EVALUATION OF
THE WYOMING WATER
SUPPLY PROGRAM
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ROCKY MOUNTAIN PRAIRIE REGION
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~f* 3,sf C
C ' (
EVALUATION
OF THE
WYOMING WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM
U.S. EPA Region 8 Library
80C-L
999 18lh St., Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202-?4fifi
Water Supply Branch
Air and Water Programs Division
Environmental Protection Agency
Region VIII
December, 1972
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Environmental Protection Agency
REGION VIII
SUITE 900. I860 LINCOLN STREET
DENVER. COLORADO 80203
Re: 8A-AWS
Dr. Lawrence J. Cohen, Administrator
Division of Health and Social Services
Department of Health and Social Services
State Office Building
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82001
Dear Dr. Cohen:
We have completed the evaluation of the Wyoming Water Supply
Program, as requested by Mr. Arthur E. Williamson in his letter
of January 27, 1971. A report is submitted now.
The evaluation conducted by our Water Supply Branch, included
a study of drinking water supplies in three counties, and a de-
tailed assessment of the State's activities concerning drinking
water. The report presents the findings of the evaluation as well
as recommendations which are necessary to give Wyoming an effective
Water Supply Program.
The full cooperation and assistance received is appreciated.
You and your staff are to be commended for your interest in the
importance of providing an adequate supply of safe drinking water
for all Wyoming's residents and visitors. If we may be of assis-
tance in achieving this goal, please contact my office.
Sincerely yours
Enclosure
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The assistance and cooperation of the following people and their
respective staffs are acknowledged gratefully:
Mr. Arthur E. Williamson, Director, Sanitary Engineering Services -
Wyoming Department of Health and Social Services.
Mr. Robert Coffman, Director, Environmental Surveillance and Control
Services - Wyoming Department of Health and Social Services.
Mr. Nix Anderson, Director of Environmental Health -
Casper-Natrona County Health Department.
Mr. Don Hansen, County Supervisor, Lincoln County -
Farmers Home Administration.
A special thanks Is expressed to all residents, waterworks personnel
and community officials who provided information and generously cooperated
in the study.
THE MENTION OF PRODUCTS OR MANUFACTURERS IN THIS REPORT DOES NOT
IMPLY ENDORSEMENT BY THE UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIOH
AGENCY.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
SUMMARY 1
RECOMMENDATIONS 10
INTRODUCTION 15
PLAN OF STUDY 18
Water Supplies In Wyoming ;. .. . 18
Purpose of Evaluation 21
Water Supplies Studied 21
Campbell County 23
Lincoln County 23
Natrona County 24
Other 25
Evaluation of Bacteriological Water Quality 25
Evaluation of Chemical Water Quality 27
Facilities Evaluation 27
Water Supply Program Evaluation 30
STUDY FINDING 33
Public Water Supplies 33
Bacteriological Quality 33
Chemical Quality 33
Facilities Appraisal 36
Operator Competence 38
Fluoridation 39
Semi-Public Water Supplies 40
Bacteriological Quality 41
Chemical Quality 41
Facilities Appraisal 41
Private Water Supplies 43
Bacteriological Quality 43
Chemical Quality 43
Facilities Appraisal 46
Water Supply Program Evaluation 47
History of the Water Supply Program 48
Legal Authority and Responsibilities 48
Policy 49
Standards and Regulations 50
Organization 50
Sanitary Engineering Services 52
Laboratory Support - Bacteriological 62
Laboratory Support - Chemical 62
Environmental Surveillance & Control Services.. 63
Local Health Departments - . . 67
Other Agencies 68
Public Health Risk 69
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PROGRAM NEEDS 75
Authority 75
Regulations 79
Water Supply Program 82
Organization 83
Personnel Requirements 84
Laboratory Support - Bacteriological 87
Laboratory Support - Chemical 88
Local Health Departments 8.9
Budget Requirements 90
REFERENCES CITED 95
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 97
APPENDICES
Appendix A - Letter of Request 101
Appendix B - Wyoming Public Water Supplies 103
Appendix C - Public Water Supplies Studied Ill
Appendix D - Bacteriological & Chemical Drinking
Water Standards 113
Appendix E - Survey Forms 117
Appendix F - Adequacy of the Water Fluoridation
Control Program in Wyoming. 131
Appendix G - Individual Water Supply Survey 154
Appendix H - Wyoming Water Supply Legislation 160
Appendix I - Wyoming Water Supply Standards 171
Appendix J - Bacteriological Laboratory Survey 194
Appendix K - Chemical Laboratory Survey 213
Appendix L - Drinking Water Supplies in National
Parks 225
Appendix M - Incidence of Water-Borne Disease 236
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Population Ranges Served by Public Water
Supplies 19
2 Water Supplies Studied 26
3 Bacteriological Quality of Private Water Supplies
Studied 44
4 Chemical Quality of Private Water Supplies
Studied 45
5 Wyoming Department oL Health and Social Services. 51
6 Districts of Saniatry Engineering Services 53
7 Annual Salary Comparisons 54
8 Districts of Environmental Surveillance and
Control Servies 65
9 Proposed Staffing Chart - Water Supply Branch.... 91
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Summary - Public Water Supplies In Wyoming 20
2 Water Supplies Studied 22
3 Chemical Tests Conducted During Study 28
4 Chemical Standards Not Met By Public Water
Supplies 35
5 Public Water Supplies' Facilities Appraisal 37
6 Semi-Public Water Supplies 42
7 Sanitary Engineering Services - Estimated
Resources 56
8 Water Supply Program Budgets 93
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SUMMARY
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SUMMARY
Approximately 246,000 people in Wyoming are served by 107 public
water supplies. The remaining 86,000 residents obtain their drinking
water from semi-public or individual systems. The semi-public systems
at restaurants, campgrounds, recreational areas, and trailer parks, in
addition to the public supplies, also serve the estimated six million
tourists who visit Wyoming each year.
In view of the importance of safe and adequate supplies of drinking
water, Arthur E. Williamson, P. E., Director, Sanitary Engineering Ser-
vices, Wyoming Department of Health and Social Services, requested the
Water Supply Branch, Environmental Protection Agency, Region VIII to
evaluate the State's Water Supply Program.
In-depth studies of the public, semi-public, and individual water
supplies were conducted in Campbell, Lincoln, and Natrona Counties.
These counties were selected because each had different types of water
sources and surveillance. A total of 23 public, 13 semi-public, and
127 individual supplies were surveyed in the three counties. Bacterio-
logical and chemical qualities of the supplies were judged on the basis
of the 1962 U. S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards.
In addition, the adequacy of the Water Supply Program was evaluated
on the basis of surveillance activities, laboratory resources, policies,
legislation, budget, and manpower.
The principal findings of the study are summarized below:
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Public Water Supplies
1. Thirty-three percent (33%) of the 107 public water supplies
failed to meet bacteriological quality standards for one or
more months during 1971. These systems serve approximately
32,500 people.
2. Of the twenty-three public water supplies studied:
a. Nine percent (9%) failed to meet mandatory chemical drink-
ing water limits. These systems serve about 3,230 people
with water that could cause adverse health effects.
b. Thirty-five percent (35%) failed to meet recommended chemi-
cal drinking water standards. These systems serve approxi-
mately 52,540 people with aesthetically inferior water.
c. Seventy percent (70%) needed additional treatment facili-
ties and eighty-three percent (83%) needed improvement in
the operation of present facilities in order to assure
safe drinking water at all times.
d. Ninety-six percent (96%) were not providing adequate dis-
infection (chlorination). Unsatisfactory disinfection
removes the margin of safety against disease transmission
by water.
e. Ninety-six percent (96%) had operators with little or no
training in water treatment or systems, which accounts for
the poor operation, maintenance and quality-control noted
during the study.
3. Of the six public water supplies in Wyoming which were fluori-
dating :
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a. Only two were maintaining a fluoride concentration within
the range recommended by the State. The other four were all
underfeeding, significantly reducing the benefits of fluori-
dation .
b. Four had inadequate fluoride feed and control equipment.
Semi-Public Water Supplies
Very little is known about the number of semi-public supplies
in Wyoming or the quality of water they are serving.
Of the thirteen semi-public water supplies studied:
a. Thirty-one percent (311), serving an estimated 1900 people
annually, failed to meet bacteriological standards.
b. Forty-six percent (46%), serving an estimated 2300 people
annually, failed recommended chemical drinking water standards.
c. Eighty-five percent (85%), serving an estimated 14,000 people
annually, were given an overall unsatisfactory rating due to
deficiencies. None of the 13 systems disinfected their water
supplies.
Individual Water Supplies
Of the 127 individual water supplies studied:
a. Twenty-eight percent (28%), serving 230 people, failed to
meet bacteriological quality standards.
b. Seven percent (7%), serving 60 people, failed mandatory chemi-
cal drinking water standards.
c. Sixty-five percent (65%), serving 530 people, failed recom-
mended chemical drinking water standards.
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d. One hundred percent (100%) had one or more facility defi-
ciencies. Very few were constructed to prevent entrance
of contamination.
Surveillance Activities
Not all of the public water supplies are listed or under sur-
veillance by the State. Twelve of these supplies were found
during the study.
Of the 107 public water supplies listed by the State:
a. Only nine percent (9%) had a formal inspection during 1971.
b. Twenty-seven percent (27%) have not had an engineering
evaluation since 1967.
c. Thirty-four percent (34%) failed to submit the required
number of bacteriological samples for two or more months
during 1971.
d. Fourteen percent (14%) have been rated unsafe by the State
for at least three years.
e. Ninety-six percent (96%) have never had a complete chemical
analysis performed on their water. There is no routine
chemical sampling program. This is a serious deficiency
since certain chemical constituents can cause adverse
public health effects.
Of the six water supplies which fluoridate:
a. None submitted routine check samples to the State during
1971.
b. Only two were inspected during 1971.
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4. With the exception of Natrona County, there is no effective
surveillance of the estimated 600 semi-public supplies. The
actual number of supplies is unknown. Sanitary surveys of the
water sources are not being conducted. Very few are submitting
routine bacteriological samples and none are submitting samples
for chemical analysis.
5. An effective level of surveillance of semi-public and indivi-
dual supplies was being provided by the local health department
(Casper-Natrona County Health Department) studied. Extensive
bacteriological testing is being conducted, as well as sanitary
surveys of water sources and septic tank installations. As a
result, Natrona County had a much lower percentage of contami-
nated individual supplies than the other two counties surveyed.
6. There are only two local health departments in the State, which
limits the overall surveillance and technical assistance programs.
Water Supply Program
Several Wyoming statutes place legal responsibility concerning public
and semi-public water supplies in the Department of Health and Social Ser-
vices. Presently, the Water Supply Program activities are conducted by
Sanitary Engineering Services (public water supplies) and Environmental
Surveillance and Control Services (semi-public and individual supplies).
However, these agencies have many other program responsibilities, includ-
ing water pollution control, solid wastes, food service establishments,
hospitals, nursing homes and schools. The result has been a steady de-
emphasis on water supply activities. The funds and man-years available
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for drinking water protection in Wyoming are inadequate to support an
effective program. A total of only about $44,000 was spent on drinking
water activities during fiscal year 1971. As a comparison, almost twice
that amount was expended for water pollution control. The percentage of
Sanitary Engineering Services' budget allotted to public water supplies
actually decreased from 23% in fiscal year 1971 to 19% in fiscal year 1972.
Staff limitations have prevented the Water Supply Program from ful-
filling its responsibilities. Only 1.7 professional man-years are avail-
able, which represents a 50% decrease in staff during the last ten years.
However, the number of water supplies and responsibilities has continued
to increase. As a result, important water supply activities are not
being performed, or are being performed only in a cursory manner, seriously
reducing the Program's effectiveness.
Stronger State action is needed to correct water supply system defi-
ciencies, especially when systems are rated unsafe year after year. The
penalties for violating public health regulations are ill-defined and
insufficient in regard to water supplies. The lack of legislation enabling
the Department of Health and Social Services to adopt drinking water stan-
dards and a plumbing code also hampers surveillance activities.
Wyoming has very few regulations concerning development, construc-
tion, acceptable treatment, and operation of water supplies. There are
no chemical quality standards for raw or finished drinking water, nor
definitions of minimum acceptable treatment for types of water sources.
No provisions are made for the orderly development of new public water
supplies, nor minimum design or construction requirements. There are
construction standards for water wells, issued by the State Engineer's
Office, but they are not being enforced. Water well contractors are not
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required to be licensed. The lack of well-defined regulations and poli-
cies has caused problems for Water Supply Program staff as well as water
works officials.
Operator training and certification activities have just started,
therefore; most operators have little or no training, resulting in many
of the operational difficulties noted during the study.
A false sense of security exists concerning the safety of water
supplies in Wyoming. The Wyoming Water Supply Program is not meeting its
responsibility of protecting the quality of water served to the State's
residents and visitors. This situation has resulted from the steady de-
cline in resources allocated to water supply activities. The time has
come to reverse this trend.
Waterborne disease outbreaks have occurred in Wyoming, and essentially
in all the cases, it was shown that deficiencies existed in the water
Supply systems during the time when disease was transmitted. Furthermore,
these deficiencies either were unrecognized because of inadequate sur-
veillance for public health hazards, or were recognized but not remedied
due to ineffective persuasion or enforcement by health officials. Defi-
ciencies similar to those reponsible for the outbreaks are present in
the water supplies of Wyoming and were found during this study. The
requisites for repetition of the tragic waterborne outbreaks of the past,
namely inadequate surveillance of water supplies serving the public, and
the presence of diseased individuals, definitely exist in Wyoming. An
increase in the occurrence of waterborne disease, obviously would cause
needless human suffering and might result in a sharp reduction in the $150
million which tourism brings into Wyoming each year. In other words,
Wyoming no longer can afford to overlook the importance of the Water
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Supply Program and shirk its responsibilities to protect the public
health of its citizens. The recommendations of this report need to be
implemented if Wyoming is to assure each resident' and visitor an adequate
and safe supply of drinking water.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
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RECOMMENDATIONS
A primary purpose of the evaluation was to propose recommendations
needed for Wyoming to have an effective and responsive Water Supply Pro-
gran. These recommendations are listed below:
1. A Water Supply Branch be formed within Sanitary Engineering
Services to be responsible for all public, semi-public and
individual water supply activities. The Branch should have
a minimum annual budget as follows;
a. Water supply activities - $105,000
b. Laboratory services - $ 45,000
Total - $150,000
2. The Water Supply Branch be staffed initially with six profes-
sionals and three secretaries.
3. The water supply activities be decentralized by assigning one
man-year each to district offices in Rock Springs, Worland,
Gillette and Torrington.
4. Adequate space and equipment be provided for suitable bacterio-
logical and chemical laboratory facilities in order to conduct
routine drinking water analyses. An additional bacteriologist,
two chemists, and a secretary should be hired specifically for
this purpose.
5. Legislation be enacted concerning the following items:
a. To change the definition of a public water supply to include
all water supplies which serve the public.
b. Delegating authority to tlu .department of Health and Social
Services to adopt drinking water standards.
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c. Delegating authority to the Department of Health and Social
Services to specify required minimum forms of treatment for
water sources.
d. Phasing the voluntary certification program into mandatory
certification of waterworks and wastewater operators.
e. Mandatory fluoridation of community water supplies serving
more than 500 people.
f. Adoption of a State Plumbing Code with specific provisions
prohibiting cross-connections.
g. Mandatory certification of water well contractors.
h. Adoption of procedures for the orderly development of new
public water supplies.
6. The Water Supply Regulations be revised and expanded to reflect
current water supply practice. The following specific items
should be included;
a. Adoption of the 1962 U. S. Public Health Service Drinking
Water Standards or their latest revision.
b. Mandatory disinfection of all water systems serving the
public.
c. The proper development and planning of new water supplies,
including minimum design criteria.
d. Require that plans and specifications be prepared by a pro-
fessional engineer registered in Wyoming.
e. Require all supplies which serve the public to submit routine
samples for bacteriological and chemical analyses.
f. Require an engineering inspection in addition to bacteriolo-
gical and chemical analyses before any system which will
serve the public is allowed to go into service.
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g. All communities which fluoridate be required to submit
routine check samples for analysis.
h. Require that a legally constituted group be designated in
charge of each public water supply.
i. Require each public water supply to submit operating reports
on a periodic basis.
7. The Water Supply Program increase and improve its surveillance of
public and semi-public water supplies to at least the minimum
levels outlined in the Drinking Water Standards and the Manual for
Evaluating Public Water Supplies. These activities should include,
but not necessarily be limited to:
a. Thorough periodic sanitary surveys of each system, setting
priorities and time schedules for those systems having defi-
ciencies. Normally, all supplies should have a formal inspec-
tion, including a report, annually. Supplies which fluoridate
should be surveyed at least twice a year.
b. Bacteriological surveillance sufficient to meet the 1962 U. S.
Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards.
c. Routine complete chemical analyses of all supplies.
8. Cooperative compliance with the Regulations of the Water Supply
Program continue to be emphasized. However, if cooperation and
persuasion fail to achieve prompt compliance, strong enforcement
measures should be taken to protect drinking water and public
health.
9. The State actively promote and assist in the establishment of
local health departments.
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10. Provisions be made for close coordination between the Water
Supply Program and other governmental functions which affect
water supplies, including:
a. State Engineer's office,
b. Farmers Home Administration,
c. Local health departments.
Regulations of other state agencies should reflect that princi-
pal authority for regulation of water supplies rests with the
Water Supply Program.
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EVALUATION
OF THE
WYOMING WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM
INTRODUCTION
Americans are served the finest and safest drinking water in the
world. Since water was first implicated in the transmission of infec-
tious diseases, more than 100 years ago, water treatment methods and
technology have improved steadily. The dreaded water-borne epidemics,
which one scourged vast areas, are no longer a concern in the United
States, testifying to the efficiency of modern water treatment. As a
result, a certain complacency has developed among our citizens concern-
ing drinking water. The Community Water Supply Study* indicated that
this complacency also has spread to the water utilities and regulatory
agencies. The states are much less active in the regulation and sur-
veillance of public water supplies. Public and legislative emphasis
is being placed now on water and air pollution. In order to meet the
outcry and spate of new pollution controls and implementation plans, the
states have had to commit more and more of their resources to these new
environmental concerns. Therefore, less time and money is being devoted
to the drinking water programs. Contrary to popular belief, extensive
water pollution control programs do not assure the public will receive
safe and reliable drinking water. Such assurance can be gained only
from a renewed awareness of the public health importance of drinking
water and the establishment of active water supply programs at the state
level.
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Recognizing these considerations, Mr. Arthur E. Williamson, P. E.,
Director of Sanitary Engineering Services for the Wyoming Department of
Health and Social Services, requested (Appendix A) the Water Supply Branch
of the Environmental Protection Agency to evaluate the Wyoming Water
Supply Program.
The purpose of the evaluation was to determine the effectiveness
of the Wyoming Water Supply Program as well as to recommend any improve-
ments that may be needed to assure the Wyoming residents safe and whole-
some drinking water.
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PLAN OF STUDY
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PLAN OF STUDY
Water Supplies in Wyoming
Wyoming is rich in history, scenery, and wide open spaces. The
population of 332,416 is spread over 97,914 square miles. About 74%
of these people are served by the 107 public water supplies listed by
the State. There are an unknown number of small public supplies,
which presently are not listed or under surveillance by the State.
Table 1 presents a summary of information concerning the public
water supplies in Wyoming. A complete listing with information con-
cerning each supply is included in Appendix B. Since there are only
88 incorporated municipalities in Wyoming, and not all of these have
water systems, the listing contains water districts, private water
companies, and industrial water systems (such as oil and mining camps).
Figure 1 indicates the percentage of supplies serving various popula-
tion ranges. Over 70% serve less than 1,000 people, which is signi-
ficant since the Community Water Supply Study"^ showed that it is these
small systems which have the most difficulty providing safe drinking
water consistently to their consumers. There are an estimated 31,000
private (individual) and 600 semi-public water supplies serving 26%
of the total population. The bacterial and chemical quality of these
supplies is, for the most part, unknown. The semi-public supplies are
of particular concern since they include trailer parks, campgrounds,
restaurants and similar establishments which serve the large number of
travelers in Wyoming.
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Figure 1
Population Ranges Served By Public Water Supplies
Percent of Public Water Supplies
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Under 500
500 - 1,000
1,000 - 5,000
5,000 - 10,000
10,000 - 20,000
Over 20,000
i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r
Based on 107 Public Water Supplies
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Table 1
Summary - Public Water Supplies In Wyoming
Source
of
Supply
Numb e r
%
of
Total
Population
Served
% of
Pop. Served
by PWS2/
Number
of PWS
Disinfected
% of
PWS
Disinfected
% of Population
Using PWS Served
Disinfected Water
Surface
26
24
53.
21
23
88
98
Ground
73
68
102,500
42
32
44
68
Dual—^
8
8
90,400
37
8
100
100
TOTAL
107
100
245,900
100
63
59
86
1/ Both surface and ground sources
2/ PWS - Public Water Supplies
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Purpose of Evaluation
1. To determine the general condition of Wyoming's public, private,
and semi-public water sup-plies by on-site evaluation, bacteriological and
chemical analyses and examination of existing records.
2. To evaluate the adequacy of the Water Supply Program based on
existing legislation, regulations, manpower, budget, policies, surveil-
lance, laboratory resources, operator training, and the condition of
the water supplies.
3. To make any necessary recommendations needed for Wyoming to have
and maintain an effective Water Supply Program in order to assure the
State's citizens and visitors safe drinking water.
Water Supplies Studied
After discussions with Mr. Arthur E. Williamson, P. E., Director of
Sanitary Engineering Services, three of Wyoming's twenty-three counties
were selected for in-depth studies of the public, private, and semi-
public water supplies. The three counties - Campbell, Lincoln, and
Natrona - were selected to reflect differences in type of water supply
and surveillance being used. Table 2 gives a breakdown of the supplies
studied in each county.
Twenty-three public supplies were surveyed. These systems served
about 57,000 people, representing twenty percent of the State's popula-
tion, using public water supplies. Detailed information concerning these
supplies is given in Appendix C. The population ranges served by these
supplies is very similar to the statewide distribution shown by Figure 1.
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Table 2
Water Supplies Studied
Type of Supply
Number of Supplies
Population
Served
Campbell
Lincoln
Natrona
County
County
County
Total
Public
a. Municipalities
1
4
3
8
53,815
b. Other
2
12 (Pipeline
1
15
3,190
Companies)
Semi-Pub lie
4
6
3
13
18,900*
Private
32
42
53
127
820
* Estimated population served annually
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Ninety-one percent of the public supplies studied used ground water
sources and twenty-six percent, serving 52,505 people, were disinfected.
In addition, thirteen semi-public supplies, serving an estimated 18,900
people annually, and 127 private supplies, serving 820 people, were
surveyed. Overall, it was felt that these were a representative cross-
section of Wyoming's water supplies and would provide a good indication
of the effectiveness of the Water Supply Program.
Campbell County
Campbell County is located in northeastern Wyoming and has a total
population of 13,000. Approximately ninety percent of these people live
in or adjacent to Gillette, which is the only municipality in the county.
Major oil, natural gas, and coal deposits located in the county have made
Gillette a "boom town1'. Gillette's population almost has tripled in the
last ten years, resulting in a great deal of unplanned growth. The entire
county depends on ground water as a water supply source. There are between
450 and 500 private wells, most of which are between 200 to 900 feet deep.
There is no County health authority, but the State Health Department has
a district office located in Gillette, staffed with a sanitarian and sani-
tarian aide, providing services to a five-county area.
Lincoln County
Lincoln County, in western Wyoming adjacent to the Idaho border, has
a population of 8,640. The two major communities are Kemmerer and Afton
which account for about fifty percent of the county's population. Avery
picturesque area, known as Star Valley, lies in the northern portion of
the county. This area is characterized oy small agricultural communities
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and is quite famous for its dairy products. Large numbers of tourists
visit the Star Valley each year because of the recreational opportuni-
ties in the nearby national forests and its proximity to the Grand Teton
and Yellowstone National Parks. This area depends almost entirely on
alpine springs for water supplies and abounds with small pipeline compa-
nies. The State Health Department estimated that there may be 80 of
these companies formed by groups of farmers to tap the springs and pipe
the water to their respective communities. Before the study, very little
was known about the companies even though some of them had been financed
through the Farmers Home Administration. Twelve pipeline companies,
serving an estimated 1400 people, were surveyed during the study.
A development company is planning to construct about 1500 summer
homes in the Star Valley area. Although the water supply is to be a
central system, the sewage disposal method is going to be at the dis-
cretion of the individual home owner, which more than likely will result
in a septic tank system for each home. This situation could drastically
affect the quality of the shallow wells and springs on which the area
depends for water supplies and it could pose some very definite public
health hazards. The southern portion of the county uses springs and
wells for water supplies, except for Kemmerer, which uses a surface source.
Lincoln County does not have a local health authority. An engineer
or sanitarian from the State Health Department visits the area occasion-
ally but the water supplies generally receive little surveillance.
Natrona County
Natrona County, situated in the center of the State, has a total
population of 51,264. Over 90% of the population is centered in and around
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Casper, which is the only major community. The majority of water supplies
in the county are shallow wells from 10 to 50 feet deep. The county is
unique for Wyoming in that it has a local health department (Casper-Natrona
County Health Department) with two sanitarians and a sanitarian aide on
the staff. They perform routine surveillance of private as well as semi-
public water supplies and enforce a permit system which requires approval
of all septic tank installations. This is significant in view of the
shallow nature of the ground water and the large number of septic tanks
which are being installed in new developments near Casper.
Other
The areas and communities involved in the study are shown in Figure 2.
In addition to the public supplies in the three counties, the communities
of Laramie, Saratoga, Sinclair, Rawlins, Thermopolis, and Worland which
add fluoride to their water supplies were surveyed to determine the adequacy
of the fluoridation program.
Evaluation of Bacteriological Water Quality
Bacteriological records for the 107 public water supplies which
routinely submit samples to the State Health Department Laboratory, were
examined. A supply was given an unsatisfactory rating if it did not meet,
for one or more months, the bacteriological requirements of the 1962 United
States Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards,^ hereinafter refer-
red to as the Drinking Water Standards. These limits are summarized in
Appendix D.
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Figure 2
Water Supplies Studied
STATE OF WYOMING
PREPARED BY THE
WYOMING STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT
PLANNING DIVISION
SCALE
¦O 0 0 10 SO 44M
rrrnr : i 1 ;
LEGEND
INTERSTATE NUMBERED HIGHWAY
•..
U S NUMBERED HIGHWAY . .
..3B
STATE NUMBERED HIGHWAY
. .US
STATE CAPITAL
$
COUNTY seat
•
OTHER CITIES AND TOWNS
0
Public Water Supply
'Complete Study
Public Water Supply
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A bacteriological sample was taken from each private and semi-public
supply and tested in the field, using a membrane filter field kit.—^ This
procedure was used because of the large number of samples being taken
and the difficulties involved with mailing thera to the State laboratory
in Cheyenne. Field testing also was done for those public water supplies
studied (11) which were not submitting routine samples to the State. The
bacteriological limits of the Drinking Water Standards were used to rate
these supplies.
Evaluation of Chemical Water Quality
The available chemical records for the public water supplies were
reviewed. In addition, the chemical tests listed in Table 3 were con-
ducted on water samples taken from all the supplies surveyed.
The chemical analysis for each supply was compared with the Drinking
Water Standards (see Appendix D) and rated as either:
1. meeting the Standards for all limits,
2. failing to meet one or more of the "recommended" limits (s.ome of
which are aesthetic) but meeting all of the "mandatory" limits.
3. failing to meet one or more "mandatory" limits.
Facilities Evaluation
A facilities' evaluation was conducted of each public water supply
studied. The adequacy of the sources, treatment, operation, distribution,
storage, record keeping, and quality control was judged on the basis of
3
the Manual For Evaluating Public Water Supplies and the Drinking Water
Standards. A copy of the survey form used is included in Appendix E.
1/ Millipore Portable Water Laboratory, Millipore Corp., Bedford, Massachusetts
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28
Table 3
Chemical Tests Conducted During Study
Public Water Supplies
Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate (ABS)
Arsenic (As)
Barium (Ba)
Boron (B)
Cadmium (Cd)
Chloride (CI)
Chromium (Hexavalent - Cr+^)
Cobalt (Co)
Color
Copper (Cu)
Fluoride (F)
Iron (Fe)
Lead (Pb)
Manganese (Mn)
Mercury (Hg)
Nickel (Ni)
Nitrate (NOg)
PH
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
Turbidity
Selenium (Se)
Silver (Ag)
Specific Conductance
Sulfate (SO4)
Zinc (Zn)
All of the above conducted by the
Water Supply Programs Division's
Laboratories at Cincinnati, Ohio
and Narragansett, Rhode Island
Semi-Public and Private Water Supplies
Barium (Ba)
Cadmium (Cd)
Chromium (Hexavalant - Cr+^)
Cobalt (Co)
Copper (Cu)
Fluoride (F)
Iron (Fe)
Lead (Pb)
Manganese (Mn)
Mercury (Hg)
Nickel (Ni)
Silver (Ag)
Specific Conductance*
Zinc (Zn)
Conducted by Water Supply Programs
Division's Laboratories at Cincinnati,
Ohio and Narragansett, Rhode Island
* TDS concentrations were estimated
from specific conductance values
pH
Sulfate (SO4)
Temperature
Conducted in field using Hach Direct
Reading Engineers' Laboratory, Hach
Chemical Co., Ames, Iowa
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29
The source of each supply was evaluated as to its quantity, chemical
quality and whether it was being properly protected.
The treatment being provided was judged on the adequacy of the faci-
lities, including standby equipment, as well as their operation and main-
tenance .
The distribution system was rated on the basis of the available
storage, system pressure, and chlorine residual. Finished water storage
was judged adequate if elevated or non-pumped storage equaled or exceeded
the average daily demand. A system pressure of at least twenty pounds
per square inch was considered adequate for purposes of the study. The
chlorine residual was considered satisfactory when a detectable residual
was maintained in all parts of the distribution system. This determina-
tion was based on records maintained by the operator and field tests con-
ducted during the study using the orthotolidine method.
Quality control was evaluated by reviewing the records maintained
by the operator and the bacteriological quality of the supply.
The systems were rated in each of the ten categories shown in Table 5.
A risk factor, ranging from 0 to 10, reflecting the number of facility
deficiencies found, then was assigned to each system. Zero deficiencies
(risk factor = 0) indicates least or little risk, while ten deficiencies
(risk factor = 10) indicates most or high risk.
The semi-public and individual supplies were rated on the basis of
the sanitary surveys conducted during the field visits using the Manual
of Individual Water Supply Systems^ and the Wyoming State Engineer's
Minimum Well Construction Standards as guides. The survey form used is
included in Appendix E.
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30
Water Supply Program Evaluation
The Water Supply Program was evaluated on each of the following:
1. Surveillance of Public Water Supplies - Bacteriological surveil-
lance was considered adequate if,
a. the number of samples examined per month for each supply
during 1971 met the minimum number specified by the Drinking
Water Standards.
b. the results were reviewed and the necessary follow-up per-
formed routinely.
For the purposes of this study, chemical surveillance was considered
satisfactory if a chemical analysis, including all constituents listed
in the Drinking Water Standards, had been performed on surface water
supplies within the previous year and on groundwater supplies within
the previous three years. The adequacy of facilities surveillance was
based on the number of supplies which had been visited by an engineer
from Sanitary Engineering Services during the previous year. One formal
inspection for each supply, including a prepared report, was used as the
minimum requirement for this study.
2. Surveillance of semi-public and private water supplies - This
evaluation was based primarily on the conditions encountered during the
field surveys. The adequacy and responsiveness of the Program to the
problems found was the major area of consideration.
3. Legislative authority - The existing legislative authority of
the Program was reviewed to determine if it has sufficient policy and
regulation-setting power in order to conduct properly its activities and
protect the public health.
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A. Regulations and policy - The Program's existing regulations and
policy were reviewed to determine if they were adequate and reflected
current water supply practices.
5. Laboratory support - A survey of the bacteriological and chemical
laboratories was conducted to determine the capability of each laboratory
to provide adequate support to the Program. Their procedures were evaluated
also for compliance with the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water
and Wastewater, (hereinafter referred to as Standard Methods).
6. Budget and staffing - Based on the findings in the above catego-
ries, budget and manpower requirements were calculated and compared with
those of the current Program.
7. Other factors such as the level and adequacy of operator training
and certification, amount of emphasis being placed on fluoridation and
cross-connection control programs, coordination with and technical assist-
ance given to other agencies concerned with water supply, and the status
of water supplies on the national parks were evaluated during the study.
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STUDY FINDINGS
Public Water Supplies
Bacteriological Quality
A review of the State Health Department records (see Appendix B)
revealed that 35 (33%) of the 107 public water supplies failed to meet
the bacteriological quality limits of the Drinking Water Standards for
one or more months during 1971. These systems were serving approximately
32,500 people (almost ten percent of the State's population) with poten-
tially contaminated water containing disease-producing organisms. Signi-
ficantly, 17 of these systems were not providing any form of disinfection.
Intensifying the problem is the fact that many supplies either are not
submitting the proper number of bacteriological samples each month for test-
ing or are not submitting any samples at all. For example during 1971,
34% of the 107 public water supplies did not submit the required number
of samples for two or more months. In addition, 11 of the 23 supplies
studied were not submitting any routine samples to the State for bacterio-
logical analysis (Appendix C). Six of these supplies, serving 420 people
and providing no disinfection, did not mefet the bacteriological quality
limits of the Drinking Water Standards based on field testing.
Chemical Quality
The only comprehensive chemical data available for public water
supplies, was from testing in 1962. The only constituents reported were
total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, alkalinity, sulfates, iron
and fluorides. Of the 76 supplies tested, 45% exceeded the recommended
limits of the Drinking Water Standards for TDS and sulfates. Such a
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34
partial analysis does not provide any information as to the. concentra-
tions of trace elements which can cause adverse health effects.
The chemical tests shown in Table 3 were made for the 23 public
supplies studied. Table 4 indicates those supplies which failed to
meet the chemical limits of the Drinking Water Standards. Eight of
these supplies (35%) did not meet recommended and two supplies (9%)
did not meet mandatory limits. The possible effects of these chemical
constituents are:
Recommended Limits - When these limits are not met, more suitable sources
of water supply should be considered.
1. Total Dissolved Solids and Sulfates - Taste and laxative effect. The
laxative effect is more pronounced in newcomers because one becomes
acclimated to such waters in a relatively short time.
2. Iron and manganese - Imparts stains to laundered goods and plumbing
fixtures. Impairs the taste of beverages, including tea and coffee.
3. Arsenic - Toxic to man and can accumulate in the body. Alternate
source of supply should be considered. Under no circumstances should
the mandatory limit be exceeded.
Mandatory Limits - When these limits are not met, the water supply should
be rejected.
1. Selenium - Can cause disturbances in human physiologic functions at
very low levels.
These results point out the importance of doing more complete analyses
of water supplies in order to detect any potential health problems.
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Table 4
Chemical Standards Hot Met By Public Water Supplies
RECOMMENDED
MANDATORY
PUBLIC
WATER SUPPLY
Constituent
Concentration,
mg/1 a
DWS,I>
mg/1
Constituent
Concenration,
mg/1
DVS,b
mg/1
CAMPBELL COUNTY:
Gillette
c
TDS
Sulfate
Manganese
1800
915
0.14
500
250
0.05
Sunburst Utility
TDS
Iron
700
1.2
500
0.3
Wyodak
Iron
0.4
0.3
LINCOLN COUNTY^
Fairview Pipeline
Iron
0.4
0.3
Kemmerer
Manganese
0.12
0.05
CAMPBELL COUNTY:
Casper
Arsenic
0.02
0.01
0.05
Mills
TDS
Manganese
Sulfate
1000
0.12
525
500
0.05
250
Selenium
0.03
0.01
Paradise Valley
North Well d
TDS
Sulfate
2230
1270
500
250
Selenium
0.13
0.01
West Well
TDS
Sulfate
1270
520
500
250
Selenium
0.02
0.01
Total Population Affected:
52,540
3,230
a - Milligrams per liter
^ - Drinking Hater Standards
c - Total Dissolved Solids
d
- This well taken out of service on reconnendations of State Health Department and Casper-Natrona County
Health Department
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36
Facilities Appraisal
A summary of the facilities appraisal information from the field
surveys is presented in Table 5. Each system was rated in ten different
categories. The "risk factor" is the sum of the deficiencies for each
system (that is, a "risk factor" of 5 indicates 5 deficiencies). The
factors ranged from 2 to 9 with an average of 5.8 showing that problems
exist, especially with the smaller supplies which had the highest "risk
factors". For example, the communities serving a population less than
1,000 had an average "risk factor" of 6.4, while those serving more
than 1,000 people averaged 4.5. Casper, the largest community studied,
had a risk factor of 2. Although serving only a small percentage of the
public, these results indicate that the small systems pose the greatest
public health risk which becomes more significant considering the large
tourist use of these systems.
The 12 pipeline companies had an average "risk factor" of 6.5, whereas
the other 11 systems had an average of 5.1. Probably this was due to
the fact that the pipeline companies were receiving no surveillance from
the State Health Department, therefore they had more deficiencies. How-
ever, the difference was not that significant, indicating that more effec-
tive surveillance and enforcement is needed for all public water supplies
to insure the protection of public health. This was shown further by a
review of State Health Department records which revealed that the vast
majority of Wyoming s public water supplies would have a "risk factor" of
between 5 and 6.
The major deficiency found was the systems were either not providing
disinfection (chlorination), or not disinfecting to the extent that a detec-
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37
Table 5
Public Water Supplies Facilities Appraisal
Public Water
Source
Treatment
Distribution
Qualit
y Control
Supply
Quality
Quantity
Protection
Facilities
0&M
Storage
Pressure
Disinfection
Records
Bact.
Quality
Risk
Factor
Campbell County
1, Gillette
X
X
X
X**
X
5
2. Sunburst Utility
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X-N
X
9
3. Wyodak
X
X-N
2
Lincoln County
4. Afton
X
X
X
X-N
X
5
5. Bedford*
X
X
X
X
X-N
X
X
7
6. Cokeville
X
X
X
X
X**
X
6
7. Etna*
X
X
X
X-N
X
X
5
8. Fairview*
X
X
X
X
X-N
X
7
9, Freedom*
X
X
X
X
X
X-N
X
8
10. Green Canyon*
X
X
X
X**
X
X
6
11. Grover*
X
X
X
X
X
X-N
X
X
7
12. Kemmerer
X
X
X
X
X**
X
6
13. Osmond*
X
X
X
X-N
X
A
14. Rainbow*
X
X
X
X
X-N
X
6
15. Reeves*
X
X
X
X
X
X-N
X
X
8
16. Smoot*
X
X
X
X
X
X-N
X
X
8
17. Smoot Farmers*
X
X
X
X-N
X
5
18. Thayne
X
X
X
X
X
X-N
X
7
19. Willow Creek*
X
X
X
X
X
X-N
X
X
7
Natrona County
20. Casper
X
x**
2
21. Evansville
X
X
X
X-N
X
X
6
22. Mills
X
X
X
X**
X
5
23. Paradise Valley
X
X
X
3
No. "X" s
X
4
nx
12
six
16
70X
21
91*
19
831
10
441
3
132
22
961
19
832
10
44*
Ave. ¦
5.8
X ¦ Deficiency m Operation & Maintenance
X-N - Do not provide disinfection
X** ¦ Provide disinfection but do not maintain a chlorine residual throughout the distribution system
Risk Factor * Number of deficiencies
* - Pipeline companies
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38
table chlorine residual was present throughout the system. Such a resi-
dual is necessary to provide a margin of safety in the event contamina-
tion enters the distribution system after the water has been treated.
Seventy percent of the systems studied were not providing proper
protection for their water sources, which further illustrates the need
for better disinfection procedures. Poor source protection and disinfec-
tion practices are reflected also by the fact that 44% of the 23 systems
failed to meet the bacteriological quality standards.
Eighty-three percent of the systems needed improvements in the opera-
tion and maintenance of their facilities and in keeping of quality
control records.
Operator Competence
Proper operation and maintenance is essential in order to have a safe
and reliable water supply system. Unfortunately, most people (including
city officials) think that all an operator has to learn is how to start
the pump and repair leaky pipes. However, a good operator should have a
much broader background, including knowledge of disinfection (and its
importance), as well as elementary water chemistry and microbiology.
Of the 23 public supplies surveyed, only seven had full time opera-
tors. The remaining supplies (pipeline companies and other small systems)
had no one responsible for the water supply even on a part-time basis.
Generally, these systems had the most deficiencies, as noted in the previous
section. This is a universal problem with small supplies since they cannot
afford to hire a full or even part-time water system operator. Generally,
the mayor, town clerk, or policeman looks after the system, resulting in a
very low level of maintenance and quality control. This same situation occurs
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39
when a small town has one man in charge of the streets, sewage disposal,
water supply and garbage disposal.
All of the operators interviewed were conscientious and interested
in doing the best job possible. However, only one of them had any formal
training concerning the operation and maintenance of a water supply system
or a cursory knowledge of basic water chemistry or microbiology. All but
three of the operators regarded disinfection as an unnecessary nuisance,
and only four maintained any form of records. All this points to an
obvious need for training. At the time of this survey, the State was
initiating a training program which is discussed in more detail later.
Fluoridation
Many years of medical and dental research have shown fluoridation
to be a safe and beneficial practice. The proper addition of fluorides
to a water supply can reduce the incidence of tooth decay in children by
as much as 65%. In order for the maximum benefits to be realized, the
fluoridation equipment must be well operated and maintained.
The six Wyoming communities which fluoridate their water supplies
(Laramie, Rawlins, Saratoga, Sinclair, Thermopolis, and Worland) were
surveyed to assess their fluoridation practices. These communities serve
approximately 43,300 people. The findings are presented in Appendix F
and summarized below.
The actual level of fluoride in the distribution system is the single
most important factor in evaluating the adequacy of a community water-fluori-
dation effort as well as the benefits which will be received. Of the six
supplies, only two had a fluoride content within the 1.0 - 1.2 milligrams
per liter (mg/1) range recommended by the State. The other four installa-
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AO
tions were underfeeding, thereby significantly reducing the benefits of
fluoridation. Only two of the facilities were checking fluoride concen-
trations in the finished water on a daily basis, and none of them were
doing any raw water analysis. One operator did not check the fluoride
levels at all, and another was not using testing procedures approved by
Standard Methods.
Fluoride feed equipment and facilities which control the amount of
fluoride added were adequate only at two of the installations surveyed.
Feeding arrangements were judged inadequate at three of the plants, and
maintenance was unsatisfactory at one plant. Storage arrangements and
safety precautions for handling fluoride compounds were inadequate at
two of the facilities.
A trained operator with a genuine interest in feeding fluorides is
essential to the satisfactory operation of a fluoridation installation.
Generally, the plants visited appeared to be under the control of an opera-
tor who understood the equipment and how to adjust or control the feeding
mechanises. However two of the operators did not favor feeding fluorides
to public water systems. One operator shut down his fluoridation equipment
during the summer to save on chemicals.
In summary, fluoridation in Wyoming is unsatisfactory. The communi-
ties are not receiving the benefits for which they are paying and which
properly managed fluoridation can achieve.
Semi-Public Water Supplies
Wyoming s estimated 600 semi-public water supplies serve a major por-
tion of the more than six million tourists and residents who travel in
the State each year. The State Health Department further estimates that
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41
seventy new semi-public supplies are being added each year. However,
very little is known about the adequacy or quality of these supplies.
During the study, 13 semi-public systems, serving about 18,900 people annually
were surveyed. The findings are summarized in Table 6.
Bacteriological Quality
Four of the supplies (31%) failed to meet the bacteriological quality
limits of the Drinking Water Standards. The State Health Department found
that approximately 30% of the 350 semi-public supplies sampled during 1971
also failed the bacteriological standards. These results indicate that a
significant percentage of the travelers in Wyoming are being served poten-
tially contaminated water.
Chemical Quality
All of the 13 supplies tested met the mandatory limits of the Drinking
Water Standards, but six (46%) of the supplies failed to meet one or more
of the recommended standards. As with the public supplies, the standards
not met were for total dissolved solids (TDS), sulfates, iron and manga-
nese. Therefore, no public health problems were involved. The high TDS
and sulfate levels probably do cause some gastrointestinal discomfort to
many of the tourists who are not accustomed to the water.
Facilities Appraisal
The field surveys revealed that the general condition of the semi-
public supplies studied was poor. Ten of the supplies had little or no
sanitary protection, meaning that contamination could enter at any time,
veral] 5 Sygterogj serving an estimated 14,300 people annually,
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Table 6
Semi-Public Water Supplies
POPULATION
SERVED
SOURCE
TREi
VTMENT
SURVEILLANCE
QUALITY
RATING
Estimated
Adequate
Type
Sanitary
Disin-
Additional
Health Agency
Bacterio-
Chemical
SUPPLY
Annual
Population
Quantity
Protection
fection
Treatment
Visit in Last
Tvo Years
logical
Results *
Campbell County:
Yes
No
No
No
R
u
Diamond Trailer Court
400
No
Well
0
Carson Trailer Court
600
Yes
Well
No
No
No
No
0
R
u
Provost Trailer Court
100
Yes
Well
No
No
No
No
4
R
u
Lakeside Motel &
1600
Yes
Well
Yes
No
No
No
0
OK
S
Trailer Court
Lincoln County:
Reese's Supper Club
1000
Yes
Well
No
No
WS
Yes
0
R
u
K. 0. A.
3000
Yes
Well
Yes
No
No
Yes
0
OK
s
Alpine Lodge
3600
No
Well
No
No
No
No
0
OK
u
Silver Stream Lodge
6000
Yes
Well
No
No
No
Yes
0
OK
u
Gardner Campgrounds
600
Yes
Spring
No
No
No
No
4
OK
u
Wa-Hoo Campgrounds
700
No
Wells (2)
No
No
No
No
0
ok
u
Natrona County:
R
Boy Scouts
200
No
Well
No
No
No
Yes
4
u
Short*s Trailer Court
100
Yes
Well
No
No
No
Yes
0
0K
u
Rim Rock Bar
1000
Yes
Cistern
No
No
WS
Yes
4
0K
u
* - Collfona Colonies per 100 milliliters
R - Failing one or more of the recommended standards of the 1962 U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards (see Appendix D)
U - Unsatisfactory
S - Satisfactory
WS - Water Softener
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43
were given unsatisfactory ratings due to the deficiencies found. This
illustrates the need for routine surveillance and bacteriological monitor-
ing of all the semi-public supplies in order to assure safe drinking water
for the traveling public.
Private Water Supplies
Approximately 86,000 Wyoming residents depend on private water supplies;
but there is little information concerning the condition of these supplies.
Evaluations were made of 127 private supplies during the study to determine
if problems exist. The detailed results are presented in Appendix G.
Bacteriological Quality
As shown by Figure 3, bacteriological contamination of the private
water supplies is a problem in Wyoming. Of the 127 supplies studied, 28%
failed the bacteriological limits of the Drinking Water Standards.
It is interesting to note that Natrona County showed a much lower per-
centage of contamination than the other two counties. Based on the shallow
nature of the wells in this county, the percentage should have been as
great, if not greater, than the other counties. However, Natrona County
has an active local health department which oversees the construction of
new wells and septic tanks. The other two counties are served by district
sanitarians of the State Health Department; however, they are responsible
for ten other counties resulting in a limited effort in any one area.
Chemical Quality
Sixty-five percent of the private supplies tested (see Figure 4),
did not meet one or more of the recommended limits sat by the Drinking
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44
Figure 3
100
90
Bacteriological Quality
of
Private Water Supplies Studied
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
43%
28%
Cauipbell
County
Lincoln
County
Natrona
County
Total
-
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Figure 4
Chemical Quality
of
Private Water Supplies Studied
100
Campbell Lincoln Natrona Total
County County County
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46
vJater Standards for the constituents tested (see Table 3). As was the
case with the public and semi-public supplies, the exceeded standards
were for total dissolved solids (TDS), sulfates, iron and manganese.
A total of nine supplies (7%) failed to meet one of the mandatory
standards. In seven cases, the standard not met was for fluoride, with
concentrations ranging from 2.3 to 6.0 mg/1. The dental health benefit
of the optimum fluoride amount has been well documented; however, exces-
sive fluoride can cause mottling of teeth, especially vrith children.
Facilities Appraisal
The construction and sanitary protection of the private water supplies
was inadequate in all three counties. Deficiencies threatening the safety
of the source were found in every supply surveyed. None of the 113 wells
inspected met Wyoming's Minimum Water Well Construction Standards.
The factors contributing to the high incidence of bacterial contamina-
tion were evident. Of the 27 wells which failed the bacteriological limits
26 did not have a formation seal around the casing, and 16 did not have a
sanitary well seal or cover on top of the casing. None of the six unsafe
spring sources were protected by adequate fencing to exclude livestock and
wildlife, or drainage ditches to divert surface runoff. Such protective
measures are essential to insure safe and reliable water supplies.
The potential for more widespread contamination is present since none
of the supplies surveyed were protected adequately, as indicated by the
following results:
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47
1. Of the 113 well supplies surveyed —
a. 94% lacked cement grout seals of any kind,
b. 45% did not have sanitary well seals,
c. 52% had poorly constructed well pits, increasing the possi-
bility of contamination.
2. Of the 12 spring supplies surveyed —
a. 100% were constructed poorly and developed inadequately,
b. 75% lacked surface drainage ditches,
c. 83% were not surrounded by adequate fencing.
Although no evidence of bacterial contamination was found in many of
the supplies, it can enter an unprotected source at any time. The results
can be tragic. During the last ten years, 73% of recorded waterborne out-
breaks in the United States were due to contaminated private water supplies.
A definite need exists for more activity in the private water supply
field. The general public knows very little of proper source protection
and sanitation. Unfortunately, neither do many water well contractors as
evidenced by the poor construction found during the study.
The establishment of more local health departments and some means of
enforcing the Minimum Water Well Construction Standards would be major im-
provements .
Water Supply Program Evaluation
The preceding sections have presented the study findings related to
the general condition of water supplies in Wyoming and the problems which
were found. In order to determine if the State's Water Supply Program was
meeting adequately or was capable of meeting the needs and problems, an in-
depth evaluation was conducted of the Program.
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48
History of the Water Supply Program
The first water supply activity at the State level started in 1911
by the Board of Health and its various county health officers. During
1917 and 1918, the United States Public Health Service provided a doctor
and engineer to work in water supply due to numerous disease outbreaks
occurring as a result of troop mobilization and migration of people.
However, a specific Division of Sanitary Engineering, comprised of one
engineer and a stenographer, was not established until 1936. An inven-
tory of the seventy-two community water supplies was initiated. During
these early years, most of the improvements were achieved through the
Federal Public Works Administration and Works Progress Adminis^rc.L ion.
A formal public health laboratory was established in 1939 and even though
a bacteriological quality testing program was started, it suffered many
setbacks. Consequently, data related to the sanitary quality of municipal
water supplies are available only from 1950. Presently, all of the State's
water supply activities are being performed under the auspices of the
Wyoming Department of Health and Social Services.
Legal Authority and Responsibilities
Several Wyoming statutes place legal responsibilities concerning public
and semi-public water supplies in the Department of Health and Social Servi-
ces (hereinafter called the Department).—^ These laws are compiled in Appen-
dix H and are summarized below:
35-19. Authorizes Department to inspect public water supplies.
35-23. Empowers the Department to make such rules and regulations needed
2/ The Department replaced the Board of Health on July 1, 1969 and assumed
all of the Board's vested powers, duties and regulatory authority.
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49
to carry out the provisions of the statutes.
35-25. Authorizes Department "to enforce such sanitary standards
for the project Ion of public health as to the quality of
water supplied to the public," and to advise as to the best
methods for purification of water.
35-184. Assigns the Department the responsibility for general over-
sight and care of all waters relating to public water supply
and pollution control.
35-185. Authorizes examination of waters to determine suitability
for domestic use. Also authorizes rules and regulations to
secure the sanitary protection of domestic supplies.
35-187. Directs the Department to consult with and advise cities,
corporations and persons concerning water supplies and
purification. Requires the submission of plans for the
construction of all new water systems or extensions to
existing systems to the Department for review and approval.
Approval is required prior to construction.
35-197 through 200. Requires submission of routine samples to the
Department for bacteriological testing. Defines public
water supply as having ten or more service connections.
Establishes the 1962 U. S. Public Health Service Drinking
Water Standards (bacteriological only) as State standards.
Requires reporting and notification of unsafe conditions.
Policies
The Department has established the following unwritten policies regard-
ing public water supplies:
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50
1. Chlorination of all public water supplies is recommended regard-
less of the purity of the source.
2. Simple chlorination is not considered adequate treatment for
surface waters derived from uncontrolled watersheds, regard-
less of the bacteriological quality.
Standards and Regulations
The Department uses the Drinking Water Standards for judging the
acceptability of sources for domestic water supplies.
Although no detailed construction standards have been developed, the
Department uses the Great Lakes - Upper Mississippi River Board of State
Sanitary Engineers Recommended Standards for Waterworks (Ten State Standards)^
as guidelines. Other standards which have been published by the Department
are:
1. Minimum Standards for Private or Semi-Public Water Supplies.
2. General and Special Standards Governing Mobile Home Parks, Travel
Trailers, Truck Campers and Tenting Units.
3. Minimum Standards Governing Dude Ranches.
4. Minimum Standards for Private Sewage Disposal Systems.
5. Standards Governing Fluoridation of Water.
Those sections that deal specifically with water supplies are included in
Appendix I.
Organization
The organization chart for the Wyoming Department of Health and Social
Services is shown in Figure 5. The responsibility for the Water Supply
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Figure 5
Wyoming Department of Health and Social Services
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52
Program lies within two areas under the Disease Prevention and Environ-
mental Control Section. Sanitary Engineering Services is responsible for
public water supplies and Environmental Surveillance and Control Services
is reponsible for activities related to semi-public and private supplies.
The two local health departments (Casper and Laramie Counties) also parti-
cipate within their areas of jurisdiction.
Sanitary Engineering; Services
Presently, Sanitary Engineering Services is comprised of a director
(sanitary engineer), three public health engineers, a biologist and one
and one-half secretarial positions. It is responsible for public water
supplies, water pollution control and the solid waste program. The central
office from which the entire staff operates, is located in Cheyenne. None
of the engineers are assigned specifically to water supply, pollution con-
trol or solid wastes. Therefore, stafftime is divided between these acti-
vities. The biologist is assigned mainly to solid wastes and river basin
planning. Each of the public health engineers is responsible for a
district within the State (Figure 6). The districts are quite extensive
and require a large amount of travel time. The engineers spend approxi-
mately 50% of their time in the field. The professional staff is dedicated
and well qualified. Of the four engineers (director plus the three staff
engineers) , three hold Master of Science degrees and three are registered
professional engineers.
Nationally, «yomlng ca„ks 39 ^ s£a£es Io ^ ^
of a water <,u.llty agsmcy m8,200) and „ ln the ^ ^ ^ ^
engineers <,*.*»>. Flgure 7 ls . Qf ^ ^ ^
engineers at the starting leve! and top w (PubUc aealch oc SanUary
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53
Figure 6
Districts of Sanitary Engineering Services
STATE OF WYOMING
PREPARED BY THE
WYOMING STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT
PLANNING DIVISION
SCALE
•0 0 -0 to *0 40 M
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54
Figure 7
Annual Salary Comparisons
Fiscal Year 1972
Range - Top Salaries for Staff Engineers
Colorado Montana North
Dakota
South
Dakota
Utah
Wyoming
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55
Engineer III). Wyoming's salary range is somewhat less for a staff engi-
neer than the other states in the region. Wyoming's starting salary is
high since they require a Master's degree, whereas the other states do not.
Sanitary Engineering Services expended a total of $81,000 during
fiscal year 1971 (FY 71)and about $119,000 for fiscal year 1972. A break-
down of the expenditures and man-years of effort by activity is shown in
Table 7. Obviously, public water supply is a low priority item due to
inadequate staffing and budget. Increased activity in water pollution
and solid waste control is resulting in even less emphasis on the water
supply program, as evidenced by the decreasing percentage of budget and
manpower devoted to the program. In 1960 about 1.4 man-years, represent-
ing 70% of the total effort, were being used for public water supply acti-
vities. However, by 1972 this had declined to 0.7 man-years, represent-
ing only 14% of the total effort. This decline has occurred in spite of
the steadily increasing number of public water supplies and surveillance
responsibilities and has resulted in an ineffective program.
The FY 72 budget of $29,000 only amounts to about $270 for supervi-
sion of each of the 107 public water supplies in Wyoming, or about nine
cents per capita. In comparison, approximately three times that amount
was allocated for water pollution control. Contrary to popular belief,
an extensive water pollution control program does not assure that the
public will receive safe drinking water. Water pollution control is
important, but a strong water supply program is just as important and
should receive a comparable level of funding and manpower.
The engineering activities and responsibilities concerning public
water supplies, as outlined in the previously stated regulations are:
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Table 7
Sanitary Engineering Services
Estimated Resources
Fiscal Year 1971 & Fiscal Year 1972 a
Fiscal Year
1971
Fiscal
Year 1972
Activity
Expenditure ^
%
of Total
Man Years
% of Total
Budget k
% of Total
Man Years
% of Total
Water Pollution
Control
54,000
67%
2.5
62%
66,000
58%
3.0
60%
Solid Wastes
8,000
10%
0.6
15%
26,000
23%
1.3
26%
Public Water
Supply 0
19,000
23%
0.9
23%
22,000
19%
0.7
14%
Total
81,000
100%
4.0
100%
114,000
100%
5.0
100%
a - Does not include resources of the Environmental Surveillance and Control Services allocated to semi-public
and private supplies which is discussed on page 64
k - Includes federal program grant funds
c - Laboratory support not included. For public water supply this amounts to about $7000 annually, therefore
the actual totals are: FY 71 = $ 26,000
FY 72 = $ 29,000
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57
1. Engineering inspection of facilities and operation of all public
water supplies.
2. Review of plans and specifications for new construction and modi-
fication of existing systems.
3. Setting rules and regulations to secure the protection of domestic
water supplies.
4. Enforcement of sanitary standards (including the Drinking Water
Standards) to protect quality of water served to the public.
5. Surveillance of the quality of the water being served to the
public.
In addition, other services are performed, including:
1. Training of water plant operators.
2. Assistance to the Environmental Surveillance and Control Services,
and the local health departments for surveillance of semi-public
and individual water supplies.
3. Assistance to other state agencies.
4. Promotion of good water treatment practice, such as the keeping
of adequate operating records, etc.
Sanitary Engineering Services has set a general unwritten policy of
providing a minimum of one inspection and report per year for all public
water supplies. However, staff and budget limitations never have allowed
this policy to be implemented. During 1971, only 9% of the 107 supplies
had a formal inspection (including a report) and only 36X had an informal
visit by an engineer. Twenty-seven percent of the systems have not had an
engineering evaluation since 1967. In addition, the Department estimates
that there may be up to 70 public water supplies which they even do not
have listed, therefore are not under surveillance. Twelve of these supplies
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58
were evaluated during the study and found to have more deficiencies than
the other systems surveyed. Sanitary Engineering Services has not had the
staffing necessary to inventory all the public supplies and maintain an
effective surveillance program.
Well-written reports, outlining the findings and recommendations of
the routine water supply inspections, are essential to obtain desired im-
provements. However, very few reports are prepared (only ten were written
during 1971) by the engineers. Many of the reports which have been pre-
pared were sent back to the communities three to eight months after the
survey, which is not an effective approach to surveillance. A report
should be submitted to the community within a month of the survey, while
the findings and recommendations are still fresh in the minds of the engi-
neer and water plant operator. After the initial inspection, follow-up
surveys are important in order to determine if the operator has understood
and properly implemented the recommendations of the report. Here again,
there is not enough staff-time available for adequate follow-up consulta-
tions and investigations.
Since there are few formal inspections and follow-up surveys, very
little enforcement is accomplished, as indicated by the large number of
supplies which do not provide disinfection and consistently fail the bacterio-
logical quality standards. Where changes are implemented, the engineer might
not return for another year to verify that proper action was taken. Enforce-
ment of the Drinking Water Standards is hampered by the lack of laboratory
facilities and staff to do chemical analyses of water. Generally, it is the
small communities that do not meet the standards or comply with the State's
recommendations as shown by the results of this study.
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59
Surveillance of the quality of water being distributed by the public
systems is limited to bacteriological analyses because of lack of a suit-
able chemical laboratory. All public systems are required to submit samples
for bacteriological analysis each month. Each engineer receives a monthly
computer printout of the bacteriological results for his district. This
is an excellent reporting system which does away with time-consuming book-
keeping procedures. The laboratory also sends reports to the engineers on
unsafe samples on a day-to-day basis. The engineers are then responsible
for following-up on the unsafe results and requesting resamples. Also,
they are responsible for seeing that the systems are submitting the proper
number of samples as required by the Drinking Water Standards. At the end
of each year, a summary of the bacteriological data is reviewed by the
engineers and each Lown is rated safe, unsafe or questionable. The ques-
tionable rating is used when an insufficient number of samples are submit-
ted. During 1971, 35% of the public supplies failed to submit the required
number of samples for two or more months which definitely should not be
allowed to continue. A review of the bacteriological records also revealed
that very little resampling (as required by the Drinking Water Standards)
or investigation was done after the first samples showed contamination;
indicating a need for more thorough follow-up by the engineers. Further
illustrating this need is the fact that of the 35 unsafe supplies in 1971,
15 have been so rated for at least three years. These are small communities
which provide no water treatment and generally have made no attempts to do so.
The importance of routine surveillance of the communities which fluori-
date their water supplies cannot be overstated. Frequent check samples of
fluoride levels in the systems and regular inspections of the fluoridation
installations must be conducted to assure the facilities are operating correctly.
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60
The records reveal that only minimum surveillance actually is being accom-
plished. None of the six fluoridated systems submitted routine check samples
to Sanitary Engineering Services in either 1970 or 1971. Even when an occa-
sional sample was submitted, the results would not be sent back to the com-
munity for three or four months, making them useless. Two of the supplies
had a formal inspection during 1970 and two in 1971. The other two have
not been surveyed since 1968. These systems should be inspected at least
twice a year, especially in view of the deficiencies noted during the study.
Sanitary Engineering Services does not require the public water supplies
to submit periodical operational reports. In fact, most of the supplies do
not maintain adequate records relating to the operation and maintenance of
their systems. Good records are essential to the operation of any water
system. Monthly operation logs (a standard form could be developed easily)
submitted to Sanitary Engineering Services could provide valuable informa-
tion concerning source capacities, treatment and consumption volumes,
operating costs as well as indicating problems with which the supply needs
assistance.
Obviously, more effective surveillance action is needed in order to
help the communities improve the condition, operation and maintenance of
their water supplies. More formal inspections, as well as follow-up work
on inspection and bacteriological reports are needed to isolate and correct
the serious deficiencies. The present Water Supply Program simply does
not have the resources to perform these functions adequately.
The study results have shown a great need for an active program for
training waterworks operators. During the past 20 years, the State's opera-
tor-training activities have been limited to co-sponsoring the Rocky Moun-
tain Water and Wastewater Plant Operators School. Since the school is held
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61
in Denver, Colorado, only the larger communities send their operators.
In recognition of the great need for training operators of small public
water supplies, a program was started in 1971 under a contract -with the
consulting firm, Environmental Engineers of Wyoming. A basic fundamen-
tals (water and wastewater) course, providing 18 hours of instruction,
was given at seven different locations throughout the State. A total of
70 operators attended these courses. The goal of this program was to
provide sufficient training so that a voluntary certification program
could be started and examinations for the lowest or "D" level could be
passed. To date, about 64 operators have been certified at the "D"
level. Thirty states have mandatory certification programs which require
the water utilities to have a certified operator. Once the voluntary
program is established in Wyoming, it could be phased into a mandatory
program, with proper legislation, which would insure that capable,
trained personnel would be operating the public water supply facilities.
All public and semi-public supplies are required by law to submit
plans for the construction of new water and wastewater systems as well as
for modifications to existing systems. About 147 sets of plans and speci-
fications were reviewed during 1971. This activity involves detailed calcu-
lations requiring a large amount of time. A concentrated effort is made to
carry out this required activity, often at the sacrifice of other important
functions. Very little inspection of actual construction projects is done.
Sanitary Engineering Services has not established any written rules
or regulations governing public water supplies although they have the power
to do so. In light of the study results, meaningful regulations definitely
are needed and with additional staff-time, could be developed. Standards
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62
have been adopted for fluoridation of public water supplies but are poorly
enforced.
Advisory service to local health departments and other state agencies
regarding water supplies is minimal, except in emergency situations. The
study results indicate more technical assistance is needed badly in the
surveillance of semi-public and private water supplies.
Laboratory Support - Bacteriological
The Public Health Laboratory Services (Disease Prevention and Environ-
mental Control Section) performs all the bacteriological testing for public
water supplies. The laboratory facilities and procedures were evaluated
during the study. The complete report is included in Appendix J. The report
concluded that the laboratory generally met the provisions of the Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, however, the space
provided for water bacteriology was insufficient, especially during peak
periods.
The laboratory examined about 4900 samples from public water supplies
during 1971. No charge is made to either the supplies or Sanitary Engineer-,
ing Services for the analyses. The results are sent to Sanitary Engineering
Services for any necessary action by the engineers.
Laboratory Support - Chemical
The Department of Health and Social Services does not have any capabi-
lity whatsoever to do chemical analysis of drinking water. Therefore, there
is no routine surveillance of the chemical quality of the water being distri-
buted by the public supplies. As indicated by the summary in Appendix B,
only four supplies (before the study) had a complete chemical analysis per-
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63
formed on their water. A partial analysis was conducted on samples from 76
supplies in 1962; however, the only constituents determined were total dis-
solved solids, total hardness, alkalinity, sulfates, iron and fluorides. This
hardly constitutes an adequate analysis since none of the chemicals which
can cause adverse health effects were included. This lack of information
can result in serious problems. For example, the chemical tests performed
during the study revealed that two public supplies had selenium in excess
of the mandatory limit of the Drinking Water Standards. It is quite pos-
sible that similar situations exist in other communities. Surveillance of
the communities fluoridating their water supplies practically is non-exis-
tent due to the lack of proper laboratory facilities, as was discussed
earlier. The engineers must run the fluoride check samples when they have
time and the results do not get back to the communities until after three
or more months.
The Wyoming Department of Agriculture has a very well equipped labora-
tory located on the University of Wyoming campus in Laramie. The laboratory
is under the direction of the State Chemist. This laboratory has the capabi-
lity of doing complete chemical analyses of water and will do so at the re-
quest of Sanitary Engineering Services. Unfortunately, the laboratory has a
tremendous workload due to its primary responsibility to analyze milk, foods,
fertilizers, pesticide formulations, and irrigation waters. In addition, it
does water analysis for the U. S. Geological Survey, State Fish and Game
Commission, and the Atomic Energy Commission. There simply is not enough
time for the laboratory to perform routine chemical analysis of drinking
water. An evaluation of this laboratory and its capabilities is included
in Appendix K.
Environmental Surveillance and Control Services
The primary programs assigned to the Environmental Surveillance and
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64
Control Services are food protection, general sanitation, private and semi-
public water supplies as well as sewage disposal. Others include giving
assistance to the water pollution control program and local health depart-
ments. The major activities are the inspection and review of plans and
specifications for food service establishments, schools, hospitals, nursing
homes, resorts and camping areas.
Presently, the staff consists of a director located in Cheyenne, four
district sanitarians, three sanitarian technicians and three secretarial posi-
tions. The fiscal year 1971 budget was about $115,240. Approximately one man-
year and $10,000 was allocated to semi-public and private water supplies. The
districts covered by the sanitarians, shown by Figure 8, are quite large and
personnel provided is not sufficient to allow an acceptable level of public
health protection,especially in regard to semi-public and private water supplies.
For the most part, very little is known about the actual number of semi-
public supplies or the quality of water they are serving. It is estimated
that there are 600 semi-public supplies currently and that they are increas-
ing at a rate of 60 - 70 supplies each year. The study results indicate
they need much more surveillance. Of the ten semi-public systems surveyed
in the two counties served by district sanitarians (Campbell and Lincoln),
only three had an inspection in the last two years.
The only semi-public supplies required to submit samples for bacterio-
logical testing are those which must have a permit from the Environmental
Surveillance and Control Services in order to operate. This group includes
only restaurants, dude ranches, resorts and mobile home courts. Generally,
only one sample is submitted each year from these supplies which is inade-
quate, considering the number of people served. Many supplies are not sam-
pled unless visited by a district sanitarian u .
v 3 "nuarian which could be only every two or
three years. The State does reauirp fn,,r- „ 1
equire four samples a year from mobile home
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65
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66
courts but this is enforced poorly. Of seven courts surveyed in all three
counties, only one was complying with the requirement. The semi-public
supplies which do not need permits, such as Forest Service campgrounds,
State campgrounds and State roadside parks, rarely if ever, are sampled.
In short, the sanitarians simply have not had the time available to do an
adequate job of routine inspection, especially in light of their numerous
other responsibilities. When the district sanitarians do inspect an estab-
lishment with its own water supply, they do not perform a complete sanitary
survey of the source or system. The reason for this is they do not feel
they have sufficient knowledge of well construction, cross-connections,etc.,
to do an adequate evaluation. Of course, this is where technical assistance
from Sanitary Engineering Services would be valuable. However, as mentioned
previously, the engineers to not have sufficient time to render much techni-
cal assistance except in plan review. The State does not require the sup-
plies to submit samples for chemical analysis; therefore it is reasonable
to assume that none of the 600 semi-public systems have had an adequate
chemical test (including those constituents shown in Table 3) performed.
This means that some of these supplies could be serving water containing
toxic substances.
The study showed that the individual water supplies also need more
attention. Generally, the people interviewed(74 in Lincoln and Campbell
Counties) knew very little about their respective wells or springs. Many
did not know where or how to send water samples for testing or that a
district sanitarian even existed. Only 16% ever had submitted a sample
to the State for bacteriological testing. None of them had a complete
chemical analysis of their water and few ever had a partial analysis.
The bacteriological testing for private and semi---;ublic supplies is
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67
done by the Public Health Laboratory Services in Cheyenne and the district
sanitarians, (using membrane-filter field kits) at no charge. Once again,
chemical analysis is a problem because of the lack of facilities. The
Department of Agriculture Laboratory in Laramie runs a simple chemical
and bacteriological test for $2.00. However, the constituents tested for
(hardness, alkalinity, sulfates, iron and fluorides) do not include any
of the chemicals which can cause serious adverse health effects.
Local Health Departments
Only two of the 23 counties in Wyoming have local health departments
(Figure 8). These are:
1. Casper-Natrona County Health Department - located in Casper with
an environmental health staff consisting of a sanitarian director,
a sanitarian, a sanitarian aide and a secretary.
2. Cheyenne-Laramie County Health Department - Located in Cheyenne
with an environmental health staff consisting of a sanitarian
director, a sanitarian and a secretary.
These two departments have the same responsibilities on the county level
as the district sanitarians have on the state level. The local departments
provide a more comprehensive and effective surveillance program because
they have a much smaller area to cover, which enables them to devote more
time to private and semi-public supplies. This is well illustrated by the
fact that Natrona County had a much lower percentage of contaminated wells
than the other two counties studied, which probably was due to two factors:
1. An intensive surveillance program of private supplies. For example,
of the 53 sources surveyed, 58% had a bacteriological test done
within the past year, as compared with 16% in the other two counties.
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68
2. Rigid enforcement of a septic tank permit system which insures
that the tanks are installed correctly and at a proper distance
from water supplies.
The semi-public supplies are inspected also (including bacteriolo-
gical testing) more frequently than in the counties served by the State's
district sanitarians.
Other Agencies
Wyoming State Engineer - Charged with protecting the State's ground
water resources. To accomplish this, a well permit system was established
in 1969. For wells drilled after December 1, 1969 a permit must be obtained
before construction can begin. Information concerning the depth, diameter,
capacity and log must be submitted after completion. Minimum construction
standards for wells became effective July 1, 1971, and all wells drilled
after that date must meet them. Unfortunately, there are enforcement prob-
lems and as the study results indicate, the standards are not being met.
Wyoming Department of Agriculture (Division of Food and Drugs) - Respon-
sible for surveillance of bottled water producers. Presently, there are
only two such producers in the State and their water meets the applicable
standards.
National Park Service - Responsible for the supervision of the 44 water
supplies within the boundaries of Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks,
Fort Laramie National Historic Site, Bighorn Canyon Recreation Area and
Devil's Tower National Monument. A listing of these supplies is included
in Appendix L. Host of them are disinfected and rated as satisfactory.
Environmental Protection Agency - Under the Federal Interstate Quaran-
tine Regulations, the EPA must survey and classify those water supplies pro-
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69
viding water to interstate carriers. This program consists of a joint
EPA-State survey every three years and a State survey during the inter-
vening years. A supply is classified as either "Approved", "Provision-
ally Approved" or "Prohibited" based on the adequacy of the supply to pro-
vide water meeting the Drinking Water Standards. Cheyenne and Green
River currently are listed as interstate carrier water supplies and are
rated "Provisionally Approved" for deficiencies present within their
systems.
Farmers Home Administration (FmHA) - Provides loans and grants to
rural communities and water districts (serving less than 5,500 people)
to construct water supply facilities. The FmHA coordinates their projects
with Sanitary Engineering Services and submits all plans for approval.
Indian Health Service (Public Health Service - Department of Health,
Education and Welfare) - Responsible for the construction and surveillance
of water supplies on the Wind River Indian Reservation. Plans are sub-
mitted to the State for approval and the communities submit samples for
bacteriological testing.
Public Health Risk
Since the middle of the nineteenth century, when Dr. John Snow did
his classical study on the transmission of cholera through a water supply,
it has been recognized generally that disease epidemics can, and do,
result from consumption of water containing pathogenic microorganisms.
Diseases most commonly associated with drinking water are cholera, typhoid
fever, dysentery, and infectious hepatitis. Spread of these diseases
occurs most often when body wastes from the infected persons are ingested.
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70
While person-to-person contact is recognized as the common method of
transmission for low incidence levels currently found in this country,
the potential for catastrophic epidemics transmitted by drinking water
supplies which serve thousands of people, remains and demands constant
vigilance.
Human body wastes from infected person(s), when present in inade-
quately treated drinking water, have caused waterborne disease outbreaks
in Wyoming. A total of two outbreaks involving public water supplies and
two involving semi-public or individual systems, have been reported during
the last ten years. Fortunately, none of the outbreaks resulted in a
fatality. In 1961, 17 people contacted infectious hepatitis in the commu-
nity of Meeteetse. Epidemiological evidence indicated that there had been
a back-siphonage of sewage into the water system and that the chlorination
was inadequate. Six residents of a trailer court near Riverton and four
people at Fort Washakie were stricken with infectious hepatitis during the
summer of 1962. Well water contaminated with septic tank effluent was
reported to be the source of disease transmission in both incidents. The
most recent reported waterborne disease outbreak occurred in the summer of
1970 when 150 people at Paradise Valley (near Casper) suffered a severe
salmonellosis attack. An investigation revealed that sewage was conta-
minating the well water and chlorination was not being practised. Signi-
ficantly, 41% of Wyoming's public water supplies are not chlorinated and
33% failed the bacteriological quality standards in 1971. Indications are
that very few, if any, of the semi-public supplies are chlorinating and
the bacteriological quality of this water is unknown, for the most part.
Obviously, a public health risk does exist in Wyoming.
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71
While epidemiological records generally do not show widespread inci-
dence of waterbome disease, this actually may reflect incomplete report-
ing, inaccurate diagnosis and the fact that much enteric illness is not
treated by physicians. This had led some authorities to suggest that
cases of such diseases as gastroenteritis and infectious hepatitis
actually may be as many as 100 times the number reported.
Appendix M presents a tabulation of significant, potentially water-
borne diseases, and a comparison of the number of cases in Wyoming versus
the number occurring nationwide for the past ten years. While Wyoming
has approximately 0.16 percent of the nation's population, it had for
the period 1962 - 1971:
1. 0.05 percent of the total number of reported cases of amebiasis.
2. 0.15 percent of the total number of reported cases of viral
hepatitis.
3. 0.02 percent of the total number of reported cases of salmo-
nellosis .
4. 0.02 percent of the total number of reported cases of shigellosis.
5. 0.41 percent of the total number of reported cases of typhoid
fever.
During the last five years, the average case rate of typhoid fever in
Wyoming was 1.1 per 100,000 population, which is over six times the national
average for the same period.
This data is not intended to imply that all reported cases were water-
borne. It is intended, however, to point out that a portion of these cases,
plus an unknown number of unreported cases, may have been waterborne. In
addition, it is significant to note that body wastes from these diseased
persons pose the constant threat of contaminating public drinking water with
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72
pathogenic microorganisms.
In recent years, concern also has been directed to the possible
chronic diseases which may result from use of water containing certain
elements and chemicals. These potentially dangerous substances include
heavy metals, pesticides and toxic industrial products. Although few
clinical cases are recorded, health agency statistics are limited usually
to communicable diseases and affected individuals may have unrecognized
symptoms. The heavy metals, such as selenium, cadmium, lead, zinc and
arsenic, occur naturally in the earth, therefore they can be present in
water sources. Certainly, it is evident that every water supply serving
the public should have an adequate chemical analysis (including all the
constituents shown in Table 3) performed routinely. Ninety-six percent
of Wyoming's public water supplies never have had an adequate chemical
analysis. The same is true of the semi-public supplies. The State
clearly is not meeting its responsibility to protect the health of its
citizens and visitors.
In essentially all documented cases of waterborne illness, it has
been shown that definite deficiencies existed in the water supply systems
during the time when disease was transmitted. Furthermore, these defi-
ciencies either were unrecognized because of inadequate surveillance for
public health hazards, or were recognized but not remedied due to in-
effective persuasion or enforcement by health officials. Deficiencies
similar to those responsible for epidemics definitely are present in the
water supplies of Wyoming and were found during this study. The requi-
sites for repetition of the tragic waterborne outbreaks of the past, namely
inadequate surveillance of water supplies serving the public and the pre-
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73
sence of diseased individuals, definitely exist in Wyoming. Greater vigi-
lance and concern by Wyoming's health officials, water supplies and citi-
zens alike, is called for in order to minimize public health risks from
drinking water.
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PROGRAM NEEDS
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PROGRAM NEEDS
The previous sections present the study findings and how they relate
to the current status of the Water Supply Program in Wyoming. There is a
definite need for a much stronger Program, especially in terms of surveil-
lance, laboratory capabilities, and operator training.
The importance of a strong Water Supply Program to the health of the
State's citizens and visitors cannot be over-emphasized. As the State
grows and more developments, such as in the Star Valley, are planned, the
Program must have the resources to insure that the water supplies serve
safe and ndiolesome water. This section will discuss what is needed to
give Wyoming an adequate Water Supply Program.
Authority
The Wyoming statutes provide the Department of Health and Social
Services with broad regulatory powers to inspect all public water supplies,
set standards and regulations to protect the quality of water served to
the public, and to issue orders for correction of water system defects
which cause health threats.
The statutes (Section 35-197b) define a public water supply as "any
water supply being distributed by ten or more service connections..."
Although this does allow surveillance of small systems, including semi-
public supplies, a large number of semi-public systems are not covered.
For example, a campground may have only five service connections but
could serve thousands of people each year. Obviously, this type of
system also needs surveillance to prevent public health problems. There-
fore, it is recommended that the definition of a public water supply be
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76
changed to include all systems serving the public.
The Department has the authority to make rules and regulations to
secure protection for public water supplies (Section 35-185) which would
appear that disinfection, and/or other minimum treatment, could be re-
quired on public supplies. Although this is done to some extent in
the plan approval process, such requirements would be much more effective
if they were published as specific regulations outlining minimum accept-
able treatment for general types of water sources. In this manner, the
regulations also would apply to existing supplies. For example, all
public supplies should be disinfected regardless of their water quality,
and all surface sources should receive a minimum of filtration and dis-
infection. If the Department feels that Section 35-185 does not provide
them with such authority, specific legislation is needed.
The authority to set and enforce standards for the protection of
public health as to the quality of water supplied to the public, is
granted by Section 35-25. However the standards must be established by
law. The only ones so established are the bacteriological limits of the
Drinking Water Standards (Section 35-198). In other words, the Depart-
ment cannot enforce any physical or chemical standards, or disapprove a
public water supply based on unsafe chemical quality. An effective
approach to this problem would be to grant the Department, through proper
legislation, the authority to adopt drinking water standards. If this is
not accomplished, the legislature should adopt the latest revision of the
Drinking Water Standards in total.
There are prescribed penalties for violating provisions of the public
health laws, but they are confusing. Violations of authorized standards
and certain regulations can result in fines up to $1000. However, if a
-------
77
Departmental order issued under the provisions of Section 35-198 (to
correct sanitary defects, improve operation or provide necessary treat-
ment to insure safe water) is violated, apparently only a $100 fine can
be assessed. All in all, the penalty provisions, when applied to the
drinking water statutes require a great deal of interpretation and are
inadequate in most cases. The use of penalties is distasteful in public
health work and the Water Supply Program must be conmended for the pro-
gress they have achieved in improving the communities' water supply
practices without the use of force. Unfortunately, there are those
who refuse to Implement the Program's recommendations. Ten communities
have been rated unsafe for the last two years, and four since 1963. Such
cases call for stronger and more effective State action. The use of the
monetary penalties described above is ineffective and time-consuming.
There must be some swift means of enforcement which the Department can
take if an order is not being implemented and public health is being en-
dangered. One method, which is well within the Department's jurisdiction,
would be to have the Environmental Surveillance and Control Services sus-
pend all permits Issued to any food service establishments using those
water supplies in violation. The permits would be reissued once the
supplies were in compliance with the Department's orders. The Department
also could issue public notices outlining the deficiencies of the water
supplies in violation and advising the citizens not to use those supplies
until they are in compliance. These two actions would bring immediate pres-
sure upon the communities to correct the deficiencies in their water supplies
which is clearly In the best Interests of public health.
There la a definite need for the establishment and adoption of a State
plumbing code which would serve as minimum requirements for all communities.
-------
78
The code would control connections to water distribution systems, thereby
providing a basis for eliminating hazardous connections. The lack of a
code makes it impossible for the Department to enforce any form of a cross-
connection control program. Cross connections (any physical arrangement
between two otherwise separate piping systems connecting a source of
contamination with a potable water supply) can occur in any distribution
system and are a leading cause of waterborne disease outbreaks in public
water supplies. Excellent water treatment avails nothing if the distri-
bution system permits entrance of contamination through cross-connections.
For these reasons, an adequate plumbing code and active cross-connection
control program are essential to public health protection.
The voluntary operator certification program should be phased into a
mandatory program by means of proper legislation. This would help assure
that community water supplies are being operated by trained personnel. So
as not to impose hardships on the small communities, a population limit and
time-lag could be established. For example:
a. Municipal supplies serving more than 1500 people must have a certi-
fied operator within two years after passage of the law.
b. Municipal supplies serving 500 to 1500 people must have a certified
operator within four years after passage of the law.
c. Municipal supplies serving less than 500 people, not required to
have a certified operator but encouraged to do so.
In view of the considerable benefits of fluoridation, it is recommended
strongly that Wyoming pass legislation requiring fluoridation of community
water supplies serving more than 500 people. Proper fluoridation techniques
could be incorporated easily into the operator training and certification
program. Once again, a population limit and time-lag could be built into
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79
law to lessen the Impact on the smaller communities.
No specific provision is included in the Act for the promotion and
orderly development of new public water supplies. There seems to be a
proliferation of water companies in certain areas of the State. Such un-
planned development often leads to small, inefficient water systems which
receive inadequate operation and maintenance. This has occurred in the
Star Valley with the many pipeline companies. In order to assure optimum
utilization of the land and water resources, legislation requiring compre-
hensive community planning would be helpful. The community plans would
provide for the orderly expansion and extension of community water supply
8
and sewerage systems in a manner consistent with the needs of each area.
Although the authority granted to the State Engineer to enforce minimum
water well construction standards (Section 41-126) is a step in the right
direction, additional legislation is needed to require licensing asd certi-
fication of drilling contractors. This is the the only effective way of
adequately enforcing the construction standards. Reportedly, such a provi-
sion will be part of a recodified water law to be presented to the next
legislature.
Regulations
Clearly, the Water Supply Program needs to develop and publish specific
regulations dealing with the development, construction, treatment and opera-
tion of public water supplies. The present lack of well-defined regulations
has caused problems for Water Supply Program staff, waterworks officials and
consulting engineers. Specifically, regulations are needed concerning the
following areas:
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80
1. Adoption of the latest revision of the Drinking Water Standards.
This would be contingent upon the legislature granting such
authority to the Department.
2. The proper development and planning of new public water supplies
and modifications to existing supplies. The regulations should
require that waterworks design and/or the preparation of plans
and specifications must be by a professional engineer registered
in Wyoming. A minimum time period when plans and engineering
reports should be submitted before action is desired, should be
set as well as criteria outlining what the engineering report
should contain. For example, the adequacy of the proposed water
supply source, in relation to current and reasonable future de-
mands, should be included.
3. Minimum acceptable treatment for source waters. Disinfection of
all systems and filtration of all surface sources should be required.
4. Raw water quality standards should be developed in order to evaluate
proposed domestic water supply sources. Standards presented in the
Manual for Evaluating Public Drinking Water Supplies ^ are recom-
mended .
5. Minimum design requirements for water treatment and distribution
systems should be developed. For example, acceptable filtration
rates for the various types of media, minimum detention period for
sedimentation, minimum sizes of distribution pipe, storage require-
ments and acceptable coatings for water storage tanks should be
covered. Disinfection requirements are particularly important since
the majority of Wyoming supplies use this as the only means of treat-
ment. Regulations should specify acceptable equipment capacities,
-------
81
minimum contact time, point of application, standby equipment
requirements, detectable free chlorine residual be maintained in
all parts of a distribution system, and the test procedure to be
used for monitoring the chlorine residual. Disinfection of all newly
constructed waterworks, extensions, modifications, or major repairs
should be mandatory. Facilities should be withheld from service
until bacteriological samples indicate that satisfactory disinfec-
tion was achieved.
6. All public water supplies should be required to have a bacteriolo-
gical test, chemical analysis and engineering inspection before
being placed into service.
7. All public water supplies should be required to submit operating
reports on a periodic basis to the Water Supply Program.
8. Require that a legally constituted group be designated responsible
for each public water supply.
9. Minimum well construction standards, concentrating on sanitary
protection, to be used in conjunction with the State Engineer's
requirements, need to be developed for public water supplies.
10. The present "Standards Governing Fluoridation of Water" should be
Incorporated into the Regulations. They are adequate but are not
being enforced. Communities which fluoridate definitely should be
required to submit routine check samples for analysis.
It was recommended earlier that the legislature change the definition
of a public water supply to include all supplies serving the public. If
this is done, the semi-public supplies will be subject to the Regulations
described above. However, if this is not done, the existing Minimum Stan-
9
dards for Private or Semi-Public Water Supplies need to be updated and
-------
82
strengthened. Specific regulations are needed requiring the following
for all semi-public supplies:
1. A complete chemical and bacteriological analysis on any water
source before it is used.
2. An engineering inspection and approval of the facilities before
a water system is put into service.
3. Routine bacteriological sampling and facilities surveillance.
4. Disinfection of all water sources.
5. Fencing of all spring supplies.
Water Supply Program
The findings of this evaluation and planning reports by Sanitary
Engineering Services and the Environmental Surveillance and Control Services
all emphasize that the Wyoming Water Supply Program is not fulfilling its
responsibilities. Due to pressing committments in other environmental
areas, the Water Supply Program has deteriorated steadily. The survey
findings indicate a serious lack of surveillance of public and semi-public
water supplies which has resulted in many sub-standard supplies as well as
potential public health problems. The survey revealed a large percentage
of unprotected sources of supply, deficient treatment facilities, faulty
treatment operation and inadequate cross-connection control.
The water supplies which fluoridate are receiving little surveillance.
Major deficiencies in facilities equipment and operational practices were
found in the systems thought to be providing a dental health benefit.
The operator training effort is just starting and certainly needs to
be expanded. Very few of the operators of the systems surveyed had an ade-
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83
quate knowledge of the treatment processes of which they were In charge
or their importance.
The lack of staff has necessitated compromises from optimum program
practice which has affected the entire program adversely. Not only are
important program activities at times not performed, but due to the lack
of resources much work which is done has become so routine as to be in-
effective. Many engineering inspections are little more than "visits to
the water plant". Inspection reports are rarely written and return inspec-
tions to review compliance with directives are seldom made. Effective
action against unsafe supplies has not been taken. Many small public
supplies and the vast majority of semi-public supplies are not even listed.
In short, the Water Supply Program, as presently conducted, is inadequate
and has created a false sense of security regarding the reliability of
water systems in Wyoming.
The surveillance activities must be upgraded. An obvious need is
for an inventory to be conducted of all public and semi-public supplies.
These supplies should be inspected at least once each year. A written
report should be returned to each supply within a month of the survey. The
supplies which fluoridate or have serious deficiencies should be surveyed
more frequently. Routine samples for chemical analysis and more thorough
follow-up on Insufficient or unsafe bacteriological results, should be
required. More effective action needs to be taken with the supplies being
rated unsafe consistently.
Organization
At one time the Water Supply Program was one of the most important
activities within the Department. During the last ten years, there has
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84
been a steady de-emphasis on the Program as typified by the conditions
outlined in this report. However, the fact that a strong Water Supply Pro-
gram is essential to the health and well-being of every Wyoming resident
and visitor cannot be ignored. In view of this importance, it is recom-
mended highly that a Water Supply Branch be formed within Sanitary Engineer-
ing Services to be responsible for all activities concerning public, semi-
public and private water supplies. In this manner a more responsive and
coordinated effort could be directed toward improving the State's water
supplies.
Personnel Requirements
The primary need of the proposed Water Supply Branch will be suffi-
cient personnel to implement an effective program. Given this, a secondary
need will be to evaluate and redirect existing program activities. The
staffing needs will consist of qualified personnel to carry on the surveil-
lance, planning and technical activities of the Branch plus secretarial
support.
Public Health Service experience indicates that an average of 1.2 man-
days, per public water supply, is needed to make a comprehensive field
survey of facilities and operation. This single visit-time-requirement
does not include making arrangements for the field work or preparation of
written survey reports. Moreover, it does not include the essential follow-
up work with the local officials developing facilities' improvement programs
or activities related to operator training and certification. These are
necessary if the program is to be successful in securing proper facilities
and effective operations. Therefore, it has been estimated that, on the
average, at least four man-days are required for each public water supply
-------
85
for plan reviews, surveys, report preparation, training, etc. * Cross-
connection control activities are excluded from this estimate because
this activity is related primarily to distribution system size.
Indications are that actually there are more public water supplies
than the 107 listed by the State. Twelve additional supplies were loca-
ted during the study and there may be as many as 60 not yet listed. However,
for purposes of estimating personnel requirements a figure of 140 public
water supplies was used.
It was assumed that one man-day per year would be required for each
semi-public supply which also allows time for work with private water
supplies. Although little is known about the actual number of semi-public
supplies, 600 was used fox estimating the personnel requirements. This
figure was based on the number of trailer parks, roadside parks, recrea-
tional areas, dude ranches, resorts and schools with their own water
supplies.
In summary, the following assumptions were used to estimate the person-
nel required for an optimum water supply program for Wyoming:
1. 140 public water supply systems.
2. Four man-days per public water supply per year.
3. Cross-connection control requirements for public water systems
based on the following:^"®
Population Served
10,000 to 99,999
Engineering Time
Man-Days / System / Year
3
1,000 to 9,999
2
Less than 1,000
1
4. 600 semi-public water systems.
5. 1 man-day per semi-public supply per year.
6. 225 man-days equals one man-year.
-------
86
Using these assumptions, the annual personnel requirements are:
1. Public Water Supply:
a. 140 systems x 4 man-days per system equals 560 man-days.
b. Cross-connection Control:
Number of Man Days/ Man-Days/
Population Served Systems System/Year Group/Year
10,000 to 99,999 5 3 15
1,000 to 9,999 29 2 58
Less than 1,000 106 1 106
140 179
2. Semi-Public Water Supply:
a. 600 systems x 1 man-day per system equals 600 man-days.
The total annual personnel requirements for public water supply acti-
vities are 739 man-days or 3.3 professional man-years. The requirements
for the private and semi-public activities are 600 man-days or 2.7 profes-
sional man-years. Therefore, the proposed Water Supply Branch would have
a total of six professional man-years which would triple the present effort
in water supply activities. One position would be used to serve as Chief
of the Water Supply Branch. Three secretarial positions would be needed
also to provide adequate support services. Not all of the professional
positions would have to be engineers. Sanitarians or engineering techni-
cians could be trained for much of the semi-public surveillance and inven-
tory activities.
In order to make the water supply activities more responsive to the
needs of the communities and people, it is recommended that the Water Supply
Branch be decentralized. At least one position should be placed in each of
the district offices (Rock Springs, Worland, Gillette and Torrington) of
-------
87
the Environmental Surveillance and Control Services. This would result
in significant improvement in the quality of service provided to all por-
tions of the State as well as increased ability to respond to emergencies
and problems. Savings on travel-time and expenses could be realized also.
Laboratory Support - Bacteriological
The importance of a strong bacteriological testing program was stressed
by the survey findings. The evaluation of the present laboratory facilities
concluded the procedures being followed complied with Standard Methods. How-
ever, the space devoted to water bacteriology is inadequate and must be used
also for clinical diagnostic examinations. This results in cramped condi-
tions for processing and examining water samples, especially during peak
work-periods.
Reportedly, the Department will have expanded laboratory facilities
in the new State Office Building, presently under construction. Therefore
it is recommended that the water laboratory be separated physically from
the diagnostic laboratory and a suitable working environment be provided.
Increased emphasis on requiring the public and semi-public supplies
to submit the proper number of samples and more strict enforcement of the
well construction standards could result in an additional 3000-4000 bacterio-
logical samples per year. To facilitate the prompt analysis of the samples,
the employment of an additional bacteriologist is recommended.
The laboratory and statistical personnel are to be commended for
their handling of the bacteriological results. The monthly printouts of
the data frees the engineering staff from bookkeeping procedures and pro-
vides them with a valuable surveillance tool.
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88
Laboratory Support - Chemical
For all practical purposes, there is no chemical surveillance of
drinking water quality in Wyoming due to the complete lack of laboratory
facilities and staff. The serious nature of this problem was illustrated
during the survey when two public supplies were iound to exceed the manda-
tory standard for selenium. Other similar situations well could exist
within the State.
The dependence of the Water Supply Program on the State Agriculture
Laboratory at Laramie certainly precludes a comprehensive drinking water
surveillance program. The Agriculture Laboratory is well equipped and
staffed with competent personnel but their priorities and lack of resources
simply do not allow them to give adequate support to the Water Supply Program.
One obvious solution would be to hire additional chemists for the
Agriculture Laboratory since it does have most of the necessary equip-
ment. However, due to the volume of laboratory work that the State Health
Department does have, especially when the water and air pollution control
programs are considered, it is recommended that chemical facilities be pro-
vided in the new State Office Building.
An expenditure of $30,000 to $40,000 probably would be necessary to
equip the laboratory to do complete drinking water analysis. Two chemists
and a secretary would be needed to process and analyze the recommended
number of drinking water samples per year. As mentioned previously, the
laboratory also would be used by other programs needing chemical analyses;
necessitating additional staff. A portion of the cost of operating the
laboratory could be defrayed by charging a set amount for testing the
samples.
-------
89
The chemical analyses should include the constituents listed in the
Drinking Water Standards and any other substances which have health signi-
ficance, such as mercury and pesticides. Samples from drinking water
supplies should be collected and analyzed according to the following sched-
ule unless more frequent analyses are made necessary by the presence of
harmful levels of certain toxic substances:
1. Surface sources (river) - at least twice per year.
2. Surface sources (lake) - at least once per year.
3. Ground sources and springs - at least once every three years.
This means approximately 180 chemical samples should be analyzed
annually in Wyoming.
The chemical data could be processed through the existing computerized
system which is being used for the bacteriological results. This will pro-
vide the engineering staff a periodic summation indicating potential prob-
lems, and will allow them to concentrate immediate remedial action in
those areas.
Local Health Departments
The evaluation indicated that a strong local health department can
be instrumental in improving the private and semi-public systems within
their area of jurisdiction. Since they have a smaller area to cover, the
local staff can provide more surveillance and technical assistance. How-
ever, there are only two such departments in the entire State. Based on
the public health benefits to be gained, the State certainly should be pro-
moting and assisting with the establishment of local health departments.
Since many of the counties are sparsely populated, multi-county units
would be the most logical. These departments could improve the overall
Water Supply Program by:
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90
1. Assisting in maintaining an up-to-date inventory of public, semi-
public, and individual water supplies,
2. Assisting with bacteriological and chemical sampling programs,
3. Providing technical assistance to and surveillance of semi-public
and private supplies,
4. Assisting with special studies,
5. Assisting with the enforcement of the well construction standards,
6. Providing immediate follow-up assistance on water supply problems.
Of course, a certain amount of technical assistance would be required
from the Water Supply Branch's professional staff. However, the Increased
public health activity realized by the additional local health departments
would allow the State personnel to devote more time to technical assistance
and special studies.
Budget Requirements
A staffing chart for the proposed Water Supply Branch is shown by
Figure 9. Personnel costs of the Branch are estimated to be $87,000, based
on current State salary levels and including employer paid benefits. Travel,
space, equipment and supplies could cost as much as $18,000 additonal. These
figures do not include the laboratory staff, since they will not be funded
directly by the Water Supply Branch. However, the calculations for the
cost of analyzing water samples (discussed below) does include salary adjust-
ments .
The Public Health Laboratory Services examined about 8000 bacteriolo-
gical samples during 1971 at an estimated cost of $1.50 per sample. Bacterio-
logical analyses for the proposed program could number as high as 12,000 per
year which would cost $6000 more than is expended currently.
-------
Figure 9
Proposed Staffing Chart
Water Supply Branch
Sanitary Engineering Services
Director
Water Supply Branch
Chief
Rock Springs
Office
1 - Sanitary Engr.
1/2 - Secretary*
~~l
Norland
Office
1 - Sanitary Engr.
1/2 - Secretary*
Central Office
Cheyenne
1 - Sanitary Engr.
1 - Secretary
I
Gillette
Office
1 - Sanitary Engr.
1/2 - Secretary*
I
Torrington
Office
1 - Sanitary Engr.
1/2 - Secretary*
Note: Two of the sanitary engineering positions could be filled with sanitarians.
* Secretaries shared with Environmental Surveillance and Control Services.
Other Related Water Supply Positioas
Public Health Laboratory Services
2 - chemists
1 - bacteriologist
1 - secretary
-------
Table 8 summarizes the estimated budget requirements for the proposed
Water Supply Branch and compares them with the present level of funding.
The proposed budget would more than triple the current expenditures which
is an indication of the inadequacy of the present program.
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93
Table 8
Water Supply Program
Budgets
Estimated Budget of Proposed Water Supply Branch
Personnel
6 professionals and 3 secretaries
Travel, Space, Equipment and Supplies
Indirect Laboratory Costs
12,000 Bacteriological samples
160 Chemical Samples
TOTAL
$ 87,000
18,000
18,000
27,000
$150,000
Estimated Cost of the Current Water Supply Program
Water Supply Activities
Sanitary Engineering Services
Environmental Surveillance and Control
Services
Indirect Laboratory Costs
8000 Bacteriological Samples
No Chemical Samples
$ 22,000
10,000
12,000
0
TOTAL
$ 44,000
-------
REFERENCES CITED
-------
95
REFERENCES CITED
Bureau of Water Hygiene, U. S. Public Health Service
Community Water Supply Study - Analysis of National Survey Findings.
Washington, D. C., Government Printing Office, 1970. Ill p.
U. S. Public Health Service, Drinking Water Standards,
Washington, D. C., Government Printing Office, 1962. 61 p.
U. S. Public Health Service, Manual for Evaluating Public Drinking
Water Supplies. Washington, D. C., Government Printing 0 ce,
1969. 62 p.
U. S. Public Health Service, Manual of Individual Water s"PPty
Systems. Washington, D. C., Government Printing Office, 1962. 118 p
State of Wyoming, Water Well Minimum Construction Standards.
Cheyenne. 1971. 21 p.
American Public Health Association, Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater. 13th ed. New York, 1971. 874 p
Great Lakes - Upper Mississippi River Board of State Sanitary
Engineers. Recommended Standards for Water Works. ew or ,
Health Education Service, 1968. 87 p.
U. S. Public Health Service. Recommended State Legislation and
Regulations. Washington, D. C., Government Printing Office,
1965. 109 p.
State of Wyoming, Department of Public Health. Minimum Standards
for Private and Semi-Public Water Supplies. Cheyenne, 1968. 45 p.
Bureau of Water Hygiene, Environmental Protection Agency.Evaluation
of the Tennessee Water Supply Program. Atlanta, 1971. p.
-------
PARTICIPANTS
-------
97
PARTICIPANTS
The following Environmental Protection Agency personnel and laborato-
ries made a major contribution to the successful completion of this study
Study Director
Albert V. Soukup, Chief, Water Supply Branch
Air and Water Programs Division - Region VIII
Field Evaluation
Keith Boyd, Staff Engineer, Water Supply Division, Washington, D. C.
Curtis Fehn, Staff Engineer, Water Supply Division, Washington, D. C.
Jack W. Hoffbuhr, Water Supply Consultant, Water Supply Branch
Air and Water Programs Division - Region VIII
Thomas Hushower, Fluoridation Engineer, Water Supply Division,
Washington, D. C.
Earl McFarren, Supervisory Chemist, Water Supply Programs,
Cincinnati, Ohio
Harry D. Nash, Microbiologist, Water Supply Programs,
Cincinnati, Ohio
Albert V. Soukup, Chief, Water Supply Branch
Air and Water Programs Division - Reg on
Lynn Wallace, Senior Sanitary Engineer, Categorial Program. Divialon,
Cincinnati, Ohio
Laboratory Support
Fluoride Laboratory, Water Supply Divialon, Waahlngton, D. C.
Water Supply Program laboratory - Cincinnati, Ohio
Water Supply Program, laboratory - Sarraganaett, Rhode Ulend
-------
98
Data Processing - Water Supply Division, Cincinnati, Ohio
Mrs. G. D. Bardo, Statistical Clerk
A. F. Hammonds, Computer Systems Analyst
G. C. Kent, Chief, Water Quality Register Branch
R. L. Manning, Computer Systems Analyst
Report Preparation
Jack W. Hoffbuhr, Water Supply Consultant, Principal Author
Estelle T. Laskowski, Secretary
Albert V. Soukup, Chief, Water Supply Branch
-------
APPENDICES
-------
APPENDIX A
LETTER OF REQUEST
-------
the state
OF WYOMING
101
€m
STATE OFFICE BUILDING CHEYENNE. WYOMING 02OOI
January 27, 1971
Mr. Donald P. Dubois
Regional Representative
Environmental Protection Agency
Water Oua11ty Office
9017 Federal BuiIdlng
Denver, Colorado 80202
Attention Mr. Albert V. Soukup, P.E.
Water Hygiene Representative
Division of Water Hygiene
Dear Mr, Dubois:
This office h.« reviewed the "Report on Surveillance and
Quality of Drinking Water Supplies In New Mexico .
This Department requests that your office make a similar
survey and report on our Water Supply Program. ..
there are several deficiencies In our present program, however,
an evaluation report from an outside agency may be of help in
our efforts to upgrade this program.
Very truly yours,
AEW/cw
Arthur E. Williamson, M.S.,P.E.
Director
Sanitary Engineering Services
ȣOEIVED
WMftSUPPir
-------
APPENDIX B
Wyoming public water supplies
-------
vraam public hathk sdpplixs
SOKFACE SOOBCBS
Bacteriological Suaaary -
1971
Date of lat
Date of Laat
Ssplea
Months
Rhm of Supply
Population
Suiad
*
TrMt*nt
Engineering
Evaluation
Chcalcal
Analysis
Required
Per Month
Insufficient
Saaplea
Hot
Saapled
Failed
Standards
Baala
1145
C.S.F.D
2
0
0
0
Oody
5161
C.S.P.D
10-27-70
¦one
6
J
n
ft
Baytoo
396
S,D
11-24-70
None
2
1
n
n
)uv«r
112
H,»
11-20-68
None
2
0
0
n
BlMMdvUi*
485
UXHIt
E ' S SI
S T K M
Bttoa
72
D
7—1S—71
2
n
n
321
None
6-4-70
Rone
2
A
*
A
IMA
Hone
2
0
1
2
fort Washatrle
300
C,S,F,D
Before 1967
None
2
0
0
9
Frontier
300
D
Before 1967
¦one
2
0
3
n
Bxaaa Unr
4196
c.s.f.d
12-8-70
12-8-70
5
1
0
0
460
D
S-S-70
o
o
A
n
Vwstif
272
S-F.D
4-11-M
2
0
n
9
Kaawrer
2292
D
5-23-68
1
n
A
Lcrvell
2371
C.S.F.D.W
10-29-70
¦one
3
0
0
0
liMMCtSM
459
D
9-26-68
Hone
2
2
1
0
Pinedale
948
D
4-7-71
Bone
2
0
1
0
laacheater
208
11-24-70
¦one
2
0
0
0
lock Elver
344
D
11-7-67
¦one
2
0
2
1
-------
VT0H1HG PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES
SUBFACE SOURCES
Bacteriological Suaaary -
1971
Date of Laat
Date of Last
Staples
Months
ftaae of Supply
Population
Served
*
Tnatwnt
Engineering
Evaluation
Cheaical
Analysis
Required
Per Month
Insufficient
Saaples
Hot
Saapled
Failed
Standards
lock Serins*
11-657
ireen River
SmU"
12-11-«7
"
1
n
n
Saratoga
1.181
:.s.f.d
2-21-68
7
n
ft
ft
Mwrlii
10.856
I.S.F.D
9-24-70
19-10-AR
12
4
0
0
Sinclair
445
# ,S |F
6-3-70
Hone
2
0
0
P
Teton Village
100
lona
7-23-70
¦one
2
0
1
2
Ifcexaopoll*
3,063
C.S.P.B.V
9-9-70
Bone
3
0
0
0
norland
5,055
C.S.F.D
3-15-68
Hone
6
3
0
1
* Treataen
t Kay
A " Aeration
C - Coagulation
D " Disinfection
F ¦ Filtration
1 - Iron Reaoval
M » Microatralner
S - Sediaentatlon
W - Vatar Softening
o
-------
VYOKIBG PUBLIC MATES. SUPPLIES
CKXHD HATE* SOURCES
Bacteriological Summary -
1971
Data of Luc
Dace of Lace
Staples
Months
Urnrn of Supply
Population
Strwd
Treatment*
Engineering
Evaluation
Chemical
Analysis
Required
Per Month
Insufficient
Samples
Not
Sampled
Palled
Standards
ACM
lOO
1A-4-M
Bone
2
1
0
0
Af ton
1550
Wnn. 10A7
¦one
2
0
0
o
Alhin
118
5-25-70
Bone
2
0
0
1
•an*
146
D
10-24-68
¦one
2
1
1
2
Bairoil
350
¦one
Before 1967
Bone
2
0
0
1
Pipeline CaapAqr
225
¦on*
Before 1967
Bone
2
0
1
0
Bl£ PllMT
570
Hon*
4-6-71
Hone
2
0
0
0
Bxevnie Hater Co
70
?
1
n
n
taw
185
D
11-25-68
¦bm
2
(1
i
i
lllHU
M7
D
4-7-69
Hone
2
3
n
0
OUMt
34.AOO
D
Before 1967
3-69
50
9
o
0
(t—tit
187
Bona
6-4-70
¦one
2
0
n
0
ClMn»Bt
147
Bom
6-27-69
¦one
2
0
0
0
Cokeville
440
D
10-14-70
¦one
2
0
i
1
enrUjr
366
D
Before 1967
¦ona
2
0
s
1
Dubois
898
Nona
6-20-69
¦one
2
0
0
0
Cdfeerton
350
bomb
7-17-70
Bone
2
0
1
0
Elk Mmwitein
127
A.D
3-11-71
¦one
2
0
0
1
fort Laramie
197
Hone
6-29-70
Hone
2
0
0
1
-------
WYOKLHG FOBLXC HATER SUPPLIES
CR0OHD HATER SOURCES
|
Bacterloloslcal Suaaary -
1971
Date of Last I
Date of Last
Smples
Months
•« of Supply
Population
Served
*
ITreataent
Engineering
Evaluation
Chealcal
Analysis
Required
Per Month
Insufficient
Samles
Hot
Saapled !
Failed
Standards
Fraaol*
139
D
11-20-68
Hone
2
l
4
0
Gillette
7.194
D
12-4-68
Hone
8
0
0
0
Glendo
210
Rone
9-19-68
Hone
2
0
11
0
Clenrock
1,515
0
7-3-70
Hone
2
0
0
0
Granger
137
D
Before 1967
Hone
2
l
0
0
Greybull
1,953
D
8-18-68
Hone
2
a
1
0
Guernsey
793
D
9-18-68
Hone
2
a
0
0 .
Hartville
246
D
Before 1967
Hone
2
0
0
0
Hudson
381
D
Before 1967
Hone
2
o
0
1
Bulett
318
Hone
9-4-70
Bone
2
0
4
0
Hyattville
120
D
4-3-70
Hone
2
l
1
0
Jackson
2,101
D
1-20-71
Hone
2
0
2
0
Jade Hills
50
D
1-7-70
Hone
2
0
2
0
Jeffrey City
700
None
6-18-69
None
2
1
1
4
Klrby
75
D
12-20-68
Hone
2
1
0
1
Lance Creek
175
D
10-20-70
None
2
0
1
0
Llngle
446
Hone
5-26-70
None
2
0
0
1
Lusk
1,445
None
5-27-70
None
2
0
0
0
Lyman
643
D
Before 1967
None
2
1
0
3
-------
WTOKDK PUBLIC HATER SUPPLIES
CBOOHD HATER SOURCES
Bacteriological Si—1111 -
1971
Date of Last
Date of Last
Saaples
Months
ll>n of SuspIt
Population
Served
*
Tnatsent
Engineering
Evaluation
Hi—leal
Analysis
Required
Per Month
Insufficient
SsMples
Hot
Sanpled
Palled
Standards
Mandaraon
117
T»
B-7-68
Hone
2
0
0
Maxnrllla
p->
7-31-M
Hone
2
0
0
0
McFaddsa
i«
5-27-70
Hone
2
2
1
0
Med1etna Bow
¦afore 1967
Hone
2
0
1
1
Hidvale
AO
Mm*
Before 1967
Hone
2
1
0
0
Mills
1.724
D
11-7-68
Hone
2
0
0
0
Mo orcroft
981
ynn.
7-29-70
Hone
2
0
3
0
Mountain View
2.000
CASPER
H A T B R
Itv Castle
3.432
'one
5-28-70
Hone
2
0
0
0
north End
Water Basra
80
> ne
Before 1967
Hone
2
1
2
0
Borth Platte
Watar District
200
v A S P E R
WATER
Orchard Valley
1,449
¦one
Before 1967
Hone
2
0
0
1
Ossgs
350
Hone
6-30-70
Hone
2-
0
0
0
Paradise Valley
1,500
0
Before 1967
Hone
2
0
0
0
Pavllllon
181
None
7-16-70
Hone
2
1
1
1
Pine Bluffs
937
Hone
1-27-71
Hone
2
10
0
0
Powell
4,807
D
Before 1967
Hone
6
0
0
0
Had Buttes
80
Hone
1-7-70
Hone
2
0
0
0
Reliance
300
Hone
10-20-71
Hone
2
0
2
0
-------
WYOMING PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES
GROUND WATER SOURCES
Raae of Supply
Population
Served
*
Treatment
Date of Last
Engineering
Evaluation
Bacteriological Soury - 1971
Date of Last
Cheaical
Analysis
Saaples
Months
Required
Per Month
Insufficient
Saaples
Not
Sampled
Failed
Standards
RJverton
7.995
Hone
6-16-69
None
9
10
0
0
Salt Creek
Water District
250
Hone
Before 1967
None
2
0
0
0
Shirley Basin
300
I.D
2-10-71
None
2
1
0
3
Shoshonl
562
None
6-24-70
None
2
0
0
4
South Superior
197
D
Before 1967
None
2
3
8
1
Spencer Water Co
80
None
Before 1967
None
2
0
0
0
Sunburst Utility
180
None
4-11-69
None
2
0
0
2
Sundance
1.056
None
7-28-70
None
2
0
1
0
Sunrise
200
D
10-10-67
None
2
0
0
0
Ten Sleep
320
None
8-7-68
None
2
3
0
0
Thayne
195
None
Before 1967
None
2
0
2
1
Torrington
4,237
None
5-26-70
None
5
1
2
0
Upton
987
D
6-30-70
None
2
0
1
1
Waasutter
139
None
2-20-68
None
2
0
5
2
Wheatland
2,498
D
11-13-70
None
3
0
0
0
Yoder
101
None
9-16-68
None
2
0
0
1
*
see Treat
lent Kev on na
re 104
-------
WYOMING PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES
DUAL SOURCES - GK0UHD & SURFACE HATER
Naae of Supply
Population
Served
Treatment*
Date of Last
Engineering
Evaluation
Bacteriological Suamary - 1971
Date of Last
Chemical
Analysis
Samples
Required
Per Month
Mo
Insufficient
Samples
nths
Not
Sampled
Failed
Standards
Buffalo
3.394
D
10-23-70
Hone
4
8
0
1
Cheyenne
40.914
C.S.F.D
6-19-70
6.10-70
50
8
0
0
Douglas
2.677
C.S.F.D
2-18-69
3
0
0
4
Bvanston
4.462
C.S.F.D
4-23-70
Hone
6
2
0
0
Lander
7.125
D
6-18-69
Nona
8
3
0
1
Laramie
23.143
C.S.F.D
7-12-71
None
26
7
0
0
Sldwest
825
F.D
6-24-69
Hon®
2
0
1
0
Kawlins
7.855
D
7-14-71
Horn
9
1
0
0
*
See Treataei
t Key on page 104
-------
appendix c
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES STUDIED
-------
Ill
Appendix C
Public Water Supplies Studied
Public Water Supply
Population
Served
Average Dally
Demand (MGD)l/
Source
Treatment^''
Campbell County
1. Gillette
7200
0.8
Wells
D
2. Sunburst Utility
180
0.09
Wells
None
3. Wyodak*
110
0.05
Wells
None
Lincoln County
4. Afton
1550
Unknown
Spring
None
5. Bedford Pipeline Co.
225
Unknown
Spring
None
6. Cokevllle
440
0.20
Spring
D
7. Etna Pipeline Co.*
200
Unknowtv
Spring
None
8. Falrvlew Pipeline Co.*
120
Unknown
Spring
None
9. Freedom Pipeline Co.*
140
Unknown
Wells
None
10. Green Canyon Pipeline Co.*
30
Unknown
Spring
None
11. Grover*
160
Unknown
Spr1ng
None
12. Keirmerer
2300
1.17
Hamsfork River
D (Treatment
plant should
be operating
in 1972)
13. Osmond Pipeline Co.*
280
Unknown
Spring
None
14. Rainbow Pipeline Co.*
50
Unknown
Spring
None
15. Reeves Pipeline Co.*
30
Unknown
Spring
None
16. Smoot Farmers Pipeline Co.*
85
Unknown
Spring
None
17. Smoot Pipeline Co.*
30
Unknown
Spring
None
18. Thayne
200
Unknown
Spr1ng
None
19- Willow Creek Pipeline Co.*
50
Unknown
Spring
None
Natrona County
20. Casper
39,400
6.30
Wells
D
21. Evansvllle
1000
0.23
Elk Horn
Creek &
Spri ngs
None (Should
have chlorinator
Installed 1n
1972)
22. Mills
1725
0.50
Wells
D
23. Paradise Valley
1500
0.30
Wells
D
JL/ MGD ¦ million gallons per day
Z/ D - disinfection
*Do not submit routine samples to the State for bacteriological analysis.
-------
APPENDIX D
1 A C T E R I 0 L 0 G I C A L AND CHEMICAL
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
-------
113
Appendix D
Bacteriological and Chemical Drinking Water Standards
(from 1962 US PHS Drinking Water Standards)
Bacteriological Standards
3.2 Limits.—The presence of organisms of the coliform group as
indicated by samples examined shall not exceed the following limits:
3.21 When 10 ml standard portions are examined, not more
than 10 percent in any month shall show the presence of the coli-
form group. The presence of the coliform group in three or more
10 ml portions of a standard sample shall not be allowable if
this occurs:
(a) In two consecutive samples;
(5) In more than one sample per month when less than
20 are examined per month; or
(c) In more than 5 percent of the samples when 20 or
more are examined per month.
When organisms of the coliform group occur in 8 or more of the
10 ml portions of a single standard sample, daily samples from the
same sampling point shall be collected promptly and examined
until the results obtained from at least two consecutive samples
show the water to be of satisfactory quality.
3.23 When the membrane filter technique is used, the arith-
metic mean coliform density of all standard samples examined
per month shall not exceed one per 100 ml. Coliform colonies per
standard sample shall not exceed 3/50 ml, 4/100 ml, 7/200 ml, or
13/500 ml in:
(a) Two consecutive samples;
(b) More than one standard sample when less than 20 are
examined per month; or
(o) More than five percent of the standard samples when
20 or more are examined per month.
-------
114
Chemical Standards
Physical Limits
4.1 Sampling.—The frequency and manner of sampling shall be
determined by the Reporting Agency and the Certifying Authority.
Under normal circumstances samples should be collected one or more
times per week from representative points in the distribution system
and examined for turbidity, color, threshold odor, and taste.
4J2 Limits.—Drinking water should contain no impurity which
would cause offense to the sense of sight, taste, or smell. Under gen-
eral use, the following limits should not be exceeded:
Turbidity 5 unite
Color 15 units
Threshold Odor Number S
Recommended Limits
fi.21 The following chemical substances should not be present
in a water supply in excess of the listed concentrations where, in
the judgment of the Reporting Agency and the Certifying Au-
thority, other more suitable supplies are or can be made available.
Ooncentrntlon
Bubitance
-------
115
Mandatory Limits
6.22 The presence of the following substances in excess of the
concentrations listed shall constitute grounds for rejection of the
supply :
_ , . Concentration
BuiltMM in mg/l
Arsenic (As) 0.05
Barium (Ba) 1.0
Cadmium (Cd) 0.01
Chromium (Hexaralent) (Cr **) 0.06
Cyanide (ON) 0.2
Fluoride (P) (See 5.23)
Lead (Pb) 0.08
Selenium (Be) 0.01
Sliver (A*) a 05
6.28 Fluoride.—When fluoride is naturally present in drink-
ing water, the concentration should not average more than the ap-
propriate upper limit in Table I. Presence of fluoride in average
concentrations greater than two times the optimum values in Table
I shall constitute grounds for rejection of the supply.
Where fluoridation (supplementation of fluoride in drinking
water) is practiced, the average fluoride concentration shall be
kept within the upper and lower control limits in Table I.
Table 1.
Annual averse* o' maximum dally air temperatures >
Recommended control limits-
Fluoride concentrations in m(/l
Lower
Optimum
Upper
80.0-88.7
0.0
1.3
1.7
83,8-48.8
0.8
1.1
1.8
88.4-63.8
0.8
1.0
1.3
H.HD.6
0.7
0.0
1.2
70.7-79.3
0.7
0.8
1.0
78.8-00.4
0.6
0.7
0.8
1 Based on temperature data obtained for a minimum of five years.
In addition to the sampling required by paragraph 5.1 above,
fluoridated and defluoridated supplies shall be sampled with suffi-
cient frequency to determine that the desired fluoride concentra-
tion is maintained.
-------
appendix e
SURVEY FORMS
-------
Appendix E
Survey Forms
MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY SANITARY SURVEY
FORM APPROVED
BUDGET BUREAU NO. 65-RO136
SURVEY DATE
1.
2.
3.
4.
(for office use only)
It (our. OU KVBKV
p m q
"Sol day yrl
Naae of supply.
Location
Deaanda, MBD:
A. Avg. day
B. Max. day
C. Max. Bonth
poat office
PRESENT
10-YR, ESTIMATE
n naae, If different
UNKNOWN
It
Tr
A i!
TT
I
§1 n IB
« 32
5.
6.
Water use haa bean restricted ,
any one year of the paat 5 years.
tlaes for a total of
*¦>
days during
laboratory control
A. Bacteriological (Distribution systea only)
(1) Mln. nuaber saaples recoaaended per aonth by PHS DWS
(2) Avg. nuaber/aonth for last 12 aonths
f roa
52
ss
2Z
to
73
(3) Range of least and moat monthly
samples
(4) Number of aonths the Drinking Water Standards were
not aet during the last 12 aonths for:
(a) Quality
(b) Nuaber of saaplea
(c) NONE collected
(5) Are aaaples representative of distribution systea?
(6) Are check saaples collected as provided for In the
Drinking Water Standards?
(7) Are saaples requiring check saaples reported by telephone?
(8) Is the laboratory certified?
(a) Within the past 3 yeara?
(b) If "yes" tp on* or both, by *ho« it certified.
(9) Are saaples received by lab within 30 hours?
UNKNOWN
~
0
7S
¦MO CA4.D ouej
UNKNOWN
~
ECA— 1 g
(6-70)
-------
118
Cheaical (finished wttr only)
(1) Staple* of finished water are analysed each
0
~.
54,
nth. [^J year,
3 years, L^—l Infrequently [ZD never.
(2) Type of analysis: ~ complete (DNS) ^ 1 partial.
(3) Date of last cheaical analysis I 1 I I ylgjJ
(4) Analysed by ~ utility, I I state. I I PHS, I^I university, ~
(3) Tests ran for operational eontrol and their frequency are:
other.
Tests
Alkalinity
Alualnua
Chloride
Chlorine residual
(BUD C*JtiD Two) [I]
Color *°
Fluoride
Hardness
Iron
Jar tests
Manganese
PB
Taste k Odor
Turbidity
Zeta potential
Other
Frequency
Continuous Each shift Pally
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
1ms frequently
fcT
Weekly than
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
C
~
~
~
~
~
Radioactivity
(1) Staples ere analysed each L_|aonth, [ZD year, 1 i 2 years, [Z1 3 years,
0|-3T to 7, ^
Infrequently L^J never. Cwo s) JS
12) Date of last radiological analysis I- 1 I I j 1 1 1 j
'J mo. day yr/e
(3) Analysed by [Z3 utility, CZ1 state, EH PHS, 1 1 university, EZ1 other.
" *3 (specify)
/9
20
-------
119
7. SANITARY SURVEY ____ i
A. Date of aost recent survey 1 t-gD or 0none
B. Survey Bade by: l^_J state, 0 FUS, 1^ I Local health department,
D utility, L] consultant.
C. Facilities surveyed: source, CI transmission, LJ treatment,
1 1 storage, L_idistribution.
8. FACILITIES 4 OPERATION (describe deficiencies on reverse side) YES WO
A. Are there commd walls between finished and lesser quality waterT 4t
B. Are there inter-connections to other systeas . i—i
~ u
CD of known acceptable quality *3 **
(2) of unknown quality
(a) with protection
Cb) without protection *a
C. Is there a cross-connection control program
(1) on new construction only
(2) for continuous re-lnspectlon
D. Are finished water reservoirs properly covered*
E. I. there detectable chlorine residual In distant parts of the
distribution systea?
F. Can the treatment plant be by-passed?
6. Are there satisfactory procedures to:
(1) prevent personal accidents
(2) prevent chlorine accidents
(3) disinfect all new and/or ^Ll^UtsT10*' F1 l~!
valves, fittings. Including check s«pUi before being y y
placed In service?
H. Are there areas of low pressure ( < 20 psi) In the distribution IZZ] CZD
systea under aaxlaua water use? "
I. Operating probleas aost often encountered are: L_J taste '_^tor
~ ~«»..« «ur, ~«»" film ™., U ..Mr.
fca 70
eca-iq
(•-70)
-------
120
8. FACILITIES (. OPiifUTIO.N. continued
J. Chlorlnation process was Interrupted I I I times
In the last 12 months. 71 73
(1) Interruptions were due to: 1 1 chlorlnator failure,
feedvater pump, I I changing cylinders, 1 I power failure,
J other, explain.
78 ({NO C«RO 4.) |4J
ao
X. Percent of land area within service area where water is
available (nearest whole percent) 111"! Z. YES MO
.> .c n n
L. Were plans and specs, for treatment plant approved by the statef L_J L_J
YES
9. SOURCE, TREATMENT & DISTRIBUTION (describe deficiencies on reverse side)
A. Are the following adequate:
(1) Source, with respect to the following:
(a) quantity
(b) bacteriological quality
(c) chesiical quality
(d) physical quality
(e) adequate protection
(2) Transmission of raw water
(3) Is the raw water sampled for:
(a) Bacteriological contamination
(b) Chemical contamination
(4) Treatment, with respect to the folowing:
(a) aeration
(b) chemical feed , capacity
(c) chemical feed, stand-by equipment
(d) chemical mixing
(e) flocculatlon
ECA-tB
(8-70)
-------
121
9. SOURCE, TREATMENT fc DISTRIBUTION, continued
A. Are the following adequate (continued);
(4) Treataent, continued:
(f) settling
(g) recarbonation
(h) filtration
(1) disinfection, capacity
(j) disinfection, stand-by equlpaent
(k) taste k odor control
(1) fluoridation
(5) Distribution, with respect to the following
(a) storage
tb) booster chlorlnttioa
(c) high service puaping
(d) booster pumping
(e) pressure
(6) Maintenance
(7) Records for:
(a) disinfection
(b) filter runs
(c) cheaical consumption
(d) operational control tests
(e) bacteriological exaalnatloos
(8) Cross-connection control
(a) ordinance
(b) program laplesMntatlon
(c) progress
tCA-IS
<8-70)
-------
122
SOURCE, TRfcATMSMT fc DISTRIBUTION. continued
B. During the pot 3 years, raw water quality has laproved,
~ deteriorated, or ~ stayed the
JO 21
PERSONNEL
A. Water Purification Operator
(1) Highest level of formal education: 1 1 8th grade or less,
1 1 hich school, 1 I technical or trade school, 1 1 university.
zt * Z* |—. zs
(2) Level of training in water treatment: 1 | college course,
S technical or trade school, I I short school, i 1 on the lob,
n
none, I (other, specific
3o 31
months.
Q
(3) Length of time on this Job: I I I years, .
(4) Number of previous positions as water treatment operator
, yu a
(5) Total years of water purification experience I 1 1
! . ae s"?
(6) Level of study in sanitary microbiology: | | college courae,
technical or trade school,{^] short school,C^lon the Job,
I none, other ,
C7) Level of study in water chemistry: L^j college course, !^_itechnical
or trade school, ~ short schoo1,1 I on the Job,I 1 none.
~ 4^ SO
othe« spscify.
(8) la the operator a full-time employee? 1^1 yes 0 no
(9> Salary range (per year) of operator: <*1,999 LJ »2,000-l,W
~« ,000-7,499 ~ $7,500-9,999 CI $10,000
Sfc ST
ECA-tS
(•-70)
-------
123
PERSONNIlI., continued
A. continued
(10) la your present fttaff adequate In:
(a) nuaber l_Jye» L_J no
(b) quality LyJ ye» LJ no
ft. Operator'a aa.tar coaplaint
C. Moat frequent cuatoaer'a complaint:
"• Nantgemnt'a aoit frequent comrlMnt:
-------
124
U. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
A. BonHrd Indebtedness: (w*t«r supply)
S
s
$
(1) General obligation bond*
(a) statutory liolt
(2) Rfvenue bonds
'a) statutory Unit
B. Capital stock, par value
bonds, par value
SSL
ZE
IS
Z2H1
22.
2Z
7T
ca*o a
0
Bo
SZ
C. Water funds are I I kept separate or I Lineled with other funds.
n n
D. Is there an annual payment to the general fund? I ggl yea L_J no
E. Operation Is controlled by: I I Mayor-council, l__Jaayor-cowslBSlon,
~
5"9
Independent watr
ed by: [1 Mayor¦counc11,
r board, L—I othei; spacify.
±-
F. Is there active planning for expansion or laproveaent?
(1) Value of planned laproveaent ® L_J I
n H
(2) Planning by utility I—-J yea
(3) Planning by consultants yea l^J
ZZ
1
no
5?
no
no
r*/o 7 [7]
ao
If expansion 1* plannrd. It will be carried out within;
1 YR. 2-5 TRS. 6-10 TRS.
(1) Source
(2) Treatment
(3) Distribution
(4) Other
'~
~
~
~
M. Costs of production:
(1) Chealcals
(2) Labor, power, etc.
(3) Depreciation
(4) Other, including office, administration,
aatar reading, collactloa, ate.
(5) Total
CEHTS/1,000 GALLONS
EC*—t S
(8-70)
-------
125
11. FINANCIAL INFORMATION, continued
1. Tariff {Residential)
(1) Connection fee
(2) Sales unit la [
(a)
(b)
(c)
1
W
_lper 1,000 gallons or
cents for the first
cents for the next
cents for the next
or
4T
fl
Si
4a
+'
per 100 cu. ft.
units
units
units
(d) etc. as needed to cover steps.
SJ
EC*.19
<»-?0)
-------
Col
126
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Mater Programs
Division of Water Hygiene
I NO X VI DUAL WATER SUPPLY SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Card 1
NAME. SAMPLE NO. I, I I I I IJ
ADDRESS
YEAR \ I I
I. THE SOURCE
9 A. SprlngCj]; Well O ; Surface Source ; Cistern Q
10 B. On-prem1se [J] ; Off-prem1se (distance: ___)
11 C. Ground Water from: Sand/Gravel (^ ; Limestone [p ; Sandstone ;
Other Formation 0 Specify ; Unknown Q
V 5
12 D. Construction: By Contractor^ ; Owner/Occupant [p; Other O;
Unknown
II. A. SPRING
13 1. Flowing ~; Non-Flow1ng~; Intermlttent D
1 i j
14 2. Encasement: Brick, Block, or Stone ~; Reinforced
Concrete Qi Other O 1
15 General Condition: Good Q; FalrQ ; Poor O
1 2 >
16 3. Surface Drainage Controlled? Yes Q; No CD
1 2
17 4. Adequate Fencing around spring? Yes [^; No
18 5. Water withdrawn with: Power PumpC^; Hand Pump [^;
Bucket Gravity FlowD ; Other ~
"* — 5
19-20 6. Estimated Minimum Capacity: 1 1 1 GPM
Numerlc
B. WELL
21 1. Dug Drlvend; JettedQ; Bored ~ ; Drilled Q
i 2 « ¦» s
2. Dug Well:
22 Acceptable lining to 10* or more? Yes~ ; No ~
23 Acceptable cover? Yes Q; Nod 1 2
24 Masonry or other jolnte lining, sealed: YesD; No ~ ;
Unknown CD 1 *
25 Reconstructed, sealed and filled: Yes ~ ; No D
26 General condition: GoodQ; FalrO; Poor D *
i i i
3. Other Types of Walls:
27-28 a. Casing: Diameter: 1 1 1 Inches, I.D.
Numerlc
-------
127
Steel or Black IronO; Galvanized Iron or Steel 0 ;
Plastic Q; Masonry or CeramlcO; Other O
Joints Screwed Coupling O; Joints Welded CD; UnknownO
Wall thickness, Std. or better? Yes O ; NoO 3
1 2
b. Depths:
Ground surface to bottom of well: I I 1 I Ft.
Ground surface to bottom of casing: I I I I Ft.
Numeric
c. Formatlon Seal:
Cement grout seal from depth of 5 to 10' up to surfaceO
10 to 20' up to surfaceO; Fine sand (natural) seal 10
to 20' up to surfaced]; Puddled clay seal 5 to 20' up to
surfaceO; No apparent formation seal between casing and
earth 1^3; Concealed (burled) formation grout seal
reported [^] ; Unknown [^3
d. Sanitary Mel 1 Seal:
Water tight cover? Yes O; No O
Well exposed to flooding by surface water? Yes [^ ; No O
e. Well Pit
Pit around well? YesO; No O
Pit has acceptable cover? Yes 0; noO
Pit drains to open air? YesO; NoO
Pit drains to drain line or sewer? YesO; NoO
Possible to flood pit in any way? YesO; NoO
Pltless adapter? YesC^; NoO
Pltless adapter with top of well buried or below ground
level: YesO*. NoO
i i
f. Well "Filter" or Screen*
Open holeO; Perforated or slotted plpeO; Gravel
Pack C^]; Sand (well) point or screen of horizontal,
endless slot type O,,; Other type of screen P
g. Age of Well: <2 yrs. O ; 2-5 yrs.O ; 6-10 yrs. O i
11-20 yrs.O; >20 yrs.O
C. PUMP AT SOURCE: Yes ; NoO; Bucket O
1. Hand pump O; "Shallow well" (Low-Lift) Jet or Centrifugal
pump [p ; "Deep well "(H1-Lift) Jet PumpQ; Submersible
pump(^; Piston Pump [p; NoneO
be confused with "filter" or strainer attached to suction Inlet
-------
Col
128
I. PHYSICAL QUALITY OF WATER
9 1. Colored^; Turbid C^]; Cleart^l; Contains sandC^D
2. Taste: Good C^] ; FairC^I; Poor* 1^1
16
22
31
10 ...
11 3. Evidence of Iron or manganese problem: Yes ; No
12 4. Water Softener 1n regular operation: Yes P ; No P
13 5. Other water conditioner devices used: Yes Cj] ; No [^]
J. PUBLIC AGENCY INTERESTS**
14 1. Has any public agency Inspected this supply at any time
within the last two years? YesO**.
1 i No ~ ; Unknown Cj]
15 2. Has bacteriological analysis ever been made on the water?
YesC^l; Date ,** —
J No Q; Unknown O
a. If "yes", was the water found "safe"? Yes C^l ; No
17 b. If "no" (under 2a), were corrections recommended?
Yes [J] ; No C^I
18. c. Were corrections made? Yes ~ ; No ~
1 2
19 d. After corrections were made, was water retested?
Yes CJ] ** ; NoCJ
20 3. Did the owner, before attempting any construction at the
source or before using the source, consult any agency
about Its suitability? Yes O ** -—.
; NoQ
21 4. Have any chemical analyses ever been made on the water?
Yes Date **
No [p ; Unknown
K. USER'S PREFERENCE
1. User prefers: Present supply [^]; Another or Improved
individual supply[p; A public supply C^]
23-25 I I 1 I 2. Reason(s) for Preference: Lower costt^]; Better tasting
water D; Softer water O; Independence^]; More
reliable source^]; Safer Q ; More convenient^;
Other ~
L. PRESENT CON^PTION
26 1. Number of dwelling units using system Q
27-30 2. Number of persons using system. Adults 1 I I ; Children m
3. Is water shortage ever experienced: Yes 1^3 **
NoCJ]
80 CARD NUMBER 2
* Identify if possible
** Identify agency
-------
129
Col
52 2. Pump never breaks suction!^}; Sometimes breaks suctionC^
53 3. With existing purrp, source delivers: <3 GPMtp; 3-5 GPK O ;
5-10 6PM ~; 10-20 GPM ~ ; >20 GPM ~
J * s
0. SURFACE SOURCE (Stream; Lake)
1. Perennlal CD ; Intermltterrt CZ3
55 2. Upstream: Human activity currently on watershed? Yes CJ] ; No
3. Delivery: Flow by pumping CD; By gravltyO
E. CISTERN
57 1. Catchment Area: Rooftops C^]; Ground surface paved or cov-
ered with impermeable material O
58 2. Ground Area Only: FencedQ; Signs postedO; Unprotected Q
53 3. Cistern Construction: Above cround CD; Below grou nd ~ ; '
60 Brick or Stone CD ; Concreted; Wood CD ; Steel CD
5' General Conditio'*): Good CD ; FalrO; Poor CD
62 4. Device for discarding first water? Yes CD ; No O
63 5. Cistern Protection: Screened against rodents, birds?
Yes ~ ; No ~
64 6. Cleaning: Doe*s cistern have drain which permits cleaning
and flushing to waste? Yes CD ; No CD
Does cistern need cleaning now? Yes CD; No Q
65
F. WATER TREATMENT
66 1, Sedimentation: Yes CD ; NolJ |—.
67 2. Filtration Through: Sanriy; Other Medium U
68 3. Chiorinat1 on: Automatic ~; Manual LI
69 4. Softening: Yes C^D ; No 9 i—i
70 5. Other: Yes ~ (Describe) — * 0 2
71 G. STORAGE (All Sources): YesCj]; No CI
72 1. Pressure tank Q
73 2. other storage: Elevated or Ground Level CP i Below ground
level LJ i—I
'« 3. Construction: Steel ~; Brick, block or stoneU;
Concreted; Wood[~; PI tIcD; Other U
4. General Condition: Good LjJ ; Fair LI; P°or ,
75
76
H. DELIVERY
1. Water flows to point of use by hand pumping [jj ; Power
pumping D; Gravity CD; Hand carry ~
80
CARD NUMBER 1; CARD 2 - Du|>. 1-8
-------
adequacy of
CONTROL
APPENDIX F
THE WATER FLUORIDATION
PROGRAM IN WYOMING
-------
Appendix F
Wyoming Water Supply Program Evaluation
ADEQUACY OF THE WATER FLUORIDATION CONTROL PROGRAM IN WYOMING
INTRODUCTION
The Wyoming Department o£ Health and Social Service, approves of the
addition of fluoride compound, to municipal water supply systems »
State to an optimum level of 1.0 mgA as an important public healt
Th. sanitary Engineering
measure for the prevention of tooth ecay.
J4 - Cervices Of the Department or
Services, Division of Health and Medical Services
.Hie for approval and surveillance
Health and Social Services is responsible
a has established certain
of fluoridated water supplies in Wyoming an
, tesClng procedures, personnel,
standards for fluoride feed equipm® > -laced
„„ installation is placed
and safeguards that must be satisfied before an insta
Fluoridation of Water" in the
in operation. The "Standards Governing
,1 1959 require the fluoride ion lev
State, as adopted August 21, 1959, eWLl
. nicipal water supply fluoridating shall.
the distribution system of a tnun p State
Of 1.2 mg/1. There is no State
be maintained at 1.0 mg/1 with a maximum
t miVilic water supplies,
law in Wyoming requiring the fluoridation of P
rcent of the population in
Six water supply systems, serving sixte iq71
„ „ete fluoridating as of June 1, 1971.
Wyoming using public water supplies,
terns are known to exist in
Approximately 100 public water supply sy
Irving twenty-four percent of
the State arid twelve of these systems
-------
132
the population on public water supplies were using (December 1969) one
or more water sources containing natural fluorides of 0.7 tng/1 or
higher. Two of the communities (Frannie and Upton) use one or more
water sources containing natural fluorides greater than the maximum
level of 1.2 mg/1 but less than two times the recommended optimum level
of 1.0 mg/1. Figure 1, Fluoridated Water Supply Systems in Wyoming,
locates the six fluoridated water supplies in the State and the twelve
communities using one or more water sources containing natural fluorides
of 0.7 mg/1 or higher. Table I summarizes pertinent information on each
fluoridated water supply system.
EVALUATION PROCEDURES
To evaluate the adequacy of the Wyoming water fluoridation control
program, the six fluoridated water supply systems in the State operating
under the approval of the Department of Health and Social Services were
examined with respect to: fluoride content In the distribution system;
analytical control of the fluoride level; fluoride feed equipment and
facilities; fluoride compound - storage and handling, operator training
and Interest; and surveillance. A field Inspection visit was conducted
at each of the six fluoridated water supply systems, survey forms were
2
-------
Wyoming Water Supply Program Evaluation
FIGURE 1
FLUORIDATED MATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN WYOMING
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS WITH NATURAL FLUORIDE* (^0.7 mg/I)
1 - Cheyenne 5 - Hulett 9 - Shoshonl
2 - Clearmont 6 - Lance Creek 10 - Upton • (FLUORIDATED SUPPLIES)
3 - FrannLe 7 - Manderson 11 - Wamsutter
4 - Gillette 8 - Powell 12 - Yoder
-------
Wyoming Water Supply Program Evaluation
TABLE I
FLUORIDATED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN WYOMING
Location Date of Population
(County) Fldn. Served
Source of Supply
Avg. Flow Fluoride Type of Analysis Test
(MGD) Compound Feeder Method Equipmc
Laramie Albany
Soda-Green Lake
Soldier Sprs-Pope Wells
City Springs
5/52
23,170
Laramie River
Sprs -1- 5 Wells
Springs
1.56
VT
VT
VT
V-l
V-2
V-2
H
T-l
Rawlins
Carbon
4/70
9,000
Sage Cr + 16 Sprs
1.50
VA
P-l
S
T-3
Saratoga
Carbon
5/59
1,148
N. Platte River
0.35
VS
V-3
1/
1/
Sinclair
Carbon
1/52
450
N. Platte River
1.50
VS
V-5
SS
T-2
Thermopolis
Hot Sprgs
2/54
3,500
Big Horn River
1.50
VS
V-4
S
T-5
Worland
Washakie
6/66
6,000
Big Horn River
1.90
VS
V-4
S
T-4
FLUORIDE COMPOUND:
VA - Fluosilicic Acid
VS - Sodium Silicofluoride
VT - Sodium Fluoride
TYPE OF FEEDER:
V-l Volumetric - BIF 25-04 Helix Type
V-2 Volumetric - BIF 23-02 Rotating Disk
V-3 Volumetric - W&T BB-588 Roll Type
V-4 Volumetric - W&T A-378 Roll Type
V-5 Volumetric - Infilco E-Chem Feeder
P-l Diaphram Pump - BIF 1203 Chem-O-Feeder
ANALYSIS METHOD:
H - Hach Visual (Qualitative Only)
S - SPADNS
SS - Scott-Sanchis
TEST EQUIPMENT:
T-l Color Comparator - Hach FL-1
T-2 Color Comparator - Taylor Water Analyzer
T-3 Photometer - Hach DR-A
T-4 Photometer - Hach DR-EL
T-5 Spectrophotometer - Bausch & Lomb Spectronic 20
1/ No fluoride analysis conducted by operator.
-------
135
completed,—^ and water samples for fluoride analysis were
collected. Officials in charge of the installations were informed of
the visit in advance.
actual level of fluoride in the distribution system is the single
m°3t important factor in evaluating the adequacy of a community water
fluoridation effort and hence in evaluation of a State Water Fluoridation
Control Program which is responsible for approval and surveillance of
the installation. However, as distribution samples collected on one
Particular day may not give a true picture of day-to-day operating
conditions at the facility, the following questions grouped in the noted
divisions were investigated:
Analytical Control of the Fluoride Level
A. Were the fluoride analyses conducted at the water plant
accurate with +0.1 mg/1 of the value determined by the
Water Supply Programs Division, EPA?
B. Were finished water samples analyzed daily or more frequently
for fluoride content?
C. Were raw water samples analyzed regularly for fluoride content?
Were laboratory equipment and facilities at the water plant
adequate to conduct fluoride analysis according to one of
the three Standard Methods?
A copy of questionnaire used in the Wyoming Fluoridation Survey
18 appended.
5
-------
136
E. Was laboratory equipment clean and given responsible care? and,
F. Were complete records kept of the fluoridation operation?
II. Fluoride Feed Equipment and Facilities
A. Were the fluoride feed equipment and facilities adequate to
control the fluoride level in the finished water to the
desired level?
B. Was positive protection provided against overfeeding, was
equipment location and point of fluoride application at the
best practical site and was the feed equipment site uncluttered?
C. Was the fluoride feed installation operated continuously for
the past twelve months without an interruption of more than one
day? and,
D. Were the fluoride feed equipment and facilities maintained
satisfactorily?
III. Fluoride Compound - Storage and Handling
A. Was the fluoride chemical compound stored In a safe, protected
and orderly manner?
B. Was safety equipment available and were safe procedures followed
in handling the fluoride compound? and,
C. Were fluoride compound shipping containers disposed of
satisfactorily or re-used only for fluoride chemical storage?
6
-------
137
IV. Operator Training and Interest
A. Was the treatment plant operator well-trained to operate
the fluoride feed equipment and facilities?
B. Was the individual conducting the fluoride analyses knowledgeable
of his test equipment and standard procedures for analysis? and,
C. Was the water plant official interviewed in favor of fluoridation
and was he interested in adding fluorides to his water system?
V. Surveillance
A. Were check samples for fluoride analysis submitted to the State
on a regular basis? and,
B. Had the water fluoridation installation surveyed been inspected
in the past twelve months by personnel from the Sanitary
Engineering Services, Division of Health and Medical Services?
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Data collected on the water systems fluoridating in the State of Wyoming
indicated only two of the six installations evidenced a fluoride content in
the distribution system within the 1.0-1.2 mg/1 range recommended by the
State Department of Health and Social Services. The other four installations
were underfeeding, i.e., the fluoride levels in the samples collected from
7
-------
138
the distribution systems were less than 1.0 mg/1. Table II, Analysis
of Samples from Fluoridated Water Supply Systems, tabulates the
fluoride analysis results of the water samples collected at each
21
facility surveyed.-'
Operating conditions observed at the installations inspected during the
time of the survey are summarized as follows:
I. Analytical Control of the Fluoride Level
Practices to analytically test and control the fluoride level in
the water system varied considerably at each installation. Only
two (33 percent) of the plant operators or chemists reported fluoride
analysis within +0.1 mg/1 of thfc sample results analyzed by the
Water Supply Programs Division, EPA. The operator at one facility
was not conducting fluoride analysis and had no test equipment or
facilities to analyze water samples for fluoride content. He was
reportedly sending two samples per month to the State for analysis;
however, State records for 1970 show only eight samples for fluoride
analysis were received from that system during the year. Dally
finished water fluoride analysis was conducted by the operator or
chemist at two (33 percent) of the facilities, and no regular raw
water analysis was conducted at any of the six installations.
2/ Fluoride samples were analyzed using the Electrode Method by the
Water Supply Programs Division, Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D.C.
-------
Wyoming Water Supply Program Evaluation
TABLE II
ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES FROM FLUORIDATED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
Water Supply System
Laramie
Date, of Raw Check Samples
j_ -triple Water (Operator) (EPA)
(Fluoride, mg/1)
Distribution System
0.70
0.71
Soda - Green Lake
Soldier Springs
City Springs
: / 24
j/28
5/28
0.22
0.24
1.0
1.42
1.06
5/25
0.25
0.5
0.80
0.62
0.64
Saratov-'
5/25
0.34
2/
0.21
0.14
0.13
Sinclair
5/25
0.23
0.8
1.12
1.15
1.22
Thermopolis
5/27
0.42
0.76
0.72
0.76
0.74
Norland
5/27
0.46
1.0
0.99
0.99
1.00
1/ Fluoride Feeder Operated September 1 - May 1 Only.
7/ No Fluoride Analysis Conducted by Operator. Samples 2/Mo. Mailed to State Lab.
-------
140
Adequate laboratory equipment and facilities for fluoride analysis
by one of the three Standard Methods were available at four (67 percent)
of the facilities visited and care for laboratory equipment was found
satisfactory at four (80 percent) of the water treatment plants
rated. (Saratoga was not conducting fluoride analysis and was not
rated.) One of the operators interviewed was not using Standard
Methods for fluoride analysis. Records of the fluoridation operation
were acceptable at four (67 percent) of the installations visited.
II. Fluoride Feed Equipment and Facilities
Fluoride feed equipment and facilities were found deficient at
four (67 percent) of the six Installations surveyed and only three
(50 percent) of the feeding arrangements were rated acceptable, i.e.,
protected against overfeeding, preferred point of feed application,
and good housekeeping in the feeder area. Three (50 percent) of the
operator.'-! reported one or more interruptions in fluoridation of one
or more days duration in the past twelve months. Maintenance was
found satisfactory at five (83 percent) of the facilities surveyed,
however, the plant operators had been alerted to the inspection visit.
10
-------
141
III. Fluoride Compound - Storage and Handling
Storage arrangements for the fluoride chemicals fed were found
unsatisfactory at two (33 percent) of the six installations visited
and the operators at two plants did not have available or were not
using safety equipment in handling the fluoride compounds. All the
operators interviewed reported satisfactory disposal practices for
the empty chemical shipping containers.
IV, Operator Training and Interest
A trained operator with a genuine interest in feeding fluorides is
essential to the satisfactory operation of a fluoridation installation.
All of the plants visited appeared to be under the control of a plant
operator who knew his equipment and how to adjust and control the
feeding mechanisms. The operator at one installation was not trained
to conduct fluoride analysis. Two (33 percent) of the six water plant
officials interviewed did not favor feeding fluorides to public water
supply systems. One operator shut down his fluoride feed operation
the summer months (May 1 - September 1) to save on chemicals as
was out then and the children would not be needing fluorides.
11
-------
142
V. Surveillance
Frequent check samples of fluoride levels in the distribution
system and regular inspection visits to the water fluoridation
installation by the State water supply surveillance agency must be
conducted to assure the facility is operating satisfactorily. The
State Department of Health and Social Services' records for 1970
revealed that not one of the six fluoridated water systems submitted
a monthly sample for fluoride analysis during 1970. The operators
at two facilities submitted only two samples each for the entire
year. Five (83 percent) of the six installations, however, had been
visited in the past twelve months by a representative of the State
Department of Health and Social Services. Inspection visits to
the water supply systems fluoridating averaged one visit in seven
months.
Figure 2, Operating Conditions at Fluoridated Water Supply Systems in
Wyoming, summarizes the operating conditions observed at the installations
inspected during the time of the survey. Conditions varied at each
facility and Table III, Adequacy of the Fluoridation Installations in
Wyoming, summarizes the adequacy of the operating conditions at each
facility surveyed.
12
-------
Wyoming Hater Supply Progran Evaluation
FIGURE 2
"P'ZtAXING CONDITIONS AT FLUORIDATED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN WYOMING
PARAMETER EVALUATED
Z OF FLUORIDATED HATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
Fluoride Content in the Distribution System
Fluoride Level 1.0 - 1.2 mg/1
Fluoride Level <1.0 mg/1
Fluoride Level >1.2 mg/1
Analytical Control of the Fluoride Level
Operator Analysis +0,1 mg/1 EPA Value
Daily Finished Water Fluoride Analysis
Regular Raw Water Fluoride Analysis
Adequate Analytical Equip. & Facilities
Adequate Care for Laboratory Equip.
Adequate Records
Fluoride Feed Equipment and Facilities
Adequate Feeding Equip. & Facilities
Adequate Feeding Arrangements
Feed Interrupted < 1/Day in Past 12-Mos.
Adequate Maintenance
Fluoride Compound - Storage and Handling
Adequate Storage Arrangements
Acceptable Safe Handling Provisions
Satisfactory Disposal of Shipping Containers
Operator Training and Interest
Adequately Trained to Operate Feed Equipment
Knowledgeable of Test Equip. & Proced.l/
Accepts and Interested in Fluoridation
Surveillance .
Monthly Check Samples to Stated-
Installation Inspected by State in Past 12-Mos.
20 40 60 80
(33%)
100
(67%)
(0Z)
.(33%)
.(33%)
(0%)
(67%)
(80%)
(67%)
t-
(33%)
(50%)
(50%)
.(83%)
(67%)
(67%)
.(100%)
(100%)
(100%)
(67%)
(0%)
(83%)
1/ Five Installations Rated.One Operator did not Conduct Fluoride Analysis
2/ Per 1970 State Department of Health and Social Services'Records
-------
144
Wyoming Water Supply Program Evaluation
TABLE III
ADEQUACY OF THE FLUORIDATION INSTALLATIONS IN WYOMING
Parameter Evaluated
%
Vi
3
CO
a
•H
H
I
(0
Vi
O
to
•H
Pu
T3
o
n>
O
C
4J
B
a!
<0
u
H
a)
M
«s
en
•H
CO
£
o
Fluoride Content In the Distribution System
Fluoride Level 1.0 - 1.2 mg/1
Fluoride Level <1.0 mg/1
Fluoride Level >1.2 mg/1
Analytical Control of the Fluoride Level
Operator Analysis + 0.1 mg/1 EPA Value
Daily Finished Water Fluoride Analysis
Regular Raw Water Fluoride Analysis
Adequate Analytical Equipment & Facilities
Adequate Care for Laboratory Equipment
Adequate Records
Fluoride Feed Equipment and Facilities
Adequate Feeding Equipment & Facilities
Adequate Feeding Arrangements
Feed Interrupted 1-Day In Past 12-Mos.
Adequate Maintenance
Fluoride Compound - Storage and Handling
Adequate Storage Arrangements
Acceptable Safe Handling Provisions
Satisfactory Disposal of Shipping Containers
Operator Training and Interest
Adequately Trained to Operate Feed Equip.
Knowledgeable of Test Equip. & Procedures
Accepts and Interested in Fluoridation
Surveillance .
Monthly Check Samples to Stated
Installation Visited by State in Past 12-Mos,
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1/
NA
X
NA
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X - Satisfactory or applicable for community surveyed
NA - Not applicable
1/ No fluoride analysis conducted by operator
2J Per 1970 State Department of Health and Social Services'Records
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145
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Six water supply systems serving sixteen percent of the population
in Wyoming on public water supplies were fluoridating June 1, 1971.
Approximately 100 public water supply systems are known to exist in
the State and twelve of these systems serving twenty-four percent
of the population on public water supplies were using one or more
water sources containing natural fluorides of 0.7 mg/1 or higher.
Therefore, only 40% of the population in Wyoming on public water
supplies have access to water with a dentally significant concentration
of fluoride.
Recommendation:
The Wyoming Department of Health and Social Services should more
actively promote and support fluoridation in Wyoming to make the
benefits of fluoridated water available to the population served
by the more than eighty or 80 percent of the public water supplies in
the State not fluoridated or containing dentally significant
concentrations of natural fluorides.
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146
Only two (33 percent) of the six fluoridated water supply systems
In Wyoming evidenced a fluoride content in the distribution system
within the 1.0-1.2 mg/1 range recommended by the State Department
of Health and Social Services - the other four installations were
underfeeding. Two (33 percent) of the facilities visited reported
fluoride analyses within +0.1 mg/1 of the fluoride value determined
by the Water Supply Programs Division, EPA, on a duplicate sample.
Daily finished water fluoride analysis was conducted by the operator
or chemist at only two (33 percent) of the installations and no
regular raw water analysis was conducted at any of the six facilities
One of the operators interviewed did not test for fluorides and
had no test equipment, and another was not using Standard Methods
for fluoride analysis.
Recommendation:
The Wyoming Department of Health and Social Services should provide
the necessary training and technical assistance to the water plant
operators at fluoridation installations to control the fluoride ion
level in the distribution system within the recommended range, and to
conduct fluoride analysis according to Standard Methods to within
+0.1 mg/1 of the value reported on the State check sample. Daily
finished water fluoride analysis, regular raw water fluoride analysis
adequate laboratory equipment and care of equipment, and complete
records on the fluoridation operation should be required at all
fluoridation installations.
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147
3. Fluoride feed equipment and facilities to control the distribution
system fluoride level to within the recommended range were adequate
at only two (33 percent) of the installations surveyed and feeding
arrangements were judged inadequate at three (50 percent) of the
plants visited. Three (50 percent) of the operators reported one
or more interruptions in fluoridation of one or more days duration
in the past twelve months and maintenance conditions were less than
satisfactory at one (17 percent) of the facilities visited even
though each operator had been alerted to the visit.
Recommendation:
The Wyoming Department of Health and Social Services should provide
design assistance to all communities proposing to install fluoridation
facilities, thoroughly review all proposed installations before the
operation is approved, and assist the operator as needed during the
"start-up" period. Repeated inspection visits to a new installation
should be conducted during the first year of operation to assure
satisfactory operation of the facility. All interruptions in
fluoridation operations should be required to be reported to the
Sanitary Engineering Services of the Department of Health and Social
Services and investigated by them. A preventative maintenance program
should be established for each facility and closely followed for the
installation to receive continued approval for operation.
17
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148
A. Storage arrangements and safety precautions for handling fluoride
compounds were judged inadequate at two (33 percent) of the
installations surveyed.
Recommendation:
The Wyoming Department of Health and Social Services should develop
and adopt recommended State regulations governing the storing of
fluoride compounds and should enforce the safety precautions on
handling of fluoride compounds listed in the State "Standards
Governing Fluoridation of Water."
5. A trained operator with a genuine interest in feeding fluorides is
essential to the satisfactory operation of a fluoridation Installation.
The plant operator at one facility was not trained to conduct fluoride
analysis. Two (33 percent) of the operators interviewed did not favor
feeding fluorides to public water supply systems.
Recommendation:
The Wyoming Department of Health and Social Services should expand
their short school training program to include a training course in
fluoride determinations in water for all operators of fluoridated
water supply systems. The benefits of water fluoridation and the
importance of maintaining the fluoride level within the recommended
range should be stressed. Satisfactory completion of the course
should be a mandatory requirement of the plant operator for approval
of his installation to feed fluorides.
18
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149
Surveillance of each water fluoridation installation must be on a
regular, continual basis to assure the facility is operating
satisfactorily. Monthly check samples for fluoride analysis by
the State Laboratory were not being submitted regularly by the
operators of the fluoridation installations in Wyoming.
Recommendation:
The Wyoming Department of Health and Social Services should conduct
a minimum of two field inspection visits per year to the water
fluoridating installations in the State and visit immediately all
plants employing new operating personnel placed in charge of the
fluoridation operation. A minimum of one check sample per month
should be required by the State from the distribution system of
each fluoridated water supply.
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15U
i)A
WYOMING FLUORIDATION SURVEY
liatcr System:
Population Served: Average Flow:
Date Fluoridation Started:
Source of Supply:
Treatment:
Fluoride Analysis:
T-iaw Vvater: Finished itfater:
Fluoridation F.nuipment ~
Manufacturer:
Type:
Model:
Location:
Point of application:
Condition of equipment:
Operational problems:
Overfeeding safeguards:
Planned Improvements:
iioKiarks:
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151
Fluori do Cori;>onnrt
Ci-.omical: Cost:
•Source:
Form or shipment
Storage facilities:
Quantity used:
Safety provisions:
Remarks:
Control of Fluoridation -
Frequency of sampling:
Raw water: Finished water:
Sampling point:
Test Method:
Test instrumont:
Records:
Interruptions:
Remarks:
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152
Operator ¦ 'un1i f jent tons -
Experience: Classification:
Training:
Interest:
Remarks:
SurveiIlance -
Check samples:
Last visit by State:
Availability of technical assistance:
Remarks:
Comments -
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APPENDIX G
INDIVIDUAL WATER SUPPLY SURVEY
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154
Appendix G
Individual Water Supply Survey
A. Bacteriological Quality
Number Wells Studied
Campbell
County
31
Lincoln
County
31
Natrona
County
51
Total
113
Number Failing Bact.
Limits of DWS*
Number Springs Studied
Number Failing Bact.
Limits of DWS
Number of Cisterns Studied
Number Failing Bact.
Limits of DWS
Number of Surface Supplies
Studied
Number Failing Bact.
Limits of DWS
11
(36%)
1
(1001)
0
0
Total Number Supplies Studied 32
Number Failing Bact.
Limit8 of DWS
12
(38%)
11
(36%)
10
6
(60%)
1
(100%)
42
18
(43%)
5
(10%)
0
0
53
5
(9%)
27
(24%)
12
6
(50%)
1
(100%)
1
(100%)
127
35
(28%)
Bacteriological limits of the Drinking Water Standards, i.e. coliform
concentration equal 4 colonies or more per 100 ml.
-------
Well Construction and Bacteriological Quality
Type Number of Wells
of Failing Bact. Having No Having No Having Poorly
Well Studied Limit a of DBS Format ion Seal Sanitary Seal Constructed Pit
Campbell
_Count£
Drilled
28
10
26
15
6
Dug
2
1
2
2
0
Driven
1
0
1
0
1
Total
31
11 (36%)
29 (94%)
17 (55%)
7
Lincoln
_Countjr
Drilled
26
9
23
8
9
Dug
2
.1
2
2
1
Driven
3
1
3
2
1
Total
31
11 (36%)
28 (91%)
12 (39%)
11
Natrona
_Countj£
Drilled
34
1
34
13
28
Dug
13
4
13
10
10
Driven
4
0
4
1
3
Total
51
5 (10%)
51 (100%)
24 (47%)
41
Sunmarj.
Drilled
88
20 (23%)
83 (95%)
36 (25%)
43
Dug
17
6 (28%)
17 (100%)
14 (82%)
11
Driven
8
1 (13%)
8 (100%)
3 (38%)
5
Total
113
27 (24%)
108 (96%)
53 (47%)
59
(23%)
(632)
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156
C. Construction of Wells Failing Bacteriological Standards
Number
Type of Well
Drilled Dug Driven Total
Failing Bacteriological
Limits of DWS
20
6
1
27
Having No
Formation Seal
19
6
1
26 (972)
Having No
Sanitary Seal
10
5
1
16 (60%)
Having Poorly Con-
structed Well Pit
7
3
0
11 (41%)
D. Sanitary Protection of Well Sources
Two features which every well should have to prevent contamination
from entering are:
(1) A good formation seal in the annular space around the casing or
lining.
(2) A sanitary well seal or cover on top of the well.
From the preceding data, it is apparent that few of the wells
have either of these important preventive measures. The presence of a
well pit also greatly increases the chances for contamination and 52%
of the wells studied had such installations. These results show that
the well construction in the three counties is inadequate and certainly
not in compliance with the State Engineer's Minimum Water Well Construc-
tion Standards.
Contrary to popular belief, depth alone will not protect a well
from contamination. For example, 41% of the 27 contaminated wells
were greater than 100 feet in depth. Two of the wells were over 700
feet deep. This emphasizes the importance of using good well construc-
tion practices» including formation and sanitary well seals.
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157
Evidently, as a well becomes older, it will be more susceptible
to contamination. Of the 21 contaminated wells, 52% were over 20 years
old and 70% were over 11 years old. This could mean that corrosion
of the casing is permitting contamination from the surface, or it
simply could reflect a better quality workmanship, and/or casing in
more recent years.
-------
Chemical Water Quality
Type of
Supply
Wells
Number of
County Supplies Tested
Cisterns
Surface
Campbell
Lincoln
Natrona
Total
31
31
51
113
Springs
Campbell
Lincoln
Natrona
Total
0
10
_2
12
Campbell
Lincoln
Natrona
Total
1
0
_0
1
Campbell
Lincoln
Natrona
Total
0
1
_0
1
Summary
127
Recommended Limits
Number Failing
Mandatory Limits
26 (TDS-23; SO4-12; Fe-7; Mn-3) 4 (F-3; Ba-1)
15 (TDS-10; S04-7; Fe 4; Mn-1) 0
37 (TDS-33; S0a-31; Fe 6; Mn-8) 4 (F-3; Cr*6-!)
78 (69%) 8 (7%)
0 0
2 (TDS-2; SO4-2) 1 (F)
1 (TPS; SO/,) 0
3 (25%) 1 (1%)
1 0
1 (100%) 0
1
"l (100%) 0
83 (65%) 9 (7%)
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APPENDIX H
WYOMING WATER SUPPLY LEGISLATION
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160
Appendix H
Wyoming Water Supply Legislation
§ 35-19. Inspection of water supply; duties as to streets and public
structures generally. — Said board is authorized and empowered to inves-
tigate and ascertain as far as possible, in relation to the pollution of streams and
natural waters of this state by artificial causes, or of all water works, and water
systems belonging to any city or town, sanitary district, corporation, company or
individual, in this state and supplying water for public consumption, which in
their judgement [judgment] may be necessary to determine the sanitary and
economic effects of such pollution, and to enter in and upon the grounds, build-
ings and premises, water works, reservoirs, pipe lines, pump houses and every-
thing connected with the collection and distribution of water to the inhabitants
of any city or town, to make, institute, and conduct needful experiments pertain-
ing thereto, and shall have power to summon witnesses, administer oaths, and
hear evidence relating to such matters, and to make full report to the city, town
or sanitary district authorities and also to the proper officers of any privately
owned water utility when included in such investigations, of their operation*
and investigations in writing; and it shall be the duty of all such officers wlwn
notified of any unsanitary conditions of streets, alleys, sidewalks, water-works,
or otjier public ways, structures or improvements under their control, to at
once take steps to repair, cleanse, abate or destroy the same. (Laws 1901. ch.
55, § 11; C. S. 1910, § 2938: C. S. 1920, § 3601; R. S. 1931, § 103-210; C. S.
1945, § 63-112; Laws 1953, ch. 34, § 1.)
Cross reference. — As to protection of
public water supply, see $$ 35-184 to 35-
200.
§ 36-20. Power of board in cities and towns.—It shall be the duty of
the state board of health, upon petition of at least twenty taxpayers in any com-
munity, to visit as a board or send a competent representative to any incorpo-
rated city or town in this state for the purpose of inspectine and thoroughly
investigating the sanitary condition of such city or town and the board shall
have the power and it shall be the duty of the board to condemn, in any such
city or town, any buildings, sewers, water connections, or other things, that
in their judgment are in such condition as is likely to produce or cause the
spread of epidemic diseases. And the board shall give notice to the mayor
and council of such city or town to repair, remove, cleanse or remedy such
defect or defects, within ten days, and if the same shall not be done wjthin the
time specified in said notice, as directed by the board of health, it shall be the
duty of the said board to have same done; and the board is authorized to em-
ploy sufficient labor and furnish all necessary materials for the performance of
such work, and it shall be the duty of the board, upon the completion of such
work, to issue certificates to the person or persons performing such work and
furnishing material therefor, and to file a report of the expense incurred in the
performance of such work with the clerk of said city or town; and k shall be
the duty of the council of such city or town where such work has been per-
formed, to issue warrant or warrants to the proper parties for the payment of
all such expense. Said warrant or warrants to be paid by the treasurer of such
city or town as other warrants are paid. (Laws 1903, ch. 94, § 2; C. S. 1910, S
2951; C. S. 1920, § 3614; R. S. 1931, § 103-223; C. S. 1945, § 63-113.)
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161
§ 35-33. Rules and regulations.—The state board of health is hereby
empowered and directed to make such rules and regulations as shall in its judg-
ment be necessary for the carrying out of the provisions of this act, including
rules and regulations providing for the control and treatment of persons iso-
lated or quarantined under the provisions of the two preceding sections [§§ 35-
178, 35-179J, and such other rules and regulations not in conflict with pro-
visions of this act concerning the control of venereal diseases and concerning
the care, treatment and quarantine of persons infected therewith as it may from
time to time deem advisable. All such regulations so made shall be of force and
binding upon all county and municipal health officers and other persons affected
by this act and shall have the force and effect of law; provided, further, that
the expense incident to the quarantine and treatment of vcnereally infected per-
sons in prisons shall be borne by the county in which the person or persons are
imprisoned, excepting inmates of state institutions which shall be borne by the
state, when evidenced by proper vouchers and receipts approved by the secre-
tary of the state board of health. (Laws 1921, ch. ICO, 8 26; R. S. 1931, § 103-
237; C. S. 1945, § 63-142.)
| 35-25. Power! and duties. — The division of administration, through
the director, or under his direction and supervision, through the other employees
of the division, shall have and exercise the following powers and duties:
(1) Generally.—Tq exercise in Wyoming, all the rights and powers and per-
form all duties hereunder except those expressly vested in the board by sections
4 l| 3S-U] and 5 [§ 35-12] of this act.
(2) Communicable diseases generally.—To investigate and control the causes
of epidemic, endemic, communicable, occupational and other diseases and afflic-
tions, and physical disabilities resulting therefrom, affecting the public health.
(3) Enforcement of isolation and quarantine.—To establish, maintain and en-
force isolation and quarantine, and in pursuance thereof, and for such purpose
only, to exercise such physical control over property and over the persons of
the people within this state as the division may find necessary for the protection
of the public health.
(4) Closing theatres, schools, etc.—To close theatres, schools and other pub-
lic places* and to forbid gatherings of people when necessary to protect the pub-
lic health.
(5) Abatement of nuisances.—To abate nuisances when necessary for the pro-
tection of the public health.
(6) Sanitary standards generally.—To enforce such sanitary standards for the
protection of public health as to the quality of water supplied to the public and
as to the quality of the diluent of sewerage systems and trade wastes discharged
upon the land or into the surface or ground waters of the state, as are or may
Ih> established by Jaw. and to advise with municipalities, utilities, institutions, or-
fanizations and individuals, concerning the methods or processes believed by
im best suited to provide the protection or purification of water and the treat-
ment of sewage and trade wastes to meet such minimum standards.
(7) Vital statistics, etc.—To collect, compile, and tabulate reports of mar-
riages, divorces and annulments, births, deaths and morbidity, and to require
any person having information with regard to the same to make such reports.
(8) Dead human bodies.—To regulate the disposal, transportation, interment
and disinterment of the dead.
(9) Laboratory investigations and examinations.—To establish, maintain and
approve chemical bacteriological and biological laboratories and to conduct or
require such laboratory investigations and examinations as it may deem neces-
sary or proper for the protection of the public health.
(10) Standard diagnostic tests—To make, approve, and require standard
diagnostic tests and to prepare, distribute and require the completion of forms
of certificates with respect thereto.
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162
WYOMING DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES
DIVISION OF HEALTH AND MEDICAL SERVICES
State Office Building
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82001
HISL&LHSl J.JBU 1AW1
ARTICLE 2.
PROTECTION OP PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY.
DIVISION 1. GENERALLY
S 35-18*4. BOARD OF HEALTH TO SUPERVISE SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY: AD-
VISORY COUNCIL TO BE APPOINTED BY GOVERNOR; COMPOS!TIONt TERM AND COM-
PENSATION OF MEMBERS; DUTIES GENERALLY. The state department of public
health shall have the general oversight and care of all Inland waters and
of all streams, lakes and ponds used by any city, town or public Insti-
tution or by any water or Ice company In this state as sources of water
supply for domestic use, and of all springs, streams, and water courses
tributary thereto, with respect to their condition and use as affecting
the public health, and any pollution thereof which adversely^affects
livestock, agricultural crops, wild life, or aquatic life Is also
deemed to affect public'health. The state board of health shall also
coordinate the activities of agencies of the state concerned with wter
quality. A council shall be appointed by the governor consisting of the
director of the state department of public health, state game and fish
commissioner, the state engineer, state commissioner of agriculture artd
six other members, one of whom shall be a representative of Industry and
one a representative of munlclpel government. The term of office for the
six appointed members of the council shall be four but all of those
first selected need not be appointed for full terms. The prlmaryjJuty
of the council shall be to advise the state department of public health
In developing a comprehensive program for the prevention, control and
abatement of new or existing pollution of the waters of the state. It
shall be provided with maps, plans and documents suitable for such purposes,
and shall keep records of all Its transactions relative thereto.
Each of the six appointed members of the council shall receive ten dollars
per day for the time actually and necessarily employed .«¦»" be reim-
bursed for expenses In accordance with section 20»203» Wyoming Complied
Statutes, 19*5 (| 9-13). « amended and **«««*< ^Sef f",1*
89, Session Laws of Wyoming, I9**7. (Laws 1923» 92, § 1, R.S. 193l»
§ 103-2M+; C.S. I9
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163
§ 35-185. EXAMINATION OF WATERS; REGULATIONS TO PREVENT POLLUTION.
Said state board of health may cause examination of waters to be made to
ascertain their purity and fitness for domestic use or their liability
to Impair the health of the public or persons lawfully using them. It
may make rules and regulations to prevent pollution and to secure the
sanitary protection of all such waters as are used for domestic purposes.
(Laws 1923, ch. 92, § 2; R.S. 1931, § 103-245; C. S. 1945, § 63-202.)
| 35-186. PUBLICATION OF RULES OR REGULATIONS AS LEGAL NOTICE. The
publication for not less than once each week for two successive weeks of
an order, rule or regulation made by the state board of health under the
provisions of this act (f| 35-184 to 35-195) In a newspaper of the city or
town In which such order, rule or regulation Is to take effect, or, If
no newspaper Is published In such city or town, the posting of at least
three copies of such order, rule or regulation In public places In such
city or town shall be legal notice to all persons In such city or town
and an affidavit of such publication or posting by the person causing
such notice to be published or posted, filed and recorded, with a copy
of the notice, In the office of the clerk of such city or town shall be
admitted as evidence of the time at which, and the place and manner In
which, the notice was given. (Laws 1923, ch. 92, § 3; R.S. 1931, S 103-
246; C.S. 1945, § 63-203.) 3
§ 35-187. BOARD OF HEALTH TO CO-OPERATE WITH CITY AND TOWN AUTHORI-
TIES, CORPORATIONS AND PERSONS AS TO WATER, DRAINAGE AND SEWAGE; DEFINI-
TION OF "DRAINAGE" AND "SEWAGE". Said board shall consult with and ad-
vise the authorities of cities and towns and persons having or about to
have systems of water supply, drainage and sewage as to the most appropri-
ate source of water supply and the best method assuring Its purity or as
to the best method of disposing of their drainage or sewage with refer-
ence to the existing and future needs of other cities, towns or persons
which may be affected thereby. It shall also consult with and advise
all corporations, companies or persons engaged or Intending to engage In
any manufacturing or other business whose drainage or sewage may tend to
pollute any Inland water as to the best method of preventing such pollu-
tion, and It may conduct experiments to determine the best methods of
the purification or disposal of drainage or sewage. Cities, towns and all
other corporations, companies or persons shall submit to said board for
Its advice and approval their proposed system of water supply or of the
disposal of drainage or sewage, and no city, town or persons or conpany
shall proceed to build or Install or enlarge or extend any system of water
supply, drainage or sewage disposal, without first obtaining the approval
of the state board of health. In this section the term "drainage" means
rainfall, surface and sub-soil water only, and "sewage" means domestic and
Industrial filth and waste. (Laws 1923, ch. 92, S 4: R.S. 1931, S 103-247*
C.S. 19^5, § 63-204.) S
§ 35-188. SEWAGE TO BE PURIFIED; EXCEPTION. No sewage, drainage,
refuse or polluting matter, of such kind and amount as either, of Itself
or In connection with other matter, will corrupt, pollute or inpafr the
quality of the water of any spring, pond, lake or stream used as a source
of water or Ice supply by a city, town or public institution or family
or person or water or Ice company for domestic use, or render It Injurious
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164
to health, and no human excrement, shall be discharged Tnto any such
stream, spring, lake, pond or upon their banks or Into any feeders of such
spring, lake, pond or stream unless such sewage, drainage, refuse or
polluting water shall have been purified, so as to render ft harmless in
such a manner and under such conditions and restrictions as the state board
of health may direct; provided, that no city or town shall be prohibited
or enjoined from discharging Its sewage Into a river or body of water
unless such sewage so pollutes the water thereof as to be dangerous or
Injurious to public health. (Laws 1923, ch. 92, £ 5; R.S. 1931, S 103-2^8;
C.S, 191+5, § 63-205.)
§ 35-189. POLLUTION BY INDUSTRIAL PLANTS. No municipal or other
public or private corporation and no company or person shall hereafter
construct, build, establish or operate any railroad, logging road, logging
camp, electric plant, manufacturing or Industrial plant'of any kind upon
or over any watershed of any public water supply system, unless such
corporation, company or person shall protect said water supply from
pollution by such sanitary precautions as shall be approved by the state
board of health, and any such corporation, company or person Intending
to construct build or establish or operate any railroad, Togging road,
logging camp, electric plant, manufacturing or Industrial plant of any
kind upon the watershed of any public water supply system, shall furnish
the state board of health with detailed plans and specifications of the
sanitary precautions to be taken, which must be approved by said board,
(Laws 1923, ch. 92, § 6; R.S. 1931, f 103-2^9; C.S. 19^5, | 63-206.)
§ 35-190. COMPLAINT AS TO POLLUTION; ACTION OF BOARD. Upon com-
plaint to the state board of health or the mayor or health officer of
any city or town or the managing board or officer of any public Institu-
tion or the president of an ice company stating that manure, excrement,
garbage, sewage or any other matter which pollutes or tends to pollute
the water of any lake, pond, spring, stream or water course used by such
city or town, public Institution or company as a source of water supply,
the said board shall cause a thorough Investigation to be made of such
alleged nuisance or pollution, and If, in Its judgment, the public health
so requires, shall by order served upon the party causing or permitting
such pollution, prohibit the continuance of such pollution and shall or-
der him to remove any such cause of pollution. (Laws 1923, ch. 92, | 7;
R.S. 1931, § 103-250; C.S. 19^5, § 63-207.)
§ 35-191. RIGHT OF REPRESENTATIVES OF BOARD TO ENTER BUILDINGS;
SEARCH WARRANTS. The agents and servants of said board may enter any
building, structure or premises for the purpose of ascertaining whether
sources of pollution or danger to the water supply there exist, and whether
the rules, regulations and orders aforesaid are obeyed. Search warrants
for such purpose may be Issued by any court or justice of the peace within
the county upon complaint made and probable cause shown. (Laws 1923, ch.
92, § 8; R.S. 1931, § 103-251; C.S. 19^5, § 63-208.)
§ 35-192. APPEAL FROM DECISION OF BOARD; COMPLIANCE WITH ORDERS
PENDING APPEAL. Whoever Is aggrieved by any order of the state board of
health passed under the provisions of this act (|| 35-18*+ to 35-195) may
appeal therefrom to the district court of the county in which such order
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165
shall be effective. But such notice as the court shall order shall also
be given to the mayor of the city or town or president of the water company
or any other person interested in such order. While the appeal is pending
the orders of the state board of health shall be complied with unless sus-
pended by the state board of health or by the court. (Laws 1923, ch. 92,
§ 9; R.S. 1931, § 103-252; C.S. 19^5, § 63-209.)
| 35-193. AUTHORITY OF COURT AS TO ENFORCEMENT. The district court
of any county of the state shall have jurisdiction in equity upon the ap-
plication of the state board of health or any person interested, to enforce
its orders or the orders, rules and regulations of said board of health
and to restrain the use or occupation of the premises of such portion
thereof as said court may specify, on which such material is deposited or
kept, or such other cause of pollution exists, until the orders, rules
and regulations of said board have been complied with. (Laws 1923, ch 92
§ 10; R.S. 1931, | 103-253; C.S. 19^5, § 63-210.)
| 35-194. REPORT OF BOARD OF HEALTH; NOTICE TO ATTORNEY GENERAL OF
POLLUTION OF WATER SUPPLY. The state board of health shall biennially
make a report to the legislature, through the governor, of Its doings
for the preceding period, recommend measures for the prevention of the
pollution of such waters and for the removal of polluting substances in
order to protect and develop the rights and property of the state and
municipalities therein and to protect the public health, and reconwend
any legislation or plans for systems of main sewers necessary for the
preservation of the public health and for the purification and prevention
of pollution of the ponds, lakes, springs and inland waters of the
state. It shall also give notice to the attorney general of any viola-
tion of law relative to the pollution of water supplies and Inland
waters. (Laws 1923, ch. 92, § 11; R.S. 1931, § 103-254; C.S. 19^5 6
63-211.)
§ 35-195. PENALTY. Whoever violates any of the provisions of this
act (|§ 35-184 to 35-195) or any rule, regulation or order of the state
board of health made under the provisions of act, shall be punished for
each offense by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars or by im-
prisonment for not more than one year or by both such fine and imprison-
ment. (Laws 1923, ch. 92, § 12; R.S. 1931, § 103-255; C.S. I9I+5, § 63-
212.)
6 35-196. CONTAMINATION OF STREAMS BY SAWMILLS, MINING OPERATIONS
ETC., PROHIBITED; PENALTY; EXCEPTIONS; SPECIAL PERMITS. Any owner or '
owners of any sawmill, reduction works, smelter, milling, refining or
concentration works, or other manufacturing or Industrial works, or any
agent, servant or enployee thereof, or any person or persons whomsoever
who shall throw or deposit in, or in any way permit to pass into any '
natural stream or lake within the state, wherein are living fish, any saw-
dust, chemicals, mill-tailing, or other refuse matter of deleterious sub-
stance or poisons of any kind or character whatsoever, that will or may
tend to the destruction or driving away from such waters any fish, or kill
or destroy any fish therein, or that will or may tend to pollute,'contami-
nate, render Impure or unfit for domestic, irrigation, stock or other
purposes for which appropriated and used, the waters of any such natural
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streams or lake, or that wl 11 or may tend to obstruct, fill i^or^ther-
or«tt"rf»tanl£ll deemed°gu 11 ty"of a°ml sdemeanor and upon conviction
thereof shaH be Hn^Tot SiJlban fifty (550.00) dollars or -e t an
one hundred ($100.00) dollars or shall be imprisoned In the county ja.l
for not less than thirty days nor more than six mont^s' °^. yf .
fine and imprisonment for each offense; and ere any which corn-
unlawful acts are committed continuously, eac o distinct offense;
mitted shall be treated and considered as a separate and distinct offonw.
provided, that nothing In this or the succeed ng sadt on C§ 23 115)
apply to the slag from smelter furnaces; provided further that nothing
1 n this section nor in any of the other laws of this state
the owner or owners of any mill, concentration wor , state
or tailings pond or basin used in connection therewith, in this state,
now or hereafter to be located upon any natura works or tailings
operating said mill, concent''®tio?hg°^jih^where the said owner or owners
pond or basin used in connection therewit , settlinq pur-
thereof shall build or cause to be built a am . .| be built for any
poses; provided however that before °tment Qf public health, the
such purposes, the director of the state p , actinq as a joint
sta,te game and fish commissioner and the s 8 HeDartment shall review
committee and each member casting a vote o anorove or disapprove
such plans and according to their finding. ^raj^or^MPP o^
such plans for preventing any deleterious s . r a malorlty of
waters beyond the project area; provided, that h t ^ and
the land owners on any Irrigation ^ream shal!^petitllon^ ^ ^
fish commissioner to allow saw-dust to b p ^ have thg p
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£ 35-198. PERIODICAL BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER REQUIRED.
It shall be the duty and responsibility of any public or private utility
engaged in the development, storage and distribution of a sanitary public
water supply to provide for the safety and purity of such supply to every
service connection and to collect samples of such water for bacteriological
analysis at least once monthly or oftener as required by the state board
of health. Such collection shall be made In special containers furnished
for this purpose by the state health department division of laboratories
and shall be returned to this laboratory for examination. Such examination
and reporting of results shall comply with the procedures outlined in the
United States public health service drinking water standards. The results
of such analysis shall be reported to the owners or persons responsible for
the operation of the sanitary public water supply.
When the water from such water supply has been determined by laboratory
examination, inspection and report of the state board of health to be
unsafe for human consumption as determined by the United States public
health service drinking water standards, the owners or persons responsible
for the operation of such water supply shall take immediate action to
correct sanitary defects, improve operation, provide necessary water
treatment, or make any other changes or additions necessary to provide
assuredly safe water. (Laws 1957, ch. 222, § 2.)
I 35-199. NOTICE OF DANGER TO HEALTH. Whenever, in the opinion of
the state board of health, investigations indicate that the water from
a water supply as described In this act (§§ 35-197 to 35- 200) would en-
danger the health of the water consumers, the board shall give written
notice to the owners or persons responsible for the operation of such
sanitary public water supply, specifying the cause of the danger to the
health of the water consumers. (Laws 1957, ch. 222, § 3.)
§ 35-200. LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES. Compliance with the requirements
of this act (§| 35-197 to 35- 200)shall in no way release the owners or
persons responsible for the operation of a sanitary public water supply
from any liability for damage to persons or property caused by or result-
ing from the Installation, operation or maintenance of a sanitary public
water supply. (Laws 1957, ch. 222, § h.)
S 35-462. DEPOSITING OR PLACING REFUSE MATTER, DEAD ANIMALS, GARBAGE
ETC. INTO RIVERS, DITCHES, RAILROAD RIGHT OF WAYS, HIGHWAYS, ETC., PRO-
HIBITED; DECLARED NUISANCE; EXCEPTION AS TO MUNICIPAL GARBAGE DISPOSAL
SYSTEMS. The depositing, placing, or causing to be placed or put, the
carcass of any dead animal or the offal or refuse matter from any slaughter
house, butcher shop, meat market, packing house, fish house, hog pen,
stable, or any spoiled meats, spoiled fish, or any animal or vegetable
matter in a putrid or decayed condition or which is liable to become putrid,
decayed or offensive, or the contents of a privy vault, or any refuse or gar-
bage, or any offensive matter or substance whatever upon or Into any river,
creek, bay, pond, canal, ditch, lake, stream, railroad right-of-way, public
or private ground, or in any other and different locality, building, or es-
tablishment in this state so located that the said substance shall directly
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168
or Indirectly cause or threaten to cause the pollution or impairment of the
purity and usefulness of the waters of any spring, reservoir, stream, ir-
rigation ditch, lake or water supply whether surface or subterranean, which
are used wholly or partly as a source of public or domestic water supply,
or where the same may become a source of annoyance to any person, or within
one-half mile of any inhabited dwellfng, or within one-half mile of any
public roadway, by any person or persons, association of persons, company
or corporation, incorporated city, incorporated or unincorporated town in
the State of Wyoming, or the knowingly permitting of such acts by the owner,
tenant, or occupant of said places, upon, into, or on said places, or the
permitting of said offensive substances or other offensive substances to
remain thereon or therein, shall be unlawful and is hereby declared to
constitute a nuisance detrimental to the public health and general welfare
of the citizens of Wyoming, provided that no present and (or) future oper-
ation of any existing municipal garbage disposal system or any extension
of or changes therein, which involves substantial1y daily burning, and no
present and (or) future operation of any now existing municipal sewage
disposal system or facilities or any extension of or changes therein, shall
be considered as within the scope of the foregoing provisions of this act
(§§ 35-462, 35-463) or as a violation thereof but further provided that the
foregoing exception concerning any existing municipal garbage disposal system
whether or not such involves substantially daily burning, shall not be appli-
cable to or except from the scope of this act, any such system which has been
commended since prior construction in the close vicinity thereof, of occupied
residential buildings or occupied business properties, ten or more in number
(Laws 1945, ch. 131, § l; C. S. 1945, § 9-705.)
| 35-463. PENALTY FOR VIOLATION OF PRECEDING SECTION. Any person
violating the provisions of this act (§§ 35-462, 35-463) shall be guilty of
a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not
less than fifty dollars nor more than two hundred dollars or shall be im-
prisoned in the county jail not to exceed six months, or shall be punishable
by both such fine and imprisonment. (Laws 1945, ch. 131, § 2; C.S. 1945,
§ 9-706.)
§ 35-464. THROWING SAWDUST INTO STREAMS. If any person or persons
who may own, run or have charge of any sawmill in this state shall throw or
permit the sawdust therefrom to be thrown or placed in any manner into any
river, stream, creek, bay, pond, lake, canal, ditch or other water course in
this state, such person or persons shall be liable to a like penalty as is
provided in section one of this act. (Laws 1884, ch. 62, | 4; R. S. 1887,
§ 1023; R. S. 1899, § 5116; C. S. 1910, § 5967; C. S. 1920, § 7256; R. S.
1931, § 32-711; C. S. 1945, § 9-707.)
§ 35-465. FAILURE OF OWNER TO REMOVE OR BURY DEAD ANIMAL. It shall
be the duty of the owner, or person having charge of an animal which may
die in this state, to remove the carcass to a distance of not less than
half a mile from the nearest human habitation, or to bury it with not less
than two feet of soil over it; and every person failing to so remove or bury
such carcass, for more than forty-eight hours, shall upon conviction, be
fined in a sum not exceeding one hundred dollars. And should such animal
be the property or in charge of some person passing through this state, then
any peace officer may (without warrant) detain the owner or person in charge
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169
of such animal, or of the flock or herd from which it died, as soon as
such owner or person shall have shown an intention not to so bury or
remove said carcass, by removing from it, or removing such flock or herd
from it a distance of half a mile or more, a reasonable time, not to
exceed two days until a warrant can issue upon an information duly sworn
to. And the brand upon such animal may be given In proof of the ownership
of the same, (laws 1879, ch. 29, § 3; R. S. 1887, S 1005; R. S. 1899,
S 5J1'; C. S. 1910, § 5962; C. S. 1920, § 725?; R. S. 1931, § 32-706; C. S.
19^5, I 9-704.)
§ 35-^66. PLACING GARBAGE, RUBBISH, GRASS, ETC., ON HIGHWAYS PRO-
HIBITED. It shall be unlawful for any person to throw, dump, place or
dispose of in any manner upon any highway or road right-of-way, any
garbage, trash, litter, rubbish, debris, carcass or parts of dead animals,
wrecked or abandoned vehicles, equipment and machinery or parts thereof,
tin cans, scrap Iron, glass, bottles, or any substance which would be
likely to Injure any person, animal or vehicle, or which would in any way
detract from the appearance of the land within any highway or road right-
of-way. (Laws 1957, ch. 90, § 1.)
116 SESSION LAWS OF WYOMING, 1969 Ch. 93
CREATION OF "THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES"
SECTION 1. Effective July 1, 1969, there shall be created a depart-
ment within the executive branch entitled "The Department of Health and
Social Services", hereinafter referred to as "The Department".
ABOLITION OF BOARD OF DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH; BOARD AND DEPARTMENT OF
WELFARE; AND BOARD AND DIVISION OF VOCATION REHABILITATION OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION; TRANSFER OF DUTIES AND POWERS
SECTION 2. The Department is the successor to the currently existing
Board and Department of Health, Board and Department of Welfare, and the
Board and Division of Vocational Rehabilitation of the Department of
Education, vfclch are hereby abolished as of July 1, 1969.
All powers, duties and regulatory authority vested by law in the
Board and Department of Health, the Board and Department of Welfare, and
the Board and Division of Vocational Rehabilitation of the Department of
Education, are transferred to the Department as of July 1, I969, and
the performance of such acts or functions by the Department shall have
the same effect as if done by the former departments, boards or division
as referred to or designated by law, contract or other document, such
reference or designation shall apply to the Department. All rules,
regulations and orders of the former departments, boards and division
lawfully adopted prior to July 1, 19$9, and not Inconsistent with the
Intent of this act, or other state and federal laws, shall continue to be
effective until revised, amended, repealed or nullified pursuant to law.
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APPENDIX I
WYOMING WATER SUPPLY STANDARDS
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Appendix I
Wyoming Water Supply Standards
Vrt'o'oWr
^Wrs'oWoWc
•HrieMrMeMt
OFFICIAL STANDARDS
ADOPTED
By
DIVISION OF HEALTH AND MEDICAL SERVICES
WYOMING DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES
CHEYENNE
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INTRODUCTION
Application of Che following standards and recommendations
are essential in providing a safe, potable quality of water.
The water may be clear, cool, and free from objectionable
tastes and odors, but may contain bacteria which render it
dangerous for human consumption. To be satisfactory, water
should be free at all times from any organism capable of causing
disease and should not contain excessive amounts of dissolved
minerals.
The use of contaminated or polluted water supplies has been
the cause of many cases of typhoid fever, paratyphoid, dysentery,
and cholera. Other waterborne disease organisms causing infec-
tious hepatitis and gastroenteritis have been correlated with
water contaminated by intestinal discharges of patients or
carriers.
The State Department of Public Health, Division of Labora-
tories, will perform bacteriological analyses on domestic water
supplies. However, it should be emphasized that no unprotected
water supply can be considered bacteriologically safe, nor can
any one safe sample from any supply be considered assurance of a
continuously safe supply unless a thorough sanitary survey of the
supply, together with subsequent safe samples, support this posi-
tion. In this regard, no untreated surface supply should ever
be considered bacteriologically safe.
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STATE OF WYOMING
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH
Cheyenne
MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR PRIVATE OR SEMI-PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES
Section I. Authority. Pursuant to authority vested in the State
Board of Health through Wyoming Statutes 1945, Sections 63-114; 63-142;
and 63-202, ^he following standards are hereby promulgated.
These standards apply to any person, partnership, corporation or com-
pany who in the conduct of their business provide water, with or without
cost or remuneration, to the public, or use such water in the preparation
of food, cleaning of utensils or equipment which directly or indirectly
contact special individuals, groups, or the public at large.
The standards set forth herein are not obligatory for private homes
or individuals.
Section 2. Definitions
a. Aquifer. Ground-water reservoir.
b. Artesian Water. Subsurface water in a confining aquifer under
hydrostatic pressure greater than atmospheric.
c. Bacteriological Quality. Concentration and frequency of concen-
tration of the coliform bacteria.
d. Chemical. Mineral content, etc.
e. Contamination. Presence of pollution.
f. Ground Water. Water occurring below the water table.
g. Physical Characteristics. Relate to the quality of water for
domestic use, color or turbidity, temperature, taste and odor.
h. Pollution. Presence in water of any foreign substances (organic,
inorganic, radiological, biological) which tend to lower its quality or
impairs its usefulness.
i. Spring. Ground water that flows upon the land surface or into a
body of surface water.
J. Surface Water. Direct runoff and dry weather stream flow.
k. Turbidity. Presence of suspended material such as clay, silt,
etc.
I. Water Table. Upper surface of zone of saturation not confined
by impermeable material.
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Section 3. Water Source and Protection
a. Veils
(I) Location of Wells
(a) The well shall be located on a site which has good
surface drainage at a higher elevation than any source of contamination
or pollution.
(b) Minimum distances between wells, suction lines, or
buried water reservoirs, and various sources of contamination.
TABLE I
Contaminat ion
Sources
Well, Suction Line, or Reservoir
(Distance in Feet)
Cast Iron Sewer
20
Other Sewer
50
Septic Tank
50
Disposal Field
100
Seepage Pit
100
Cesspool
100
(c) A well shall not be located within the foundation
walls of a dwelling*
(d) All suction lines shall be located at the same dis-
tance from sources of contamination as outlined in Table I above.
(e) No well or suction pipe shall be located in a pit,
except where a properly installed submersible pump is employed.
(2) Construction of Wells
(a) Casing. Every well shall be provided with an outside
water-tight protective casing that extends at least twelve (12) inches
above ground level to at least ten (10) feet below ground surface except
that a well casing sealed in a water-tight manner at the top and served
by a submersible pump may terminate below ground level in a properly con-
structed pit. No casing s"hall be used as a suction or eduction pipe.
(b) Platform and Pumproom Floor. The well shall be pro-
vided with a reinforced concrete platform or pumproom floor at least
four (4) feet square and sloped to drain away from the well.
(c) Well Seal. All openings at the top of the well shall
be securely sealed against the entrance of contamination and waste water.
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(d) Pumps. The pumps shall be designed and secured to the
veil casing to prevent the entrance of contamination Into the well.
(e) All pumping equipment shall be located above ground
level except where a submersible pump is employed. The pumping equipment
may be protected against freezing by one of the following methods:
Method 1. Insulated Pumphouse. The pumping equipment
may be located in an insulated pumphouse which is supplied with an auxil-
iary source of heat during the winter months.
Method 2. Underground Discharge. The well may be
provided with an underground discharge of the type which does not require
the use of a "frost" pit.
b. Springs
(1) Location of Spring
A spring which is to be developed as a source for drinking
or domestic water shall be located in compliance with Table I, Page 2,
in respect to sources of contamination.
(2) Construction of Spring
(a) A spring shall have a water-tight and durable casing
a. «J
oi'.U WU VCl «
(b) The water supply shall be obtained from one or more
discharge pipes that pass through the encasing wall or curbing.
(c) A spring shall be protected against flooding from
above by an intercepting or diversion ditch to carry away the surface
drainage.
(d) Provisions shall be made for protecting the water en-
tering the enclosing structure of springs at points ess t an ten
feet below ground surface.
c. Operation of Water Supplies
(1) The source and distribution system shall be properly dis-
infected after construction or repairs.
(2) The source, equipment and all appurtenances shall be main-
tained in a sanitary condition.
d. Water Storage Reservoirs
(1) Location of Reservoirs
(a) Underground reservoirs shall be located on a well-
drained site at least mo (2) feet above the highest known flood level
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!ndJ^a sTuf£lcient ^^tance from all sources of contamination as set forth
In Xflblc X*
N° re8ervoir 8hau b® Seated so that the bottom is be-
lov the water table.
(2) Construction of Reservoirs
^ * reservoir shall be constructed of appropriately dura-
ble materials and shall be water-tight.
, , ilc Meaicn»
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177
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
STANDARDS GOVERNING MOBILE HOME PARKS,
TRAVEL TRAILERS, TRUCK CAMPERS AND OVERNIGHT CAMPING
Page
Author i ty
Section
1
1
Defini tions
Sect ion
3
1
Electr ici ty
Sect i on
12
6
Fire Protection
Section
13
6
General Provisions for All
Mobile Home Parks
Sect ion
7
t~
Insect and Rodent Control
Sect i on
11
6
Inspection of Mobile Home
Parks
Sect i on
6
3
Mi see 1laneous
Sect ion
14
6
Permi ts
Sect i on
5
3
Plans and Specifications
Section
k
2
Refuse Disposal
Section
10
5
Registration of Occupants
Section
15
6
Sewage Disposal
Section
9
5
To Whom Standards Apply
Sect ion
2
1
Water Supply
Sect i on
8
5
CHAPTER II
SPECIAL STANDARDS COVERNI^ OVERNIGHT FACILITIES
FOR MOBILE HOMES, TRUCK CAMPERS AND TEN 11Nu
Section 1 7
Genera 1
Section b 7
Serv i ce Bu iId i ngs
Section 2 7
Unit Space
Section 3 7
Water Supply
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CHAPTER i
GENERAL STANDARDS GOVERNING MOBILE HOME PARKS,
TRAVEL TRAILERS, TRUCK CAMPERS AND OVERNIGHT CAMPING
Section 1. Authority- 35-18; 35-25 (6) and (15), Wyoming Compiled
Statutes, 1957-
Section 2. To Whom Standards Apply. The following Standards shall
apply to any community, incorporated or unincorporated; county; city and
county; institution, person, firm or corporation operating, maintaining,
or offering for public or private use within the State of Wyoming any
tract or parcel of land for use either free of charge or by payment of a
fee for the parking of a mobile home, travel trailer or truck camper as
defined in the definition of these Standards when the number of such units
exceeds two and are inhabited. For the interpretation or enforcement of
these Standards the following items are mandatory.
Section 3< Defini ti ons.
a. Mobile Home. A vehicle used or so constructed as to permit its
being used as a conveyance upon the public streets or highways arid duly
licensable as such, constructed in such a manner as will permit year-
round occupancy thereof as a dwelling. Such unit overall length shall
be twenty-nine (29) feet or more.
b. Travel Trailer. A vehicle used and so constructed as to permit
its being used as a conveyance upon the public streets or highways and
duly licensable as such, constructed in such a manner as will permit
occupancy thereof as a seasonal dwelling. Such unit shall be less than
twenty-nine (29) feet overall length.
c. Truck Camper. Any vehicle used or so constructed as to permit
its being used as a conveyance upon the public streets or highways and
duly licensable as such, constructed in such a manner that temporary
facilities for dwelling or sleeping are provided upon the frame or bed of
such vehicle. Such facilities may be either permanently or temporarily
attached.
d* Dependent Mobile Home. A mobile home which does not have a flush
toilet, bath or shower.
e* Dependent Travel Trailer or Camper. A travel trailer or camper
which does not have a flush toilet, bath or shower.
Independent Mobile Home. A mobile home which has both flush
toilet and a bath or shower.
9* Independent Travel Trailer or Truck Camper. A travel trailer or
truck camper which has both a flush toilet and shower either self-contained
or not.
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h. Tent Tra'ler. A vehicle less than twenty (20) feet in length with
an expandable enclosure of canvas, fabric, or metal constructed in such a
manner that temporary facilities fo' sleeping or dwelling are provided.
'. Tent. A shelter made of flexible material erected directly on
the ground.
j. Mobile Home Park. An area occupied by three or more unit spaces of
the predesignated type which are being utilized for dwelling or sleeping
purposes.
k. Unit Space. A plot of ground within a mobile home park designated
for the accommodation of one unit of a predesignated type.
1. Sanitary Station. A facility provided for the emptying of self-
contained tanks in travel trailers or other mobile vehicles.
m. Person shall mean person, firm, corporation, or association.
n. Approved shall mean acceptable to the health authority following
his determination as to conformance with these standards and good public
health practice.
o. Service Buildi nq. A building housing separate toilet and bathing
facilities for men and women, having laundry facilities, and a service sink.
p. Service Sink. A sink used for clean-up purposes within the service
but Id ing.
q. State Health Officer. As used herein shall mean the Administrator
of the Division of Health and Medical Services, Wyoming Department of Health
and Social Services, or his authorized representative.
Section k. Plans and Specifications. No corporation, municipality,
association, institution, firm or person shall construct a mobile home park
as defined in these Standards without prior written approval of the State
Health Officer. Two copies of the complete plans and specifications for
all phases of the construction and operation of the proposed mobile home
park shall be submitted to the Division of Health and Medical Services,
Sanitary Engineering Services, Wyoming Department of Health and Social
Services, Cheyenne, Wyoming, at least thirty (30) days prior to the proposed
date for bid letting or the start of construction. The plan shall show the
following:
a. The a^ea and dimensions of the Mobile Home Park site.
b. The number, location and size of all unit spaces, plus a
designation as to specific usage.
c. The location and width of roadways and walkways.
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180
d. The location of the service building (or buildings) and any other
proposed structures (storage buildings, garbage and trash stations, etc.).
e. The location of water and sewer lines.
f. The location of storm drains and/or catch basins.
g. Where a private or semi-public water supply is utilized, complete
plans and specifications of the well, housing, plumbirg, and water system
along with all specifications shall be submitted,
h. When private sewage disposal facilities are utilized, their
location shall be given and all pertinent details of construction and
final disposal (tank size, lagoon size, tile field, etc.).
i. A floor plan of the service building shall be prepared showing
the number and location of toilets, urinal(s), shower(s), or bath(s),
lavatories, laundry facilities, service sinks, doors, windows, and all
other pertinent information.
j. Additional plans shall be required including details of a typical
individual water and sewer connection.
k. Complete plans and specifications of the sanitary station and
its location.
1. Plans and specifications of all other improvements constructed
or to be constructed within the trailer court.
m. Complete plans and specifications of kitchen waste disposal
method when not connected to mobile home park sewage system.
Section 5. Permits. It shall be unlawful for any person to maintain
or operate any mobile home park within the State of Wyoming unless he holds
a valid permit issued annually on a calendar year basis by the State Health
Officer. All applications for permits shall be made to the State Health
Officer who shall issue the permit upon compliance by the applicant with
provisions of these Standards, hjo permi t sha 11 be transferable. Every
person issued a permit shall give notice in writing to the State Health
Officer within twenty-four (24) hours after having sold, transferred, given
away or otherwise disposed of interest in, or control of, any mobile home
park. Such notice shall include the name and address of the person suc-
ceeding to the ownership or control of such mobile home park.
Section 6. Inspection of Mobile Home Parks. At least once every six
(6) months the Health Officer shall inspect every mobile home park located
within the State of Wyoming. in case the Health Officer discovers a viola-
tion of any item of sanitation, he shall make a second inspection after the
lapse of such time as he deems necessary for the defect to be remedied. If,
upon subsequent inspection of any mobile home court, the State Health Officer
finds that conditions or practices exist which have previously been brought
to the attention of the owner or operato»", he shall then give notice in
writing to the person to whom the permit was issued. Any violation of the
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181
same item on a third inspection shall necessitate immediate suspension of
the permit. The State Health Officer shall advise the owner or operator
by registered mail of the conditions existing, and the Health Officer shall
re-inspect such mobile home park at the end of an additional thirty (30)-
day period. If he finds that such conditions or practices have not been
corrected, he shall give notice in writing to the person to whom the permit
is issued that a hearing shall be held.
Section 7- General Provisions For A!i Mobile H->ne Pa.-K.,.
a. Mobile home parks shall be well drained.
b. The mobile home park shall be adequately lighted at night.
c. Each mobile home unit shall have its boun:'3ries clearly defined
and contain a minimum of 2500 square feet. (See Chapter II, Section 2, a.
for exception.)
d. Each unit shall abut on a driveway not less, than twenty (20) feet
in width which shall have unobstructed access to a public street or highway.
e. Each-sewer service connection shall utilize a riser pipe of at
least a k inch diameter which terminates at least *+ inches above the ground
surface. The tubing or piping connecting the mobile home drain outlet and
the sewer riser pipe shall be noncoI lapsible, semirigid, and of 3 inch
diameter. A reducer from 4 to 3 inches shall connect the bell end of the
U inch riser pipe with the 3 inch semirigid tubing or piping. All materials
used for sewer connections shall be corrosion resistant, nonabsorbent and
durable, with a smooth surface. Other types of sewer connections, such as
those which utilize a screw type connection, are acceptable if they are
watertight, airtight, and otherwise equivalent to the recommended connection.
When the sewer connection is not in use, the bell of the riser pipe
shall be capped with an airtight cap or plug.
f. Mobile homes, travel trailers, truck campers, tenting units or
tents shall be located on each unit space so there is a minimum of:
(1) Fifteen (15) feet clearance between all mobile homes, travel
trailers, truck campers, tenting units or tents..
(2) Ten (10) feet between each mobile home, travel trailer, true*
camper, tenting unit or tent and any adjoining property lin^.
(3) Twenty-five (25) feet between the mobile home, travel trailer,
truck camper, tenting unit or tent and the curb line of any public street
or highway.
(k) Fifteen (15) feet between the unit and any building or
structure.
(5) Each unit space shall have a nininnurD width of twenty-five (25)
feet.
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182
(6) Provisions shall be made for adequate all-weather walkways to
each unit.
g. No greater number of occupied mobile homes, travel trailers, truck
campers, tenting units or tents shall be allowed than there are unit spaces
available therefor.
NOTE: This is not to infer that a. special parking area may
not be provided for unoccuo?ed mobile homes, travel
trailers or truck campers. When such is the case,
the unit space requirement is waived.
h. Sufficient area shall be provided for the parking of at least one
motor vehicle for each unit space.
NOTE: A separate area should be provided for recreational
purposes. This area should be in a location not
subject to traffic hazards and should provide
approximately one hundred (100) square feet of open
area for each unit space.
i. A sanitary station shall be provided within every mobile home
park that provides units or facilities for travel trailers, truck campers
or tent trailers.
NOTE: Restroom facilities shall be provided in all mobile
home parks for emergency use.
Section 8. Water SuppIv.
a. An adequate and safe supply of water under pressure shall be
supplied to each unit. (See exception in Chapter II, Section 3.)
b. The source, quality, quantity, distribution system, volume and
method of storage of water shall be approved by the Wyoming Department of
Health and Social Services, Division of Health and Medical Services, All
water and sewer lines shall have a minimum horizontal separation of ten
(10) feet.
c. Samples for bacteriological examination shall be submitted
regularly and routinely at the rate of not less than four (4) per year,
while the mobile home park is occupied, when other than a municipal
supply is uti1ized.
Section 9. Sewage DIsposa1. The method of liquid waste disposal
shall be by connection to a municipal disposal system or shall be in
accordance with the Minimum Standards for Private Sewage Disposal Systems
and approved by the State Health Officer.
Section 10. Refuse Disposal.
a. The storage, collection and disposal of refuse shall be in such
a manner as to avoid a health hazard, odor nuisance, and be approved by
the State Health Officer.
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183
b. Refuse containers shall be provided in adequate numbers within
one hundred (100) feet of each unit space.
c. Garbage shall be collected and disposed of a minimum of once
weekly and more often if needed.
Section II. Insect and Rodent Control.
a. Every mobile home park shall be kept free of rubbish and main-
tained in a sanitary condition at all times.
b. Harborage for rodents and insects shall be eliminated.
c. Breeding places for flies and mosquitoes shall be eliminated
or controlled.
Section 12. Electric!tv.
a. All electrical wiring in the mobile home park shall be in strict
compliance with the State Electrical Code governing such installation.
Section 13. Fire Protection.
a. All new mobile home parks shall have all plans and specifications
reviewed and approved by the office of the State Fire Marshal.
b. AM recommendations of the State Fire Marshal's office shall be
strictly adhered to. Lack of compliance with State Fire Regulations shall
be deemed sufficient cause for revocation of permit.
Section 1^. Mi see 1laneous.
a. Skirting of coaches is permissible but such skirting shall not
permanently attach the coach to the ground, provide a harborage for rodents,
create a fire hazard, or be utilized as a general storage area.
b. The wheels of any mobile home or travel trailer shall not be
removed except temporarily for repair-
Section 15. Registration of Occupants. Every mobile home park
owner or operator shall maintain a register containing a record of a 11
mobile homes, travel trailers, truck campers, tent trailers and tenters
using the mobile home park.
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184
CHAPTER I I
SPECIAL STANDARDS GOVERNING OVERNIGHT FACILITIES
FOR MOBILE HOMES, TRUCK CAMPERS AND TENTING UNITS
Section I. General. The following variances from the general
provisions inChapter I are made for facilities catering to the overnight
camper utilizing such units as truck campers, travel trailers, tents and
tent trailers.
Section 2. Unit Space.
a. Each unit space provided for a truck camper, travel trailer or
tenting unit shall contain a minimum of one thousand (1,000) square feet
b. Each unit space provided for tenting units shall be provided
with a table and provisions for fire building.
c. Provisions shall be made for disposal of kitchen or sink waste
water at each unit space in a manner approved by the Wyoming Oeoartment
of Health and Social Services, Division of Health and Medical Services
Where a pipe connection is provided it shall not exceed two (2) inches
in diameter.
d. No unit space serving a dependent travel trailer, truck
or tenting unit shall be located further than 300 feet radialiw ![
service building. Unit spaces greater than this distance must hp
nated for and used by self-contained units. WSt be des,9"
Section 3. Water Supply. A water supply approved by the Wvnminr,
Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Health and Jui? >
Services, providing a central watering point is the minimum required"
for installations designed entirely to provide the overniahi- ,Tnt
facility. 31 lype of
NOTE: The operator will find that it is advisable
to provide a water hook-up at a number of
unit spaces.
Section U. fervice Building. Each mobile home park which permits the
parking of dependent mobile homes, dependent travel trailers, dependent
truck campers or tenting units, as defined in the definitions, shall
provide the following:
A service building which shall provide toilet and bath facilities
for each sex; the number of units required as given in the following
table.
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185
Toilets
Ur i -
Lavator ies
Showers
Number
na Is
Other
of parking
f i xtures
si tes
Hen
Women
Hen
Men
Women
Men
Women
1-15 ...
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
)
16-30 ...
1
2
1
2
2
1
I
)
31-45 ...
2
2
1
3
3
1
1
) 1 s1 op
46-60 ...
2
3
2
3
3
2
2
) sink
61-80 ...
3
4
2
4
4
2
2
)
NOTE: For determination of the needed plumbing fixtures,
all unit spaces not served by a sewer connection
and within 300 feet radially of the service
building will be considered as available for
parking dependent travel trailers, truck campers
and tenting units.
a. Each water closet shall be in a private compartment.
b. A sound retardant wall shall separate the toilet facilities
for each sex when provided in a single building.
c. Each bath or shower shall be in a private compartment.
d. A slop sink shall be provided for disposal of liquid wastes and
for clean up and maintenance of the service building.
e. The service building shall be of permanent construction and
be provided with adequate light, heat and ventilation.
f. Interior construction shall be of cleanable, moisture resistant
materia Is.
g. All windows, doors or other openings shall be screened.
h. All plumbing shall conform to the National Plumbing Code, ASA,
A40.8-1955 or a later addition thereof, or the local plumbing code,
whichever is the more rigorous,
i. An adequate volume of hot and cold running water shall be
provided at all times in the service building.
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186
INDEX
CHAPTER I
MINIMUM STANDARDS GOVERNING DUDE RANCHES
Authority
Definitions
Disease Control
Inspection of IXide Ranches
Permits
Plans, Specifications and/or Letter of Intent to
Operate or Assume Operation of a Dude Ranch
Procedure When Infection Suspected
Sanitation Requirements for Dude Ranches
Section 1
Section 2
Section 7
Section 5
Section 4
Section 3
Section 8
Section 6
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187
CHAPTER I
MINIMUM STANDARDS GOVERNING DUDE RANCHES
Section 1. Authority. Sections 35-12; 35-18; 35-274, Wyoming
Statutes, 1957*
These standards have been prepared as a guide to Dude Ranch oper-
ators and as an aid to health authorities in providing adequate envi-
ronmental sanitation standards in all areas where dude ranching activ-
ities occur. The great increase in the utilization of recreational
areas necessitates a forward approach to the special problems and con-
ditions associated with such activities. The intent of these standards
is not discriminatory or retalitory, nor is it designed to prohibit or
restrict Dude Ranch operations generally.
The intent of the standards is to assist the individuals engaged
in this activity to provide both for themselves and their guests the
maximum health protection and reduction of legal liability relating to
environmental health conditions.
Section 2. Definitions. The following definitions shall apply in
the interpretation and the enforcement of this standards.
Dude Ranch. A ranch, working or seasonal, accepting tourists gen-
erally or select clientele.
Health Officer. The term "health officer" shall mean the Director
of Health of the State of looming or his authorized representative.
Person. The word "person" shall mean person, firm, corporation,
or association.
Facility. The'word "facility" shall mean the central structure in
which guests are housed or fed.
Department. The word "department" shall mean the Wyoming State
Department of Public Health.
Section 3. Plans. Specifications and/or Letter of Intent to Op-
erate or Assume Operation of a Dude Ranch. Plans, specifications and/
or letter of intent to operate or assume operation of a Dude Ranch shall
be submitted to the Health Officer at least two (2) weeks prior to bid
letting or construction start, and all recommendations of the Wyoming
State Department of Public Health shall be complied with prior to oper-
ation. Note: This is not to be construed as to mean plans are to be
submitted yearly.
a. Plans and Specifications.
(1) Complete plans and specifications for new construction,
all additions to and remodeling, of all Dude Ranches shall be submitted.
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188
Codea or Standards to be followed in all construction are:
(a) National Plumbing Code
(b) National Building Code
(c) National Electrical Code
(d) Standard, tor Private Sewage Dl.poaal System.
(e) Minimus standard, for Private or Seml-Publlc Water
8 sssisssmzzizi
the Health Officer. The permit shall at Si tEL'S! ! \? P?rmit fron
the facility. Only persons who comply with the r# 4 vailable within
ard shall b« entitled to receive and retain such a^ermit?** °* thi* 8tand"
The permit Is Issued on a yearly basis i-v>a « , ^
of each year. The responsibility for applying for LI ( l" 31
the expiration date of a permit, is the direct resooMihii?^*' #Pri°r t0
son owning or operating such activity, ponsibility of the per-
The permit may be temporarily suspended by the HmIh,
repeated violations by the holder of the permit of a«T V 7^
of this standard or revoked after an opportunitv « Z requirements
Health Officer following serious or repeated v2ifm by the
closed. eolation, and the Dude Ranch
Hearings. Hearings provided for in this v
by the Wyoming State Department of Public Healt-Vi ^ be conducted
ignated by the Department and in the manner set J ® and Place des-
of Health policy. Set forth ** the State Board
Reinstatement of Permit. Any Dude Ranch
been suspended, may at any time make application ? P®*®1* o£ which ha®
of the permit. PP^cation for the reinstatement
. After the receipt of a satisfactory apnllcan,™
statement signed by the applicant to the effect fccompanied by a
sion or provisions of this standard have « violated provl-
Officer ih.ll ~k. a J "»<»"«< «lth, eh. Hwlth
inspections as he may deem necessary to assur. "many additional re-
is again complying with the retirements, and the *PPllca«t
cate compliance, shall reinstate the permit. findings indi-
From and after twelve (12) months from the d*.-. «
ard takes effect no Dude Ranch shall operate vithi v Vlhich this stand-
unless it conforms with the requirements of this standard**** °f Wy°min8
tote: There is no charge for the permit Th„ 4 ,
of control only. ' ™® Permit is a method
(2)
Supplle®*
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189
Section 5. Inspection of Dude Ranches. At least once yearly the
Health Officer shall inspect every Dude Ranch located within the State
of Wyoming. In case the Health Officer discovers a violation of an item
of sanitation he shall make a second inspection after a lapse of such
time as he deems necessary to correct the defect. A third inspection
shall be used in determining compliance with the requirements of this
standard. Any violation of the same item of the standard on such third
inspection shall call for immediate suspension of the permit and proce-
dures shall then be Instituted to hold a hearing.
One copy of the inspection report shall be left with the person re-
sponsible for the operation and the original of the report shall be
filed with the records of the State Department of Public Health,
The person responsible for the IXide Ranch shall upon request of the
Health Officer permit access to all phases of the activity and shall pro-
vide such pertinent information to the Health Officer as the Health Of-
ficer may deem necessary for the protection of public health.
Section 6. Sanitation Requirements for IXide Ranches. Compliance
Kith Items a (1) (2) & (4), and b (1) & (2) of the following items of
sanitation is essential before a permit is Issued to any Dude Ranch.
All other items shall be complied with within a reasonable time but not
later than one (1) year after a permit has been issued.
a. Water Supply,
(1) The water supply of all IXide Ranches shall comply with the
Minimum Standards for Private or Semi-Publie Water Supplies.
(2) During all periods of operation a minimum of one (1) sam-
ple shall be submitted to the Wyoming Department of Public Health per
month.
(3) The results of such bacteriological examination of the
water supply shall be retained by the operator for not less than
three (3) years.
(4) Upon bacteriological or structural determination that the
water supply is not approved immediate, corrective measures shall be
instituted by the responsible person and such measures shall first be
approved by the Wyoming State Department of Public Health.
b. Sewage Disposal.
(1) All sewage disposal shall be in accordance with the Mini-
mum Standards for Private Sewage Disposal Systems.
(2) The sewage disposal systems shall not pollute any stream
(3) Approval for all new syatena or changes to present systems
shall be approved by the Wyoming State Department of Public Health.
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190
c. Food Setvice.
(1) All food setvice at Dude Ranches shall be in accordance
with the Minimum Standards Governing Food Service Establishments,
accention; A special permit exclusively for food service
is not required.
d. Swimming Fools (where applicable)
(1) All swimming pools located upon the premises and an in-
tegral part of the activity shall comply with the Minimum Standards
Governing Swimming Fools*
e. Insect and Rodent Control*
(1) All practical methods for the eradication or reduction of
insects and rodents shall be used.
f. Sleeping or Housing Facilities.
(1) Rooms shall be cleaned daily.
(2) Protection of mattresses and pillows shall be provided.
(3) Multi-use utensils used in the rooms shall receive dally
approved cleaning and sanitigatlon.
g. Disposal of Solid Wastes.
(1) All solid wastes such as trash> garbage, paper, and all
other litter shall be disposed of in a manner which is approved by the
State Department of Public Health.
Section 7. Disease Control. Ho person who is affected with any
disease in a communicable form or has been proven to be a carrier of
such disease shall work on any Dude Ranch, and no Dude Ranch shall know-
ingly employ any such person or any person suspected of being affected
with any disease in a communicable form or of being a carrier of such
disease. If the person responsible for the Dude Ranch operation suspects
that any employee has contracted any disease in a communicable form or
has become a carrier of such disease he shall require medical proof from
the employee that such health conditions do not exist. A placard con-
taining this section shall be posted in the facility*
Section 8. Procedure When Infection Suspected. When suspicion a-
rises as to the possibility of transmission of infection from any IKide
Ranch the Health Officer is authorized to require any or all of the fol-
lowing measures: (a) the innedlate exclusion of any employee from the
IXide Ranch; (b) the innedlate closing of the Dude Ranch concerned until
no further danger of disease outbreak exists, in the opinion of the Health
Officer; (c) adequate medical examinations of all employees and of their
associates, with such laboratory examinations as may be indicated.
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191
STATE OF WYOMING
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH
STANDARDS GOVERNING FLUORIDATION OF WATER
When fluoridation of a municipal water supply is being contem-
plated by a community it should be borne in mind that the equipment,
testing procedures, personnel, and safeguard should meet certain stan-
dards. As an initial step toward a program of fluoridation the follow-
ing information should be submitted to the State Department of Public
Health.
1. A recent chemical analysis of the municipal water supply. This
should include determinations for fluorides, sulfates, alkalinity, hard-
ness, acidity, iron, aluminum, phosphates, color and turbidity. If Ati
analysis is not available this Department will make such an analysis.
2. The name and qualifications of the person or persons who will
be in charge of the application of the fluoride compound and be respon-
sible for making the fluoride tests. He must be capable of learning
to make tests for fluoride according to the procedures outlined in
"Standard Methods of Water Analysis" and to make calculations relating
to the amount of chemical to be added when adjustments are necessary.
3. Some evidence of popular demand. This may be by popular vote,
straw vote, resolutions by civic groups, etc. This is recommended but
not required.
When it has been determined that fluoridation of a municipal
water supply is in the best interest of the people of that community,
fluoride compounds may be added to the water in accordance with the
following standards:
a. The city council must first take official action autho-
rizing the application of fluoride compounds to the city
water supply and make such action a matter of official
record. . A copy of this shall be forwarded to the State
Department of Public Health.
b. Plans and specifications for the equipment to be used in
applying the fluoride must be submitted to the State
Department of Public Health for approval. The location
and housing facilities for chemical storage, and a des-
cription of the laboratory equipment and protective de-
vices shall be included.
c. Specifications for the chemical compound to be used shall
be submitted to the Department for approval.
d. The name, qualifications and training record of the person
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192
in direct charge of the fluoridation process shall be
submitted to the Department for consideration and approval.
f. The fluoride ion level to be maintained shall be 1.0
part per million with a maximum of 1.2 parts per million.
Feeding apparatus shall have an accuracy tolerance of not
more than 5 per cent and shall be of a type which has
been successfully used elsewhere and for which parts and
service are readily available.
g. Special precautions shall be taken to protect the opera-
tors from inhaling fluoride dust when charging the hoppers
of the feeders. Dry feeders shall be equipped with dust
collectors consisting of bag filters operating under posi-
tive air pressure and vented to the outside air. Each
operator who handles fluoride shall be equipped with his
individual respirator of a type approved by the U. S.
Bureau of Mines for protection against toxic dust and with
dust proof gloves. Respiratory equipment and replacement
units shall be stored in approved containers when not in
use.
h. While the equipment is in operation, the responsible
operator shall:
(1) Maintain the feeding apparatus in good working order.
(2) Collect and make fluoride determinations by approved
methods on:
(a) Daily samples of unfluoridated water.
(b) Daily samples of fluoridated water at the
plant.
(3) Keep a daily record of amounts of fluoride applied
and results of fluoride determinations. A copy of
this record shall be furnished to the Department
monthly or oftener if requested.
(4) Submit a sample of water to the Department for
analysis as often as requested by the Department.
(5) Use an approved dust respirator and dust proof
gloves while exposed to the dust of the dry
fluoride compound.
Approved and Adopted: August 21, 1959
-------
appendix J
BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY SURVEY
-------
Appendix J
Report of a Survey of the
Wyoming State Health and Social Services
Division of Laboratories
at State Office Building
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82001
on September 16-17, 1971
by
Harry D. Nash, Ph. D.
Microbiologist
Water Hygiene Division
Office of Water Programs
Environmental Protection Agency
5555 Ridge Avenue
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
The equipment and procedures employed in the bacteriological analyses of
water by this laboratory conformed with the provisions of Standard Methods
for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (13th edition-1971) and with
the provisions of the Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, except
for the items marked with a cross "X" on the accompanying form EPA - 103
(Rev-3-71). Items marked with a "U" could not be determined at the time of
the survey. Items marked "O" do not apply to the procedures programmed
in this laboratory. Specific deviations are described with appropriate
remedial action for compliance in the following recommendations:
Recommendations
Items 2 and 3 Collection procedures and Sample bottles
It is recommended that the present narrow mouth, 90-ml capacity bottles be
replaced with 4 oz. (120 ml) wide-mouth bottles to assure that not less than
100-ml volumes are collected and an ample air space remains for adequate
mixing before examination. Wide-mouth bottles are recommended in order
to reduce the chance of accidental contamination during sampling and to
facilitate sample handling by laboratory personnel.
Item 4 Transportation and storage
It is suggested that the sample sheet, Figure 1, accompanying each sample
bottle include information on the exact location of the sampling point, residual
chlorine, and directions for collection and shipment of samples to the laboratory.
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195
r*rations should emphasize the need to coordinate collection and shipment of
les with existing postal service schedules and to avoid collection and
shipment of samples toward the end of the week and prior to holidays.
Item 5 Records of laboratory examinations
A review of the records indicate that unsatisfactory samples are reported and
the initial follow-up action is prompt; however, only one resample is requested.
It is recommended that daily samples from the same sampling point be collected
and examined until the results obtained from at least two consecutive samples
indicate that contamination is no longer present.
Items 10 and 30 Hot-air sterilizing oven
The temperature control on the hot-air sterilizing oven is pre-set; however,
the actual temperature obtained is not verified. An accurate thermometer
should be used to verify that sterilization temperature is reached and maintained
(170° to 180° for two hours).
Item 12 Thermometers
The accuracy of all laboratory thermometers used to measure temperatures in
water samples, water baths, hot-air sterilizing ovens, and autoclaves should
be verified. Verification of accuracy should be made at selected temperatures
within the minimum and maximum range of intended use by comparison with
readings on a thermometer certified by the National Bureau of Standards or
one of equivalent accuracy. Thermometers should be rechecked periodically
to ensure their accuracy.
Item 24 Pipets containers
Metal containers are recommended for sterilization and storage of pipets and
T>etri dishes and may be constructed of stainless steel or other non-corrosive,
heat resistant metal. Stainless steel containers resist heat and last longer
than those constructed of aluminum; however, aluminum containers are satis-
factory. Copper containers should not be used for either pipets or petri dishes
because particles of oxidized copper may be introduced into samples or media.
Item 31 Laboratory water quality
All distilled water used for bacteriological tests should be free of both
inorganic and organic substances either toxic or nutritive, which may influence
rvival or growth of bacteria. Many factors can influence the quality of dis-
tilled water: (1) design of the distillation equipment, (2) source of raw water;
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196
(3) storage chamber for reserve supply; (4) temperature of stored supply;
and (5) duration of storage before use.. These factors may contribute varying
degrees of contaminants such as metal ions, ammonium hydroxide, hydro-
chloric acid, chlorine from the source water, and carbon dioxide from the air.
In order to assure the quality, it is recommended that a distilled water suit-
ability test be conducted periodically.
Item 48 Completed test
The confirmed test can yield positive reactions in the absence of the coliform
group (false-positive test). Therefore, it is necessary to establish the validity
of the confirmed test by comparison with the completed test. The number of
comparative procedures for establishing the confirmed te£t for use in water
quality examination by comparison with the completed test depends on the
individual location. Approximately 20 tests each three months should be
sufficient when good agreement is secured. The number should be increased
if results from the confirmed and completed tests differ. The completed test
is the reference standard.
Item 50 Reference material
Since it is required that all equipment and procedures employed in the bacterio-
logical analyses of water conform with the provisions of Standard Methods for
the Examination of Water and Wastewater, it is essential that the laboratory
be supplied with a copy of the current edition (13th edition - 1971) for reference
use.
Item 60 Physical facilities
The physical facilities with reference to bench space and lighting are inadequate
for processing and examining samples during peak work periods. The space
problem is compounded by the fact that some clinical diagnostic examinations
are conducted in the same area.
It is recommended that the water laboratory be separated from the diagnostic
laboratory as a safety precaution when sufficient space becomes available.
Better lighting of the present work area is needed so that a light intensity of at
lease 50 foot-candles is supplied to all working surfaces.
Remarks
Sample bottles
The plastic "whirl-pak" bags presently used to collect private water samples
do appear adequate since the addition of sodium thiosulfate is not necessary;
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197
however, consideration should be given to changing to wide-mouth sample
bottles. Even though detailed, graphic instructions are furnished describing
proper"collection procedures, the probability of accidental contamination
by inexperienced sample collectors is much greater using plastic bags.
In order to expedite transferring cultures from the presumptive to the con-
firmed medium, it is suggested that single service hardwood applicators,
1/12 to 1/8 inch in diameter and at least 1 inch longer than the test tube be
used. These should be sterilized by dry heat and stored in glass or non-toxic
metal containers.
Mrs. Hildegarde McCoy, Bacteriologist, is approved for the application of
the total and fecal coliform multiple-tube procedure to the bacteriological
examination of drinking waters and stream water quality measurements.
The procedures and equipment in use at the time of this survey complied in
general with the provisions of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water
and Wastewater (13th edition-1971) and the Public Health Service Drinking
Water Standards, and with correction of listed deviations, it is recommended
that the results be accepted for the bacterial examination of waters under
interstate regulations.
Personnel Approved
Conclusions
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198
BACTERIOLOGICAL REPORT ON WATER SAMPLES
STATE OF WYOMING
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES
DIVISION OF HEALTH AND MEDICAL SERVICES
WK
DAY
SAMPLE REQ
CO.
TYPE SUPPLY
1 • PUSIIC
2 ¦ PRIVATE
3 • SEMI-PRIVATE
CITY
.3-41
4 - SWIMMING POOL
5 • U.S. GOVT.
6. STATE GOVT.
SM
EM
,j«i
7 • SCHOOL
8 - MISC.
ACCOUNTS NAME & ADDRESS
«*» IMPORTANT ***
THE WATER SAMPLE WHICH ACCOM-
PANIES THIS FORM FOR PROCESSiNG
MUST BE THE SAME AS DEFINED IN
"TYPE SAMPLE' CATEGORY BELOW.
1 - REGULAR 3 - MPN
CUST. NO. TYPE SAMPLE j. fiuORIDE 4. RAW
~0 NONE | | 1 | • REPEAT ~3 • REPLACEMENT
SAMPLE CONDITION .21, ~D • GOOD ~I] . DAMAGED ~3 . INSUFFICIENT
~0 OLD an • FAULTY CONTAINER QD • RETURNED UNUSED CONTAINER
C.'..'.'.3lE I D # DATE RECEIVED
22?Ii MO'OAY/rR .26-31.
LACTOSE BROTH 24 HR 48 HR 8GB ,
.32. 33' .341
FINAL ANALYSIS .351 I 1 0 1 - NOT TESTED | | 1 [ ¦ SAFE [ [ 2 | - UNSAFE
REMARKS:
Figure L Sample sheet accompanying each sample.
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199
t »
KKVIUONMKNTA1, PROTECTION AGENCY
Water Quality Office Jndir.ahng conformity with f-t-i *'•
Water Hygiene Division edition ol Stundarrt Method-. An- the
„ . . . Exfimiiui'aoti of Water and Waytc-
Bacteriological Survey for water (l'jVl) - u
Water laboratories
Survey By, i X - Deviation U = Un:Uj';f;rn\i:io'l
J '7 1-Iarry D. Nash
: O = Not Used
J
Laboratoi-y State of Wyoming, 1 Hvp'c. of
Health end Social Services, DL\\ of Labs.
Location, oi'fice Building
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82001
l>d.e
9/J.6/71
Sampling and Monitoring Response
1. Location and Frequency
Representative points on system.
Frequency of sampling adequate .
2. Collection Procedure
Faucets with aerators should not be used
Plush tap 1 min. prior to sampling
Pump well 1 min. to waste prior to sampling , . . .
River, stream, lake, or reservoir sampled at least
6 inches below surface and towa rd current.
Minimum sample not less than 100 ml .nqt yri^e,mp\\th
Ample air space in bottle for mixing X
Promptly identify sample legibly and indelibly _____
3. Sample Bottles Municipal samples In glass bottles
Wide mouth, glass or plastic bottles of 90 ml capacity x
Sample bottles capable of sterilization and rinse
Closure: Private samples in plastic whirl pack bags.
a. Glass stoppered bottles protected with metal foil,
rubberized cloth or kraft type paper
b. Metal or plastic screw cap with leakproof liner .
Sodium thiosulfate added for dechlorination
Concentration 100 mg/1 added before sterilization
Chelation agent for stream samples (optional)
Concentration 372 mg/1 added before sterilization ....
4. Transportation and Storage
Complete and accurate data accompanies sample X
Transit time for potable water samples should not exceed ......
48 hrs, preferably within 30 hrs . Not exajni,ned jf pvgr,4§ hr$. . .
Transit time for source waters, reservoirs, and natural
bathing waters should not exceed 6 hrs
All samples examined within 2 hours of arrival
EPA-103 (Cln)
(Rev. 3-71)
-------
200
r i ¦ State of Wyomimj, Dept. of , . . , ,
Laboratory | Location Stare Ojjic.c 1-klr..
Health & Social Services, Div. of Labs. | Cheyenne, Wyoming "2C01
1XU:;
9/10/71
Transport;) lion and .Storage (Continued)
Sample refrigeration nsundatory on stream samples,
optional on potable water samples
Record of'Laboratory Examination
Hermits assembled and available for inspection ...
Number of Teats per year
MPN Test - Type of sample Municipal and Private
Confirmed (+) 392 (-) 7.719 (Total) 8. Ill
Completed (-I-) o (-) 0 (Total) Q
MF Test - Type of sample
Direct Count (+) (-) (Total)
Verified Count {+) (-) (Total)"
Data processed rapidly through laboratory and engineering sections,
Unsatisfactory sample defined as S or more positive tubes per
MPN test or 5 or more colonies per 100 ml in MF test
High priority placed on alerting operator to unsatisfactory
potable water results
Prompt resampling for unsatisfactory samples . ,
6. Laboratory Evaluation Service
State program to evaluate all laboratories which examine
potable water supplies...............
Frequency of surveys on a year basis
State survey officer (NameF" None
Status of laboratory evaluation service,
Total 1 labs known to examine water State lab only
0 approved laboratories
0 provisional laboratories
Laboratory Apparatus
7. Incubator
Manufacturer Precision Model Model 6
Sufficient size for daily work load
Maintain uniform temperature in all parts (± 0. 5° C). ........
Accurate thermometer with bulb immersed in liquid on
top and bottom shelves
Daily record of temperature or use of recording thermometer
sensitive to 0. 5° C change
Incubator not subject to excessive room temperature variations
beyond a range of 50 - 80° F
EPA-103 (Cin)
(Rev. 3-71)
2
-------
201
3 .oboratory Btnio of W'yoto'iij?,, V^pl. of { 1 .coition SvaVc Oj.i'iec .i'.i ula';r:f.i, equipped with pi oporly riistriliau.i! hs^linr;
arid hurnv.iifyinj; units for optimum environmental ooir>eJ,
Shelf areas used for incubation muf'.i conform to 3u#C '*1: 0. .V
toinpernture reqmroi'nesil
Accurate thermometers will, bulb immersed in liquid
Daily record of temperature at selected areas or u«ts
recording thermometer sensitive to 0.0° C changes .
9. Water Bath
Manufacturer Magic Whirl Model Bine M
Sufficient size for fecal coliform tests
Maintain uniform temperature 44. 5°C ± 0. 2°C
Accurate thermometer immersed in water bath
Daily record of temperature or use of recording
thermometer sensitive to 0. 2°C changes
10. Hot Air Sterilizing Oven
Manufacturer Electric Commercial OveModel
Size sufficient to prevent crowding of interior
Constructed to insure a stable sterilizing temperature
Equipped with accurate thermometer in range of 160-180° C
or with recording thermometer X
11. Autoclave
Manufacturer Castle Model Thermatic 60
Size sufficient to prevent crowding of interior
Constructed to provide uniform temperature up to and
including 121® C
Equipped with accurate thermometer with bulb properly located
to register minimal temperature within chamber
Pressure gage and operational safety valve
Steam source from saturated steam line, or from gas or
electrically heated steam generator
Reach sterilization temperature in 30 min,
Pressure cooker may be used only if provided with a pressure
gage and thermometer with bulb 1 in. above water level
12. Thermometers
Accuracy checked with thermometer certified by National
Bureau of Standards or one of equivalent accuracy
Liquid column free of discontinuous sections and graduation
marks legible
EPA-103 (Ciu)
(Rev. 3-71)
-------
* •
202
1/il.orotary ^!-aio ot Wyon)iJrj>, JVpL oi j i ,m. I Ohoyi.'ir.v, Y;:\o;>u'>u>; ;V-'001 j 0/
13. |)[] ivii.'tfa*
Manufacturer, _ CoJ-nin* ModoJ. Mode? 7^
Electronic pli meter accurst"? >o 6.1 pi I units. ...........
14. Balance
Balance with 2 g sensitivity at 150 r; load t.'sod for general
media preparations. Typo Torsjon Jjfcvl«rice _
Analj'tical balance with 1 mg sensitivity at 10 g Toad ysed
for weighing quantities less than 2 g , Type . .
Appropriate weights of good quality for each balance
15. Microscope and Lamp
Preferably binocular wide field, 10 to 15 diameters magnifi-
cation for MF colony counts, Type . ....
Fluorescent light source for sheen discernment
16. Colony Count
Quebec colony counter, dark-field model preferred for
standard plate counts
17. h.oculating Equipment
Wire loop of 22 or24 gauge chromel, nichrome, or platinum
iridium, sterilized by flame
Single-service transfer loops of aluminum or stainless steel, pre-
sterilized by dry heat or steam
Disposable single service hardwood applicators, pre-
sterilized by dry heat only
18. Membrane Filtration Units
Manufac tu re r TyPe
Leak proof during filtration
Metal plating not worn to expose base metal
19. Membrane filters
Manufacturer Type
Full bacterial retention, satisfactory filtration speed
Stable in use, glycerin free
Grid marked with non-toxic ink
Presterilized or autoclaved 121°C for 10 min.
20. Absorbent Pads
Manufacturer Type
Filter paper free from growth inhibitory substances
Thickness uniform to permit 1. 8 - 2. 2 ml medium absorption . . .
Presterilized or autoclaved with membrane filters
EPA-103 (Cin)
(Rev. 3-71)
-------
laboratory State of Wyoimufj, Dept. of
Health & Social Services, Div. of Labs.
203
Local.'on Suvte Oi'fico lild?. Da
Clioyome, Wyoming 82001 , 9/10/
21. Forceps
Preferably round tip without corrugations
Forceps are alcohol flamed for u?>e in MF procedure. ..
Glassware, Metal Utensils and Plastic Items
22. Media Preparation Utensils
Borosilicate glass
Stainless steel
Utensils clean and free from foreign residues or
dried medium
23. Pipets
prpnd ICimax & Pyrex Type 10
Calibration error not exceeding 2, 5%.
Tips unbroken, graduation distinctly marked
Deliver accurately and quickly
Mouth end plugged with cotton (optional) ..............
24. Pipet Containers
—r ¦ - , some copper
Box, aluminum or stainless steel
Paper wrapping of good quality sulfite paper (optional)
25. Petri Dishes
Brand Type
Use 100 mm x 15 mm dishes for pour plates
Use 60 mm x 15 mm dishes for MF cultures .
Clear, flat bottom, free from bubbles and scratches
Plastic dishes may be reused if sterilized in 70% ethanol for
30 min, or by ultraviolet radiation
26. Petri Dtflh Containers
Aluminum or stainless steel cans with covers, coarsely woven
wire baskets, char-resistant paper sacks or wrappings ......
27. Culture Tubes
Size sufficient for total volume of medium and sample portions ....
Borosilicate glass or other corrosive resistant glass .
28. Dilution Bottles or Tubes
Boro silicate or other corrosive resistant glass
Screw cap with leak-proof liner free from toxic substances
on sterilization
Graduation level indelibly marked on side of bottle or tube
EPA-103 (Cin)
(Rev. 3-71)
-------
204
29. Cleaning Glassware
ninfj, Dept. of
Location State Office J-sldg.
D'tc
Div, of .Labs.
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82001
9/16/71
Materials anrl IVi
e.-lia Propn ration
Dishwasher Manufacturer by hand Model
Thoroughly washed in detergent at J GO' K, cycle time
Rinse in clean water at 180° F, cycle time
Final rinse in distilled water, cycle time
Detergent brand Hanma sol '
Washing procedure leaves no toxic residue ....
Glassware free from acidity or alkalinity
30. Sterilization of Materials
Dry heat sterilization (1 hr at 170°C)
Glassware not in metal containers
Dry heat sterilization (2 hrs at 170°C) Temp, not checked
Glassware in metal containers. X
Glass sample bottles
Autoclaving at 121° C for 15 min
Plastic sample bottles . . .
Dilution water blanks....
31, Laboratory Water Quality
Still manufacturer Corning Construction Material glass
Demineralizer with Crvstalab recharge frequency
Protected storage tank
Supply adequate for all laboratory needs
Free from traces of dissolved metals or chlorine
Free from bactericidal compounds as measured
by bacteriological suitability test
Bacteriological quality of water measured once each year
by suitability test or sooner if necessary
32, Buffered Dilution Water
Stock phosphate buffer solution pH 7. 2
Prepare fresh stock buffer when turbidity appears . . . .
Stock buffer autoclaved and stored at 5 - 10° C
1. 25 ml stock buffer per 1 liter distilled water. . . . . .
Dispense to give 9 ±0.2 ml after autoclaving.
33. pH Measurements
Calibrate pH meter against appropriate standard buffer prior to use
Standard buffer brand pH 7.0
Check the pH of each sterile medium batch or at least one batch
from each new medium lot number
EPA-103 (Cin)
(Rev. 3-71)
6
-------
205
Laboratory KU
tie of Wyoming, LVpfc. of
Location Sinto Office
DnSti
Health ft So
-------
206
i./.. :c
I •riboiv.iory blato oC Wyoming, Dept. of Loc at ion Slate Office .lUd::;.
/^Soci:»l firrvi-.-os, !)>'\\ of Labfu j Cheyenne. Wye-t¦inp, f.JJOOi
S3. I¦'<"111'!;;'",1 Green f.r.el »«:•;«.> '.'.Up ItroJ'h (Continued)
Correct <:o:p",>Of>Mioi'., i-tcriJily and pi) V. 2
Not. less id nil medium per tube
39. Rosin Methylene TJJuo A war
t'/ J 6/7 !
Manufaetu.»or ttmp T.evSr^'s tcmw Lot No._
Medium contains no sucrose, Cat. No.
Correct composition, fiterility and pll 7. 1
40. Plato Count Agar (Tryptose Glucose Yeast Agar)
Manufacturer Lot No.
Correct composition, sterility and pH 7.0 ± 0. 1
Free from precipitate .
Sterile medium not reinelted a second time after sterilization,
41. EC Medium
Manufacturer Difco Lot No. 564079
Correct composition, sterility and pll 6. 9
Not lees than 10 ml medium per tube
42. M-Endo Medium
Manufacturer Lot No.
Correct composition and pH 7. 1 - 7. 3 r>
Reconstituted in distilled water containing 2% ethanol . .
Heat to boiling point, promptly remove and cool
Store in dark at 2 - 10° C
Unused medium discarded after 96 hrs
43. M-FC Broth
Manufacturer Lot No.
Correct composition and pll 7.4 O
Reconstituted in 100 ml distilled water containing 1 ml of
a 1^) rosolic acid reagent
Stock solution of rosolic acid discarded after 2 weeks or
when red color changes to muddy brown
Heat to boiling point, promptly remove and cool
Store in dark at 2 - 10° C
Unused medium discarded after 96 hrs
44 . Broth
Manufacturer_ Lot No.
Correct composition and pll
45. Agar
Manufacturer Lot No.
EPA-103 (Cin)
(Rev. 3-71)
-------
l/;bor;iUU'y Walo of \Vyurnit\:;, Dept. of
llC'OIJi ajxl Social l^ct'vices, Div. ol' Lrsbs.
207
l..ocr.iion .Stntc Oliicc Bldg. I 1 )u:::
Cheyenne, Wyoming; 82001 j U/lC/'/l
4fi. A/jar (Continued)
Correct composition end pil
Multiple Tube Coliform Test
46. Prcsuroptivc Procedure
Lactose broth lauryl tryptosc broth
Shake sample vigorously . . . ,
Potable water: 5 standard portions, »&&&* 10 ejJJJfcOOasacl
Stream monitoring: multiple dilutions
Incubate tubes at 35° ± 0. 5°C for 24 ± 2 hr
Examine for gas any gas bubble positive....
Return negative tubes to incubator. ! 7~~. ! . . .
Examine for gas at 48 ± 3 hr from original incubation .
47. Confirmed Test
Promptly submit all presumptive tubes showing gas production
before or at 24 hr and 48 hr periods to Confirmed Test . .
a. Brilliant green lactose broth
Gently shake presumptive tube or mix by rotating
Transfer one loopful of positive broth or one dip of applicator
from presumptive tube to brilliant green lactose broth. . .
Incubate at 35° ± 0. 5°C and check at 24 hrs for gas production.
He incubate negative tubes for additional 24 hrs
and check for gas production
Calculate MPN or report positive tube results
b. Endo or eosin methylene blue agar plates adequate streaking
to obtain discrete colonies separated by 0.5 cm
Incubate at 35° ± 0, 5°C for 24 ± 2 hr
Typical nucleated colonies with or without sheen are coliforms
If atypical unnucleatcd pink colonies develop, result is
doubtful and completed test must be applied
If no colonies or only colorless colonies appear, the
confirmed test is negative.
48. Completed Test
Applied to all potable water "samples or a proportion each three
months to establish the validity of the confirmed test in
determining their sanitary quality.
Applied to positive confirmed tubes or to doubtful colonies
on differential medium
Streak positive confirmed tubes. on Endo or EMB plates for
colony isolation
use Levine EMB for Water bacteriology
EPA-103 (Cin)
(Rev. 3-71)
-------
208
Location fustic Office
Cheyenne. Wyoming .".2003
Laboratory State of Wyoming, l.);:pr. of
Health £. Social Services, Div. of Labs.
48. Completed Tost (Continued)
Choice of selected isolated colony for verification should be one
typical or two atypical to laetoso or lanryl tryptose broth and
to agar slant for Grrm slain . . ,
Incubate at 35°C ± 0. 5PC for 24 hrs or 48 hrs
Gram negative rods without fiporer; and izis in lactose tube
with 48 hrs in positive Completed Test
i c
0/16/71
Membrane Filter Col.iform Test
49. Application as Standard Test
Use as a standard test for determining potability of water after
demonstration by parallel testing that it yields information
equal to that from the multiple-tube fermentation procedure .... p
50. MF Procedure
Filter funnel and receptacle sterile at start of series O
Rapid funnel resterilization by UV, flowing steam or boiling water
acceptable _____
Membrane filter cultures and technician eyes should not be
subject to UV radiation leaks
Filtration volume not less than 50 ml for potable water; multiple
dilutions for stream pollution
Rinse funnel by flushing several 20 - 30 ml portions of sterile buffered
water through MF
Remove filter with sterile forceps
Roll filter over M-ENDO medium pad or agar so air bubbles
will not form '
51. Incubation
In high humidity or in tight fitting culture dishes q
At 35®C ± 0. 5°C for 22 - 24 hrs
52. Counting
All colonies with a metallic yellowish green surface sheen o
If coliforms are found in potable samples, verify by transfers
to lactose broth, then to BGB broth for evidence of gas
production at 35° C within 48 hr limit
Calculate direct count in coliform density per 100 ml
53. Standard MF test with Enrichment
Incubate MF after filtration on pad saturated with lauryl tryptose
broth for 11/2-2 hr at 35°C ± 0. 5°C O
EPA-103 (Cin)
(Rev. 3-71)
10
-------
La!-oratory, Gfato-of Wyoming, Dept. of
Health K Social Services, Div. of Lr»bs.
209
Location .Slate Office Uldg.
Choyciino, Wyominrf, 82003 .9/1G/
r.3. Standard Ml'' test with CnvichiTUMLt (Continued)
Transfer MF culture to M-Endo medium for a final
20 - 22 hr incubation at 3b' C ( 0. b" C
Count sheen colonies, verify if necessary, and calculate
direct count in coliform density per- 100 ml
Supplementary Bacteriological Methods
54, Standard Plate Count
Plate not more than 1 or less than 0.1 ml (sample or dilution) .
Add 10 ml or more liquefied agar medium at a temperature
between 43 - 45° C
Melted medium stored for no more than 3 hr at 43 - 45° C . . .
Liquid agar and sample portion thoroughly mixed by gently
rotating to spread mixture evenly
Count only plates with between 30 and 300 colonies, exception
being 1 ml sample with less than 30 colonies
Record only two significant figures and calculate as "standard
plate count at 35°C per 1 ml of sample"
55. Fecal Coliform Test
a. Multiple Tube Procedure stream samples
Applied as an EC broth confirmation of all positive
presumptive tubes
Place EC tubes in water bath within 30 min of transfers . .
Incubate at 44. 5°C ± 0. 2°C for 24 hrs
Gas production is positive test for fecal coliforms
Calculate MPN based on combination of positive EC tubes .
b. Membrane Filter Procedure
Following filtration place MF over pad saturated with
M-FC broth
Place MF cultures in water-proof plastic bag and submerge
in water bath within 30 min
Incubate at 44. 5°C ± 0. 2°C for 24 hrs
All blue colonies are fecal coliforms
Calculate direct count in density per 100 ml
56. Delayed-Incubation Coliform Test
After filtration, place MF over pad of M-Endo containing 3. 2 ml
of a 12% sodium benzoate solution per 100 ml of medium . . ,
Addition of 50 mg cycloheximide per 100 ml of preservative
medium for fungus suppression is optional
Transport culture by mail service to laboratory within 72 hours
EPA-103 (Cin)
(Rev. 3-71)
-------
Laboratory State of Wyoming. Do pi. of
Health & Social Services, Div, of Labs,
liG.
210
Local ion State Office lildg.
Cheyenne, Wyoming 8:2001
tJafe
0/16/71
57.
Do lctyod-Incubation Coli-form Tost (Continued)
Transfer MF cultures to standard M-Endo medium
at laboratory Q
Incubate at 35°C ± 0. 5°C for 20 - 22 hr
If at time of transfer, growth is visible, hold in refrigerator
till end of work day then incubate at 35° overnight
(16 - 18 hr period)
Count sheen colonies, verify if necessary, and calculate
direct count in coliform density per 100 ml
Additional Tost Capabilities
Fecal streptococci Method
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Method
Staphylococcus __________ Method .
Salmonellae Method
Biochemical tests Purpose ________________
Serological tests Purpose
Other Purpose
Laboratory Staff and Facilities
58. Personnel
Adequately trained or supervised for bacteriological
examination of water
Laboratory staff i (Total) Prep room staff 1 (Total)
59. Reference Material
Copy of the current edition of Standard Methods available
in the laboratory , only # 1 lth_ e dition available ^
State or federal manuals on bacteriological procedures for
water available for staff use
60. Physical Facilities
Bench-top area adequate for periods of peak work in
processing samples x
Sufficient cabinet space for media and chemical storage ____
Office space and equipment available for processing water
examination reports and mailing sample bottles ,
Facilities clean, with adequate lighting, ventilation and
reasonably free from dust and drafts x
61. Laboratory Safety
Proper receptacles for contaminated glassware and pipettes
EPA-103 (Cin)
(Rev. 3-71)
12
-------
Laboratory of Wyoming, Dept. of
Health & Social Services, Div. of Labs.
211
Location State Office Bldtf.
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82001
Date
9/16/71
61. Laboratory Safety (Continued)
Adequatelj' functioning autoclaves with periodic inspection
and maintenance.
Accessible facilities for hand washing . . .
Proper maintenance of electrical equipment to prevent fire
and electrical shock
Convenient gas and electric outlets
First aid supplies available and not out-dated
62. Remarks
EPA-103 (Cin)
(Rev. 3-71)
13
-------
APPENDIX K
CHEMICAL LABORATORY SURVEY
-------
Appendix K
i to port oi' a Survey of the
Wyoming Department of Agriculture
Division of Laboratories
Laramie, Wyoming 82070
by
Earl F. McFarren, Chief
Analytical Quality Control
Water Hygiene Division
Mr. Jack Hoffbuhr, Water Supply Consultant, Region VIII, met me about
7:15 a.m. on Monday morning Sept. 27, 1971. at a motel near the Denver
airport and we drove to Laramie, Wyoming. We arrived about 9:00 a.m.
and v.-ent directly to the Department of Agriculture Laboratory on the
University of Wyoming campus. The laboratory is under the direction oi
Michael Purko, State Chemist. In addition to him, three other chemises
and two technicians are employed by the state to carry out all chemic^
analysed. The laboratory also employs two bacteriologists and two secre-
taries un;',/ or clerks. Since the laboratory is under the Department or
Agriculture, it is primarily responsible fbr the analysis of feeds, ferti-
liters pesticide formulations and irrigation waters. It also, however, is
responsible for milk, food and drug analysis and analyzes water for the
U.S. Geological survey. State Fish and Game, the State Department oi
Health unu the Atomic Energy Commission Gas Buggy program.
In add it: on to Mr. Purko, I met the three other chemists, Ray Ritchie,
Robert Mta* and Tom Spedding and spent all of Monday and about an hour
Tu,:,;uuy zoning dirfcussing with them the operation of the laboratory,
reviewing their records, and inspecting the laboratory and equipment.
We ix'i't uramie about 10:00 a.m. and arrived in Cheyenne about 11:00 a.m.
In Cheyenne we met briefly with Mr. Arthur E. Williamson, State Sanitary
Kni'inoor ;.ml Dr. William Ebingcr, Division of Dental Hygiene. Wo awio
tried to Mr. Robert Sundin, Chief of the Radiological Health, Air
i^ollutio.! ;.nd Occupational Health Laboratory but he waa out of his mYivv
all nioru in» and did not return when expected in the afternoon. .1 did, how-
ever, contact him by telephone from Cincinnati on the following day. We
also tried to see Dr. Lee who is in charge of the Public Health Laboratory
in Cheyenne but he was not available. Dr. Lee's laboratory does seriology,
-------
214
r.:wv;»-:'u>u'.!''y (including potable watc-vs), and most recently hats acquired a
eh^nst to do- blood alcohol determinations. He also has been trying to
spend some time in the development of an auto-analyzer procedure for the
determination of water fluorides.
Water Chemistry
There are ninety-four water supplies of significance in the state. Those
arc composed of 62 ground water supplies, 24 surface water supplies and
J mixed supplies. Six of these supplies are fluoridated.
The records of the Department of Agriculture Laboratory indicate, however,
that only 5 municipal water supplies were analyzed last year and these were
analyzed for only four of the substances requested by the drinking water
standards; namely, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates and total dissolved solids.
Apparently some fluorides were run by one of the sanitary engineers in
Cheyenne using the Alizarin visual method, but this was not done routinely
and no records were available. Because of this rather deplorable situation,
Dr. Wuiiam Ebinger of the Division of Dental Hygiene has purchased an
Orion electrode and meter and is attempting to monitor all fluoridated sup-
plies and observe if there is any seasonal variation in some naturally
occurring high fluoride supplies.
About 1104 private household or livestock water supplies were analyzed last
year but -.hose were all done at the request of and paid for by the individual
owner. The state charges two dollars for the determination of bacterial
count, total solids, hardness, sulfate, and nitrate.
The las* available assembled record of analysis of municipal water supplies
is dated 1062. At that time a partial (total solids, hardness, alkalinity,
sulfates, iron and fluoride) chemical analysis was carried out on about 75
municipal water supplies.
Laboratory Equipment
The laboratories are only 2 or 3 years old, and in general, are well-equipped
and ^^-'1 ^id'11 TVuav hurra 1 _
spacious. They have, for examni* 7" °7 —
and throe gas chromatographs and are considering h sfrPtion spectrophotometer
absorption spectrophotjneter. Consider^ th^® ^ !?Mrthor atomic
laboratory work, however, the laboratory is grosriy^erttaffeT11^ °' ^
Compliance with Standard Methods
Of the four substances required by the drinking water standards which *hev
are runmng routmely, they are complying with standard methods As Seated
-------
215
on the attached survey form (see items 1, 2, 3, and 4), they never run color,
odor, turbidity, carbon chloroform extracts, barium, silver, radium 226 or
strontium 90 and only rarely do they do cyanide, fluorides, surfactants,
arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, selenium,
mercury, 2inc or gross beta (Radiological Health Laboratory in Cheyenne).
Conclusions
1. Only 4 out of 26 substances specified by the drinking water standards
are being run routinely.
2. The Department of Agriculture laboratory has the capability (instruments
available) of doing complete metal analysis by atomic absorption spectro-
photometry and of doing pesticide analysis by gas chromatography but
only rarely do they use either for water analysis.
3. The Radiological Health Laboratory in Cheyenne has the capability of
running gross beta but nothing more (item 29) and even this is not done
because of lack of time.
4. There are approximately 95 to 100 municipal water supplies in the
state, but only 5 of these were analyzed last year and only for four
substances. The last partial chemical analysis carried out on all
municipal supplies was in 1962 (items 35 and 36),
Kecommondations
1. It is recommended that at least three additional chemists be hired in
order to be able to carry out the required metal and radiochemical
analysis.
2. Complete chemistries should be run (all 26 determinations) at least
twice each year on all surface water supplies and at least once every
three years on all ground water supplies (item 37).
3. Samples for metal analysis should be acid preserved and samples for
nitrate analysis should be preserved with mercuric chloride or else
refrigerated at 4°C until analyzed (item 32).
4. Glass rather than plastic is recommended for the collection of pesticide
samples (item 31b).
5. Sample identification sheets do not contain sufficient information and
hence, need to be redesigned (item 33).
6. All fluoridated water supplies should be checked at regular intervals,
as otherwise the chemical is probably being wasted or else doing more
harm than good.
-------
216
7 .--.i un; tho Department of Agriculture laboratory in already ovwriuurlccl
u...! ouvioualy more pollution orientud than health oriented, it i:-; uclievcd
# would be more feasible to build up the Public Health Laboratory
in Cheyenne rather than add to the staff in Laramie.
(t v\ ' <->'>' y , .
Earl F. McFar^en
-------
217
SURVEY OF WATER CHEMISTRY LABORATORIES
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Water Programs
Water Hygiene Division
Indicating conformity with the 13th
edition of Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater
<1971).
Survey by Earl F. McFarren
Date 9-27-71
X * Deviation U " Undetermined
O ¦ Not Used
Laboratory Dept. of Agriculture
Director Michael Purko
Street Chief Chemist Ray Ritchie
City Laramie stateWyo^lng Water Supply Chief Arthur E. Willi** ">«on
Substances Determined
Physical determinations Method
a color
b odor —
c turbidity — Q_
2 Miscellaneous anions, organlcs and solids
a
chlorides
b
cyanide
pyridine-pyrazolone
c
carbon chloroform extract
d
fluorides
R?ADHF without distillatin
e
nitrates
phenoldisulfonic add
f
sulfates
Kravlmetric
g
surfactants
methylene blue
h
total dissolved solids
Kravimetric
i
other
3 Metals
a arsenic mercuric bromide stain
b
barium
0
c
cadmium
atomic absorption
d
chromium
atomic absorption
e
copper
atomic absorption
f
iron
atomic absorption and ohenanthroline
g
lead
atomic absorption with extractinn
h
manganese
atonic absorotion and neraulfate
i
selenium
H4 ami nnVionv.i Ai no
j
silver
o
k
mercury
Cold vanor atom! r
-------
218
ftn-vav of Water Chemistry Laboratories
1 sine
m other
atonic absorption
4 Radioactivity
a gross beta
b radium 226
c strontium 90_
d other
5 Pesticides
a aldrin
b
chlordane_
dieldrin
DDT
endrin
food, pesticide formulations and
Irrigation waters are occasionally
analyzed, but rarely are potable
waters analyzed
heptachlor_
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j toxaphene
k total organic phosphates plus carbamates^
1 chlorinated phenoxy alkyl pesticides
m other
heptachlor epoxide^
methoacychlor
lindane
Laboratory Apparatus
Make
Model
6 Color comparators
a visual
b filter photometer_
Spectrophotometer
a visible
Beckaan
Model R
- ^fra-red
8 Atomic absorption spectrophotometer
n oir-no<>tyiene burner Perkln-Elaer
303
b nitr"'1
-------
219
Survey of Water Chemistry Laboratories
Laboratory
Location
Date
Make
Model
10
Other chromatographic equipment
a thin-layer
have
b Kuderna-Danish evaporator
have
c other
11
Turbidimeter
Heliae
12
Amperometer
13
Titrimeter
14
pH meter 1 Beckman. 2 Sargents
MoH*l T.q
15
Fluoride electrode
16
Arsine generator
have
17
Cyanide still
18
Fluoride still
0
19
Carbon-chloroform extraction equipment
a high or low flow columns
0
b carbon drying oven
n
c extraction apparatus
0
d manifold for solvent evaporation
0
20
Drving oven
have
21
Steam bath
have
22
Hot water bath
have
23
Muffle furnace
have
24
Distilled water still
have
25
Water deionizer
have
26
Conductivity meter
have
27
Balance. sensitive to 0.1 mg
have
28
Automatic analyzer for
a nitrates plus nitrites
b
c
d
e
f
g
nitrites_
chloride_
sulfate __
cyanide _
fluoride_
other
-------
220
Survey of Water Chemistry Laboratories
Make Model
29 Radiation Counting Equipment
a internal proportional counter
b alpha-scintillation counter
c other
30 Other instruments or Equipment
a
b
c ___________________
d
Samples
31 Containers
a Non-reusable plastic containers preferred for the
collection of samples for general inorganic analysis
b Glass bottles with teflon lines caps preferred for
collection of pesticide samples X
c Other kind
Sharp. wide-h<»fa
32 Preservatives
a Samples for metal analysis preserved by the addition of
nitric acid to a pH of about 2.0
b Nitrates and methylene blue active substances preserved
by addition of mercuric chloride
c Cyanide preserved by the addition of sodium
hydroxide to a pH of 11
d No known or required preservative for turbidity, color,
pH, chloride, sulfate, fluoride, specific conductance
and total dissolved solids
e If no preservative is used, in general samples are
analyzed within 72 hrs
33 Identification
a Every bottle should be identified by attaching and
appropriately inscribed tag, a label or a number
corresponding to a sample identification sheet
X
The minimum information required on the tag or
correspondingly numbered sheet includes; name
of the water supply sampled, location of sampling
site, exact date and time of collection, type of
sample (raw, finished, grab or composite) by
whom collected. and kind of preservative if added
-------
221
Survey of Water Chemistry Laboratories
Laboratory Location Date
Samples
34 Collection
a Samples from wells collected after pumping for
a sufficient lime to assure that the sample is
representative of the ground water which feeds
the well
b Finished (treated) water sampled at the plant by
use of a pipeline drip device or the collecting
and compositing of hourly (or other interval) samples
c Distribution samples obtained at several different
points in the system; usually grab samples obtained
without first flushing the line, although both kinds of
samples may at times be desirable
Records
35 Availability
a Assay results assembled and available for inspection X
b Notation made of those water supplies which did not
comply with one or more standards, and some sort
of follow-up program instigated
36 Number analyzed annually
a private supplies 11 OA
b semi-public ___________________________________
c municipal
1) sources_
2) finished 5
3) distribution _
37 Frequency
a Physical characteristics measured at least once a week
and preferably everyday at the treatment plant X
b Chemical characteristics determined at least once every
three years on ground water supplies and semi-annually
on surface water supplies unless previous data has indicated
a potential problem which needs to be monitored more frequently X
-------
222
Survey of Water Chemistry Laboratories
Laboratory
38 Physical facilities
a Bench top area adequate
b Sufficient cabinet space for chemicals and glassware
c Adequate hood space
d Office space available for record keeping and
processing reports
e Space for storage and handling of bottles
3d Glassware
a Thoroughly washed with suitable detergent and warm water
b Rinsed immediately In clean tap water to remove detergent
c Final rinse with distilled water
d Dichromate cleaning solution used for difficult to
clean glassware
e Glassware used for pesticide analysis should receive a
final rinse with A. R. grade acetone or ethyl acetate
40 Organization
a Total number of laboratories examing water
b Water laboratory is a separate unit, and not part of a
food, drug, or toxicological laboratory
c Each of the other regional laboratories have the same
capabilities
d Radiation chemistry is a part of the water laboratory
Quality Control
41 Laboratory water quality
a Conductivity of water checked at regular intervals
b Use of deionized water for metal analysis
42 Control Samples
a A control sample of known composition (in addition to
any necessary standards) is analyzed every time one or
more unknown samples are analyzed
b A control sample is available and used for each
substance specified in the drinking water standards
c A control chart has been constructed for each substance,
and the precision of each determination has been
calculated
-------
223
Survey of Water Chemistry Laboratories
Laboratory Location Date
43 Reference Samples
a Accuracy and ability of laboratory to perform each
analysis checked by requiring them to analyze an
unknown reference sample(s) supplied by the surveying
office or laboratory at least once a year
Staff
44 Personnel
a Total number of staff 5
b Number with degrees in chemistry 3
c Does state operate under a merit system
d Are job descriptions written
e Does state encourage attendance at professional
meetings, short courses, etc
45 Salaries
a Chief chemist $13,000
b Assistant chemist * ^00
c Aids $5,100 .
-------
A P P E
drinking wate
NATION
ND IX L
R SUPPLIES JEN
A L PARKS
-------
225
Appendix L
INFORMATION SHEET
Bacteriological - Yellowstone National Park and Grand Teton National
Park provide full time personnel to perform bacteriological testing for
those water supplies within the Parks. The tests are performed using
the millipore filter technique in accordance with Standard Methods for
The Examination of Water and Wastewater, 13th ed., APHA.
Yellowstone National Park performs an analysis on each water system
every two weeks. Grand Teton National Park performs weekly analyses
on each water system.
Bacteriological samples for the remaining Park Service areas are sub-
mitted to the Wyoming State Department of Health for analysis.
Chemical - All chemical analysis include trace elements and wet analyses.
Chemical analyses at Yellowstone National Park are completed by contract
with Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana.
The remaining chemical analyses in the other areas were performed by
the Cincinnati laboratory of the Division of Water Hygiene, Community
Water Supply Branch, EPA.
Construction and Operation - No significant changes are expected to
occur in the water supply systems at Grand Teton National Park, Fort
Laramie National Historic Site, Devils Tower National Monument or Bighorn
Canyon Recreation Area. However, due to recommendations of this office
some major changes are expected in FY 1973 in Yellowstone National Park
as follows:
Donnelly Engineering - Laramie, Wyoming, has a contract to provide
changes in the Yellowstone systems.
Mammoth Hot Springs - Complete treatment facilities, including coagu-
lation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, chlorination and
closed storage.
Grant Village - Identical to Mammoth Hot Springs, except that closed
storage is already provided.
Canyon Village - Revision of present intake and filtration system to
supply more water.
Old Faithful - Sand filtration, and additional storage.
Lake, Bridge Bay, Fishing Bridge - Revision and combining of intake
structures to serve the entire area.
-------
226
Norris Junction - Revision of intake structures and additional storage,
filtration.
Madison Junction - Revision and combining of intake structures.
Tower Falls, Tower Junction, Roosevelt Lodge - Study feasibility of
combining entire area to a common source; treatment and storage.
Classification and Status - is based on the recommendations of Public
Health Service Publication No. 1820, Manual for Evaluating Public Drink-
ing Water Supplies. Surveys and evaluations are made annually at
Yellowstone National Park and Grand Teton National Park. Biennially,
in the remaining areas.
-------
SWtiACT OF HATIOHAL PAMC SERVICE WATER SUPPLIES
Crand Teton national Fi
rk
Sjich DMl|UClM
Saurc*
CALEUDA* TEAR: 1970
*yp« of
tcutaut
Bacteriological Quality I
Spoplins Frequency
Muaber
rtf/at.
Adequate
Samples
Eysatned
Last *r.
Months BacT
Liaits Exceeded
Ulitaical
Data
Last
Cbealcal
Llalta
Exceeded
JJtC
Last
Survey
DATE: September 1971
Construction - Operation
¦Marks
McCain's Karlaa
Ctnvood
Creek
Chlorlast loo
3 ans/op
yea
12
1971
7/71
Public water supply. Direct intake on
Cottonwood Crk. Meeds kprovlde filtratln
Listed as "PROVISIONAL"
Rudd's Horse Cone.
CCnwood
Creek
Chlorinatlon
3 ens/op
yes
12
1971
7/71
Ditto
Exua's dialling Sch.
Ctnwood
Creek
Chloriaatioa
3 bob/op
yea
12
1971
7/71
Ditto
Elbo Ranch
Well
Chlorlnatloa
12 aos/op
yes
25
J.
1971
7/71
Public water supply. Drilled veil prop-
erly protected. Listed as "SATISFACTORY"
Triangle X Ranch
Springs
filtration &
Chlorinatlon
aos/op
yea
15
1971
7/71
Pbullc water supply. Infiltration caller;
filtered and chlorinated. Listed as
"SATISFACTORY"
NJ
K)
Moose Headquarters I
Res identlal
Tajgart
Lake
Chloriaatioa
Storage
12 aos/o]
yes
2«
1971
7/71
Prlaarily aerves HPS population. Direct
intake on Beaver Creek. Meeda filtration
Listed as "PROVISIONAL"
Beaver Creek Resld.
22
1971
7/71
Ditto
Jenny Lake Lodge
Jenny
Lake
Chlorinatlon
& Storage
3 us/op
yes
13
1971
7/71
Public water supply. Reeds filtration
Listed as "PROVISIONAL"
Jenny Lake Caapgrd.
Jenny
Lake
Chlor inatlon
(¦ Storage
3 aos/op
yea
14
1971
7/71
Fulllc water supply. Storage Constructloi
faulty. Heads filtration. Listed as
'PROVISIONAL"
Signal Men. Lodge &
Canpgrounds
Drilled
Hell
Chlorinatlon
& storage
3 aos/op
y**
14
1971
7/71
Public water aupply.
Listed as "SATISFACTORY"
Leeks Lodge
Drilled
Well
Chlorinatlon
3 aoa/op
ZYSS
15
1971
7/71
Public water aupply.
"tensFACTOmr
Listed aa
-------
SUMMARY OF HATIOH.VL PARK SERVICE WATER SUPPLIES
PACE # 2
Syi-c= resignation
1 Source
Type of
Treatment
B.cteriolor.lcal Qualityl
(S
;onscructlon_- Oner.irion 1
Ssrsi>lin.«.
Kuraber
req/mo.
Frequency
Adequate
Samples
Examined
Last Yr.
Months BacT
l.lnits Exceeded
Date
Last
Chemical
Llwits ft/ate
Exceeded f-ast
purvey
Remarks
Jackson Lake Lodge
Springs
& well
Chlorinatlon
and storage
2
3 aos/op
yes
15
none
1971
none
7/71
Public water supply. Headow Springs and
Pilgrim Ck. well. Properly protected.
Listed as "SATISFACTORY"
K-)r.in Junction
Drilled
Weill
Chlorinatlon
Pressure stor-
"fie.
2
12 nos/op
yes
22
none
1971
none
7/71
Docs not serve general public.
Listed as "SATISFACTORY"
Gross Ventre C. C.
Drilled
Well
Chlorinatlon
& pressure
2
4 aos/op
yes
17
Hone
1971
none
7/71
Public water supply.
Listed as "SATISFACTORY"
Coulter Bay
Pilgrim
Ircok wcl
& sorlm1.
. Chlorinatlon
& ccora-.e
2
12 up/op
yea
22
none
1971
none
7/71
Public water supply. 4 Booths public
operation. 8 months HPS realdentlal.
Listed os "SATISFACTORY"
K>
KJ
CO
-------
SVtmSt OF KAT10MAL PARK .'SERVICE WATER SUPPLIES
YELLOUSTOMS HATlOem. fAKK
CALENDAR YEAR:
1970
Bacteriological Ou.ilitvI
Ulicaical
DATE; Septcobtir 1971
System Designation
Source
Type of
Treatment
Sampling
([timber
req/mo.
Frequency
Adequate
Samples
Examined
Last Yr.
Months BacT
Halts Exceeded
bate
Last
Chemical
Limits
Exceeded
nee
Last
Survey
Construction- Oneragion
Remark*
ApolHnaris Spring
Spring
mineral/
not chlorin-
ated.
3 mot/op
yes
none
all samples safe
1971
Hardness
Alkalin-
ity.
8/71
Spring i* properly protected. Supplies
one Comfort Station. Not utilized for
drinking. Medicinal quality sane as
ciner.il Spas. Listed SATI8FACTORY.
Beartooth Camp
Spring
None
3 mos/op
yes
none
all soiaples safe
1971
8/71
Supplies employee work camp. Spring is
properly protected, not chlorinated.
Listed as "SATISFACTORY"
Bochler
Ran-.er Station
Drilled
Well
3 mos/op
no
none
all ssaiples safe
1971
8/71
Hell is properly protected. Does not
serve public. Pressure service system
Listed as "SATISFACTORY"
8ri>i/« E..y
Spring
Clilorinatlon (
tor.i;;e
3 nos/op
yes
none
all samples safe
1971
8/71
Spring Is properly protected. Is
public water supply. Listed as
•JAT1 :;f,\CT(.RY"
K)
Ni
VO
Canyon Village
lnfilt.
gallery
2 Intake
Filtration
ChlorInatlon
& storage
3 mos/op
yes
None
all samples safe
1971
8/71
Public vatcr supply. Filtered at reser-
voir vitli PcrmutIt AVF. Listed as
•SATISFACTORY"
East Entrance
Spring
Storage
3 nos/op
no
1 (5/100)
1971
8/71
Does not presently serve public. Spring
is properly protected, KccPMncnd Clilori-
natlon. Listed as"PROVISIONAL"
Fishing Bridge
Spring
Clilor inatlon
Storage
3 mos/op
yes
none
•11 aamples safe
1971
8/71
Serves the public. Spring Is properly
protected. Connected to Lake syctem.
Listed as "SATISFACTORY"
ilirves the public. Must have corrp^jte
treatment. Minimum of sand filtration
required. Listed as "USSATISrACTOKY"
Crant Village
Yellow-
stone
I..ike
Infiltration
gallery.
Storar-e'^lor
3 mos/op
ves
1 - (1/100) July
1 - (1/100) Aug,
1971
8/71
lndi.in Creek C.G.
Drilled
Kell
Storage
3 mos/op
»yes
1 - (14/100)
1971
8/71
Serves the public, Chlorination
required. Well is properly constructed
and protected. Listed as "PROVISIONAL"
Lake
Springs
Chlorinatlon
and storage
3 mos/op
yes
1971
8/71
Serves the public. Spring Is properly
protected. Aslo serves Fishing Bridge &
Bridge Bay. Listed as "SATISFACTORY"
Laajr Ranger Statioi
Spring
Storage
3 mos/op
yes
I •• (1/100)
1971
8/71
Does not serve the public. Require
Chlorlnation. Listed as "SATISFACTORY"
-------
SUMMARY OP KATIOtlAL PARK SERVICE WATER SUPPLIES
PAGE « 2
System Designation
Source
as
Type of
Treatment
B'.ctcriolor.Ual Uunlityi
; laienica
"¦ ~ "<
....... aepcemoer i»#i
rnmtrcipMnn - tlvfiMnn
Samollnc.
Huober
rcq/mo.
Frequence
Adequate
Samples
Examined
Last Yr.
Month* Bad
I.lmlts Exceeded
Date
Last
Chemical
Limits
Exceeded
j ace
^ast
Jurvey
Remarks
Lewis Lake Campgrd,
Woll
Chlorinatlon
Storage
2
3 nns/op
yes
6
none
all samples safe
1971
none
8/71
Serves the public, ts properly con-
structed and protected. Listed as
"SATISFACTORY"
Madison Junction
Springs
Chlorinatioi.
6 storage
2
3 «os/op
yes
6
none
all saaiplM saf*
1971
none
8/71
Serves the public. Is properly pro-
tected. Listed as "SATISFACTORY"
Marmoth Hot Spring*
Indian &
Panther
Creek
Open storage,
settling, ami
chlorinatlon
2
12 bh/o
no
18
none
1971
none
8/71
Serves the public. Complete treatment
is required. Streams are well protected
from public use. Listed as "UNSATISFACT"
Harris Jcc. & Caapgrt
Direct
intake.
Cstle Ck
Chlorinatlon
and storage
2
3 sss/op
y*«.
(
¦ton*
1971
none
8/71
Serves the public. Recocmcntl minimus
filtration. Listed as"PROVISIONAL"
North Entrance
City of
Cardncr,
Kont.'ina
Coag, tloc.;
scdi/, and
chlorinatlon
2
Under lnpsection of State of Hontana
Old Faithful
dir. int
firehole
River
Chlorinatlon
and storage
2
5 mos/op
yes
19
none
1971
none
8/71
Serves the public. Needs minimum of
filtration and increase storage capacity.
Listed as "PROVISIONAL"
Roosevelt Lodgt
dir. int.
Lost Crk,
Chlorinatlon
2
) mos/op
yes
7
1 - (5/100) Aug.
1971
none
8/71
Serves the public. Needs protect water-
shed and intake; filtration/ inprove stor*
of.e; Listed as "UNSATISFACTORY"
Slough Creek Campgrd.
unnamed
stream
infiltration
gallery,
'lilorinatlon
2
9 aos/op
yes
3
none
1971
none
8/71
Serves the public. Area is properly
protected. Lstcd as "SATISFACTORY"
South Entrance
Spring
none
2
3 mos/op
yea ;
6
none
1971
none
8/71
Serves the public. Needs minlnua of
chlorinatlon. Aslo need storage.
Listed as "PROVISIOUAL"
Stcvcna Crack
Spring
Storage
2
L2 aos/op
yea
18
1971
none
8/71
Isolated one man residence. Does not
serve public.
Requires no rating.
Tower Fall*
Spring
Chlorinatlon
& Storage
2
3 mot/op
yes
8
none
1971
none
8/71
Serves the public. Spring is properly
protected. Need additional storage
Listed as "SATISFACTORY"
NJ
oj
O
-------
SmttMtY OF WATIOflAL PARK SERVICE WATER SUPPLIES
PAGE # 3
YsrmvsTOME satiohal park
CALEfDAR YEAR: 1970
Bacteriological Quality'
r Ul.eimca
I
PATE; SeytMbtr 1971
Systea DMltuCioa Source
Type of
Treatment
Sampling Frequency
Nuicber
req/mo.
Adequate
Sanples
Exanlncd
Last tr.
HMthl BacT
Llaitt Exceeded
Date
Last
Chealcal
Units
Exceeded
ate
ast
urvey
Construction - Onomrlnn [
Reaark*
Tower Fall* Ranger
Stati&a & Residential
Springs
) mos/op
yea
1971
none
8/71
Serves employees only. Spring 1( proper-
ly protected. Hated as "SATISFACTORY"
Uest Entrance
2-we11s
Chlorination
& a tor age
12 nos/op
yet
20
1971
none
8/71
Serves the public. Wella are properly
constructed and protected. Requires sons
structural changes. Listed -"PROVISIONAL1
to
W
-------
smtwnr of hatiohal park sntvict hater supplies
DEVILS TOWER NATIONAL MONUMENT
CALENDAR YEAR: 1"°
Bactcri.olor.ical Quality i"
cuemcal
BATE: September 1971
Sysceo Designation
Source
Type of
Treatnent
Sampling: Frequency
Number
req/oo.
Adequate
Sanplea
Examined
Luc tr.
Montha BacT
Limits Exceodod
Date
Last
Chealcal
Lialts
Exceed ad
ttatr
Last
jurvey
Construction • Operat
Remark*
Headquarter* and
Residential
Spring
& Well
Chlorination
& storage
12 aos/op
yea
24
1970
6/71
Public water aupply. Spring and well
are properly constructed and operated.
Listed as "SATISFACTORY"
Visitors Center
Spring
& Well
Chlorination
& storage
12 aos/op
ye*
24
1970
6/71
Ditto
U>
fsj
-------
SUUIAKY OF HATIOIIAL PARK SERVICE WATER SUrrtlES
BICHC8H CAXYCN HATIOXAL.RECRZATiaX AREA CALEKDAT, YEAR: 1970 DATE: September 1971
Y. 1 ... . . . ¦ l . ¦ -1-. l' ¦¦¦¦ mil I ¦ I. „.i m ¦¦ i
Sjnta Designation
1
Source
U.-.cicriolo-.ical Quality)
l cueoicai
<1
Type of
Treaenent
S.mnlin?.
Kuaber 1
req/ao.
Frequency
Adequate
Samples
Exaained
Last Yr.
Mentha BacT
Limits Exceeded
Dace
Last
Chealcal
Liiliti
Exceeded
ns/1
Liate
L«ist
Survey
Remarks
Eorseshoe Ind
Spring
Chloriaatlon
& Storage
2
5 Mt/Of
yea
13
none
1971
>0^- 380
[DS -830
8/31
Publix water supply. No other source
available. Spring la properly construct-
ed fc protected. Listed as "SATISFACTORY"
-------
sroewn op hatiokal ikul sawica want tnnun
AREA; ux*iaz HATIOMAI. HISTORIC SITE
CALENDAR YEAR: 1970
Bacteriological Quality'
I Chinuia!
DATE: lSepteabe* 1971
Sy*eea Designation
Source
Type of
Treacnent
Sampling Frequency
Number
req/ao.
Adequate
Soaples
Examined
Last Ttr.
Month* BacT
Limit* Exceeded
Dace
Last
Chemical
Llulte pate
Exceeded p.ast
urvey
Construction - On«racion_
Remarks
Visitors Center and
MuSeuM
Drilled
Well
Chlorlaatlon
L pressure
storar.e
12 mot/op
yes
23
5/71
5/71
Public vater supply. Properly protected
and construction is good. Dual Chlorln-
ator system. Listed as "SATISFACTORY"
NJ
U>
¦P-
-------
APPENDIX M
INCIDENCE OF WATER-BORNE DISEASE
-------
236
Appendix M
Incidence of Water-Borne Disease
Amebiasis Hepatitis Salmonellosis Shigellosis Typhoid
1962
Reported Wyo. Cases
Reported U. S. Cases
Percent In Wyo.
1963
Reported Wyo. Cases
Reported U. S. Cases
Percent In Wyo.
1964
Reported Wyo. Cases
Reported U. S. Cases
Percent in Wyo.
1965
Reported Wyo. Cases
Reported U. S. Cases
Percent in Wyo.
1966
Reported Wyo. Cases
Reported U. S. Cases
Percent in Wyo.
1967
Reported Wyo. Cases
Reported U. S. Cases
Percent in Wyo.
1968
Reported Wyo. Cases
Reported U. S. Cases
Percent in Wyo.
1969
Reported Wyo. Cases
Reported I). S. Cases
Percent in Wyo.
1970
Reported Wyo. Cases
Reported U. S. Cases
Percent in Wyo.
3,048
2,886
3,304
1
2,768
0.04
5
2,921
0.17
3
3,157
0.10
1
3,005
0.03
3
2,915
0.10
2,888
93
53,016
0.18
40
42,974
0.09
102
37,740
0.27
61
33,856
0.18
39
45,893
0.09
78
48,416
0.16
92
56,797
0.16
3
9,680
0.03
4
15,390
0.03
2
17,144
0.01
1
17,161
<0.01
57 2
32,859 16,841
0.17 0.01
70 4
38,909 18,120
0.18 0.02
3
16,514
0.02
5
18,319
0.03
11
22,096
0.05
10
12,443
0.08
13,009
1
12,984
<0.01
2
11,027
0.02
3
11,888
0.03
13,474
12,180
3
11,936
0.03
4
13,845
0.03
2
608
0.34
566
1
501
0.20
1
454
0.22
378
2
396
0.50
9
3.95
2.28
1
364
0.28
2
346
0.58
1971
Reported Wyo. Cases 1 52 2
Reported U. S. Cases 2,752 59,606 21,928
Percent In Wyo. 0.04 0.09 <0.01
8
16,143
0.05
407
Totals
Reported Wyo. Cases 14 684 37
Reported 0. S. Cases 29,644 450,066 173,293
Percent in Wyo. 0.05 0.15 0.02
31
128,939
0.02
18
4,415
0.41
* Includes serum hepatitis for years 1961 - 1965
Source: "Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports", Center for Disease Control,Atlanta,Ga.
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