DEVILS SAINT MICHAEL FORT TOTTEN TOKIO OBERON REPORTOFTHE BASIN 1995 . STARKWEATHER LAWTON CHURCHS FERRY WEBSTER BRINSMADE BARTLETT LAKOTA DEVILS LAKE BASIN NORTH DAKOTA BROCKET \ • SOUTHAM LAKE MINNEWAUKAN CRARY DOYON MAZA ------- q£>B-/Z-9S- 90(p OCfiZ' REPORT OF THE DEVILS LAKE BASIN INTERAGENCY TASK FORCE U S. EPA Region 8 Library 80C-L 999 lOlh SI , Suite 500 Denver, CO 80202-2466 1995 ------- CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. ABOUT THE DEVILS LAKE BASIN 3 III. ACTIVITIES UNDERWAY 11 IV. THE TASK FORCE 15 V. STEPS TO TAKE IMMEDIATELY 19 VI. ACTION ITEMS 23 VII. IMPLEMENTATION 69 VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY 71 APPENDIXES A. Planning Team Members B. Agendas from Task Force Meetings III ------- PROJECT TEAM FOR THE INTERAGENCY TASK FORCE Michael J. Armstrong (Chairman) Regional Director Federal Emergency Management Agency Region VIII Steve L. Olsen Director, Mitigation Division Federal Emergency Management Agency Region VIII Bob Cox (Project Manager) Mitigation Division Federal Emergency Management Agency Region VIII Sherryl Zahn Mitigation Officer, Mitigation Division Federal Emergency Management Agency Region VIII Donna Tucker, Disaster Assistance Employee Federal Emergency Management Agency Region VIII Scott Roscoe, Disaster Assistance Employee Federal Emergency Management Agency Region VIII Bob Saueressig (Graphic Design) D L INTERAGENCY TASK FORCE MEETING ------- / / / / / / / \ / \ / \ / \/ / / \ / \ / \ / \/ / / \ \ \ / \ \ \ \ \ / \ \ \ / \ / \ \ / \ / \ / \ \ \ ------- SECTION I. INTRODUCTION The information in this document represents a breakthrough in approaching the complexities of addressing the flooding cycles that plague the Devils Lake Basin. For many years, different groups, agencies, and individuals have endeavored to find solutions that would preserve the quality of life for Basin residents, including reducing the flood threat and bolstering the local economy. While these numerous studies provided important information that helped guide our Task Force, none represented the entire scope of stakeholders affected by this issue. Further, no prior study has specifically referred to the costs and time frames of activities proposed, or delineated the relevant participants and potential obstacles. The report of this Task Force both complements and supplements previous efforts. It is designed to fit within the greater goals of ongoing emergency management, and with the feasibility study being conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation. < 2 u u. 31 ¥ This Task Force was created in response to a request from North Dakota's Congressional delegation. Senators Kent Conrad and Byron Dorgan and Congressman Earl Pomeroy asked the Federal Emergency Management Agency's Director, James Lee Witt, to coordinate a federal interagency response to the issues facing Devils Lake beyond immediate disaster response. Director Witt asked me to chair the Task Force, coordinate its formation, create the processes governing the discussions, and deliver a final product that would provide practical guidance to all affected parties. I am proud to be part of such an historic undertaking—one that unites state, local, private sector, farming, and federal interests. Not only has the Task Force met the expectations of Director Witt and the Congressional delegation, but also it has come to represent a real commitment by the citizens most directly affected by the impacts of water in the Basin. The consensus-building process was an important component of the Task Force's work. I am especially appreciative not only to Senators Conrad and Dorgan and Congressman Earl Pomeroy, but also to Governor Ed Schafer, the North Dakota legislature, county commissioners, mayors, and other elected officials who gave their nonpartisan support to this effort. The participation of the Devils Lake Sioux Tribe has also been essential and important to our success. The input of local, state, and -1- ------- national experts on the myriad issues faced by the Task Force has been critical. Various local associations and organizations have been generous with their hospitality and expertise. National and regional FEMA staff members have believed in this project and made extraordinary sacrifices to bring it to conclusion. Finally, to the people of the Devils Lake Basin, we offer a road map that is ready for your use. The ensuing pages tell you whom to call, how much it will cost, how long it will take, and the obstacles that may lie ahead. We learned quickly that without all of us working together, we cannot succeed. If we continue to listen and pool resources, the many proposals of the Task Force can be simultaneously pursued. The result will be a safer community, farmable land, an environment that is clean and attractive to tourists, usable roads for essential emergency and other services, and the satisfaction that the answers are locally driven and locally managed. FEMA is proud to promote the new concept of multi-objective planning, and to demonstrate this success to fellow members of the federal family. Our continued commitment to creating partnerships with state and local concerns will ensure future success and demonstrate the need for creative pre-disaster mitigation in high-hazard areas throughout the United States. We stand ready to be of continued service in the Devils Lake Basin and beyond. Michael J. Armstrong Regional Director Federal Emergency Management Agency Region VIII -2- ------- \ / / / / \ / / / \ / \ / / / \ / / / / / / \ / \/ / / > 7 \ \ \ / \ / \ \ / \ \ / \ \ \ / \ / \ \ / \ \ / \ \ / \ \ \ \ ran ------- SECTION II. ABOUT THE DEVILS LAKE BASIN This is a brief overview of the natural characteristics and human aspects of the Devils Lake Basin. More details about the Basin's hydrology, climate, flood problems, economy, history, etc. can be found in several reports, particularly the Devils Lake Water Management Plan and the reconnaissance and draft feasibility reports prepared by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1992 and 1988, respectively. References to all three can be found in the Bibliography, along with a list of many other reports, papers, studies, and articles that have been written about the Devils Lake Basin and about other closed- basin lakes with similar problems. GEOGRAPHY The Devils Lake Basin encompasses 3,814 square miles in northeastern North Dakota (see map on next page). It is a "closed basin;" that is, although it lies within the Red River-Hudson Bay drainage system, no water has left the Devils Lake Basin in recorded history (since the 1830s). Instead, the Basin's surface runoff flows through many small coulees (streams) and lakes and is collected by Devils Lake (86% of the runoff) or Stump Lake (14%). There it remains until it evaporates or enters the groundwater table. To reach the Red River, water in Devils Lake first would have to rise to a level of about 1445 feet msl, when it would flow into Stump Lake. At a slightly higher elevation (somewhere between 1454 and 1460 feet msl), the water in Stump Lake would overtop the southwest end of that lake and run into Tolna Coulee, then flow into the Sheyenne River, a tributary to the Red, which eventually flows into Hudson Bay. Glaciation has produced a generally flat landscape with some low hills and ridges and numerous depressions, prairie potholes, wetlands, and small lakes. Many of these depressions are connected by poorly defined drainageways—swales or channels—but many are essentially isolated under most hydrologic conditions and thus store water rather than contributing it to either Devils Lake or Stump Lake. The Basin includes nine watersheds, most of which are drained by coulees. The largest drainageway in the Basin is Mauvais Coulee, which flows southward into the Chain of Lakes and then into Devils Lake. It contains water only intermittently. FLUCTUATING LAKE LEVELS Geologic evidence shows that the water level in Devils Lake has fluctuated significantly (from completely dry—about 1400 feet msl—to overflowing into the Sheyenne River at above 1450 feet msl) since the end of the last glacial period (about 10,000 years ago). This fluctuation has continued throughout recorded history. Records from the first European settlement of the area indicate that the lake level in the 1830s was above 1440 feet msl. That level dropped sporadically to reach a low of about 1402 feet msl in 1940, rose again to 1429 feet in 1987, and dropped back to 1423 feet in 1991. Since then it has risen to over 1435 feet. The specific reasons for the long-term fluctuations are not well understood in spite of numerous scientific investigations. Yearly variations in precipitation, long-term climatic fluctuations, and the unusual hydrologic characteristics of the Basin all play a role. ------- CANADA NORTH DAKOTA ST. JOE AND CAUO COULEE WATERSHEDS 233 sq ml k LITTLE • I COULEE \ WATERSHED • MAUVA1S COULEE WATERSHED 882 sq. mi. STARKWEATHER . COULEE \ WATERSHED / 391 sq. mL « EDMORE COULEE WATERSHED LAKES.y DEVILS LAKE WATERSHED / (NORTH SLOPE) / ? 512 SQ. mi. / STUMP LAKE WATERSHED 488 sq. mi. COMSTOCK WATERSHED DEVILS LAKE WATERSHED (SOUTH SLOPE) 328 sq. mi. The Devils Lake Basin and its component watersheds. [adapted from Devils Lake Basin Task Force, 1995] -4- ------- WATER QUALITY Devils Lake itself is a shallow body of water that is naturally saline and hypereutrophic. That is, its water contains large amounts of dissolved salts and high concentrations of other nutrients, minerals, and organisms. Because it is a closed- basin lake, the quantities of these constituents are increasing more or less continuously, since many of them stay behind when the water evaporates. Furthermore, fluctuations in the amount of water in the lake result in profound changes in the chemical makeup of the lake, which in turn cause drastic shifts in its biological system. On a year-to-year basis, the concentrations of salts and nutrients in the runoff can vary, depending on how long runoff remains in the upper watersheds and their associated wetlands and lakes, and many other factors. Given sufficient time, some nutrient-carrying sediments settle out or are tied up by vegetation in these upper areas before the water reaches Devils Lake. HUMAN SETTLEMENT Devils Lake undoubtedly has always drawn humans to its shores. Its supply of water, plant food, game, and fish supported the Devils Lake Sioux in previous centuries, and attracted Euro-American settlers beginning in the mid 1800s. By the 1880s Devils Lake was a site for commercial navigation, steamboat transportation, and a resort industry centered around waterfowl hunting. Towns sprang up on its shores, and the surrounding land began to be converted from prairie to agricultural uses. Even though dropping lake levels through 1910 ended commercial navigation and some resort activities, towns and rural areas continued to develop, and farming became the principal economic activity of the Basin. Today, about 70% of the Basin's surface area is in cultivated land; 16% is water; 8% is grassland; 3% is woodland; and the remaining 3% includes urban areas, transportation corridors, and the like. The Basin's economy is heavily dependent on agriculture, but sport fishing and other recreational water activities are popular, and recreational tourism based on fishing and hunting is a multi-million dollar business. On the north shore of the main part of the lake lies the largest city in the Basin, the City of Devils Lake, with a population of just under 8,000. The City of Minnewaukan (population about 400) lies just west of the lake. Most of the Basin's drainage area south of the lake is occupied by the 224,000-acre Ft. Totten Indian Reservation, home of the Devils Lake Sioux Tribe, population about 3,000. IMPACTS OF CHANGING LAKE LEVELS Since the Basin was settled, its people have struggled with the problems presented by the unpredictable changes in the level of Devils Lake and, to a lesser extent, other lakes in the Basin. The commercial navigation and resort activity of the late 1800s failed in the face of dropping lake levels through 1910. By 1940 the lake's level had reached a record low and became the subject of much concern on the part of Basin residents. It was at this point that water resources planning work began, including the Garrison Diversion Unit studies, to address the problem of low water levels and poor water quality. Proposals were made to construct an artificial inlet to import water to raise the level of Devils Lake. The lake, however, began to rise again, and by the -5- ------- 1970s Basin residents were worried about the impending loss of land and damage to development that had taken place on dry lakebeds during the decades of low water. The lake reached a relative high in 1987, and a three-year drought followed, bringing a drop in lake levels of almost six feet, and reviving concerns about fish kills and environmental damage due to poor water quality. But June and July of 1993 were wet months for North Dakota and the entire Midwest. This record precipitation helped raise the level of Devils Lake again, to 1427.6 feet msl in late 1993. Cool temperatures and heavy rainfall in the summer of 1994 caused the lake to continue to rise, up to about 1430 feet msl in July 1994. It kept rising in 1995 to a high of 1435.8 feet msl. Hie rising lake is causing significant damage to infrastructure, residential and commercial buildings, and agricultural production. Now the prospect of building an outlet to relieve flooding due to high lake levels is being considered. In the last several decades, federal and state agencies have evaluated numerous options for alleviating flooding problems in the Basin and for importing water for irrigation and to sustain the fishery in times of drought. Some of these ideas have been constructing an outlet along one of a dozen suggested routes, increasing the water storage capacity of upstream lakes and reservoirs, using floodplain zoning, building an inlet from another drainage basin, floodproofing individual commercial and residential buildings, controlling drainage, obtaining flood insurance, restoring drained wetlands, building dikes and levees, developing a Basin-wide water management system, and evacuating floodprone developments. Except for the levees protecting the City of Devils Lake and Channel A, described below, none of the structural projects proposed has been built, largely because of the failure of the projects to meet required standards for cost-effectiveness. Some of the other measures recommended in previous studies have been partially implemented. Basin-wide coordination has been hard to achieve, partly because of the divergence of interests and goals among the residents. WATER CONTROL STRUCTURES Channel A connects Dry Lake to Six Mile Bay of Devils Lake, shortening the natural drainage path, by which water ran through a series of smaller lakes and coulees. Channel A (along with a levee across Dry Lake's natural outlet) was constructed in 1979 to enable flood water in the Dry Lake vicinity to run off faster, thereby reducing damages to transportation systems and private property, and allowing agricultural lands to return to production sooner. At present virtually all the runoff in Dry, Sweetwater, and Morrison lakes drains directly down Channel A to Devils Lake. In the mid 1980s levees and associated pumping facilities were built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to help protect the City of Devils Lake from flood damages during periods of high lake levels. The levees are designed to protect the city from a lake level of up to 1440 feet; the tops of the levees were built at 1445 feet msl. -6- ------- GENERALIZED PATTERN OF LAKE LEVELS BASED ON RADIOCARBON DATING, SEDIMENT ANALYSES, AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES (ARONOW 1955, 1957. BLUEMLE 1981, 1988, CALLENDAR 1968) LAKE LEVELS BASED ON TREE RING ANALYSIS (UPHAM 1895) ACTUAL MEASUREMENT POINT OF OVERFLOW INTO RED RIVER DRAINAGE 4500 BC 2500 8 C 500 BC SOOAD DATE 2000 A.D POINT OF OVERROW INTO RED RIVER " DRAINAGE ACTUAL MEASURMENTS BEGIN <1867) TREE RINGS SHOW LAKE LEVEL AT 1441 (1830) DRY PERIOD THROUGHOUT NORTH AMERICA EAST STUMP LAKE DRY LAKE LEVEL / IN 1995 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ON LAKE BEDS AND SHORELINES BEGINS DATE (A D) The water levels in Devils Lake have fluctuated for several thousand years. These graphs show the long-term pattern of changing lake levels (hypothesized for the period before recorded history), rather than year-to-year changes. -7- ------- MANITOBA (Canada: Selected features of the DEVILS LAKE BASIN NORTH DAKOTA • • . • * limits of drainage basin — international border county lines reservation boundary 20 miles RAMSEY CO. Cando C h)a , Alice Irvin Q k e s Morrison L weetwater Lake evils Lake NELS'ON • Minnewaukan Lakota \ Ft. Totten Indian . Stump Lake vation Stum Lake ------- NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES The fishery of the Basin's lakes comprises brook stickleback, fathead minnow, black bullhead, and white sucker. For the last two decades the state has stocked some of the lakes with game fish. Fish reproduction in many of the Basin lakes is inhibited by high TDS (total dissolved solids) concentrations. In addition, there is a delicate balance between the water levels and the fishery in the lake. It is generally believed that the fishery cannot survive water levels below 1422 feet msl, but various other factors can combine to preserve or destroy the fishery at higher or lower levels, as has happened in the past. Several farmsteads and other buildings in Ramsey and Benson counties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. There are a number of archaeologically significant sites throughout the Basin, including burial mounds, stone circles, and scatters, and probably many more that are as yet undiscovered. Devils Lake itself is an important recreational and aesthetic resource. It has great spiritual significance to the Devils Lake Sioux, and some portions of the lake are believed to have healing attributes. Even though numerous wetlands and most native prairies have been eliminated to make way for agricultural purposes, the Basin's remaining wetlands (including two refuges), grasslands, and woodlands provide excellent wildlife habitat. Such waterfowl as canvasback ducks, sandhill cranes, tundra swans, and geese use parts of the Basin for staging, nesting, and production areas; it is particularly important for migratory birds because of its location in the Central Flyway. Other wildlife for which the Basin provides habitat include deer, skunk, jackrabbit, coyote, raccoon, squirrel, and a variety of other fur-bearing mammals, and many other migratory birds. -9- ------- ACTIVITIES UNDERWAY / / / / / / / \ / \ / / \/ / \ / / / \ \ / \/ / / \ / / \ \ \ / \ / \ \ / \ \ / \ \ \ \ / \ \ / \ \ / \ \ \ \ \ \ ------- SECTION III. ACTIVITIES UNDERWAY The heavy rains that fell on North Dakota and the Midwest during June and July of 1993 marked the start of a continually wet period for the Devils Lake Basin and much of North Dakota. The state received Presidential disaster declarations for many flooded counties in 1993, 1994, and 1995, including those surrounding and in the vicinity of Devils Lake. FEDERAL RESPONSE Several federal agencies have responded to flooding in the Devils Lake region for the past three years with funds to rebuild and elevate roads, strengthen dikes, reimburse local governments for damaged property, and provide assistance to farmers and local businesses. As it has in previous Devils Lake flood disasters, in 1995 FEMA is providing assistance to state and local governments in the current disaster and coordinating the disaster response efforts of other federal agencies. These immediate efforts insure that the government infrastructure will continue to support the needs of its population, and that no person will go without basic needs such as food, shelter, or means of egress for emergency services. THE NEED FOR MITIGATION The Federal Emergency Management Agency and other federal, state, and local agencies have recommended comprehensive water resources management for the region—to include cost-effective mitigation measures like relocation and elevation of properties and roads, and development of a Basin-wide master plan for managing water quality, storage, erosion, and the like. Although the immediate federal/state response will prevent loss of life and support government infrastructure, only mitigation will prevent future property loss or damage as well as help boost the long- term economic health of the region. FEDERAL AGENCY CONTRIBUTIONS • FEMA's disaster response includes 75% federally funded public assistance (reimbursement of state and local governments and tribes for costs incurred in restoring disaster-damaged public facilities); Disaster Unemployment Assistance for farmers; operating two disaster field offices; case-by-case funding for critical emergency work on Federal Aid System (FAS) roads in Nelson, Benson, and Ramsey counties and for disaster-isolated primary dwellings; and up to about $1 million in Section 404 funding for state-selected mitigation projects. • The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has made agreements with private landowners and with managers of publicly held land to store water in the upper Basin. The agency has facilitated participation in funding of these projects by nongovernmental organizations and foundations. The agency estimates that the total expenditures (by the agency and its partners) on these projects in 1995 will reach $632,276. It also estimates that wetland storage has kept the Devils Lake -11- ------- Funds Spent or Allocated by Federal Agencies to Help Relieve Flood Problems in the Devils Lake Basin Area AGENCY 1993 1994 1995 TOTAL Federal Highway Administration • Emergency Relief Funds, FAS roads • emergency funds, reservation roads $17,500,000 $ 3,600,000 Federal Emergency Management Agency1 • Hazard Mitigation • Individual Assistance • Public distance • Small Business Administration $ 4,500,0002 $ 778,0003 $ 502,000 $1,246,843 $ 1,000,000 $ 614,507 $ $ $ $ 5,912,600 3,498,229 2,639,350 1,249,300 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers • Devils Lake field investigation • Minnewaukan sewage lagoon • Devils Lake-Red River field investigation • emergency operations in Basin • City of Devils Lake levee (est.) $ 19,000 $ $ $ $ 95,000 30,000 35,000 15,000 Natural Resources Conservation Service (IJSDA) • emergency technical assistance • Wetlana Reserve Program • Water Bank $ 100,000 $ 1,000,000 $ 430,000 Dept. Housing & Urban Development • relocation assistance $ 1,154,000 U.S, Fish & Wildlife Service • water retention projects * emergency grazing & haying • easement/minimal effect permits * technical assistance $ $ $ $ 4,500 29,915 1,138 14,250 $ $ $ $ 63,600" 31,116 9,108 17,100 $ $ $ $ 539,500" 34,814 19,562 22,800 $ $ $ $ 607,600" 95,845 29,808 54,150 Environmental Protection Agency • wetland program development $ 208,500 $ 73,300 $ 281,800 U.S. Geological Survey • streamflow monitoring* • water quality monitoring5 • meteurologic/evaporation monitoring3 • Chain of Lakes water quality report • lake level frequency analyses • Devils Lake area flood report $ $ $ $ 28,600 24,600 15,000 11,500 $ $ $ $ $ $ 29,800 34,400 15,500 2,000 49,000 26,600 $ $ $ 31,000 18,100 1,000 $ $ $ $ $ 89,400 77,100 13,500 50,000 26,600 1 Applies to Benson, Cavalier, Nelson, Ramsey, Colette, Towner, and Walsh counties 2 This amount was set aside by FEMA for state and local mitigation projects in disaster-stricken counties throughout North Dakota. No Devils Lake Basin counties applied for these funds. 3 Figures to date; some sites still under water have not been evaluated. 4 Fish & Wildlife Service and partner expenditures combined 5 Includes long-term and flood-response monitoring -12- ------- elevation from rising another three feet, so lands on which water is stored through this program have prevented $57,154,978 in flood damage in 1995. FEMA has committed to preparing flood insurance maps for floodprone Devils Lake areas not already mapped—an estimated cost of $200,000. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has spent $281,000 on Devils Lake Flood control in fiscal year 1995, including raising 12 lift stations on rural sewage systems, and helping to widen and strengthen the berm surrounding the Minnewaukan sewage lagoon. The Corps' reponse also includes technical assistance to state and local officials, including floodfight workshops; emergency supplies and equipment like sump pumps, sandbags, and poly sheeting; construction of ring dikes around seven Ramsey County Rural Utility lift stations; and construction of an emergency levee in Ramsey County. Another $15,000 is expected to be spent studying how to raise the City of Devils Lake's two protective levees. The Corps co-chairs the Devils Lake Stabilization Study of long-term lake stabilization options. The Bureau of Reclamation co-chairs the Devils Lake Stabilization Study to develop long-term stabilization of the lake. It does wetland management in the Basin, funded the MR&I water delivery system for Ft. Totten, and works on other mitigation and recreation projects related to the Garrison diversion. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency provides grants to the the North Dakota Health Department and the State Water Commission for ground and surface water quality monitoring and improvement projects, water pollution control, waste water management, and wetland management. Funding for nonpoint source control in the Devils Lake Basin was $18,000 for the LEPA Irrigation Project and $244,000 for the Bisby-Big Coulee Watershed Project. The U.S. Geological Survey operates a network of streamflow, lake level, and water quality monitoring stations in the Basin in cooperation with the State Water Commission and local water boards. Agency funds for the program are matched by state and local sponsors. The agency has prepared many reports on the water resources of the Basin, the most recent being a 1995 Fact Sheet on historic lake levels, recent flooding, and future lake-level probabilities, and a hydrologic analysis of water quality conditions in the Chain of Lakes. The Department of Housing and Urban Development has provided over $1 million to the Devils Lake Sioux Indian Reservation Housing Authority both for relocation of homes and for equipment to help in relocation. The Federal Highway Administration has provided $3.6 million in emergency relief for federally owned roads on the Devils Lake Sioux Reservation, and $17.5 million in emergency relief funding for FAS roads in six Devils Lake Basin counties. An additional $5.24 million is on track for approval in nine other counties. The Economic Development Administration's assistance is limited to studying ways to overcome the negative implications of the economic disaster arising ------- from the lake expansion. Their operations have included normal funding for the North Central Planning Commission and the Devils Lake Sioux Tribe. • The Rural Economic and Community Development Service (U.S. Department of Agriculture) has approved a $748,800 loan for consturction of a 24-unit housing facility at Academy Village in Devils Lake. • The Consolidated Farm Services Agency's (formerly the Farmers Home Administration's) Emergency Loan Program has been triggered by the Presidential Declaration. • Small Business Administration assistance is limited to Economic Injury Disaster Loans to qualifying small businesses whose primary revenue comes from serving the agricultural industry. This assistance was triggered by the Secretary of Agriculture's 1994 disaster declaration. Other SBA loans would be dependent upon a determination that a disaster, legislatively defined as a "sudden event," had occurred in 1995. • The Natural Resources Conservation Service (U.S. Department of Agriculture) has $100,000 for emergency technical assistance to area landowners (e.g., removal of excess water without violating Swampbuster and Clean Water Acts); information and education on the Swampbuster and Wetland Reserve Program; a toll-free number with a 48-hour response commitment; dedication of $1 million for a Wetland Reserve Program for the Devils Lake Basin; $430,000 in special Water Bank funding for contracts to compensate landowners who store water on land in the upper Basin; a May 30-June 30 signup period for Wetland Reserve Program participation; and a commitment to begin discussions with local conservation districts, cities, and counties about long-term solutions with available programs. The U.S. Department of Agriculture is also continuing to analyze its crop insurance program for improvements that will benefit small watershed impoundments. INTERMEDIATE AND LONG-TERM FEDERAL EFFORTS Besides these immediate activities and the expenditures summarized in the table on page 12, two other important projects driven by the federal government are underway in the Devils Lake region, and both include state and local participation. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, with the assistance of the Bureau of Reclamation, is studying engineering projects to relieve the region's flood/drought cycles. This process is a complex one, potentially involving local funds and authorities, environmental quality issues, inter-state and international concerns about the river drainage system, legal obstacles, soils stability and geological concerns, and impacts upon both upstream and downstream populations and ecosystems. The other federally driven effort was the Devils Lake Basin Interagency Task Force, coordinated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. The Task Force developed a range of "intermediate" solutions to the flooding problems—both remedial and preventive measures that can be carried out between now and the time the outlet and other measures contemplated in the proposed long-term study are finished (about five years). Those solutions are the 18 "Action Items" presented in Section VI. -14- ------- THETASK FORCE / \ / \ / \ / \ \ \/ \ / \ \ \/ N > \ \ / / \ \ / \ \ / \ / \ / / \ / \ ------- SECTION IV: THE TASK FORCE The Devils Lake Basin Interagency Task Force was formed in May 1995 after the North Dakota Congressional delegation requested federal action to augment President Clinton's May 16, 1995 disaster declaration and to help coordinate the long-term flood abatement efforts in the Basin. James Lee Witt, Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, agreed that FEMA would take the lead in organizing and directing the Task Force, and appointed Michael Armstrong, Director of FEMA's Region VIII, as its chair. THE MISSION The Task Force's mission was to find and propose intermediate solutions to reduce the impacts of high lake levels in the Devils Lake Basin. Intermediate solutions were defined as remedial actions that could be achieved after or along with disaster response efforts, but before the benefits from any long-term engineered solution could be realized. The Task Force, which consists of representatives of 75 local, state, tribal, and federal stakeholders, was also charged with collecting pertinent study data and coordinating the ideas, programs, and activities of the various entities involved in coping with the rising lake levels. Any suggested solutions that were determined to take more than five years to implement were to be referred to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation for incorporation into their lake stabilization feasibility study. - r Elmer White of the Devils Lake Sioux Tribe addresses the group gathered at the June 1-2 Task Force meeting. THE PROCEDURE In mid May members of the North Dakota Congressional delegation and Michael Armstrong visited the Devils Lake Basin. They met with state and local officials and private citizens, including Governor Edward Schafer, county commissioners, mayors, and the tribal council. They held preliminary discussions about the flood-related problems facing the Basin. The Task Force held its first meeting June 1-2, after a tour of the area by James Lee Witt, accompanied by U.S. Senator Kent Conrad, U.S. Senator Byron Dorgan, U.S. Representative Earl Pomeroy, Governor Schafer, Major General Pat Stevens of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and Federal Highway Administration Chief of Staff Jonathan Foster. Armstrong chaired the meeting, which resulted in the assignment of -15- ------- From left to right are Senator Kent Conrad; Senator Byron Dorgan; Congressman Earl Pomeroy; James Lee Witt, Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency; Major General Pat Stevens, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; and Jonathan Foster, Federal Highway Administration Chief of Staff. nine working subgroups (termed "planning teams") to research potential solutions to the lake level problems. From the first of June through early July the Planning Teams met individually to discuss their topic areas and identify potential solutions, obstacles, participants, costs, sources of funds, and benefits that would accrue if each solution were implemented. Each team drafted a short report describing its findings and recommendations. On July 12 and 13, 1995, the Task Force reconvened to hear the report from each Planning Team, to critique and approve the information received, reach consensus where possible, and to provide other input needed to generate a composite discussion draft. The Planning Team reports totalled 75 pages of valuable background information, analysis, and proposals. On August 15, 1995, the Task Force held its final meeting to review the discussion draft, which combined those solutions proposed by the Planning Teams and supported by the Task Force at the previous meeting. TTie ensuing discussions yielded additional information, specific clarifications, and further refinement of the approaches suggested in the draft document. In late August, a final draft was circulated to the Task Force members for their review. THE FINAL REPORT This report is the final written product of the Task Force's work—using an inclusive, coordinated approach to find solutions, identity obstacles, and forge avenues for cooperative implementation in the ftiture. In addition to some new ideas, it recommends many techniques and approaches to reducing the impacts of fluctuating lake levels that have THE TASK FORCE'S PLANNING TEAMS Team 1. Inundation of Agricultural Land sheet erosion, loss of production Team 2. Inundation of Transportation roads, bridges, railroads, reservation access, recreation access Team 3. Inundation of Infrastructure sewage treatment lagoons, transmission lines, grain elevators, water and gas lines under Devils Lake, general utilities Team 4. Inundation of Buildings & Development homes, businesses, support facilities Team S. Water Quality silt, dissolved solids, soil salinization, eutrophication in Devils Lake Team 6. Economic Disruption losses from existing and proposed develop- ment and recreation, unemployment, disruption of commerce Team 7. Fish and Wildlife & Habitat use of easements and permits, habitat maintenance, reforestation Team 8. Public Health i Safety water contamination, insects, emotional stress, electrical lines near lake surface, loss of recreation and emergency services Team 9. Outlet Options feasibility of five-year schedule; legal, environmental, engineering issues; finds -16- ------- already been proposed elsewhere.* The Bibliography clearly illustrates the vast number of studies performed in the Devils Lake Basin. This report is not a study, but rather a compilation of resources and ideas. This report's principal distinction is that it was generated through a process whereby all the stakeholders worked together to examine the problem from many angles, brainstorm alternatives, confront their differences of opinion, and reach consensus on those actions that appeared most feasible and most likely to be effective. Governor Ed Schafer signs a disaster declaration with FEMA Regional Director Michael Armstrong. Section V of this report is a list of actions that require immediate decisions or quick action to take advantage of opportunities for laying the groundwork for implementation of many of the Action Items. Section VI lists the Action Items themselves—18 ways to help mitigate the flooding and its impacts in the Devils Lake Basin. None of the proposed activities is a panacea; many are interrelated. A few will require tremendous effort on the part of Basin stakeholders to educate the public and cultivate long- term support for still more work. Section VII is a brief description of the framework that has been set up to ensure ongoing progress toward implementing the Task Force's ideas. In addition, the work of the Task Force has been incorporated as part of the State of North Dakota's "early implementation strategy" for its ongoing hazard mitigation program. This means that those mitigation measures identified by the Task Force as addressing future flood-related losses in the Devils Lake Basin will be monitored by the North Dakota Division of Emergency Management. * It should be noted that on August 24, 1995, Governor Schafer announced a proposal to construct an emergency drainageway from the east edge of Devils Lake to Stump Lake. This would alleviate immediate flood danger and buy time for implementing longer-term solutions. Because the Task Force's work was substantially complete by that time (this draft report was already in the review stage), the Task Force did not consider, and this report does not address, the Governor's proposal. -17- ------- STEPS TO TAKE IMMEDIATELY / / / / / / / \ / \ / \/ / \ / / / \ \ / \/ / / \ / / > \ / \ \ \ / \ \ / \ \ / \ \ / \ \ / \ \ / \ \ / \ \ \ ------- SECTION V. STEPS TO TAKE IMMEDIATELY These six tasks should be done as soon as possible to lay the groundwork for the Action Items presented in Section VI. TASK 1 Determine which structures are critically threatened at each lake level and plan for mitigation or emergency measures (relocation, insurance, floodproofing, etc.). Plan for each one-foot interval of lake level. responsibility community officials, Division of Emergency Management, property owners, State Water Commission, North Dakota Department of Transportation, tribal government status A partial inventory of residential structures and some roads has been made for some areas in the Basin and the Ft. Totten Reservation. this task helps implement Action Item F-Floodplain management standards Action Item K-Floodproof individual structures Action Item L-Relocation/acquisition Action Item M-Assist affected businesses Action Item P-Conduct emergency planning ~ ~ ~ TASK 2 Ensure that any plans for transferring water into the Sheyenne River account for the United States' legal obligations under the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909. This includes international biota transfer, water quality, and other downstream concerns. • Technical consultations with Canada's experts should be expanded. • Scientific studies on the presence of striped bass in Devils Lake should be concluded and the data applied to this situation. • The state water quality standards already in place should be reviewed. responsibility North Dakota Department of Game and Fish, U.S. State Department, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Bureau of Reclamation, North Dakota State Water Commission, Red River Pollution Control Board, North Dakota Department of Health status Consultation is continuing. this task helps implement Action Item J—Construct an outlet -19- ------- TASK 3 Begin contacting upper basin landowners to raise awareness of the need for both permanent and temporary, voluntary, on-land storage, and explore options for easements. responsibility Natural Resources Conservation Service and Extension Service and county water resource districts status This activity is incorporated into the Basin Water Management Plan. this task helps implement Action Item A-Comprehensive water management Action Item B-Awareness of land and water management Action Item N-Compensate agricultural losses Action Item Q-Enhance recreation opportunities ~ ~ ~ TASK 4 Ensure continual coordination with the ongoing Corps of Engineers/Bureau of Reclamation long-term study, including these concerns: • The planning process for any future outlet from the Devils Lake Basin to the Sheyenne River should consider drawing water from northern West Bay, where the water quality is highest and comparable to that of the Sheyenne. • The feasibility study should include full cooperation with ongoing work and technical discussion on the international treaty issues (see Task 2, above). • The planning process for any future outlet should consider o the mean lake level and range agreed to by local governments (see Task 5, below); o the interim (and subsequent official) regulatory flood elevations; o including equipment for real-time monitoring of significant components of water quality; o incorporating an inlet component; and o future on-land water storage in the upper Basin. responsibility North Dakota State Water Commission, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Bureau of Reclamation, Federal Emergency Management Agency status Coordination is continuing. this task helps implement Action Item A-Comprehensive water management Action Item D-Water quality monitoring program Action Item E-Soil salinity data Action Item F-Floodplain management standards Action Item J-Construct an outlet Action Item Q-Enhance recreation opportunities -20- ------- TASK 5 Reach consensus on the mean level to which Devils Lake should be stabilized and the acceptable range around that mean. The mean level could be that for which the upper range protects significant infrastructure (essential roads, for example, are being built to 1440 feet msl). It also has been recommended that the operating range be about 10 feet. The Devils Lake Basin Joint Water Resource Board has set 1427 feet msl as the flood stage of the lake. An interagency guideline, signed by the Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Bureau of Reclamation, the North Dakota State Health Department, North Dakota Game and Fish Department, and North Dakota Parks and Recreation, calls for implementing a comprehensive approach to water management in Devils Lake, with a recommended operating range of 1425 to 1435 feet msl. A range of 10 to 14 feet has been recommended for optimal water quality. A range of 10 feet has been recommended for the fishery and nesting bird habitat, and as one that would reduce the operating costs of a future outlet control structure and pump. A range of 2 to 3 feet has been recommended as best for promoting economic development and tourism. responsibility Local governments, based on information to be included in the Corps/Bureau of Reclamation long-term study status Being considered in the Corps study. this task helps implement Action Item A-Comprehensive water management Action Item F-Floodplain management standards Action Item J-Construct an outlet ~ ~ ~ TASK 6 Develop maps of the regulatory floodplain around the lake. Establish an interim regulatory flood elevation to use until the maps are ready. Regulations based on the elevation adopted by the Basin's local governments will guide present and future development, relocation, and redevelopment away from floodprone areas. responsibility Benson County Commission, Ramsey County Commission, Nelson County Commission, and the tribal government, with input from appropriate federal agencies. FEMA Region VIII will pursue the mapping. status Maps are not needed for interim regulation. FEMA's Region VIII Office is identifying funding for new maps. this task helps implement Action Item F-Floodplain management standards Action Item L-Relocation/acquisition -21- ------- \ / / \ / / / \ / \ / / \ \/ / \ / / \ \ \/ / / z z \ / \ \ \ / \ \ / \ / / \ / \ © 055 ------- SECTION VI. ACTION ITEMS This section presents 18 measures to help alleviate flooding and its impacts throughout the Devils Lake Basin, while still maintaining economic stability. These ideas were generated by the Planning Teams of the Interagency Task Force, and were supported by a consensus of the Task Force and the public participants at its meetings. LIST OF ACTION ITEMS PACE A Implement a comprehensive program of both water storage and land and water management 25 B Increase awareness of land and water management through education and economic incentives, 29 C Establish a trust fund for on-land water storage 33 D Design and implement a comprehensive water quality monitoring program .... 35 E Collect data on the salinity of Basin soils 37 F Consider the flood hazard in development decisions; adopt floodplain management standards and get flood insurance 39 G Protect and/or consider relocating sewage treatment and rural utility systems . . 41 H Remedy individual sewage and water systems threatened by the flood 43 I Raise essential roads to 1440 feet msl 45 J Construct an outlet from Devils Lake to the Sheyenne River 47 K Use temporary floodproofing to prevent damage to individual structures 51 L Consider voluntary acquisition and/or relocation of structures at risk from lake flooding 53 M Identify financial and technical assistance for flood-impacted businesses 55 N Increase compensation for agricultural losses 59 O Harmonize water management laws and regulations 61 P Conduct emergency planning for each additional foot of lake elevation 63 Q Enhance recreation opportunities 65 R Diversify the economic base of the Basin 67 -n- ------- - ACTION ITEM A - Implement a comprehensive, Basin-wide program of both water storage and land and water management. Integrate the program with any proposals for a future outlet. A multi-purpose land management program would be aimed at flood control, water quality, education, emergency farmland and hayland, economic and farm diversity, wildlife habitat, and recreation and tourism. The program would include ° raising public awareness, ° distributing information and guidance, • restoring and managing wetlands, • encouraging use of appropriate techniques, and • actively monitoring progress. Water Storage—Maximum water storage can be achieved through a dual approach: o Aggressive flood storage on agricultural lands. This means setting up a system of voluntary, temporary, semi-permanent, and permanent on-land storage of water by property owners, with control structures, and with compensation provided. Some of the areas of on-land storage may be "wetlands," and some will not. A mutually agreed upon operating plan would be necessary. The goal would be at least 100,000 acre-feet of additional on-land storage. MAUVAIS COULEE STARKWEATHERj COULEE LAKE ALICE/ CHAIN yLAKE LAKE IRVINE MIKES LAKE EDMORE COULEE MORRISON ~LAKE SWEETWATER LAKE CHANNEL A CITY OF ' DEVILS LAKE DEVILS LAKE EAST DEVILS LAKE Natural damage before Channel A Diverted flow ¦ Greater flexibility in managing the freshwater Chain of Lakes. To be effective, storage would have to take place mostly in the upper basin (north of the Chain of Lakes). The Chain of Lakes would need to be managed differently. For example, limiting the use of Channel A to flood conditions would allow water to flow through the smaller lakes—the natural drainage—and thereby improve water quality in the lower parts of the system during normal- or low- water periods. Land and Water Management— Any and all Drainage pattern at the Chain of Lakes [adapted from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1992] "evils appropriate techniques should be ^ applied, including a range of best N ) management practices (BMPs) for, _ among other things, nonpoint source control to minimize the impact on water quality from agricultural runoff. -15- ------- Sediment and associated nutrients would also be minimized by flexible management of the Chain of Lakes, as described above. Integration with a Future Outlet—Coordinating this Basin-wide management program with a future outlet means ensuring that the following are incorporated into the proposed design of the outlet, and participating in outlet planning: ¦ Any future outlet from the Devils Lake Basin to the Sheyenne River should consider drawing water from the north part of West Bay, where the water quality is highest and comparable to that already in the Sheyenne. It thus should pose minimal potential impact on downstream uses. ¦ Any future outlet should be fitted with real-time monitoring equipment for the most important water quality components. ¦ A wide range (10-14 feet) in elevation should be allowed for Devils Lake stabilization operations to ensure good fish and wildlife habitat. TIME FRAME Planning could start immediately using existing programs. ACTION UNDERWAY The Devils Lake Basin Water Management Plan has already clearly articulated the importance of sub- basin management and public involvement in developing and implementing a Basin plan. The Natural Resources Conservation Service, North Dakota State University Extension Service, and other Basin farm organizations are already involved in such efforts. The Natural Resources Conservation Service has requested watershed planning funding in its FY96 budget to explore the possibility of two watershed projects. The funds would be used to develop planning authorization requests to the Chief of the Natural Resources Conservation Service. PARTICIPANTS Participation by all Basin entities and the agricultural community as a whole is critical to planning, implementing, and documenting the results of Basin-wide efforts. North Dakota Department of Agriculture (leader) MULTIPLE BENEFITS minimized flood damage to infrastructure, private homes, businesses, and cropland ¦ improved water quality ¦ enhanced fish and wildlife habitat (and improved recreation) ¦ reduced expenses for construction, operation, and maintenance of a future pumping station -26- ------- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (leader) county water resource districts (leaders) Office of the State Engineer (leader) North Dakota State Health Department local soil conservation districts county commissioners State Water Commission North Dakota Game and Fish Department State Soil Conservation Committee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Environmental Protection Agency Northern Plains Resource Conservation and Development Council, Devils Lake Region U.S. Forest Service Bureau of Reclamation Ducks Unlimited other wildlife organizations Bureau of Indian Affairs U.S. Geological Survey farm organizations municipal governments North Dakota Highway Department Devils Lake Joint Water Resource District Delta Foundation rural and urban residents COST About $50,000 initially to gather existing information, and design and implement a Basin-wide strategy that includes water control mechanisms, short and long-term easements, acquisition, and land management. It could cost $15-25 million for comprehensive, longer-term implementation. FUNDING SOURCES U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Small Watershed Program (PL 83-566) North Dakota State University Extension Service county soil conservation districts Basin farm organizations State Water Commission U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Extension Program Federal Emergency Management Agency Hazard Mitigation Fund CHALLENGES Funding and staffing -27- ------- Local matching funds Perception that there are two philosophically opposed standards being applied: bypassing Channel A (except during flooding) is a "natural" alternative, while storage with control structures is a human- made option. It has been suggested that the lake's poorest quality water (in the east end) should be pumped downstream, so that the water quality in the rest of the lake improves. Opposition from upper Chain of Lakes property owners, who perceive that they will be asked to store "extra" water. That area drains quickly when Channel A is in operation. -28- ------- -ACTION ITEM B - Increase awareness of and participation in Basin-wide land and water management through education and economic incentives. Education—Ongoing demonstrations of best management practices (BMPs) and of the beneficial uses of excess stored water would heighten public understanding and awareness. This would include information about techniques (diversified farming operations, small-project irrigation, etc.) to enhance the value and production of land that is covered with stored water. It would show farmers how to adapt to changed circumstances. A full-time technician devoted to this effort would speed up implementation. Economic Incentives—Making on-land water storage and wetlands preservation economically attractive to Basin landowners means compensating them for losing the use of land when it is under water and minimizing or eliminating restrictions on its use if it is designated as a wetland. A program to purchase flowage easements, for example, will compensate landowners when the water is high but allow them to use the land for their own profit (grazing, haying, or farming, etc.) when the lake levels are down. Easement language will need to be crafted that ensures that this is temporary flood storage, avoids use of the term "wetland," and supports the goal of maintaining farm profitability. Easements that are renewable annually would be more attractive than longer-term ones. TIME FRAME Begin immediately, for an ongoing effort. Existing Agricultural Extension Service and other outreach materials can be evaluated and distributed now. Immediately after the 1995 harvest, farmers could sign up to restore their own potholes and be compensated for their work. The Natural Resources Conservation Service has $100,000 earmarked for this technical assistance. That agency could develop an application procedure resembling the Conservation Reserve Program signup. They could do one-on-one consulting to consider each farmer's situation individually. The local water authority and State Water Commission could be cooperators. ACTION UNDERWAY The Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Environmental Protection Agency are establishing demonstration areas in cooperation with the Langdon Research Center. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is doing some restoration on public lands. -29- ------- The Natural Resources Conservation Service, North Dakota State University Extension Service, and other Basin farm organizations are already involved in such efforts. MULTIPLE BENEFITS enhanced Basin-wide water management ¦ reduced flood damage ¦ improved water quality ¦ more wildlife habitat, recreation, and tourism ¦ enhanced groundwater and soil profiles * erosion control ¦ public awareness and education opportunities ¦ more diverse economy PARTICIPANTS Devils Lake Extension Service (leader) Devils Lake Basin Water Management Plan implementors (leaders) North Dakota Department of Agriculture (leader) county water resource districts (leaders) local soil conservation districts county commissions North Dakota State Water Commission North Dakota Game and Fish Department North Dakota State Health Department U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Environmental Protection Agency Northern Plains Resource Conservation and Development Council, Devils Lake Region U.S. Forest Service Bureau of Reclamation Ducks Unlimited other wildlife organizations COST A technician for a demonstration program would cost about $30,000 per year. Costs associated with implementing some water storage measures would be detailed in a Basin- wide management plan (see Action Item A). Some examples are: • Numerous small control structures to impound a total of up to 100,000 acres would cost approximately $3 or 4 million annually (from $150 to $1000 per structure); • $6 million to purchase 10,000 acres around Chain of Lakes @ $600 per acre (allowing previous owners use of the property); -30- ------- 0 Conservation Reserve Program payments have ranged from $30 to 40/acre for extra water storage; • Annual rental or easement fees can average $60 per acre. FUNDING SOURCES proposed Devils Lake Trust Fund (see Action Item C) North Dakota State University Extension Service (for technician or equivalent) county soil conservation districts Basin farm organizations Environmental Protection Agency, Section 319 funds Delta Foundation, Adopt a Pothole program U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service proposed Devils Lake Pilot Project Conservation Reserve Program Filter Strip Program Great Plains Program Grassland Easements Small Watershed Program (P.L. 588) Water Bank Water Quality Improvement Program Wetland Reserve Program U.S. Department of Agriculture Consolidated Farm Services Agency long-term agreements North Dakota Wildlife Extension Program North Dakota Wetlands Trust North Dakota State Water Commission North Dakota Water Resource Trust Fund Ducks Unlimited U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Extension Program Small Wetland Acquisition Program Garrison Conservancy Trust Fund North Dakota Game and Fish Department private lands initiative Bureau of Indian Affairs tribal governments Federal Emergency Management Agency Hazard Mitigation Fund state revolving fund North Dakota State Health Department Bank of North Dakota county mill levies CHALLENGES Current rules, laws, or attitudes may prevent obtaining permits to use excess stored water. -31- ------- Unanimous agreement of landowners is unlikely unless compensation is great enough. Social perceptions and anti-government bias Anti-wetland attitudes of landowners The National Environmental Policy Act process (for short-term projects) Permit process, e.g., landowners may need several permits such as a Corps of Engineers Section 404 permit, North Dakota Health 404(b)(1) Water Quality Certification, and water rights, drainage permits, and levee permits from the State Water Commission. Federal perpetual easement policy (Natural Resources Conservation Service's internal rule that allows perpetual easements but not life-of-project easements ). Cost-share assistance that is available for perpetual but not life-of-project easements. -31- ------- -ACTION ITEM C - Establish a Devils Lake Trust Fund for on-land water storage. Interest from this fund would be used to implement water storage programs in the Basin. It would enable local authorities immediate access to a fund to pay for upstream repairs or additional storage when the lake is at flood level, snowmelt or precipitation is expected, and little response time is available. In years when no storage is required, interest would be reinvested in the fund. TIME FRAME Within two years ACTIONS UNDERWAY The Devils Lake Basin Water Management Task Force has recommended such a fund in its management plan, and its funding committee has proposed ideas for obtaining contributions. MULTIPLE BENEFITS reduced economic disruption ¦ reduced flooding of homes, farms, and infrastructure ¦ improved water quality PARTICI PANTS implementors of the Devils Lake Basin Water Management Plan (leaders) local soil conservation district boards county commissioners North Dakota State Water Commission North Dakota State Health Department U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Environmental Protection Agency Bureau of Reclamation wildlife organizations local water resource district boards urban and rural residents North Dakota Game and Fish Department State Soil Conservation Committee U.S. Army Corps of Engineers U.S. Forest Service Ducks Unlimited -33- ------- COST $ 15 million would be the goal for fund raising. It would cost $ 3-4 million for 100,000 acres of storage, so if the fund earned 10% interest, it would generate $1.5 million a year. It would take three or four years to accumulate enough so that only the interest could be used. FUNPINC SOURCES Sources that lose the most from flooding would be sought as potential contributors, because an "investment" in the trust could prevent future expenses. Other groups interested in water storage could be contacted, federal transportation funds Garrison Conservancy District state appropriations local tax revenue CHALLENGES Convincing others of the need for the fund Obtaining funds Establishing an oversight committee and rules for distribution of funds -34- ------- -ACTION ITEM D - Design and implement a comprehensive, ongoing, Basin-wide water quality monitoring program. A comprehensive water quality monitoring program would yield a baseline by which to judge the success of corrective actions and also answer critical questions about water quality, nutrients, mercury, salinity, buffering capacity, etc. It would be essential to meeting National Environmental Policy Act requirements when necessary. TIME FRAME Begin in mid 1996; implement within two years. ACTION UNDERWAY The U.S. Geological Survey, the North Dakota State Health Department, and other entities routinely monitor water quality in the Basin. A comprehensive program could be MULTIPLE BENEFITS improved water quality ¦ better water data for other problems considered in conjunction with the Corps/Bureau of Reclamation long- term study. PARTICIPANTS North Dakota State Health Department (leader) U.S. Geological Survey North Dakota State Water Commission Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Bureau of Reclamation COST About $25,000 to gather existing information and design a comprehensive monitoring program. Implementation costs would be higher, and depend on the scope of the program. FUNDING SOURCES North Dakota State Health Department monitoring funds cooperative U.S. Geological Survey/State Water Commission program Environmental Protection Agency CHALLENGES Implementation funding -35- ------- - ACTION ITEM E - Collect data on the salinity of Basin soils. Using available data from the Soil Conservation Service's soil classification survey of the Basin will allow a more comprehensive assessment of loading concerns as well as the determination of possible salinity control practices. TIME FRAME Begin now to collect available data and outline information needed for monitoring. ACTION UNDERWAY The Langdon Research Center and the Natural Resources Conservation Service already have obtained baseline salinity readings at three sites in the upper Basin. MULTIPLE BENEFITS reduction in economic disruption resulting from loss of productive agricultural lands ¦ improved water quality PARTICIPANTS Natural Resources Conservation Service (leader) North Dakota State University Langdon Research Center (leader) COST $10,000 to gather existing information; $2,000 to $3,000 annually to monitor and sample FUNDING SOURCES North Dakota State University Extension Service Langdon Research Center U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service -37- ------- -ACTION ITEM F - Incorporate consideration of the flood hazard into every development decision; adopt floodplain management standards and get flood insurance. Changing lake levels should be recognized by all planning and zoning authorities and every political entity in the Basin. Zoning and other ordinances should be adopted and enforced to prevent future flood-prone development. Immediate and long-range development, growth, and comprehensive or master plans should be revised to be compatible with future expansions and contractions of the lake. The lake's regulatory floodplain should be defined and regulations enforced. Flood insurance can offset financial losses from damage to residential and business structures. The Federal Emergency Management Agency needs to issue Flood Insurance Rate Maps with elevations, with contour intervals of less than 5 feet if possible. Ramsey and Benson Counties can administratively adopt a regulatory flood elevation by which to guide development. Use of the 1440-foot level would standardize the elevation currently used in floodplain management around the lake until remapping is completed. A moratorium on building and development below 1440 feet would be a helpful interim measure until an outlet to the lake is constructed. Local governments should realize that they are the first line of defense and the most cost- effective resource for preventing future flood damage. In addition, impacts to the property tax base must be anticipated and adjusted through ongoing planning. TIME FRAME Can be implemented within the next six months. ACTION UNDERWAY Ramsey and Benson counties have developing floodplain management programs. Devils Lake and Creel Township have established programs based on maps identifying their flood hazards. Creel Township uses an elevation of 1440 feet msl in conjunction with its Flood Insurance Rate Map. MULTIPLE BENEFITS reduced risk of flood damage to infrastructure ¦ reduced economic disruption PARTICIPANTS Benson, Nelson, and Ramsey county commissions (leaders) Creel Township (leader) City of Devils Lake (leader) -39- ------- North Dakota State Water Commission Federal Emergency Management Agency local coordinators for the National Flood Insurance Program county water resource districts COST Can be absorbed by existing budgets and staffs CHALLENGES Lack of a detailed Flood Insurance Rate Map showing the 1440 foot msl boundary around Devils Lake Property development potential would be altered somewhat. A long-term commitment to guide property away from the lake bed may be difficult to sustain. -40- ------- - ACTION ITEM C - Protect and/or consider relocating sewage treatment and rural utility systems. City of Devils Lake—The City is working with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to explore adding to the protective dike to safeguard the sewage lagoon. Raising the dike would minimally affect the lake level. The City should also consider increasing the length of time water is retained in the system to ensure the highest possible water quality of sewage going into the lake. City of Minnewaukan—The City is working to relocate the town's sewage lagoon. Ramsey County—Up to 20 or 25 lift stations need to be raised by the Ramsey County Rural Utilities before they are submerged, and others will have to be abandoned. Benson and Ramsey Counties—A major transmission line is standing in deep water across the Minnewaukan Flats of Devils Lake and needs to be relocated. TIME FRAME Up to two years for the Devils Lake lagoon; a few months (by November) for Minnewaukan's; an unknown period for raising the lift stations; and by spring 1996 for the power line. ACTION UNDERWAY Work is being done on all four problems. MULTIPLE BENEFITS improved water quality ¦ facilitated economic (commercial and residential) development PARTICIPANTS City of Devils Lake (leader) City of Minnewaukan (leader) Ramsey County Rural Utilities (leader) United Power Association (leader) county water resource districts U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Economic and Community Development Service U.S. Army Corps of Engineers U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development -41- ------- COST The cost of adding to the City of Devils Lake dike is not yet known. An estimated $850,000 for relocating the Minnewaukan sewage lagoon Ramsey County Rural Utilities estimates $3000 to $5000 for each lift station. The cost to the United Power Association of re-routing the transmittion line is not known. FUNDING SOURCES Economic Development Administration, through the Department of Housing and Urban Development's Community Development Block Grants U.S. Army Corps of Engineers U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Economic and Community Development Service grants and loans North Dakota State Health Department loans Federal Emergency Management Agency (75%-25% cost share) City of Devils Lake City of Minnewaukan Ramsey County United Power Association CHALLENGES Loss of user fees due to inundation of rights of way, resulting in failure to pay back bonds -42- ------- - ACTION ITEM H - Identify and remedy individual sewage and drinking water systems damaged or threatened by the flood. Water wells need to be plugged before the lake overtops them. Seasonal cabins should have holding tanks at a high elevation on the lots, with new drainfields if there is room. Eastview Estates, Mission Township in Black Tiger Bay, needs a remote community drainfield or lagoon. Everyone there would retain their septic tanks and pump to a central location, or put into a higher, chlorinated holding tank. Individual systems need to be monitored for water- borne diseases, and necessary corrective action taken. TIME FRAME Up to one year, depending upon the lake level and what regulatory flood elevation is adopted. ACTIONS UNDERWAY Indian Health Services has met with the Tribe and the Devils Lake Sioux Utilities Commission concerning the flood damage to the sewage collection system. A Federal Emergency Management Agency assessment team visited the Reservation and observed the sewer system problems as part of its survey. The manager of the Devils Lake Sioux Utilities is assessing the work needed. The Tribe, Indian Health Services, and Housing Authority are working to identify the funding and procedures for accomplishing the repair work. Indian Health Services at Ft. Totten is checking septic tanks and sewer systems to be sure they are functional. Letters regarding the illegal pumping of sewage into the lake or onto the ground have been sent to offending parties. MULTIPLE BENEFITS maintained water quality PARTICIPANTS Indian Health Services (leader) individual property owners Devils Lake Sioux Tribe Devils Lake Sioux Utilities Commission Federal Emergency Management Agency COST About $5,000 to $8,000 per residence for a septic tank and drainfield or a collection system Indian Health Service's share of repair to individual systems is about $12,000 for 8-10 homes. -43- ------- Plugging a water well costs about $100-$200. Drilling a new well costs about $l,000-$5,000. FUNDING SOURCES Devils Lake Sioux Utilities Commission Federal Emergency Management Agency U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service program for cost-sharing for individual water wells U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Economic and Community Development Service loans and grants Indian Health Service tribal funds CHALLENGES Some of these problems are individual, not public, responsibilities. Property owners do not know where to place their wells and/or sewage systems until the "stabilized" lake level and regulatory flood elevation are established. On most affected properties, the water is too high to undertake excavation work. People may not want to spend money on a septic system when they perceive that it will be flooded next year anyway. -44- ------- -ACTION ITEM I - Raise essential roads to 1440 feet msl. This elevation was selected in part because state highways ND 57 and ND 20 are built to that level. They provide access to local communities in the southern part of the Basin. (Note this is the center-line elevation.) It has been determined that, with a minor increase in cost, US 281 and ND 19 can be built to elevation 1442.0 msl. These connecting routes are shorter and have structures that are built to a higher elevation. If the water goes above 1440 feet, ND 57 and ND 20 are lost. One access route to Devils Lake will remain, via US 281 and ND 19. Ferries, boats, and aircraft may be necessary for routine and emergency transportation to the south and southeastern reaches of the Basin. TIME FRAME Work is proceeding, but it will be three years before all raised roads are paved. ACTION UNDERWAY The Department of Transportation has let contracts for grade raises and riprap on all state highways impacted by the main body of Devils Lake. Plans are being prepared for bridges and grade raises to 1442.0 feet msl on ND 19 and US 281. Riprap and paving plans are under development for roads built to 1440.0 msl. The Bureau of Indian Affairs has let two projects to contract and is developing plans for another grade raise on the Ft. Totten Reservation. Counties have done work on the Woods-Rutten road and are monitoring the rising lake the Graham Island PARTICIPANTS North Dakota Department of Transportation (leader) Benson County Cavalier County Nelson County Towner County Ramsey County Devils Lake Sioux Tribe (for tribal roads) Bureau of Indian Affairs (federal roads within the Ft. Totten Reservation) Federal Emergency Management Agency Federal Highway Administration MULTIPLE BENEFITS reduced economic disruption ¦ improved public health and safety levels on others such as North/South road. -45- ------- COST The North Dakota Department of Transportation has $5.1 million of work under contract and is preparing plans for about $10.6 million. The Bureau of Indian Affairs will be spending about $3.5 million on its three projects. Counties will be spending $4.6 million. The total cost of raising essential Basin roads is estimated to be $23.8 million. This includes repairs, raising the road beds, laying gravel bases, placing riprap, paving, and structures. FUNDING SOURCES Repairs to certain state system roads have been funded with Federal Highway Administration Emergency Relief Funds for $15.7 million. This covers 100% of the cost of repairs done within 180 days of the date the emergency was declared. Project costs outside of that window are on an 80-20 cost-sharing ratio. Non-FAS roads are not included in that package, and will need separate financing, possibly Federal Emergency Management Agency funds, with a 75-25 cost share. Federal and state funds can be shifted from other projects for repairs to some roads in the Basin. It is not known where the counties or the tribal govern- ment will obtain needed funds. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has low- interest loans available under its Rural Economic and Community Devel- opment Service Community Programs (direct or guaranteed loans) and its Intermediary Relending Program to municipalities, tribes, and counties. Community assistance loans are administered through the U.S. Department of Agriculture state office in Bismarck. CHALLENGES Obtaining funding for nonessential connecting roads Essential roads in the Basin are being raised. -46- ------- -ACTION ITEM J - Construct an outlet from Devils Lake to the Sheyenne River in order to stabilize the lake level by releasing excess water in high-water years. Consider an emergency outlet for the immediate future, even though stabilization of the lake is the ultimate goal. Over the long term, incorporating an inlet should be considered. TIME FRAME Three to five years or beyond ACTION UNDERWAY The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Bureau of Reclamation are leading an interagency collaborative process to explore long-term stabilization of Devils Lake and Basin-wide water management. The scope of work phase is underway, and a feasibility study may follow, to determine whether the project qualifies to go on to the next step. Meanwhile, the North Dakota Game and Fish Department and Texas Parks and Wildlife are working on scientific studies to determine whether Basin waters are free of certain biotic components (striped bass, for one). This information is critical to demonstrating to the Canadian and Manitoban governments that water reaching the Hudson Bay drainage will be uncontaminated. MULTIPLE BENEFITS reduced inundation of agricultural lands, infrastructure, businesses, and residences ¦ reduced salinization of soils ¦ some improvement in water quality ¦ reduced economic disruption ¦ enhanced wildlife habitat management PARTICIPANTS North Dakota State Water Commission (leader) Devils Lake Basin Joint Water Resource Board Lake Emergency Management Committee Devils Lake Sioux Tribe City of Devils Lake City of Minnewaukan Ramsey County Commission Benson County Commission Nelson County Commission -47- ------- THE BOUNDARY WATERS TREATY OF 1909 Overcoming the engineering challenges and logistical problems is only one part of the process of constructing an outlet from Devils Lake. The intended recipients of the "excess" water—the people of Canada, Province of Manitoba—have a legitimate interest in preventing the importation of water thai could be detrimental to their own drainage System. Their concerns and those of the government of Canada are legally supported by the Boundary Waters Treaty, signed by Canada and the United States in 1909. Section TV of the Treaty specifically prohibits either side (the U.S. or Canada) from taking any action that would pollute the waters on the other side. Pollutants can take many forms, including dissolved solids, chemical contaminants, and harmful or non-native biota. In this case, water from the Devils Lake Basin, which has been essentially isolated for thousands of years, would be moved into the Hudson Bay drainage, via the Sheyenne and Red rivers. The Canadian concern is twofold: first that the levels of dissolved solids and other substances in the water not exceed the water quality standards set by the International Joint Commission's Red River Pollution Control Board; and, second, that no non-native fish species, fish eggs, parasites, or diseases reach the drainage system on their side of the border—particularly Lake Winnipeg, which supports a commercial fishing industry. An earlier proposal to undertake changes in the water system of the Devils Lake area (the Garrison Diversion) was opposed by Canada and some U.S. interests for the same basic reasons. The International Joint Commission settled the matter in Canada's favor in 1977. The United States reformulated the project in 1986, and has not implemented those components that would have introduced Missouri River water into the Hudson Bay system. county soil conservation districts North Dakota Congressional delegation U.S. State Department U.S. Army Corps of Engineers U.S. Bureau of Reclamation U.S. Geological Survey Federal Emergency Management Agency Environmental Protection Agency Bureau of Indian Affairs U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Federal Highway Administration U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service North Dakota Governor's Office North Dakota Legislative Council North Dakota Game and Fish Department North Dakota State Health Department North Dakota Army National Guard Garrison Diversion Conservancy District North Dakota Department of Transportation North Dakota Parks and Recreation North Dakota Division of Emergency Management North Dakota Agriculture Department -48- ------- North Dakota Agricultural Extension Service North Dakota Geological Service International Joint Commission Red River Water Supply Coalition Lake Region Anglers Lake Preservation Coalition North Dakota Farm Bureau North Dakota Farmers Union Landowners Association of North Dakota The Wildlife Society, North Dakota Chapter National Wildlife Federation Audubon Society COST From $17 to $34 million for outlet construction alone; from $275,000 to $825,000 per 100,000 acre-feet for pumping; and from $180,000 to $250,000 annually for operation and maintenance. These estimates are optimistic, and do not allow for additional environmental mitigation or any unforeseen problems. FUNDINC SOURCES No funding has been allocated to construct an outlet from Devils Lake. Funds will have to be authorized and appropriated by Congress for the federal share of construction, if approved. That funding would come through the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and/or the Bureau of Reclamation. Potential sources of funds for nonconstruction aspects of the project, if appropriately funded, and for the required state/local share of construction costs are: Federal Emergency Management Agency Environmental Protection Agency Bureau of Indian Affairs U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Federal Highway Administration North Dakota State Water Commission North Dakota Game and Fish Department North Dakota State Health Department North Dakota Department of Transportation Basin cities and counties revenue bonds and general obligation bonds general taxing authority CHALLENGES No state or federal authorization or funding exists to construct an outlet. Finding the state/local cost share -49- ------- Downstream constraints (water quality in the Sheyenne and Red rivers and in Manitoba, Canada; water quantity; channel crossings; erosion potential; municipal water treatment needs, etc.). Acquiring easements and rights-of-way Environmental concerns (impact on downstream users of increased total dissolved solids; impacts on bank and streambed erosion, fishery, clams, and mussels; impacts to woodlands along the outlet and river corridor, Lake Ashtabula, and Valley City Fish Hatchery; groundwater contamination along outlet route and Sheyenne River; water quality impacts to Devils Lake of removing better-quality water, etc.) Need consensus on an acceptable lake level that is also feasible for an outlet. Administrative and permitting requirements that could derail and/or delay the process at any point (the environmental impact statement required under the National Environmental Policy Act; the 404 permit required under the Clean Water Act; compliance with the Endangered Species Act; state permits for construction, sovereign lands, etc.; meeting the terms of the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909) A management plan must be developed, including operations and monitoring. -50- ------- - ACTION ITEM K - Use temporary floodproofing measures to prevent damage to individual structures. Floodproofing can protect structures from shallow surface and/or groundwater flooding. These techniques are short term because of the severity and duration of lake flooding, but they do buy time. Constructing earthen dikes and floodwalls on individual properties is the most commonly used technique in the Basin so far. TIME FRAME Some measures can be started now. ACTION UNDERWAY Approximately 40 homeowners around Devils Lake have constructed protective dikes, berms, or floodwalls. Various floodproofing measures are being taken by homeowners to minimize the effect of the rising water on sewage and septic systems. The governor's Executive Order 1995-06, signed in May, suspended North Dakota statutes and rules for construction of dikes in the Devils Lake Basin. It exempts from normal permit requirements emergency, temporary dikes to protect structures (homes, barns, grain bins) that would divert more than 12.5 acre-feet of water. MULTIPLE BENEFITS improved public health and safety ¦ minimized flood damage PARTICIPANTS individual homeowners (with technical assistance from other participants) (leader) State Water Commission North Dakota Division of Emergency Management Federal Emergency Management Agency U.S. Army Corps of Engineers American Red Cross COST At least $4,000 for individual dikes, more for floodwalls, depending on the size and height of the barriers and characteristics of the property -51- ------- Several lakeshore homeowners have constructed flcodwalls to protect their property. FUNDING SOURCES individual property owners (up to $750 for temporary emergency protective measures is available under flood insurance policies) county water resource districts -52- ------- -ACTION ITEM L - Consider voluntary acquisition and/or relocation of permanent structures (homes and businesses) at risk from lake flooding. Relocated structures would be moved to a higher elevation, as designated by the sponsoring agency. Structures eligible for acquisition (buy-out) are usually seriously damaged. This activity would offer homeowners an opportunity to move away from the oncoming lakeshore before they suffer damage, and to avoid future damage when the lake reaches this level again. TIME FRAME Up to two years ACTION UNDERWAY About 10 permanent and seasonal structures have already been moved away from the current shoreline. The Devils Lake Sioux Tribe plans to move 25 homes, and has requested Department of Housing and Urban Development assistance through the Community Development Block Grant Program. MULTIPLE BENEFITS elimination of future flood damage to relocated structures PARTICIPANTS local sponsor needed for many programs (must be a legal entity) (leader) property owners COST A business or residential structure costs from $15 to $25 per square foot to relocate, including the cost of land at a new location. FUNDING SOURCES property owners City of Devils Lake sales tax revenue Ramsey County Benson County county water resource districts Devils Lake Sioux Tribe U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Community Development Block Grants -53- ------- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Home Program Federal Emergency Management Agency Hazard Mitigation Grant Program, (available only if a deed restriction is put in place and the structure is moved out of the flood hazard area) National Flood Insurance Program insurance payments Bureau of Indian Affairs U.S. Army Corps of Engineers U.S. Department of Agriculture loans North Dakota Water Commission U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Economic and Community Development Service CHALLENGES Finding local sponsorship that is required to apply for many funding programs Raising the local cost share (25%) to plan and implement the relocation projects Attitudes of property owners who believe the lake level will drop before their property is inundated -54- ------- - ACTION ITEM M- Identify financial and technical assistance for flood-impacted businesses. There has been some disruption to regular business due to proximity to the lake, including three businesses that have already been forced to relocate and others that face relocation in the future. A study could determine the nature and extent of the impact the rising lake levels are having on businesses. The assistance could include education about mitigation, technical assistance, and disseminating information to the public about the business's operations and new location. TIME FRAME Up to two years, depending on the lake level ACTION UNDERWAY Some businesses, like this lake shore restaurant, have already suffered some water damage. The Community Development Corporation has relocated one business already. The Bank of North Dakota's PACE (Partnership and Assistance in Community Expansion) program enables the state and local government to share the buydown of a business's loan. The Small Business Administration has its regular loan programs. After the harvest there may be a Secretarial disaster declaration, triggering Small Business Administration loans for 1995. In the meantime, low-interest loans are not available, but there are operating/working capital loans available to businesses dependent on agriculture. Other actions include state-level coordination, regional loan pool recapitalization, and deferment of loan payments. The Department of Housing and Urban Development's Community Development Block Grants are being used now for low-interest loans for flood-affected entities. -55- ------- PARTICIPANTS Community Development Corporation (leader) Small Business Administration Service Corps of Retired Executives Economic Development Administration U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Economic and Community Development Service Department of Housing and Urban Development Community Development Block Grants Bureau of Indian Affairs Federal Emergency Management Agency National Flood Insurance Program Rural Electric Administration Bank of North Dakota North Dakota Small Business Development Center North Dakota Department of Economic Development and Finance Office of Intergovernmental Assistance North Dakota Job Service job development authorities local financial institutions Rural Electric Cooperatives Rural Electric Telephone Administration COST $1 million for immediate needs MULTIPLE BENEFITS improvement in local business economy ¦ stabilization of tax base ¦ reduced economic disruption FUNDING SOURCES Small Business Administration Economic Development Administration U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Economic and Community Development Service Department of Housing and Urban Development Bureau of Indian Affairs Federal Emergency Management Agency National Flood Insurance Program Rural Electric Administration Bank of North Dakota, Partnership and Assistance in Community Expansion Program North Dakota Department of Economic Development and Finance Office of Intergovernmental Assistance regional and local revolving loan funds -56- ------- local loan pools job development authorities Community Development Corporation local financial institutions Rural Electric Cooperatives Rural Electric Telephone Administration tribal funding sources CHALLENGES Differing eligibility requirements and waiting periods and short application periods -57- ------- - ACTION ITEM N - Increase compensation for agricultural losses. Improve awareness of various agricultural programs that are available now, disaster assistance programs that would be available if a Secretarial declaration is made, and their respective eligibility requirements. Improve the Federal Crop Insurance Program. Increase the categories of tax relief available. TIME FRAME Immediate and ongoing ACTION UNDERWAY Many compensatory programs are already in place, e.g., Federal Emergency Management Agency's Disaster Unemployment Assistance; Department of Agriculture Water Bank, Preventive Planting, Conser- vation Reserve, and Federal Crop Insurance programs. MULTIPLE BENEFITS reduced economic disruption ¦ preservation of tax base PARTICIPANTS North Dakota Department of Agriculture (leader) U.S. Department of Agriculture (leader) Natural Resources Conservation Service Consolidated Farm Services Agency North Dakota State University Extension Service Federal Emergency Management Agency Bank of North Dakota U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Economic and Community Development Service COST Depends upon success of efforts to get programs modified FUNDING SOURCES U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Water Bank Emergency Watershed Programs -59- ------- CHALLENGES U.S. Department of Agriculture Consolidated Farm Services Agency Preventive Planting Program Conservation Reserve Program Federal Crop Insurance Program Wheat/Feed Grain program Emergency Loan Program Bank of North Dakota Economic Dislocated Worker Assistance Federal Emergency Management Agency Disaster Unemployment Assistance Internal Revenue Service Tax Relief Program Existing definitions of "disaster "and eligibility requirements -60- ------- -ACTION ITEM O - Harmonize water management laws and regulations. Various local, state, and federal agencies administer and enforce many different rules, regulations, and laws for the emergency flood relief drainage of agricultural lands. These agencies have inconsistent and often conflicting procedures. Among the laws and regulations that need standardization are Swampbuster provisions, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service easements, Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, North Dakota Wetland Laws (North Dakota Century Code 61-32-03), the North Dakota Wetland Administrative Code (NDAC 89-02), possibly the Endangered Species Act, and local water board determinations. Revise the Memorandum of Agreement among the four principal federal agencies that operate in the Devils Lake Basin (the Natural Resources Conservation Service (U.S. Department of Agriculture), the Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Department of the Interior)). At a minimum, the state- or regional-level subdivisions of these agencies could draw up their own Memorandum of Agreement. The subdivisions of the four federal agencies working in Devils Lake could agree immediately to better coordination. Up to three years for revisions to federal legislation. ACTION UNDERWAY Local state and federal officials are working with citizens to solve the problems. Also, cabinet-level attention to the Devils Lake Basin has been significant. PARTICIPANTS Natural Resources Conservation Service (leader) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (leader) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (leader) Environmental Protection Agency (leader) North Dakota Congressional delegation North Dakota State Legislature Bureau of Indian Affairs North Dakota State Water Commission North Dakota State Health Department North Dakota Game and Fish Department tribal governments TIME FRAME MULTIPLE BENEFITS improved coordination -61- ------- Bureau of Reclamation local water boards county commissions COST CHALLENGES Minimal, borne by the operating budgets of existing executive, legislative, and administrative authorities Resistance by agencies to giving up authority, and slow nature of the bureaucratic process Lack of landowners' understanding of need for wetland protection. -62- ------- -ACTION ITEM P - Conduct emergency planning for each additional foot of lake elevation. Make sure all proposed emergency actions are coordinated with long-term management plans. Develop emergency evacuation plans, find temporary and longer-term shelter, identify access routes, plan for necessary services, assess which homes and businesses need to be evacuated based on threat to the structures or to the occupants' access routes or utilities. Decide who will make decisions, who will notify affected residents, etc. A comprehensive map of all potentially affected infrastructure needs to be developed and shared so people can be moved quickly. Alternative emergency medical, fire, and rescue services access systems should be evaluated, including different routes and modes of transportation (helicopters, pontoon boats, etc.). Designate appropriate routes and transport methods for each locale under different weather conditions, and disseminate the information to appropriate entities and the public. TIME FRAME Immediately ACTION UNDERWAY The City of Devils Lake is doing some critical services assessment. Ft. Totten is already sending its emergency patients to facilities southward, rather than north to the City of Devils Lake. MULTIPLE BENEFITS improved public health and safety ¦ minimized disruption from flooding PARTICIPANTS Counties and municipalities, with technical support from other participants (leader) American Red Cross church groups Federal Emergency Management Agency North Dakota Division of Emergency Management Salvation Army North Dakota National Guard Volunteer Agencies Active in Disaster -63- ------- COST All planning is covered within county and municipal budgets. CHALLENGES People may not be willing to relocate, so their health and safety concerns need to be addressed by local officials. Temporary sites for housing evacuees will be needed. Training. Sandbags can provide some emergency, temporary protection from rising water. -64- ------- -ACTION ITEM Q - Enhance recreation opportunities in the Basin. Recreation and tourism are significant contributors to the Basin economy. Improving their appeal will therefore help strengthen the economic situation. This measure includes developing new opportunities for recreation, improving existing ones, and using positive advertising and promotion. It is intended to mitigate the negative impacts of flooding on the tourism economy. TIME FRAME Up to one year and ongoing thereafter ACTION UNDERWAY New boat ramps have been built. Lake access has increased dramatically in the last few years. A 1% restaurant tax has been instituted in Devils Lake. North Dakota Game and Fish is working with the Lake Region Anglers to identify sites and funds for new boat ramps. PARTICIPANTS Chamber of Commerce (leader) city, county, and township governments park boards Devils Lake Tourism Department North Dakota Tourism Department local sporting groups and organizations North Dakota Parks and Recreation U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service tribal revenues North Dakota Game and Fish Department North Dakota Department of Economic Development COST $500 ,000 to start (one additional boat ramp, for example, costs $50,000-100,000) FUNDING SOURCES Devils Lake Tourism Department North Dakota Tourism Department local sporting groups and organizations North Dakota Parks and Recreation MULTIPLE BENEFITS enhanced tourism revenues ¦ reduced economic disruption -65- ------- U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service Rivers, Trails and Conservation Assistance Program Park and Recreation Recovery grants U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service tribal revenues North Dakota Game and Fish Department North Dakota Department of Economic Development additional funding for tourism from the state legislature Historic Ft. Totten is one of many Basin sites that can attract tourism. National and regional attention to the flood problems has a negative impact on tourism. Under existing state agency priorities, the western part of state gets most of the publicity funds. -66- ------- -ACTION ITEM R - Diversify the economic base of the Basin. The Devils Lake business sector depends upon agriculture. This measure would try to attract enterprises unrelated to agriculture (e.g., plastics manufacturing). A larger, more diverse economic base would be less vulnerable to the negative effects of flooding. An ongoing survey of area businesses would help pinpoint the economic impacts of changing lake levels. TIME FRAME Begin now, for an ongoing effort. ACTION UNDERWAY Existing economic development efforts Regionalization of economic assistance MULTIPLE BENEFITS enhanced tax base PARTICIPANTS North Dakota Department of Economic Development and Finance (leader) North Central Planning Council (leader) Small Business Administration Economic Development Administration U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Economic and Community Development Service Department of Housing and Urban Development Bureau of Indian Affairs Federal Emergency Management Agency Rural Electric Administration Bank of North Dakota Office of Intergovernmental Assistance North Dakota Job Service job development authorities Community Development Corporation local financial institutions Rural Electric Cooperatives Rural Electric Telephone Administration COST $1 million short-term; $5-10 million long term -67- ------- FUNDING SOURCES new county sales tax State legislation could allocate funds based on Devils Lake's flooding, reallocation of the 1 % city sales tax for economic development prioritization of pass-through monies Small Business Administration Economic Development Administration U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Economic and Community Development Service U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Bureau of Indian Affairs Federal Emergency Management Agency National Flood Insurance Program Rural Electric Administration Bank of North Dakota North Dakota Department of Economic Development and Finance North Dakota Small Business Development Center Office of Intergovernmental Assistance local and regional revolving loan funds local loan pools job development authorities Community Development Corporation local financial institutions Rural Electric Cooperatives Rural Electric Telephone Administration tribal funding sources CHALLENGES Lack of funding Need for infrastructure that is not hazard-prone Restrictions on floodplain development -68- ------- / / / / / / / / / \ / \/ / / \ / / \ \ / \/ / \ / 7 \ \ / \ / \ \ / \ \ / \ / \ \ / / / \ / \ \ \ \ U | // © // ------- SECTION VII. IMPLEMENTATION At its last meeting (August 15, 1995), the Task Force agreed to establish a small body to coordinate the implementation of the measures that can be taken to reduce the impacts of high lake levels in the Basin. The Devils Lake Interagency Oversight Committee was formed, and directed to meet periodically to review progress being made within the Basin toward implementation of both the immediate steps identified in Section V and the Action Items (described in Section VI). The meetings are to be convened by the Chair. The first is scheduled for the fall of 1995, and the rest will be held as needed thereafter. THE DEVILS LAKE INTERAGENCY OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE Michael Armstrong (Chair) Director, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Region VIII Doug Frlez North Dakota Division of Emergency Management Sarah Vogel North Dakota Department of Agriculture Marshall Moore North Dakota Department of Transportation Vern Thompson Mayor, Town of Minnewaukan Jeff Klein North Dakota State Water Commission James Luey U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Jim DaMen Devils Lake Community Development Corp. Roger Hollevoet U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fred Bott Mayor, City of Devils Lake David Sprynczynatyk North Dakota State Water Commission and a representative from: Devils Lake Sioux Tribe Office of Governor Edward Schafer Office of U.S. Senator Byron Dorgan Office of U.S. Senator Kent Conrad Office of U.S. Representative Earl Pomeroy -69- ------- BIBLIOGRAPHY \ / / / / \ / \ / \ / \/ / \ / / \ \ \/ / \ \ \ \ \ / \ \ / \ \ \ \ / \ / \ \ / \ \ / \ \ \ \ ------- SECTION VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY Because of its length, this bibliography has been subdivided into topical sections, listed below. Entries are organized alphabetically within each section by author's name. CONTENTS Archaeology Economic Development Engineering Fish & Wildlife, Habitat, Vegetation & Natural Resources Geology and Soils History Hydrology, Lake Levels & Groundwater Maps and Illustrations Other Closed-Basin Lakes Water Resources Management Water Quality ARCHAEOLOGY Floodman, M.G., 1987. "Draft Report of an Archaeological Inventory of Portions of the Devils Lake Basin, Benson, Eddy, Nelson and Ramsey Counties, North Dakota." Fox, S.J., 1982. "Excavations at the Irvin Nelson Site, 32BE208." Schweigert, K., 1977. "Historic Sites Cultural Resource Inventory in the Devils Lake Region." Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of North Dakota. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Ameson, H.R., 1971. "Appraisal Report - Land Only - All Lands Below the Meander Line Devils Lake and Stump Lake in Benson, Ramsey and Nelson Counties in North Dakota." Garrison Diversion Conservancy District. Arneson, H.R., 1971. "Supplemental to Appraisal Report Submitted January 8, 1971 - Land Only - All Lands Below the Meander Line of Devils Lake and Stump Lake in Benson, Ramsey and Nelson Counties in North Dakota." Garrison Diversion Conservancy District. City Planning Commission, Devils Lake, North Dakota, 1969. "Comprehensive Plan - Devils Lake, North Dakota." Devils Lake Chamber of Commerce, 1964. "Devils Lake, North Dakota: A Community Fact Survey." North Dakota Economic Development Commission. -71- ------- Fine, J.O., 1951. "An Analysis of Factors Affecting Agricultural Development on the Fort Totten Indian Reservation." Master's thesis, University of North Dakota. Gillette, J.M., 1942. "Social Economies of North Dakota." Golz, Theresa K., Thompson, JoAnn M. and Leistritz, F. Larry, 1992. "North Dakota Agricultural Trends: A Statewide/Regional Perspective." Agricultural Economics Statistical Series Report No. 51, Department of Agricultural Economics and Institute for Business and Industry Development, North Dakota State University, Fargo. Joraandstad, K. and Dando, W.A., 1977. "Climate and Man: Cyclic Water Levels and Land Use Problems in the Devils Lake Basin." Institute for Remote Sensing, Student Originated Studies Group, University of North Dakota. Kazeck, M.E., 1956. "North Dakota: A Human and Economic Geography." North Dakota Institute for Regional Studies. North Central Planning Council, 1977. "Comprehensive Plan Volume 1: History, Inventory and Analysis." Devils Lake, North Dakota. North Central Planning Council, 1977. "Comprehensive Plan Volume 2: Overall Economic Development Program." Devils Lake, North Dakota. North Central Planning Council, 1977. "Land Resource Inventory and Projections." Devils Lake, North Dakota. North Central Planning Council, 1978. "Population Projections." Devils Lake, North Dakota. North Central Planning Council, 1978. "Report on Comprehensive Plan: A Summary Statement." Devils Lake, North Dakota. North Dakota State University, Agricultural Experiment Station, 1976. "North Dakota Crop and Livestock Statistics: Annual Summary for 1975." Peitsch, W.H., 1968. "Interindustry Analysis of the Devils Lake, North Dakota Trade Area." Master's thesis, North Dakota State University. Schwiden, C.J. and Leitch, J.A., 1984. "Regional Socioeconomic Impact of the Devils Lake Fishery." North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Fargo. State of North Dakota, State Planning Division, 1973. Ramsey County, North Dakota Comprehensive Plan. Taylor, F.R., 1960. "Changes in Number and Size of North Dakota Farms." North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Farm Research Bulletin. Towner Association of Commerce and Towner Industrial Development Association, 1964. "Towner, North Dakota: Community Fact Survey." North Dakota Economic Development Commission. Willard, R.E., 1924. Agricultural Regions of North Dakota. North Dakota Experiment Bulletin 183. Wright, J., 1959. "An Analysis of the Spatial Association of Rural Farm Population Density and Selected Physical Factors on the Great Plains." Master's thesis, University of Iowa. -72- ------- ENGINEERING American Engineering, P.C., 1989. "Mid Dakota Reservoir Development Plan." Atkinson, T.R., 1912. "Proposed Diversion of Mounse River to Devils Lake." North Dakota: Fifth Biennial Report, State Engineer. Backes, R., 1988. "Devils Lake Outlet Committee Final Recommendations." Barr Engineering Co., 1986. "Analysis of the Effects of Lake Levels on Roadways and Railways in the Devils Lake Region High Water Area, February, 1986." Barr Engineering Co., 1986. "Design and Cost Estimates for a Connecting Channel Between East Devils Lake and West Stump Lake, Devils Lake Basin, North Dakota." Devils Lake Basin Advisory Committee, 1976. "The Devils Lake Basin Study." 4 vols. "Devils Lake Basin, North Dakota Pre-Reconnaissance Evaluation Report." St. Paul District Corps of Engineers, St. Paul, Minnesota, August 1983. "Devils Lake Basin, North Dakota Reconnaissance Report." St. Paul District Corps of Engineers, St. Paul, Minnesota, November 1984. "Devils Lake Flood Control Project, Section 205, Milestone 86 Information." St. Paul District Corps of Engineers, St. Paul, Minnesota, August 1982. Engineer Department, James and Sheyenne River Basins, North Dakota and South Dakota, 1936. "Water Supply and Sewage Disposal, 1935, Engineer Reproduction Plant, Fort Humphreys." Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1986. "Closed-Basin Lake Flooding: Case Studies and Mitigation Opportunities." "Flood Control Reconnaissance Report, Devils Lake, North Dakota." St. Paul District Corps of Engineers, St. Paul, Minnesota, February 1980. Garrison Diversion Conservancy District, 1962. "History of Devils Lake Water Project Reviewed in this Water Days Edition." Devils Lake Journal, June 6, 1962. Garrison Diversion Unit Commission Final Report, December 1984. Garrison Joint Technical Committee, 1990. Appendices 1 and 2, Minutes of 1984 and 1990 Engineering Task Forces. Garrison Joint Technical Committee" 1990. Garrison Diversion Unit Joint Technical Committee Report to the U.S.-Canada Consultative Group. Garrison Joint Technical Committee, 1990. Report of Engineering Task Force. Gulf South Research Institute, 1980. "Reconnaissance Report: Red River of the North Basin, Devils Lake Subbasin." St. Paul District Corps of Engineers, St. Paul, Minnesota. Linsley, R.K. and Franzi, J.B., 1965. "Water Resources Engineering." North Dakota State Highway Department, 1985. "Analysis of Lake Levels on State Highways: Devils Lake Region High Water Area." North Dakota State Planning Board, 1939. "Souris Devils Lake Drainage Basin, North Dakota." W.P.S. Project 665. -73- ------- North Dakota State Water Commission, 1988. "Devils Lake Outlet Committee Final Recommendations." SWC Project #1712. North Dakota State Water Commission and Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 1971. "Red River of the North Regional Flood Analysis (Breckenridge to International Boundary)." North Dakota State Water Commission, State Engineer and others, 1990. "Devils Lake Stabilization Briefing Report, Summary." Bismarck, North Dakota: State Water Commission, 152 p. Parell, B.M., 1977. "Evaluations of the Impacts of Channel A Project with the Hydrologic Model of the Devils Lake Basin." North Dakota State University. Program and Surveys, 1979. "An Analysis of Lake Levels on State Highways, Devils Lake Area, Benson-Ramsey Counties." Reep, D., 1988. "Devils Lake Outlet Committee Final Recommendations." North Dakota State Water Commission. Sando, Todd, 1990. "Devils Lake Stabilization Briefing Report." North Dakota State Water Commission, Bismarck. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1992. "Devils Lake Basin Reconnaissance Report." U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1988, Draft. "Integrated Draft Feasibility Report and Environmental Impact Statement for Flood Control and Related Purposes, Devils Lake Basin, North Dakota." U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul, Minnesota: St. Paul District, 167 p. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1984. "Reconnaissance-Devils Lake Basin, North Dakota." St. Paul. Minnesota, 31 p. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1980. "Red River of the North Reconnaissance Report-Devils Lake Subbasin." St. Paul, Minnesota, 80 p. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1983. "Section 205. Detailed Project Report. Flood Control Project at Devils Lake, North Dakota." St. Paul, Minnesota, 89 p. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, Minnesota, 1983. Section 205 Detailed Project Report, Flood Control Project at Devil's Lake, North Dakota. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, Minnesota, 1984. Section 205 Flood Control Initial Appraisal Report, Lake Pulaski, City of Buffalo and Wright County, Minnesota. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla District, 1985. Reconnaissance Report, Malheur Lake, Oregon, Upper Snake River and Tributaries. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, 1975. "Water Quality Studies: Proposals to Freshen, Restore and Stabilize Devils Lake Chain Lakes." Garrison Diversion Unit Information Report 730. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1986. "Draft Scope of Study (H.R. 1116)," Studies Required by the Garrison Diversion Unit Reformulation Act of 1986. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1986. "Garrison Diversion Unit - Draft Supplemental Environmental Statement Commission Plan." U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1979. "Special Report on Revaluation and Modification of the Garrison Diversion Unit." Warzyn Engineering Inc., 1986. "Infrastructure Replacement Below Elevation 1455 Devils Lake, North Dakota." -74- ------- FISH & WILDLIFE, HABITAT, VEGETATION & NATURAL RESOURCES Anderson, D.W., 1966. "A Study of the Productivity and Plankton of Devils Lake, North Dakota." Master's thesis, University of North Dakota. Anderson, D.W., 1969. "Factors Affecting Phytoplankton Development and Autotrophism in a Highly Mineralized, HolomicticNorthern Prairie Lake." Ph.D. dissertation, University of North Dakota. Anderson, D.W. and Armstrong, R., 1966, 1970. "Zooplankton - Phytoplankton Relationships in Devils Lake, North Dakota." University of North Dakota. Bailey, V., 1926. "Biological Survey of North Dakota: 1. Physiography and Life Zones. 2. Mammals." Biological Survey Bureau, North American Fauna. Baltezore, James F. and Leitch, Jay A., 1992. "Expenditures and Economic Impact of Resident and Nonresident Hunters and Anglers in North Dakota, 1990-91 Season." Agricultural Economics Report No. 289, Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State University, Fargo. Baltezore, James F. and Leitch, Jay A., 1990. "Projected Needs in Outdoor Recreation in North Dakota, 1990-2000." Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State University, Fargo. Barker, W.T., Larson, G. and Williams, R., (undated). "Rare and Unique Plants of North Dakota." Brand, C.J., 1984. "Avian Cholera in the Central and Mississippi Flyways During 1979-80." Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 68, no. 2. Brannon, E.J., 1913. "Factors Influencing the Flora of Devils Lake, North Dakota." International Revue Der Gesamten Hydrobiologie. Brannon, E.J., 1911. "First Biennial Report of the North Dakota Biological Station." Brannon, E.J., 1913. "Second Biennial Report of the North Dakota Biological Station." Bray, J., et al., 1968. "The North Dakota Wetlands Problems." North Dakota State Water Conservation Commission, Information Series no. 8. Brooks, Larry and Schlueter, Lynn, 1993. "Angler Use and Sport Fishing Catch Survey on Devils Lake, May 2-July 31, 1992." North Dakota Game and Fish Department, Project F-2 R-39, Study III, Report No. 9. Cross, G.H., 1973. "Wildlife, Ecology, and Planning in a Proposed Irrigation Development in North Dakota." Grand Forks, North Dakota. Delorme, A.W., 1982. "The Cattle Egret, Bubulcus idis, in Northeastern North Dakota." Master's thesis, Bemidji State University. DePercin, F. and Bingham, E., 1955. "Handbook of Devils Lake Environment." Quartermaster Research and Development Center, Technical Report EP-8. Devils Lake Basin Task Force and the North Dakota State Water Commission, 1995. Devils Lake Basin Water Management Plan. Bismarck, North Dakota: North Dakota State Water Commission. Eddy, S., 1963. "Limnology in North America - Minnesota and Dakotas." University of Wisconsin. -75- ------- Edmondson, C.H., 1920. "Protozoa of Devils Lake Complex, North Dakota." Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. Freind, M., 1981. "Waterfowl Diseases - Changing Prospectives for the Future." Fourth International Waterfowl Symposium, January 30 - February 1, 1981, New Orleans, La. Garrison Joint Technical Committee, 1990. "Biology Task Force Report." Hackett, R.L., 1982. "Forest Area in North Dakota, 1980." U.S. Forest Service, NCFES Research Note NC-275. Hillel, D., 1971. "Soil and Water, Physical Principles and Processes." Jakes, P.J. and Hackett, R.L., 1981. "A Look at North Dakota's Forest Resources." North Dakota Outdoors, November 1981. Jakes, P.J. and Smith, W.B., 1982. "A Second Look at North Dakota's Timber and Land." U.S. Forest Service, Resource Bulletin NC-58. Kantrud, H.A., 1973. "Preliminary List of Natural Areas in North Dakota." Prairie Naturalist Vol. 5, no. 3. Kantrud, H.A. "Stump Lake Vegetation and Waterfowl Study." (undated). Leitch, J.A., 1975. "Application of Five Methods for Measurement of Wildlife Value, Lower Sheyenne River Basin, North Dakota." Master's thesis, North Dakota State University. Leno, G., 1951. "A Comparative Study of Land Uses in North Dakota." Master's thesis, University of North Dakota. Lord, H.W., 1884. "The Fish in Devils Lake, North Dakota." Bulletin of the U.S. Fisheries Commission. Melloh, R.A., Anfang, R.A. and LaPotin, N.T. "An Elevation Stratified Land Cover Evaluation in the Devils Lake Basin, North Dakota." (undated). Moberg, E.G., 1918. "Variation in Horizontal Distribution of Plankton in Devils Lake, North Dakota." Transactions of the Microscopical Society. Molberg, J.M., 1964. "Common Trees and Shrubs of North Dakota." Moore, G.T., 1917. "Preliminary List of Algae in Devils Lake, North Dakota." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens. Neel, J.K., 1969. "Biodynamics of Water Level Decline and Restoration in the Devils Lake Area, North Dakota." Research program proposed by the Institute for Ecological Studies, University of North Dakota. Neel, J.K. , 1974. "Limnological Characteristics of the Devils Lake Chain. Effects of Recent Rewatering, and Projected Influence of Garrison Diversion." North Dakota Chapter of the Wildlife Society, 1982. "Endangered and Threatened Biota of North Dakota." North Dakota Forest Service, 1980. "North Central Resource Conservation and Development Area: Forest Inventory Report." North Dakota Forest Service. North Dakota Parks and Recreation, 1990. "North Dakota 1991-1995 Outdoor Recreation Plan." North Dakota Parks and Recreation, Division of Natural and Recreational Resources, Bismarck. North Dakota State Highway Department, 1977. "Wetlands Along U.S. Highway 2 from Devils Lake East to Highway 18." -76- ------- North Dakota State Water Commission, 1990. "Interbasin Biota Transfer Study Program Proceedings." Owen, J.B. and Wahtola, C.J., 1969. "A Preliminary Report on Age and Growth of a Black Bullhead Population Under Commercial Exploitation in North Dakota." North Dakota State Game and Fish Department, Bismarck, Dakota State Water Commission County Ground Water Studies 5. Owen, J.B., et al, 1973. "The Biogeochemistry of Devils Lake, North Dakota." Pearson, G.L., 1983. "A Review of the Impacts of the Garrison Diversion Unit on Fish and Wildlife Resources." Peterka, J.J., 1972. "Benthic Invertebrates in Lake Ashtabula Reservoir, North Dakota." American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 88. Peterka, J.J., 1985. "Interim Report, Devils Lake Aquatic Biota Study, 1 June - 31 December 1985." Pope, T.E., 1908. "Devils Lake, North Dakota, A Study of Physical and Biological Conditions, With a View to the Acclimatization of Fish." Bureau of Fisheries Doc. no. 634. "Preliminary Report of the Task Force on Wildlife-Wetlands (Task Force B-2), Devils Lake Basin, North Dakota." (undated). Ragan, J.E., 1970. "Biological Characteristics of a Population of Yellow Perch in Lake Ashtabula, North Dakota, as Sampled with a Otter Trawl." Master's thesis, University of North Dakota. Ryckman, L.F., 1977. "Commercial Fisheries Development on Inland Reservoirs." University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Sloan, C.E., 1970. "Biotic and Hydrologic Variables in Prairie Potholes in North Dakota." Journal of Range Management. State Conservation Needs Committee, 1970. "North Dakota Conservation Needs Inventory." Stevens, O.A., 1950. "Handbook of North Dakota Plants." Stoermer, E.F., 1968. "Paleoecological Interpretation of the Holocene Diatom Succession in Devils Lake, North Dakota." Ph.D. dissertation, University of North Dakota. University of North Dakota, 1975. "Life History of Fishes in Drainage Affected by the Garrison Diversion Unit, North Dakota." University of North Dakota, 1975. "The Effects of the Garrison Diversion Unit on Distribution of Fishes in North Dakota." U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, 1990. "Devils Lake State Park System, February 1990." U.S. Dept. *,f the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1978. "Garrison Diversion Unit - Fish and Wildlife Service Substantiating Report." U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1979. "Garrison Diversion Unit - Final Comprehensive Supplementary Environmental Statement, Volume 1." U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1984. "Biological Literature Review, Devils Lake and Upper Sheyenne River Basins, North Dakota." U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bismarck, North Dakota. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1978. "Garrison Diversion Unit, North Dakota: Analysis of Effects and Methods for Compensating." U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, Colorado. Warner, J.R. and Chase, C.D., 1956. "The Timber of North Dakota." -77- ------- Young, E.R., 1917. "Work on the North Dakota Biological Station at Devils Lake." Scientific Monthly. Young, R.T., 1924. "The Life of Devils Lake, North Dakota." CEOLOCY AND SOILS Abbott, G.A., 1957. "Postglacial History of Devils Lake Region, North Dakota." Journal of Geology. Agricultural Experiment Station, NCSU, 1968. Soil Survey Report. Soil maps of some selected counties. Arndt, M., 1975. Geology of Cavalier and Pemoina Counties, North Dakota. North Dakota Geological Survey, Bulletin 62. Aronow, S. 1957. "On the Postglacial History of the Devils Lake Region, North Dakota." The Journal of Geology, Vol. 65, no. 4, p. 410-427. Aronow, S., 1955. "Problems in the Late Pleistocene and Recent History of the Devils Lake Region, North Dakota." Madison, University of Wisconsin, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 125 p. Aronow, S. and others, 1953. "Geology and Ground-Water Resources of the Michigan City Area, Nelson County, North Dakota." North Dakota Ground-Water Studies 21. Aronow, S., Dennis, P. E. and Akin, P.D., 1953. "Geology and Ground Water Resources of the Minnewaukan Area." North Dakota Water Conservation Commission, Ground Water Studies, no. 19. Babcock, H.E., 1952. "The Historical Geography of Devils Lake." Master's thesis, University of Washington. Bluemle, J.P., 1965. Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Eddy and Foster Counties, North Dakota part I, Geology. North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 44 and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 5, 66 p. Bluemle, J.P., 1973. Geology of Nebon and Walsh Counties, North Dakota. North Dakota Geological Survey, Bulletin 57, part I, and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 17, part I, 70 p. Bluemle, J.P., 1984. Geology of Towner County, North Dakota. North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 79, part 1, and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 36, part 1. Bluemle, J.P., 1974. "Guide to the Geology of North-Central North Dakota." North Dakota Geological Survey, Education Series 7. Bluemle, J.P., 1981. "The Origin of Devils Lake." North Dakota Geological Survey Newsletter, December 1981, p. 7-9. Brady, N.C., 1974. "The Nature and Properties of Soils." Branch, J.R. 1947. The Geology of the Flora Quadrangle. North Dakota Geological Survey, Bulletin 22. Callender, E., 1965. "Analysis of a Core from Devils Lake, North Dakota." University of North Dakota, Department of Geology, unpublished paper. Callender, E., 1968. "The Postglacial Sedimentology of Devils Lake, North Dakota." Grand Forks, University of North Dakota, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 312 p. -78- ------- Carlson, C.G. and Freers, T.F., 1975. Geology of Benson and Pierce Counties, North Dakota. North Dakota Geological Society, Bulletin 59, part I and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground- Water Studies 18, part I, 32 p. Cassel, D.X. and Sweeney, M.D., 1974. In Situ Soil Water Holding Capacities of Selected North Dakota Soils. North Dakota State University, Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 495. Deal, D.E., 1970. "Quaternary Geology of Rolette County, North Dakota." Ph.D. dissertation, University of North Dakota. Deal, D.E., 1972. The Geology of Rolette County. North Dakota Geological Survey, Bulletin 58. Easker, D.G., 1949. The Geology ofTokio Quadrangle. North Dakota Geological Survey, Bulletin 24. Eddy, S., 1963. "Limnology in North America - Minnesota and Dakotas." University of Wisconsin. Falton, G.W. and others, 1986. "Wetland Soils and Vegetation." North Dakota Research Project #106. Fippin, E.O. and Burgess, J.L., 1906. "Soil Survey of the Cando Area." Agriculture College Survey. Hansen, M., 1958. "A Summary of the Pleistocene and Recent History of the Devils Lake Area." North Dakota Geological Survey Miscellaneous Series 10. Hobbs, H.C., and Bluemle, J.P., 1987. Geology of Ramsey County, North Dakota. North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 71, part I, and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 26, part 1, 69 p. Laird, W,M,, 1957. "Guidebook for Geologic Field Trips in the Devils Lake Area, North Dakota." North Dakota Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Series 3. Leonard, A.G., 1919. "The Surface Features of North Dakota and Their Origin." Quarterly Journal of North Dakota. North Dakota State University, Agricultural Experiment Station, 1963. General Soil Map of Benson County. North Dakota State University, Agricultural Experiment Station, 1963. General Soil Map: Ramsey County. Omodt, H.W., Johnsgard, G.A., Patterson, D.D. and Olson, O.P., 1968. The Major Soils of North Dakota. North Dakota State University, Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 472. Patterson, D.D., Johnsgard, G.A., Sweeney, M.D. and Omodt, H.W., 1968. Soil Survey Report: County General Soil Maps: North Dakota. North Dakota State University, Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 473. Paulson, Q.F., 1964. "Geologic Factors Affecting Discharge of the Sheyenne River in Southeastern North Dakota." U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 501-D, p. D177-D181. Reid, J.R., 1986. "Geology of the Devils Lake Basin." Schwab, G.O., 1957. Elementary Soil and Water Engineering. Simpson, H.E., 1929. "Geology and Ground-Water Resources of North Dakota." U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 598. Simpson, H.E., 1912. "The Physiography of the Devils-Stump Lake Region, North Dakota." North Dakota Geological Survey Sixth Biennial Report. Tetrick, P.R., 1949. Glacial Geology of the Oberon Quadrangle. North Dakota Geological Survey, Bulletin 23. -79- ------- Trapp, H., 1966. Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Eddy and Foster Counties, North Dakota, Part II. North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 44 and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 5. Trapp, H., 1968. Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Eddy and Foster Counties, part III, Ground- Water Resources. North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 44 and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 5, 110 p. Upham, W.G., 1895. The Glacial Lake Agassiz. U.S. Geological Survey Monograph No. 25, 658 p. U.S. Soil Conservation Service, 1977. "Soil Interpretation Sheets and Definitions of Hydrologic Groupings." Wentz, S.J., 1968. "A State Wide Analysis of Soil Types by Major Drainage Basins: Appendix B." North Dakota State Water Commission, Information Series 8. HISTORY Babcock, H.E., 1952. "The Historical Geography of Devils Lake." Master's thesis, University of Washington. Briggs, H.E., 1929. "The Settlement and Economic Development of the Territory of Dakota." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Iowa. Clarke, J., "Population and Economic Activity: A Geographical and Historical Analysis upon Selected Censuses of the Red River Valley in the Period 1832 to 1856." Master's thesis, University of Manitoba. Conner, T.D., 1963. "The Population of North Dakota from 1890 to 1960: A Geographic Study." Master's thesis, University of North Dakota. Coulter, J.L., 1910. "Industrial History of the Valley of the Red River of the North." Collections of the North Dakota State Historical Society. Denoyer, G., 1909. "The History of Fort Totten." Master's thesis, University of North Dakota. Devils Lake Bicentennial Committee, 1976. "A Bicentennial History of Devils Lake, North Dakota." Dohn, D.E., 1973. "A Study of Immigrant Settlement of Counties in North Dakota for 1900, 1920 and 1940." Master's thesis, University of North Dakota. Drache, H.M., 1963. "The Day of the Bonanza: A History of Bonanza Farming in the Red River Valley of the North." Master's thesis, University of North Dakota. Hall, L.J., 1919. "County Boundaries in North Dakota, 1849 to 1916." Master's thesis, University of North Dakota. Hanley, J.D., 1970. "Evolution and Impact of Railroads in North Dakota." Master's thesis, University of North Dakota. Klapprodt, L. "Devils Lake Basin History." North Dakota State Water Commission, Project 1616. (undated). Kuz, T.J., 1964. "A Land Use Survey of the Outlying Indian Land in Rolette County, North Dakota." Master's thesis, University of North Dakota. Lamar, H.J., 1951. "Dakota Territory, 1861 to 1889." Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University. -80- ------- Lavine, I., 1955. "Emigration from North Dakota - Circular Report 10 of the North Dakota State Planning Board." University of North Dakota. Law, L.T., 1953. "History of Rolette County, North Dakota and Yams of the Pioneers." Michael, R.L., 1965. "Fur Trade of the Red River Valley of the North." Master's thesis, University of North Dakota. Murray, S.N., 1957. "Railroads and the Agricultural Development of the Red River Valley of the North, 1870-1890." Agricultural History. Putnam, A.M., 1960. "The History of Towner County, North Dakota, 1849 to 1916." Master's thesis, University of North Dakota. Ridgley, R.H., 1967. "Railroads and the Development of the Dakotas." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Indiana. Scheel, H.S., 1932. "Official Immigration Activities of Dakota Territory." North Dakota Historical Quarterly. Tanner, J. A., 1905. "Foreign Immigration into North Dakota." Collections of the State Historical Society of North Dakota. Tweton, J.D., 1957. "North Dakota in the 1890's: Its People, Politics and Press." North Dakota History. Upham, W.G., 1895. Development of Agriculture in the Red River Valley. U.S. Geological Society Survey Monograph 25, 658 p. Wishart, D.J., 1968. "The Changing Position and Nature of the Frontier of Settlement on the Eastern Margins of the Northern and Central Great Plains." Master's thesis, University of Nebraska. HYDROLOGY, LAKE LEVELS & GROUNDWATER American Engineering, P.C., 1988. "Graham's Island State Park - Water Supply Study." Preliminary Engineering Report for North Dakota Parks and Recreation. Anderson, M.P. and Munter, J.A., 1981. "Seasonal Reversals of Groundwater Flow Around Lakes and the Relevance to Stagnation Points and Lake Budgets." Water Resources Research, Vol. 17, no. 4. Arnold, H. V., 1901. "Fluctuations of Devils Lake." Minnewaukan Illustrated. Babcock, E.J., 1903. "Water Resources of the Devils Lake Region, North Dakota." North Dakota Geological Survey, Second Biennial Report. Bavendick, F.J., 1952. "Climate and Weather in North Dakota." Blaney, H.F. and Criddle, W.D., 1950. "Determining Water Requirements in Irrigated Areas from Climatological and Irrigation Data." U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, Technical Paper 96. Bluemle, J.P., 1983. "Fluctuating Levels of Devils Lake." North Dakota Geological Survey Newsletter, December 1981. Bluemle, J.P., 1988. "Radiocarbon Dates on Devils Lake Beaches." North Dakota Geological Survey Newsletter, June 1988, p. 39-45. -81- ------- Bluemle, J.P., 1991. "Radiocarbon Dating of Beaches and Outlets of Devils Lake." North Dakota Geological Society, Miscellaneous Series No. 75 Borek, Paul, Staats, David and Wuestenfeld, Karen, 1981. "What You May Need to Know About Owning Shoreline Property." The Great Lakes Communicator, Vol. 11, num. 5, 3-5 p., Ann Arbor, Michigan. Campbell, K.L. and Johnson, H.P., 1975. Hydraulic Simulation of Watersheds with Artificial Drainage. Iowa Agricultural Home Economics Experiment Station, Resource Bulletin 520. Carlyle, W.J., 1984. "Water in the Red River Valley of the North." Geographical Review, July 1984. Chandler, E.F., 1904. "The Run-off of Streams in North Dakota." North Dakota Geological Survey, Third Biennial Report. Daniel, T.W., 1942. "The Comparative Transpiration Rates of Several Western Conifers Under Controlled Conditions." Darton, N.H., 1896. "Preliminary Report on Artesian Waters of a Portion of the Dakotas." U.S. Geological Society, 17th Report, part 2. Davis, D. and Sorenson, K., 1952. Handbook of Applied Hydraulics. DeCoursey, D.G., 1971. "The Stochastic Approach to Watershed Modeling." Nordic Hydrology. DeGroot, 1982. "What's Happening to Devils Lake?" North Dakota Outdoors, November 1982. DeGroot, E., "Devils Lake - Past, Present and Future." North Dakota Outdoors, (undated). Downey, J.S., 1971. Ground Water Basic Data, Nelson and Walsh Counties. North Dakota Geological Survey, Bulletin 57. Downey, J.S., 1973. Ground Water Resources, Nelson and Walsh Counties, North Dakota. North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 17, part III, and North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 57, part III, 67 p. Dunn, D. E., "Experiment in Deterministic Watershed Modeling." Water Resources Bulletin. Eisenlohr, W.S., and others, 1972. "Hydrologic Investigations of Prairie Potholes in North Dakota." U.S. Geological Survey Circular 558. Eisenlohr, W.S. and Sloan, C.E., 1968. "Generalized Hydrology of Prairie Potholes in the Coteau de Missouri, North Dakota." U.S. Geological Society, Circular 558. Fleming, G., 1975. "Computer Simulation Technique in Hydrology." Fogel,M.M., Duckstein, L. and Kisiel, C.C., 1971. "Space-Time Validation of a Thunderstorm Rainstorm Model." Water Resources Bulletin. Froelich, L.L. "Ground-Water Survey of the Sheyenne area, Eddy County, North Dakota." North Dakota Ground-Water Studies 60 Garnder, W.R. and Ehlig, C.F., 1968. "The influence of Soil Water on Transpiration by Plants." Journal of Geophysical Research. Haan, C.T., 1972. "A Water Yield Model for Small Watershed." Hillel, D.I., vonBovel, C.H. andTalpoy, H., 1975. "Dynamic Simulation of Water Storage in Fallow Soil as Affected by Mulch of Hydrophobic Aggregates." -82- ------- Hobbs, H., 1977. "Ground-Water Resources, Ramsey County, North Dakota." Unpublished North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies. Horton, A.H., Chandler, E.F. and Bolster, R.H., 1910. "Surface-Water Supply of the Upper Mississippi River and Hudson Bay Basins, 1907-08." U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 245. Hubbard, L., 1975. "Hydrology of Malheur Lake, Harney County, Southeastern Oregon." U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 21-75. Hutchinson, R.D., 1977. Ground Water Basic Data for Ramsey County, North Dakota. North Dakota Geological Survey, Bulletin 62, part 2. Hutchinson, R.D., 1977. "Ground-Water Resources of Cavalier and Pembina Counties, North Dakota." North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 20, part 3, and North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 62, part 3, 68 p. Hutchinson, R.D. and Klausing, R.L., 1980. Ground-Water Resources of Ramsey County, North Dakota. North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 26, part III, and North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 71, part III, 36 p. Jaraanstad, K. and Dando, W., 1977. "Climate and Man: Cyclic Water Levels and Land Use Problems in the Devils Lake Basin." Jensen, R.E., 1972. "Climate of North Dakota." Kennedy, R.E., 1931. "Evaporation from Devils Lake, North Dakota." Master's thesis, Purdue University. Kochel, R.C. and Baker, V.R., 1982. "Paleoflood Hydrology." Science Vol. 215, no. 4531. Kress, W.D., 1962. "Hydrographic Pattern of North Dakota." North Dakota Teacher. Kuznair, R.L. and Randich, P.G., 1983. Ground-Water Data for Towner County. North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 79, part 2, and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 36, part 2. LaBaugh, J .W. and others, 1987. "Hydrology and Chemistry of Selected Prairie Wetlands in the Cottonwood Lake Area, Stutsman County, North Dakota, 1979-1982." U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1431. Langbein, W.B., 1961. "Salinity and Hydrology of Closed Lakes." U.S. Geological Society Professional Paper 412. Lanyon, R.F. and Jackson, J., 1974. "Flow Simulation Systems." Journal of the Hydraulics Division: American Society of Civil Engineers. Lockwood, J.G. and Venkatasawmy, K., 1975. "Evapotranspiration and Soil Moisture in Upland Grass Catchments in the Eastern Pennines." Journal of Hydrology. Ludden, A.P., Frink, D.L. and Johnson, D.H., 1983. "Water Storage Capacity of Natural Wetland Depressions in the Devils Lake Basin of North Dakota." Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 28, no. 1. Miller, T.G., 1965. "North Dakota Climatology: A Method of Statistical Approach and Analysis to Determine Climatic Boundaries Within the State." Master's thesis, University of North Dakota. Miller, J.E. and Frink, D.L., 1984. "Changes in Flood Response of the Red River of the North Basin, North Dakota-Minnesota." U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2243. Minckler, L., 1936. "Transpiration of Forest Trees." Ph.D. dissertation, Syracuse University. -83- ------- Moore, I.D. and Larson, C.L., 1980. "Hydrologic Impact of Draining Small Depressional Watersheds." Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division. Murphy, W.C., 1970. "Computer Analysis of Snowfall in North Dakota." Master's thesis, University of North Dakota. Naplin, C.E., 1974. "Ground-Water Resources of the Lawton Area, Ramsey County, North Dakota. " North Dakota Ground-Water Studies 77. Naplin, C.E., 1976. "Ground-Water Resources of the Oberon Area, Benson County, North Dakota." North Dakota Ground-Water Studies 83. "National Water Summary - Hydraulic Conditions and Events, 1984." Selected Hydrologic Events, Water Year 1984. Nelson, E.R., 1951. "Red River of the North Basin Flood, April-June 1950." Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 79. North Dakota State Water Commission, 1972. Progress Map Showing Drift Aquifers in North Dakota and Estimated Potential Yields. Parekh, B.M., 1977. "Hydrologic Modeling of the Devils Lake Basin Watersheds." North Dakota Water Resources Research Institute Research Report. Paulson, Q.F., 1962. "Ground Water Vital North Dakota Resource." North Dakota Geological Survey Miscellaneous Series 16. Paulson, Q.F., 1983. "Guide to North Dakota's Ground-Water Resources." U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2236, 25 p. Paulson, Q.F. and Akin, P.D., 1964. "Ground-Water Resources of the Devils Lake Area, Benson, Ramsey and Eddy Counties, North Dakota." North Dakota State Water Commission Ground Water Studies no. 56. Penman, H.L., 1956. "Evaporating Evaporation." Transactions, American Geophysical Union. Penman, H.L., 1948. "Natural Evaporation from Aspen, Water, Bare Soil and Grass." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Pierce, C.H. and Norton, L.C., 1950. "Meteorological Conditions Affecting Floods and Heavy Snow in North Dakota and Minnesota." Monthly Weather Review. April 1950 Pinder, G.F., 1970. "A Digital Model for Aquifer Evaluation." U.S. Geological Survey, Automated Data Processing and Computations. Pusc, S.W., 1993. "Interaction Between Ground Water and a Large Terminal Lake." Devils Lake, North Dakota: Hydrogeology of Devils Lake Area. North Dakota State Water Commission Water Resources Investigation 13. Ramirez, J.M., 1976. "The Sources and Extent of Weather and Climatic Information for North Dakota." North Dakota State University, Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 501. Ramirez, J.M. "The Angro-Climatology of North Dakota: Part One, Air Temperature and Growing Season." North Dakota State University, Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 15. (undated). Randich, P.G., 1972. "Ground-Water Resources of Benson and Pierce Counties, North-Central North Dakota." U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigation Atlas HA-476. Randich, P.G., 1977. Ground-Water Resources of Benson and Pierce Counties., North Dakota. North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 59, part III, and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground- Water Studies 18, part III, 76 p. -84- ------- Randich, P.G. and Bradley, E., 1962. "Ground Water Resources in the Vicinity of Leeds, Benson County, North Dakota." North Dakota Water Conservation Commission, North Dakota Ground Water Studies 44. Randich, P.G. and Kuzniar, R.L., 1984. Ground-Water Resources of Bottineau and Rolette Counties, North Dakota. North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 35, part 3 and North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 78, part 3. Robinove, C.J. "Ground-Water Studies and Analog Models." U.S. Geological Survey, Circular 468. Rutter, A.J., 1972. "Transpiration." Oxford Biology Readers, no. 24. Ryan, G. L. and Wiche G. J., 1988. "Hydrology of the Chain of Lakes Tributary to Devils Lake and Water-Level Simulations of Devils Lake, Northeastern North Dakota." U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resource Investigations Report 88-4020. Sanderson, C.J., 1963. "Probability of Freezing Temperatures in Spring and Fall in North Dakota." North Dakota State University, Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 443. Sandness, R.K., 1968. "A Model for Predicting Soil Water Loss." Master's thesis, University of North Dakota. Schmid, Roger, 1988. "Groundwater Supply Study - Graham's Island State Park." Schulte, F., 1974. "The Study of Ground Water Movement in Selected Areas of North Dakota." Schwendeman, J.R., 1941. "Water Supply Geography of the Basin of the Red River of the North in the United States." Ph.D. dissertation, Clark University. Schwendeman, J.R. and Joseph, R., 1963. "Controlling Snowmelt Runoff in the Red River Valley." The North Dakota Quarterly. Shaffer, M.J. and Ribbens, R.W., 1974. "Generalized Description of Return Flow Quality Simulation Model." Shjeflo, J.B., 1968. "Evapotranspiration and the Water Budget of Prairie Potholes in North Dakota. "U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 585-B. Shjeflo, J.B. and others, 1962. "Current Studies of the Hydrology of Prairie Potholes." U.S. Geological Survey Circular 472. Simpson, H.E., 1923. Artesian Water Conditions. North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 2. Simpson, H.E., 1937. Change in Ground Water Levels in North Dakota. North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 10. Simpson, H.E., 1929. "Geology and Ground-Water Resources of North Dakota." Simpson, H.E., 1932. The Ground Water of North Dakota. North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 7. Simpson, H.E., 1935. The Artesian Waters of North Dakota. North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 8. Simpson, H.E., 1926. The Conservation of Artesian Water. North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 5. Sloan, C.E., 1972. "Biotic and Hydrologic Variables in Prairie Potholes in North Dakota." Journal of Range Management. Sloan, C.E. , 1972. "Ground-Water Hydrology of Prairie Potholes in North Dakota." U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 585-C, 28 p. -85- ------- Sloan, C.E., 1970. "Prairie Potholes and the Water Table." U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 700-B. Stephenson, D.A., 1971. "Ground Water Flow System Analysis in Lake Environments with Management and Planning Implications." Water Resources Bulletin, vol. 7, no. 5. Storrs, H.A., 1905. "IrrigationDevelopment in North Dakota." U.S. Geological Society Survey Water Supply and Irrigation Paper 146. Taylor, G.S. and Luthin, J.N., 1969. "Computer Methods for Transient Analysis of Water Table Aquifers." Water Resources Research. Thornthwaite, C.W., et. al., 1944. "Report to the Committee on Transpiration and Evaporation." Transactions, American Geophysical Union. Todd, D.X., 1970. The Water Encyclopedia. Troskalinkski, A.T., 1960. Hydrometry: Theory and Practice of Hydraulic Measurements. U.S. Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, St. Paul, Minnesota, March 1988. "Supporting Documentation for Feasibility Study and Environmental Impact Statement, Flood Control and Related Purposes, Devils Lake Basin, North Dakota, Volume 1A: Hydrology." U.S. Geological Survey, 1977. "Stream Gaging Data Near Church's Ferry, North Dakota and Lake Level Data of Devils Lake Near Devils Lake, North Dakota." U.S. Soil Conservation Service, 1977. "Soil Interpretation Sheets and Definitions of Hydrologic Groupings." Vanek, V., 1985. "Groundwater and Lakes, a Literature Review." Institute of Limnology, University of Lund. Vanek, V., 1986. "The Interactions Between Lake and Groundwater and their Ecological Significance." Veihmeyer, F.J. and Hendrickson, A.H., 1955. "Does Transpiration Decrease as the Soil Moisture Decreases?" Transactions, American Geophysical Union. Wahl, E.W., 1968. "A Comparison of the Climate of the Eastern United States during the 1830's with the Current Normals." Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 38, no. 2. Whartman, R.L., 1986. "Devils Lake, North Dakota Ground-Water Evaluation." Whipkey, R.Z., 1965. "Measuring Subsurface Stormflow from Simulated Rainstorms, Plot Technique." U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service. Wiche, G.J., 1990. "Evaporation Computed by Energy-Budget and Mass-Transfer Methods and Water-Balance Estimates for Devils Lake, North Dakota, 1986-88." North Dakota State Water Commission Water-Resources Investigation 11. Wiche, G.J., 1992. "Evaporation Computed by the Energy-Budget and Mass-Transfer Methods and Water- Balance Estimates for Devils Lake, North Dakota, 1986-1988." North Dakota State Water Commission Water Resources Investigation 22, 52 p. Wiche, G.J., 1986. "Hydrologic and Climatologic Factors Affecting Water Levels of Devils Lake, North Dakota." U.S. Geological Water-Supply Investigation 86-4320. Wiche, G.J. andPusc, Steve W., 1994. Hydrology of Devils Lake Area, North Dakota. North Dakota State Water Commission Water Resources Investigation 22. Bismarck, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey and the North Dakota State Water Commission. -86- ------- Wiche, G.J. and Vecchia, A.V., 1995. "Lake-Level Frequency Analysis for Devils Lake, North Dakota." U.S. Geological Survey Open-Fire Report 95-123, 65 p. Wiche, G.J. and Vecchia, A.V., 1995. Probability of Future Lake Levels for Devils Lake, North Dakota. Fact Sheet FS-158-95. Reston, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey. Wiche, G.J., Hoetzer, S.M. and Rankl, J.G., 1986. "Hydrology of the Devils Lake Basin, Northeastern North Dakota." North Dakota State Water Commission Water-Resource Investigation 3, 86 p. Wilder, F.A., 1904. "Irrigation in North Dakota." U.S. Geological Society Water Supply Paper 93. Williams, D.E., 1971. "Modern Techniques in Ground-Water Study." Journal of the American Water Works Association. Winter, T.C. and Carr, M.R., 1980. "Hydrologic Setting of Wetlands in the Cottonwood Lake Area, Strutsman County, North Dakota." U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 80-99. Winter, T.C. and others, 1984. "Synopsis of Ground-Water and Surface-Water Resources of North Dakota." U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-732. Yao, A., 1974. "Agricultural Potential Estimated from the Ratio of Actual to Potential Evaportranspiration." Agricultural Meteorology. Yejevick, V.M., 1972. Probability and Statistics in Hydrology. MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS Alden Publishing Company, 1909. Standard Atlas of Nelson County, North Dakota. Alden Publishing Company, 1909. Standard Atlas of Ramsey County, North Dakota. Andreas, A.T., 1884. Historical Atlas of Dakota. Arneson, H.R., Supplemental colored photographs general aerial view of Devils Lake and Stump Lake areas, North Dakota. Clayton, L., Moran, S.R. and Bluemle, J.P., 1980a. "Explanatory Text to Accompany the Geologic Map of North Dakota." North Dakota Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 69, 93 p. Clayton, L., Moran, S.R. and Bluemle, J.P., 1980b. Geologic Map of North Dakota. North Dakota Geological Survey, Grand Forks, North Dakota. Department of Agriculture, 1914. Map of North Dakota. George A. Ogle and Company, 1910. Standard Atlas of Benson County, North Dakota. Leonard, A.G., 1912. "Bismarck Folio, North Dakota." U.S. Geological Survey: Geological Atlas of the United States. National Archives and Records Service, 1971. "Guide to Cartographic Records in the National Archives." North Dakota Public Service Commission. Book and maps giving locations of wetland easements, prime and unique farmlands, wildlife management areas, unique plants, etc. North Dakota State Water Commission, 1986. Map showing glacial-drift aquifers in North Dakota and estimated yields. -87- ------- Switzer, E.J., 1923. "The Geography of North Dakota." Ph.D. dissertation, Clark University. Tel-e-key Company, 1974. North Dakota State Atlas. Thomas Nelson Company, 1961. Atlas: State of North Dakota. U.S. Department of Commerce, 1959. Evaporation Maps for the United States. U.S. Department of Commerce Technical Paper 37. U.S. General Land Office, 1903. Map of North Dakota. U.S. General Land Office, 1904. Map of Devils Lake Indian Lands, North Dakota. U.S. General Land Office, 1910. Map of the State of North Dakota. U.S. General Land Office, 1918. Map of the State of North Dakota. OTHER CLOSED-BASIN LAKES Arnow, Ted, 1984. Water Level and Water Quality Salt Lake Utah, 1947-1983. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 913, Alexandra, Virginia. Blakey, D.S., and Lee, M.T., 1987. "Relationship Between Lake Stages and Local Ground-Water Levels at Horseshoe Lake, Alexander County, Illinois." Illinois State Water Survey, SWS Contract Report 432. Born, S.M., Smith, S.A. and Stephenson, D.A., 1979. "Hydrogeology of Glacial-Terrain Lakes, with Management and Planning Applications." Journal of Hydrology. Bureau of Economic and Business Research, 1983. "Actual and Potential Damages Incurred by Industries, Governments and Other Lake Users Due to the Rising Level of the Great Salt Lake." University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah. de Martonne, E., 1927. "Regions of Interior-Basin Drainage." The Geographic Review. Doty, Viki, 1980. Federal Hazard Mitigation Coordinator's Report on Lake Elsinore. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Region IX. Hazard Mitigation Program Section, Federal Emergency Management Agency Region VIII, 1986. "Closed- Basin Lake Flooding: Case Studies and Mitigation Opportunities." Paper presented at the Association of State Floodplain Managers Western State High Risk Flood Areas Symposium, March 24—26, 1986. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Region VIII, 1984. Interagency Hazard Mitigation Report, FEMA-170-DR- Utah. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Region IX, 1980. Environmental Assessment, 1362 Relocation Project, Lake Elsinore, California. Great Salt Lake Authority, 1965. "A Preliminary Master Plan for the Great Salt Lake Over the Next 75 Years." Salt Lake City, Utah. Great Salt Lake Division and Board, 1976. "Great Salt Lake Comprehensive Plan." Utah Department of Natural Resources, Salt Lake City, Utah. James, L.D., Bowles, D.S. and Burges, S.J., 1977. "Stochastic Modeling for Predicting Frequency Distribution of Stages in Terminal Lakes at Future Planning Horizons." Logan, Utah State University, Utah Water Research Laboratory. -88- ------- James, L.D., Bowles, D.S., Canfield, R.V., Chadwich, D.G., Jr., Staugger, N. and Riley, J.P., 1984. "Estimating Water Surface Elevation Probabilities for the Great Salt Lake." Logan, Utah State University, Utah Water Research Laboratory. James, L.D. et al., 1985. "Estimating Water Surface Elevation Probabilities for the Great Salt Lake." James, L. Douglas, et al., 1979. "Estimation of Water Surface Elevation Probabilities and Associated Damages of the Great Salt Lake." Utah Water Research Laboratory, Logan, Utah. James, L.D. et al., 1985. "Methodology Report: Updating the Estimation of Water surface Elevation Probabilities and Associated Damages for the Great Salt Lake." Logan, Utah Water Research Laboratory. James, L. Douglas, et al., 1984. "Summary Report: Updating the Estimation of Water Surface Elevation Probabilities and Associated Damages for the Great Salt Lake." Logan, Utah Water Research Lab. Kay, P. A. and Diaz, H.F., 1985. Problems of and Prospects for Predicting Great Salt Lake Levels. Logan, University of Utah. Laycock, A.H., 1973. "Lake Level Fluctuations and Climatic Variation in Central Alberta." University of Alberta Water Resources Centre. Sutphen, Sandra, 1983. "Lake Elsinore Disaster: The Slings and Arrows of Outrageous Fortune, in Disasters, July 3, 1983." California State University, Fullerton. Utah Council on Science and Technology, 1984. "Report of the Panel on Great Salt Lake Level Control." Salt Lake City, Utah. Utah Division of State Lands and Forestry, 1983. "Great Salt Lake Contingency Plan for Influencing High and Low Levels of Great Salt Lake." Salt Lake City, Utah. Utah Division of Water Resources, 1983. "Great Salt Lake Contingency Plan." Salt Lake City, Utah. Utah Division of Water Resources, 1984. "Great Salt Lake Summary of Technical Investigations Water Level Control Alternatives." Salt Lake City, Utah. Utah Dept. of Natural Resources and Energy, 1983. "Recommendations for a Great Salt Lake Contingency Plan for Influencing High and Low Levels of Great Salt Lake, Salt Lake City, Utah." Division of State Lands and Forestry. Waddell, K.M. and Barton, J.D., 1973. "Effects of Restricted Circulation on the Water and Salt Balance of Great Slat Lake, Utah." Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Water-Resources Bulletin 18. Waddell, K.M. and Barton, J.D., 1980. "Estimated Inflow and Evaporation for Great Slat Lake, Utah, 1931-76, With Revised Model for Evaluating the Effects of Dikes on the Water and Salt Balance of the Lake." Utah Division of Water Resources Cooperative Investigations Report No. 20. Waddell, K.M. and Barton, J.D., 1977. "Model for Evaluating the Effects of Dikes on the Water and Salt Balance of Great Salt Lake, Utah. Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Water-Resources Bulletin 21. Whitaker, G.L., 1971. "Changes in the Elevation of Great Salt Lake Caused by Man's Activities in the Drainage Basin." U.S. Geological Survey, Professional paper 750-D, D187-D189 p. Whittlesey, C., 1860. "On Fluctuations of the Levee in North American Lakes." Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Washington D.C. Winter, T.C., 1976. "Numerical Simulation Analysis of the Interaction of Lakes and Ground Water." U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1001. Winter, T.C., 1978. "Numerical Simulation of Steady State Three-Dimensional Ground Water Flow Near Lakes." Water Resources Research, Vol. 14, no. 2. -89- ------- Winter, T.C., 1983. "The Interaction of Lakes with Variably Saturated Porous Media." Water Resources Research, Vol. 19, no. 5. Winter T.C., 1981. "Uncertainties in Estimating the Water Balance of Lakes." Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 17, no. 1. WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Cernohous, L., 1979. "The Role of Wetlands in Providing Flood Control Benefits." U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Devils Lake Basin Task Force and North Dakota State Water Commission, 1995. "Devils Lake Basin Water Management Plan." Bismarck, N.D. Hubbard, D.E. "Spring Runoff Retention in Prairie Wetlands." South Dakota Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Brookings, South Dakota. Huff, D.D. and Young, H.L., 1980. "The Effect of a Marsh on Runoff." Journal of Environmental Quality. Malcolm, J.M., 1979. "Floodwater Retention Values of Prairie Wetlands." J. Clark Salyer National Wildlife Refuge. Moore, I.D. and Larson, C.L., 1980. "Hydrologic Impact of Draining Small Depressional Watersheds." Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division. North Dakota Interagency Hazard Mitigation Team, 1995. Interagency Hazard Mitigation Team Report in Response to FEMA-1050-DR-ND, State of North Dakota Flood Disaster of1995. Denver, Colorado: FEMA Region VIII. North Dakota State Engineer, 1944. "Fourth Biennial Report of State Water Commission and 21st Biennial Report of State Engineer of North Dakota." Bismarck, 1661-1872 p. North Dakota State Water Commission, 1994. Assessment of Potential Devils Lake Flood Damages. SWC 416. Bismarck, North Dakota: State Water Commission. North Dakota State Water Commission, 1991. "Devils Lake Basin Conceptual Water Management Plan." SWC Project No. 322, North Dakota State Water Commission, Bismarck. North Dakota State Water Commission, 1993. North Dakota Water: A Reference Guide. SWC 1831. Bismarck, North Dakota: State Water Commission. North Dakota State Water Commission, 1982. 1983 State Water Plan. Schafter, J .E. , 1968. "The Withdrawal and Consumption of Water in North Dakota." Master's thesis, North Dakota State University. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Starkweather Watershed Plan. "Bisbee Land Treatment Watershed Proposal." U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Starkweather Watershed Plan. "Edmore Watershed Plan - Draft." U.S. Geological Survey, 1976. "Water Resources Data for North Dakota: Water Year 1975." U.S. Geological Society Water Data Report ND-75-1. -90- ------- Walesh, S.G., 1973. "Simulation in Watershed Planning." Journal of the Hydraulics Division: American Society of Civil Engineers. Walters, C., 1975. "An Interdisciplinary Approach to Development of Watershed Simulation Models." Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Woolhiser, D.A., 1971. "Deterministic Approach to Watershed Modeling." Nordic Hydrology. Work Plan for Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Starkweather Watershed, North Dakota. WATER QUALITY Abbott, G.A., 1925. "A Chemical Investigation of the Water of Devils Lake, North Dakota." Indiana Academy of Science. Armstrong, R., Anderson, D.W. and Callender, E., 1966. "Primary Productivity Measurements at Devils Lake, North Dakota." Grand Forks, University of North Dakota. Bierhuizen, J.H. and Prepas, E.E., 1985. "Relationships Between Nutrients, Dominant Ions and Phytophankton Standing Crop in Prairie Saline Lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 42. Conway, C .M. and Schubert, L.D., 1977. "Algae, Nutrients, and the Devils Lake Ecosystem." Grand Forks, University of North Dakota. Conway, C .M. and Schubert, L.D., 1978. "Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Algal Productivity in the Devils Lake Ecosystem." Grand Forks, University of North Dakota. DeGroot, E., 1979. "WaterQuality of Drained Wetland Runoff vs. Agricultural Runoff in the Devils Lake Basin, North Dakota." DeGroot, E.W., 1984. "Minimum Till Project, Final Report." North Central Planning Council. DeGroot, E.W., 1980. "Water Monitoring Project (1977, 1978 and 1979)." North Central Planning Council, Special Report 13, January 1980. Dillon, P.J. and Rigler, F.H., 1974. "The Phosphorus-Chlorophyll Relationship in Lakes." Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 19. Eddy, S., 1963. "Limnology in North America - Minnesota and Dakotas." University of Wisconsin. Engstrom, D.R., 1987. "A Geochemical Reconstruction of Late Holocene Lake - Level and Salinity Fluctuations in Devils Lake, North Dakota." Farmer, C. E.W., 1973. "Natural and Cultural Controls of Water Quality Along the Devils Lake Chain, North Dakota and Biological Characteristics of the Two Terminal Lakes in the Chain." Ph.D. dissertation, University of North Dakota. Harza Engineering Company, 1976. "Garrison Diversion Unit Effects of Return Flows on Receiving Waters." Holme, D.D., 1986. "Devils Lake, North Dakota, Water Quality Survey." U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District. Howarth, R.W., Marino, R. and Cole, J.J., 1988. "Nitrogen Fixation in Freshwater, Estuarineand Marine Ecosystems." Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 4. -91- ------- International Joint Commission, 1968. "Pollution of the Red River." Landbein, W.B., 1961. "Salinity and Hydrology of Closed Lakes." U.S. Geological Society Professional Paper 412. Lee, F.G. and others. "Effects of Marshes on Water Quality." Water Chemistry Program, University of Wisconsin. Luther, M., 1989. "Seasonal Evaporite Precipitation in East Stump Lake." Mercil, S.B. and Schubert, L.B., 1978. "Temporal Changes in the Phosphorus Cycle of Devils Lake." Grand Forks, University of North Dakota. Mercil, S.B., Conway, C.M., and Schubert, L.E., 1979. "Phosphorus Stability in a Hypereutrophic Lake: Workshop on Hypereutrophic Ecosystems, Vaxjo, Sweden." Grand Forks, University of North Dakota. Mitten, H.T., Scott, C.H. and Rosene, P.G., 1968. "Chemical Quality of Surface Waters in Devils Lake Basin, North Dakota, 1952-1960." U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper. Moore, G.T., 1917. "Preliminary List of Algae in Devils Lake, North Dakota." Annals, Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 4. Neel, J.K., 1974 "Limnological Characteristics of the Devils Lake Chain, Effects of Recent Rewatering, and Projected Influence of Garrison Diversion." Neel, J.K., Vennes, J.W., Anderson, D.W., Knauss, J.D. and Buchli, G.L., 1969. "The Limnobiochemistry of Devils Lake." Grand Forks, University of North Dakota. Nelson, W.C. and Ehni, R.J., 1976. "Land Use and Nonpoint Pollution in the Sheyenne Valley." Farm Research, November-December 1976. Nerhus, P.T., 1920. "A Study of Solubility Relations of the Salts in Devils Lake Water." Master's thesis, University of North Dakota. North Central Planning Council, 1980. "Water Monitoring Project (1977, 1978 and 1979), Devils Lake, North Dakota." North Dakota Department of Health and Consolidated Laboratories. "Devils Lake Water Quality Improvement Project, Wetland Utilization: Section 319 or the Clean Water Act." Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control, North Dakota State Department of Health and Consolidated Laboratories, Bismarck, (undated). North Dakota State Department of Health and Consolidated Labs, 1991. "Standards of Water Quality for State of North Dakota, Rule 33-16-02." O'Connor, W., 1975. "The Nutrient Trap." Wisconsin Conservation Bulletin. Peterka, J.J., 1979. "Effects of Wetlands on Water Quality in the Devils Lake Basin, North Dakota." Peterka, J.J., 1970. "Productivity of Phytoplankton and Quantities of Zooplankton and Bottom Fauna in Relation to Water Quality of Lake Ashtabula Reservoir, North Dakota." North Dakota Water Resources Research Institute, Fargo. Peterka, J.J., 1969. "Water Quality in Relation to Productivity of Lake Ashtabula Reservoir in Southeastern North Dakota." North Dakota Water Resources Institute, Fargo. Sando, Steven K., 1992. "Nutrient Budget for Devils Lake, North Dakota." Proceeding: North Dakota Water Quality Symposium, North Dakota State University Extension Service and North Dakota Water Resources Research Institute, Fargo. -92- ------- Schubert, L.E., 1976. "Investigations of the Algal Growth Potential of Devils Lake, North Dakota." Grand Forks, University of North Dakota. Schubert, L.E., 1978. "The Algal Growth Potential of an Inland Saline and Eutrophic Lake." Mitt, Internal, Verein, Limnol., Vol. 21. Schubert, L.E. and Conway, C.M., 1977. "Nutrient Dynamics and Primary Productivity of Devils Lake, North Dakota." Annual Report of the North Dakota Water Resources Research Institute. Shewman, F.C., mid-1970's. "Red, Souris, Devils Lake Basins Water-Quality Management Plan." Civil Engineering Department, University of North Dakota and the North Dakota State Department of Health, Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control. Smith, V.H., 1983. "Low Nitrogen to Phosphorus Ratios Favor Dominance by Blue-Green Algae in Lake Phytophankton." Science, Vol. 221. Stoermer, E.F., Taylor, S.M. and Callender, Edward, 1971. "Paleoecological Interpretation of the Holocene Diatom Succession in Devils Lake, North Dakota." Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, Vol. 90, no. 2, p. 195-206. Swenson, H. A. and Cobby, B.R., 1955. "Chemical Quality of Surface Waters in Devils Lake Basin, North Dakota." U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1295. Tubb, R., Anderson, D.W., Armstrong, R. and Callender, E., 1973. "The Biogeochemistry of Devils Lake, North Dakota." Grand Forks, University of North Dakota. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, 1975. "Water Quality Studies: Proposals to Freshen, Restore and Stabilize Devils Lake Chain Lakes." Garrison Diversion Unit Information Report 730. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Eutrophication Survey, 1976. "Report on Devils Lake, Benson and Ramsey Counties, North Dakota, EPA Region VIII." Working Paper No. 569. Verch, R. and Blinn, D.W., 1972. "Seasonal Investigations of Algae from Devils Lake, North Dakota." Prairie Naturalist, Vol. 3. Weston, 1980. "Statistical Comparison of Water Quality Data from Stations in the Devils Lake Basin, North Dakota." -93- ------- APPENDIXES / \ / / / \ / \ / / \ / \ / / / / \ / / / \ 7 \ \ \ / \ \ \ \ / \ \ \ \ / \ \ / \ / \ \ / \ \ \ > •v •o m z V X ------- APPENDIX A PLANNING TEAM MEMBERS ------- TEAM 1, INDUNDATION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND RESOURCES Cary Backstrand North Dakota Water Commission 900 East Boulevard Ave. Bismarck, ND 58505-0187 Com: 701-328-2750 Fax: 701-328-3696 Carl Bloomquist Ramsey County Commission Route 2, Box 118 Webster, ND 58382 Com: 701-395-4359 Fax: 701-662-7049 Scott Carlson North Dakota Dept. of Agriculture State Capitol, 6th Floor Bismarck, ND 58505-0020 Com: 701-328-2231 Fax: 701-328-4567 Lynn Clancy Office of U.S. Senator Kent Conrad 220 East Rosser Ave. Bismarck, ND 58501 Com: 701-258-4648 Fax: 701-258-1254 Ronnie L. Clark Natural Resource Conservation Service 220 East Rosser Ave. Bismarck, ND 58502 Com: 701-250-4421 Fax: 701-250-4778 Bob Fossen North Dakota Farm Bureau P.O. Box 651 Lakota, ND 58344 Com: 701-247-2280 Fax: 701-247-2445 Terry Gregoire North Dakota State University Extension Box 477, Traynor Building Devils Lake, ND 58301 Com: 701-662-7080 Fax: 701-662-1365 Roger Hollevoet U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 218 S.W. 4th St. Devils Lake, ND 58301 Com: 701-662-8611 Fax: 701-662-8612 Ross Keys Office of U.S. Representative Earl Pomeroy 220 East Rosser Ave. Bismarck, ND 58501 Com: 701-224-0355 Fax: 701-224-0431 Scott Stofferahn Consolidated Farm Services Agency P.O. Box 3046 Fargo, ND 58101 Com: 701-239-5224 Fax: 701-239-5696 Bob Valeu Office of U.S. Senator Byron Dorgan 220 East Rosser Ave. Bismarck, ND 58501 Com: 701-250-4618 Fax: 701-250-4484 Sarah Vogel, Team Leader North Dakota Dept. of Agriculture State Capitol, 6th Floor Bismarck, ND 58505-0020 Com: 701-328-2231 Fax: 701-328-4567 A-3 ------- TEAM 2, INUNDATION OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS Joe Belford Lake Emergency Management Committee 109 15th Avenue Devils Lake, ND 58301 Com: 701-662-4150 Fax: 701-662-4150 Marshall Moore North Dakota Dept. of Transportation 608 East Boulevard Ave. Bismarck, ND 58505 Com: 701-328-2581 Fax: 701-328-4545 Carl Bloomquist Ramsey County Commission Route 2, Box 118 Webster, ND 58382 Com: 701-662-2761 P.O. Box 817 Devils Lake, ND 58301 Com: 701-662-4082 Fax: 701-552-3340 Clay Sorneson North Dakota Dept of Transportation Jim Dahlen Devils Lake Community Development Corporation Highway 2 East Devils Lake, ND 58301 Com: 701-662-4933 Fax: 701-662-2147 Dennis Jacobson, Team Leader North Dakota Dept. of Transportation 608 East Boulevard Ave. Bismarck, ND 58505 Com: 701-328-4403 Fax: 701-328-4403 Pat Scott North Dakota Division of Emergency Management Box 5511 Bismarck, ND 58502-5511 Com: 701-328-3300 Fax: 701-328-2119 W.J. Gobert U.S. Public Health Service Indian Health Service P.O. Box 309 Ft. Totten, ND 58335 Com: 701-766-4291 Gene Hager Benson County Highway Dept. P.O. Box 184 Minnewaukan, ND 58351 Com: 701-473-5496 A-4 ------- TEAM 3, INUNDATION OF INFRASTRUCTURE Peggy Cavanaugh Indian Health Service Tribal House Administration Box 398 Ft. Totten, ND 58335 Com: 701-766-4236 Cornelius Grant U.S. Dept. of Commerce Economic Development Administration P.O. Box 1911 Bismarck, ND 58502 Com: 701-250-4321 Bruce Hagen North Dakota Public Service Commission 600 East Boulevard Ave. Bismarck, ND 58505 Com: 701-328-4151 Fax: 701-328-2410 Bob Johnson North Dakota Telephone Company 802 South Fifth St. P.O. Box 180 Devils Lake, ND 58301 Com: 701-662-1700 James Luey Environmental Protection Agency Region VIII 999 18th St., Suite 500 Denver, CO 80202 Com: 303-293-1425 Fax: 303-391-6957 Paul Raford U.S. Public Health Service 1961 Stout Street #498 Federal Office Building Denver, CO 80294 Com: 303-844-6163 Fax: 303-844-2019 Gary Reed North Dakota State Health Dept. Municipal Facilities 1200 Missouri Ave. P.O. Box 5520 Bismarck, ND 58506-5520 Com: 701-328-5209 Bill Sager Devils Lake Rural Utilities P.O. Box 1257 Devils Lake, ND 58301 Com: 701-662-5781 Vern Thompson, Team Leader Town of Minnewaukan Box 25 Minnewaukan, ND 58351 Com: 701-473-5720 Fax: 701-473-5727 A-5 ------- TEAM 4, INUNDATION OF BUILDINGS AND DEVELOPMENT Keith Elliott U.S. Dept. of Housing & Urban Development P.O. Box 2483 Sherry! Zahn Federal Emergency Management Agency Region VIII, Mitigation Division Building 710-A Fargo, ND 58108 Com: 701-239-5136 Fax: 701-239-5249 Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225-0267 Com: 303-235-4830 Fax: 303-235-3747 Mike Gallagher Small Business Administration P.O. Box 3086 Fargo, ND 58108 Com: 701-239-5131 Fax: 701-239-5645 Lonnie Hoffer North Dakota Division of Emergency Management P.O. Box 5511 Bismarck, ND 58502-5511 Com: 701-328-2111 Fax: 701-328-2119 Jeff Klein, Team Leader North Dakota State Water Commission 900 East Blvd. Bismarck, ND 58505 Com: 701-328-4898 Fax: 701-328-3747 Gregg Wiche U.S. Geological Survey 821 E. Interstate Ave. Bismarck, ND 58501 Com: 701-250-4616 Fax: 701-250-4252 A-6 ------- TEAM 5, WATER QUALITY Stan Krol U.S. Public Health Service 1961 Stout St., FOB Room 498 Denver, CO 80269 Com: 303-844-6163 James Luey U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region VIII 999 18th St., Suite 500 Denver, CO 80202-2405 Com: 303-294-1181 Michael T. Sauer, Team Leader North Dakota Dept. of Health Division of Water Quality P.O. Box 5520 Bismarck, ND 58502-5520 Com: 701-328-5237 A-7 ------- TEAM 6, ECONOMIC DISRUPTION Rick Anderson North Central Planning Council P.O. Box 651 Devils Lake, ND 58301 Com: 701-662-8131 Fax: 701-662-8132 Bob Belanus North Dakota Job Service P.O. Box 690 Devils Lake, ND 58301 Com: 701-662-9300 Fax: 701-662-9130 Scott Carlson North Dakota Dept. of Agriculture State Capitol 600 East Boulevard Ave., 6th Floor Bismarck, ND 58505-0020 Com: 701-328-2231 Fax: 701-328-4567 Jim Dahlen, Team Leader Devils Lake Community Development Corporation P.O. Box 879 Devils Lake, ND 58301 Com: 701-662-4933 Fax: 701-662-2147 Mark Erickson U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Rural Economic Community Development Service 502 Highway 2 West Devils Lake, ND 58301 Com: 701-662-7518 Fax: 701-662-1227 Mike Gallagher Small Business Administration P.O. Box 3086 Fargo, ND 58108 Com: 701-239-5131 Fax: 701-239-5645 Cornelius Grant U.S. Dept. of Commerce Economic Development Administration P.O. Box 1911 Bismarck, ND 58502 Com: 702-250-3652 Donna Gutschmidt University of North Dakota, Lake Region 1801 College Drive North Devils Lake, ND 58301 Com: 701-662-1567 Fax: 701-662-1570 Charlotte Hartwell U.S. Small Business Administration 4400 Amon Carter Blvd., Suite 102 Ft. Worth, TX 76155 Com: 817-885-7600 Fax: 817-885-7616 Wally Keams Small Business Development Center P.O. Box 7308 University Station Grand Forks, ND 58202-7308 Com: 701-777-3700 Fax: 701-777-3225 Gary Lochow Western State Bank P.O. Box 610 Devils Lake, ND 58301 Com: 701-662-4936 Fax: 701-662-6135 A1 Nygard North Dakota Dept. of Economic Development and Finance 1833 Bismarck Expressway Bismarck, ND 58505 Com: 701-328-5300 Fax: 701-328-5310 Doug Prchal North Dakota Parks & Recreation 1835 Bismarck Expressway Bismarck, ND 58505 Com: 701-328-5357 Mike Spletto North Dakota Office of Intergovernmental Agency State Capitol 600 East Boulevard Ave. Bismarck, ND 58502 Com: 701-328-4499 Fax: 701-328-2308 A-8 ------- TEAM 7, FISH AND WILDLIFE AND HABITAT Rich Brueckner Lake Region Anglers Association 801 5th Ave. Devils Lake, ND 58301 Com: 701-662-7553 Fax: 701-662-7552 K. L. Cool North Dakota State Game and Fish Dept. 100 Bismarck Expressway North Bismarck, ND 58501 Com: 701-328-6300 Roger Hollevoet, Team Leader U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service P.O. Box 908 218 S.W. 4th Street Devils Lake, ND 58301 Com: 701-662-8611 Fax: 701-662-8612 Kevin Johnson U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1500 E. Capitol Ave. Bismarck, ND 58501 Com: 701-250-4401 Terry Steinwand North Dakota State Game and Fish Dept. 100 Bismarck Expressway North Bismarck, ND 58501 Com: 701-328-6349 Fax: 701-328-6352 A-9 ------- TEAM 8, PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY Fred Bott, Team Leader City of Devils Lake Box 1048 Devils Lake, ND 58301 Com: 701-662-7600 Peggy Cavanaugh Devils Lake Sioux Tribe Indian Health Services Box 398 Ft. Totten, ND 58335 Com: 701-766-4236 Doug Friez North Dakota Division of Emergency Management Box 5511 Bismarck, ND 58502-5511 Com: 701-328-3300 Douglas Jensen Division of Sanitation Facilities Construction Indian Health Services 309 Federal Building Aberdeen, SD 57401 Com: 701-226-7451 Stan Krol U.S. Public Health Service 1961 Stout St., FOB Rm. 498 Denver, CO 82069 Com: 303-844-6163 Allen R. McKay Lake Region District Health Unit Ramsey County Courthouse Devils Lake, ND 58301 Com: 701-662-7035 Elmer White Devils Lake Sioux Tribe Box 359 Ft. Totten, ND 58335 Com: 701-766-4221 Tim Wiedrich North Dakota State Department of Health & Consolidated Laboratories 600 East Boulevard Ave. Bismarck, ND 58505-0200 Com: 701-328-2388 A-10 ------- TEAM 9, INLET/OUTLET Joe Belford Lake Emergency Management Committee 109 15th Avenue Devils Lake, ND 58301 Com: 701-662-4150 Fax: 701-662-4150 Mary Ann Cavanaugh Devils Lake Sioux Tribe RR 2, Box 43 St. Michael, ND 58370 Com: 701-766-4409 Fax: 701-766-4242 Max Dodson U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 999 18th St., Suite 500 Denver, CO 80202-2405 Com: 303-293-1542 Fax: 303-294-1386 Bruce Hagen North Dakota Public Service Commission 600 East Boulevard Ave. Bismarck, ND 58505 Com: 701-328-2400 Fax: 7801-328-2410 Ray Home Devils Lake Coordinator Route 5, Box 215 Devils Lake, ND 58301 Com: 701-662-5252 Fax: 701-662-5252 Charon Johnson Garrison Diversion Conservancy District 310 Dickinson Drive Devils Lake, ND 58301 Com: 701-652-3194 Fax: 701-652-3195 Jeff Klein North Dakota State Water Commission Water Development Division 900 East Boulevard Ave. Bismarck, ND 58505 Com: 701-328-2752 Fax: 701-328-3696 John Liou Federal Emergency Management Agency Region VIII, Mitigation Division Building 710-A Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225-0267 Com: 303-235-4836 Fax: 303-235-4849 George Malleck U.S. Department of State Office of Canadian Affairs 22nd and C Streets, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20220 Com: 202-647-3135 Fax: 202-647-4088 Rick Nelson U.S. Bureau of Reclamation P.O. Box 1017 Bismarck, ND 58501 Com: 701-250-4572 Fax: 701-250-4326 Tom Raster Corps of Engineers St. Paul District 190 Fifth St. East St. Paul, MN 55101-1638 Com: 612-290-5238 Fax: 612-290-5800 Todd Sando North Dakota State Water Commission Water Development Division 900 East Boulevard Ave. Bismarck, ND 58505 Com: 701-328-2752 Fax: 701-328-3696 Mike Sauer North Dakota State Health Department Division of Water Quality P.O. Box 5520 Bismarck, ND 58501 Com: 701-328-5237 Fax: 701-328-5200 A-11 ------- David Sprynczynatyk, Team Leader North Dakota State Water Commission 900 East Boulevard Ave. Bismarck, ND 58505 Com: 701-328-4940 Fax: 701-328-3696 Terry Steinwand North Dakota Game and Fish Dept. 100 North Bismarck Expressway Bismarck, ND 58501 Com: 701-328-6349 Fax: 701-328-6352 Gregg Thielman North Dakota State Water Commission 524 4th Avenue #27 Devils Lake, ND 58301 Com: 701-662-7076 Fax: 701-662-7011 Vera Thompson Lake Emergency Management Committee P.O. Box 25 Minnewaukan, ND 58351 Com: 701-473-5720 Fax: 701-473-5727 Ken Vein Red River Water Supply Coalition 255 North 4th St. Grand Forks, ND 58206-5200 Com: 701-746-2633 Fax: 701-746-2514 Gregg Wiche U.S. Geological Survey 821 East Interstate Ave. Bismarck, ND 58501 Com: 701-250-4252 Fax: 701-250-4616 A-12 ------- APPENDIX B AGENDAS FROM TASK FORCE MEETINGS ------- DEVILS LAKE BASIN INTERAGENCY TASK FORCE MEETING Friday, June 2, 1996 9:00 am - 4:30 pm University of North Dakota—Lake Region Pioneer Hall 1801 College Drive Devils Lake, North Dakota AGENDA MORNING SESSION 9:00 am - 10:00 am Call to Order: Mike Armstrong Task Force Chair Welcome: Governor Ed Schafer Opening Remarks: Senator Kent Conrad Senator Byron Dorgan Congressman Earl Pomeroy Introductory Comments: James Lee Witt, Director, FEMA John Foster, FHWA General Pat Stevens, Army Corps of Engineers 10:00 am - 11:30 am Presentations (15 minutes each) 1. U.S. Geological Survey 2. North Dakota Water Commission 3. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 4. Sioux Indian Tribe 5. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 6. Devils Lake Basin Task Force Self introductions: Other participants Comments from Local Elected Officials Lunch (cafeteria or off site) 11:30 am - noon Noon - 1:30 pm B-3 ------- AFTERNOON SESSION 1:30 pm - 2:00 pm Affirmation of Identified Problems 2:00 pm - 3:15 pm Brainstorm Possible Solutions (facilitated break-out sessions) 3:15 pm - 3:30 pm Break 3:30 pm - 4:15 pm Assign Tasks 4:15 pm - 4:30 pm Determine Task Force Calendar 4:30 pm Adjourn IMPORTANT NOTES L All agencies/groups that have published reports/plans/studies pertaining to the Devils Lake Basin have been encouraged to bring copies that are available on the display table located in the auditorium entrance. 2. Due to scheduling constraints, all other agencies, organizations and individuals not listed as presenters on the agenda will give only self-introductions in the morning session but will be full participants in the afternoon working session. 3. Everyone attending this meeting will be considered a part of the Devils Lake Basin Interagency Task Force. B-4 ------- DEVILS LAKE BASIN INTERAGENCY TASK FORCE MEETING AGENDA JULY 12 & 13, 1995 WEDNESDAY - JULY 12, 1995 TIME ACTIVITY 8:00-8:30A MEETING WITH TEAM LEADERS 8:30-9:30A PLENARY SESSION 8:30-9:00A Meeting agenda & process 9:00-9:30A Summary of activities presently underway to address flooding. 9:30-9:45A BREAK 9:45-11:30A PLENARY SESSION 9:45-11:15A Team IX Report & Solution Consensus (Inlet/Outlet Options) 11:15-11:30A Dissenting Opinions 11:30-1:00P LUNCH 1:00-1:15P PLENARY SESSION (Announcements before concurrent sessions) 1:15-2:15P CONCURRENT SESSIONS: CONSENSUS ON SOLUTIONS TEAM I (Inundation of Land Resources) TEAM VIII (Public Health and Safety) 2:15-3:00P PLENARY SESSION 2:15-2:30P Team I Consensus Report 2:30-2:45P Team VIII Consensus Report 2:45-3:00P Dissenting Opinions 3:00-3:15P BREAK 3:15-4:15P CONCURRENT SESSIONS: CONSENSUS ON SOLUTIONS TEAM II (Inundation of Transportation Systems) TEAM VII (Loss of Fish & Wildlife and their Habitat) (continued) B-5 ------- THURSDAY - JULY 13, 1995 TIME ACTIVITY 4:15-5:15P PLENARY SESSION 4:15-4:30 Team II Consensus Report 4:30-4:45 Team VII Consensus Report 4:45-5:00 Dissenting Opinions 5:00-5:15 Day's Concluding Remarks 8:00-8:15A PLENARY SESSION (Announcements before concurrent sessions) 8:15-9:15A CONCURRENT SESSIONS: CONSENSUS ON SOLUTIONS TEAM III (Inundation of Infrastructure) TEAM VI (Economic Disruption) 9:15-10:00A PLENARY SESSION 9:15-9:30A Team III Consensus Report 9:30-9:45A Team VI Consensus Report 9:45-10:00A Dissenting Opinions 10:00A-10:15A BREAK 10:15-11:1 5A CONCURRENT SESSIONS: CONSENSUS ON SOLUTIONS TEAM IV (Inundation of Buildings and Development) TEAM V (Loss of Water Quality) 11:15-12:00A PLENARY SESSION 11:15-11:30A Team IV Consensus Report 11:30-11:45A Team V Consensus Report 11:45-12:00P Dissenting Opinions 12:00 Closing Statements and Adjournment B-6 ------- DEVILS LAKE BASIN INTERAGENCY TASK FORCE AGENDA TUESDAY AUGUST 15, 1995 TIME ACTIVITY 8:00-9:00A INDIVIDUAL TASK FORCE MEMBER'S REVIEW OF PRELIMINARY ACTION ITEMS AND SOLUTIONS 9:00-9:15A MEETING OPENING STATEMENTS Mike Armstrong, Task Force Chairman 9:15-9:30A MEETING AGENDA AND FORMAT Bob Cox 9:30-9:45A BREAK 9:45-11:30A INTERACTIVE SESSION TO: FINALIZE DRAFT SOLUTIONS Sherryl Zahn & Bob Cox 11:30A-1:00P LUNCH 1:00-3:00P INTERACTIVE SESSION TO: FINALIZE DRAFT SOLUTIONS FINALIZE DRAFT ACTION ITEMS Sherryl Zahn & Bob Cox 3:00-3:15P BREAK 3:15-4:45P INTERACTIVE SESSION TO: FINALIZE DRAFT ACTION ITEMS Sherryl Zahn & Bob Cox 4:45-5:00P CLOSING STATEMENTS AND ADJOURNMENT Mike Armstrong, Task Force Chairman B-7 ------- |