United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of
Toxic Substances
Washington, DC 20460
July 1980
Toxic Substances
-------
PREFACE
This document presents background information on substitutes for asbestos,
for use by attendees at the Workshop on Substitutes for Asbestos, sponsored by
the Knvironinental Protection Agency, the Consumer Product Safetv Commission,
and the Interagency Regulatory Liasion Group. The information is the result
of a preliminary study of substitutes for asbestos by EPA; data on the special
qualities of asbestos-containing products, the available substitute materials,
and cost comparisons between asbestos and the substitute materials are pre-
sented. This report is being distributed in order to form a basis for dis-
cussion of substitutes by participants at the workshop. Comments on the
accuracy and validity of the report as well as any additional information
are welcomed. Cost data were obtained from a variety of sources and though
they are believed to portray 1979 values, the EPA cannot guarantee their
accuracy.
Regional Center for Environmental Information
US EPA Region III
1650 Arch St,
Philadelphia, PA 19103
-------
-k
./W^
CONTENTS
1. Introduction 1
2. Paper Products " 2
Beverage and pharmaceutical filters 2
Millboard 2
Commercial papers 4
Specialty papers 4
Roofing felt 4
Beater-add gaskets . 5
Electrical insulation 5
Flooring felt 5
Pipeline wrap 5
3. Asbestos-Cement Pipe 6
4. Floor Tiles and Sheeting 8
5. Friction Materials 9
6. Sealants 10
7. Asbestos/Cement Sheet 11
8. Gaskets and Packings 13
9. Reinforced Plastics 17
10. Textiles 19
Fire-resistant materials 19
Thermal insulation 19
Electrical insulation ' 19
Packings and gaskets 19
Friction materials 19
Specialty textiles 20
11. Miscellaneous 25
Drilling muds 25
Other products 26
12. Conclusions 27
13. References 29
U.S. EPA Region III
Rey onal Center for Environmental
Information
1050 Arch Street (3PM52)
FhiiaJelphin, PA 19103
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Asbestos is tlie common name for a group of fibrous silicates including
chrysotilL', amosite, anthophyllite, crocidolite, and tremolite-actinolite.
Asbestos is used in many industrial and consumer products to provide strength,
heat resistance, corrosion resistance, rot resistance, and fireproofing. The
United States currently uses approximately 7 pounds of asbestos per person in
products each year. An approximate breakdown for the major product categories
Is:
•
Asbestos paper (including commercial roofing)
38
percent
•
Asbestos cement pipe
16
percent
•
Floor tile
13
percent
•
Friction products
7
percent
•
Sealants
7
percent
•
Asbestos cement sheet
6
percent
•
Gaskets and packing
3
percent
•
Plastics, textile, and miscellaneous
10
percent
This document summarizes the present- information on the special qualities
of asbestos-containing products, the available substitute materials, and cost
comparisions between asbestos and the substitute materials.
it
Percent of annual United States asbestos consumption. Clifton, R.A. Mineral
Industry Survey, Asbestos Industry 1978. U.S. Bureau of Mines, August 22, 1979.
1
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SECTION 2
PAPER PRODUCTS
Asbestos-containing paper can be used in products that serve many different
functions. The performance and availability of substitute products will vary
for each asbestos-paper product; therefore, this section presents the following
subcategories of paper products:
•
Beverage and Pharmaceutical Filters
•
Millboard
•
Commercial Papers
•
Specialty Papers
•
Roofing Felt
•
Beater-Add Gaskets
•
Electrical Insulation
•
Flooring Felt
•
Pipeline Wrap
Table 1 presents the estimated current annual consumption of asbestos fiber
in paper products.
BEVERAGE AND PHARMACEUTICAL FILTERS
Asbestos is used in filters because of its large surface area per unit of
weight and natural positive charge, which facilitates the removal of negatively
charged particles from beverages.* Asbestos filter sheets are primarily used
by ti\e beer, wine, and liquor distilling industries to filter micro-organisms
and very fine solids from liquids and to act as a clarifier removing haze from
the liquid medium.
Substitute filters, composed of cellulose fibers, diatomaceous earth and
a melamine resin, appear to be adequate alternatives to asbestos filters,
although, Instead of a natural positive charge, they must be chemically treated
to produce a positive charge. Costs are comparable for both the asbestos and
substitute filters.
MILLBOARD
Asbestos millboard resists rot and supplies protection from fire, heat,
and corrosion. Asbestos millboard is used as a fire-resistant lining in floors,
partitions, ceilings, and fire doors, and as an insulating barrier in stove
ovens, and heating appliances. It has important uses in metal and chemical
industries .is well, due to the high temperature performance requirements.
2
-------
TABLE 1. ESTIMATED CURRENT ANNUAL CONSUMPTION
OF ASBESTOS FIBER IN PAPER PRODUCTS
(IN TONS) 2,3,4
Category
Consumption
Flooring felt 130,000
Roofing felt 90,000
Beater-add gaskets 30,000
Pipeline wrap 20,000
Millboard 8,000
Electrical insulation 1,000
Commercial paper
General insulation 3,500
Muffler paper NA
Corrugated paper NA
Specialty papers
Cooling tower fill 2,500
Transmission paper 1,000
Chlorine electrolytic diaphragms 3,500
Decorative laminates NA
Beverage and pharmaceutical filters 100
Total paper products 286,100*
¦k
Total should be increased slightly to include
subcategories without figures.
NA - Not available but considered small.
Substitute millboard is primarily composed of an alumina-silicate refrac-
tory material. Substitute products generally have equal or superior insulating
qualitites relative to asbestos board, but most have significantly higher costs
(see Tab]e 2) .
TABLE 2. COST ($) PER SQUARE FOOT FOR ASBESTOS MILLBOARD AND SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS
5-
Thickness . , n M Q Johns-Manvillea
. Asbestos Pars No. 9
(inches)
Carborundum Fiberfrax
Ceraform 102 Duraboard Hotboarda GC Board'5
1/8
$0. 30
$0.85
$1.00
—
—
—
1/4
$0.60
$1. 45
$1.20
—
—
$3. 10
1/2
$1. 15
$2.80
$1.65
$2.20
$1.30
—
aPrice for 1,000 square feet or more,
kprice for 75 square foot lots.
-------
COMMERCIAL PAPERS
Asbestos is used in commercial papers because of its strength, durability,
and resistance to fire and corrosion. Commercial asbestos papers, including
general insulation paper, muffler paper, and corrugated paper, provide maximum
insulation against fire, heat, and corrosion with minimum product thickness.
Substitutes are made from ceramics, cellulose, or fiberglass. These
materials display some advantages, such as the ability to withstand a greater
temperature range, but they cost more and provide less dimensional stability.
SPECIALTY PAPERS
Asbestos is used in specialty papers, including cooling cower fill, electro-
lytic diaphragms, and decorative laminates, primarily because of its chemical
and heat resistant properties.
Substitutes for cooling tower fill are polyvinyl and polypropylene plastics,
cellulose, aluminum, and steel. An alternative to asbestos electrolytic dia-
phragms is a membrane-cell, consisting of a film of perfluoro-sulfuric acid
resin and another monomer to which negative sulfuric acid groups are attached.
Glass and ceramic substrates are available as substitutes for decorative
laminates. Generally, costs for these substitute materials are higher than
asbestos-containing papers.
ROOFING FELT
Roofing felt, primarily used for built-up roofing and as an underlayment
for other roofing products, is manufactured with asbestos because of its
dimensional stability and resistance to rot, fire, and heat. There are three
substitutes for asbestos roofing felt: organic felt (cellulosic fibers),
fiberglass felt, and a single-ply membrane system (a laminate of a modified
bitumen or rubber and plastic or PVC) . Organic felt is the most widely used roofing
felt, followed by asbestos felt; fiberglass felt holds the smallest share of the
roofing market. Table 3 provides a cost comparison of roofing felts. The
substitutes for asbestos containing roofing products are currently available g
and are fairly comparable in costs when installed, durability and performance.
TABLE 3. ROOFING COSTS
9-13
Retail
cost
per roll
($)
Squares
Single
square
(one layer)
($)
Material cost
per square
(?)
Installed cost
per square
(?)
Range Average
Organic
felt
10.00
2.50 7.50
(three layers)
100-160 126.00
Asbestos
felt
23.50
5.75 11.50
(two layers)
115-160 132.50
F iberglass
felt
28.50
5.60 16.80
(three layers)
110-160 140.00
Membrane
single-ply
35.70
35.70
35.70
(one layer)
150.00
k
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BEATER-ADD GASKETS
Gaskets are installed to provide tight, nonleaking connections in piping
and other joints. They are used in the automotive industry, and also in indus-
trial and commercial equipment of all varieties. Asbestos is used in gaskets
because it is heat resistant, resilient, strong, and chemically inert.
Although alternative materials may be available for certain applications,
there are no substitute products of the same effectiveness. In particular, no
suitable substitutes have been found for applications requiring the chemical
inertness and oil resistance of asbestos gasketing material.^ The alternative
materials that are sometimes employed are ceramic fibers, teflon, and metal.
The costs of these substitute materials are generally higher -than the asbestos
containing materials.
ELECTRICAL INSULATION
The largest use of asbestos electrical paper is as insulation for dry
transformers for layer insulation, layer barriers, core barrier tubes, general
conductor wraps, lead insulation, and cross-over insulation. Asbestos is
used in electrical paper insulation because of its high thermal and electrical
resistance, which permits the paper to act effectively as an insulator and
protects the conductor from fire.
Substitute materials currently available for electrical insulation are
aromatic polymides, ceramic fibers, mica, and glass fiber. The costs of these
substitutes are higher than the asbestos-containing materials.
FLOORING FELT
Most flooring felt is used commercially in residential applications.
Asbestos is used in flooring felts to add dimensional stability, and high moisture,
rot and heat resistance. There has been ligtle success in substituting other
fibers for asbestos fibers in this product. Alternatively, various floor
coverings can be used as substitutes for vinyl sheet flooring backed with asbestos
felt. These coverings include everything from foam cushion-backed flooring
and backless sheet flooring to wood flooring or carpeting and "place and push"
vinyl tile squares. Costs of substitute products vary widely as the sub-
stitutes themselves differ greatly.
PIPELINE WRAP
Asbestos paper has been successful as pipeline wrap because asbestos can
resist soil chemicals, rotting, and decay, while maintaining dimensional stabil-
ity throughout its lifetime. Asbestos pipe wrap protects underground pipelines
from corrosion. The largest user of asbestos pipe wraps is the oil ar.d-gas
industry with their extensive underground piping networks.
Alternatives to asbestos- pipewrap include saturated fiberglass, plastic
tapes, extruded epoxy resins and extruded polyethylene wrapping, bound to
undercoating.^ Cost effectiveness still favors asbestos pipe wraps and,
although competitive pipeline wraps are also used by the oil and gas industry,
asbestos wraps are currently preferred because of cost and proven effectiveness.
5
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SECTION 3
ASBESTOS-CEMENT PIPE
Asbestos-cement (A/C) pipe is most suitable for intermediate range pipe
diameters (6 to 24 inches). A/C pipe is strong, resilient, flexible, durable,
inert, and fire resistant. The majority of A/C pipe produced is used for water
mains (pressure pipe) and sewer lines (nonpressure pipe) .
A 1974 survey projected the total amount of water mains in use in the
United Stntes to be about 640,000 miles.^ a/C pipe accounted for 84,000 miles
or about L3 percent of this total. Table 4 lists the types of water main pipe
in place as of 1975 and the national projections of mileage. Table 5 lists
the type of sewer main pipe now in place and the national projections of
mileage.
TABLE 4. TYPES OF WATER MAIN PIPE IN PLACE (1975) NATIONAL
PROJECTIONS OF MILEAGE^
Cast
Asbestos
Steel
Reinforced
Plastic
Other
Total
iron
cement
concrete
Total Mileage
482,000
84,000
38,000
10,000
7,000
19,000
640,000
Percent of Total
75.3
13.1
5.9
1.6
1.1
3.0
100.8
NOTE: Cast iron is the predominate type of pipe now in place, accounting for three-
fourths of the total. Asbestos cement has a 13 percent share with none of
the other types having more than 6 percent.
TABLE 5. TYPE OF SEWER MAIN PIPE NOW IN PLACE-NATIONAL PROJECTIONS
OF MILEAGE15
Cost Asbestos Vitrified Reinforced ,
. . „ Plastic Ocher Total
iron cement clay concrete
Total Mileage 15,000 25,000 306,000 74,000 10,000 28,000 459,000
Percent of Total 3.3 5.4 66.8 16.2 2.1 6.2 100.0
NOTE: Vitrified clay is the predominate type of pipe now in place, accounting for
— two-thirds of the total. Reinforced concrete has a 16 percent share with none
of the other types having more than 6 percent of the total. The majority
of pipe within the "other" category is of the unreinforced concrete category.
The common pipe products available as substitutes for A/C pipe include:
• Ductile iron pipe
• Concrete pipe
• Glass-reinforced concrete pipe
• Plastic pipe
• Vitrified clay pipe
6
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None of these products alone could substitute for all A/C pipe uses.
However, as a group, they can meet all of the technical requirements placed
on A/C pipe. A/C pipe used in water mains can be replaced by ductile iron,
PVC, and reinforced concrete. In sewer mains, A/C pipe can be replaced with
vitrified clay, concrete, PVC, and ductile iron. The only factor preventing
the use of substitutes for A/C pipe in new construction or replacement service
is economics. Table 6 lists pipe price estimates for asbestos cement and the
substitute materials.
TABLE 6. PIPE PRICE ESTIMATES
16-21
Approximate price per foot ($)
Material
Water
Sewer
8"
15"
24"
8"
15"
24"
Asbestos cement
Ductile iron
Vitrified clay —
Reinforced concrete —
Nonreinforced concrete —
PVC
*
Fiber reinforced PVC
5.50 16.00 (16") - 3.00 10-14.00 25-30.00
6.00 14.50 (16") 24.50 6.00 14.50 (16") 24.50
- - 2.50 10.00 . 29.00
15.50 - 6.00 11.50
10.50 - 2.25 4.00 8.00
4.25 9.75 (12") - - 2.75 10.50 16.00 (18")
6.25 12.25 (12") -
*Johna-Manville - Permastrain
7
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SECTION 4
FLOOR TILES AND SHEETING
Vinyl asbestos (V/A) flooring is installed in industrial, commercial,
institutional, and residential buildings because it is extremely well suited
to applications requiring:
• Toughness
• Dimensional stability
• Long life
• Economy
• Moisture resistance
• Smooth surface
• Cleanability
In 1975 asbestos flooring commanded a 91 percent share of the resilient
floor covering market. 22 of this total 38 percent was floor tile and 53 percent
was sheet flooring. Only 9 percent of the resilient floor covering market
was held by nonasbestos-containing products.
Major V/A flooring companies are actively pursuing or producing a substitute
flooring product. Available alternate flooring products include v^nyl-sheet roll
goods, solid vinyl floor tiles, ceramic tile, carpeting, and wood. However, these
substitutes lack one or more of the above-mentioned characteristics of V/A flooring.
The primary hindrances to a substitute product effectively competing with V/A flooring
are higher cost and lack of toughness; i/e., durability, resilience, flexibility,
and wear resistance.
8
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SECTION 5
FRICTION MATERIALS
Asbestos is well suited for use in friction materials because of its
thermal. stabLlity, reinforcing abilities, and relatively high ability to with-
stand friction. Asbestos-containing friction materials are used for brakes
for Light- and heavy-duty vehicles, aircraft, railcars, various types of heavy
equipment and clutch facings.
Several manufacturers of friction materials have active research and
testing programs to develop asbestos-free materials. Although industry s
research and development activities are highly secretive, we know that among
the materials proposed in the past as substitutes are: glass fiber, steel wool,
mineral wool, carbon fiber, cermets (sintered metals), semimetallic materials,
potassium titanate fibers, aramid fibers, vermiculite, and silicon nitrides.
Some firms may have ceased research on one or more of these materials but
others may still be under consideration.
Several manufacturers of friction materials have active research and
testing programs to develop asbestos-free materials. Some of- the materials
proposed as substitutes are: glass fiber, steel wool, mineral wool, carbon
fiber, cermets (sintered metals), semimetallic materials, potassium titanate
fibers, aramid fibers, vermiculite, and silicon nitrides.
As friction applications vary, so do the materials most appropriate for
each use. Semimetallic and cermet materials may all be used in direct asbestos
substitute applications, semimetallic in disc brakes (it is projected that in
5 years nearly all original equipment disc brakes in passenger cars and light
trucks will use semimetallics) and cermets for aircraft brakes (95 percent of
all new commercial aircraft use cermets). 23,24 Nonasbestos drum brake linings
23
for passenger cars are currently unavailable commercially.
A cost comparison for various materials proposed as substitutes for
asbestos in friction products is given in Table 7.
TABLE 7. COSTS OF MATERIALS PROPOSED AS
SUBSTITUTES FOR ASBESTOS IN
FRICTION MATERIALS 25
Material Price per pound ($)
Asbestos 0.05-0.15
Fibrous glass 0.05-0.75
Mineral wool 0.15
Potassium titanate fibers 1.00-1.25
Graphite and carbon fibers 10.00-12.00
Wollastonite 0.15
Cotton linters 0.15
Aramid fibers 6.00-8.00
Exact costs for semimetallic friction materials are not available, but
they are comparable to organic friction materials. Cermets cost three'to five
times as much as asbestos friction materials.
9
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SECTION 6
PAINTS, COATINGS, AND SEALANTS
Asbestos is used in asphalt and tar bases for products such as roof
sealants, waterproof coatings, and automobile undercoatings. Previous uses
of asbestos in texture paints, spackle, and joint compounds have been banned.
The asbestos fiber serves as a filler and reinforcing agent in these diverse
products.
An acceptable substitute must be:
• Noncombustible
• Resistant to decay, many acids, and vermin
• Made up of long, flexible fibers
• Strong enough to reinforce other binders
• Unaffected by temperatures up to 500°C (automobile undercoating)
• Cost effective
There are no substitutes available chat possess all the above attributes, but
for applications where several of the characteristics are not necessary, a
substitute may be applicable.
There are no commercially available asbestos-free, asphalt-based roofing,
undercoating, or linings and chemical resistant coatings products that provide
the properties of asphalt-based products. However, several companies report
the availability of products in the premarket or early commercial stages. 26,27 por
nonasphalt asbestos-based linings and chemically resistant coatings, several
mineral reinforcing materials are available as substitutes for asbestos.
Although use of asbestos in texture paints was banned in 1977, no substitutes
of comparable quality have been found.
Table 8 presents a cost comparison for substitute materials used in
sealant products.
22
TABLE 8. COST OF SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS COMPARED WITH GRADE 7 CHRYSOTILE
Substitute Cost ($/pound) Substitute Cost ($/pound)
Chrysotile
0.06-0. 12
Barite
-
Fiberglass
0.40-0.50
Diatomite
-
Polypropylene
0. 35
Silica
-
Cellulose
0.60
Clay
0.04-0.08
Cotton
0.20
Mica
0.05
Talc
0.06
Carbonate
0.04-0.08
Nylon
0.60
10
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SECTION 7
ASBESTOS/CEMENT SHEET
Asbestos is used as a reinforcing material in cement sheet products
because of its high tensile strength, flexibility, resistance to heat, chemical
inertness, and large aspect ratio. Asbestos fiber in cement sheet adds to the
stability, strength, stiffness, and toughness of the material, resulting in a
product that is rigid; durable; noncombustible; and resistant to heat, weather,
and attack by corrosive chemicals. A/C sheet may be broken down into four
product categories: flat sheet, corrugated sheet, siding shingles, and roofing
shingles.
Asbestos can be replaced in A/C sheet by either a substitute reinforcing
fiber or an entirely different sheet material. Glass-reinforced concrete (GRC)
appears to be suitable for most corrosion and heat resistant applications
where A/C sheet is currently used. Cement/wood board, once it is actually
under production, should be a cheaper material than A/C sheet for general
construction purposes. 29 nq substitute material is available that adequately
matches A/C sheet's qualities as a laboratory table top; nor is there a material
available that could replace ebonized A/C sheet in all electrical applications.
Table 9 presents the performance of possible fiber substitutes for asbes-
tos in cement sh^et.
TABLE 9. PERFORMANCE OF POSSIBLE FIBER SUBSTITUTES FOR ASBESTOS IN
CEMENT SHEETS
Fiber Performance and Comments Reference
Alkali-resistant Can be used in Portland cement; better impact 22,30
glass resistance than asbestos; product loses
strength with time; commercially feasible.
Mineralized wood Lightweight; not as heat resistant as 29
asbestos; superior impact resistance, abundant
supply available; commercially competitive.
Good enforcement; high impact strength; 22
problems with processing and machining;
problems with rust.
Weak product; does not work well in cement. 22
Increases modular strength of cement sheet; 22
is resistant to alkali attack; no increase in
impact strength; very expensive.
Provides impact strength; lacks reinforcement. 22
No success to date; work is continuing. 22,31
Steel fibers
Mineral wool
Carbon fibers
Nylon
Ceramic fibers
11
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A cost comparison of cement sfieet products and siding products is pre'
sented in Tables 10 and 11, respectively.
29-34
TABLE 10. COMPARISON OF CEMENT SHEET PRODUCT PRICES
Product
Cost ($) per square meter
(square foot)
1/4" 1/2"
J-M Flexboard® (A/C) 5.90(0.55) 14.00(1.30)
J-M Transite® (A/C) 13.15 (1.20) 21.50 (2.00)
Cement/wood board 1.95 (0.20) 4.00 (0.40)
High density GRC — 8.61 (0.80)
Low density GRC — less than
2.60 (0i80)
Alumina-Sheet® 161.40 (15.00) —
TABLE 11. COMPARISON OF SIDING PRODUCT COSTS29
0 j _ Total cost ($)
Product , .. .
per square meter (square foot)
Wood siding, 5/8" 8.60 (0.80)
Wood shingle 15.60 (1.45)a
Asbestos-cement shingle 13.50 (1.25)a
Fiber board 10.80 (1.00)a
Brick, or stone 61.75 (5 .75)a
Stucco or concrete block 17.90 (1.65)a
Aluminum 13.40 (1.25)a
a
Cost Includes material price for plyvood sheathing of
$2.72/square meter ($0,253 square feet).
12
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SECTION 8
GASKETS AND PACKINGS
Gaskets and packings, used to seal one fluid from another, are found in
virtually every mechanical, chemical, and thermal operation or device where
fluids are Involved. Asbestos has been successful in both applications because
it is heat resistant, resilient, strong and relatively chemically inert.
Two types of substitute products exist for asbestos gaskets and packings:
(1) fiber-for-fiber replacements; and (b) an alternative material, such as
Glyon® or Nu-Board. The fiber-for-fiber replacements include: silica, carbon,
Kevlar,® ceramic and Teflon® fibers. Their characteristics are shown in
Table 12.
TABLE 12. CHARACTERISTICS OF FIBERS
Fiber
Maximum tensile
strength
CIO6 kPa) (103 psi)
Continuous-
duty
temperature
limits
(°C)
Lower Higher
Chemical deterioration
References
Silica 3,450
Ceramic 1,720
Graphite 2,070
Kevlar® 2,758
Teflon
359
Asbestos 3,450
500
250
3,000
400
52
500
-73
-200
-46
-268
-273
990
1,400
3,000
200
290
540
35-38
Some molten metals, hydroflu-
oric acid, fluorides, oxides,
hydroxides.
Hydrofluoric acid, phosphoric 39-41
acid, hot concentrated alkalies.
Strong oxidizing compounds,
chromium (VI) and permanganate
solutions.
Strong acids including: hydro-
chloric, hydrofluoric, nitric,
and sulfuric.
Certain perfluorinated organic
liquids at temperatures above
299°C (570°F)
Some molten metals, hydroflu-
oric acid, fluorides, oxides,
hydroxides.
41, 42
43
44
25
13
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No single subscitute fiber material possesses all desired qualities to
the same degree as asbestos. However, for any particular application, a sub-
stitute fiber can often be employed to achieve the necessary combination of
properties. Table 13 lists the raw materials identified as substitutes for
asbestos-containing gaskets and packings.
For a fiber-for-fiber replacement, the cost of packings and gaskets is
proportional to the cost of fibers used because the manufacturing processes
are identical. A cost comparison of various fibers is presented in Table 14.
A cost comparison of asbestos gaskets and substitute gasket materials
is shown in Table 15.
14
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TABLE 13. NONASBESTOS RAW MATERIALS FOR GASKETS AND PACKINGS 45
Accopui:
Ac ft. at t.1
A luminum
Aluminum foil
Armaf U'x
Artus nlilm
Asplial (-saturated sheathing felt
Backchtick fell
Ba kc 1 lie
Binders board
Black f Ibre
B lot. I 1 ng pa|»?r
Bond paper
Bucar
Burntk-
Buna N-rubber
Buna S-rubber
Cambr t c
Canvas
CanvuH-hnsi'd bake lite
Canvas-based phenol ic
Cardboard
Co I 1 ii 1 o Id
Cellulose matcrla Is
Ceraf e 11
(,'crakote
Ce 1 i:on
ChIpboard
Ch I pbonrd-treated
Clear cellulose acetate
Cloth
C1oth-Inserted rubber
Copper
Cork
Cork-rubber compositions
Cork-syntliet lc compositions
Crepe barrier paper
Deaden Inn felt
lie I r In
Duck
Durncc1
Durni-ork
Hum (d
l-'.PDM
KPT
hmboHHed chipboard
F.mery cloth
Kt liaf oara
Fabric supported rubber
Fnlrprene materials
Fo I t
Fibre, vulcanized
FI reboard
F Lbref lex
F1 berRIans
Fiberglass, neoprene coated
Fiberglass, sillcone-coaced
Fiberglass, teflon-coated
Fibre-kork
Filter felt
Firm pad felt
Fishpaper (armite)
Flexible fibre
Fluorglass
Fluorosilicone
Foam
Casket felt
Graphite-coated materials
Craphited rubber
Cum rubber
Gummed kraft paper
Hemp
Hycar (GR-N) rubber
Jute
Jute-lined chipboard
Jute paper
K-grey paper
Kapton
Klingerlt
Kraft paper
Koroseal
Leather
Leacherboard
Lexide
Lexan
Linen-base bakelite
Linen-base phenolic
Manila paper
Melamine
Metal finishing felt
Mold-resistant sheathing felt
Molybdenum filled materials
Monocast nylon
My lar
Mystik tape
Natural rubber
Neoprene-asbestos, compressed
Neoprene-coated materials
Neoprene-cork compositions
Neoprene (GR-M) rubber
Nomex
Nylatron
Nylon
0 ring cord
Oil-resistant material
Onion-skin paper
P.V.C.
Packtite
Paper
Paper-base bakelite
Paper-base phenolic
Panelyte
Parchment paper
Phenolics
Plastics
Polyamid
Polyethylene, linear
Polypropylene
Pressboard
Pure gum rubber
Red rope paper
Royal grey paper
Rubber-synthetic compounds
SBR rubber
Saran screen
Sheathing felt
Shim stock
Showcase felt
Silicone
Soft pad felt
Spauldite
Spauldo-
Sponge rubber
Stencil board
Supercork
Superpak
Teflon
Teflon-coated fibreglass
Thio-flex
Thiokol-coated materials
Thlokol-lmpregnated leather
Transformer board
Treated leather
Trimming felt
Upholstery felt
Urethane, homogeneous
Urethane, foam polyester
Urethane, foam polyether
Urethane, foam scott felt
Urethane, liquid cast
Urethane, millable gum
Varnished cambric
Velbestos
Vellumoid
Vinyl
Vinylite
Viton
Viton sponge
Vulcanized fibre
Waterproofed chipboards
Wax-impregnated materials
15
-------
TABLE 14. COST COMPARISON BETWEEN ASBESTOS
FIBERS AND SUBSTITUTES FOR USE
IN TEXTILES (IN 1976 DOLLARS)3, 46
Fiber Approximate
cost per pound ($)
Asbestos fiber 1.00
Glass fiber 0.75
Nomex® — fiber 5.00-5.50
— continuous filament 6.50-10.00
Kevlar® 5.50-6.00
Teflon® 7.00-10.00
Kynol® 3.60
Carbon 2.00
Ceramics — 3M 30.00-32.00
— refrasil fibers 9.00
— refrasil strands 28.00
TABLE 15. COSTS OF ASBESTOS AND ASBESTOS
SUBSTITUTE GASKETING 47 ' 48
1 Cost per square foot
Materiai 1/16" diameter
Asbestos Sheet Garlock 900 1.95
Asbestos Sheet Garlock 7006 1.20
Gylon® Fawn 8.60
Vegetable Garlock 681 0.50
Cork 0.55
Red Rubber 0.40
Nu-Board 1800 0.90
16
-------
SECTION 9
REINFORCED PLASTICS
Asbestos-reinforced plastic molding compounds are used in many industries,
including the electrical, electronics, automotive, and printing industries.
Asbestos fibers, when added to polymeric materials, modify the physical and
chemical characteristics of the composite. The fibers serve as both fillers
and reinforcing agents. Phenolic molding compounds (thermosetting polymers)
are the major users of asbestos in reinforced plastic applications outside of
floor coverings. In phenolic molding compounds, asbestos provides good
surface finish, toughness, resistance to heat and fire, and less shrinking
and warping than other fibers. Asbestos also improves the handling qualities
of the product during processing.
Not all products require all of the physical properties supplied by
asbestos, consequently substitutes that lack some physical properties of
asbestos but meet product specifications can be used. In addition, new fiber
technology has been developed which has improved physical properties of
substitutes so that they are comparable to asbestos. Table 16 lists the sub-
stitute materials, their price compared to asbestos, and performance informa-
tion and comments. Examination of the table shows a trend towards the
replacement of asbestos in reinforced plastics.
17
-------
TABLE 16. COST COMPARISON OF ASBESTOS AND SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS
FOR REINFORCED PLASTIC$22
Subs titute
material
Price compared
Co asbestos
Performance and comments
Fibrous glass
Clay
Talc
Mica
Carbon fibers
Aramid fibers
75c/lb vs 55c/lb
long fiber asbestos;
50c/lb vs lOc/lb
short fiber asbestos
Same
6c/lb vs
5-10c/lb asbestos
5c/lb vs 12-25c/lb
for asbestos
$ 10—$12/lb vs
13-25c/lb asbestos
$6-$8/lb vs
13c-25c/lb for
asbestos
Polyethylene fibers No data
Calcium sulfate
2c-3c/lb vs
13c-25c/lb for
asbestos
May be used for higher temperature
applications; new glass fiber tech-
nology improves the physical prop-
erties of the material; problems
with abrasiveness of glass wearing
out processing equipment; process
change probable.
Used as filler, no reinforcement;
new clay base compositions are re-
ported to maintain the acceptable
balance between heat resistance and
impact strength.
Loss of strength but can compensate
by making thicker walled product;
presently used as an asbestos sub-
stitute; limited to 450°F
applications.
Adds dimensional stability and in-
creases strength of plastics; mica's
high aspect-ratio is purported to pro-
vide cost performance somewhere in-
between that of inorganic particulate
fillers and fiber reinforcement; it is
blended with higher priced substi-
tute materials.
For high strength applications; in-
creases acid resistance in phenolics;
also used as filler for thermoset
plastics; high heat resistance;
specialty applications only.
Use in specialty plastic reinforce-
ments; too expensive for asbestos
replacement in phenolic molding
compounds; can be blended with less
expensive materials.
Still in development stage; high
modulus of elasticity (10° psi) but
poor heat resistance properties.
Provides improved output rates,
allows high loadings, and results
in low densities; high heat resis-
tance; no reinforcing properties.
18
-------
SECTION 10
TEXTILES
Anbentoa textiles are used In the six product categories that follow.
FIRE-RESISTANT MATERIALS
Asbestos is used to manufacture fire-resistant materials because it is
fireproof, acid-resistant and strong enough to be processed into textiles
using looms and other equipment commonly employed in the textile industry.
For example, asbestos cloth, yarn and thread are used to produce welding cur-
tains, draperies, blankets, protective clothing, hot conveyer belts, furnace
shields and molten metal splash protection aprons.
THERMAL INSULATION
Asbestos is used in thermal insulation because of its temperature resis-
tance, high tensile strength, abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance and
durability. Asbestos tubing, tape, rope, card, cloth and yarn are used for
safety protection in pipe wraps, stress relieving pads in welding operations,
protective coverings for hot glassware utensils, coverings for diesel engine
exhaust lines, flue sleeves, and braided walls in steam hose construction.
ELECTRICAL INSULATION
Asbestos yarn, roving, tape, thread, felts, cord, lap, and tubing are
used for the insulation of wires and cables, arcing barriers in switches,
circuit breakers, heater cords, and motor winding.
Asbestos textiles are employed in electrical insulation because of their
high dielectric strength, temperature resistance, flexibility, abrasion re-
sistance and tiigh tensile strength.
PACKINGS AND GASKETS
Asbestos is also used in packings and gaskets in the textile industry.
It provides these products with low thermal conductivity, resilience, chem-
ical stability, immunity to thermal shock, compressibility, and abrasion re-
sistance. For example, asbestos yarn, rope, wick, cord, cloth, and tape are
used for pump packings, all purpose shaft and valve stem packings, expansion
joints, manhole gaskets, seals for boilers, ovens and furnaces, flange gaskets
and gaskets for storage tanks, coolers and dryers.
FRICTION MATERIALS
Asbestos textiles, usually in the form of woven yarn, are used in fric-
tion materials for brake linings, clutch facings, and brake pads, primarily
because of their friction and wear characteristics.
19
-------
SPECIALTY TEXTILES
Asbestos carded fiber is the main form of asbestos textiles that can be
used in specialty products, such as liquid filters, electrolytic diaphragms,
wiping pads and stuffing box packing. Asbestos carded fiber is well suited
for these uses because of its filter medium qualities, chemical resistance
and natural positive charge.
SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS
There is a large variety of fiber materials which can substitute for
asbestos fibers. The physical properties of these substitutes for asbestos
fibers in textile applications are presented in Table 17. Cost comparisons
between asbestos fibers and substitute materials are presented in Table 18.
20
i
-------
TABLE 17. PROPERTIES OF SUBSTITUTE FIBERS FOR ASBESTOS TEXTILE APPLICATIONS
Properties
Substitute mater la 1
(aunu tac t urer)
Produce app1ication
Temperature
res i stance3
up to °C (°F)
Tens lie
strength*3
kPa (psl)
Co asoents
Reference
ASBESTOS:
CLASS:
Ail applications requiring
an incombustible high
temperature fabric.
All applications requiring
an incombustible high
temperature fabric.
649
(120G)C
538
(1000)
5.68 - lO*
(824,000)
2.17 - 10e
(315,000)
Low thermal conductivity; excellent radiation 49
stability; good flexibility; excellent resistance
to noisture and corrosion; excellent spinnability;
contains a minimum of magnetic or conductive fibers.
Density similar to asbestos; excellent handling 3, 49
characteristics; high dielectric strength; not as
durable as asbestos; ma> produce some skin
irritation; fiber diameter 0.066 mo (0.0026 inch).
Re f ras i1
(Hi Leo Materials)
-p, c .™
Ine rrno-S11
(Carlock, Lnc.)
TM
Zetex
(Newtex Lndusiries,
CERAMICS:
lnc.)
Fire-resistant materials;
thermal and electrlcl
insulation; packings and
gaskets.
Fire-resistanL mater la Is;
thermal and electrical
Insulation; packing and
gaskets.
F1 re-res is tant materials;
Lhermal and electrical
insulation; packings and
gaskets.
All applications requiring
an Incombustible high
temperature fabric.
982
(1800)
538
(1000)
1538
(2800)
1427
(2600)
5.17 * 10* Good acid resistance; good dielectric properties; 50. 51
(75,000) excellent resistant to thermal shock; high capacity
to absorb moisture; lacks abrasion resistance,
fiber diameter 8-12 microns.
2.17 * 10* Resists organic solvents and most acids and alkalies; 52, 53
resists abrasion and wear; moisture and weather
resistant; dimensionally stable; high dielectric
strength; low dielecLrlc constant; soft and flexible.
Excellent strength and durability; excellent 54, 55
dielectric strength; dimensional stability; excellent
cutting, sewing and handling; abrasion resistant;
fiber size ~9 microns.
high A high tensile strength silicn - alumina fiber; 3
flexible; abrasion-resistaut.
(315,000)
3.44 * 106
(500,000)
Nextel'0' 312
(3M Company)
llie r too - Ce r
(Gar lock, lnc.)
Fire-resistant materials;
thermal and electrical
insulation, packings and
gaskets.
Fire-resistant material s;
thermal and electrical
insulation; packings and
gaskets.
1427
(2600)
1260
(2300)
1.72 * 10°
(250,000)
1.72 « 10b
(250,000)
High strength retention; low shrinkage; abrasion- 56, 57
resistant (after 4 hours at 816°C (1500°F), it retained
1002 of its strength); good flexibility; some skin
irritation; fiber size 10-12 microns in diameter.
Excellent resistance to mechanical vibration and 52, 67
stress; resists attack from most chemicals; no loss
of strength due to water evaporation at high s
temperatures; low thermal conductivity and
excellent electrical resistance.
Fibe rf rax
(Carborundum Co.)
Fire-resistance materials;
thermal and electrical
Insulation; packings and
gaskets.
1260 1.72 * 106 Chemical resistant; low thermal conductivity;
(2300) (250,000) resists oxidation and reduction; excellent resis-
tance to thermal shock.
68, 69
-------
TABLE 17 (continued).
Propert ies
Substizi~te arterial
(lunuf ac t ure r)
Product application
Tempt: rature
res is lancea s t rengcr
up to °C <°F) kPa (pit)
Tens i le
rb
Comments
Re f e renc es
POLYMERS :
Ncmex *
(Dupont Cc.)
Ke>. lar
(DuPont Co )
Tef]on
(DuPont Co.)
K> no 1 ™
(American Kynol , Inc.)
Norfab
(AMATEX Corp )
CAKBON:
Celion®
(Celanese Plasties and
Specials les Co.)
Fire-resistant materials;
thenaal and electrical
insulation; packings and
gaskets.
Fire-resistant materials;
friction materials; cables.
Fire-resistant materials;
thermal and electrical
insulation; packings and
gaskets.
Fire-resistant abater ial s ;
packings and gaskets.
Duret te
(Fire Safe Products, Inc.)
TM
P.B.I.
(Celanese Plastics and
Spec la 11 les Co.)
Fire-resistant materials.
Fire-res 1st ant materials.
Fire-resistant material;
thermal and electrical
insulation; packings and
gasket s.
Fire-resistant materials;
packings and gaskets;
friction materials.
Friction materials;
packings and gaskets.
371 6.89 x 10 Abrasion resistant, flexible, radiation resistant; 3, bS , 55
(700) (100,000) chemical resistant; washable; low shrinkage.
204 2.76 x 10* High thermal stability; excellent chemical 3, 58, 60
(400) (400,000) resistance; excellent cut resistance; low thermal
conduct ivity.
316 3.62 x 10s High chemical resistance; low friction and adhesion; 3, 58, 61
(600) (52,500) low shrinkage; great flex-abrasion resistance;
radiation resistant.
704^ 1.86 * 105 Low moisture absorption; acid resistant; low toxic 62, 63
(1300)^ (27,000) off gases; low shrinkage; Is a carbon precursor;
low abrasion.
593 4.83 x 10s Better heat stability than Nomex® ; high abrasion 3, 64
(1100) (70,000) resistance; good acid resistance; high tear
resistance; excellent dimensional stability.
500 2.07 * 10^ Polybenzlmidazole; nonflammable in air; little or no 65, 66
(932) (300,000) emlttance of toxic off gases; acid resistant;
readily processed on conventional textile equipment;
comfortable; good cryogenic characteristics; high
moisture regain.
343 Moderate Is a combination of synthetics; excellent 76, 77
(650) workability; lightweight; high abrasion
resistance; flexible; good chemical resistance.
1427 Over High flexibility, lightweight, good retention of 3, 70, 71
(2600) 3.10 * 106 fiber properties at high temperatures.
(450,000)
5432 3.24 * 10^ Flexible, low shrinkage; excellent oxidative 70, 71
(3000) (470,000) stability; excellent adhesion to organics;
(no oxygen) excellent electrical/thermal conductivity.
-------
TABLE 17 (continued)
Properc ies
Substitute materia I
(jiinu face ur er)
Produc t appl1 cat ion
Teaxperature Tensile^
resist anc ea strength
up to °C (°F) kPa (psi)
Coonaents
References
r . ™
Ce 1lox
(Celar.ese Plastics and
Specialties Co.)
Fire-resistant taaterials.
760 2.10 * 10:
(U00) (30.500)
Lightweigrt, flexible, high coo is Cure regain, low
densltv, readilv converted into caroon.
70, "2
QUARTZ:
A1 phaquariz ®
(Alpha Associates)
NATURAL MBER.
Cot ton
(Westex, Inc.)
Fire-resistant materials,
thermal and electrical
insulation; packings and
gaskets.
Fire-resistant materials
Over
1204
(2200)
232
(4 50)
8.69 » 10 Thermal stability; elastic; excellent resistance
(126,000) to thermal shock; easily impregnated; excellent
ablative characteristics; high purltv; transparent
to electromagnetic and radio waves.
0.62 x 10' Flame resistant; is coated and treated; washabLe;
(125,000) fiber diameter 0.020 to 0.030 mm (0.0008 to
0.0011 inches.
73, 74. 75
;9. 78
Temperatures depend upon product application.
^Figures are for fibers only, and are not necessarily related to fabric strength.
CWire inserted asbestos textiles.
^Carbonizing temperature range.
-------
TABLE 18. COST COMPARISON BETWEEN ASBESTOS
FIBERS AND SUBSTITUTES USED IN
TEXTILES3
Approximate
Product cost ($) per kilogram (pound) Reference
Asbestos 0.45-0.50 3
(1.00-1.10)
Fiberglass 0.50 3
(1.10)
Kevlar® 2.50-2.70 58
(5.50-6.00)
Nomex® 2.70-2.95 58
(6.00-6.50)
Teflon® 3.15-4.50 58
(7.00-10.00)
Refrasil® 3.15-5.40 50
(7.00-12.00)
Durette® 3.60 64
(8.00)
Nextel® 312 13.50 56
(30.00)
Kynol™ 2.00-2.25 62
(4.50-5.00)
Celiox™ 4.50 70
(10.00)
Celion® 11.25 70
(25.00)
aPrices vary with product style and quantity,
24
-------
SECTION 11
MISCELLANEOUS
DRILLING MUDS
Drilling muds or drilling fluids are used when wells are drilled by the
rotary method. Asbestos increases the carrying capacity of the mud (the
ability of the mud to bring up cuttings) without significantly increasing the
mud viscosity and acts as a loss-circulation material in helping to plug pas-
sages in the drill hole. No single substitute except possibly bentonite or
attapulgite clays serves both of these functions, but several substitutes can
be used as viscosifiers and many additional materials can be used as loss-
circulation materials.
A list of both commonly substituted drilling mud viscosifiers and loss-
circulation materials as well as a cost comparison with asbestos is in
tables 19 and 20.
TABLE 19. COST COMPARISON OF DRILLING MUD VISCOSIFIERS
Material
Amount used/ Cost
Cost ($/pound) barrel (pounds) ($/barrel)
Reference
Asbestos 0.40
Bentonite 0.05
Attapulgite 0.15
Sepiolite 0.20
Xanthan (XC)
polymer
Carboxymethyl
cellulose
Polysaccharides
polymer (DF-VIS) 5.00
Hydroxyethyl
cellulose 1.00
1.00
0.10
0.20
0.25
7.00 - 9.00
3.60
2-5
20 - 40
15 - 20
5-10
0.5 - 2
0.25 - 2
1-2
8-9
0.80
1.60
2.40
1.00
5.00
4.00
4.00
2.50
3.50 - 18.00
0.90 - 7.20
5.00 - 10.00
8.00 - 9.00
79, 80
79
79
79
79
80
81
82
25
-------
TABLE 20. COSTS OF COMMON LOSS-gl
CIRCULATION MATERIALS
Cost
Material ($/pound)
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.10
OTHER PRODUCTS
Other minor uses of asbestos fibers include:
• Shotgun shell base wads
• Asphalt/asbestos cement
• Foundry sands
• Sprayed on insulation
• Artificial fireplace ashes and artificial snows.
The present use of asbestos in shotgun shell base wads appears to be
negligible; one-piece polyethylene shells may serve as alternatives. While
there is some indication that asbestos may improve the quality of asphalt
cement, the prevailing opinion appears to be that if there is actually any-
thing to be gained by adding asbestos, it is not enough to make it worthwhile.83
In foundry sands, asbestos is actually an undesirable material because it
lowers the refractory point of the sand mold.®^ Substitutes used in insulating
sleeves on risers for foundry sand castings can be any inert mineral material
that (a) withstands high heat, (b) insulates, and (c) will not crystallize
with water at high temperatures.*
The use of asbestos in sprayed-on insulation was regulated in 1973,A
effectively eliminating further use of asbestos in this product. Substitute
materials include both cellulose fibers and rock wool, both of which are made
to be fire retardant, cost-effective, and, at present, have demonstrated no
adverse health effects. Artificial fireplace ashes containing asbestos were
banned in 1977"; vermiculite, rock wool, mica, and synthetic fibers have since
replaced asbestos in this use. Health considerations have also nearly halted
the use of asbestos in artificial snows.
Asbestos
Cellophane flakes
Mica
Nutshells
Bentonite
*
To date, materials developed are proprietary.
'^National Emissions Standard for Asbestos (40 CFR 61).
26
-------
SECTION 12
CONCLUSIONS
With the exception of a few specific applications, each product category
has commercially available alternatives. Characteristics of asbestos product
substitutes for each category are summarized In Table 21.
Products such as specialty papers, roofing felts, A/C pipe, and aircraft
brakes are, to some extent, being displaced by products that have been avail-
able for several years. Many of the available substitute products fulfill
some but not all of the requirements placed on asbestos fibers. Asbestos still
provides the most complete haze removal of any beverage filter; it is currently
the preferred pipeline wrap because of the length of time it has been on the
market; it is the single best component of tough vinyl floor tile; railcar
brakes appear to be reverting to asbestos at this time; it is unique in high-
temperature A/C sheet applications such as lab table tops; and it is a low cost
viBcosifier in drilling muds.
Substitutes are available for asphalt-based sealants, many A/C sheet pro-
ducts, gaskets and packings, reinforced plastics, and textiles, but often the
coat is higher, the product lacks the durability attributed to asbestos, or
certain applications may not be filled by the nonasbestos product. Products
still in the development stage include flooring felts, various types of brakes
and clutches, and asphalt-based sealants.
In no case is there a fiber or material alternative that can completely
replace the special qualities of asbestos in all uses. Instead, many alterna-
tives are available, each fitting only a small niche in the range of appli-
cations for which asbestos is currently used.
27
-------
TABLE 21. SUBSTITUTE PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
A «I < t1 ¦< f i'u proline t i iiii'vMirv
\v,i I I ,ih I 1 I I v i'erformam e i li.iriu fir 1st lv
! . I'appr 1'roiltM l *
a. Hpveriue filter**
S .*11 ! I Ih'h r'I
!• , ( iimrnpri i H I 1 n «u I .i t I nn
h, KI on r I njt f I t
I . f I pm I I nr wr .in
2. \/r v\p*
1. M mtr I I I »••»
4. Friction i'mrim t *
4. AiitomoM lr hr.iWes
ti. Henvv-fH
H . I nduAt r la I c I ut»" lies
S , ^ql.inM
A . A^ph.i | r .''H*"!
h. Nnn-asoha1t b«»*ed
h. A/T ^h»p t
7. I.qalift a .mil Pai klnijn
H . Kp(nf ore^d I' I.»« It i «
0 . T>xt t Ip*
IH. Mi «rpI I aneou*
iv i { I -ih" '•
rnmmp ri i ;i 1 1 v
tv.t' I il 1 •
( nmmpri I .i I I v
,.v if 1I 111 I ¦
( ommen 1.11 I v
,1V.I 1 1,1 h 1 O
( nmtneri 1.1 I I v
iv il I >K l <•
I Im 11"•«!
IVrf 1 1 .ll> I I i ( V
( nmmfn 1 11 i v
iv il I iM.
I' nil i'f
(level npffli'nl
f nmmori (.a 1 I »
iv.i I l.i l> I!'
{ nmmcfi l.ilU
.ivn i I.lii I e
( oilmen l.i I I v
i iimmc r< ! i I 1 v
• iv¦ i | I.>M,.
{ timiMTI" 1.1 I I v
.iv.i j I .tl) I l'
< 1.11 I v
.1 v-i I I i h I »•
I nmnuTi (m I I v
¦ iv.i | I .i b I r
I'mirr
development
I'nder
tleve I UPflH'fl t
Under
development
Under
dove I opmnnt
Common I a 1 I v
.iva M.ih I e
Commerc t .11 I v
¦iv.i I 1 nH I «*
< nmrnTi I .i I 1 v
tv,i [ ] ,| h I o
Commen I .i I I v
iv.i l.ihle
( nnunori {.ills
i v. 11 J a h I e
I ommor i i .i I 1 v
avn ll.ih I e
Meet* meml renuIrements
Mcrt" m.inv rrnu i remrnt s
Meets —i i»n»« requirements
Meets '»ll r^qn 1 roinpni s
Meets .ill requ I r itrvnt s
Nor r^-. I I lent
Mee i s .n 1 1 n qu I r eroeni s
M;iv he I (In r i b I e
.ill requirements
l.i'Ms ilur.ih I e
Mn'ts il I requirements
Meet s .ill requ 1 remwnt *
H I i -»i r I o r .
Substitutes not i«ii 1 1 ihle
tor ill .ipp I Um t1 uns .
Substitutes not jvjll.ihle
tor .ill applications.
Ihir.ib i I 11 v no t e<|iui I
iishi's ins,
^ome ^ubstlt'ite^ pri'-d.ite
.isbcstos, best itiverlnit
v.ir lf< wl t Ii ruof
Subs 111 ui i's i»nlv av.iLl.jblt?
lor limit od nppl liat ion.
Fxr*n«ivp *ub^titute productM
,ivn I Mble.
MntiTial subHtitutP* such as
i.irpet rendllv available;
Mbcr felt
-------
SECTION 13
k r. F I'. R R N C K S
1. FI i»r n , I. v., And R. A. Babtneflu. Filtration - An Old Process With a New Look. Food
Techno InKv, 33(4 > : fi 7-72 , 19 7 9.
2. Gordon, V. \*t and W. F. Riddle. Industry Profile and Background Information on
Ashpit on Cement Products, Millboard and Lumber-Related Products. U.S. Consumer
Product Safety Commission CPSC-C-78-0091 , Task 2, Subtask 2.02, February 1 979 .
3. A. n. Little Inc., and Sores, Inc. Characterization of the U.S. Asbestos Papers
Market". Prepared for the Minister of Industry and Commerce - Government of Quebec;
Final Draft Report to Sores Inc. (Montreal), Report C—7923 I » 1976.
4. Chlorine Tnstltutp Comments to ANPRM, p*4, 1980.
5. Telecon. Snles Personnel, Carborundum Corporation, Niagara Falls, N.Y., with D.
R a m s s y , 0 CA/TechnoI.ogy Division, August 1979.
6. Telecon. Stein, C., Sales Representative, Pars Manufacturing Co., Ambler, PA. [(215)
6 4 6-I300J, with 0. Ramsay, June 24, 1979.
7. Telseon. Klser, W. F., Marketing Manager, Ceraform Products, Johns-Manvllie Corp.,
Manvllle, N.J. [(201) 725-5000], with D. Ramsay, CCA/Technology Division, Auguat 12,
1 9 7 9 .
A. F. PA Preliminary Estimates.
9. Toleron. McLaughlin, C., Estimator, C and M Roofing, Soaervllle, Massachusetts,
[(617) 623-1042], with D. Ramsay, GCA/Techno1ogy Division, Auguat 20, 1979.
10* Ti»lprnn. Estimator, Hat I rk Roofing Company, Chelsea, Massachusetts, [( 6 1 7 ) 3 22-
3100], with D. Ramsay, GCA/Techno logy Division, Auguat 20, 1979.
11. Telnmn. Noble, A., Assistant Sales Manager, Koppers Company, Eastern Division, Vest
Orange, N.J., [(201) 736-9150] with D. Ramsay, GCA/Technology Division, August 30,
19 79 .
12. Telecon. Perkins, G., R-625 Products Marketing Manager, Owens-Corning Company,
Toledo, Ohio [(419) 248-7861], with D. Riainy, GCA/Technology Division, Auguat 29,
1979.
13* Telecon. Salesman, Bradco Supply Corporation, Woburn, Masaachuaetta, with D. Ramaay,
f.CA/Technology Division, Auguat 17, 1979.
14. Tale con. Pipeline wrap user with H. Plllsbury, EPA OPTS, June 1980.
15. Survey of Wnter Main Pipe In U.S Utilities Over 2,500 Population. American City.
Morgan - G ramp lan Pub. Co. Plttsfield, Mass. 1975.
16. Transit# Class Pressure Pipe on Tranalte Sever Pipe. Pricing schedule. Johns-
Manvllie, Denver, Colorado. January 1980.
17. Telecon. Owen, Gene. American Cast Iron Pipe Company, [(201) 845-5440] with E.
Mw* s 1 p r , C, C A / T e c h n o 1 o gy Division. February 26, 1 980. Notebook 3. Call 22.
18. TpIp c n n. MrKanna, Robert. Portland Stoneware, (( 6 1 7 ) 864- 7 52 3 ], with E. Mussler,
GCA / Tpchno I ngy Division. February 26 , 1980. Notebook 3. Call 23.
jq, Tfifmn. Andrews, Chsrles. New England Concrete Pipe, [(617) 969-0220], with E .
Mnsnler, G CA/Technology Division. February 26, 1 980. Notebook 3. Call 23.
?0. Telseon. Hoffman, Richard. Scituate Concrete Pipe Company, [(617) 545-0564], with
E. Munster, G C A / Te c h n o 1 og y Division. February 28 , 1980. Notebook 3. Call 25.
21. Telecon. Chat anon, Roger. Portland Plastic Pipe, [(207) 774-0364], with E. Mussler,
r.CA/Ti«chn» I ogy Dlvlalon. February 28, 1980. Notebook 3. Call 26.
22. Wright, M.D., et al. Aabeatoe Duat Feasibility Assessment and Economic Impact
An/ilysls of the Propoaed Federal Occupation Standard, Part I: Technological
Fraslhlllty Assessment and Economic Impact Analysis. U.S. Department of Labor.
Ocnipnt Innul Safety and Health Adm 1 n 1 atrat1on. Washington, D.C. Contract No. J-9-F-
"i - f) 2 2 ^ • Tas«t 2. September 1978.
I 1. TmIhcoi, . .1 a c k o , M., 8 e nd 1 x Research Labs with N. Roy, G C A/Te c h no I o gy Division.
A u g w a t 19 7 9.
24, Tp I e r <> n . ,l«rko, M., Bendlx Research Labs with N. Roy, GC A/Te c h no 1 ogy Dlvlalon.
November 19, 1979.
? 5 . Mpylan, U.M., •» t al. Chemlcsl Market Input /Output Analysis of Selected Chemical
Substinr»'*i to Aflness Sources of Environmental Contamination: Taak III - Asbestos.
EPA-V' 0M- 78-005. August 1978. pp. 63-65.
29
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2b* T«' Bp?orowiil, Ken, TREMCO, Inc. with D. Cook, CCA/Technology Division.
January 13, 1980* Substitute fibers for roofing produces*
27* Telecon. Hermue, Colin, Koppers with D* Cook, GCA/Techao1ogy Division* February 6,
1980* Roofing materlale*
28* Telecon* Jonas, J., Assistant Cenerel Manager, Cem-FIL Corp*, Nashville, Tennessee,
f (615) 883-7 363], with 3. Duletsky, GCA/Technology Division, January 3 1 , 1980*
Notebook No* 05, Phone cell No* 25.
29* Interne11 one 1 Housing Corporation. Notebook containing information about Cement/Wood
Board* Sacraosato. California* 1979*
30* Telecon* Levis, W.H., GRC Products, Inc., Schertx, Texae, [(512) 651-6773], with 3.
Duleteky, GCA/Technology Division, Pebruary 11, 1980. Notebook No. 05, Phone call
N o • 5 0 *
31* Telseon. Chellle, C., Babcock & Wilcox Refractories Division, Augusta, Georgia,
[(404) 798-8000] with 3* Duletsky, GCA/Technology Division, January 30, 1980.
Notebook No* 05, Phone cell No* 20*
32* Telseon. Healing, C., Zlrcer Products, Inc., Plorlda, New Tork, [(914) 651-4481]
with 3* Duletsky, GCA/Technology Dlvlelon, Pebruary 5, 1980* Notebook No. 05, Phone
cell Ro. 38.
33* Cape Boards end Panels, Ltd* Monolux Industrial Handbook* M1077914. Uxbrldge,
England*
34* Telecon. Boetlen, J., Aabeetos Fabricators, Inc., Charlotts, North Carolina, {(704)
377-3461], with S. Duleteky, GCA/Technology Division, March 7, 1980* Notebook No-
05, Phone call No. 90.
35* Armco, Hltco Materials Dlvlelon Refreell Insulation Textiles Can Take This Teeti Can
Toure? LHT/MD-10079 10 M CP 11—79- Cardena, California. Novenber 1979.
36* Colt Xnduetrlee, Garlock Inc. Mechanical Packing Division, Industrial Pecking*
Theraeell - Textured Flberglaea Cloth, Tape, Tubing* A Non-Asbestos Product* II-
7/79-10 M* Palmyre, New Tork, July 1979* 7 pages*
37* Newtex Industries Inc* Zetex - All of the Protection But None of the Health Hazards
of Aebeetos* Victor, New Tork* 4 pages*
38« Araco. Hltco Meterlals Division, Refraxll - Refractory Silica In Textile Form
Insulation Product Date Bulletin All Products. P.O. LHT/MD-1779 15 M CP 11-79*
Gerdene, California* Noveaber 1979* 4 pages.
39* Ceramic Fiber Products/3M. Netex - 312 Ceramic Fiber from 3M* N-MHFOL (79.5) MP
St* Paul, Minnesota. 4 pages.
40* Colt Industries, Gerlock Inc. Mechanical Packing Division* Compression Packing*
Thermo-Cerem* CMP-121. 3odus, New Tork* February, 1979* 2 pegee
41* Colt Industrlss, Garlock Inc* Mechanical Packing Division* Non-Asbestos Pscklngs,
Oaeketlng, Dynamic Seals, Sxpeneion Joints, Oil Seels, Flbergleee Cloth* MP-902*
Palmyrs, New Tork* August 1979* 9 pegee*
42* Arnco. Hltco Materials Division* Hltco Aeroepace Materials. LHT/MD-3278 3M TC 9-
78* Gerdene, California* September 1978* 5 pages*
43* K.I. DuPont de Nemoura 4 Co* Inc* Textile Fibers Department* Cheracterlstlcs sod
Usee of Kevlar 29 Araald Number 375* Wilmington, Delaware* September 28, 1976* 7
pegee.
44* S.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co* Inc. Properties, Procesalag and Appllcatlona of Tefloa
TPt Flourocerbon Fiber* Bulletin TP-2, Wilmington, Delaware* May 1978* 15 pegee*
45* Excelsior, Inc# Advertising List of Raw Materials, Publication Number 49758*
Rockford, Illinois* 1 page.
46 Telecon. Chloetergl, R., Merketlng Menager, E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co* Inc.,
Wilmington, Delaware, [(302) 999-3951] with T. Henderson, GCA/Technology Division,
February 1, 1980. Notebook No. 07, Phone call No. 20*
47. Swaneon, R.C., Seles Representative, Colt Induatrlee, Garlock Inc. Mechanical
Packing Division, Charlotte, N.C. Meeting with T. Curtln, GCA Corporation February
2 1, 1980.
48. Telecon. Connolly, T., Janos Industrial Insulation Corp., Moonachle, New Jersey,
((201) 933-5854], with T. Curtln, GCA/Technology Division, February 27, 1980.
Notebook No. 06, Phone cell No. 42*
49* Anon* Hendbook of Asbestos Textiles* American Textile Instltuts* 1967.
30
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*0. T*i»»cM»n. Black, M., S a 1 e * Re p r e 9 « n c a t 1 v c , Hitco Materials Division, Gardens, CA,
[(211) 321-5080], with T. Henderson, GCA/Technology Division, January 30, 1980,
Notebook No. 07, Phone call No. 11.
31. Hltco Materials Division Rafraall Product Data Bulletins. P.O. LHT/MD-1779 15 M CP
and LHT/MD-273 6M CP. Gardena, CA. November 1979. p. 1-2.
42. Tslscon* Angelina, J., Textiles Marketing Manager, Garlock Inc., Palmyra, NT, [(315)
397-4811] with T. Henderson, CCA/Technology Divlaion, February 8, 1980, Notebook No*
07, Phone call No. 32*
33* Oarlock Inc. Therao-811**, A Non-Asbestos Fabric. LX-7/79-10M. Palmyra, NT. July,
1979. p. 1-6.
5 A. Telseon. Dixit, B . , Praaldtnt; Navcex Industries , Inc., Victor, NT, [(716) 924-9135]
with T. Henderson, GCA/Technology Division, January 30, 1980, Notebook No. 07, Phone
call No. 11.
53* Nevtex Industries Inc. Zetex** Bulletin. Victor, NY. 1979*
56. Telecon. Elllngson, L. , Sales Repreaentative, Ceraalc Fiber Products/3M Company, St.
Paul, MN, [(612) 733-1558], with T. Henderaon, GCA/Technology Division, January 31,
1980, Notebook No* 07, Phone call No. 18*
57. Ceraalc fiber Produces, 3M Coapaay. Nextel 312 Csrsalc fiber Products. N-MTDS
(79.3? MP. and N-MPBBS-(89.3) 11. St. Paul, MN.
58* Tslscon. Chlostergl, R., Marketing Manager, E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc.
Vllalngton, DE* [(302) 999-3951], with T. Henderaon, GCA/Technology Division,
Psbrusry 1, 1980, Notebook No. 07, Phone call No. 20.
39* 5.1. DuPont de Neaours & Co., Inc. DuPont Technical Information Bulletin. N-236.
Wilmington, DE. October 1969. p. 1*12.
60* I.I. DuPont de Neaours & Co., Inc. Charsctsrist1cs and Uses of Kevljr 29 Arsald.
N-373. Wilmington, DE. September 1976. p. 1-7
61. E.I. DuPont de Neaours & Co., Inc. Properties, Processing and Applications of
Teflon . TR-2. Wilmington, DE. May 1978. p. 1-15.
62* Tslscon. Stortl, M«, Marketing Manager, American Kynol Inc., New Tork, NT, [(212)
279-2838], with T. Henderaon, GCA/Tftchnology Division, February I, 1980, Notebook No.
07, Phone call No. 23*
63* American Kynol, Inc. Kynol™ Novolold Bulletin. A-10, 003. New Tork, NT. October
1 19 7 4. p. l-ll
64. Telecon. Vence, R., Vice President, Plre Safe Products Inc., St. Louis, MO, [(314)
423-6989], with T. Henderson, GCA/Technology Division, February 20, 1980, Notebook
No* 07, Phone call No* 33.
65. Celaneee Corp. PBI™, Polybenslmidasole fiber. Charlotte, NC, february 1979. p. 2.
66. Tslscon. McCsllistsr, K.C., Marketing Manager, Celanese Corporation, Charlotte, NC,
[(704) 554-2000], with T. Henderson, GCA/Technology Division, February 1, 1980,
Notsbook, No* 07, Phone call No* 22.
67. Gsrlock Inc. Therao-Ceran^*. LX—7/79—11 M. Palmyra, NT. p. 1-6.
68. Telecon. Pletak, K. , Textile Speclsllst, The Carborundum Company, Nlagra Falls, NT,
[(716) 278-2000], with T. Henderson, GCA/Technology Division. January 30, 1980,
Notabook No* 07, Phone call No. 08.
69. The Csrborundua Company. Flberfrax Product Bulletins. C736-A-G. Nlagra Falls,
NT . p . 1-10.
70. Telecon. Tlmaons, B«, Marketing Supervisor, Celanese Plastics snd Specialties,
Chatham, NJ, [(201) 635-2600], with T. Henderson, GCA/Technology Division, January
28, 1980, Notebook No. 07, Phone call No. 05.
71. Celanese Plastics and Specialties Co. Cellos Carbon Filters Bulletins. Chathaa,
NJ. November 1979*
72. Celanese Plastics and Specialties Co. Csliox™ Fibers Bulletin. Chsthao, NJ.
Noveob er 1 9 7 9 *
73. Telecon. Saffadl, R., President, Alphs Associates, Woodbridge, NJ, [(201) 634-57001,
with T. Henderson, GCA/Technology Division, January 31, 1980, Notebook No. 07, Phone
call No. I 1 »
74. Alpha Aesocisres Inc. Alpha quart* Bulletins. Data sheets Nos. 11690-11693,
Woodbridge, NJ. Msy 1979.
75. ho bin, r,. High Silica and Quart*. In: Handbook of Fiberglass and Advsnced Plastics
Coapoaltes. Relnhold Book Corporstlon. 1969. p. 191-200.
31
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76* AMATEX Corp. An Iaproved Alternative, Norfab Series 400* Norriitovo, PA. 1979*
77. Tilicon. Maaakant, W., Sales Manager, AMATEX Corp., Norristovn, PA, [(215) 2 7 7—
6100], with T. H«nd«raon, CCA/Technology Division, February L, I960, Notebook No. 07,
Phone call No* 21.
79« Telseon. Wllander, X*( Sales Manager, Vestex Inc., Chicago, Illinois, [(312) 5 2 3—
6331], with T. Hendtraon, GCA/Technology Division, January 30, 1980, Notebook No* 07,
Phone call No• 10.
79* Telseon. Peteherych, D. , Xelco Dlvlalon, Merck Co., Houston, TX, [(713) 621-0110],
with L. Pllcher, CCA/Technology Dlvlalon, January 24, 1980, Notebook No. 04, Phone
call No. 9.
80* Telecon. Clear, E.E., Drilling Specialties, B«rcleavl11e, OK, [(918) 661-3405], with
L. Pllcher, GCA/Technology Division, January 24, 1980, Notebook No* 04, Phone call
No. 3.
81. International Drilling Plulde, "Price List, 1979,H Middlesex, England, February 26,
1 979 .
82* Telecon* Johnson, G., Brlnadd Company, Houston, TX, [(713) 644-1895], with L.
Pllcher, GCA/Technology Division, January 30, 1980, Notebook No* 04, Phone call No*
14.
83* Telecon. Poster, C«, Consultant, National Asphalt Paving Association, Rlverdals,
MD«, [(301) 779-4880], with S* Duletaky, CCA/Technology Division, February 11, 1980,
Notebook, No« 03, Phone call No* 49. —
84. Telseon* Kottln, Esra, Aaerlcan Foundryaan'a Society, Des Plalnes, IL [(312) 824-
0181], with L. Pllcher, GCA/Technology Dlvlson, February 15, 1980, Notebook No* 04,
Phone call No. 39.
83* Part 1303 - Ban of Artificial Eaberlslng Materials (Ash and Enbera) Containing
Reeplrable Free-Form Aabeetoa. Federal Reglater, Chapter 11 - Consumer Product
Safety Coaaieslon, December 13, 1977.
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