United States
Env/omo.-ital Protection
Agar vcy
Region 3
6th and Walnut Street
Philadelphia, PA 19106
&EPA Fugitive Emissions at a
Secondary Lead Smelter
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rt>
m
. M
DCN: 81-240-016-15-07
FUGITIVE EMISSIONS AT A
SECONDARY LEAD SMELTER
Final Report
Prepared by:
Klaus Schwitzgebel
Gordon S. Gunn
Mark A. Capalongan
Radian Corporation
8501 Mo-Pac Blvd.
P.O. Box 9948
Austin, Texas 78766
EPA Contract Number: 68-02-3513
Project Officer
Gregory D. Ham
Air Media and Energy Branch
Region III
Environmental Protection Agency
Sixth and Walnut Streets
Philadelphia, PA 19106
U.S. EPA.Re"io:i HI
December, 1981 Regional Ccnt.y' Tor v^inninenta'
Infor"i5.ucr>
1650 Af'h •
Philadelphia, PA W!C$
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CONTENTS
Figures ii
Tables iv
1. Introduction and Summary 1
2. Smelter Description 5
Plant Environment 5
Process Description and Emission Sources 7
Existing Data 7
3. Sampling and Sample Analysis 11
Sampling Approach 13
Analytical Procedures 17
Quality Assurance 17
4. Results 19
Hivol Results 19
Cascade Impactor Results 21
Pole Sampler Results 25
Smelter Area Sampler Results 28
Ground Sample Results 30
Traffic Counter Results 30
Meteorological Data 33
Company Hivol Data 33
5. Data Evaluation 36
Ventilation Model 36
Fugitive Lead Emissions from the Smelter Building 63
Particle Size Distribution and Lead Concentration as
Function of Particle Size 69
References 74
Appendix 75
i
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Plot Plan of the Secondary Lead Smelter 6
2 Smelter Plot Plan 8
3 Plot Plan Showing Locations of Stacks, Ambient Monitoring
Sites, and Areas Characterized for Fugitive Emissions .... 12
4 Sketch of Low Sampling Device Consisting of 37 mm Filter,
Filter Cassette, Adapter and Flow Controlling Orifice .... 16
5 Sampling Locations for Smelter Building, September 11, 1981 . . 31
6 Wind Speed and Wind Direction Measured at the Company Weather Appendix
Station During August 31 Through September 1981 76
7 Temperature, Relative Humidity and Barometric Pressure
During the Period of August 31 Through September 14, 1981 Appendix
Measured at the Company Weather Station 89
8 Rainfall During the Period of August 31 Through September 14, Appendix
1981 Measured at the Company Weather Station 92
9 Area Wind Measurements - September 2 Through September 11, Appendix
1981 95
10 Ventilation Model 37
11 Wind Rose and Lead Concentrations [ygPb/m3] as Function of
Height - Area 1, September 2, 1981 41
12 Wind Rose and Lead Concentration - Area 2, September 3, 1981. . 42
13 Vertical Lead Concentration Gradient at Area 1 South and
Area 1 North 43
14 Wind Rose and Lead Concentration as Function of Height for
Areas 2 and 3, September 9, 1981 45
ii
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FIGURES (Continued)
Number Page
15 Lead Concentration as Function of Height - Upwind and
Downwind Data, Area 2, September 9, 1981 47
16 Lead Concentrations as Function of Height - Downwind
Data only, Area 3, September 9, 1981 49
17 Wind Rose and Lead Concentration as Function of Height,
Area 3, September 10, 1981 50
18 Lead Concentration Profile, Area 3, September 10, 1981 - Data
Have Been Approximated Using the Homogeneously Mixed
Ventilation Model 52
19 Wind Rose and Upwind-Downwind Results, Area 3, September 8,
1981 53
20 Wind Rose and Upwind-Downwind Results, Area 4, September 6,
1981 . 55
21 Upwind and Downwind Concentration Gradients, Area 4,
September 6, 1981 56
22 Wind Rose and Upwind-Downwind Data, Area 4, September 7, 1981. . 57
23 Lead Concentration as Function of Height in Area 4, September
7, 1981 59
24 Wind Rose and Lead in Air Data, Area 5, September 4, 1981. ... 61
25 Lead Concentration as Function of Height, Area 5, September 4,
1981 62
26 Wind Rose and Lead in Air Data, Area 5, September 5, 1981. ... 64
27 Lead Concentration as Function of Height, Area 5, September 5,
1981 65
28 Penthouse Opening With Exit Air Velocities and Concentrations. . 67
29 Cumulative Probability Plot 73
iii
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TABLES
Number Page
1 High Volume Air Sampling Data 8/31/81 Through 9/11/81 4
2 Smelter - Emission Points 9
3 Quarterly Average Lead Levels at Company Operated Monitoring
Sites (yg/m3) 10
4 Ambient Air Lead Levels During Plant Operation and Shut Down
Periods 10
5 Sampling Schedule 14
6 Smelter Operation During the Sampling Period September 1
Through September 11, 1981 15
7 Area Monitoring Data Matrix - Standard Hivol Samplers 20
8 Area Monitoring Data Matrix - Cascade Impactor Substrates ... 22
9 Air Monitoring Data Matrix - Pole Samplers 26
10 Air Monitoring Data Matrix - Smelter Area Samplers 29
11 Ground Sample Results 32
12 Reduced On-Site Meteorological Data 34
13 High Volume Air Sampling Data 8/31/81 Through 9/11/81 35
14 Particle Size Distribution (Ambient Cascade Impactors) 70
15 Computer Output with Interpolated Values - Sample 1-W10',
September 2, 1981 71
16 Raw Data Input to Computer; Sample 1-W10', September 2, 1981 . . 72
iv
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
This report describes an EPA-funded project to provide support to the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Environmental Resources (DER), in
development of Pennsylvania's State Implementation Plan (SIP) for lead.
Specifically, Radian was contracted to provide the sampling and analytical
services and data analysis necessary to^quantTtatTe^ fugitive lead emissions
from a secondary lead smelting operation injPennsylvania. ^
Point source emissions for the major process stacks were known. Unknown
was the contribution from open working areas, lead entrainment from the access
road caused by truck traffic, and the fugitive emissions from the smelter
building. This data gap needed to be filled so that a ranking in the order
of importance of all contributing sources could be made. A quantitation of
all emission sources is a prerequisite for planning and implementing of the
most cost-effective emission controls.
The plant is large and complex. The problem of determining fugitive
emissions was attacked by subdividing the plant into the following functional
areas:
• Battery storage,
' • Battery breaking,
• Charge make-up,
• Slag storage,
• Access road,
• Smelter building.
The area entrainments were quantitated through upwind-downwind lead concentra-
tion determinations as function of height. A 20' meteorological tower sup-
plied wind speed and direction.
Collection devices were high-volume samplers at 4', 10', and 16'. Low-
volume samplers at 10', 20', and 30' supplied the bulk of the raw data.
1
-------
Measured lead concentrations were evaluated by applying a ventilation
model. In areas of unobstructed air flow, a linear decreasing lead concen-
tration gradient in vertical direction was applied, leading to the following
mathematical expression for area fugitive emissions:
AE = 1/2 C, * h • v • Vb [gPb/hr]
h max °
o
Obstructed flow generated by complex topography and buildings cause the air
to be well, mixed in certain plant areas. Emissions can be described in these
cases as follows:
AE = "C • h • v • Vb [gPb/hr]
max °
= Lead concentration in air at ground level [gPb/m3]
o
C = Average lead concentration in a well mixed air volume [gPb/m3]
v = Wind velocity [m/hr]
Vb = Ventilation base [m]
^max = ^ei§ht at whi°h the lead concentration gradient approaches zero [m]
The lead distribution gradient in reality lies in between these two bracketing
extremes.
Additional information gathered was particle size distribution and lead
concentration as function of particle size. The dust coverage at the studied
locations was quantitated, and silt and lead content determined. The results
of five plant-operated hi-vols complement the information gathered.
The findings of the study are as follows:
1. Point Source Emissions:
Battery Breaking Stack
9
g/hr
Process Stack //I
45-1950
g/hr**
Ventilation Stack //I
540
g/hr
Process Stack //2
23
g/hr
Ventilation Stack //2
0.1-9
g/hr**
Rotary Grid Casting (SLI)*
15
g/hr
Singles Grid Casting (SLI)*
4
g/hr
Oxide Ball Mills
2
g/hr
Grid Casting (Industrial)
5
g/hr
Grid Casting (Motorcycle Batteries)
1
g/hr
Baghouse Assembly (Motorcycle Batteries)
61
g/hr
*(SLI) - Starting, lighting and ignition.
^"Extremes of several previous measurements.
2
-------
Several sources of the SLI, Industrial Battery, and Motorcycle Battery
plants were not characterized in the past.
2. Area Source Emissions:
Battery Storage Area North 3 g/hr
Battery Storage Area South 103 g/hr
Battery Breaking Yard 260 g/hr
Charge Make-up Area (September 9, 1981) 460 g/hr
(September 10, 1981) 340 g/hr
(September 8, 1981, rainy day) 255 g/hr
Slag Storage Area (September 6, 1981) 200 g/hr
(September 7, 1981) 270 g/hr
Smelter Access Road (Workday) 41 g/hr
(Saturday) 10 g/hr
3. Fugitive Building Emissions:
Smelter Building
(Only blast furnace #1 and reverb //I
operating) 114 g/h
Estimated emissions under full load 228 g/h
4. Particle Size Results (Average Values):
Particles with an aerodynamic diameter >7.5y:14 weight %
7.5-2.5y:24 weight %
<2.5ij : 6 2 weight %
5. Lead Concentration (Average Values):
In particles with an aerodynamic diamter >7.5y:20 weight %
7.5-2.5y : 28 weight %
<2.5y:52 weight %
6. Surface Dust Characteristics: 10-28 g/m2
Particles <200 mesh (silt): 15-34 weight %
Lead content in particles <200 mesh 12-27 weight %
7. A linear relationship between lead concentration in the air
at the access road and axle count was found.
8. Company measured hi-vol results during the sampling period
are given in Table 1.
3
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TABLE 1. HIGH VOLUME AIR SAMPLING DATA 8/31/81 THROUGH 9/11/81
Date
Site
01
Site
02
Site
03
Site
04
Site
05
TP
TL
TP
TL
TP
TL
TP
TL
TP
TL
8/31/81
47.4
1.46
44.6
0.57
36.2
0. 20
33.8
0.24
51.3
4.41
9/01/81
45.4
0. 75
53.7
0.53
39.4
0.14
36.8
0.19
63.6
2.88
9/02/81
47.6
1.05
50.8
0.63
40.2
0.10
36.0
0.10
61.5
4.23
9/03/81
57.4
1.85
69.9
0.95
48.0
0.19
46.3
0.19
70.8
6.15
9/04/81
59.3
1.18
74.4
0.94
52.5
0.29
50.1
0.35
74.6
6.57
9/05/81
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
9/06/81
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
9/07/81
41.6
0.40
41.4
0.29
36.7
0.12
36.1
0.25
—
—
9/08/81
44.3
2.36
42.0
4.49
29.4
1.38
28.8
1.56
—
—
9/09/81
48.1
2.71
46.2
2.56
33.2
0.96
36.1
1.85
55.3
7.53
9/10/81
62. 7
2.01
75.3
1.49
57.2
1. 92
55.4
2.41
76.9
8.53
9/11/81
94.2
3.51
96. 2
1. 38
86.2
1.94
80.1
1.05
140.3
28. 89
All values yg/m3
TP = Total particulate.
TL = Total lead
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SECTION 2
SMELTER DESCRIPTION
The secondary lead smelter studied is located in Pennsylvania. This
plant produces hard and soft lead ingots and antimonial alloys in two blast
furnace-reverbatory furnace installations. Scrap industrial and SLI bat-
teries are the major raw materials. When the plant was constructed in 1971,
it had two blast furnaces, a reverberatory furnace and ten kettles. In
1976-1978 reverb No. 2 and additional process gas handling and sanitary ven-
tilation/gas treatment systems were added.
This plant, with a daily production of 260-320 tons is among the largest
U.S. secondary smelters. In addition to smelting operations, it manufactures
SLI, industrial, and motorcycle batteries at this facility. Lead emissions
from battery manufacture as well as vehicular traffic contribute to the
ambient lead levels measured around this plant, which is in an urban, partly
residential area.
PLANT ENVIRONMENT
Figure 1 is a plot plan of the 30-acre plant site located in a basin
extending in a north-south direction. The smelter is situated on the western
boundary of the plant. North of the smelter is a paved area approximately
300 X 600 feet in dimension where battery containing trailers are parked.
Beyond the northern boundary is undeveloped land. Directly east of the smelter
is the Conrail Railroad right-of-way, running north-south through the plant.
Across the tracks are the warehouse, industrial battery, and motorcycle battery
buildings. The eastern property line is dominated by high wooded hills. The
main offices and parking lots lie south of the smelter. Private residences
¦and small businesses surround the southern end of the plant. Directly west of
the smelter is a monastery, which sits on a hill above a grassy slope.
Vehicular traffic is fairly heavy on the paved public road south and
east of the plant. This traffic could contribute to background lead levels.
A major paved plant access road runs north-south through the plant immediately
east of the smelter. It is bordered on the east by 30' buildings and on the
west by a heavily wooded 60' ridge. Other paved areas are around the battery
breaking building and the parking lots.
5
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STACKS
i.V Ventilation Stack #1
<2i Ventilation Stack #2
Process Stack #1
4i Process Stack 02
>5' Battery Breaking Stack
"" Stacks Associated with other plant operations
HIGH VOLUME SAMPLERS
111 Pumphouse
121 Personnel
131 East Motorcycle Battery Plant
141 Motorcycle Battery Plant-North
151 Monastery
Figure 1. Plot Plan Showing Locations of
Stacks and Ambient Monitoring Sites
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PROCESS DESCRIPTION AND EMISSION SOURCES
This plant charges entire (crushed) plastic-cased batteries and grids and
posts of rubber-cased batteries to two blast and two reverberatory furnaces,
each of wh^- ch has a rated capacity of 65-80 tons/day. Each of the two blast
reverb furnace combinations shares a process gas and ventilation gas treatment
system. Dust collected in the baghouse is fed to the reverberatory furnaces.
Lead-rich slag from the reverbs is recycled to the blast furnaces.
As shown in Figure 2, a material flow through the smelter occurs generally
from the north to the south. The operations occur in the following order:
raw material receiving and storage, battery breaking, charge storage and pre-
paration, smelting/refining/casting operations, and slag storage. Reverb
furnace slag is transported from the south storage area back to the charge
storage area for blast furnace feed located at the north end of the smelter
building. The processing operations and emission sources are described in
detail in Reference 1.
Figure 2 also shows the locations of major emission sources by number.
The fugitive sources to be addressed in this study include battery storage
(Area 1), battery breaking (Area 2), charge stockpile (Area 3), slag and lead
storage (Area 4), access road (Area 5) and smelter building openings.
EXISTING DATA
There are five stacks (point sources) associated with smelter operations:
two metallurgical process stacks, two process ventilation stacks and a stack
for the battery breaking ventilation system. Lead emission rates have been
measured for these sources. In addition, there are other emission points
associated with battery manufacturing operations. Table 2 summarizes these
sources and lists emissions previously measured.
The monitoring system includes a ring of. five samplers around the
plant (see Figure 1) and a wind speed and direction monitor on top of the
office building at the smelter site. Wind speed and direction are automati-
cally recorded. Lead and TSP are sampled five to six days a week. All
samples are analyzed for lead and TSP. An "upset" log is maintained to note
the time and nature of operations thought to produce higher than normal visible
or particulate emissions. Daily monitoring resuLts are correlated with wind
speed and direction, other meteorological conditions, and number of furnaces
in operation. Monitoring results are also compared to data obtained by
a state-operated monitor at sampling site No. 01 (pumphouse). Table 3 shows
quarterly averages monitored during the third and fourth quarters of 1979 and
the first three quarters of 1980.
Table 4 gives lead levels measured when the plant shut down in 1979 and
1980 for extended periods. Levels measured during plant operation in the same
time period are included for comparison. They range from 1.21 to 4.65 VgPb .
~P~
7
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Battety
Plant Access Road 6b
Figure 2. Smelter Plot Plan Showing Locations of Point
Emission Sources (Stacks) and Area Emission Sources
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TABLE 2. SMELTER - EMISSION POINTS
Point
No.
Control Device
Se rvice
Exhaust Stack
Dimensions
Height
Temp.
°F
Flow Rate
S C KM
Emissions Ib/hr
Lead
Wet Scrubber
Baghouse and
Scrubber
Baghouse
Baghouse and
Scrubber
Battery Breaker/Crusher
Smelter Si Process
Smelter 111 Ventilation
Smelter il2 Process
36" Dia.
63" Dia.
52" Dia.
63" Dia.
20'
63*
53'
74'
113
125
87
115
7,345
3.2
4.3
0.29
0.12
0.10
1.2
0.05
0. 06
0.09
0.57
Baghouse
Smelter 1)2 Ventilation
48" Dia.
75'
89
0.0002
0.01
0.02
6
Exhauster
Rotary Grid Casting
33"
X 33"
14'-
142
19,400
.0330
7
Exhauster
Singles Grid Casting
30"
X 43"
26'
91
27,200
.00858
8
Baghouse
Oxide Ball Mills
25"
Dia.
30*
130
8,500
.00464
9
Baghouse
Assembly
Discharge
from Cells
10'l
Ambient
95.000D
"
10
Wet Collector
Paste Mixing
20"
X 17"
14*-»-
Ambient
5,360
-
11
Baghouse
Oxide Bulk Storage
6"
Dia.
63' —
Ambient
No Fan
-
12
Baghouse
Assembly
44"
X 53"
36'
Ambient
108,OOQD
-
industrial—
13
Exhauster
Crid Casting
25"
X 30"
30'-
159
9,300
.011
14
Baghouse
Linklater Oxide Mills
18"
X 22"
21*-
200
8.000D
-
15
Baghouse
Oxide Bulk Storage
6"
Dia.
50'-*
Ambient
No Fan
-
16
Wot Col lector
Paste Mixing
11"
X 14"
26'
110
9,400D
-
17
Baghouse
Assembly
29"
X 24"
32'
Ambient
28,OOOD
-
18
Baghouse
Assembly
53"
X 44"
15'
Ambient
108,000D
-
Motorcycle Battery--
19
Exhauster
Grid Casting
42"
Dia.
28'
82
19,300
.0026
20
Wpt Collector
Paste Mixing
30"
X 24"
4T
Ambient
21,014
-
21
Baghouse
Assembly
44"
X 36"
15'
Ambient
43,700
.134
22
Baghouse
Oxide Bulk Storage
6"
Dia.
55
Amb ient
No Fan
-
itack
Height = Height
Above Grade
Other Possible
Emission
Sources
-*¦ = Horizontal Discharge
I = Downward Discharge
Sniel ter
SIudge deuatering area
Slag storage area
SLI
Central vacuum system
Water treatment lime storage dust collector
Acid mist scrubbers (formation area)
Indus!rial
Central vacuum system
Motorcycle Batteries
Central vacuum system
Acid mist scrubbers (formation area)
-------
Average ambient lead levels at the five sites during a two week period when
all four furnaces were out of service range from 0.8 to 1.6 yg/m3. For a two-
month period in 1979 when the total facility was down, average ambient levels
were from 0.8 to 1.3 yg/m3.
This indicates that ambient background levels may contribute 1/3 to the
values measured during full plant operation.
TABLE 3- QUARTERLY AVERAGE LEAD LEVELS AT COMPANY-OPERATED MONITORING
SITES (yg/m3)
Sampling Period
01
. 02
03
04
05
Year Quarter
Pumphouse
Personnel MCBP No.*
MCBP East* Monastery
1979 3
1.48
1.52
1.50
1.98
1.91
1979 4
3.32
6.25
8.72
1.58
2.56
1980 1
3.62
5.15
1.73
1.20
2.17
1980 2
2.73
3.05
1.79
1.21
4.65
1980 3
2.59
1.95
1.47
1.54
3.99
TABLE 4. ,
AMBIENT AIR LEAD
LEVELS DURING
PLANT OPERATION
AND SHUT
DOWN PERIODS
Measured
Lead Level (yg/
m3)
Monitoring
at Monitoring Site
Plant Operating
Period
01 02
03 04
05
Status
April - June
2.73 3.05
1.79 1.21
4 .65
Data
for periods of
(2nd Quarter)
plant production in
1980
second quarter 1980.
30 June through
1.64 1.06
0.82 1.53
1.18
All 4
furnaces out
15 July 1980
of service, however
(Sample taken
slag and sludge haul-
on 10 of 17 day
s)
ing continued.
1 May through
1.26 1.06
0.75 0.79
1.08
Total
facility shut-
8 July 1979
down
due to strike.
*MCBP-Motorcycle Battery Plant.
10
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SECTION 3
SAMPLING AND SAMPLE ANALYSIS
No previous measurements have been made of the contribution to fugitive
lead emission of:
• The battery storage area (Area I)
• The battery breaking area (Area II)
• The charge storage and handling area (Area III)
• The slag storage area (Area IV)
• The north-south access road (Area V), and
• The smelter building.
The location of these fugitive emission sources is marked in Figure 3. On
days with favorable meteorological conditions, samples were collected
separately upwind and downwind of each area of interest and the data was
evaluated. Equipment used for this task comprised:
• Regular hi-volume samplers, to measure total suspended
particulates and ygPb/m3,
• Hi-volume samplers equipped with cascade impactors, to
"determine particle size and lead distribution as function
of particle size, and
• Low-volume samplers (lo-vols), to determine ygPb/m3. (Their
weight gain is too small for an accurate measurement of total
particulates).
The hi-volume samplers were positioned in heights of 4', 10', and 16'. The
low-volume samplers were placed on telescopic poles in heights of 10', 20'
and 30'. The purpose of these low volume sampling devices was to find the
vertical concentration gradient for lead. Wind speed and direction were
monitored continuously at each fugitive emission area at a height of 20 feet.
Synoptic data were provided from the company's meteorological monitoring
system.
11
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STACKS
4> Ventilation Stack #1
2 Ventilation Stack tt2
<31 Process Stack ftl
'4> Process Stack #2
'5'. Battery Breaking Stack
'*j Stacks Associated with other plant operations
HIGH VOLUME SAMPLERS
111 Pumphouse
121 Personnel
131 Motorcycle Battery Plant (East)
[41 Motorcycle Battery Plant (North)
151 Monastery
Figure 3. Plot Plan Showing Locations of Stacks
and Ambient Monitoring Sites
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SAMPLING APPROACH
The location of samplers in each of the individual plant areas are noted
on plot plans in Section 5, Data Evaluation. A separate plot plan is included
there for each sampling area and day.
Sampling Schedule
Sampling was conducted between September 2 and September 11, 1981. Table
5 shows the chronological sequence of the sampling effort. The battery storage,
access road, and slag storage areas were sampled twice on separate days. The
smelter building openings were sampled twice on the same day (September 11).
Battery breaking and charge storage are adjacent to one another and were
sampled simultaneously on three separate days.
Sampling at the areas was conducted over approximately an eight-hour
period during the day shift at the plant. The second day of sampling at the
access road was conducted on a Saturday. The slag storage area was sampled
on a Sunday and Labor Day holiday. All other samples were taken during the
working week. Surface samples on several plant sites were collected to deter-
mine surface dust loading, moisture content, percent silt, and lead concentra-
tion in the silt. Production at the plant during the period of September 1
through September 11, 1981 is presented in Table 6.
Sampling Procedures
High-Volume Sampling—
High volume air samplers were equipped with 20.3 cm x 25.4 cm (8 inches
by 10 inches) glass fiber filters. The collection efficiency is 99.9% for
0.3 yDOP particles. The flow rates of all the hi-vols were calibrated before
sampling. An NBS traceable standard orifice was used. The filters were
equilibrated before and after sampling at constant humidity for at least 24
hours and then weighed. Sampling time, sampling flow rate and the particu-
late mass collected were used to calculate the total suspended particles (in
micrograms per cubic meter). Suspended particulate lead in the air was de-
termined on the same filters by chemical analysis.
High-Volume Particle Sizing—
These high-volume samplers were equipped with five-stage cascade impac-
tors to provide particle size data in the range of .10 to 0.5 micrometers. The
five-stage impactor fractionates particles according to their aerodynamic size.
The aerodynamic size determines the penetration of particles in the human lung,
the particle collection efficiency in pollution control equipment and the
transport of particles through the air.
Low-Volume Samplers—
These sampling devices are supplied by Millipore, Incorporated. Their
normal use is for aerosol monitoring. Figure 4 illustrates its components.
A 37 mm filter is placed into a plastic filter cassette. An adapter is air-
tight connected to the filter cassette. A vacuum hose leads to a vacuum pump.
13
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TABLE 5. SAMPLING SCHEDULE
Date
Area
Samples
Taken
9/2/81
Area I:
Battery Storage
2 HiVols, 1 impactor,
Met data
4
telescope poles,
9/3/81
Area I:
Battery Storage
3 HiVols, 2 impactors,
Met data, surface dust
4
telescope
poles
9/4/81
Area V:
Access Road
3 HiVols, 2 impactors,
Met data
4
telescope
poles
9/5/81
Area V:
Access Road
3 HiVols, 2 impactors,
Met data, surface dust
4
telescope
poles
9/6/81
Area IV:
Slag Storage
3 HiVols, 2 impactors,
Met data
4
telescope
poles.
9/7/81
Area IV:
Slag Storage
3 HiVols, 2 impactors,
Met data, surface dust
4
telescope
poles
9/8/81
Area II
Breaking
Storage
& III: Battery
and Charge
3 HiVols, 2 impactors
Met data
9/9/81
Area II
Breaking
Storage
& III: Battery
and Charge
3 HiVols, 2 impactors.
Met data, surface dust
5
telescope
poles.
9/10/81
Area II
Breaking
Storage
& III: Battery
and Charge
3 HiVols, 2 impactors,
Met data
5
telescope
poles
9/11/81
Smelter
Building
15 low volume samples
Velometer determinations
building openings
at smelter
14
-------
TABLE 6. SMELTER OPERATION DURING THE SAMPLING PERIOD
SEPTEMBER 1 THROUGH SEPTEMBER 11, 1981='-
Furnace Production Furnace Slag Feed Material
Dace
Lbs. of
Lead
Lbs. of
Slag
Lbs.
Finished Kettles
0
Batteries Broken
In
Lbs .
II2 Blast
02 Reverb
02 Blast
112 Reverb
112 Blast
112 Reverb
9/1/81
133,610
171,000
42,700
49,000
400,666
4,614/9,441
155,330
286,500
9/2/81
117,280
171,000
46,200
39,200
560,788
4,680/13,503
147,750
276,700
9/3/81
88,720
99,000
24,750
57,800
235,571
5,589/17,067
85,500
195,300
9/4/81
102,260
87,000
67,650
16,600
498,801
5,415/17,187
169,350
137,433
9/5/81
146,700
174,000
75,900
38,200
452,584
0/0
205,460
281,867
9/6/81
178,710
216,000
55,650
64,400
562,039
0/0
207,000
364,399
9/7/81
203,530
216,000
43,350
65,600
272,861
0/0
247,500
365,500
9/8/81
152,410
192,000
61,050
51,800
555,000
0/9,602
197,970
318,600
9/9/81
163,320
186,000
78,750
56,000
190,108
0/9,434
163,840
102,900
9/10/81
148,120
147,000
42,900
46,900
421,259
0/9,529
121,500
251,100
9/11/81
151,775
144,000
62,700
51,000
579,653
0/6,431
183,020
251,000
*Blast furnace 01 and reverbatory furnace #1 were not in service during 1 September 1981 through 11 September
1981.
-------
Figure 4. Sketch of Low Flow Sampling Device Consisting of 37rtim
Filter, Filter Cassette, Adapter and Flow Controlling Orifice
16
-------
The flow through the device is regulated by the opening of the flow limiting
orifice. The flow through the filter is constant for an applied vacuum <16"
mercury. Flow rates of 4.9 L/min and 10 L/min were used.
The cellulose membrane filter had a pore size of 0.8y. After clogging
of the pores, a collection efficiency of 99% for particles of 0.3y diameter
is reported.
These sampling devices have the following advantages over normal hi-vols:
• Their light weight allows easy elevation to measure the vertical
concentration gradient,
• Several filters can be serviced by one vacuum pump,
• Flow is easily controlled by observing the vacuum gage,
• The filters may be assembled and disassembled easily and
quickly,
• Filters are transported within the plastic cassette. Exit
and entrance are closed by plastic caps when the filters
are not in use,
• The filter devices can be assembled in a clean lab and
need not be touched until analysis.
The main disadvantage is the small amount of air volume sampled. It is 2.3m
during an 8-hr sampling period if a 4.9 L/min orifice is used and 4.6m3
if a 10 L/min orifice is attached. Sampling is below isokinetic.
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES ^ > ^
The EPA method used to digest__t_he/lead was equivalent to Method EQL-0380-
043. Lead in the filters fs^solubilizecpin a mixture of nitric acid and hy-
drochloric acid with the aid of heat and ultrasonication. After an appropriate
dilution, the lead concentration was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectro-
photometry (AAS) using an air-acetylene flame. In cases of low loading the
more sensitive graphite furnace technique was applied.
QUALITY ASSURANCE
Sampling quality was assured by sampling each location twice.
Analytical quality assurance concentrated on repeatability and accuracy
assessment. Instrument response was calibrated using commercially available
reference solutions. Sample analysis proceeded only upon verification that:
1) the standards were internally consistent, and 2)(^analyte^concentrations
measured in standard reference materials were accurate^
,0
17
-------
Ten percent of the digestions and analyses were performed in duplicate
to assess repeatability. Accuracy was tracked by spiking ten percent of the
digests with known amounts of lead. Blank filters were analyzed to check
background lead levels. Lead contamination was found to be minimal.
18
-------
SECTION 4
RESULTS
This section contains the results obtained using the previously
described techniques. The data collected through hivol sampling, pole
sampling, and cascade impactor sampling are given, as well as the monitoring
performed to determine fugitive emissions from the smelter. The results from
ground sampling are presented, and the axle counts on the main access road
are included. Presentation of meteorological data observed by smelter per-
sonnel, as well as that taken by Radian Corporation, are given next. The
company operated 5 hivols around the plant. Total particulate and total lead
recorded are given last.
HIVOL RESULTS
I
Measurements done by hivol sampling are summarized in Table 7. The
columns shown in this table are the following:
• Hivol Identification
- Filter number used for internal sample tracking,
- Hivol number relates instrument number to flow rate
calibration data,
- Date.
• Location
- Site Number: Relates to sample area indicated in Figure 3,
- Code: Indicates sampler location and height used in sketches
for areas 1 through 5 in Section 5.
• Sampling Time
- Time on: Time of day at which sampling was started,
- Time Off: Time of day at which sampling was terminated,
- Min.: Elapsed time in minutes between Time On and Time Off.
• Sampling Volume
- Chart Reading: Dimensionless number read off circular chart
relating to flow rate through the sampler,
19
-------
TABLE 7. AREA MONITORING DATA MATRIX - STANDARD HI-VOL SAMPLERS
N5
O
HiVol Identification
Location
Sampling Time Sampling Volume
Analytical Data
Total Particulates Pb Concentration
Filter # HiVol S Date Site
Code
Tine
On
Time
Off
Chart
Reading
wx
-------
- Nm3: Sample volume obtained from relating chart reading
to calibration curve for sampler at standard conditions,
(25°C, 760 mmHg).
Analytical Data
- W (g)
- w (g)
- Aw(g)
Initial weight (in grams) of the filter,
Final weight (in grams) of the filter,
Difference (in grams) between and W^.,
- ygPb/filter: Results of chemical analysis for lead performed
on the filter.
• Total Particulates/Nm3: Total particulate loading of sampled air
determined from AW and Nm3,
• Pb Concentration in Air ygPb/Nm3: Total lead in sampled air,
determined from ygPb/filter and Nm3.
General sampling showed no peculiarities with the exception of 9/3/81 1W10'
and 1W16' where gasoline generator supplying power was shut down for 90
minutes. Generators were used with unleaded gasoline in Area I only.
CASCADE IMPACTOR RESULTS
Hivol data necessary for the determination of total particulate and total
lead concentrations were complemented by measurements utilizing standard hi-
vols fitted with Sierra 5 stage cascade impactors. The evaluation of the field
data is documented in Table 8. The meaning of the individual columns is as
follows:
Cascade Impactor Identification
- Filter if: Number of filter used for internal sample tracking,
- Hivol it: Relates instrument number to flow rate calibration
data,
- Cascade Impactor it: Relates impactor number to flow rate cali-
bration data,
- Stage it: Relates filter number to particle size fraction,
- Date
Location
- Site it: Relates to sample area indicated in Figure 3,
- Code: Same code is used to indicate sampler location and
height used in sketches for areas 1-5 in Section 5.
Sampling Time
- Time On: Time of day at which sampling was started,
- Time Off: Time of day at which sampling was terminated,
- Min.: Elapsed time in minutes between Time On and Time Off.
21
-------
TABLE 8. AREA MONITORING DATA MATRIX - CASCADE IMPACTOR SUBSTRATES
Cascade Impactor Identification
ho
N3
Filter Hivol
Cascade
Impactor P Stage § Date
Code
Sampling Time
Time Time
On Off Min
Sampling Volume
Chart
Reading Actual Nm
Analytical Data
Ug Pb/
wr(g) Wp(g) Aw(g) Filter
000194
4171
4143
1
9/2/81
1
W10*
1000
1936
576
34.0
592.1
595.0
1.4364
1.4496
0.0132
2730
195
4171
4143
2
9/2/81
1
W10'
1000
1936
576
34.0
592.1
595.0
1.4202
1.4346
0.0144
2700
196
4171
4143
3
9/2/81
1
W10'
1000
1936
576
34.0
592.1
595.0
1.3942
1.4000
0.0058
960
197
4171
4143
4
9/2/81
1
W10f
1000
1936
576
34.0
592.1
595.0
1.4048
1.4093
0.0045
838
198
4171
4143
5
9/2/81
1
W10'
1000
1936
576
34.0
592.1
595.0
1.4143
1.4165
0.0022
606
028248
4171
4143
HiVol
9/2/81
1
W10'
1000
1936
576
34.0
592.1
595.0
3.5559
3.5798
0.0239
3180
000189
4171
4142
1
9/3/81
1
W10*
1020
1951*
481
37.3
544.0
545.1
1.4186
1.4248
0.0062
1410
190
4171
4142
2
9/3/81
1
W10'
1020
1951*
481
37.3
544.0
545.1
1.4342
1.4413
0.0071
1230
191
4171
4142
3
9/3/81
1
W10'
1020
1951*
481
37.3
544.0
545.1
1.4230
1.4260
0.0030
567
192
4171
4142
4
9/3/81
1
W10'
1020
1951*
481
37.3
544.0
545.1
1.4582
1.4630
0.0048
567
193
4171
4142
5
9/3/81
1
W10'
1020
1951*
481
37.3
544.0
545.1
1.4088
1.4141
0.0053
373
028298
4171
4142
HiVol
9/3/81
1
W10*
1020
1951*
481
37.3
544.0
545.1
3.6108
3.6462
0.0354
1390
000145
4168
4143
1
9/3/81
1
W161
1018
1951*
483
42.5
626.4
627.7
1.4132
1.4234
0.0102
1340
146
4168
4143
2
9/3/81
1
W16'
1018
1951*
483
42.5
626.4
627.7
1.4080
1.4190
0.0110
1280
147
4168
4143
3
9/3/81
1
W16'
1018
1951*
483
42.5
626.4
627.7
1.3725
1.3787
0.0062
4610
148
4168
4143
4
9/3/81
1
W16*
1018
1951*
483
42.5
626.4
627.7
1.3947
1.4010
0.0063
446
149
4168
4143
5
9/3/81
1
W161
1018
1951*
483
42.5
626.4
627.7
1.3947
1.4030
0.0083
322
028297
4168
4143
HiVol
9/3/81
1
W16'
1018
1951*
483
42.5
626.4
627. 7
3.6299
3.6272
0.0027
1600
000135
4171
4142
1
9/4/81
5
NW161
0925
1844
559
39.5
668.6
670.9
1.3981
1.4167
0.0186
3580
136
4171
4142
2
9/4/81
5
NW16'
0925
1844
559
39.5
668.6
670.9
1.4040
1.4246
0.0206
3400
137
4171
4142
3
9/4/81
5
NVJ16'
0925
1844
559
39.5
668.6
670.9
1.3903
1.4012
0.0109
1200
138
4171
4142
4
9/4/81
5
NW161
0925
1844
559
39.5
668.6
670.9
1.4006
1.4099
0.0093
701
139
4171
4142
5
9/4/81
5
NW16*
0925
1844
559
39.5
668.6
670.9
1.4132
1.4224
0.0112
335
028291
4171
4142
lUVol
9/4/81
5
NW161
0925
1844
559
39.5
668.6
670.9
3.6087
3.6237
0.0150
960
000140
4168
4143
1
9/4/81
5
SE10'
0903
1825
566
42.5
733.1
735.6
1.3975
1.4172
0.0197
2770
141
4168
4143
2
9/4/81
5
SE10'
0903
1825
566
42.5
733.1
735.6
1.3969
1.4150
0.0211
2910
142
4168
4143
3
9/4/81
5
SE10'
0903
1825
566
42.5
733.1
735.6
1.4247
1.4348
0.0101
130
143
4168
4143
4
9/4/81
5
SE10'
0903
1825
566
42.5
733.1
735.6
1.3958
1.4066
0.0108
106
144
4168
4143
5
9/4/81
5
SE10'
0903
1825
566
42.5
733.1
735.6
1.3897
1.3996
0.0099
560
028293
4168
4143
HiVol
9/4/81
5
SE10*
0903
1825
566
42.5
733.1
735.6
3.6229
3.6470
0.0241
2470
000130
4170
4142
1
9/5/81
5
NW10*
0905
1711
486
40.0
577.5
588.2
1.3966
1.4086
0.0120
138
131
4170
4142
2
9/5/81
5
NW10'
0905
1711
486
40.0
577.5
588.2
1.4154
1.4287
0.0133
127
132
4170
4142
3
9/5/81
5
NW10'
0905
1711
4B6
40.0
577.5
588.2
1.4041
1.4119
0.0078
. 499
133
4170
4142
4
9/5/81
5
NW10*
0905
1711
486
40.0
577.5
588.2
1.4130
1.4228
0.0098
470
134
4170
4142
5
9/5/81
5
NW10'
0905
1711
486
40.0
577.5
588.2
1.4101
1.4213
0.0112
223
028284
4170
4142
HiVol
9/5/81
5
NW10'
0905
1711
486
40.0
577.5
588.2
3.5924
3.6047
0.0123
588
000125
4172
4143
1
9/5/81
5
NW10'
0834
1646
492
44.5
674.8
687.3
1.4200
1.4338
0.0138
1310
126
4172
4143
2
9/5/81
5
NV/101
0834
1646
492
44.5
674 .8
687.3
1.4091
1.4244
0.0153
1180
127
4172
4143
3
9/5/81
5
NW10*
0834
1646
492
44.5
674.8
687.3
1.4085
1.4173
0.0688
522
128
4172
4143
4
9/5/81
5
NW10'
0834
1646
492
44.5
674.8
687.3
1.3978
1.4090
0.0112
470
129
4172
4143
5
9/5/81
5
NW10*
0834
1646
492
44. 5
674 .8
687.3
1.4115
1.4240
0.0125
246
028288
4172
4143
HiVol
9/5/81
5
NW10'
0834
1646
492
44.5
674.8
687.3
3.5928
3.6125
0.0197
780
000115
4170
4142
1
9/6/81
4
E10'
0928
1734
486
37.8
545. 7
549.0
1.407 7
1.4448
0.0371
9630
116
4170
4142
2
9/6/81
4
E10*
0928
1734
486
37.8
545.7
549.0
1.4127
1.4469
0.0342
7560
117
4170
4142
3
9/6/81
4
E10'
0928
1734
486
37.8
545. 7
549.0
1.4181
1.4372
0.0191
3950
118
4170
4142
4
9/6/81
4
E10'
0928
1734
486
37.8
545.7
549.0
1.3849
1.4076
0.0227
4400
119
4170
4142
5
9/6/81
4
ElO*
0928
1734
486
37.8
545.7
549.0
1.4080
1.4300
0.0220
3260
028281
4170
4142
HiVol
9/6/81
4
E10*
0928
1734
486
37.8
545.7
549.0
3.5999
3.6325
0.0326
3890
- Continued
-------
TABLE 8- AREA MONITORING DATA MATRIX - CASCADE IMPACTOR SUBSTRATES (Continued)
Cascade Imp
actor Identification
SaraplinR Time
Sampling Volume
Analytical Data
Cascade
Location
Time
Time
Chart
Mg Pb/
Filter
0 Hlvol §
Impactor 8
Stage
Date
Site S
Code
On
Off
Min
Reading
Actual
Nm3
wr(g)
wF(g)
AW(g)
Filter
000120
4172
4143
1
9/6/81
4
Roof
0900
1717
497
42.3
656.0
660.0
1.4197
1.4277
0.0080
472
121
4172
4143
2
9/6/81
4
Roof
0900
1717
497
42.3
656.0
660.0
1.3825
1.3917
0.0092
493
122
4172
4143
3
9/6/81
4
Roof
0900
1717
497
42.3
656.0
660.0
1.4240
1.4315
0.0075
299
123
4172
4143
4
9/6/81
4
Roof
0900
1717
497
42.3
656.0
660.0
1.4160
1.4270
0.0110
324
124
4172
4143
5
9/6/81
4
Roof
0900
1717
497
42.3
656.0
660.0
1.4044
1.4109
0.0065
240
028283
4172
4143
HiVol
9/6/81
4
Roof
0900
1717
497
42. 3
656.0
660.0
3.5861
3.5980
0.0113
816
000105
4171
4142
1
9/7/81
4
E161
0758
1729
571
33.0
564.8
572.5
1.4131
1.4277
0.0146
3040
106
4171
4142
2
9/7/81
4
E16*
0758
1729
571
33.0
564.8
572.5
1.3866
1.3979
0.0113
2010
107
4171
4142
3
9/7/81
4
E16'
0758
1729
571
33.0
564.8
572.5
1.4027
1.4104
0.0077
796
108
4171
4142
4
9/7/81
4
E16'
0758
1729
571
33.0
564.8
572.5
1.4038
1.4134
0.0096
689
109
4171
4142
5
9/7/81
4
E16'
0758
1729
571
33.0
564.8
572.5
1.3891
1.3977
0.0086
415
028276
4171
4142
HIVol
9/7/81
4
E16'
0758
1729
571
33.0
564.8
572.5
3.6096
3.6256
0.0160
2050
000110
4168
4143
1
9/7/81
4
Roof
0740
1657
557
41.3
694.0
703.5
1.3962
1.4328
0.0366
9740
111
4168
4143
2
9/7/81
4
Roof
0740
1657
557
41.3
694.0
703.5
1.4025
1.4337
0.0312
8320
112
4168
4143
3
9/7/81
4
Roof
0740
1657
557
41.3 >
694.0
703.5
1.3940
1.4102
0.0162
3980
113
4168
4143
4
9/7/81
4
Roof
0740
1657
557
41.3
694.0
703.5
1.3970
1.4171
0.0201
4680
114
4168
4143
5
9/7/81
4
Roof
0740
1657
557
41.3
694.0
703.5
1.4065
1.4249
0.0184
3220
028277
4168
4143
HiVol
9/7/81
4
Roof
0740
1657
557
41.3
694.0
703.5
3.5969
3.6391
0.0422
6420
000100
4168
4143
1
9/8/8L
3/2
N16'
0823
1417
354
37.0
398.2
400.5
1.4036
1.4337
0.0301
8290
101
4168
4143
2
9/8/81
3/2
N16'
0823
1417
354
37.0
398.2
400.5
1.4165
1.4413
0.0248
5560
102
4168
4143
3
9/8/81
3/2
N16'
0823
1417
354
37.0
398.2
400.5
1.4209
1.4345
0.0136
2680
103
4168
4143
4
9/8/81
3/2
NJ6'
0823
1417
354
37.0
398.2
400.5
1.3909
1.4035
0.0126
2150
104
4168
4143
5
9/8/81
3/2
N16'
0823
1417
354
37.0
398.2
400.5
1.3996
1.4112
0.0116
1470
028273
4168
4143
HIVol
9/8/81
3/2
N161
0823
1417
354
37.0
398.2
400.5
3.6080
3.6406
0.0326
7810
000094
4169
4142
1
9/8/81
3/2
W16'
0853
1418
325
42.5
413.4
415.8
1.4341
1.4588
0.0247
7390
095
4169
4142
2
9/8/81
3/2
W16'
0853
1418
325
42.5
413.4
415.8
1.4122
1.4319
0.0197
6040
096
4169
4142
3
9/8/81
3/2
W16'
0853
1418
325
42.5
413.4
415.8
1.4221
1.4320
0.0099
3000
097
4169
4142
4
9/8/81
3/2
W16*
0853
1418
325
42.5
413.4
415.8
1.4275
1.4381
0.0106
3170
098
4169
4142
5
9/8/81
3/2
W16'
0853
1418
325
42.5
413.4
415.8
1.4362
1.4423
0.0061
1860
028271
4169
4142
Hi Vol
9/8/81
3/2
W16"
0853
1418
325
42.5
413.4
415.8
3.6073
3.6470
0.0397
6440
000084
4171
4142
1
9/9/81
3/2
W10'
0824
1753
569
39.5
677.5
682.9
1.4275
1.4724
0.0449
15000
085
4171
4142
2
9/9/81
3/2
W10*
0824
1753
569
39.5
677.5
682.9
1.4000
1.4166
0.0166
5400
086
4171
4142
3
9/9/81
3/2
W10'
0824
1753
569
39.5
677.5
682.9
1.4388
1.4487
0.0099
34 70
087
4171
4142
4
9/9/81
3/2
W10'
0824
1753
569
39.5
677.5
682.9
1.4453
1.4546
0.0093
3920
088
4171
4142
5
9/9/81
3/2
U10'
0824
1753
569
39.5
677.5
682.9
1.3968
1.4026
0.0058
2390
028267
4171
4142
Hi Vol
9/9/81
3/2
W10'
0824
1753
569
39.5
677.5
682.9
3.6152
3.6478
0.0326
11700
000089
4170
4142
1
9/9/81
3/2
SI 6'
0932
1810
518
43.5
676.4
681.8
1.4212
1.4565
0.0353
15400
090
4170
4142
2
9/9/81
3/2
S16'
0932
1810
518
43.5
676.4
681.8
1.4281
1.4515
0.0234
10200
091
4170
4142
3
9/9/81
3/2
S16'
0932
1810
518
43.5
676.4
681.8
1.4313
1.4423
0.0110
5320
092
4170
4142
4
9/9/81
3/2
S16*
0932
1810
518
43.5
676.4
681.8
1.4301
1.4457
0.0156
6840
093
4170
4142
5
9/9/81
3/2
S16'
0932
1810
518
43.5
676.4
681.8
1.4490
1.4601
0.0111
4800
028264
4170
4142
HiVol
9/9/81
3/2
S16'
0932
1810
518
43.5
676.4
681.8
3.6169
3.7280
0.1111
29300
000074
4170
4142
9/10/81
3/2
S161
0803
1739
576
40.0
687.2
697.1
1.4077
1.4411
0.0334
13700
075
4170
4142
2
9/10/81
3/2
S16 *
0803
1739
576
40.0
687.2
697.1
1.4532
1.4785
0.0253
9200
076
4170
4142
3
9/10/81
3/2
S161
0803
1739
576
40.0
687.2
697 .1
1.4167
1.4314
0.0147
6120
077
4170
4142
4
9/10/81
3/2
S16'
0803
1739
5 76
40.0
687.2
697.1
1.4459
1.4656
0.0197
6920
078
4170
4142
5
9/10/81
3/2
S16'
0803
1739
576
40.0
687.2
697 .1
1.4286
1.4480
0.0194
7000
028262
4170
4142
HiVol
9/10/81
3/2
S16'
0803
1739
5 76
40.0
687.2
697.1
3.3688
3.5095
0. 1407
53800
- Continued
-------
TABLE 8. AREA MONTTORTNG DATA MATRIX - CASCADE IMPACTOR SUBSTRATES (Continued)
Cascade 1
[rapactor Iilcnt 1 fleation
Sampling
Time
SnmplinR Vol
ume
Analytical Data
Cascade
LocatIon
Time
Time
Chart
Pg Pb/
Filter
& Hivol
0 Impactor 8
Stage H
Date
Site 0
Code
On
Off
Min
Readlng
Actual
Nm'
W,(g)
wF(g)
AW(g)
Filter
000079
4169
4143
1
9/10/81
3/2
W16'
0826
1751
565
39.5
662.4
671.9
1.4137
1.4356
0.0219
6640
080
4169
4143
2
9/10/81
3/2
Wl6'
0826
1751
565
39.5
662.4
671.9
1.4326
1.4475
0.0149
44B0
081
4169
4143
3
9/10/81
3/2
W161
0826
1751
565
39.5
662.4
671.9
1.4269
1.4361
0.0092
2480
082
4169
4143
4
9/10/81
3/2
W16'
0826
1751
565
39.5
662.4
671.9
1.3889
1.3968
0.0079
2400
083
4169
4143
5
9/10/81
3/2
W16'
0826
1751
565
39.5
662.4
671.9
1.4410
1.4481
0.0071
1670
02B260
4169
4143
niVoJ
9/10/81
3/2
WJ 61
0826
1751
565
39.5
662.4
671.9
3.3312
3.3831
0.0519
8540
WI - Initial filter weight.
WF - Final filter weight.
* - Down for 90 minutes.
-------
• Sampling Volume
- Chart reading: dimensionless number read off circular chart
relating to flow rate through the sampler,
- Actual: volume of air sampled under on-site conditions,
- Nm3: Sample volume obtained from relating chart reading to
calibration curve for sampler at standard conditions (25°C,
760 mmHg).
Analytical Data
- W (g): Initial weight in grams of the substrate or filter,
- W*(g): Final weight in grams of the substrate or filter,
- Aw(g): Difference in grams between W and W ,
- ygPb/Filter: Results of chemical analysis for lead performed
on the substrates or filter.
POLE SAMPLER RESULTS
Further monitoring of lead concentrations in air was achieved by means of
Millipore Aerosol Monitors (// MAWP037A0) mounted on telescoping poles at
heights of 10 feet, 20 feet, and 30 feet, connected to vacuum pumps on the
ground. The filters contained in the monitors (henceforth referred to as
"pole samplers") were then analyzed for lead content.
The data obtained by this method is listed in Table 9. The columns in
this table are as follows:
• Pole Sampler Identification
- Filter //: Assigned number used for internal sample tracking,
- Site ih. relates to sample area indicated in Figure 3,
- Date,
- Monitor Pole ID & Height: Indicates position within sample
area and height used in sketches of Areas 1 through 5 in
Section 5.
• Sampling Time
- Time On: Time of day at which sampling was started,
- Time Off: Time of day at which sampling was terminated,
- Min.: Elapsed time in minutes between Time On and Time Off.
25
-------
TABLE 9. AIR MONITORING DATA MATRIX - POLE SAMPLERS
Pole Sampler Calibration
Filter Site Monitor Pole Sampling Time Rotameter Nms Analytical Data Pb Concentration
tt i Date ID & Height Time On Time Off Min Reading m3/min Sampled Ug'Pb/Filter la Air (yg/Nm3)
101 1
9/2/81
SE
30'
1410
2245
515
26.0
.00606
3.12
<10
<3.2
102 1
9/2/81
SE
20"
1410
2245
515
25.5
.00594
3.06
<10
<3.3
103 1
9/2/81
SE
10'
1410
2245
515
25.5
.00594
3.06
<10
<3.3
104 1
9/2/81
SW
30'
1015
2015
600
21.0
.00483
2.90
<10
<3.5
105 1
9/2/81
SW
20'
1015
2015
600
20.5
.00471
2.83
56
19.8
106 1
9/2/81
SW
10'
1015
2015
600
21.0
.00483
2.90
<10
<3.5
107 1
9/2/81
w
30'
1009
1950
581
19.5
.00447
2.60
<10
<3.9
108*** 1
9/2/81
w
20'
1009
1950
581
21.0
.00483
2.81
13.2
4.7
109*** 1
9/2/81
w
10'
1009
1950
581
20.5
.00471
2.73
25
9.2
110 1
9/2/81
NW
30'
0940
1931
591
20.5
.00471
2.78
<10
<3.6
111 1
9/2/81
NW
20'
0940
1931
591
20.0
.00459
2.71
<10
<3.7
112 1
9/2/81
NW
10'
0940
1931
591
20.0
.00459
2.71
40*
14.7
116 1
9/3/81
NW
30'
0938
1821
523
20.0
.00459
2.40
<10
<4.17
117 1
9/3/81
NW
20'
0938
1821
523
19.5
.00447
2.34
<10
<4.3
118 1
9/3/81
NW
10'
0938
1821
523
20.0
.00459
2.40
<10
<4.2
119 1
9/3/81
U
30'
1015
1829
494
20.0
.00459
2.27
<10
<4.4
120*** 1
9/3/81
W
20'
1015
1829
494
20.5
.00471
2.33
28
12.0
128*** 1
9/3/81
W
10'
1015
1829
494
19.0
.00434
2.14
19
9.0
122 1
9/3/81
SW
30'
0945
1836
531
20.5
.00471
2.50
68
27.2
123 1
9/3/81
SW
20'
0945
1836
531
20.0
.00459
2.44
107
43.9
124 1
9/3/81
SW
10*
0945
1836
531
20.0
.00459
2.44
65
26.7
125 1
9/3/81
SE
30'
0947
1843**
500
23.5
.00545
2.73
<10
<3.7
126 1
9/3/81
SE
20'
0947
1843**
500
24.0
.00557
2.79
<10
<3.6
127 1
9/3/81
SE
10'
0947
1843**
500
26.0
. 00606
3.03
<10
<3.3
131 5
9/4/81
SE
30'
0856
1828
572
20.5
.00471
2.69
44*
16.3
132*** 5
9/4/81
SE
20'
0856
1828
572
20.0
.00459
2.69
12
4.5
133*** 5
9/4/81
SE
10'
0856
1828
572
20.0
.00459
2.62
29
11.0
134 5
9/4/81
SW
30'
0856
1831
575
20.5
.00471
2.71
<10
<3.7
135*** 5
9/4/81
SU
20'
0856
1831
575
19.5
.00447
2.57
14
5.4
136*** 5
9/4/81
SW
10*
0856
1831
575
20.5
.00471
2.71
21
7.6
137*** 5
9/4/81
NW
30'
0937
1852
555
20.0
.00459
2.55
22
8.4
138*** 5
9/4/81
NW
20'
0937
1852
555
20.5
.00471
2.61
21
8.1
139*** 5
9/4/81
NW
10'
0937
1852
555
19.0
.00434
2.41
19
8.0
140 5
9/4/81
NE
30'
0947
1845
538
25.0
.00582
3.13
175
55.9
141 5
9/4/81
NE
20'
0947
1845
538
25.5
.00594
3.20
164
51.3
142 5
9/4/81
NE
10'
0947
1845
538
26.0
.00606
3.26
347
106.4
143 5
9/5/81
SE
30'
0838
1646
488
20.5
.00471
2.30
<10
<4.4
]_44*** 5
9/5/81
SE
20'
0838
1646
488
19.5
.00447
2.18
2.9
1.4
145 5
9/5/81
SE
10'
0838
1646
488
-
_
-
<10
-
146 5
9/5/81
SW
30'
0852
1708
496
20.5
.00471
2.34
<10
<4.3
147*** 5
9/5/81
SW
20'
0852
1708
496
20.0
.00459
2.28
2.7
1.2
148*** 5
9/5/81
SW
10'
0852
1708
496
20.5
.00471
2.34
4.3
1.8
149 5
9/5/81
NW
30'
0911
1718
487
20.5
.00471
2.29
<10
<4.4
150*** 5
9/5/81
NW
20'
0911
1718
487
20.5
.00471
2.29
3.6
1.6
151*** 5
9/5/81
NW
10'
0911
1718
487
19.5
.00447
2.18
8.0
3.7
152 5
9/5/81
NE
30'
0920
1727
487
25.0
.00582
2.83
47*
16.6
153 5
9/5/81
NE
20'
0920
1727
487
25.0
.00582
2.83
66
23.3
154 5
9/5/81
NE
10'
0920
1727
487
25.0
.00582
2.83
99
35.0
155 4
9/6/81
W
30'
0813
1723
550
20.5
.00471
2.59
209
81.0
156 4
9/6/81
W
20'
0813
1723
550
20.0
.00459
2.52
159
63.0
157 4
9/6/81
W
10'
0813
1723
550
20.5
.00471
2.59
75
29.0
158 4
9/6/81
E
30'
0829
1715
526
20.5
.00471
2.48
106
43.0
159 4
9/6/81
E
20'
0829
1715
526
20.0
.00459
2.41
148
61.0
160 4
9/6/81
E
10'
0829
1715
526
20.5
.00471
2.48
185
75.0
161 4
9/6/B1
N
30'
0915
1732
497
25.0
.00582
2.89
102
35.0
162 4
9/6/81
N
20'
0915
1732
497
25.0
.00582
2.89
968
335.0
163 4
9/6/81
N
10'
0915
1732
497
26.0
.00607
3.01
501
166.0
164 4
9/6/81
S
30'
1000
1750
470
20.5
.00471
2.22
<10
<4.5
165 4
9/6/81
S
20'
1000
1750
470
20-5
.00471
2.22
<10
<4.5
166 4
9/6/81
S
10*
1000
1750
470
19.5
.00447
2.10
<10
<4.8
001 4
9/7/81
N
30'
0752
1653
541
25.0
.00582
3.15
316
100.0
002 4
9/7/81
N
20'
0752
1653
541
• 25.0
.00582
3.15
606
192.0
003 4
9/7/81
N
10'
0752
1653
541
26.0
.00607
3.28
522
159.0
004 4
9/7/81
W
30'
0805
1658
533
20.0
.00459
2.45
72*
29.0
005 4
9/7/81
w
20'
0805
1658
533
20.0
.00459
2.45
110
45.0
006 4
9/7/81
w
10'
0805
1658
533
20.0
.00459
2.45
122
50.0
007 4
9/7/81
E
30'
0816
1703
527
20.5
.00471
2.48
167
67.0
008 4
9/7/81
E
20'
0816
1703
527
20.0
.00459
2.42
61
25.0
26
-------
TABLE 9. AIR MONITORING DATA MATRIX - POLE SAMPLERS (Continued)
Pole Sampler Calibration
Filter Site Monitor Pole Sampling Time Rotameter Nm3 Analytical Data Pb Concentration
9 § Date ID & Height Time On Time Off Min Reading m3/min Sampled yg'Pb/Filter in Air (ug/Nm3)
009
4
9/7/81
E
10'
0816
1703
527
20.0
.00459
2.42
31*
13.0
010
4
9/7/81
S
30'
0830
1709
519
20.5
.00471
2.45
<10
<4.1
011
4
9/7/81
S
20'
0830
1709
519
20.5
.00471
2.45
<10
<4.1
012
4
9/7/81
S
10'
0830
1709
519
19.5
.00447
2.32
<10
<4.3
038
3/2
9/9/81
u
30*
1018
1823
485
20.0
.00459
2.23
49*
22.0
039
3/2
9/9/81
V
20'
1018
1823
485
19.5
.00447
2.17
133
61.0
040
3/2
9/9/81
w
10'
1018
1823
485
20.0
.00459
2.23
240
108.0
035
3/2
9/9/81
E
30'
1010
UNKNOWN
VOID
VOID
VOID
VOID
VOID
VOID
036
3/2
9/9/81
E
20'
1010
UNKNOWN
VOID
VOID
VOID
VOID
VOID
VOID
037
3/2
9/9/81
E
10'
1010
UNKNOWN
VOID
VOID
VOID
VOID
VOID
VOID
041
3/2
9/9/81
N
30'
1031
1830
479
20.0
.00459
2.20
<10
<4.5
042
3/2
9/9/81
N
20'
1031
1830
479
20.0
.00459
2.20
<10
<4.5
043***
3/2
9/9/81
N
10'
1031
1830
479
20.0
.00459
2.20
7.5
3.5
032
3/2
9/9/81
SW
30'
1001
1805
484
24.0
.00557
2.70
206
76.0
033
3/2
9/9/81
20'
1001
1805
484
24.0
.00557
2.70
381
141.0
034
3/2
9/9/81
SW
10'
1001
1805
484
25.0
.00582
2.82
808
287.0
028
3/2
9/9/81
SE
30'
1001
1805
484
21.0
.00484
2.34
255
109.0
029
3/2
9/9/81
SE
20'
1001
1805
484
20.5
.00471
2.28
888
389.0
030
3/2
9/9/81
SE
10'
1001
1805
484
19.5
.00447
2.16
324
150.0
044
3/2
9/10/81
N
30'
0823
1736
553
20.0
.00459
2.54
<10
<3.9
045
3/2
9/10/81
H
20'
0823
1736
553
19.5
.00447
2.47
33*
13.4
046
3/2
9/10/81
N
10'
0823
1736
553
20.0
.00459
2.54
39*
15.4
047
3/2
9/10/81
SE
30'
0901
1748
527
20.0
.00459
2.42
148
61.0
048
3/2
9/10/81
SE
20'
0901
1748
527
19.5
.00447
2.35
234
99.0
049
3/2
9/10/81
SE
10'
0901
1748
527
19.5
.00447
2.35
215
91.0
050
3/2
9/10/81
SW
30'
0901
1756
535
20.0
.00459
2.46
228
93.0
051
3/2
9/10/81
SW
20'
0901
1756
535
20.0
.00459
2.46
215
88.0
052
3/2
9/10/81
SW
10'
0901
1756
535
19.5
.00447
2.39
219
92.0
053
3/2
9/10/81
E
30*
0914
1805
531
24.5
.00570
3.03
228
75.0
054
3/2
9/10/81
E
20'
0914
1805
531
24.5
.00570
3.03
185
61.0
055
3/2
9/10/81
E
10*
0914
1805
531
25.0
.00582
3.09
291
94.0
056
3/2
9/10/81
W
30'
0924
1813
529
20.0
.00459
2.43
<10
<4.1
057
3/2
9/10/81
U
20'
0924
1813
529
20.5
.00471
2.49
91
36.0
059
3/2
9/10/81
W
10'
0924
1813
529
19.5
.00447
2.36
120
51.0
^Indicates level is within 5 times minirmm detection limit.
**Dovn for 30 minutes.
***Analyzed by graphite furnace attachment, all other values by flame A.A.
27
-------
• Pole Sampler Calibration
- Rotameter Reading: Reading of flow rate through sampler by
a calibrated rotameter,
- m3/min: Flow rate in m3/min from rotameter calibration curve,
- Nm3 Sampled: Normal cubic meters drawn through sampler during
sampling period.
• Analytical Data - yg Pb/Filter
- Results of chemical analysis for lead performed on pole sampler
filter.
• Pb Concentration in Air (yg Pb/Nm3)
- Calculated concentration of lead in air volume sampled.
SMELTER AREA SAMPLER RESULTS
Monitoring of lead concentrations in air around and from the smelter
building was achieved by mounting Millipore Aerosol Monitors (# MAWP037A0)
at strategic positions in openings to the smelter. The samplers were con-
nected to vacuum pumps with vacuum hose. The filters contained in the moni-
tors were then analyzed for lead content.
The data obtained from this series of tests is listed in Table 10. The
columns in this table are as follows:
• Sampler Identification
- Filter #: Assigned number used for internal sample tracking,
- Site: Smelter building
- Date,
- Location: Position of sampler at smelter building (see
Figure 5). Numbers refer to sampling points indicated in Figure 5.
• Sampling Time
- Time On: Time of day at which sampling was started,
- Time Off: Time of day at which sampling was terminated,
- Min.: Elapsed time in minutes between Time On and Time Off.
• Sampler Calibration
- Rotameter Reading: Reading of flow rate through sampler by
a calibrated rotameter,
- m3/min: Flow rate in m3/min from rotameter calibration curve,
- Nm3: Normal cubic meters drawn through sampler during sampling
period.
28
-------
TABLE 10. AIR MONITORING DATA MATRIX -
SMELTER AREA SAMPLERS
Sampler Calibration
Filter
Sampling Time
Rotameter
Nm
Anatylltcal Data Pb Concentration
N3
vO
§
0
Date
Location
Time On
Time Off
Hln
Reading
m3/min
Sampled
UgPb/Fllter
in Air (p
061
Charging Area
9/11/81
Charging Area (1)
0926
1215
1000
Entry 6'
1335
1457
251
20.0
.00459
1.15
1150
062
Charging Area
9/11/81
Charging Area (2)
0926
1215
740
Opening 10*
1335
1457
251
20.0
.00459
1.15
851
063
Smelter Bldg.
9/11/81
5
: Bottom Inlet
S8'
0930
1501
331
40.0
.00936*
3.10
305
98
064
Smelter Bldg.
9/11/81
4
: Bottom Inlet
N8'
0930
1501
331
40.0
.00936*
3.10
750
242
068
Smelter Bldg.
9/11/81
7
: Lead Well U End 8'
0933
1504
331
20.0
.00459
1.52
632
416
069
Smelter Bldg.
9/11/81
6
: Lead Well E End 5*
0933
1504
331
20.0
.00459
1.52
491
323
070
Charging Area
9/11/81
Charging Area (1)
Entry 6'
1500
2046
346
20.0
.00459
1.59
838
527
071
Charging Area
9/11/8L
Charging Area (2)
Opening 10'
1500
2046
346
20.0
.00459
1.59
689
433
072
Smelter Bldg.
9/11/81
5
Bottom Inlet S 8*
1503
2051
348
40.0
.00936*
3.26
1040
319
073
Smelter Bldg.
9/11/81
4
Bottom Inlet N 8'
1503
2051
348
40.0
.00936*
3.26
884
271
075
Smelter Bldg.
9/11/81
7
Lead Well U 8'
1505
2052
347
20.0
.00459
1.59
293
184
074
Smelter Bldg.
9/11/81
6
Lead Uell E 5*
1505
2052
347
20.0
.00459
1.59
293
184
077
Smelter Bldg.
9/11/81
1
Penthouse N Top
1515
1753
158
40.0
.00936*
1.48
1790
1290
076
Smelter Bldg.
9/11/81
3
Penthouse S Top
1515
1753
158
40.0
.00936*
1.48
1680
1135
078
Smelter Bldg.
9/11/81
2
Penthouse Bottom
1515
1753
156
46.0
.00936*
1.48
i690
1142
*10 LPM orifice. All others 4.9 LPH.
-------
Analytical Data - yg j?b/Filter
- Results of chemical analysis for lead performed on pole sampler
filter.
• Pb Concentration in Air ()JgPb/Nm3)
- Calculated concentration of lead in air.
Flow into and out of smelter building were obtained by means of a wind
velometer. Measured values are listed in the table notated "Air Flow" in
Figure 5.
GROUND SAMPLE RESULTS
Dust loading in Areas 1 through 5 was determined by sweeping five areas
of several m2 with a paintbrush and dustpan. Five stripes across the road in
Area 5 were collected. Samples were kept in airtight plastic bottles and
transported back to the laboratory. Percent moisture was determined by
weighing the samples, drying them by heating to 105°C for eight to ten hours,
and reweighing. The difference was compared to the first weighing.
Next the samples were sieved using a 200 mesh sieve to determine their
respective fractions of <75 ym (200 mesh). The size fraction <75 ym is de-
fined in the literature as percent silt in dust loading. Particles in this
range are potentially entrained by wind and vehicular traffic. Smaller than
200 mesh fractions were analyzed for lead. Results are given in percent by
weight of dry sample in Table 11.
TRAFFIC COUNTER RESULTS
An estimate of vehicular traffic through the plant was obtained by means
of using a rubber tubing axle counter placed across the paved road in two
different locations. The locations were next to the main personnel building
and in the center of Area 5 next to the SLI building. The following observa-
tions were made:
Personnel Building -
From 9/2/81 0900 to 9/3/81 0949 - 802 counts/25 hr
SLI Building -
From 9/4/81 1053 to 9/5/81 0958 - 668 counts/23 hr
From 9/8/81 1045 to 9/9/81 1135 - 687 counts/25 hr
These figures translate to 770 axles/day at the personnel building and 697
and 660 at the SLI building. The difference of about 90 axles can be accounted
for by forklifts transporting reverb slag from the south side of the smelter
to the charge make-up area at the north side. The average 680 axles/day
measured at the SLI plant are accounted for as follows:
30
-------
Storage
Offices
KEY
•Aerosol Analysis Monitors
AIR FLOW
Sampling Air Flow
Location
Penthouse Top
Penthouse Bottom
Bottom Inlet N & S
Leadwelt E6
Leadwetl W
Point in
Drawing
I & 3
2
4 &5
6
7
m/sec
I 5 out'
0 35 out'
0 40 in-
0 10 in1
0 40 in'
Smelter
Building
100'
•Relets to an How ool ol or inlo smellci building
PLAN VIEW
18'
(8)
Exhaust Fans
(8)
LK
Opening
_l L_
4
3 1
2
Penthouse
Opening
Ollicies Entry
(<-22' 32'—J
Opening
1
5 4
SOUTH ELEVATION
EAST ELEVATION
NORTH ELEVATION
Figure 5. Sampling Locations for Smelter Building Sept. 11, 1981.
-------
TABLE 11. GROUND SAMPLE RESULTS
Area
Surface
Area (m2)
Wt. (g)
Pre Dry
Wt. (g)
Post Dry
% by Wt.
h2o
Wt. (g)
<200 mesh
% by Wt.
<200 mesh
% by Wt.
<200 mesh dry
% Lead
1
7.4
72.3
71.9
0.55
14.7
20.3
20.4
20
2
7.4
132.8
132.0
0.60
41.7
31.4
31.6
18
3
-
807.0
794.3
1.57
269.8
33.4
34.0
21
4
5.6
156.6
155.5
0.70
36.1
23.1
23.2
12
5
7.4
96.4
95.7
0.73
13.7
14.2
14.8
27
LO
ro
-------
5 axle 18 wheelers - 52%
Pick-ups and cars - 17%
4 axle 14 wheelers - 27%
3 axle trucks 4%
100%
METEOROLOGICAL DATA
The company operates a 24-hr weather station located on the roof of
the main personnel building. This station supplies information on wind speed
and wind direction at a height above all the buildings in the facility. Be-
sides wind speed and direction, this station monitors temperature, barometric
pressure, relative humidity, and amount of rainfall. The data recorded during
the time of sampling are shown in Figures 6, 7, and 8 in the Appendix.
Local wind direction and wind speed was also recorded by Radian Corpora-
tion by means of a portable weather station. This station consisted of a
wind vane and cup anemometer mounted at a height of twenty feet and located
within the area being monitored. The purpose of the use of this station, in
addition to the company's station, was to record disturbances within the area
being sampled. Such disturbances can be caused by obstructions such as tall
buildings, hills, and trees. These data are reduced in Table 12.
COMPANY HIVOL DATA
The company routinely measures the particulate and lead concentrations in
ambient air at five locations around the plant. Hivol Station Number One is
positioned to the south of the plant close to the pumphouse and parking lot.
Station Number Two is also to the south, positioned between south access road
and the warehouse. Hivols Number Three and Four monitor the air to the East.
Number Three is located behind the motorcycle battery building, and Hivol
Number Four is north of the motorcycle battery building. Station Five moni-
tors the air quality on the West side of the plant, located on the ground of
the Monastery.
These positions are marked on the plot plan for the Smelter shown in
Figure 1.
The company made available their hivol air sampling data measured during
the period from August 31 through September 11. The data are reduced in
Table 13. These data can be compared with predictions obtained by modeling.
The meteorological data described in the previous sub-section, point source
emissions, and the contributions of the areas monitored will be inputs to a
potential modeling effort.
33
-------
TABLE 12. REDUCED ON-SITE METEOROLOGICAL DATA
Wind Speed
Wind Direction
Wind Speed
Wind Direction
Dace
Hour
(mph)
(degrees)
Date
Hour
(mph)
(degrees)
9/2/81
0830
4.5
165
9/6/81
0800
2.2
240
0930
4.2
175
0900
3.0
235
(Area 1)
1030
4.5
150
(Area 4)
1000
4.0
240
1130
5.0
165
1100
3.5
265
1230
4.2
145
1200
4.0
295
1330
5.0
165
1300
4.5
255
1430
5.1
160
1400
3.5
250
1530
3.5
160
1500
3.5
250
1630
4.0
125
1600
4.0
225
1730
3.5
120
1700
4.5
225
1830
5.3
170
Avg.
3.7
250
1930
5.5
170
2030
5.0
165
9/7/81
0730
2.0
130
2130
6.0
120
0830
2.5
135
Avg.
4.7
155
(Area 4)
0930
1030
OJ
o o
130
180
9/3/81
1000
6.0
135
1130
4.2
165
1100
6.8
120
1230
5.0
135
(Area 1)
1200
5.5
115
1330
6.0
185
1300
5.2
120
1430
6.0
185
1400
5.2
130
1530
6.6
210
1500
5.0
125
1630
6.3
195
1600
5.0
130
Avg.
4.6
165
1700
6.0
120
1800
6.5
120
9/3/81
0800
4.0
180
1900
6.0
125
0900
6.0
185
Avg.
5.7
125
(Area 2-3)
1000
1100
6.0
8.0
180
180
9/4/81
0900
1000
3.0
3.6
65
220
Rain
(Area 5)
1100
4.2
220
9/9/81
1000
4.0
310
1200
4.0
240
1100
4.0
320
1300
3.3
240
(Site 2-3)
1200
5.5
335
1400
3.6
65
1300
7.0
330
1500
4.0
110
1400
6.0
325
1600
3.6
100
Avg.
5.3
325
1700
2.8
180
1800
2.8
65
9/10/81
0800
1.5
310
Avg.
3.5
125
(Site 2-3)
0900
1000
3.0
4.0
260
250
9/5/81
0900
2.0
240
1100
5.0
260
1000
2.0
235
1200
5.5
260
(Site 5)
1100
3.5
240
1300
6.0
280
1200
3.0
180
1400
6.0
285
1300
3.5
200
1500
6.0
280
1400
3.0
235
1600
5.5
290
500
3.0
240
1700
4.5
300
1600
2.5
210
Avg.
4.7
275
1700
2.5
310
1800
2.2
240
Avg.
2.7
235
34
-------
TABLE 13. HIGH VOLUME AIR SAMPLING DATA 8/31/81 THROUGH 9/11/81
Site 01 Site 02 Site 03 Site 04 Site 05
Date TP TL TP TL TP TL TP TL TP TL
8/32/81 47.4 1.46 44.6 0.57 36.2 0.20 33.8 0.24 51.3 4.41
9/01/81 45.4 0.75 53.7 0.53 39.4 0.14 36.8 0.19 63.6 2.88
9/02/81 47.6 1.05 50.8 0.63 40.2 0.10 36.0 0.10 61.5 4.23
9/03/81 57.4 1.85 69.9 0.95 48.0 0.19 46.3 0.19 70.8 6.15
9/04/81 59.3 1.18 74.4 0.94 52.5 0.29 50.1 0.35 74.6 6.57
9/05/81
\
9/06/81
9/07/81 41.6 0.40 41.4 0.29 36.7 0.12 36.1 0.25
9/08/81 44.3 2.36 42.0 4.49 29.4 1.38 28.8 1.56
9/09/81 48.1 2.71 46.2 2.56 33.2 0.96 36.1 1.85 55.3 7.53
9/10/81 62.7 2.01 75.3 1.49 57.2 1.92 55.4 2.41 76.9 8.53
9/11/81 94.2 3.51 96.2 1.38 86.2 1.94 80.1 1.05 140.3 28.89
A]1 values yg/m3
TP = Total particulate.
TL = Total lead
-------
SECTION 5
DATA EVALUATION
Data presented in the previous section are used to estimate the lead
emissions from Areas 1 through 5 by applying a ventilation model. The fugi-
tive lead emissions from the smelter building are calculated from air veloci-
ties and concentrations at the openings to the building. Data obtained from
cascade impactors are evaluated to determine the particle size distribution
and lead concentration as a function of particle size.
VENTILATION MODEL
The results of the area measurements can be bracketed, assuming two
extremes:
• The vertical concentration gradient is a linear function of
height, or
• The lead concentration in vertical direction is constant.
The first approach approximates conditions where the wind flow is not obstruc-
ted, the second approach describes the experimental data better in these cases
where tubulences caused by topography and buildings create vertical mixing
effects. . i
-yU_. W-
V .I
A mathematical description in case of a linear decreasing lead concentra-
tion gradient can be derived based on the definitions illustrated in Figure 10.
The lead emissions per unit time are assumed to equal the lead concentration
contained in a rectangle defined by a ventilation base (Vb) on the X-axis,
the wind speed (v) on the Y-axis and the height (hmax) on the Z-axis, which
is selected in such a way that the vertical lead concentration gradient ap-
proaches zero.
The ventilation base is a horizontal line perpendicular to the wind
direction, and is generally a cross section of the area being monitored. In
the case of irregularly shaped areas, this quantity was chosen as the square
root of the total area.
The wind vector (v) on the Y-axis of the ventilated volume is defined
as the wind speed and direction averaged over the sampling period.
The lead concentration at any height is defined as a function of that
height
36
-------
Ventilation Base V b = Hf area
Figure 10. Ventilation Model
37
-------
c = f(h)
and decreases with increasing height.
With these definitions the contribution of a horizontal slice at height
h and the thickness Ah can be described as follows:
A^h h+Ah = ' Ah • v • Vb [ygPb/sec] (1)
where AAE^ ^+Ah = Area emissions contribution from the ventilated slice
' between height h, and h+Ah [ygPb/sec]
v = wind vector [m/sec]
Vb = ventilation base [m]
C(h) = lead concentration at height h [ygPb/m3]
Ah = vertical dimension of ventilated slice [m]
The measured lead concentrations as function of height pointed in some
cases to the following functional relationship between C and h:
h = a + b C (2)
where C = lead concentration at height h
b = slope
a = h = height where lead concentration drops to zero,
max & r
The total contribution of the ventilated volume can now be calculated by
combining equations (1) and (2) and integrating the resulting expression from
h to h
o max
h
max
AE = f C(h) * v • Vb • dh
h = o
= ^ h2 - a h ) • v • Vb (3)
b 2 max max
or:
AE = 1/2 CL
h
h
max
V
Vb
ygPb
0
sec
(4)
38
-------
This means that the Area Emission (AE) is equal to half the product of
the lead concentration at ground level (C, ), the maximum height (h ), the
n ° max
o
wind vector (v), and the ventilation base (Vb), where lead concentration at
height zero (C^ ) and the maximum height are determined by experimental data,
o
The second extreme assumes a well mixed volume this means constant
concentration at any height up to h :
max
C(h) = Const = C (5)
Substitution of (5) into (3) and integration gives:
h
max _
AE = f C • v • Vb * dh
/
h = o
AE = C
V
Vb
h [ygPb/sec]
max
(6)
Values for and h^ were determined by plotting experimental data for
o
each area on a graph of concentration versus height. These data points were
then fitted to the optimum linear equation by the least squares method. The
optimum values a and b in the equation
h = a + b C
are given by
(7)
EhiC(hi) • ZC(h_L) - Ih± • ZCCtu) • C(h±)
i=i i=l i=l i=l
a =
n n n
EC(h.,) • £C(h ) - nZC(hi) • C(hi)
i=l i=l i=l
nZh. C(h.) - Eh. - ZC(h.)
ill i
b = (8)
n n n
nZC(h ) • C(hi) - ZC(h.) • ZC(hi)
i=l i=l i=l
39
-------
In a similar fashion, optimum average concentration, C, is obtained in
the case of a well mixed volume.
_ n
C = 1/n ZC(h ) (9)
i=l
Fugitive Emissions from Area 1
Measurements in this area were made on September 2 and 3, 1981. Sampler
locations and results are shown in Figures 11 and 12. On both days the wind came
from the south southeast to the east southeast directions. The upwind poles at
the southeast corner showed values below the detection limit of the analytical
method. The company's hivol results from Sampler #4 were used as upwind
data. These values were 0.10 ygPb/Nm3 and 0.19 ygPb/Nmd on September 2 and
3, respectively.
Pole data obtained upwind in the southwest corner can be considered in-
fluenced by emissions from Area 2. They were, therefore, not considered in
the following evaluation. The remaining two upwind stations at the west and
northwest locations show different vertical gradients. Data from the west
side are much greater than those recorded in the northwest corner. This
difference can be explained by the fact that most of the daily traffic is
concentrated in the southern half of the area. The halves of the area were
therefore evaluated separately. Data from both sampling days in this area
were combined and evaluated together, justified by the fact that wind speed
and direction were virtually identical on these days.
Area 1 - South
h C(h)
10 ft 24 ygPb/Nm3
10 9.2
20 4.7
10 19
16 12
10 9
20 12
Area 1 - North
h C(h)
4ft 5.7 ugPb/Nm3
4 1.4
[10 14.7]
The values are plotted in Figure 13.
The pole sampler on September 2 at Location NW10' in Area 1 showed a
lead concentration of unreasonably high magnitude when compared to the hivol
at that location. The reason for this anomaly could not be found, so the
hivol data was given much greater statistical value in determining emission
rates.
40
-------
30'
20'-
-<3 6
<37
4'
147 | 57
NW
30'
20' -
10'
<39
.. 9
w
30't 35
20'
198
"<3 5
SW
Area 1
North
Area 1
South
30'T< 3 2
20'-¦< 3 3
10'
• 33
5E
Legend
C2 Pole Sampler
Q
1 Concentration pq Pb/mJ
Figure 11: Wind Rose and Lead Concentration [pg/m3] as a Function of Height.
Area 1 Sept. 2,1981
41
-------
w
—^0
NwX
^\NE
—y\
100%
Legend
Hi'Vol
Pole Sampler
hjyC,
hzi c3
h,Ic, Concentration (jg Pb/m3
Figure 12: Wind Rose and Lead Concentration, Area 2.
Sept. 3,1981
42
-------
Figure 13. Vertical Lead Concentration Gradient
at Area 1 South and Area 1 North.
43
-------
The slope of the vertical concentration gradient in Area 1 north was
assumed to be the same as that in Area 1 south. The ground concentration,
C(h ), and maximum height, h , were determined to be as follows:
o ° max
Area 1 - North Area 1 - South
C(h ) 8.0 ygPb/Nm3 49.7 ygPb/Nm3
h ° 3.5 ft = 1.1 m 18.4 ft = 5.6
max
The areas of both sections of Area 1 are 8400 m2 each which indicates a
ventilation base of 91 m by square root method. The wind speed was 2.25
m/sec. This leads to the following emission rates:
Area 1 South = 103 -^7^
hr
Area 1 North = 3 -^7^
hr
The upwind contributions were neglected due to the low values measured
at hivol #4.
Fugitive Emissions from Area 2, September 9, 1981
Favorable winds for the determination of emission rates from Area 2 pre-
vailed on September 9, 1981. The wind direction on this day was from the
north northwest. The following data were recorded (see Figure 14).
Upwind:
12 ygPb/m3 at 4' = 1.2 m height and 3.5 yg at 3.0 m
Downwind:
10 ft 108 ygPb/m3
16 " 79
20 " 61
30 " 22
From these data optimum values for a and b in the equation
h = a + be
according to the least square method were
a = 10.6 m
b = -0.0711 m
ygPb/ii
44
-------
s
Legend
Hi-Vol
h3-C3
Pole Samoier
hole,
h,> C,
Concentration in
pg Pb'm3
Figure 14. Wind Rose and Lead Concentration (yg/m3) as a
Function of Height. Areas 2, 3, Sept 9,1981
45
-------
The lead concentration as function of height is shown graphically in
Figure 15.
These values give the following input data for Equation (5):
Parameter Upwind Downwind
Total area 1600 m2 1600 m2
Ventilation base Vb 40 m 40 m
hmax 11" = 3.4 m 34.7" = 10.6 m
C(h=o) 20 ugPb/m3 149 ugPb/m3
Wind speed v 2.4 m/sec 2.4 m/sec
The lead emission out of the area are
Pb = 1/2-h -C(0) , . , • Vb • v = 273 -Sl^
out max downwind nr
and the lead blown into the area is
Pb. = 1/2-h -C(0) . , • Vb • v = 12
m max upwind nr
apt
The net emission from area 2 is ^ 260 ^^7
Fugitive Emissions from Area 3
September 9, 1981—
The values measured on this day are shown in Figure 14. The downwind
data from Area 2 are the upwind data for Area 3. Lead concentrations ob-
tained are as follows:
Upwind Data Downwind Data
h[ft]
C[ygPb/Nm3]
h[f t]
C[ygPb/Nm3]
10
108
10
197
16
79
10
150
20
61
[20
389]
30
22
30
109
10
287
20
141
30
76
If the reading of 389 ugPb/Nm3 at the SE20' location were included, an
unreasonably high ground level Pb concentration of 727 ygPb/Nm3 would be in-
dicated. Therefore, the following calculations omit that data point. The
high reading at that location could not be explained.
46
-------
Figure 15: Lead Concentration as Function of Height. Upwind and Downwind Data.
Area 2, Sept. 9,1981
47
-------
Optimum values for a arid b were determined by least squares routine
a = 10. 7 m
b = -0.0320 ygPb/m3
The lead concentration as function of height is shown graphically in
Figure 16.
The data scattered more than in Area 2, probably due to more turbulence
generated by buildings surrounding the area.
The lead emission rate for Area 3 is calculated by input of the follow-
ing data into the ventilation model.
Parameter Downwind
Total Area 1900 m2
Ventilation Base Vb 43.6 m
h 35 ft = 10.7 m
C^X= o) 334 UgPb/Nm3
Wind speed v 2.4 m/sec
We find total PbQ ^ 720 gPb/hr. The amount of lead coming in from Area 2
(upwind) was founH to be 260 gPb/hr. The net emission rate for Area 3 was
therefore determined to be 460 gPb/hr.
September 10, 1981—
The second measurement of Area 3 was conducted on the above date. The
wind direction was from the west. Turbulence was caused by the charge make-
up building and charge storage on the west and the main personnel building on
the east.
The data shown in the following table and in Figure 17 indicate a well
mixed volume with homogeneous lead concentration.
h[feet] C(h) ygPb/m3
10
100
10
51
20
36
10
94
20
61
30
75
10
91
20
99
30
61
10
274
10
92
20
88
30
93
48
-------
Lead Concentration, ug/m3
Figure 16. Lead Concentration as Function of Height.
Downwind Data Only Area 3, Sept 09, 1981
49
-------
s
Legena
Hi-Voi
h3
'^3 Pole Samoier
T
n2.
Co
rt
o>
h,
q Concentration in
pg Pb/m^
CM
Figure 17. Wind Rose and Lead Concentration (ug/ma) as a
Function of Height. Area 3, Sept 10, 1981
50
-------
The values are plotted in Figure 18. The hivol value of 274 ygPb/m3
at SW10' falls outside the rest of the data. It was, however, included to
determine average concentration by the equation
_ n
C = 1/n EC(h ) = 93.5 UgPb/Nm3
i=l
The lead emission rate for Area 3 is calculated by input of the follow-
ing data into Equation (6)
Total Area 1900 m2
Ventilation Base Vb 43.6 m
Niax 40 ft = 12.2 m
TJ 93.5 ygPb/Nm3
Wind Speed v 2.1 m/sec
From the above data a value of 376 gPb/hr was calculated. hma was determined
to be approximately 40 ft or 12.2 meters which is the average height of the
surrounding buildings.
Data measured by the company at Site 5 is chosen as upwind lead con-
centration. From this, an upwind emission rate of 34 gPb/hr was deter-
mined. Subtracting this quantity from the above downwind value yielded
a net lead emission of approximately 340 gPb/hr.
September 8, 1981—
On this date the wind was from the south. Figure 19 contains a wind rose
and hivol data for that day. The upwind sampler showed a lead concentration
of 39 ygPb/Nm3 at 4' elevation and the downwind sampler indicated a concen-
tration of 149 ygPb/Nm3 at 10' elevation. Due to rain, the pole samplers were
disabled and all runs cut short.
The lack of pole sampler data prevented the calculation of a gradient
with respect to height, so the hivol data could not be evaluated quantita-
tively .
However, a qualitative interpretation of the two hivol data points may
be made under the assumption that the vertical concentration gradient is the
same as for September 9. This assumption is reasonable because ventilation of
the area to the north is relatively unobstructed by buildings (see Figure 1).
Accepting this, values of h x = 26 ft = 7.9 m and C(h0) = 240 ygPb/Nm3
downwind; and hmax = 8 ft = 2.4 m and C(h ) = 60 ygPb/Nm3 upwind are generated.
The wind speed was 2.7 m/sec and the ventilation base was chosen at a value of
30 m. This gives estimated lead emission rates of
Pbout 276 8pb/hr
Pbin -21 gPb/hr
Net Pbout 255 gPb/hr
51
I
-------
I
300
Lead Concentration, ug/nr
Figure 18. Lead Concentration Profile, Area 3, Sept.-10-81. Data have Been
Approximated Using the Homogeneously Mixed Ventilation Model.
52
-------
Figure 19. Wind Rose and Up Wind Down Wind Results.
Area 2, 3. Sept 8, 1981
53
-------
This result appears to be reasonable compared to the values of 340
gPb/hr on September 10 and 460 gPb/hr on September 9 because wetting down of
the area would be expected to significantly reduce emissions.
Fugitive Emissions from Area 4
Emissions from Area 4 were measured on September 6, 1981 and September 7,
1981. Wind direction on September 6 was from the west southwest, providing a
relatively unobstructed ventilation to the east northeast. In contrast, on
September 7, the wind oscillated from the south southwest to the east south-
east. In the first case, data was fitted to the ventilation model with a
linear Pb concentration gradient with respect to height. In the second case,
a homogeneous mixture was assumed due to turbulence caused by interference
of the wind by the slag storage and smelter buildings. Uniform lead concen-
tration was assumed from ground level to roof height.
September 6, 1981—
A wind rose and sampler data for Area 4 on September 6, 1981 are shown
in Figure 20. Pole sampler data and hivol data from the east location within
the area alone were used for downwind emissions, as the north and west pole
sampler locations were interfered with by the slag storage building. Hivol
data from the south location indicating a concentration of 6.9 ygPb/Nm3 at a
height of 4 ft were used for upwind determinations.
This gives us the following downwind data:
h[ft] C(h)[ygPb/Nm3]
10 75
16 84
20 61
30 43
The upwind gradient was assumed to be the same as that measured at the east
location. The data are plotted in Figure 21.
The height (h ) was determined to be 46 ft = 14 m downwind with a
/ / 3
ground level concentration C(hQ) of 112 ygPb/Nm . Corresponding values upwind
were = 2.2 m and C(hQ) = 16 ]JgPb/Nm3. A ventilation base of 43 m was
chosen by square root method. Wind speed was 1.7 m/sec. These values, when
substituted into Equation (5) yield the following results.
Pb 207 gPb/hr
Pb _^9 gPb/hr
NetnPb =200 gPb/hr
out °
September 7, 1981—
Measured data in Area 4 on September 7, 1981 are summarized in Figure
22. As mentioned earlier, the wind on this date oscillated from the east
54
-------
Figure 20: Wind Rose and Upwind Down Wind Lead Concentrations. Area 4.
Sept. 6,1981
55
-------
Figure 21: Upwind & Downwind Concentration
Gradients
Area 4, Sept. 6 1981.
56
-------
Figure 22: Wind Rose and Lead Concentration as a Function of Height. Area 4.
Sept. 7, 1981
57
-------
southeast to the south southwest. The slag storage building and the smelter
building interfered with ventilation of the area, causing mixing of the air
within the area. Data from the pole samplers at the east, north, and west
locations as well as hivol data from the east location and the roof were used
to determine the average lead concentration within the area. The numerical
values of these data are as follows:
h'
C(h)
h'
C(h)
10
38
10
50
10
13
20
45
20
25
30
29
30
67
Roof 40
86
10
159
20
192
30
100
They are plotted in Figure 23.
Concentration of 3.8 ygPb/Nm3 was measured by an upwind hivol with ele-
vation of 41 .
_ Substituting the downwind data into Equation (9) gives the result
C = 73 ygPb/Nm3. The ventilation height hmax was set as 40 ft = 12.2 m, the
height of the adjacent buildings. With a wind speed of 2.0 m/sec and venti-
lation base of 43 m, Equation (6) yields the result Pbout ~ 276 gPb/hr.
The incoming lead was assumed to be of the same order of magnitude as on
September 6 so that the net emissions are approximately 270 gPb/hr.
Fugitive Emissions from Area 5
Samples along the smelter access road between the SLI office building on
the south and the SLI manufacturing building on the north were collected on
Friday, September 4 and Saturday, September 5. While the smelter was in
operation on both days, the SLI building was in operation only on the 4th.
Another marked difference was the amount of traffic along this part of
the road, as reflected by the axle count. 531 axle counts were recorded on
Friday, while .only 151 were recorded on Saturday.
The wind was channeled on both days along the valley through the major
axis of Area 5. This is enhanced by the buildings on the east of the access
road, which vary in height from 20 to 30 feet, and by a heavily wooded ridge
on the west, rising to a height of from 40 to 60 feet. The overall wind
direction on Friday, as recorded by Radian Corporation, was from the east
northeast and the south southwest.
Therefore, results from hivol sampler No. 1, which recorded 1.8 pgPb/Nm3,
and No. 4, which recorded 0.35 ygPb/Nm were used as upwind data. The company
58
-------
I
50
~r
150
Lead Concentration, yg/m3
Figure 23. Lead Concentration as Function of Height
in Area 4 on Sept-07-81.
59
-------
did not operate hivols on Saturday. The predominant wind direction on this
day was from the south southwest. Similar wind conditions were recorded on
September 7, and the hivol No. 1 recorded 0.40 ygPb/Nm3. It was assumed,
considering the lack of data, that similar low values prevailed upwind on
Saturday, September 5, 1981.
Radian Corporation's meteorological station, showed frequent intermittent
wind shifts in the valley. This indicates turbulent conditions throughout the
sampling period of both days. The air in the area under consideration can
therefore be assumed to be well mixed. The data were evaluated using the well
mixed ventilation model, Equation (6).
Abnormalities were noted in the pole sampler results at the NE location
on both days, notably higher on Friday, when the SLI building was in opera-
tion. The pole at this location was located eight feet from a large access
door into the SLI building and about 25 feet from a vent about 20 feet high
on the side of the SLI building. Data at this point were greatly influenced
by exhaust from the SLI building and were not included in evaluating emission
rates for Area 5.
Data Evaluation for Friday, September 4—
Position of samplers and measured data as function of height are given
in Figure 24. Values recorded are as follows:
h
C(ygPb/Nm3)
h
C(ygPb/Nm3)
16
18
4
55
10
11
10
26
20
4.5
10
8
30
16
20
8.1
10
7.6
30
8.4
20
5.4
Lead concentrations as-function of height are plotted in Figure 25. In view
of the observed turbulence, the ventilation model applied to well-mixed
volume was used. jThe average concentration was calculated by Equation (9)
and was determined to be 15.3 ]JgPb/Nm3. The maximum ventilation height (hmax)
was estimated to be 35 ft = 10.7 m. The average of lead concentrations re-
corded by hivols No. 1 and 4 (1.18 jJgPb/Nm3 and 0.44 ugPb/Nm3) was used
as upwind data. The width between the building and the wooded ridge was
chosen to be the ventilation base, Vb, and was 150 ft = 46 m. Wind speed:
1.6 m/sec.
Accepting these values, the following lead emission rates were calculated.
Pb 43.4 gPb/hr
Fb. 2.3 gPb/hr
NetnPb ~ 41 gPb/hr
out °
60
-------
Figure 24. Wind Rose and Lead Concentration as a
Function of Height. Area 4, Sept 4,1981
61
-------
40 —|
Lead Concentration, ug/m3
Figure 25. Lead Concentration as Function of Height, Sept-04-81, Area 5.
62
-------
Data Evaluation for Saturday, September 5, 1981—
Sampler position was the same as on the previous day. The data are
shown in Figure 26 and are as follows:
h[ft] C(ygPb/Nm3) h[ft] C(ygPb/Nm3)
10 14 4 24
20 1.4 20 9.2
10 1.8 10 3.7
20 1.2 20 1.6
The above data points are plotted in Figure 27 on a chart of concentration as
a function of height. As on the' previous day, the wind direction varied
widely, indicating turbulence in the area. The ventilation model applied to
well mixed volume was again applied. The average concentration was deter-
mined, by Equation (9), to be 7.1 ygPb/Nm3. The maximum ventilation height,
was chosen to be 25 ft = 7.6 m. The ventilation base Vb, of 46 meters
and the wind speed of 1.2 m/sec were input data to the following calculations.
As mentioned earlier, an upwind concentration of 0.40 ygPb/Nm3 was used due to
the similar wind conditions on September 7 to/that on September 5.
Utilizing the above values, the following lead emission rates were cal-
culated :
Pbou(; 10.7 gPb/hr
pbin 0-6 gPb/hr
Net Pbout ^ 10 gPb/hr
A ratio R of the lead emission rate for Area 5 to the axle count was
calculated for both September 4 and September 5. These values are as follows:
R = ^ = 0.08 I ^b/h-
Sept. 4 531 Axle
R , = = 0.07 fb/hr
Sept. 5 151 Axle
The above values suggest a linear relationship between lead entrain-
ment and traffic intensity.
FUGITIVE LEAD EMISSIONS FROM THE SMELTER BUILDING
The smelter building has major openings at ground level in the east and
south walls. The major opening in the top of the building is the penthouse
opening, which is near roof level, pointing towards the east. The west side
of the building is completely closed, and the only opening to the north is a
stairway door- Its contribution towards fugitive emissions was considered
negligible.
63
-------
Figure 26. Wind Rose and Lead Concentration as a
Function of Height. Area 5, Sept 05, 1981
64
-------
30-
Lead Concentration, pg/m3
Figure 27. Lead Concentration as Function of Height, Area 5 Sept. 05-81.
65
-------
Flow measurements made with a velometer indicated that air flowed into
the building through the ground level openings in the south and east walls
(see Figure 5). The thermal draft within the building generated by the warm-
ing of the air inside the smelter by smelting and refining operations
caused an air flow to emanate from the penthouse opening in the east wall.
This flow pattern was visually verified by utilizing a smoke source and
observing the movement of the smoke.
In the following, the total fugitive emissions are calculated by multi-
plying the air flow rate from the penthouse opening by the lead concentration
observed. The contribution of the intake at ground level can be found by
multiplying the air flow rate out of the penthouse opening by the lead con-
centrations recorded at points 4, 5, 6, and 7 at ground level. The difference
between those values is the fugitive lead emission rate generated by the
smelter building itself.
The dimensions, flow rates, and lead concentrations measured at the pent-
nouse opening are described in Figure 28.
Since the flow rates are very different in the upper and lower halves of
the penthouse opening, emission rates were calculated for them separately.
Air flow through upper half:
= 17 • 0.3048(m) • 9 • 0.3048(m) * 1.5 m/sec
= 21.3 m3/sec
Air flow through lower half:
= 17.0 • 0.3048(m) • 9 • 0.3048(m) • 0.35 m/sec
= 5.0 m3/sec
Pb emissions from upper half:
= 21.3 m3/sec • 1213 ygPb/m3 = 93 gPb/hr
Pb emissions from lower half
= 5.0 m3/sec • 1142 ygPb/m3 = 21 gPb/hr
Total emissions from penthouse opening
= 114 gPb/hr
66
-------
0
O
1 5 m/sec
1135 pg/mJ
1 5 m/sec
1290 ijg/mJ
average PD cone =i2i3pg/mJ
O
0 35 m/sec
1 U2 pq/mJ
Figure 28: Penthouse Opening, with Exit Air
Velocities and Concentrations.
-------
Concentrations measured at ground level were as follows:
Point 4 (bottom inlet north)
Point 5 (bottom inlet south)
Point 6 (lead well east)
Point 7 (lead well west)
Average Pb concentration at
ground level intake points
242 ygPb/Nm3
271
98
319
323
184
416
184
255 ygPb/Nm3
Contribution to penthouse emission caused by the intake through the ground
level openings is
26.3 m3/sec • 255 ygPb/m3 = 24 gPb/hr
Fugitive emissions generated by smelting and refining operations are as
follows:
Pt>out
^in
Net Pb
out
114 gPb/hr
-24 gPb/hr
90 gPb/hr
These values are estimated to double if both blast and reverberatory furnaces
are in operation.
68
-------
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND LEAD CONCENTRATION AS FUNCTION OF PARTICLE SIZE
The weight gain of the impactor filters was the basis for the determination
of the particle size distribution. The data were plotted as the weight %
material as function of particle size (probability x 2 log cycles). The weight
fractions >7.5y, 7.5-2.5y, and <2.5y are found from these plots by interpola-
tion. The data are summarized in Table 14.
In addition, each impactor filter was analyzed for lead. The weight %
lead in the same size fraction ranges was then derived. These data are also
summarized in Table 14.
The results indicate that more than 80% of the particulate matter
collected is in the aerodynamic size range of <7.5y. The lead analysis data
show that in general the lead content increases with decreasing particle size.
More than 70% of the airborne lead is found in particles with a diameter <7.5y.
These facts have a great impact on the transport of the lead bearing
particles since the settling velocities are proportional to the particle
diameter:
(p - p ) d2 • g
„ _ P air ° ^ g j2
18 • n 18n PP ' d
v = settling velocity (cm/sec)
Pp = particle density [g/cm3]
p . = density of air [g/cm3]
3. 1 r
d = particle diameter [y]
g = gravity constant 9.81 [m/sec2]
H = viscosity of air 1.8 x 10-5 [Dyn " sec/m2]
m = mass of particle [g]
The correlation between the aerodynamic diameter (p=l) and actual diameter
(P= P ... t ) is
particle
, _ ^aerodynamic
real = (Preal)1/2
Assuming a particle density of p = 9 g/cm3, an aerodynamic diameter of 7.5y
corresponds to an actual particle diameter of 7.5:3 = 2.5y. Settling velo-
cities of lead particles of this size range are a few millimeters/second
only. An example of the data evaluation procedure is given in Tables 15 and
16 and in Figure 29.
69
-------
TABLE 14. PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION (AMBIENT CASCADE IMPACTORS)
Weight
% Particles
W %
Lead in
Particles
Date
Position
s7.5 7.
.5-2.5)J
<2.5y
>7.5
7.5-2.5U
<2.5p
Area 1
9/2/81
W10'
9
38
53
11
42
47
9/3/81
W10'
9
14
77
23
28
49
9/3/81
W16'
10
17
73
14
20
66
Area 2/3
9/8/81
N16'
21
26
53
26
26
48
9/8/81
W16'
14
28
58
16
34
50
9/9/81
W10'
21
32
47
29
21
50
9/9/81
S16'
12
17
71
15
22
63
9/10/81
W16'
17
17
66
21
23
56
9/10/81
S16'
10
14
76
11
14
75
Area 4
9/6/81
E10'
19
27
54
25
31
44
9/6/81
Roof
8
27
65
12
27
61
9/7/81
Roof
15
28
57
18
34
48
9/7/81
E161
20
22
58
32
28
40
Area 5
9/4/81
SE101
14
31
55
24
39
37
9/4/81
NW16'
18
31
51
28
44
28
9/5/81
SE16'
11
26
63
19
38
43
9/5/81
NW10'
14
27
59
6
10
84
70
-------
TABLE 15. COMPUTER OUTPUT WITH INTERPOLATED VALUES - SAMPLE 1-W101,
SEPTEMBER 2, 1981
iMPAcrOh RESULTS SUMMARY - SPLIliE FIT OF FXPERI MENTAL DaTA
sample iulnt: tspi
Sampling locai inu: l-i- io*
type of hipacto'<: sierra cascadl
ItlPACTOR sUUSTRaTE: GCLMAN GLASS
DaU : 9/ 2/«l (""l ci D F J Y Y ) TIME START1 10! 0 (HHMM» TI mE FINISH! 19536 (HHMM)
:KVAl
interval
MASS
Mass
INTERVAL
DM/DLUli DP
u
rUDPOInT
FP ACTIOM
FRACTION
GEOMETRIC
URY STAND. CONDI
LEsS than
MIDPOINT
Uli/M3
1
10.0(1
.0910
.9090
22.3607
.140+003
2
7.50
.1151
.7930
fl•6596
•*91+003
3
5.6?
.0821
.7117
6.4938
17U7 + 003
4
4 . 2 2
. 0026
.6292
4.8697
. 711+003
5
3. If,
.0630
.5661
3.6517
.342+003
ft
2.37
.0t58
.520*»
2.7364
.394+003
7
1.7(1
.0303
.4901
2.0535
.260+003
8
1.33
.0395
.4507
1.5399
.340+003
')
1.00
• 0425
.4082
1.1548
.365+003
10
.75
.0220
.3862
.8660
.189+003
11
.5^
.0097
,376b
.6494
.U35+002
12
.4?
.0025
.3741
.4670
.212+002
kespihable. limit:
MASS FP AC TIOH , ESS Tl.AN!
MASS L(.SS THAU;
2.50
.528
567.951
UM
UG/MJ
-------
TABLE 16- RAW DATA INPUT TO COMPUTER SAMPLE 1-W101, SEPTEMBER 2, 1981
InrACTOr- KCSULTs SUMMARY
SAMPl E 11)1 Mr: TSPl
nominal mass concentratiom .ios+ooh ug/m3
sMgl
stage:
MASS
MASS
INTERVAL
DM/DLOG UH
u
llPbO
fraction
FRACTIOfi
geometric
ORT, STAND. LON[
(It
ITEHVAL EMDpOXNT)
LESS THAN
MIDPOINT
UG/M-5
1
7,50
• 2060
.794n
19.3&49
.269+003
?
3 . 20
.2250
.569n
*~.8990
.654+003
3
1 .60
.0910
.470(1
2.2627
.325+003
4
1.00
. 0700
.406n
1.2«>49
,569+003
.so
.0340
.37"»n
.7071
.122+003
FIMaL F1LTE.I:
. 3730
. OOOn
.1581
.401+0U3
-------
CUMULATIVE log PROBABILITY plot
sample iriENi : rsn
99.
+
«
II
tt
9U.
+
fl
U
fl
p
95.
+
tt
t
II
tt
H
II
S
tt
C
90 .
+
tt
E
II
tt
I-J
II
tt
T
(10.
+
0
fl
II
S
fl
M
70.
+
tt
A
b 0 .
+
S
8
S
II
so
n
S
bU.
+
DS
S
n
II
P s
tt
L
<(0.
+
S DS S
a
E
30 .
+
a
S
H
«
S
-------
REFERENCES
1. Radian Corporation, "Program Plan for Study of Secondary Lead Smelters in
Pennsylvania," EPA Contract No. 68-02-3513, Work Assignment 4, 9 January
1981.
74
-------
APPENDIX
METEOROLOGICAL DATA
75
-------
Figure 6. Wind Speed and Wind Direction Measured at the
Company Weather Station During August 31 Through
September 14, 1981.
76
-------
Figure 6. Wind Speed and Wind Direction Measured at the Company Weather Station During
August 31 through September 14, 1981.
-------
ja
d»
9-
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August 31 through September 14, 198.1 (continued).
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Figure 6. Wind Speed and Wind Direction Measured at '"he Company Weather Station During
August 31 through September 14, 1981 (continued)
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August 31 through September 14, 1981 (continued).
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Figure 7. Temperature, Relative Humidity and Barometric Pressure
During the Period of August 31 Through September 14,
1981 Measured at the Company Weather Station.
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I'igure 7. Temperature, Relative Humidity and Barometric Pressure During the Period of
August 31 Through September 14, 1981 Measured at the Company Weather Station.
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Figure 7, Temperature, Relative Humidity and Barometric Pressure During the Period of
August 31 Through September 14, 1981 Measured at the Company Weather Station
(continued).
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Figure 8. Rainfall During the Period of August 31 Through September
14, 1981 Measured at the Company Weather Station.
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Figure 8. Rainfall During the Period of August 31 Through September 14, 1981 Measured at the
Company Weather Station.
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Figure 8. Rainfill During the Period of August 31 Through September 14, 1981 Measured at the
Company Weather Station.
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Figure 9. Area Wind Measurements - September 2 Through September 11,
1981
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1930
1830
1730
1630
1530
1430
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Wind Speed mpn , . i i i i
Figure 9. Area Wind Measurements - September 2, 1981.
96
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Wind Dir., Peg. 0
Wind Speed, mph 0
Figure 9. Area Wind Measurements - September 3, 1981.
97
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Wind Speed, mph Q 10 ?0 ,30 ^.0
50
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120 180
60
70
80
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Figure 9. Area Wind Measurements - September 4, 1981.
98
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¦Jind Speed, mph .0
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Figure 9. Area Wind Measurements - September 5, 1981.
99
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1600
1300
1200
1100
1000
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Wind Dir., Peg. 9 6p 120 IgO 2.40 3Q0 3fr0 6p ;20 IgO
Wind Speed, mph
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Figure 9. Area Wind Measurements - September 7, 1981.
100
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^Jind Speed, mph
Figure 9. Area Wind Measurements - September 8, 1981.
101
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Wind Dir. , Peg. L
Wind Speed, mph
120 180 240 300 360 60
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o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
J I L ' 1 1_
Figure,,^rea Wind Measurements - September
102
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1200
1100
1000
0900
0800
Wind Dir., Deg.
Wind Speed, mph
10
L_
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20
1_
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40
50
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60
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21
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Figure 9. Area Wind Measurements - September 10, 1981,
103
-------
Wind Dir., Deg.
Wind Speed, mph
Figure 9. Area Wind Measurements - September 11, 1981.
10*.
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