6" risk.
2. Risk Due to Selected Nonradioactive
Contaminants
Estimated lifetime excess total cancer risk for a resident
ingesting fish which are contaminated with selected
nonradioactive contaminants and are taken from various
locations along the Savannah River near the Savannah River
Site (SRS)
a. Estimated risks for rural resident
with RME to As. b-BHC. and DDE
i. Arsenic (As)
An analysis of an individual rural resident with a
Reasonable Maximum Exposure (RME) to As
was performed for sampling data from various
locations along the Savannah River near the
Savannah River Site (SRS).
The estimated lifetime excess total cancer risk
due to As for a Reasonably Maximally Exposed
(RME) rural resident ingesting Savannah River
fish taken from these locations is 1.86E-9. In
short, with arithmetic rounding, this risk from As
for a RME rural resident should be considered to
be a "1.00E-9" risk.
ii. b-BHC
Likewise, an analysis of an individual rural
resident with a Reasonable Maximum Exposure
(RME) to b-BHC was performed for sampling
data from the from various locations along the
Savannah River near the Savannah River Site
(SRS).
The estimated lifetime excess total cancer risk
due to b-BHC for a Reasonably Maximally
Exposed (RME) rural resident ingesting Savannah
River fish taken from these locations is 2.68E-5.
In short, with arithmetic rounding, the upper
bound estimate of this risk from b-BHC for a
-------
11
RME rural resident should be considered to be
"1.00E-5".
iii. DDE
Again, an analysis of an individual rural resident
with a Reasonable Maximum Exposure (RME) to
DDE was performed for sampling data from the
from various locations along the Savannah River
near the Savannah River Site (SRS).
The estimated lifetime excess total cancer risk
due to DDE for a Reasonably Maximally Exposed
(RME) rural resident ingesting Savannah River
fish taken solely from these locations is 5.06E-6.
In short, with arithmetic rounding, this risk from
DDE for a RME rural resident should be
considered to be "1.00E-5".
iv. As, b-BHC, and DDE
(nonradioactive combined)
Therefore, the estimated lifetime excess total
cancer risk due to As, b-BHC, and DDE
(nonradioactive combined) for a Reasonably
Maximally Exposed (RME) rural resident
ingesting Savannah River fish taken from various
locations along the Savannah River near the
Savannah River Site (SRS) is 1.06E-5. In short,
with arithmetic rounding, this risk from As, b-
BHC. and DDE combined for a RME rural resident
should be considered to be "1.00E-5".
b. Estimated risks for rural resident
with average exposure to As. b-
BHC. and DDE
An analysis of an individual rural resident with a
maximum estimate of average exposure to As
was performed for sampling data from various
locations along the Savannah River near the
Savannah River Site.
i. Arsenic (As)
The upper bound estimate of lifetime excess
total cancer due to As risk for a rural resident
-------
ingesting an average amount of Savannah River
fish taken from these locations is 7.45E-10. In
short, with arithmetic rounding, the upper bound
estimate of this risk from As for an average rural
resident should be considered to be "1.00E-9".
The lower bound estimate of lifetime excess
total cancer due to As risk for a rural resident
ingesting an average amount of Savannah River
fish taken from these locations is 3.53E-10. In
short, with arithmetic rounding, the lower bound
estimate of this risk from As for an average rural
resident should be considered to be "1.00E-10".
ii. b-BHC
Likewise, an analysis of an individual rural
resident with an average exposure to b-BHC was
performed for sampling data from these
locations.
The upper bound estimate of lifetime excess
total cancer risk due to b-BHC for an average
rural resident ingesting Savannah River fish
taken solely from these locations is 1.73E-5. In
short, with arithmetic rounding, the upper bound
estimate of this risk from b-BHC for an average
rural resident should be considered to be "1.00E-
5".
The lower bound estimate of lifetime excess
total cancer risk due to b-BHC for an average
rural resident ingesting Savannah River fish
taken solely from these locations is 8.24E-6. In
short, with arithmetic rounding, the lower bound
estimate of this risk from b-BHC for an average
rural resident should be considered to be "1.00E-
5".
iii. DDE
Again, an analysis of an individual rural resident
with an average exposure to DDE was
performed for sampling data from the from
various locations along the Savannah River near
the Savannah River Site (SRS).
-------
The upper bound estimate of lifetime excess
total cancer risk due to DDE for an average rural
resident ingesting Savannah River fish taken
solely from these locations is 1.26E-6. In short,
with arithmetic rounding, the upper bound
estimate of this risk from DDE for an average
rural resident should be considered to be "1.00E-
6".
The lower bound estimate of lifetime excess
total cancer risk due to DDE for an average rural
resident ingesting Savannah River fish taken
solely from these locations is 5.94E-7. In short,
with arithmetic rounding, the upper bound
estimate of this risk from DDE for an average
rural resident should be considered to be "1.00E-
6".
iv. As, b-BHC, and DDE
(nonradioactive combined)
Therefore, the combined upper bound estimate
of lifetime excess total cancer risk due to As, b-
BHC, and DDE (nonradioactive combined) for an
average rural resident ingesting Savannah River
fish taken from various locations along the
Savannah River near the Savannah River Site
(SRS) is 1.86E-5. In short, with arithmetic
rounding, the upper bound estimate of this risk
from As, b-BHC. and DDE combined for an
average rural resident should be considered to be
"1.00E-5".
Similarly, the lower bound estimate of lifetime
excess total cancer risk due to As, b-BHC, and
DDE (nonradioactive combined) for an average
rural resident ingesting Savannah River fish
taken from various locations along the Savannah
River near the Savannah River Site (SRS) is
2.78E-6. In short, with arithmetic rounding, the
lower bound estimate of this risk from As, b-
BHC, and DDE combined for an average rural
resident should be considered to be "1.00E-6".
Estimated lifetime excess total cancer risk for a resident
ingesting fish which are contaminated with selected
radioactive and nonradioactive contaminants and are taken
-------
14
from various locations along the Savannah River near the
Savannah River Site (SRS)
a. Estimated risks for rural resident with RME to
radioactive and nonradioactive contaminants
i. The estimated lifetime excess total
cancer risk for an individual rural
resident with a Reasonable
Maximum Exposure (RME) to
radioactive contaminants (see
above) is 1.19E-4.
ii. The analysis of an individual rural
resident with a Reasonable
Maximum Exposure (RME) to
nonradioactive contaminants (see
above) is 1.06E-5.
iii. Therefore, the estimated lifetime
excess total cancer risk due to
radioactive and nonradioactive
contaminants combined for a
Reasonably Maximally Exposed
(RME) rural resident ingesting
Savannah River fish taken from
these locations is 1.30E-4-. In
short, with arithmetic rounding,
this risk from both radioactive and
nonradioactive contaminants for a
RME rural resident should be
considered to be a "1.00E-4" risk.
iv. Stated in other terms, this is
roughly equivalent to one extra
case of cancer in every 10,000
individuals with maximum
exposure.
b. Estimated risks for rural resident with average
exposure to radioactive and nonradioactive
contaminants:
i. The upper bound estimate of
lifetime excess total cancer due to
all radioactive contaminants
studied for a rural resident
-------
ingesting an average amount of
Savannah River fish taken from
these locations is 8.40E-6, roughly
a 1.00E 5 risk.
The lower bound estimate of
lifetime excess total cancer due to
all radioactive contaminants
studied for a rural resident
ingesting an average amount of
Savannah River fish taken from
these locations is 3.98E-6, roughly
a 1.00E-6 risk.
The upper bound estimate of
lifetime excess total cancer risk
due to all nonradioactive
contaminants for an average rural
resident ingesting Savannah River
fish taken solely from these
locations is 6.19E-6, roughly a
1.00E-5 risk.
The lower bound estimate of
lifetime excess total cancer risk
due to all nonradioactive
contaminants for an average rural
resident ingesting Savannah River
fish taken solely from these
locations is 2.78E-6, roughly a
1.00E-6 risk.
The upper bound estimate of
lifetime excess total cancer risk
due to radioactive and
nonradioactive contaminants
combined for an average rural
resident ingesting Savannah River
fish taken from various locations
along the Savannah River near the
Savannah River Site (SRS) is
1.46E-5. In short, with arithmetic
rounding, this risk for a RME rural
resident from nonradioactive and
radioactive contaminants
combined should be considered to
be a "1.00E-5" risk.
-------
The lower bound estimate of
lifetime excess total cancer risk
due to all radioactive and
nonradioactive contaminants
combined for an average rural
resident ingesting Savannah River
fish taken solely from these
locations is 6.76E-6. In short,
with arithmetic rounding, this risk
for a RME rural resident from
nonradioactive and radioactive
contaminants combined should be
considered to be a "1.00E-5" risk.
iv. Stated in other terms, this is
roughly equivalent to one extra
case of cancer in every 100,000
individuals with average exposure.
Information Regarding Strengths and Limitations of this Risk Assessment
For:
A. Other Risk Assessments
The Office of Radiation of APTMD uses a different method which compares
levels of environmental radioactivity to radiation protection standards, not
the estimation of excess cancer. This may be problematic, in that a level of
radioactivity which may be deemed "safe" under these radiation protection
standards may nevertheless account for an excess total number of cancers
that can be estimated using standard risk screening methods.
Importantly, of many potential human health risks, only lifetime excess total
cancer risks from two radionuclides, strontium-90 (SR-90) and cesium (CS-
137), are estimated in this analysis. Even though data may exist for a
variety of radionuclides in these waters, only cancer risks from ingestion of
fish containing concentrations of these two radionuclides have been
evaluated. Consideration of other radionuclides which are known to exist in
this stream would increase the risk estimates derived in this risk screening.
One should realize that the individual levels of contaminants used in the
Reasonably Maximally Exposed {RME) estimates were, in fact, high-end, not
maximum, values. The radioactive contaminant levels of all fish samples for
each sampling station (STN) were averaged for that respective location.
Next, those locations with the highest levels of specific radionuclides were
selected as loci for further RME analysis. This RME approach is consistent
with the Administrator's policy guidance on risk characterization.
-------
This risk screening is based on preliminary data provided by the Georgia
Department of Natural resources. The Georgia Department of Natural
Resources is cooperating with EPA on further analysis of non-radiological
contaminants in this waterway. We have learned that the Georgia
Department of Natural Resources has new fish sampling data, but these data
are not available to the Agency at this time. We hope to obtain these new
data for further analysis of the risks in this community.
B. Relevance of this Risk Assessment for EPA Decision-Makers
The SRS F & H Area groundwater plume drains into Four Mile Creek. EPA
Records of Decision (RODs) require groundwater remediation to prevent
additional contamination of Four Mile Creek.
There is one perspective of this analysis which deserves special mention.
Fish consumers in the Savannah River community may be highly exposed.
In this community some of these fish consumers have been identified as
poor people of color. EPA has evidence that some of these same people are,
in fact, subsistence fishermen. Selection of this population segment was a
matter of discovery of a highly exposed subgroup during the assessment
process, and not a matter of a priori interest in the subgroup because of
environmental justice considerations. These findings must be given careful
consideration.
C. Caveats for the Risk Manager
For the most part, this risk screening addresses human health
considerations, not ecological risks. There are other potential adverse
human health effects, besides cancer, that could be produced by other non-
radiological contaminants. The contributions of non-radioactive toxic
compounds to the production of adverse human health effects, including
cancer, are not analyzed here.
D. Public Involvement Issues
1. Ecological Considerations
a. Alligators and aquatic turtles (especially soft
back and snapping turtles) have not been
included in this risk screening. Even though
these species are know to be harvested by local
fishermen, creel survey-type data on these edible
game species have not been located to date.
b. Another species of special interest are
catadromous eels of the genus anguilla. These
eels are apparently a favorite delicacy of local
-------
residents, some adult eels reaching about three
feet in length. These eels migrate from the
Savannah River to the Sargossa Sea (part of the
North Atlantic between the West Indies and the
Azores) to spawn. Some of these eels have
been found on the Savannah River Site,
specifically in Par Pond. However, to date,
neither the Georgia DNR or Region IV's
Environmental Services Division (ESD) have
sampled these eels for heavy metals or
radionuclides.
c. In consideration of these potential
ecological impacts the reader
should note that this risk screening
focuses primarily on potential
human health risks, not ecological
risks. Nevertheless, in so far as
several of these aquatic species
are part of the human diet in this
community, there are probably
shared adverse impacts.
Human Health Considerations
H. WDw ฎ7ฎ tiihฎ [pxufflpfts ait sgnssbssft crfletk?
The people at greatest risk are subsistence
fishermen, who in this area have been identified
as primarily poor people of color.
2. WMt Ms Dawdle am tfhxsy edbJwoM to?
The estimated lifetime excess total cancer risk
due to radioactive and nonradioactive
contaminants combined for a Reasonably
Maximally Exposed (RMEJ rural resident
ingesting Savannah River fish taken from these
locations is 5.08E-4. In short, with arithmetic
rounding, this risk from both radioactive and
nonradioactive contaminants for a RME rural
resident should be considered to be a "1.00E-3"
risk.
In other terms, one would expect one extra case
of cancer in 1,000 such individuals with similar
exposure.
-------
19
3. Wbsft sots ttflwy dtataffl, wulhxiffฎ 4ฎ (Uwซ,
ฎto., DIM imJsjIhrft |p[ฎoฎ ttftosmro all We Mgjlhwr
fdslte?
These individuals are placed at greater risk by
fishing at the Savannah River confluences of
Four Mile Creek and Steel Creek, because these
are the locations along the Savannah River with
the highest concentration of radioactive
pollutants.
4J. Wlhffltt Be tubฎ axmaqfn riefe tor WftyMtacSe (km
tShxs [petpyBraJiwa off ImtiiHKwtt?
The upper bound estimate of lifetime excess
total cancer risk due to radioactive and
nonradioactive contaminants combined for an
average rural resident ingesting Savannah River
fish taken from various locations along the
Savannah River near the Savannah River Site
(SRS) is 6.25E-5. In short, with arithmetic
rounding, this risk from radioactive and
nonradioactive contaminants combined for a
RME rural resident should be considered to have
a "1.00E-4" risk.
In other terms, one would expect one extra case
of cancer in 10,000 such individuals with similar
exposure.
Hazard Indexes (His) obtained by ingesting fish
which are contaminated with selected
nonradioactive contaminants and are taken from
various locations along the Savannah River near
the Savannah River Site (SRS).
Four nonradioactive contaminants were analyzed
for deleterious non-cancer systemic effects
during a lifetime. None of the doses of these
four contaminants exceeded their respective
reference doses (RfDs) and are therefore not
likely to be associated with any systemic health
risks. The highest Hazard Index obtained was
that for mercury (0.61). However, RfDs for b-
BHC and DDE are not available at this time, and
any hazard for these contaminants presently
cannot be estimated. Consequently, the overall
-------
20
hazard for deleterious non-cancer systemic
effects during a lifetime obtained by ingesting
fish which are contaminated with these two
pollutants is unknown.
E. EPA Region IV Comments
The Office of Risk Assessment of WMD reviewed a draft of this risk
screening. They considered it a balanced presentation of the potential risks
associated with ingesting fish contaminated with CS-137, SR-90, H-3, and or
along this 132.8 stretch of the Savannah River. Also, their technical
comments were incorporated as appropriate.
-------
L
------- |