PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Baltimore Symposium
on Urban Environmental
Justice Research
and Education
SEPA
ober 21—22,1995
Keldin Center at Morgan State University

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Proceedings of the
Baltimore symposium
on Urban Environmental
Justice research
and Education

Library
US EPA Region 3
1650 Arch St
Philadelphia, PA 19103
October 21—22,1995
McKeldin Center at Margin State University

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FOREWORD
ICMA is pleased to present the proceedings from the first Environmental Justice Symposium
for the Baltimore Metropolitan Area. Speakers who wished to have their papers published
submitted them for these proceedings. ICMA has included the abstracts of those papers which
were not submitted for publication. The papers represent a broad range of topics of interest to
both scientists and members of the Environmental Justice Community. The Table of Contents
lists the papers in the order in which they were presented at the Symposium. The Symposium
agenda and a final list of participants has also been included.
ICMA wishes to acknowledge and thank the speakers, the exhibitors, the planning committee
and the sponsors of this Symposium. We appreciate the time and effort they put into making
the Symposium a success.
This document is a compilation of presentations made during the Baltimore Symposium on
Urban Environmental Research Justice and Education. Papers were submitted by the speakers
and have not been edited by ICMA. The papers within this document do not necessarily
reflect the view or the position of the International City/County Management Association, and
no official endorsement should be inferred.
jCDk
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Baltimore Symposium on Urban Environmental
Justice Research and Education
Table of Contents
Final Report		
Outdoor Pollution
Employee Commute Options: Differential Gains and Losses
Dr. Gordon Scott Bonham, Dr. Andrew Farkas	1
The Ozone Pollution Map: A Technology-Based Approach
to Improved Public Awareness of the Nature of Ground-Level
Ozone Pollution and to a Greater Acceptance of Effective Control Measures
Mr. Glen Besa, Ms. Rebecca Bascom and Mr. Dwight D. Wilson	14
Contaminant Levels in Baltimore Harbor Fish and Crabs
Ms. Mary Jo Garreis	16
Concentrations and Sources of Contaminants in Baltimore Air
Dr. John M. Ondov					32
Toxic Chemicals in Baltimore Harbor
Ms. Jaqueline Savitz	33
Methods to Biologically Monitor Health and Effects of
Environmental Contamination In Aquatic Organisms
Dr. Andrew S. Kane			38
Household Hazards
Investigations In Environmental Equity: Young Adults
And Lead Exposure In A Community Setting
Dr. P. Barry Ryan	39
Phase I Field Investigations For The National Human
Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS): The Relationship
Between Short-Term Measurements And Long-Term Exposures
Dr. P. Barry Ryan	40
I

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Community Education on Lead Paint Hazards: Reaching
Those Who Can Prevent Lead Poisoning
Ms. Ruth Ann Norton	41
The Issue of Lead Poisoning in the Community:
Facing a Treatable Problem
Ms. Nicole S. Kelly	42
Childhood Lead Poisoning: A National Overview of a Locaf Problem
Mr. Max Weintraub	46
Baltimore Urban Environmental Initiatives Program Lead Poisoning Prevention Project
Ms. Ruth Quinn		71
Promotion of Environmental Justice Through the Radon
Education Program by Increasing Awareness, Testing and
Mitigation in the African-American Community
Ms. GearHne C. Bryan	74
Sustainable Community Development
Measuring the Success of the Brownfields Economic
Redevelopment Initiative
Ms. Joi Ross, Mr. Arthur Glazer	78
Urban Environmental Justice: The Role of Law School
Clinics in Aiding Baltimore's Communities
Ms. Jane Schukoske	87
Morgan State University • Environmental Protection Agency Summer Institute
Mr. Don Koch		
Factors Affecting Land Use and Zoning In Baltimore City
Ms. Dawn McCleary			
Organizing for a Sustainable, Healthy Community
Environment: Three Key Policy Shifts
Mr. Dennis Livingston		
II

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Urban Environmental Assessment and Management
The Use of Environmental Justice in Environmental Impact Statements
Dr. Lenneal Henderson, Dr. Gary Williams, Dee Wernette	96
Baltimore Urban Environmental Initiative
Mr. Reginald Harris, et al	97
Chester, Pennsylvania Environmental Justice Urban Initiative
Mr. Reginald Harris, et al	98
The Philadelphia Experience: Environmental Health
Characterization in a Complex Urban Environment
Ms. Nadia Shalauta, Dr. Thomas A Burke, et al	100
Building Trust in Community Environmental Health Research
Ms. Nadia Shalauta, Dr. Thomas A Burke, et al	101
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Region Ill/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
Environmental Justice Community Empowerment Project
Mr. Hank Topper, Mr. Reginald Harris		102
Symposium Agenda	103
Symposium Participants	108
ill

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Final Report

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Baltimore Symposium on Urban Environmental
Justice Education and Research
Final Report
Conference Objectives
The first Environmental Justice Symposium for the Baltimore metropolitan area, held on
October 21 and 22, 1995, at Morgan State University, achieved four primary objectives. The
Symposium provided an opportunity for researchers and educators to dispense and discuss the
latest information on environmental research and education, specifically involving people of
color and low income communities in this metropolitan area. Secondly, the presentations and
poster sessions were means to enhance current research and educational activities by allowing
for the exchange of information among scientists, educators, and community representatives.
This communication helped to achieve the third Symposium objective: to explore and frame
additional research needs in the environmental justice field. Finally, the proceedings of the
Symposium are set forth herein to facilitate in the dissemination of the findings and
presentations made in this two-day event.
Plenary and Informational Sessions
Presentations in the Plenary and Informational Sessions were made by members of the
federal, state and local governments, as well as the Environmental Justice community. These
individuals included: The Honorable Jane Nishida, Secretary of the Environment, Maryland
Department of Environment; Dr. Cecil Pay ton, Executive Assistant to the President, Morgan
State University; Mr. Stanley L. Laskowski, Deputy Regional Administrator, EPA Region HI;
Mr. Charles C. Graves HI, Director of Planning, City of Baltimore; Dr. Gustav Jackson,
Director of Environmental Studies, Sojourner-Douglas College; and Dr. Clarice E. Gay lord,
Director, EPA Office of Environmental Justice. Each speaker expressed a commitment to
foster environmental justice.
Dr. Gaylord elaborated on the history of the environmental justice movement and the
approaches the federal government is taking to respond to environmental justice issues.
Five approaches were described by Dr. Gaylord, including:
*	Integrating environmental justice concepts into all federal programs and ensuring that
affected parties have a voice;
*	Performing additional research to identify affected communities and their exposure to
hazards. Specifically targeted in this research are multiple exposures and low level,
cumulative effects;
*	Developing better, more reliable data collection and analysis stratified by race and income,
and t"airing this data available in a "user-friendly" form;
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*	Using a more multi-media approach for assessing risk and enforcing compliance with
environmental laws; and
*	Ensuring that advice and input is provided by the community, which is then utilized to
frame the national environmental agenda.
Dr. Gaylord further stated that EPA recognized that many communities were uninformed about
their rights and did not have the technical support or resources to address their concerns. In
response, EPA established a hotline and developed two grant programs. These programs include
a Small Grants Program which provides for up to $20,000 to address local problems.
Approximately $3 million has already been distributed to 175 communities under this project.
The second program is the Community University Partnership Grant, which provides $300,000 to
a college or university which has established a partnership with an Environmental Justice
community to work on a specific Environmental Justice issue or problem. Both the grants and
the hotline are designed to help communities through education and technical assistance.
EPA is not alone in addressing environmental justice issues. A total of thirteen federal agencies
have developed strategic plans to address these issues, in accordance with President Clinton's
Executive Order number 12898.
The Plenary and Informational Sessions set the stage for the range of topics presented over the
two days of the Symposium.
Pand TOsmssimis
Four panel sessions were held during the Symposium allowing thirty papers to be presented.
The session topics included Outdoor Pollution, Household Hazards, Sustainable Community
Development, and Urban Environmental Assessment and Management. A closing panel was also
held to discuss "Opportunities for the Future". After the presentations, panel discussions were
conducted. The following is a summary of those presentations and discussions.
*	Outdoor Pollution
The Outdoor Pollution Panel included presentations on employee commute options and the
social and economic impacts of meeting the employee commute regulations; a technology-based
approach to improve public awareness of ground-level ozone pollution; toxic chemicals and
contaminants in the Baltimore Harbor; and concentrations and sources of contaminants in
Baltimore air.
The panel discussion identified research gaps relating to employee commuting. For example, it
is commonly assumed that much of the air pollution originates from urban sources. However,
information is lacking about the pollutant contribution from these sources versus pollutants
originating as a result of commuting and transportation of products to and from the suburbs.
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Additionally, it was discussed that the impacts of employers encouraging ride share still needs to
?e addressed. Economic disincentives to encourage ride share places an extra burden on low
ncome employees. Furthermore, incentives for ride sharing, such as flexible schedules, gives a
lisproportionate advantage to higher income employees. Gaps in data were also identified in the
urea of acid aerosols and diesel soot, both of which are significant irritants.
The discussion also emphasized that all of us share the responsibility for the pollution we
create. Each of us has a role and can make personal choices to improve the environment. The
environmental justice community must be informed to make choices that can help the
environment and to ensure that environmental protection is equitable.
It was identified that research information is not readily available, accessible or understandable
to the lay person. The American Lung Association of Maryland's work with the ozone map,
which is broadcast during local television weather reports, was a good example of putting the
results of research into practical information for the general public. This kind of research
application is needed to influence policy makers.
*	Household Hazards
The Household Hazards Panel addressed issues on lead poisoning exposure and prevention,
radon testing and mitigation, asthma in children, and the relationship between short-term
measurements and long-term exposure.
Much of the discussion centered on lead-related issues. Concerns woe raised about the lack
of alternatives to housing that contain lead hazards. Furthermore, it was staled that some
landlords have been apathetic to abatement programs, and that it is within their rights to evict
tenants if lead panning occurs from lead on their properties. Under these circumstances, the
tenant is twice victimized. Further research needs on lead issues include: how to find funding to
create lead-safe housing; how to raise awareness of the fact that creating lead-safe housing is
affordable; how to provide alternatives to housing that contains lead; how to disseminate
information to encourage blood-lead testing of at-risk children.
The use of the legal system to address property owners and lead poisoning was discussed. It
was stated that many lawsuits related to this issue languish for years providing little or no relief
to the poisoned child, ^"iphasis should be placed on lead poisoning prevention and enforcement
of "livability" (housing) codes.
*	Sustainable Community Development
Sustainable Community Development was addressed via issues of Brownfields economic
redevelopment, the role of law school clinics in aiding Baltimore's communities, zoning issues
and community impacts, high school student involvement, organizing for sustainable, healthy
communities, and the development of the Fairfield Ecological Industrial Park.
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Issues discussed during this session included the need for the active involvement of the
community for sustainable development to occur. Resources need to be transferred to local
groups in order for their involvement to be more effective. Additionally, it was discussed that, in
the development process, sustainability could be achieved when environmental responsibility is
"married" to job development.
The issue of zoning and its impact on a black versus a white community was also presented.
In the case presented, certain zoning decisions influenced African-American communities
disproportionately. The need for additional information on other communities with similar
experiences was mentioned, as well as a need for the enforcement of the environmental and
zoning laws in these communities.
*	Urban Environmental Assessment and Management
The Urban Environmental Assessment and Management session covered the issues of:
environmental justice and environmental impact statements; the Baltimore, Chester and
Philadelphia assessment initiatives; building trust in community environmental health research;
and EPA's community environmental justice empowerment project.
The discussion raised the issue that the community in general gets frustrated with the
complexity of government and the compartmentalization among government agencies.
Communities, it was stated, must be empowered by involving them in defining and solving the
problems. The focus in the future should be on a community-based approach to solving
problems. Work that is still needed includes: research on cumulative effects of exposure; the
transformation of information and tools into a format that can be used by the community; and the
development of preventative strategies for the betterment of public health.
*	Concluding Panel - Opportunities for the Future
The concluding panel discussed, in general, the issues addressed during the Symposium and
opportunities for the future. The discussion recounted the need to take a bottom-up approach in
solving environmental problems. The Environmental Justice community requires more
information and resources to take on environmental problems. Grass roots organizations,
specifically, were mentioned as needing to be more involved. One level of involvement for these
organizations is a programmatic approach, such as performing lead testing, establishing no-drive
days, documenting the problems and building education as a means to solve the problems.
Furthermore, the need for partnerships was stressed, such as between schools and-businesses, and
between community groups and the scientific community.
Other specific recommendations included the need to involve local elected officials and
educate them about environmental issues; to tetter enforce the existing laws that protect the
community and environment; to develop ways to engage the community more effectively ; and to
close the gap between the grass roots and scientific communities to allow for more effective
outcomes.
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The Symposium allowed for different but valid perspectives. The event provided an
opportunity for people who do not typically meet and communicate to have an opportunity to
share information and resolve issues. Finally, the Symposium was a means to frame the issues
which need to be addressed in the future, as identified by the community, educators and
researchers alike.
VIII

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OUTDOOR POLLUTION

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Employee Commute Options:
Differential Gains and Losses
by
Gordon Scott Bonham
Center for Suburban and Regional Studies
Towson State University
and
Andrew Farkas
Center for Transportation Studies
Morgan State University
Symposium on Applied Research and Education Addressing
Urban Environmental Justice Issues Applicable to Baltimore, MD
October 21,1995
Introduction
Rising incomes and access to the automobile in the United States have encouraged
suburbanization of residence and work place. It is well established in the literature and
confirmed by recent evidence that metropolitan areas in the U.S. have undergone decentralization
of population and employment.1 The majority of population and employment growth has
occurred outside urban centers.
This decentralization has caused tremendous growth in suburb-to-suburb and city-to-suburb
(reverse) commuting by single occupant automobile." Decentralization has also left large
concentrations of the inner-city poor and minorities in locations that are less accessible to
employment opportunities, resulting in a "spatial mismatch" between housing and jobs. This
spatial'mismatch has on the one hand caused the tremendous growth in reverse commuting, and
on the other hand resulted in a lack of access to employment for households without
automobiles Previous research has shown that many jobs in the suburbs are beyond the reach of
the low-wage urban labor force.3 Such labor often can not afford the high cost of automobiles
and the dispersed nature of job growth makes mass transit from inner-city neighborhoods
inconvenient Approximately 70 percent of a sample of unemployed city residents did not own
an automobile and many of them were unwilling to commute to suburban jobs or perceived the
automobile as necessary for the reverse commute. However, low-wage labor aspires to
automobile ownership as do other income groups.
Suburbanization and the dominance of automobiles in metropolitan commuting has led to
problems in air quality aad traffic congestion. Most uAan areas in the late 1980s violator
quality standards established by Congress in 1970. The Ctea A* Act Amendments of K>*>
(C AAA) imposed high standards on urban smog, automobile emissions, toxic air pollutants, and
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acid rain Congress set "policy beyond capability."4567 While most of the CAAA was concerned
with the technical side of air pollution, the fourth section contained a largely unnoticed leap in
"action-forcing" environmental legislation. This section mandated change in social behavior—
that people change the way they go to work. It also moved from direct regulation of the polluter
to indirect regulation through a third party, the employer. Only 2 of the 500 pages of legislative
history in the public record, which includes both the Senate Report and the House Conference
Report, were devoted to the ride sharing requirement. Only one study was cited concerning the
costs or benefits of the provision. No information about what influences people's mode of
commuting, the duration and length of the average commute, nor what motivates people to
change their commuting behavior was incorporated into the requirements. No consideration was
given to the trends in location of jobs and housing, nor to the required flexibility of the labor
force which is assumed by the economy. Congress failed to consider that changing people's
behavior, especially deep-seated routinized daily behavior such as commuting, may be extremely
difficult, costly, inequitable, and have wide-reaching unintended implications on settlement
patterns and the economy.89
The Employee Commute Options (ECO) legislation, also known as Employee Trip Reduction
(ETR), requires states with extreme and severe ozone non-attainment areas to develop
regulations designed to reduce the number of vehicles used by people commuting to work. At a
minimum, state regulations must require all employers of 100 or more persons to increase their
average vehicle occupancy (AVO) of employees morning commuting trips in the region by 25
percent. The intent was to reduce the number of vehicles on the road during rush hours and the
time the remaining cars spend idling or operating at inefficient low speeds10. States were to
submit regulations to the Environmental Protection Agency by November 1992 for approval and
to meet target AVOs by November 1996.
The ECO/ETR requirements affected 10 metropolitan areas in 11 states, including Baltimore and
Philadelphia. About 5,600 employers had large employment sites in Delaware, Maryland, New
Jersey and Pennsylvania, and these sites employed about 3.6 million people. Each state
developed its own regulations within overall federal guidelines, and each company developed its
own plan for meeting the state defined target. State regulations and employee plans have the
potential of affecting different employers and employees in different ways. These can
discourage single occupancy driving, but they also can encourage continued suburbanization of
employers and the migration of employment from the affected metropolitan areas. Plans can
benefit those with greater access to transit or carpools, but can also present a financial burden for
low-wage employees. Plans can provide greater work schedule flexibility to all employees, but
can also benefit only those in professional or technical positions. The ECO/ETR legislation is
unlikely to affect all employers and employees equally, and could just hurt those at the initial
stages of participating in the suburban economy and in automobile use. Many are questioning if
it has any effect on air quality or traffic congestion.
The objective of this research paper is to evaluate the known and potential impact of the
ECO/ETR legislation which requires employers to develop transportation demand management
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programs. It is based upon preliminary findings from a study of the Economic and Social Impact
of the Employee Trip Reduction Requirements of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990."
This study has involved about 100 randomly selected private employers in the Philadelphia and
Baltimore nonattainment areas.
Philadelphia Severe Ozone Nonattainment Area
The Philadelphia Nonattainment Area has at its center the Delaware Valley Region of
Pennsylvania and New Jersey (DVR). The DVR consists of the Pennsylvania Counties of
Philadelphia (including Center City Philadelphia), Delaware, Chester, Montgomery, and Bucks
and the New Jersey Counties of Gloucester, Camden, and Burlington. The other counties in the
nonattainment area, New Castle and Kent, Delaware; Cecil County, Maryland, and Salem and
Cumberland, New Jersey; bound the DVR on the south.
Employment and Commuting Trends
According to a study of joumey-to-work trends by the Delaware Valley Regional Planning
Commission (DVRPC), the DVR is a mature urban region that is growing slowly and, as is
typical of other metropolitan areas, continues to decentralize.'" The shift in workers and jobs in
the DVR has resulted in significant changes in commuting patterns over the 1980 to 1990 period.
Approximately 59 percent of the 2.4 million workers in the region travel from suburban
residence to suburban job. Work trips from Pennsylvania suburbs to Pennsylvania suburbs grew
by 21 percent, while work trips from Pennsylvania suburbs to New Jersey suburbs grew by 74.6
percent Work trips from New Jersey suburbs to New Jersey suburbs grew by 21.3 percent The
number of workers reverse commuting from Philadelphia increased by 44 percent to the
Pennsylvania suburbs and by 59 percent to the New Jersey suburbs. Workers commuting to jobs
outside the region increased by 50 percent.
Means of Transportation to Work
Over the period 1980 to 1990 the use of single occupant vehicles (SOVs) increased greatly and
ride-sharing declined. The number of workers driving alone increased 33 percent, resulting in a
modal share of 68 percent in 1990. The number using carpools or vanpools declined by 22
percent down to a modal share of 12 percent. Public transportation use declined by 4 percent for
a modal share of only 11 percent.
The means of transportation to work of course vary by level of urbanizationinthe region. SOV
use ranges from over 70 percent in the suburban cotrnt.es to just 41 percent in Phtladelphia.
Chester and Montgomery counties have the lowest shares of carpool/vanpool use and
Philadelphia, Camden, and Mercer have the highest share. Tte use of transtt ranges from a low
of only 2 percent in Gloucester County to 28 percent a Phitarirti*"
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Ridership on individual public transportation modes has exhibited some surprising trends.lj
While overall transit ridership declined 4 percent, ridership on buses and trolley (light rail) lines
increased 3 percent during 1980 to 1990.H The major losses occurred on the regional
(commuter) rail lines, where ridership fell by 20 percent. Some of the stated reasons are: cutting
of service, on some lines, fare increases, and service disruptions.
In the other nonattainment counties the modal shares for commute trips correlate with their
suburban or exurban development characteristics. According to the 1990 Census of Population
and Housing, all the counties have very high levels of SOV use, over 75 percent. Large declines
occurred in carpooling and public transportation use between 1980 and 1990 with the exception
of increases in public transportation use in the New Jersey counties. The New Jersey counties
have benefited to some extent from more developed mass transit networks.
Baltimore Severe Ozone Nonattainment Area
The Baltimore Nonattainment Area consists of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area: City of
Baltimore and the counties of Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Carroll, Harford, and Howard. The
Maryland counties of Metropolitan Washington, DC bound the Baltimore Area to the south and
west and comprise a serious nonattainment area.
Employment and Commuting Trends
The Baltimore Metropolitan Area has experienced growth in employment but a decentralization
of growth.15 The realignment of labor and jobs over the metropolitan area's geography and the
concentration of development in suburban activity centers have fundamentally influenced
commuting patterns. Between 1980 and 1990 the number of workers in the metropolitan area
commuting from suburb-to-suburb increased by 41.7 percent, while the number commuting from
suburb-to-city declined by 9.5 percent. Because of the increase in workers but slight decline in
jobs in Baltimore City during the 1980s, city-to-suburb commuting experienced the largest
relative increase of 48.0 percent. Thus, the reverse commute has become a significant
component of the commuting pattern.
Means of Transportation to Work
The percentage of workers in the metropolitan area driving alone grew from 59.8 percent to 70.8
percent between 1980 and 1990, while the percentage of commuters in car/vanpools declined
from 22.3 percent to only 14.1 percent. The use of transit declined from 10.0 percent to 7.8
percent of all commuters. Within transit, bus and streetcar use declined by one fifth (21%) but
subway, elevated, and railroad use increased 4-1/2 times (449%).
The modal shares varied tremendously within the metropolitan area, depending on the level of
urbanization and location. Workers in Baltimore City using SOVs were 50.9 percent of the total
in 1990, while ride-sharing was 16.8 percent and transit use was 21.5 per cent. In Howard
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County, a county on the suburban fringe between Baltimore and Washington, DC, SOV use was
80.9 percent, ride-sharing was 11.9 percent and transit use was only 2.2 percent.
State Regulation Differences
EPA issued guidance rather than regulations for ECO/ETR, and this guidance was published
after the date originally set for the states to submit plans. The resulting ambiguity and delay led
to variability among states, as state agencies tried in different ways to develop and negotiate the
least onerous ECO program for their employers which would still meet federal legislation. Since
the causal link between changing commuting behavior and a reduction in ozone pollution was
not effectively argued by Congress, businesses and those responsible for formulating state
regulations began to question this causal relationship.16 Arguments began to surface that getting
people out of their car would have a limited impact on air quality and would hurt businesses.1718
Initially, one of the main forms of variability among states was in the number of Average
Vehicle Occupancy (AVO) zones into which they divided their metropolitan areas. Individual
employers had target Average Person Occupancies (APO) generally 25 percent higher than the
AVO for the zone at the time the regulations were developed. Target APOs ranged from 1.30
persons per car in southern California to 8.81 persons per car in Manhattan. Four of the 10
regions had multiple AVO zones for both calculating baseline statistics aid setting target
compliance standards. Generally, the multiple zones were the 1) urban core, 2) otfeer urban
areas and 3) suburban areas. When a fourth zone was included, it was usually either another
urban core (central business district) or a rural zone. Two regions included one zone for baseline
statistics, but multiple zones for target compliance. Five regions included a single zone for both
the baseline statistics and target compliance. The differences between target APOs wtthin a
single non-attainment region also varied. The target APOfor Houston s uri>an core was o^y 4
percent greater than that for the remainder of the region. On the other hand, the target APO for
the New York urban core was 6 times that for the suburban and rural rings.
Within the Philadelphia metropolitan area, Pennsylvania defined four AVO zones (target APOs
of 3 00 1 75 1 58 and 1 50). Delaware defined two targets (APOs of 1.50 and 1.4d). New
Jersey defined one target (APO of 1.38). Maryland adopted a system in which the target APO
varied for each Philadelphia region employer based upon a baseline employee survey. In the
Baltimore metropolitan region, Maryland defm^ target APOs for transportation distncts
(generally a census tract or group of tracts) with the APOs for employers new since the 1990
census based upon a baseline employee survey.
The basic argument for multiple AVO zones is that the urt»m core has a concentration of
employment and residences that makes it well-served by pubhc trans.t and eas,er to arrange nde
shading. The suburban fringes, on to other hand, have
residences The dispersed employment tiles are poorly served Iff public transit and make*
difficult to arrange ride sharing. Therefore, even though the urban core already has a greater
proportion of its workforce ming transit or ride-sharing, fe has a greater potenttal to mcreasc that
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proportion and should share in the regional efforts to reduce solo commuting.19 The counter
argument is that the cost of commuting into the urban «ore is already greater than commuting to
suburban locations. Parking is scarce and expensive in the urban core while abundant and
generally free in the suburbs. The greater road congestion in the urban core already exacts a time
cost. Public transit and ride sharing take more time than driving alone and exacts a cost in the
lack of privacy and control. These costs are already borne more by urban core than suburban
employers and employees, and adding to these costs would encourage urban core employers to
relocate to the suburbs where they and their employees do not bear these costs. Since the
regulations are designed to reduce pollution from automobile emissions, employers who have
chosen to locate in low density suburban areas, which can only be reached by private automobile,
should bear the greater proportion of the costs of the pollution to which they have given rise.
Thus, a single AVO zone benefits urban core employers and multiple AVO zones with great
differences between their targets benefit suburban employers.
States had flexibility in the number of AVO zones into which they divided their nonattainment
areas. This was a political process which can be illustrated by the Maryland experience. The
dkector of the Maryland ECO program opened the public hearings on one draft of the proposed
regulations by stating the agency was "seeking input on the draft regulations in general, and
particularly on the delineation of the vehicle occupancy zones and baseline vehicle occupancy
rates."20 Half of the 18 people who testified addressed either the number of AVO zones, the
calculation of individual APOs, or both.
Maryland initially proposed two AVO zones for the Baltimore metropolitan region. This soon
increased to three AVO zones with boundaries such that the target APO for the urban core would
be 65 percent greater than the target APO for the suburban area outside the beltway. This core-
suburban difference was the third greatest among all metropolitan regions affected by ECO. This
reflects Baltimore's suburban employers being the first to organize and to comment on the
proposed regulations through their transportation management associations. After the first
official publication of the proposed regulations (3rd draft reviewed), the mayor of Baltimore
argued during public testimony that three zones were unfair to employers in downtown
Baltimore. The subsequent October 1993 draft reflected the interest of the urban core by
defining a single AVO zone. The next draft reflected a compromise defining the target APO as
an absolute rather than a relative increase (benefitting those with higher baseline APOs) over the
employer's initial APO rather than a large zone average (benefitting those with lower than
average APOs), and establishing a ceiling APO which did not have to be exceeded (benefitting
those with high baseline APOs). However, this compromise could punish employers who took
steps to decrease single commuting prior to the required baseline measurement. Maryland's final
regulations used a "floating APO" system, whereby each employer had a target APO which was
a fixed increase over the 1990 census average for their Transportation District (a census tract or
group of census tracts) or upon a baseline survey if they were new to the Transportation District,
with a ceiling.
Our study contacted 260 private sector employers in the two metropolitan regions, randomly
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selected from strata defined by state, type of company, and number of employees. Initially,
about half of the companies we contacted agreed to participate in our study. During the course of
our study contacting companies, Pennsylvania suspended its program, Maryland delayed and
then suspended its program, and Delaware and New Jersey revised their programs. After these
changes by the states, fewer companies agreed to participate in the study. If they were not going
to have to do anything to comply with the regulations, why spend the time participating in a
study of a non-meaningful issues? In all of the authors' contacts, only one company expressed
an anticipation of gaining more from the ECO/ETR program than it would cost. This company
used the state ECO/ETR regulations to secure a reduction in required parking spaces required by
local zoning and construction permits for a new building. At this point, just over one-third
(37%) of the initially contacted companies have agreed to participate. Participation in the study,
however, does not necessarily mean participation in the program. Only 41 companies at this
time have actually supplied data to the study: employee survey data, organizational survey data,
or the plan submitted to the state. Few Maryland and Pennsylvania employers are conducting
surveys to find out where they currently are, and none have submitted a plan to the state. Many
NJ and DE companies, although theoretically required to have donean employee survey and to
have submitted a plan to the state, have not yet provided the study with their data. However,
analysis of the information we have so far provides some interesting suggestions.
Table 1. Number of Study Companies by Percent Increase Needed to Reach Target AVo
State
>45%
31-45%
16-30%
1-15%
Above
Target
Employers
with data
Delaware
Maryland
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
0 6 2 1 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 3 4 6 1
! 1 0 0 0
10
1
14
2
TOTAL
1 10 6 8 2
27
On the average, employers have to increase the average employees per vehicle by 25 percent, but
the required change for any single employer is dependent upon the AVO zone target and upon
the way employees get to work at the beginning of the program. Two of the 27 companies
submitting baseline APO data to the study were already above their target. (See Table 1.) One
Was in Delaware and the other in New Jersey, both employing low skilled workers at low wages.
One was located on a bus line with a nearby stop, and the other was close enough to employees'
residences for them to walk. One was nonprofit providing extra support services to employees.
"Hie other was a food products plant with a substantial immigrant employee base. One ofttie27
companies has to more than double its APO to meet the target, and another has to mcrease its
APO by 44 percent. Both of these are large companies in downtown Philadelphia and assigned
7

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the highest APO target in the region. From this small sample of companies, it appears that
nonprofit companies have a greater gap than for-profitxompanies between their baseline and
target APOs, unionized companies have a greater gap than non-union companies, and Delaware
companies have a greater gap than do New Jersey companies.
At this point many employers are concerned about the costs of the ECO/ETR regulations, and the
unfairness of their having to comply while companies in neighboring jurisdictions do not.
Several companies have mentioned they are seriously considering areas outside the metropolitan
nonattaiiunent areas to move their current operations or to expand operations. Environmental
regulations inconsistently implemented can place businesses in a competitive disadvantage, and
have fee potential to aggravate the problem they are designed to reduce.
Survey of Employees in Nonattainment Areas
A survey of4,452employees at firms in the two nonattainment areas asked questions regarding
commuting habits, attitudes toward protecting the environment and socioeconomic
characteristics of ftuployees. Of the »urveyed employees 71 percent were 44 years of age or
under and 62.9 percent had less than a college education. Sixty and one-half percent of
employees were in skilled or semi-skilled occupations and the remainder were in
professional/administrative occupations. Employees that had less than $25,000 in annual
household income comprised 23.7 percent of the respondents, while 39 percent of employees had
$25,000 to $49,999. Those who had $50,000 or more were 37.4 percent of the total.
One question asked how influential would actions taken by employers be in encouraging ride-
sharing or transit use. According to frequency distributions of the responses, the two most
important actions were compressed work week (10 hours for four days) and offering guaranteed
rides home for an emergency if employees had to work late. For compressed work week 65 5
percent stated that it would be somewhat or very influential, while for guaranteed ride home 57 7
percent stated thai it would be somewhat or very influential. About half of all surveyed
employees staled that flexible work hours, telecommuting sometimes from home, and providine
of vans for van pools would be somewhat or very influential. Providing carpool location
assistance, preferential parking at work, transit information, prepaid public transit, shuttles from
transit stations, and on-site day care facilities had veiy little or no influence.
Correlation and cross-tabs analyses revealed that the responses to questions on influence and
ip4"- *c -4 houMi,oid inc°me-
Compressed work week and flexible work hours would have greater influence on women, those
G""««Sride
home would ha e muca greater influence on women than men and would have atm/ve* emial
influence among the income group* The influence of more flexibility in work dm* and
8

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Those employer actions that had very little or no influence in general did not vary significantly
by gender, age and income but with some exceptions. Preferential parking would have a
somewhat greater influence on those with incomes of $25,000 or less. Transit information also
would have a greater influence on those with incomes of $25,000 or less. Employer prepaid
transit would have a much greater influence on the young and particularly those with incomes of
$25,000 or less.
Not H.S. Grad H.S. Grad Some CollegfCollege Grad Advanced
Program
~Transit
eaCarpool
mSchedule
Likelihood Employees Will Be Influenced by Different Types of Program by
Figure 2
Education
All of the individual potential actions employers can take to reduce solo commuting fall into
three categories that can be defined as transit programs, carpooling programs, and scheduling
Programs. (Results of factor analysis and reliability scaling analysis are available from the
authors.) Programs which involve changing employee work schedules have the potential to
influence the most employees, with a 3.5 average on a 1-5 scale of influence. Carpool programs
less likely to influence change, with a 3.2 average. Transit programs are the least likely to
influence change, with a 2.6 average on a 5-point scale. Employees with differenct
characteristics give different responses on the likelihood they would be influenced by different
9

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types of programs. Education has the greatest relationship. (Figure 1.) Those without high
school degrees are more likely than those with advanced or professional degrees to be influenced
by transit programs (2.8 and 2.4 respectively) but are less likely to be influenced by schedule
change programs (3.0 and 3.3 respectively). Those with college bacculaureate degrees are the
most likely to be influenced by schedule change programs. Carpool programs affect everyone
about equally.
However, actual implementation of schedule changes may not affect everyone equally, and some
types of schedule changes are not desired by some groups. One company intended to meet their
APO target by moving to a compressed work week. However, the recently recognized union
specified a maximum of 8 hours of work per day, scuttling this route to meeting the target APO.
The company now intends to extend to salaried staff the opportunity to work one day a week at
home. Another company will try telecommute options with its programming and accounting
staff, since they are the employees with computers and modems at home and would not cost the
company directly if they took the option. Product production and service workers generally
could not have the option of telecommuting.
What respondents state would influence them should be accepted with caution,'however.
Employees current commuting behavior is consistent with general societal levels, and the general
trend has been away from carpooling and transit use. To change this trend among their
employees would appear to be a daunting task for employers.
Transportation Demand Management
There is now much research in the literature on employer-based transportation demand
management (TDM) measures that would be utilized for an ECO/ETR program.2122 Research
results from southern California and elsewhere indicate that strong financial incentives and
disincentives are required to bring about major modal shifts.23 Parking charges and ride-share or
transit subsidies have achieved reductions in vehicle trips of 5 percent or greater (sometimes
much greater).24 Parking charges may also earn employers net savings or revenues. Preferential
parking, transit subsidies, and guaranteed rides home have achieved vehicle trip reductions of
less than 5 percent, raising concerns over the fairness and cost effectiveness of such measures in
improving air quality.
Modelling efforts in the Philadelphia and Baltimore Nonattainment Areas support these findings.
The DVRPC modelled an ETR program consisting of parking charges, transit subsidies, ride-
share matching, and other services.25 An ETR Program and additional monetary costs imposed
on SOV users are the most cost effective in reducing SOV use, but the DVRPC acknowledges
the political difficulties of imposing user charges on employees. The Baltimore Metropolitan
Council modelled ECO program, using a likely strategy of preferential parking for HOVs, ride-
share matching and flexible work hours, achieved very modest results.26
10

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Conclusions
Perhaps the most expedient political way to avoid the controversies of who is hurt most by
environmental regulations is to suspend environmental regulations, or make them voluntary.
This is the approach eventually taken by Maryland and Pennsylvania. Although Baltimore
region participants were selected from among those who had indicated a desire to start a
voluntary ECO/ETR program before required to, none of these companies have actually
implemented any program. Several have conducted employee surveys, but none have developed
a plan which could be reviewed.
It appears from the research literature on TDM and modelling of ECO/ETR programs that
decreases in vehicle trips and benefits to congestion management around work sites are possible
with significant financial incentives and disincentives. However, the impact on air quality may
be insignificant because of the potentially small number of urban trips affected by the ECO/ETR
regulations. Questions on fairness to employers and employees become key issues and are
difficult to answer.
From the survey it is clear that even among low-income employees a large majority drive alone
and very few use transit or share-rides. Clearly the common misconception that low-income
employees tend to use or are more likely to use transit is not necessarily the case. This result is
consistent with previous research regarding use of the automobile by low-income city residents
when commuting to suburban jobs. Of even greater significance is the finding that low-income
employees are often less likely to be influenced by rather modest employer actions to share-rides
or ride transit than upper-income employees. Financial incentives could be more influential with
low-income employees, however. It appears that low-income employees are reluctant to part
with new found economic freedom to use the automobile for commuting to work. Further
research is needed on the socioeconomic impacts of ECO/ETR on the working poor.
Acknowledgements
This paper was written as part of a research grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(R821240-01-0)on the Economic and Social Impact of Employee Commute Requirements of the
Federal Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
C:\C-GOAL\PROJECT\EPA\ANALYSIS\ENVIRJUS. 1
Endnotes
1. Hushes M. A. The New Metropolitan Reality: Where the Rubber Meets the Road in
Antipoverty Policy. (1992.) Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, December.
2 Journey to Work Trends in the United States and its Major Metropolitan Areas. 1960-
1990. (1994.) Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration, January.
11

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3 .
4 .
5 .
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
11
12
13
14
15
Farkas, Z. A. (1992.) Reverse Commuting: Prospects for Job Accessibility and Energy
Conservation? Transportation Research Record, 1349, pp. 85-92.
Cohen, R.E. (1992). Washington at Work: Back Rooms and Cfean Air. New York:
Macmillan.
Congressional Quarterly, Inc. (1990). Clean-airbill moves in both chambers, Congressional
Quarterly Almanac (1989), 45, 665-674.
Congressional Quarterly, Inc. (1991). Clean Air Act Rewritten, Tightened: Stricter Controls
Enacted on Smog, Cars, Acid Rain. Congressional Quarterly Almanac (1990), 46, 229-278.
Jones, C.O. (1977). An Introduction to the Study of Public Policy. North Scituate, MA:
Duxbury Press.
Ayele, M. & Byun, J. (1984.) A Study to Assess the Importance of Personal, Social,
Psychological and Other Factors in Ridesharing Programs. Washington, D.C.: Urban
Mass Transportation Administration.
Melnick, R.S. (1992.) Pollution deadlines and the coalition for failure. In M.S. Greve
and F.L. Smith, Jr. (eds.), Environmental Politics: Public Costs, Private Rewards, pp.
89-103. New York, NY: Praeger.
U.S. Congress. Senate, Environment and Public Works Committee. (1989.) Pp. 3418,
3431.
Bonham, G.S. Principal Investigator. (1994.) Economic and Social Impact of Employee
Commute Requirements of the Federal Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Grant
funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (R821240-01-0).
Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission. (June 1993.) Journey-To-Work
Trends in the Delaware Valley Region 1970-1990, Direction 2020 Report #5,
Philadelphia.
Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission. (October 1992.) Transit Potential in
the Pennsylvania Counties, Philadelphia.
Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission. (June 1993.) Journey-To-Work
Trends in the Delaware Valley Region 1970-1990, Direction 2020 Report #5,
Philadelphia.
Steiss, T. and Tabugbo, L. (1993.) Commuting Trends in the Baltimore Region: A
Comparison of1970,1980, and 1990 Census Data, Staff Paper 93-2, Baltimore-
Baltimore Metropolitan Council, March.
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16. Maryland Department of Environment, Air and Radiation Management Administration.
(1993.) Transcript of Public Hearing: In the Matter of Air-Quality Regulations Found
in COMAR 26.11.25, Employee Commute Options. Baltimore, MD.
17	Jensen, P. (1993). More commuters now working in suburbs. Baltimore Sun, (January 6),
p.lB.
18	. Gibbons, S. (1994.) The Bad Smell of the Clean Air Act's Caipooling Requirements.
PHH Vehicle Management Services Newsletter (February 22), pp. 1-4.
19	. Beaton, W.P. (1991.) Transportation Control Measures: Commuting Behavior and the
Clean Air Act. CUPR Policy Report No. 9, Piscataway, NJ:Center for Urban Policy
Research, Rutgers State University.
2 0 . Maryland Department of Environment, Air and Radiation Management Administration.
(1993.) Transcript of Public Hearing: In the Matter ofAir-Quality Regulations Found
in COMAR 26.11.25, Employee Commute Options. Baltimore, MD., pp. 10-11.
21. Wachs, M. (1990,.) Transportation and Demand Management: Policy Implications of
Recent Behavioral Research," Journal of Planning Literature, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 333-341.
22 . Shoup, D. and Wilson, R. (1992.) Employer-paid Parking: The Problem and Proposed
Solutions," Transportation Quarterly, April, pp. 169-172.
2 3 . Giuliano, G.; Hwang, K. and Wachs, M. (1993.) Employee Trip Reduction in Southern
California: First Year Results," Transportation Research, Vol 27A, No. 2, pp. 125-137.
24 . COMSIS, Inc. (1994.) Effectiveness of Employer Management Program, paper
presented at Air Quality and Mobility Workshop, Baltimore, MD, May 24.
2 5 . Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission. (1994.) Transportation Control
Measures• An Analysis of Potential Transportation Control Measures for Implementation
in the Pennsylvania Portion of the DVRPC Region, Philadelphia, May.
2 5 . Betlyon, B. and Steiss, T. (Undated.) Evaluating Transportation Demand Management
Measures for Regional Planning Applications, Baltimore, MD: Baltimore Metropolitan
Council.
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Abstract:
The Ozone Pollution Map: A Technology-Based Approach to Improved
Public Awareness of the Nature of Ground-level Ozone Pollution and
To Greater Acceptance of Effective Control Measures
The Baltimore region suffers with the fifth worst air pollution in the Nation. In
Baltimore, the problem is ground level ozone air pollution. Ozone is a powerful
lung irritant. Children, the elderly, persons with lung disease, and individuals
engaged in strenuous work out of doors are particularly vulnerable to the health
effects of ozone air pollution.
The post-beltway suburban development patterns that contributed to population
loss and erosion of Baltimore City's tax base are important contributors to the
ozone pollution problem. Suburban sprawl, fostered and subsidized by
highway oriented transportation planning, is dependent upon an automobile
centered transportation system. As a consequence, mobile sources are the
single largest contributor to Baltimore's ozone pollution problem.
Many suburban Marylanders mistakenly perceive ozone air pollution as a
problem limited to Baltimore City or originating in the city. This misperception is
abetted by the invisible nature of ozone pollution. In fact, ozone pollution is a
region wide problem with the worst pollution recorded in outlying suburbs.
As a regional environmental problem, ozone air pollution affects the health of
citizens thoughout the Baltimore metropolitan area. However, the more severe
health impacts fall disproportionately upon the socio-economically
disadvantaged, largely centered in Baltimore City. The higher prevalence of
asthma among African-Americans and deficiencies in health care delivery
encountered within disadvantaged communities account, in part, for this
disparity.
The American Lung Association of Maryland's Ozone Pollution Map:
To counter misperceptions of ozone air pollution as a City-based problem, to
enable citizens to reduce their personal health risk from ozone air pollution and
to foster greater public acceptance of effective pollution control measures, the
American Lung Association of Maryland has developed an ozone pollution
"weather" map.
The Ozone Pollution Map is a computer animated graphics presentation very
similar to other maps presented in television weather reports. Illustrating actual
ozone pollution levels throughout the region, the Ozone Pollution Map correctly
14

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represents ozone as a region wide problem impacting the suburbs as well as the
City.
Providing this important information in an accessible, understandable visual
representation through a familiar, widely watched medium - daily television
weather reports, the Ozone Pollution Map should be an effective means of
educating the public regarding air pollution. The map, which began airing on
WJZ Television in Baltimore on August 7th, provides viewers with timely,
detailed information regarding ozone air pollution in their own communities and
throughout the region.
Increased public awareness of the origin and nature of ground-level ozone
through the Ozone Pollution Map and other outreach efforts is essential if we are
to reduce this major health and environmental risk. Urban centers such as
Baltimore could benefit from public acceptance of strategies to reduce ozone air
pollution that include infrastructure-based control measures such as expanded
mass transit and policy changes redirecting growth from the suburbs to the City.
The symposium presentation will include a demonstration of the Ozone Pollution
Map technology.
15

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CONTAMINANT LEVELS IN BALTIMORE HARBOR FISH AND CRABS
MARY JO GARRE/S, ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAM MANAGER
MARYLAND DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT
BALTIMORE URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE SYMPOSIUM
OCTOBER 21, 1995
Fish, crabs,oysters and clams have the ability to
concentrate chemicals from surrounding water and sediment into
their tissues. Factors that affect the bioaccumulation of a
particular chemical include the substance's solubility in lipids
(e.g. PCBs accumulate in fatty tissue), the organism's synthesis
of enzymes which contain certain metals (e.g. copper, zinc), and
biological mechanisms in some organisms which actively sequester
metals in certain biological compartments within the organism
(e.g. metallotheinein binding and metal granules). Some
chemicals can be so water-insoluble that they are not detected in
water. The same chemical can still accumulate in aquatic
organisms because it is soluable in fatty tissue. These facts
make fish, crabs and shellfish good indicators of environmental
pollution in a body of water such as the Baltimore Harbor. This
is one of the reasons the Maryland Department of the Environment
(MDE) monitors chemical concentrations in fish, crab and
shellfish tissue. Tissue monitoring also allows MDE to determine
if contaminant levels in fish and crabs are within limits
established as safe for human consumption. In making the
determination that fish and crabs are safe to eat, MDE evaluates
all relevant data and uses its professional knowledge and
experience.
How much of a chemical fish, crabs or shellfish accumulate
depends on many variables, including:
o The species (e.g. oysters will accumulate much higher
levels of metals than fish),
o The species' habits (e.g. fish which feed in bottom
sediments will often have higher contaminant levels than other
species),
? Ag?	older fi®1?	us^ally have higher contaminant
levels than younger fish), and
o The species' normal fat content - many contaminants (e.g.
nonpolar organic compounds or organo-netal complexes)
i?J;£'1™fhaVish sp?cies withf" win
often havs hicjuGr lsvsls of cont&Tnin&nts.
MDE
now investigates levels of contaminants in fish tissue
16

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in the Baltimore Harbor through a standard monitoring program
called the CORE Fish Tissue Network (1) and through special
studies (2). In the Fish Tissue Network, MDE measured levels of
seven metals through 1988 (3): arsenic, cadmium, chromium,
copper, lead, mercury, and zinc. Nickel and manganese were added
in 1989, and silver and selenium in 1994 (4). In addition, MDE
measures the following 17 organochlorine pesticides: aldrin,
alpha-BHC, gamma-BHC (lindane), chlordane, dacthal, DDD, DDE,
DDT, dieldrin, endosulfan, endrin, hexachlorobenzene, heptachlor,
heptachlor epoxide (a degradation product of the pesticide
heptachlor), methoxychlor, mirex, toxaphene and PCB aroclors.
This list was expanded in 1993 (4). Very low laboratory
detection levels (parts per billion) are used to capture chemical
concentrations.
Currently, Maryland's fish tissue monitoring program divides
state waters into three groups: 1) Western Maryland watersheds,
2) Chesapeake Bay watersheds, and 3) Baltimore/Washington urban
watersheds. Samples from within each of these areas are sampled
every three years. This sampling frequency is based on MDE's
experience that tissue contaminant levels change gradually over
time. Two finfish species are collected at each site: an
accumulator species and a game species. For the accumulator
species a fish which both is high in fat content and feeds on
detritai material in the bottom sediments is selected, in order
to ensure that the species with the greatest likelihood of
accumulating most contaminants is analyzed. Art example of an
accumulator species is the channel catfish. The game species
chosen is a popular sport fish such as the white perch. Species
which reside at the collection site with little migratory
behavior are selected for both the accumulator and game species
As oart of MDE's Fish Tissue Network, Baltimore Harbor is
generally sampled on a triennial basis (5); the most recent data
available were collected in 1990 for Baltimore Harbor. The
target species for both areas are white perch (game species) and
channel catfish or brown bullhead (accumulator species).An
intensive finfish survey was conducted in both water bodies m
i* S1£Lfs£?es collected include "hite pe,chann;1
cattish, American eel and brown bullhead (6). Crabs are
generally sampled on a five year sc
In describing potential or actual risk to human health, the
in aescriDi = n+-0vic" are widely used and often
terras "contaminan	f contaminants or toxic substances
misunderstood. The presence or	hailth. An substances
hSS SS notential to be contaminants and to cause toxicity.
have the potential	latively harmless or even beneficial,
Substances considere	harmful i e. "toxic" if consumed in
such as vitamin C, »ay be harmful x..-nt #	Wcohol.. u
very large	"r week is considered harmless whi-le
another example: one drink per wee* «
several drinks per day can cause liver disease.
17

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Whether or not a substance exerts toxicity depends on both
the concentration (dose) and the duration of the exposure. For
example, because of the difference in alcohol content (dose),
consumption of a shot glass of whiskey each day is more harmful
than consumption of a shot glass of beer each day. Similarly,
consumption of a shot glass of whiskey each day is more harmful
than a shot glass of whiskey once each week. In evaluating
potential health risk, various factors such as the rate of
consumption of the food of concern, the other foods consumed, the
age and health of the individuals most likely to be affected and
a host of other factors need to be considered.
Criteria for the public health risk evaluation of data on
contaminants in fish tissue are available primarily from two
sources: the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The FDA enforces
Action and Tolerance Levels through their monitoring of fish and
shellfish in interstate commerce. These values exist for fish or
shellfish for one metal (methylmercury) and 13 organic
substances. Additionally, the FDA has published a set of
guidance documents on five other metals (arsenic, cadmium,
copper, nickel and lead). The EPA also has published guidance
documents, which present screening levels for preliminary
evaluation of fish tissue data in terms of human health needs
(7) .
For the purposes of this report, screening level values were
obtained from the FDA Action and Tolerance Levels and the FDA
guidance documents for metals. The FDA has long been the agency
responsible for the protection of foodstuffs for public
consumption. The FDA guidance documents, in particular, include
comprehensive risk characterizations for each metal, including
descriptions of bioavailability and toxicity in seafood, in
addition to a description of methodology for the assessment of
risk to consumers. In contrast, EPA's guidance simply presents
values calculated using readily available toxicity values and
default assumptions, which may not apply to the situation at
hand, and may lead to over or under estimation of risk. For
example, one EPA default assumption is complete absorption of a
chemical from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract; in the case of
cadmium, however, substantial human data indicate the average GI
absorption is only 5%. Therefore, using this EPA assumption
could lead to overestimation of risk.
The screening levels used for the five metals are the most
protective of those presented for each metal in the FDA documents
for children, pregnant women and adults. These levels were
derived under the assumption that consumption of the species
being evaluated (e.g. crs'bs) is at a rate of approximately l 25
lbs/month (15 lbs/year) for adults and 2/3 lb/month for children.
A national food consumption survey indicated that 90% of
Americans who consume crustacean shellfish eat less than this
18

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amount (8).
Although tissue data are available for copper and zinc, FDA
has not issued guidance or Action Levels for these metals. Both
substances are essential nutrients of the human diet, and may
exert toxicity only-at very high levels of intake, e.g. more than
15 mg copper/person/day (9).
In 1983, a large survey of contaminants in blue crabs from
Baltimore Harbor and other Chesapeake Bay tributaries was
conducted (2,10). A second survey, not yet published by MDE, was
conducted in 1990 and included sites in Baltimore Harbor (4).
These blue crab data for the Harbor are summarized in Tables l
and 2, and compared to the screening levels described above (11).
Table 1 presents organic contaminants data (11). In the
1983 Baltimore Harbor collection, only one organic contaminant
exceeded a screening level; one of six blue crab tissue samples
in 1983 exceeded the screening level for chlordane. In the 1990
blue crab survey, there were no organic contaminants which
exceeded screening levels.
Table 2 presents metals data (11). The only metal in blue
crab tissue which exceeded a screening level was lead. Forty-two
of the 65 crab samples from the Harbor analyzed in 1983 exceeded
this screening level (for children 2-5 years old), while 13 of
the 16 crab samples analyzed in 1990 exceeded it. None of the
Harbor crab samples collected in 1983 or 1990 exceeded the lead
screening level for adult consumers. Blue crabs will be
collected again from the Baltimore Harbor in 1995.
A screening level is a very conservative concentration
estimate which, when clearly exceeded, calls for closer scrutiny
of the contaminant data and the actual potential for public
health risk. The screening level used for lead, derived
specifically for children 2-5 years of age (to provide protection
from potential developmental effects), is very conservative and
is based upon several "worst case" suppositions. The use of this
screening level implies an assumption that crabs from Baltimore
Harbor are consumed by a child 2-5 years of age at the rate of
2/3 of a pound of crab meat per month during an average four-
month crabbing season. This appears to be a very high crab-
consumption rate for a young child.
MDE has carefully examined the available data on lead in
crabs from Baltimore Harbor and the toxicological data on lead.
The data were also examined with respect to the current status of
lead poisoning in children in Baltimore. Even using "worst case-
exposure assumptions (i.e. assuming that a child eats about 190
crabs/vear) the lead in crabs would represent a relatively minor
contribution (less than 15%) to the blood lead level of the
average inner-city child. The vast majority of lead exposure for
19

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city children is attributable to incidental ingestion of the lead
present in dust and soil. MDE has concluded that the levels of
lead seen in crabs from Baltimore Harbor do not significantly
increase the risk of lead poisoning to Baltimore's children (11).
The lead detection level for the previously collected data
(0.5 ppm) was very close to the screening level for small
children (0.6 ppm). Some exceedances of the screening level may
be due to the imprecision which surrounds measurements made at
the detection level. Since the 1990 crab and finfish
collections, MDE's laboratory has begun using another analytical
method, for which the detection level is more sensitive (0.05
ppm). The Department's routine tissue-monitoring program is
scheduled to re-survey contaminants in crabs from Baltimore
Harbor during the summer of 1995. The new, more sensitive
analytical method for lead (0.05 ppm) will be used in this effort
to provide more accurate data for future evaluations of the
potential for public health risk and determinations concerning
the need for public health advisories.
Table 2 permits comparison of 1983 with 1990 metals levels
in Baltimore Harbor blue crab tissue (11). Of the metals shown,
cadmium and chromium show a marked decrease in concentration.
Levels of arsenic and mercury observed in 1983 and 1990 are
similar, although each is slightly lower in 1990. In a
comparison of the 1983 and 1990 average contaminant levels in
blue .crabs from several Chesapeake Bay tributaries, it was
observed that lead concentrations declined between 1983 and 1990
in crabs from all areas sampled in those two years (5).
Garreis and Murphy (2) reported no statistically significant
differences between Baltimore Harbor crabs and those from other
Chesapeake Bay tributaries in 1983 for tissue levels of zinc and
cadmium. Mercury levels were slightly higher in Baltimore Harbor
crabs, while arsenic levels were significantly lower in Baltimore
Harbor crabs than those from other tributaries. Blue crab lead
and chromium levels were similar between the Harbor and other
Chesapeake Bay tributaries. Copper levels in 1983, however, were
significantly higher in Baltimore Harbor crabs than those from
most other tributaries (2). When compared to individual
Chesapeake Bay tributaries, recent copper levels in Baltimore
Harbor crabs, while greater than those in some tributaries
appear to be similar to the levels seen in crabs from other-
western shore tributaries (4).
in 1985, a large survey of contaminants in finfish from
Baltimore Harbor was conducted (6). Although not yet published
by/S5;	analyzed for other organochlorine insecticides
and PCBs, in addition to chlordane (4). since then, smaller
collections have been performed as part of MDE's Fish Tissue
Network in 1990 and 1994. Because the 1994 sample data are not
yet available, and because it would be inappropriate to compare
2®

-------
the single composite samples of white perch and brown bullhead
and channel catfish fillets collected in 1990 to the more robust
data set from 1985, only the 1985 data are summarized and
compared to the screening levels in Table 3 (11).
In the 1985 Baltimore Harbor finfish collection, two of the
organic contaminants, chlordane and PCBs, exceeded the screening
level for some substances (Table 3). While no brown bullheads
and only two of the 31 white perch exceeded the screening level
for chlordane, it was exceeded by approximately half of the
American eel samples and by three-quarters of the channel catfish
samples. The PCB screening level was exceeded by only one of the
19 American eel samples (11).
Metals data for Baltimore Harbor finfish fillet samples from
the 1985 and 1990 collections are summarized in Table 4, in
comparison to the screening levels described above (11). The
only metal which exceeded the screening levels in finfish tissue
was lead. While no Harbor finfish samples (1985 or 1990)
exceeded the lead screening level derived for the protection of
adults, 1985 samples from two species exceeded the new FDA
guidance for young children.
The one white perch sample (a composite of fillets from ten
fish) analyzed in 1985 exceeded this screening level, while the
white perch sample analyzed in 1990 (composited from Jive fish)
did not All eleven American eel samples collected m 1985
exceeded the children's lead screening level. The explanation
may be that bone is the primary repository for lead and the eel
samples were analyzed without filleting (i.e. with all bones).
Secondly, the lead screening level for children 2-5 years old is
derived using the assumption that these children are consuming
these fish species "-T Harbor at a rate of eight pounds a
year.
in 1936 the Maryland Department of Health and Mental
Hvcri pne TnHMm reported concentrations of the pesticide chlordane
Tfts* from Back River and Baltimore Harbor that exceeded the
advisorv°waseIssued against the'consumption of American eel
^Anaui11a rostrata) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)
{Anguilla rostra )	.	Harbor, as well as black crappie
from Back River and Baltimore	. -Mrnin\ frQm 1,1,.
(Pomoxis nigromaculatus) and carP	at persons limit or avoid
Rnlarv, ,,,, The advisory suggested that persons limn: or avoid
Roland (12). T	American eels from these areas.
EiSnfESi and children were especially cautioned. This
advisory continues in effect today.
,an<3 is a man made chemical that was used as a
Chlordane is a	to ig88< It 1S extremely
pesticide in the JChlordane may travel long
persistent m the	narticles and be deposited on land or
distances attached to soil particles
21

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in water far from its source. Prior to 1978, it was widely used
on agricultural crops, lawns, home gardens and to protect homes
and other structures from termites. Because of concerns over
possible cancer risk, environmental persistence and possible
danger to wildlife, EPA canceled chlordane use on food crops and
phased out other above ground uses over the next 5 years. In
1988, EPA canceled all use of chlordane in the United States.
The chlordane we find today in Baltimore Harbor fish tissue is
the remains of the historic application of chlordane in this
watershed. Gradually the levels are decreasing as the chlordane
disintegrates over time or is buried in sediments.
In 1993, a survey of contaminants in softshell clams from
the mouth of Baltimore Harbor was conducted (4). The area
sampled was off the Anne Arundel County shoreline, east of Rock
Point, and is open to commercial clamming. None of the samples
shown in Tables 5 and 6 exceeded the screening criteria for
organic or inorganic contaminants (11). Clams are obtained from
this site only by commercial clamming rigs and, once on the
market, are mixed with clams from elsewhere in Maryland.
Conclusion
Most edible fish, crabs and shellfish from the Baltimore
harbor exhibit measurable levels of some toxic metals and toxic
organic chemicals. With the exception of the chlordane threshold
in two finfish species and the lead screening value for
consumption by young children in samples taken from blue crabs
and american eels, generally contaminant levels in fish, crab and
shellfish tissue do not exceed public health thresholds. The
species sampled in the 1990s show generally reduced levels of
contamination, compared to levels seen in samples of the same
species taken in the early 19 80s.
2 2

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Table 1. Organic Chemical Concentrations in Baltimore Harbor Blue Crabs Compared to Screening Values.

Aldrin &
Dieldrin
(ppm)
Chlordane
(ppmi)
DDT, DDE,
&DDD
(PP»0
Endrin
(ppm)
Heptachlor &
H. Epoxide
(ppm)
Mirex
(ppm)
PCBs
(ppm)
Toxa-
phene
(ppm)
Screening Levels1
(0.3)
(0.3)
(5.0)
(0.3)
(0.3)
(0.1)
(2.0)
(5.0)
Blue Crabs (1983)2








# Exceedances/
# Samples
0
14
1
14
0
14
0
14
0
14
0
14
0
14
0
14
Range3
<.0005-.0274
<.0005-.625
.009-.208
(combined)
all <.0005
<.0005-.1778
all <.0005
.076-1.162®
all <.01
Blue Crab (1990)7








# Exceedances/
# Samples
0
15
0
16
0
16
0
16
0
16
0
14
0
14
0
16
Range
<.001-.003
(combined)
<.0096-.122
<.012-.033
(combined)
all <.0023
all <.0029
(combined)
all <.01
.032-1.074
all <.124
'These values for organic chemicals are the FDA Action Levels.
2 In 1983 study, efeM samples were 6-crab composites; the remainder were individual crabs. A# muscle and hepatopancreas ("mustard") from each crab was Included In each sample
(Garrets & Murphyt 1966a). Since the mustard Is the crab liver, which Is known to concentrate many contaminants, is Inclusion contributes significantly to contaminant concentrations of the
sample.
' The "teas than" vate Indicates nortdetact results and the value provided Is the detection level reported in Garreis and Murphy (1986). After publication, the laboratory revised its estimate
of detection levels far this data set as follows (4/15/88 memo from Garrets): dMdrin (.007). chlordane (0.01), DOT (.02), DOE (.07), ODD (.04), endrin (.004), heptachlor epoxide (.004),
mirwc (.05), toMaphewc (.23).
4	Dietdrin only.
5	Heptachlor epaaMs only.
* AH PCS value* from this survey am considered overestimates (4/15/88 memo from Garrets).
' In 1980 study, afl samples ware 6-crab composites. All muscle and hepatopancreae from each crab was Included in each sample (D. Murphy, Pers. Comm.). Since the mustard is the
crab liver, which Is Imam to concentrate many contaminants, Its Inclusion contributes significantly to contaminant concentrations of the sample.

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Table 2. Concentrations of Metal Contaminants in Baltimore Harbor Blue Crabs Compared to Screening Values.

Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Nickel
Lead
Mercury.
Screening Values*
43
3
11
70
3.9
0.6
1.0
(ppm, wet weight)
(children
(ail ages)
(ail ages)
(aduit
(aduit
(children
(all)

2-5 Yrs)


consumers)
consum
ers) 2-5 yrs)

Bkie Crabs (10S3)9






# Exceedances/
0
_o
0
No
JL

0
# Samefos
38
65
65
Data
65
65
82
Range toid
<.01-029
0.12-1.13
<0.50-2.9

<0.50-3.70
.003-0.045
Blue Crab (1990)"






# Excatdanoaa/
0
0
0
_£L

134S
0
# Samples
14
16
16
16
16
16
15
Rang* (ppm)
<.05-0.17
0.04-0.64
<0.50-0.60
0.21-3.34
0.50-2 60
0.014-0.031 |
* These values for afl metals, except mercury, reflect the mod restrictive value calculated from FDA guidance using the 90" percentile consumption rate for crustaceans, I.e., approximately
15.3 Ibs/yr BaMmera Harbor crab meat for adults, J 3.6 fefyr for chldren 5 yrs and up, and 8 lbs/year for young chldren 2-5 yrs. The screening value for mercury is the FDA Action Level,
which is protective of al consumers.
1 In 1983 study, ten samples ware 6-crab composites; the remainder were Individual crabs. All muscle and hepatopancreas ("mustard") from each crab was included in each sample
(Gamls & Murphy, B86a). Since the mustard is the crab Rver, which is known to concentrate many contaminants, its inclusion contributes significantly to contaminant concentrations In the
sample.
"The FDA Guidance on lead in sheBflsh, which Is the source of the lead screening values, was puMshed in August 1993. Prior to that time, no federal guidance existed for lead in
sheMsh.
" Athough more ftan half the samples exceed the screening level for young children (a prelminary assessment level), careful review of the contaminant and toxicological data for lead
Indicate that this does not represent a significant heath hazard, when viewed In comparison with other exposure pathways for urban residents.
"TO* lead screening level ef 0.6 is protective of chldren ages 2-5 who consume 8 lbs. of crabmeat (apprax. 192 crabs) per year from BaWmore Harbor. Only 5 of 16 samples exceed the
screening value for chldran ages 6 and up who consume 13.6 Rw. Baltimore Harbor crabmeat (apprax. 326 crabs) per year. Just 3 of 16 samples exceed the screening value for pregnant
women who consume 15.3 fcs. BaUmore Harbor crabmeat (approx. 365 crabs) per year. The screening value for al adults (3.9 ppm) is protective of adults consuming 15.3 lbs. of Baltimore
Harbor crabmeat (apprax. 365 crabs) per year.
" In 1990 study, al samples were 6-crab composites. Al muscle and hepatopancreas (mustard) from each crab was Included in each sample (D. Murphy, Pers. Comm.). Since the
mustard Is the crab liver, an organ known to concentrate many contaminants, Its. inclusion contributes signlflcanffy to contaminant concentrations in the sample.

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Table 3. Concentrations of Organic Chemicals in Baltimore Harbor Finfish Compared to Screening Values.

Aldrin &
Chlordane
DDT, DDE,
Endrin
Heptachlor &
Mirex
PCBs
Toxaphene

Dieldrin

&DDD

H. Epoxide


(PPm)

(ppm)
(ppni)
(ppni)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(pprri)
(ppm)

Screening Levels14
(0.3)
(0.3)
(5.0)
(0.3)
(0.3)
(0.I)
(2.0)
(5.0)
White perch 0965)19








# Exceedances/
0
JL
0
0
0
0
0
0
# Samples
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
Range
<.01-.017
<.004-.614
all <13
all <.004
<.011-.021
all <.05
<.07-.921s
all <.23
American eel (1985)""

# Exceedances/
0
9
0
0
0
0
1
0
# Samples
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
Range
<.0t-.048
.08-.668
.<13-.142
all <.004
.013-.037
all <.05
.14-2.343
all <.23
Brown buHhead (1985)"

# Exceedances/
0
0
0
_o
0
0
0
0
# Samples
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
Range
alK.01
.02-205
all <.13
all <.004
<.011-.012
all <.05
.07-.143
all <.23
Channel Catfish (1985)204

# Exceedances/
0
3
0
0
JL
0
0
0
# Samples
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Range
<.01-.027
.187-.858
<.13-.251
all<.004
<.011-.029
all<.05
.34-1.463
all<.23
"Thest values lor organic chemicals are the FDA Action Levels.
" In this data set two samples are 10-fish composites; the remainder are Individual fish. AH samples are fillets.
'* AH PCS values from this survey are considered over-estimates (4/15/88).
17 A fish consumption advisory is currently in effect for American eel and channel catfish from Bafflmore Harbor.
" All American eel samples were Individual organisms, which had been beheaded, skinned and gutted prior to analysis.
" All farown buHwad samples are Individual fish. All samples are Mats.
M AH charms) catlteh samples art Individual fish. All samples are fillets.

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Table 4. Concentrations of Metal Contaminants in Baltimore Harbor Finfish Compared to Screening Values.

—¦
Antenlc
Cadmium
Chromium
Nickel
Lead
Mercury
Screening Values1
43
(children
2-5 yr)
3
(ail ages)
11
(all ages)
70
(adult
consumers)
3.9 0.6
(adult (children
consumers) 2-5 yrs)
1.0
(all)
White perch (1985)*


I # Exceedances/
# Samples
JL
1
JL
1
0
1
No
Data
0	1
1	1
0
1
Ranae
0.20
1.10
<0.5

0.8
0.051
White perch (1990)3

# Exceedances/
# Samples
No Data
0
1
0
1
0
1
0	0
1	1
A
1
Ranae

<0.01
<0.5
<0.05
<0.5
0.019
American eeJ(1985)4S

# Exceedances/
# Samples
0
12
0
11
0
11
No
Data
0 _ii!
11 11
_o
14
Range
0.14-0.25
0.36-1.42
<0.5-1.1

1.2-3.21
.0040-.036
Brown bullhead (1985)


No Data
No Data
No Data
No Data
No Data
No Data
Brown bullhead (1990)*

# Exceedances/
# Samples
No Data
0
1
0
1
0
1
0	0
1	1
JB.
1
Ranae

<0.01
<0.5
<0.05
<0.5
0.019

-------

Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Nickel
Lead
Mercury
Screening Values'
43
(children
2-5 yr)
3
(all ages)
11
(all ages)
70
(adult
consumers)
3.9 0.6
(adult (children
consumers) 2-5 yrs)
1.0 I
(all)
Channel catfish (1985)29





I
# Exceedances/
#Samg|e
0
4
0
4
0
4
No
Data
0 0
4 4
0
4
Range
.015-0.20
1.34-2.21
all<0.5

all<0.5
.0010-.024
1.	These values for all metals, except mercury, reflect the most restrictive value calculated from FDA guidance using the 90* percentile consumption rate for crustaceans (approximately 15.3
lbs/year for adults, 13.6 lbs/year for children 5 years and up, 8.0 lbs/year for young children 2-5 years). The screening value for mercury is the FDA Action Level, which is protective of all
consumers.
2.	The whte perch sample from 1985 Is a composite sample of the fillets from 10 fish.
3.	The white perch sample from 1990 Is a composite sample of the fillets from 5 fish.
4.	A fish consumption advisory Is currently In effect for American eel and channel catfish from Baltimore Harbor.
5.	AH American eel samples from 1985 are Indlvudual fish, which had been beheaded, skinned and gutted prior to analysis.
6.	The lead screening level of 0.6 is protective of children ages 2-5 who consume 8 lbs. of eel meat from Baltimore Harbor per year. The screening value for adults (3.9 ppm) is protective of
adults consuming 15.2 lbs of eel meat from Baltimore Harbor per year.
7.	It should be noted that these eel samples were analyzed with all bones except the head. As bone is the primary repository for lead, lead levels In the eel meat alone would fall below the
values presented here.
8.	The brown bullhead sample from 1990 Is a composite sample of the fillets from 5 flsh.
9.	AH four channel catfish samples from 1985 are fillet samples from Individual fish.

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Table 5. Organic Chemical Concentrations in Outer Baltimore Harbor1 Softshell Clams Compared to Screening Values.

Aldrin &
Chlordane
DDT, DDE,
Endrin
Heptachlor &
Mirex
PCBs
Toxa-

Dieldrin

&DDD

H. Epoxide


phene

(ppm)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(ppm)









(ppm)
Screening Levels2
(0.3)
(0.3)
(5.0)
(0.3)
(0.3)
(0.1)
(2.0)
(5.0)
Softshell clam (I993)3




# Exeeedances/
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
, # Samples
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

rilK.0009
<002-.005
all<0029
all<0004
<.0004-.0007
all<.0016
<.01-.023
all
Range
(combined)

(combined)




<.019
' AH of these dams were collected In the area off the northern Anne Arundel County coast between Rock Pt and Franlde Pt. These are the doses! soft shell clams to Baltimore Harbor, as
no clams or oysters are found Inside the Rock Pt - North Pt boundary.
2 There values for organic chemicals are the FDA Action Levels.
* In this (fata set, there were three 30-clam composite samples.

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Table 6. Concentrations of Metal Contaminants in Outer Baltimore Harbor4 Softshell Clams Compared to Screening Values.

Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Nickel
Lead
Mercury
Screening Values5
43
(children
2-5 yrs)
3
(alt ages)
11
(all ages)
70
(adult
consumers)
3.9 0.6
(adult (children
consumers) 2-5
yrs.)
1.0
(all)
Softshell Clam (I993)6






# Exceedances/
# Samples
0
4
0
4
0
4
0
4
0 0
4 4
0
4
Range (ppm)
all<.05
.04-.20
all<.5
.69-1.35
<.50-.6
.005-.0100
to
v©
4 All of these clams were collected In the area off the northern Anne Arundel County coast between Rock Pt and Franlde Pt. These are the closest soft shell clams to Baltimore Harbor, as
no clams or oysters are found inside the Rock Pt - North Pt boundary.
' These values for all metals, except mercury, reflect the most restrictive value calculated from FDA guidance using the 90" percentile consumption rate for crustaceans, I.e., approximately
15.3 Ibs/yr soft shell clams from this site for adults, 13.6 ib/yr for children 5 yrs and up, and 8 lbs/year for young children 2-5 yrs. The screening value for mercury is the FDA Action Level,
which Is protective of all consumers.
' This data set includes four 30-ciam composite samples.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.	Murphy, Deirdre L. 1988. Basic water monitoring program;
fish tissue analysis 1985. Technical Report 59. Prepared for
Maryland Department of the Environment, Baltimore, MD.
2.	Garreis, Mary Jo and D. Murphy. 1986. Inner Harbor crab
survey: heavy metal and chlorinated hydrocarbon levels in
Callinectes sapidus in the Chesapeake Bay. Technical Report
22. State of Maryland, Office of Environmental Programs,
Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Annapolis, MD.
3.	Murphy, Deirdre L. 1988. Analysis of basic water monitoring
program fish tissue network. Technical Report #100. Maryland
Department of the Environment, Water Management
Administration. Annapolis, MD.
4.	Murphy, Deirdre L., PhD. 1995. Maryland Department of the
Environment, Baltimore Maryland. Personal Communication.
5.	Chesapeake Bay Program. 1993. Chesapeake Bay
finfish/shellfish tissue contamination critical issue forum
proceedings. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Chesapeake Bay Program, Annapolis, MD.
6.	Garreis, Mary Jo and D. Murphy. 1986. Intensive survey for
chlordane contamination in finfish in Lake Roland, Back
River and Patapsco River. Prepared for Maryland Department
of Mental Health and Hygiene.
7.	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. Guidance for
assessing chemical contaminant data for use in fish
advisories: volume II, risk assessment and fish consumption
limits. EPA 823-B-94-004. Office of Water. Washington,
D.C.
8.	Pao, E.M., K.H. Fleming, P.M. Guenther. 1982. Foods commonly
eaten by individuals: amount per day and per eating
occasion. US Department of Agriculture. Home economics
Report No.44.
9.	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980. Ambient water
quality criteria for copper. EPA 440/5-80-036. Office of
Water Regulations and Standards. Washington, D.C.
10.	Garreis, Mary Jo and D. Murphy. 1988. Survey of
organochlorine pesticide and metal concentrations in
Chesapeake Bay finfish (1983). Prepared for Maryland
Department of the Environment, Water Management
Administration, Baltimore, MD.
30

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11.	Murphy, Deirdre L. and Gould Charshee. 1995 Draft regional
toxics action plan for Baltimore Harbor. Maryland
Department of the Environment, Technical and Regulatory
Services Administration. Baltimore, Maryland
12.	Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. 1986. DHMH
issues health advisory, news release, February 5,198 6.
31

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Concentrations and Sources of Contamination in Baltimore Air
JohnM. Ondov
Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
The atmosphere known to be a substantial source of both toxic and nutrient contaminants
to some of the Nations most important "great waters", for example, the Great Lakes, the
Chesapeake Bay, and the midAtlantic coastal waters. This is especially true for waters
such as those of southern Lake Michigan where urban and heavily industrial areas lie in
close proximity. As a populous, heavily industrial, and busy midAtlantic deep water port,
air pollutants from Baltimore's industries, shipping, and concomitantly-enhanced truck
traffic enhance urban pollutant levels and represent a potential source of contaminants to
the Chesapeake Bay. To investigate this potential, concentrations of heavy metals, trace
elements, extractable organic matter (EOM) and aromatic hydrocarbons were
simultaneously sampled in air collected in Baltimore City (Eastern Avenue Fire Station)
and at sites on the Chesapeake Bay during an intensive 3-week field study. Additional
measurements were made at a background ate located on the University of Maryland
Campus in Baltimore. The study included application of a unique elemental tracer
(iridium) to tag diesel soot particles. Results of these measurements will be used to
determine the influence of Baltimore's air pollutants on Bay air quality and to determine
their generic sources. Comparison of urban and background measurements may be useful
in assessing environmental equity.
32

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Are the Fish Safe to Eat?
Environmental Justice Means Reducing Toxic Pollution
Jacqueline D. Savitz, Environmental Scientist
Chesapeake Bay Foundation
Introduction
Frequently we are told that pollution problems are a thing of the past. Now that we have
strong environmental laws, we no longer need to be concerned about tainted seafood, or other
potential health effects of pollution. Many people even believe that it is illegal for companies
or farmers to allow toxic chemicals to reach our air and our water.
In fact, toxic chemicals are discharged directly into air and water and sprayed onto
agricultural fields every day; legally. And while we don't frequently see fish kills, or blatant
human health effects, we still have serious pollution problems. They clearly are not a thing of
the past.
The effects of toxic chemicals depend on the amount of the chemical to which a person
is exposed. In other words, the dose makes the poison. A large amount of a given chemical,
like arsenic, could definitely kill you; a small amount won't. But a small amount of arsenic nay
cause heart problems, stomach problems, kidney problems, etc. Just because yew didn't die,
doesn't mean you weren't affected by the arsenic. We need to consider these effects and prevent
them too.
Even the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) acknowledges that pollution problems
are still with us. In their draft .Sediment Point s™1"* Inventory they describe the current sources
of pollution and say that it is currendy ongoing and causing sediments to be contaminated:
"Potentially significant sources of sediment contamination include municipal sewage
treatment facilities, stormwater discharges and CSO's, urban and agricultural runoff,
industrial discharges of process wastewater, leachate from hazardous waste sites, and
atmospheric deposition for point and mobile source emissions.M
"The study indicates, however, that releases of sediment contaminants are currently
ongoing and likely contributing to the formation of contaminated sediments.1'
You may ask, "What do contaminated sediments have to do with me?" That question
brings us back to fish safety. Many of the fish we eat, live and feed on or near the sediments
at the bottom of the river. These chemicals that are accumulating in the sediments can be picked
up by the fish we eat. Now we are told that we shouldn't worry about this pollution because not
enough of it gets into the fish to cause harm to us humans. Let's think about that.
Assumptions in Assessments
The Department of the Environment compares the amount of a given chemical in a fish
to a screening level set up by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) which is determined
33

-------
through risk assessment to protect human health (Figure 1). This risk assessment is based on a
number of assumptions that may not be entirely true. First of all, the safe level really depends
on how much fish you eat. Let's use the metal cadmium as an example. Cadmium is commonly
found in fish from polluted areas. EPA says that the safe level of cadmium in fish is lOppm for
adults who only eat 6.5 grams of fish per day (Table 1). The FDA level of concern for
cadmium says that for the person that eats 15 grams (about a half ounce) of fish per day, the fish
level should be below 3.7 ppm.
But EPA acknowledges that the people who eat the most fish are probably recreational
or subsistence fishers. And they estimate that these people probably eat more than 6.5 grams
per day, and in fact they eat more than FDA's estimate of 15 grams per day. In fact EPA says
that some people eat up to 140 grams/day. Almost ten times as much. If you plug that into the
risk equation, the acceptable amount in fish should be 0.5ppm, not 10 ppm. Twenty times less.
Let's compare that to what we know about Baltimore Harbor.
The concentration of cadmium in crabs in MDE's 1986 report ranged from 0.21 ppm to
0.77 ppm. This is below the FDA screening level, but not below the level that would be
expected to protect those who consume the most fish.
Now, this is a very crude way to test whether fish are safe to eat. I can't tell you from
experience that people eat 140 grams of fish per day (about a third of a pound per day) from
Baltimore Harbor. You may know better than I do. This estimate comes from EPA. The point
that I wait to leave you with is that this method of comparing concentrations in fish to FDA
levels has some shortcomings. There are a lot of assumptions made that may not hold for the
most sensitive parts of the population. The first is that they only eat 15 grams per day of fish.
The second assumption is that the chemical of concern, in this case cadmium, comes only
from the fish. In fact, there are many other sources of cadmium that a person is exposed to
(Figure 2). For example, cigarette smoke is a major source, and even second-hand smoke can
be a source of cadmium. There also are many sources of cadmium exposure in workplaces,
including electroplating, soldering, battery production, pigments, plastics, alloys, and fumes from
smelting or welding. Cadmium also comes from foods other than fish, including grains, meat,
and fruit. Urban air contains cadmium, and in fact tends to have about ten times more cadmium
than rural air. The risk assessments for the seafood consumption do not consider most of these
other sources, but for urban residents, these could be significant.
The assessments also do not consider the situation where the most sensitive individual may
be a member of a low income community (Figure 3). In that case, the person has even more
going against him or her. For example, poor nutrition can make cadmium more available to a
person. In other words, if you have a calcium or iron deficiency for example, your body may
tend to absorb cadmium more readily. For cadmium, dietary deficiency of calcium, zinc,
copper, iron, and vitamin D can allow cadmium to cause skeletal (bone-related) problems. Good
nutrition can help protect us from a number of different toxicants as well. However, if we don't
have good nutrition, we lose that element of protection.
34

-------
Add to that a lack of good health care including preventative care. For example, since
cadmium can cause a number of diseases, including kidney damage, chronic bronchitis,
emphysema and lung cancer, good health care could catch the problem before it becomes
irreversible. But if you don't have good preventative health care, you are at a disadvantage.
Poor living conditions also can affect toxicit. For example, people whose homes have
peeling lead paint or asbestos are subject to the effects of multiple chemicals at a time more so
than the average population. Cadmium can work with lead to cause neurological problems. It
also can increase liver toxicity associated with alcohol.
Chemicals often act in concert with each other. In other words, where you don't have
a toxic amount of one chemical, but you have another chemical present, they can work together
to cause toxic effects. This is another major weakness of the FDA system.
To say that a given amount of a chemical like cadmium is safe is fine if you are living
in a vacuum. But in the real world, we are exposed to hundreds, if not thousands, of chemicals,
many of which are toxic (Figure 4). Other than those I have just mentioned, there are a number
of pesticides that we are exposed to. There are other metals, like lead and mercury. Not to
mention the various organic chemicals including petroleum related chemicals, PCB's, and the
like. Some of these are found in fish as well. Maybe not at levels that exceed FDA thresholds.
But given the many sources of those chemicals, the stresses on urban and low income
communities, and the many interacting chemical effects, which are not considered in setting FDA
levels of concern, we should definitely try to minimize the amounts of chemicals that we are
exposed to.
Solutions
The solution to this problem is to minimize our risk. There are a number of things we
can do. If we can avoid fish from contaminated areas like Baltimore Harbor, that would
be wise. For those who do eat fish from the Harbor there are a few tips I can share. The first
is to practice moderation. If possible, try to find supplementary food sources to reduce the
amount of fish you and your family eat. Or try to find an alternative place to fish.
When cooking fi^h, trim the fat from fish before cooking to help reduce the organic
compounds such as pesticides in the fish. This is especially true for fatty fish. Diagram 5 shows
how fish should be trimmed to avoid the fat. This involves removing the fatty portions around
the dorsal, lateral and belly area. Some states also recommend broiling fish on a broiler pan that
allows the fat to drip down into the pan; however, it is unclear how much benefit this conveys.
When eating crabs from polluted areas, I recommend avoiding the "mustard". This is
a fatty organ called the hepatopancreas where many toxicants will concentrate. In fact, one
researcher in New Jersey found that when crabs are cooked, some toxicants can actually leach
out and get into the meat. The is true if you use whole crabs to make spaghetti sauce. A
better way to cook the crab is to remove the mustard first. That's what they do in Tangier
Sound, where much commercial crabbing is done. They actually clean the crabs before they
35

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cook them. They use heavy rubber gloves to remove the shell, and wash out the mustard. Then
when you add the spices, they really get into the meat!
Exercising prudence in what we eat can help. But we also need to be prudent in
protecting the environment. We may not have dead fish floating on the water, but we do have
a pollution problem. According to EPA, in Maryland we discharge at least 13 million pounds
of toxic chemicals into the air. This is of concern since we also breath the air. And studies
show that what goes up does come down. Over 5 million lbs of those chemicals come down
onto the Bay from the atmosphere to contribute to the load of chemicals getting into the Harbor.
And in Maryland we discharge 10 million pounds of toxic chemicals directly into the water. This
is where the chemicals come from that end up in the fish.
The Chesapeake Bay Foundation promotes pollution prevention so that we have less toxic
chemicals in our food and in our environment. Companies that use the environment to dispose
of their waste do so at the public's expense. For that reason we believe that companies who use
the environment should be required to plan their use of toxic chemicals and minimize releases.
- —'——11.» >ha ramndtR IS
SnmTUVT,C1U 5HUU1U W IC4U11CU w — 		
true	^ SUC*1	would close companies down, but actually the opposite is
. Most companies who do this end up saving money and protecting the environment and
public health at the same time.
Summary
Ba,H *n	the Chesapeake Bay Foundation is not calling for a new fish advisory for
out th .re, or' ^ wc a** not saying that fish are unsafe to eat. We are, however, pointing
imnnrtant & ex^nS system for determining seafood safety may not be designed to protect an
f a i_ se^nent °* the community. Guidelines should be derived to protect people who fish
to feed their families.
While w! add!ti^'WC 066(1 to talce a BLess is better" approach to pollution in the Harbor,
the risk- rvf 1 811 a system to take all the exposures into account, we can try to minimize
th«> wat-r i/ In?°I?01 way of doinS this is to minimize loads of toxic chemicals getting into
at the same time We Protect Chesapeake Bay and move toward environmental justice
References
Aiency. 1993. Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data
for Use in Fa* Advisories. Volume 1: Fish Sampling and Analysis. August, 1993.
Agtency" Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data
1994	Advisories. Volume 2: Risk Assessment and f4 Consumption Limits. June,
^ ^ ^ U>Mli,,g 1",d RdMSe
36

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Environmental Protection Agency. 1995. 1993 Toxics Release Inventoiy: Public Data Release.
State Fact Sheets. Maryland.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1995. National Sediment Contaminant Point Source Inventory:
Analysis of Release Data for 1992. DRAFT. March 22, 1995.
Garreis, M.J. and Murphy, D. 1986. Inner Harbor Crab Study: Heavy Metal and Chlorinated
Hydrocarbon Levels in Callinectes sapidus in the Chesapeake Bay. Department of Health and
Mental Hygiene. Januaiy, 1986.
Goyer, Robert A. 1986. Toxic Effects of Metals. In: Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. Klaassen,
Amdur, and Doull Eds. MacMillan Publishing Company, New York.
United States Food and Drug Administration. 1993. Guidance Document for Cadmium in
Shellfish. January, 1993.
Winder, C. 1993. Toxicity of Metals. In: Occupational Toxicology. Taylor and Francis, Bristol,
PA. Ed. Neill H. Stacey.
37

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Methods to Biologically Monitor Health and Effects of Environmental
Contamination in Aquatic Organisms.
Andrew S. Kane1, Janet Whaley2, John Paul3 and Renate Reimschuessel4
Over the last several decades a variety of methods have been developed to biologically
monitor the effects of environmental stressors in the aquatic.environment. These stressors
include anthropogenic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides
and metals, as well as changes in water quality. In conjunction with chemical analysis of
water samples, biomononhoring, allows researchers, environmental managers and
regulatory agencies to evaluate effects of pollutants or altered water quality on individual
organisms. Data from individuals may then be extrapolated to populations, a process
known as risk assessment. However, the relationship between measurable biomonitoring
endpoints in vitro (i.e. induction of specific proteins, alteration of metabolizing enzyme
activities, etc.) and functional effects of specific (chemical) stressors on aqautic organisms
in vivo (and in situ) remains unclear. This is because many of the endpoints are non-
specific with regard to the stressor. We are developing an integrated holistic approach to
biomonitoring stressor effects using a combination of responses in vitro (alterations in
phase I and phase II metabolizing enzymes using liver tissue slices and microsomes as
enzyme source, and changes in immune function) as well as in vivo (behavior, blood
analysis and histopathology). An overview of the different methodologies will be discussed
with consideration given to risk communication.
1	Aquatic Pathobiology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 10
South Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201.(410)706-7230 (email: akane@uraabneLab.umd.edu)
2	Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine, U. S. Army, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
3	Directorate of Safety, Health and Environment, U.S. Army, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
4	see footnote one
38

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HOUSEHOLD HAZARDS

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Investigations in Environmental Equity:
Young Adults and Lead Exposure in a Community Setting
RyariPB*, Elreedy S*, and Burke TA**
* Harvard School of Public Health. Boston, MA 022115 USA
** Johns Hopkins University. Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
The study of environmental equity explores hypotheses centered on the premise that
individuals of lower socioeconomic status, as measured by income, educational levels, or
other characteristics, and members of minority groups experience an inordinate and unfair
burden of environmental exposures. We are using lead exposures as a paradigm for all
environmental exposures in this study of young adults in two cities, Boston,
Massachusetts, and Baltimore, Maryland. Exposures to lead are being measured using four
different methods, questionnaires, environmental sampling, and two different biological
markers for lead exposure: blood lead concentration, and bone lead concentration as
measured by in vivo K x-ray Fluorescence. In this work we report preliminary results of
the investigation in Boston, Massachusetts. Two study populations are investigated. The
first includes students attending an alternative high school in the city. Their ages range
from 16 to 22 years. The second group is drawn from a woman's college in the Boston
area with participants in the 18 to 22 year age range. Result* are presented in a descriptive
manner for questionnaire data, environmental samples, and for the biological markers
Using the questionnaire responses, we then placed participants in categories for
socioeconomic status, minority status, and other indicators. Environmental concentration
distributions as well as biological marker distributions within and between classes are then
compared to asses the validity of the environmental equity hypotheses for this pollutant. A
brief discussion of the second phase of this investigation, to take place in Baltimore
Maryland, follows. Suggestions for extension of this work are made.
39

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Phase I Field Investigations for the National Human Exposure
Assessment Survey (NHEXAS); The Relationship Between Short-Term
Measurements and Long-Term Exposures
Ryan PB*,Burke TA**, Hammerstrom K ***, BuckRJ*, and Botteron C*.
*	Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 20115 USA
*	* Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205- USA
*** United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC
The National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) sponsored by the
Environmental Protection Agency is a large-scale investigation of multimedia, multi-
pollutant, exposures experienced by human populations. Phase I field Investigation is one
of three such investigations now underway. The goal of this study is to assess the
relationship of short-term environmental and biomarker measurements with long-term
exposure estimates. In this paper, we discuss aspects of study design focusing on
statistical issues including sample size, predictive power, and response biases in a study
designed to assess this relationship. The full statistical design for the Harvard/Johns
Hopkins study will be presented. This presentation will include discussion of selected
sample size for number of repeated cycles, and estimates of parameter variability
associated with each. In addition, preliminary results for the first two cycles will be
presented with an analysis of attrition rates, data completeness, and quality assurance
results. We will discuss projections for the remainder of the study and potential alternative
designs.
40

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Community Education on Lead Faint Hazards:
Reaching Those Who Can Prevent Lead Poisoning
Ruth Ann Norton, Coalition for a Lead Safe Environment, and Jane Schukoske,
University of Baltimore School of Law
A key issue for the environmental justice community is education of families at risk and
others who are in a position to act to prevent lead poisoning. The purpose is to prompt
changes in behavior so that children in Baltimore are better protected from lead hazards.
Lead poisoning is widely recognized as an environmental justice issue since it widely
affects low income children who are often in families living in deteriorated homes.
The paper will explore essential aspects of a community education program that can be
staged in light of our current level of knowledge. The subjects to be covered in community
education for parents and other family members of children at risk of poisoning include
identifying lead hazards in housing, cleaning practices, nutrition, blood lead screening for
children and pregnant women, health and housing resources available, resources of
homeowners to abate lead hazards, and the rights of tenants to lead safe housing. Other
audiences to be targeted include those in occupations who work with children under age
six and/or with pregnant women, and personnel with the city, with health care providers,
and with nonprofit organizations who work with low income families reading in
deteriorated housing. Education for other target audiences, such as the realty industry and
the judiciary, will also be examined.
Innovative ideas for driving the key points home will be a focus of the paper, thereby
making it useful to many groups interested in promoting this education, and lively for
presentation. For example, in a training session held in Baltimore in 1994; roleplaying was
used to effectively depict the concerns and responsibilities of landlords and tenants when
lead hazards exist in a rental unit. In addition, the paper will propose mechanisms for
reinforcing new prevention efforts, in recognition of the fact that one-shot community
education efforts are generally ineffective.
Common problems in community education efforts - such as low participation rates in
voluntary programs, mixed educational levels in a trainee group, and the gap between
creating awareness and changing behavior - will be explored.
Proposed community education programs in Baltimore relate to efforts on the federal level
to promote more lead poisoning prevention in private housing. The paper wall flag federal,
state and non-profit efforts which may be tapped for materials and other resources.
41

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S—DC/SEE
Sojourner-Douglass College Students for Environmental Equity
The Issue of Lead Poisoning in the Community-
Facing a Treatable Problem
Recent surveys conducted by Sojourner-Douglass College
interns, in conjunction with Kennedy Krieger Institute, have
indicated that most persons are not aware of lead poisoning and
its effects. There are many resources available to the community
that could increase the awareness of lead poisoning and its
potential effects- It is the duty of the entire community to ensure
that no child will suffer from lead poisoning because not enough
adults are willing to help educate others about lead poisoning.
Parents, community educators, and health maintenance persons need
to evaluate, assess, and disseminate informational resources that
are available. Without a strong interlinking network of lead
poison prevention programs, as well as persons/facilities that are
capable of giving treatment, lead will always affect the community.
Lead in residential and public housing continues to be the
major source of lead poisoning in Baltimore City. Lead poisoning
is a tremendous problem not only in urban areas but also suburban
communities. A large majority of the population who live in urban
areas are developing asymptomatic effects.
Some examples of multiple sources of lead in which children
are exposed are: stationary sources (lead smelters, factories, and
buildings that burn recycled oil, dust, soil (from all sources),
plumbing,' food contamination and cooking water. Even small amounts
of lead can cause learning, health and behavioral problems during
the most important stages of a child's development.
There are many families living in sub-standard conditions
laced with lead paint or other lead-based sources. Children from
these families tend to have a higher risk factor of being lead
poisoned. Persons are at a high risk if they live in older homes
or apartment buildings (built before 1978), or frequently visit a
person who lives in older homes (built before 1978), or a child's
playmate has lead poisoning, or if an adult member of the household
uses lead in a job, hobby, recreational activity, household
tableware or ceramics.
The main problem that arises from the effects of lead
poisoning is its impact on the total realm of a child. Lead is
known to affect a child's learning, behavioral and psychological
demeanor. It is important to educate parents, teachers and others
who are responsible for overseeing the well-being of a ohild on the
effects of lead poisoning. It is the responsibility of the school
42

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S-DC/SEE
PG.2
system and other learning facilities to develop special learning
programs to boost the diminished I.Q. level and academic
performance of a lead poisoned child.
People living in older residences (built before 1978) need
to be alerted about lead poisoning sources that could be in their
homes. Property owners need to receive informational resources
about the effects of lead poisoning and how it can be abated.
Some of the informational resources available are lead
informational hotlines, lead poisoning prevention programs, and
blood drawing centers that will screen the blood for lead. All
of these resources will disseminate information about lead
poisoning, its effects, the ways it can be treated, and the names
of facilities that will provide the necessary treatment.
From the surveys and research completed by Sojourner-Douglass
College interns, the following recommendations have been suggested:
A)	More door-to-door interactions from lead poisoning
prevention organizations
B)	The increased dissemination of literature about lead
poisoning prevention and its effects on the community.
C)	Establishing special needs programs for *lead effected
children' in the schools and other learning facilities
D)	More availability of lead safe housing
E)	More advertised blood drawing screening locations
F)	Because community clinics and emergency rooms are the
primary health care sites used by low socioeconomic
families in urban areas, it is importance to screen all
children for lead as a r-egular check-up procedure and
reporting the lead level to parents
G)	Emphasizing to medical personnel the importance of
screening children regularly for lead and also doing
follow-ups.
H)	Establishing lead prevention programs through the school
system to help educate parents, students, and the medical
personnel in the community about the awareness of lead
poisoning.
43

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THE "LEAD ARENA": JUMPING INTO THE "BIG LEAD BUSINESS" OR TRYING TO
HELP SUSTAIN A STRONG FUTURE	OUR CHILDREN
Throughout my research on lead poisoning, a very important
question comes to mind. Sometimes I have to wonder whether lead
prevention agencies are in the game of just getting large amounts
of money to fund lead programs because it is the "environmentally
correct" thing to do or do they mean well in the modes of education
and treatment they demonstrate to the community? The politics of
the game is that if all children are prevented and treated for lead
poisoning then all of the lead poisoning prevention programs will
be non-existent.
During my investigation about lead I have discovered many
hotlines, educational literature, treatment programs, mops,
buckets, high phosphate cleaning and big bucks. Because lead is a
hot topic in the environmental world, I decided to do research
under Kennedy Krieger Community Lead Poisoning Prevention and
Treatment Center Program in mid-east Baltimore City. Prom my
knowledge, I only knew that children got lead poisoning from
chewing on lead pencils. My interest was peaked to the point where
finding out all I can about lead and its hazards has been and will
continue to be a goal as long as lead prevention programs are not
doing all they can to help ensure a healthy future for all
children--lead effected or not.
If I had neve; gathered information about lead I probably
would not have asked for my child to be lead test, or asked my
child's physician for the lead level, or ask my child's daycare
provider for documented papers on the lead inspection of the home,
or ask for my home to be lead inspected.
Independent studies have shown that sponge cleaning window
sills and wet mopping with high phosphate cleaners (such as Cascade)
only worsen the situation of getting rid of the lead dust.
Agencies are using the "wet mopping/high phosphate " cleaning
demonstration as the main source of reducing the chance that
children will become lead poisoned. When window sills are wiped
cleaned with sponges and high phosphate , the smallest piece of
paint chips peel and hundreds of lead dust particles become
airborne and contaminate the children from inhaling it. This
method creates a worst problem rather than a solution.
Medical institutions along with lead prevention programs and
the community should start at the begin of a child's development.
Children should be lead tested during their early months and every
six months until they are six years old. Before entering public
and private learning institutions, lead testing should begin in
nursery schools, pre-schools and then elementary schools.
Lead testing and reporting should be a mandatory requirement as
well as immunisation shots and dental records.
«t •*

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Because the majority of children are not lead tested, they are
considered learning disabled and the school system gives them the
ARD test to see what is the learning disability level of a child.
Lead effected children are put into special education classes. The
children are perceived as normal hyperactive, low attention spanned
children. In all reality, the school system and other learning
facilities are not equipped with the proper teachers that
understand the total realm of a lead children. The school system
never suspects that a child is lead poisoned. If lead can not be
traced through the blood, then the bones are to be tested to
indicate the level of lead poisoning in a person.
Without mandatory lead testing, children will never achieve
their full potential of academic success. The lead effected child
will continue to live in a cycle of poverty which will lead to a
devastating future for children especially African-American
children because they are the majority effected by lead.
A diligently and strong interlinked lead poisoning prevention
programs should be developed for the sake of healthy living. The
environment in which we live is very important and should be
maintained for the good of future generation to come.
45

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Childhood Lead Poisoning in Baltimore's Black' Community:
A Local Example of a National Environmental Justice Problem
by Max Weintraub M.S.
National Safety Council's National Lead Information Center
Abstract
1.7 million children have elevated blood lead levels. Childhood lead poisoning severe
enough to require medical evaluation is seven times more prevalent among Black children
than White children. This disparity is due to the distinct and combined impacts of racism
and classism. Baltimore's long history with childhood lead poisoning supports this
conclusion. The Environmental Justice movement developed in part to address such
environmental health disparities by race and/or class. Recent efforts to eliminate childhood
lead poisoning at the national level and in Baltimore have grown. However, their success
in preventing childhood lead poisoning and reducing the disparate impact of childhood
lead poisoning on Black children may depend upon addressing concerns expressed by the
Environmental Justice movement.
I. Introduction
Urban environmental justice issues have a long and troubling history in the United States.2
Shortly after the EPA was formed in 1970, President Nixon was informed that,
"For many inner city residents, the overwhelming concern is poverty and its
accompanying ills - inadequate housing, high crime rates, poor health, unsanitary
conditions, inadequate education and recreation, and drug addiction - all of which
are exacerbated by racial discrimination. These factors may not be environmental
when looked at individually. But their net effect is to lower the quality of life."3
Twenty-five years later, lead poisoning remains an environmental justice problem resulting from
poor housing that contributes to poor educational achievement, decreased employment, increased
criminal behavior, and poor health. And in the case of childhood lead poisoning, the
overwhelming concern is racial discrimination exacerbated by poverty. At every income level,
Black children are more likely to be lead poisoned than are White children. However, the impact
is more severe among the poor. As a consequence of these disparities by race and class,
childhood lead poisoning is identified as an environmental justice problem; one which in certain
respects is growing.
Baltimore s population typifies these findings. Preliminary findings of surveillance data
collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention indicate that, in many respects,
childhood lead poisoning is a significantly more severe problem in Baltimore than in many other
cities. This paper will place the long history of lead poisoning among Black children in the US
and Bal timore in the context of the environmental justice movement, give an overview of federal
legislation designed to prevent childhood lead poisoning, outline current federal lead poisoning
prevention activities, describe the efforts of other municipalities to use federal support to prevent
lead poisoning, and suggest means to insure that lead poisoning does not continue to fye an
environmental justice disaster in Baltimore.
46

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II. Childhood Lead Poisoning: Impact and Prevention
Childhood lead poisoning causes decreased growth, hearing, attention span, IQ, and visual-motor
integration (all of which, to varying degrees, are permanent) while increasing antisocial behavior
and hyperactivity.4 The net result is that lead poisoned children are more likely to require special
education, suffer abuse, and, as adults, are more likely to earn lower wages, become criminals5,
experience reproductive difficulties and other health problems, and have shortened lifespans.
The societal costs of these impacts may reach into the tens of billions of dollars.6
A 78% decrease in young children's average blood lead level occured between 1976 and 1991
due to the removal of lead additives in gasoline and lead solder in canned goods. However, the
decrease has slowed down, if not stopped.7 This result is not unexpected. Lead-based paint was
banned for residential use in the U.S. in 1978. U.S. manufacturers produced more than 5 million
tons of white lead for paint during the last century. The primary use of the paint has been to coat
64 million homes. 12 million of these units currently house families with children under seven
years old. Eliminating lead poisoning of these children requires preventing exposure to poorly
maintained lead-based paint and the lead-contaminated dust produced under such conditions.8
III. Childhood Lead Poisoning: National Trends and Totals by Race and Class9
National childhood lead poisoning trends are complex. Between 1976 and 1991, the number of
children with elevated blood lead levels dropped from 6 million to 1.7 million. The proportion
of children with elevated blood levels who are Black is increasing. The difference in the
proportion of Black and White children in wealthy families with elevated blood lead is
decreasing while the gap between Black and White children in poor families is increasing. Most
of the children who experience severe lead poisoning and death are Black.
The difficulty inherent in deciphering these trends is compounded by the debate about what
actually constitutes childhood lead poisoning. Currently, CDC recognizes 10 micrograms of lead
per deciliter of blood as the level of concern. For the purpose of conciseness, I will equate the
level of concern (10 jig/dl) with lead poisoning while recognizing that as a child's blood lead
level increases beyond this level, so does the harm produced.
The CDC standard can be assessed from two vantage points. The standard is low relative to
certain individual harm. Scientific studies indicate that child populations experience IQ loss
when their blood lead levels exceed 10 ng/dl and that other detrimental impacts follow at slightly
higher levels, but the impact on the individual is less predictable. However, the standard is high
relative to potential individual harm. The body has no known use for lead. Since children can
die when their lead levels approach 100 fig/dl, lead has the notoriety in the United States of being
the toxin where never have so many people been burdened with levels so near the toxic dose.10
The federal standard has steadily decreased during the last few decades to reflect the irinray**
understanding that there may not be a threshold below which lead has no adverse effect on
children.
47

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NHANES II (1976-1980)
Urban Children 1-5 Years Old
100* --*%• 				———		
10 mtoegisweWeeWer
Figure 1
¦ Stoek cNUro* ^ WMta cMdran j
Ever since medical surveillance records that include race have been kept in the United States,
childhood lead poisoning has been found to disproportionately impact Black children. Indeed,
the strength of race as a determinant of childhood lead poisoning is evident in the disparity
within each class category first noted nationally in the second National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey (NHANES II) conducted from 1976 - 1980 (Fig. I).11 This finding was
similar to data collected by health departments from large cities throughout the Northeast and
Midwest since the 1930's. NHANES II also showed similar disparities, though less severe rates
of lead poisoning, among children living in non-urban areas. NHANES III (phase 1) was
conducted from 1988 to 1991
and offers valuable insights
into childhood lead poisoning
trends when contrasted with
the findings of NHANES II.
Since NHANES II, childhood
blood lead levels have
dramatically decreased.
However, as Fig. 2 indicates,
that decrease in the
percentage of children with
elevated blood lead levels has
not been evenly distributed.
White children benefitted
almost 18.5% more from the
decrease in blood lead levels
during the last two decades
than their Black
Decline in Elevated Blood Lead Level
NHANESII(76'-80') to NHANESIII(88'-91')
Figure 2
B Black children. Blood Lead >10 mierognmi/dl:
White children. Blood Lead >10 microgram i/dl
48

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counterparts.12 The racial disparity exhibited in childhood lead poisoning is growing as reflected
by the finding that during the NHANESII study the majority of children with elevated blood
lead levels were White while during the NHANES III study, the majority of children who
continued to experience elevated blood lead levels were children of color.
Black children not only make up a increasing proportion of children with elevated blood lead
levels, but as the level of lead poisoning increases, so does the proportion of Black children. The
1990 census conducted during the NHANES III study period counted 14 million White children
and 2.9 million Black children from one to five years old. According to NHANES III,
approximately 1.7 million children (including 770,000 White children and 590,000 Black
children) have elevated blood lead levels (Fig. 3).1-' Of those, 80,000 White children and 110,000
Black children have blood lead levels of sufficient severity (above 20 jug/dl) to require medical
evaluation.
Relative to population size,
these findings indicate that
Black children are four
times more likely to have
elevated blood lead levels
than White children. And
the disparity continues to
grow at increasingly high
blood levels. Black children
are seven times more likely
than White children to need
medical evaluation for lead
poisoning.14 The explicit
impact of race in childhood
lead poisoning is shockingly
clear given that there are
more than four times as
many White children as
Black children and that
twice as many White
children live in low-income
families as Black children.15
Children 1 to 5 Years Old, 1990
Total vs Elevated Blood Lead
49

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NHANES III (1988-1991)
All Children 1 to 5 Years Old
2««*	j |	Figure 4	j
| Black chlldran White ehlldran j
! ¦ j
i	!
_i	i	I
—TSf		
mi
i WT\
Low Income	UiddialiKoma	Hlflh Ineoma
Biped Laa4 Laval* >t0 microgram »/dl
Class does, however, modify the impact of race on childhood lead poisoning as comparing
NHANES II and NHANES III illustrates. The gap in lead poisoning between Black children and
White children in poor families has grown while the gap between Black children and White
children in wealthy families is decreasing (compare Fig. 1 and Fig. 4).
CDC recommends that children be screened for lead poisoning at one year of age. However,
lead may impact children (and, in particular, Black children) long before they are screened.
During the interval from NHANES II to NHANES III, three times as many Black adults (~ 95)
died from lead poisoning as White adults.16 However, according to NHANES III the percentage
of Black adults and White adults with blood lead levels >25 jig/dl is equal (.04%). This finding
indicates that Black adults are more likely to experience very severe lead poisoning than White
adults and thus the reproductive impacts are likely to be greater.
Men with blood lead levels >40 jag/dl experience abnormal sperm development and activity. The
impact of such lead exposure on ova development is unclear. Pregnancy does, however, trigger
the release of substantial quantities of lead accumulated in a woman's bones. As that lead is
circulated in the maternal blood, some crosses the placental barrier to the fetus. The impact of
fetal lead exposure is poorly understood, but likely harmful.
After birth, Black children face additional risks of lead poisoning even before recommended
screening at one year of age. About 85% of the blood lead in bottle-fed infants may derive from
drinking baby formula made with lead-contaminated water.17 Black women are more likely to
bottle feed infants than White women. Because Black children are four times as likely to live in
poverty as White children, the potential for malnourishment and pica behavior is greater.
3 U

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Lead poisoning of Black children in Baltimore reflects these national trends. In 1994, five out of
every six children in Maryland with elevated blood lead levels lived in Baltimore. Of the 1600
with levels sufficiently high to require medical evaluation, 94% lived in Baltimore and the vast
majority are low-income and Black. Indeed, generations of Baltimore families are lead poisoned.
The vast majority of lead poisoning cases in Baltimore occur in housing stock built before 1950.
Examining Baltimore's lead poisoning prevention efforts helps explain how this tragic situation
arose.
IV.	Brief History of Childhood Lead Poisoning in Baltimore
Childhood lead poisoning has a long history as an environmental injustice in Baltimore.
During the Depression, low-income Black families burned batteries for warmth. Several children
died and a ban was passed on the practice in 1933. In 1952, the city health department reported
that during the previous twenty years Black children comprised twice the number of lead
poisoning cases and deaths as White children.18 During that interval (when less than half of
Baltimore's population was Black), 60 Black children and 31 White children died from lead
poisoning. In response, Baltimore implemented one of the first bans in the U.S. on the
residential use of lead-based paint.'9 During the next five years, Baltimore experienced 133
cases of childhood lead poisoning, 10 childhood lead poisoning deaths, and the passage of an
even stricter law in Baltimore in 1958. However, enforcement remained lax.20
A few other Northeastern cities had childhood lead poiosning problems equally severe, but
Baltimore's had been the best documented and, thus, the most disturbing. By the early 1950's
Baltimore researchers recognized the population at greatest risk, the source of the poison, and'the
seasonal variation of the poisoning.21 Since then, the level of lead in a child's blood considered
harmful has been lowered from 60 micrograms/deciliter to 10 micrograms/deci liter as the severe
danger lead poses became fully understood.22
V.	Childhood Lead Poisoning as an Urban Environmental Justice Issue
The environmental justice movement achieved national prominence during the 1980's as civil
rights and environmental activists came together to combat a series of environmental problems
that disproportionately impacted communities of color and low-income communities. The
movement's goals are reflected in the Principles of Environmental Justice (see Appendix 1)
adopted at the First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit in 1991. These
goals include achieving environmental equity and eliminating environmental racism. In regards
to lead poisoning, neither goal has been achieved.
Environmental equity may refer to geographic, social, or procedural equity.23 Geographic equity
has not been achieved as urban Black populations are more likely to be lead-poisoned than rural
Black populations. Social equity has not been achieved as Black families do not receive
protection equal to White families against lead poisoning. Finally, procedural equity has not
been achieved as those most at risk of lead poisoning - low-income, urban, Black communities -
do not have equal access to environmental decision-making processes that guide lead poisoning
prevention policy development. These measures of equity do not operate in isolation.
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Geographic equity is particularly unlikely to be achieved given the long-term social equity
problem of hypersegregation (defined as the extreme, multidimensional, cumulative residential
segregation experienced by Black people) prevalent in Baltimore. Half of all housing units in
Baltimore are renter occupied and half of those (almost 70,000) constitute high priority lead-
based paint residences as a consequence of being built before 1950.24 The hypersegregation of
Baltimore's Black community places Black tenants in such units and, not surprisingly, produces
negative health impacts which include childhood lead poisoning.
Hypersegregation of Black people at every income level results in increased infant mortality for
the Black community and decreased infant mortality for the White community which suggests
that White communities benefit from hypersegregation by gaining a healthier living
environment.25 The hypersegregation of the Black community identified in Baltimore since at
least 1980 is becoming increasingly common throughout the United States26 and has health
impacts that reflect the fact that even middle-income Black people are "forced to live in
socioenvironmental conditions that - although superior to those of low-income blacks - are not
consistent with their economic status."27
Procedural equity has not been achieved as those most impacted by lead poisoning, urban low-
income Black communities, do not have equal access to environmental decision-making
processes. This was most recently shown in the process of developing and passing Maryland
lead legislation. In May of 1994, the state legislature passed the Maryland Lead Poisoning
Prevention Act (HB 760). The goal of HB 760 was to make the transition from a reactive
approach that addressed lead exposure after a child was poisoned to pro-active approach that
eliminated potential residential lead hazards. While the process of developing, passing, and
implementing the law has brought together many stakeholders, Black parents and tenants are not
involved. This fundamental flaw in the process ensured that a significant voice of experience
was not consulted and thus the potential for successfully dealing with this very difficult problem
was not maximized. Indeed, one recent study concluded that the Lead Paint Poisoning
Commission formed in 1993 to develop legislative solution to childhood lead poisoning
"...risked the signing of HB 760 by excluding tenants, grass-roots
environmentalists, lead abatement workers, and the parents of lead poisoned
children from its proceedings. As a result, the Commission received conflicting
messages from anti-lead proponents during the final stages of negotiating
language for the language."28
The result of the conflicting messages due to lack of inclusion among anti-lead proponents, and
the strong opposition of property owners, was the inclusion of controversial language that for the
first time in the U.S. created a controversial limited liability system for compensating poisoned
children. The law requires parents to notify landlords if children or pregnant women are present,
it a lead hazard exists, and if a child has been poisoned.29 The regulations are supposed to ensure
that landlords follow through with claims that they have taken necessary measures to eliminate
lead hazards and that the new responsibilities upon tenants are not onerous.30 Since then, anti-
lead proponents have tried to ensure that sufficiently strong regulations are released to protect
tenants while fighting off bills introduced on behalf of landlords to repeal HB 760.
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These procedural problems may have been avoided 1) if the Commission had listened to
concerns expressed in 1993 about the absence of Black parents and tenants from Baltimore on
the Commission31 and 2) if the anti-lead forces had successfully included such individuals within
their ranks.32 Unfortunately, neither created situations that enabled Black tenants and parents to
speak for themselves. Instead, Black tenants and parents were advocated for by those from
outside the community. The product of these inequities - widespread childhood lead poisoning
of the Black community in Baltimore - may be defined as environmental racism. The
Environmental Justice movement identifies the problems associated with this approach.
The Principles of Environmental Justice outline criteria to assess environmental justice concerns
and determine if environmental justice has been achieved. Childhood lead poisoning prevention
efforts at both the federal level and in Baltimore fail several of these tests (Table l).33
Table 1 Evaluation of Childhood Lead Poisoning by Environmental Justice Tests
Principle
Statement of Test
Outcome
U2
Environmental justice demands that public policy be
based on mutual respect and justice for all peoples,
free from any form of discrimination or bias.
Fail. Past public policy efforts have
discriminated against urban, African-
American and low-income populations.
=4
Environmental justice calls for universal protection
from nuclear testing, extraction, production and
disposal of toxic/hazardous wastes and poisons and
nuclear testing that threaten the fundamental right to
clean air, land, water, and food.
Fail. Lead is a ubiquitous toxin that
threatens the fundamental right to clean
air, land, and water.M
#5
Environmental justice affirms the fundamental right
to political, economic, cultural, and environmental
self-determination of all peoples.
Fail. The population most
disproportionately impacted by lead
poisoning did not choose to be exposed35
=7
Environmental justice demands the right to
participate as equal partners at every level of decision
making including needs assessment, planning,
implementation, enforcement, and evaluation.
Fail. Those most impacted by lead
poisoning have not been equal partners in
developing and overseeing solutions.
Failure to fulfill the Principles not only reflects weaknesses in past efforts, but also identifies
what remedies are needed to achieve environmental justice in the future. Neither the process nor
outcome of lead poisoning prevention activities should discriminate against low-income Black
families. Such families, and particularly those with lead-poisoned children, must be included in
developing solutions. This does not simply mean inviting such folks to participate, but requires
that such folks participate. Means to achieving such participation must be negotiated with
impacted families. And that negotiation (as well as all activities that follow) must treat such
families as equal partners with veto power during discussions. Such an approach challenges the
institutional norms of community interaction followed by other lead poisoning prevention
stakeholders, but also ensures more active community involvement in health and housing
maintenance while offering new solutions to lead poisoning. While these remedies are
applicable in Baltimore, they serve as a template for activities in other cities with similar
problems.
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VI. Federal Action on Lead-Based Paint
a.	Past Federal Actions
The federal government took action in 1971 by passing the Lead Based Paint Poisoning
Prevention Act.36 The law required the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
(HUD) to investigate the nature and extent of lead-based paint poisoning in the United States as
well as determine the "most practicable" means of residential abatement. HUD's failure in
meeting the requirements of the law forced Congress in 1987 to threaten HUD with a complete
halt to all policy development funding unless a workable plan was submitted to Congress within
nine months that outlined the legislative actions needed for cost-effective inspection and
abatement of lead-based paint.37
HUD's response resulted in additional congressional legislation in 1988 that represented a
fundamental shift from treating the lead-poisoned child to eliminating residential lead-based
paint hazards before the child is poisoned. However, the response considered all lead-based
paint hazards equal. The passage of the Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act of
1992 (which was Title X of an omnibus housing bill) created a means to prioritize and prevent
exposure to lead hazards.38
b.	Current Federal Actions - Title X
Most current federal efforts to eliminate lead poisoning are a direct result of the passage of Title
X. The strategies implemented by Title X are as follows:
•	Develop a framework to reduce lead hazards by focusing resources to
maximize health benefits and promote actions appropriate to various
hazard and housing situations.
•	Impose requirements to make the federal government a responsible
landlord, encourage the development of a quality abatement industry, and
clarify standards of care in private rental housing.
•	Increase resources for abatement, accredit training programs, provide
standards for contractor and worker training as well as worker protection,
certify laboratories, and establish timetables for action.
•	Raise public awareness and use market forces to make private housing
lead-safe.
In order to achieve these ends, various federal agencies were assigned specific duties and an
interagency task force on lead created in 1989 was used to promote program coordination. The
actions required are understandably very broad and will take several years to implement (See
appendix). While most of the requirements concentrate on giving guidance to local partners like
Baltimore, some funding to enact this guidance is also provided.
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Lead Hazard Control Grants totaling $279 million have been awarded to 56 state and local
grantees by HUD to support (through education, loans and abatement) the reduction of lead-
based paint hazards in private housing. State Program funding totaling $23.3 million, have been
issued to 46 states, the District of Columbia, and 17 Native American tribal governments by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to support the development of training and
certification programs. Worker and Supervisor Training grants totaling $4.85 million have been
issued by EPA and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to ensure that
proper training takes place and that those unable to afford training costs can still participate.
Finally, numerous studies in local research institutions are being funded by HUD, EPA, Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) to determine appropriate actions under Title X.
r. Current Federal Actions - Other Sources of Federal Financial Support for Local Actions39
Federal financial support for lead poisoning prevention may be either direct or indirect.
Activities supported by these funding sources range from education and outreach to worker
training and bonding to abatement activity. While Baltimore has received funding from some of
the larger sources, smaller grants remain largely untapped.
Direct federal government support consists of general funds that may be used for a variety of
activities including lead poisoning prevention. All require a state or local partner to receive and
coordinate proper distribution of the federal funds. Some require partial funding from the local
partner. Examples of direct federal financial support include, but are not limited to,
EPA: Superfund, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Environmental
Education, Brownfield, Supplemental Environmental Protection and
Environmental Justice funds
HUD: 203(k), 312 Rehabilitation Program, Rental Rehabilitation Program,
Community Development Block Grant (CDBG), HOME, and Energy Efficient
Mortgage funds as well as CIAP modernization funds for public housing
authorities
•	HHS: Maternal and Child Health Block Grant (MCHBG), the State Preventative
Health and Health Services Block Grant, Family Support and Community
Services Block Grant, Medicaid's EPSDT program and Grants to States for
Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention (the sole non-Title X grant designated for
lead poisoning)
•	Empowerment/Enterprise Zone interagency funds
Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) funds
Low Income Housing Tax Credit
•	Agency research funding for health, housing, and/or environmental studies.
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Indirect federal financial support consists of legislation that encourages private lenders to make
private loans in their service area for a range of activities that may include lead poisoning
prevention. Such loans are encouraged through the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act operating in
conjunction with the Community Reinvestment Act. Loans made in response to these Acts have
been used to support lead abatement activities.
d. Case Studies
The hundreds of millions of dollars currently being directed at lead poisoning prevention has
been distributed through a number of agencies to support a number of innovative programs.
Summarized below (Table 2) are the main lead poisoning prevention funding sources for six
localities and a brief description of innovative activities they have undertaken. The goal of this
summary is to make Baltimore citizens aware of the possible means and methods available to
address lead poisoning. These approximated funding figures indicate that during the last three
years Baltimore has received more federal funding for lead poisoning prevention activities than
any other city in the country.
These six localities are using the funds to support lead poisoning prevention in a number of
innovative ways. Alameda Co., Boston, and Cleveland are helping to create small community-
based abatement businesses. Alameda Co. is training Housing Department staff to incorporate
lead-safe practices into their activities. Chicago is using community outreach agencies to
conduct outreach and train abatement clearance swab teams. New York City is targeting
abatement efforts to women with infants in neighborhoods identified as having a high proportion
of deteriorated housing. Washington D.C. is using CDC funding to support residential lead
inspections. All of these localities are preparing to implement new, more efficient, lead
poisoning prevention efforts as lessons are learned from current activities.
The impact of these grants in Baltimore and other cities are being guided and assisted by several
national non-profit organizations. Activities conducted under the largest of the funding sources,
the HUD grants, are currently being evaluated by the National Center for Lead-Safe Housing in
Columbia, MD at (410) 992-0712. Information on legislative efforts to address lead poisoning is
available from the Alliance To End Childhood Lead Poisoning in Washington, D.C. at (202)
543-1147. United Parents Against Lead maintains contact with local advocates nationwide and
can be reached at (312) 324-7824 or (518) 392-5304. Additional information and free materials
on lead poisoning prevention is available from the National Lead Information Center at (800)
LEAD-FYI or (800) 424-LEAD.
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Table 2. Federal Funding for Lead Poisoning Prevention Activities in Different Localities
1993-1995
Federal $$
for local
activities
Alameda
County
CA
Baltimore
MD
Boston
MA
Chicago
IL
Cleveland
OH
New York
NY
District of
Columbia
HUD
SlOmil
(2 years)
$11.7 mil
(2 years)
$5.5 mil
$6 mil
$8.5 mil
(2 years)
$6 mil

CDC-
Lead
$450,000
$510,000
$300000
$550000
$420000
$900000
$480000
MCHBG

$540,000
$300000
$350000
$110000
$900000
$400000
CDBG



$1.5 mil
$500000


JTPA




$600000


EPA-Env.
Justice
$170,000
(2 grants)
$180,000
(2 grants)





EPA-Env.
Inspection
$215,000






EPA-State
Program






$410000
(these figures represent approximate annual funding received during at least one year
from 1993-1995 unless otherwise noted)
HUD funds are being used for lead abatement related activities.
CDC funds, which are distributed on a five year basis, focus on lead education, screening, and
inspection activities.
MCHBG funds are used for lead education and screening.
CDBG funds are used for lead hazard control work in low-income homes.
JTPA funds are used for lead related career development.
EPA Env. Justice funds are used for education and community-based abatement efforts
EPA Env. Inspection funds are used for community-based abatement efforts
EPA State Program Start-Up funds are used to create state or local lead abatement-related
certification/accreditation/enforcement programs.
Note that MCHBG, CDBG, and EPA-State Program funds, as well as some JTPA and CDC
funds, go directly to the state and then trickle down to the local government.
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VII. Conclusion
Past lead poisoning prevention efforts have failed to provide equal protection to all children.
Baltimore, despite all the efforts of the past forty years, continues to have families poisoned by
lead generation by generation. Part of the reason for this failure may be attributed to racism and
classism limiting the involvement of families most impacted by lead poisoning in the
development of solutions.
During the past three years, S300 million dollars has been made available from federal agencies
for lead poisoning prevention efforts. Baltimore alone has received $1 j million dollars. The
efficient expenditure of this unprecendented funding will directly impact whether another
generation of Baltimore's Black children are poisoned by lead. Such efficiency will depend to a
large degree on community involvement in the development of solutions. The Principles of
Environmental Justice provide guidance on the form of that community involvement, guidance
that as of yet remains unacknowledged.
The federal government has made a significant commitment to the prevention of lead poisoning.
Various municipalities are trying to figure out how to respond. Baltimore s success or failure in
this endeavor will serve as a model for other cities around the country that are just beginning to
come to grips with the problem of lead poisoning and the relationship of the problem to race and
class.
D 8

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1.	A conscious choice was made to use the terms "Black" and "White" rather than "African-
American" and "European-American". Whereas the latter reflect cultural/origin attributes, the
former reflect race consciousness/power used to support divisions within US society. This
consciousness/power has allowed (some would say "encouraged"), and continues to permit, lead
poisoning to disproportionately impact Black communities. A desire to counteract this means of
division serves as the genesis for the environmental justice movement.
2.	For more on the issue see "Urban Environmental Justice - Third Annual Stein Center
Symposium on Contemporary Urban Challenges" Fordham Urban Law Journal Spring 1994
3.	"The Inner City Environment" Environmental Quality- Th. c^cond Report of the Cnnnrii ™
F.nvironmental Quality August 1971 pg. 190
4.	National Research Council - Committee on Measuring Lead in Critical Populations
Measuring Lead Exposure in Infants. Children, and Other Sensitive Population* National
Academy of Sciences 1993; Tesman, Johanna and Amanda Hills "Developmental Effects of
Lead Exposure in Children" Social Policy Report - Society for Research in Child Development
Summer 1994
5.	Denno, Deborah W. "Considering Lead Poisoning as a Criminal Defense" Fordham Urban
Low Journal Spring 1993 pg. 377 - 400
6.	Schwartz, Joel "Societal Benefits of Reducing Lead Exposure" Environmental Research 1994
pg. 104-124
7.	NHANES III had a phase 1 (1988-1991) and phase 2 (1992-1994). Phase 2 results have not
yet been released, but early indications are that the number and distribution of children with
elevated blood lead levels are not significantly different from the findings of phase 1. (Personal
Communication with Debra Brody in Nov. 1995)
8.	However, seven million tons of lead was spread over the U.S. before the phase out of leaded
gasoline was complete in 1995.
9.	Much of the information in this section was gathered from Brody, Debra J., et.al. "Blood Lead
Levels in the U.S. Population" Journal of the American Medical Association July 27, 1994 pg.
277-283; Pirkle, James L., et.al., "The Decline of Blood Lead Levels in the United States"
Journal of the American Medical Association July 27, 1994 pg. 284-291; and Mahaffey, Kathryn
R.. et.al., "National Estimates of Blood Lead Levels: United States 1976-1980" New England
Journal of Medicine 1992 pg. 573-579, and Personal Communication with Debra Brody and
James Pirkle in Nov. 1995.
10.	Schwartz, Joel and Ronnie Levin, "Lead Poisoning in the U.S." EPA Journal March 1992
11.	Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry "The Nature and Extent of Lead Poisoning
in Children in the United States: A Report to Congress" 1988; for more on this idea see Bullard,
Robert Unequal Protection 1994
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12.	Calculated by determining the relative decrease of Black children with elevated blood lead
levels (77.1%/97.7% = 78.9% decrease) and the relative decrease of White chi
elevated blood lead levels (79.5%/85% = 93.5% decrease) and then determining the relativ
benefit accrued to White children (93.5%/78.9% = 1.185%)
13.	Approximately 340,000 Mexican American children also had elevated blood lead
This data was derived using 1990 Census Data and the findings of the ro y, e .a s .
Americans, while little studied, show significant levels of lead poisoning (Chung, Angela
"Childhood Lead Poisoning Among Asian Pacific American Populations Honors , ®S1S'
Stanford University, 1993). Native Americans are not included in any lead surveillance st
(Unpublished bibliography of lead poisoning in communities of color by the author in lyyjj.
14.	Brody, Table 4; see also Centers for Disease Control "Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young
Children" 1991 pg. 3
15.	Sherman, Arloc w^tinoAmerj^ Future - The Children TVfrn^ Fwid Report on the Costs
of Child Poverty 1994
16.	Staes, Catherine, et.al. "Lead Poisoning Deaths in the United States 1979 Through 1988
Journal of the American Medical Association March 15, 1995
17.	Natural Resource Defense Council "Think before you drink: the failure of the nation's
drinking water system to protect public health" Federal Register Vol. 5 pg.
1991
18.	Galbreath. M. "Lead Poisoning in Young Children: The Role of the Public Health Nurse
Public Health Nursing October 1952 pg. 551-552
19.	"Baltimore passes regulation barring use of paint containing lead for interior of houses
Industrial Health Monthly November 1951 pg. 171
20.	Berney, Barbara "Round and Round It Goes: The Epidemiology of Childhood Lead
Poisoning. 1950-1990" The Milbank Quarterly Winter 1993 pg. 6-7
21.	Eidsvold, G, et.al. "The New York City Department of Health: Lessons in a Lead Poisoning
Control Program" American Journal of Public Health 1971 pg. 956-962
22.	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Preventing T Poisoning in Young Children
October 1991 pg. 7-8
23.	Bullard, Robert "Confronting Environmental Racism" South End Press 1993
24.	Maryland Office of Planning, 1990 Census Profile Series, Social and Economic
Characteristics of Population and Housing (STF-3A), June 1992
25.	LaVeist, Thomas A. "Segregation, Poverty, and Empowerment: Health Consequences for
African-Americans" The Milbank Quarterly Vol. 71 #1 1993
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26.	Denton, Nancy A. "Are African Americans Still Hypersegregated?" Residential Aparrti^-
The American Legacy University of California, Los Angeles 1994
27.	LaVeist, pg. 55
28.	Gant, Louise "Tha Applicability of Dispute Resolution Tools in Environmental Equity
Disputes" Antioch University June 1995 pg. 53 - This Masters thesis examines lead poisoning
prevention efforts in Baltimore in terms of the role of power in influencing the identification of
goals, the selection of stakeholders, and the utilization of resources.
29.	Payne, Patricia "Maryland's Unique Lead Poisoning Prevention Program: A Pro-Active
Approach to Treating Lead Paint Hazards in Rental Units, While Preserving Housing Stock"
Maryland Dept. of Housing and Community Development 1994
30.	For example, how is a tenant supposed to be able to identify a lead hazard when inspectors
go through a 3-day training to learn the same thing?
31.	Wheeler, Tim "Lead paint proposal attacked" Baltimore Sun October 10, 1993
32.	Gant, Louise
33.	Environmental justice is defined by the Principles of Environmental Justice adopted at the
First National People fo Color Environmental Leadership Summit in Washington D.C. on
October 27, 1991. One of the tests for environmental justice implicit in the Principles is the
disparate impact test which examines whether different populations receive equal protection
under the law (both in process and outcome). For more on the tests for environmental justice
see Gelobter, Michel in Race and the Incidence of Environmental	c by Bryant, Bunyan
and Paul Mohai 1992 and Goldman. Benjamin Not Just Prosperity - Achieving Sustainability
with Environmental Justice National Wildlife Federation 1994
34.	Before the recent ban on lead in solder for canned foods and some agricultural pesticides
(e.g. lead arsenate for citrus fruits), lead also threatened the fundamental right to clean food.
35.	Maurci Jackson's response in "Putting the Pieces Together: Controlling Lead Hazards in the
Nation's Housing" Report of the Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction and Financing Task Force
1995
36.	Public Law 91 -165
37.	U.S. Code, Congressional and Administrative News Conference Report P.L. 100-426 pg.
3540: Stanford Environmental Law Journal 1990 pg. 65
38.	Alliance To End Childhood Lead Poisoning "Understanding Title X - A Practical Guide to
the Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act of 1992" January 1993
39.	Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction and Financing Task Force "Putting The Pieces
Together: Controlling Lead Hazards in the Nation's Housing - Report" 1995 pg. 98-108;
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Farquhar, Doug "Lead Poisoning Prevention: A Guide for Legislators" National Conference of
State Legislatures August 1994 pg. 27-28; The staff of the National Center for Lead-Safe
Housing
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Appendix 1
Principles of Environmental Justice
Preamble
WE. THE PEOPLE OF COLOR, gathered together at this multinational People of Color Environmental Leadership
Summit, to begin to build a national and international movement of all peoples of color to fight the destruction and
taking of our lands and communities, do hereby re-establish our spiritual interdependence to the sacredness of our
Mother Earth: to respect and celebrate each of our cultures, languages and beliefs about the natural world and our
roles in healing ourselves; to insure environmental justice; to promote economic alternatives which would
contribute to the development of environmental safe livelihoods; and, to secure our political, economic and cultural
liberation that has been denied for over 500 years of colonization and oppression, resulting in the poisonin® of our
communities, and land and the genocide of our peoples, do affirm and adopt these Principles of Environmental
Justice:
I Environmental justice affirms the sacredness of Mother Earth, ecological unity and the interdependence of all
species, and the right to be free from ecological destruction.
2.	Environmental justice demands that public policy be based on mutual respect and justice for all peoples, free
from any form of discrimination or bias.
3.	Environmental justice mandates the right to ethical, balance and responsible uses of land and renewable
resources in the interest of a sustainable planet for humans and other living things.
4.	Environmental justice calls for universal protection from nuclear testing, extraction, production and disposal of
toxic/hazardous wastes and poisons and nuclear testing that threaten the fundamental right to clean air land water
and food.	"	'
5.	Environmental justice affirms the fundamental rights to political, economic, cultural and environmental self-
determination of all peoples.
6.	Environmental justice demands the cessation of the production of all toxins, hazardous wastes, and radioactive
materials, and that all past and current producers be held strictly accountable to the people for detoxification and the
containment at the point of production.
7.	Environmental justice demands the right to participate as equal partners at every level of decision-making
including needs assessment, planning, implementation, enforcement and evaluation.
8.	Environmental justice affirms the right of all workers to a safe and healthy work environment, without being
forced to choose between an unsafe livelihood and unemployment. It also affirms the right of those who work at
home to be free from environmental hazards.
9.	Environmental justice protects the right of victims of environmental injustice to receive full compensation and
reparations for damages as well as quality health care.
10.	Environmental justice considers governmental acts of environmental injustice a violation of international law
the Universal Declaration On Human Rights, and the United Nations Convention on Genocide
11.	Environmental justice must recognize a special legal and natural relationship of Native Peoples to the U.S
government through treaties, agreements, compacts, and covenants affirming sovereignty and self-determination.
12.	Environmental justice affirms the need for urban and rural ecological policies to clean up and rebuild our cities
and rural areas in balance with nature, honoring the cultural integrity of all our communities, and providing fair
access for all to the full range of resources.
13.	Environmental justice calls for the strict enforce-ment of principles of informed consent, and a halt to the
testing of experimental reproductive and medical procedures and vaccinations on people of color.
14.	Environmental justice opposes the destructive operations of multi-national corporations.
15.	Environmental justice opposes military occupation, repression and exploitation of lands, peoples and cultures,
and other life forms.
16.	Environmental justice calls for the education of present and future generations which emphasizes social and
environmental issues, based on our experiences and an appreciation of our diverse cultural perspectives.
17.	Environmental justice requires that we, as individuals, make personal and consumer choices to consume as
little of Mother Earth's resources and to produce as little waste as possible; and make the conscious decision to
challenge and reprioritize our lifestyles to insure the health of the natural world for present and future generations.
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Appendix II
RESIDENTIAL LEAD-BASED PAINT HAZARD REDUCTION ACT OF 1992 (TITLE X)
STATUS OF REQUIREMENTS
September 1995
Tide X Requirement
Agency
Status
SUBTITLE A. Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction


Section 1011. Grants for Lead-Based Paint Hazard
Reduction in Privately Owned Housing.
HUD
Round 1, 2, and 3 Lead Hazard Control Grants have been awarded to 56 grantees on
the state and local level. $279 million has been obligated, approximately $15.5 million
has been spent as of August 31, 1995. Expenditure rate is running at about $2 million
per month.
Section 1012. Evaluation and Reduction of Lead-
Based Paint Hazards in Federally-Assisted Housing.
HUD
Proposed rule in preparation and expected to be published in late 1995.
Section 1013. Disposition of Federally-Owned
Housing.
HUD
Proposed rule in preparation and expected to be published in late 1995.
^ction ION. Comprehensive Housing Affordability
Strategy.
HUD
Implemented.
Section 1015. Task Force on Lead-Based Paint
Hazard Reduction and Financing.
HUD
Final Report issued in July 1995.
Section 1016. National Consultation on Lead-Based
Paint Hazard Reduction.
HUD, HHS,
EPA and others
The Interagency Task Force on the Prevention of Lead Poisoning was formed in April
1989 and continues to meet.
Section 1017. Guidelines for Lead-Based Paint
Hazard Evaluation and Reduction Activities.
HUD
Published in August 1995.
Section 1018. Disclosure of Information Concerning
Lead Upon Transfer of Residential Property.
HUD, EPA
Proposed rule published in November 1994. The final rule is in preparation, with
publication planned for late 1995.

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Title X Requirement
Agency
Status
SUBTITLE B. Lead Exposure Reduction -- this
subtitle is comprised of section 1021 which amends
the Toxic Substances Control Act (TOSCA) by adding
a title IV to the Act that contains the following
sections:


Section <102. Lead-Based Paint Activities Training
and Certification.
a.	Accreditation of Training Programs
b.	Accreditation and Certification fees
c.	Renovation and Remodeling -- Guidelines and
Field Exposure Study
EPA
a. & b. Proposed rule published in September 1994. Final Rule in preparation; final
promulgation planned for autumn of 1995.
c. Guidelines for the Conduct of Renovation and Remodeling was published in April
1994. The field exposure study component of this section has evolved into three
distinct studies, two of which have been completed and are in the peer review stage.
The third should be completed by spring of 1996. The process of formulating policy
and potential regulations will likely begin by January 1996.
Section 403. Identification of Dangerous Levels of
tfcad.
EPA
Guidance document issued in July 1994. This serves as interim advice while work
continues on the proposed rule, with publication planned for autumn of 1996.
l/l
Section 404. Authorized State Programs.
a-f,h. State and Model State Programs
g. Grants to States to develop and carry out LBP
activities in the States
EPA
a-f, h. Proposed rule published in September 1994. Final Rule in preparation; final
promulgation planned for autumn of 1995.
g. During its second year of operation, $12.2 million was issued in March 1995 (FY
1995) to 42 States to develop model state programs as well as to fund training and
certification programs in DC and 16 Native American tribal lands. In FY 1994, EPA
allocated SI 1.2 million in grant funding to 46 States, the District of Columbia and 17
Native American tribes.

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Title X Requirement
Agency
Status
Section <105. I .end Abatement and Management
a.	Comprehensive monitoring, detection, and
abatement program
b.	Lab performance standards, certification, and
voluntary accreditation programs
c.	CDC studies of sources of lead exposure in
children, NIOSI I studies to reduce
occupational lead abatement exposure
d-c. Public education, outreach
f. Product assurance
ON
0\
EPA, niehs,
NIOSII, NSC,
NIST
a.	EPA efforts under section 405a are the same as those performed under sections 1051
and 1052.
b.	The National Lead Laboratory Accreditation Program (NLLAP) and Environmental
Lead Proficiency Analytical Testing Program (ELPAT) were implemented in the spring
of 1993.
c.	CDC has numerous on-going studies to identify sources of lead exposure including
the Mahoning County Study to determine the risk for elevated blood lead levels among
children who live in housing of different ages (data collection completed, report
preparation in progress), the Montefiore Study to identify risk factors for EBLs among
children at the Center's satellite primary care centers (data collection in progress), the
FBI Firing Range Study to evaluate the risk of lead exposure incurred by members of
households in which at least one person worked at an FBI firing range (data collection
completed, report preparation in progress), the St. Louis Lead and Day Care Study to
evaluate sources of exposures at day care centers (target completion in 1996), the
Isotope Analysis Study to determine whether the analysis of isotope ratios of lead in
blood and environmental samples provides a means by which to differentiate between
various sources of environmental lead and to link sources of lead in the environment
with lead in children's blood (report to be completed in late 1995), the Source
Apportionment of Lead in Household Dust Study to analyze the various sources that
contribute to lead accumulation in house dust of urban dwellings by measuring stable
lead-isotope ratios and multi-element "fingerprints" (undergoing lab analysis, to be
completed in 1996). Other recent reports that have been completed on less common
sources of lead exposure, such as water, inadequately fired pottery, and folk remedies
include "Lead Contaminated Drinking Water in Bulk-Water storage Tanks - Arizona
and California"(l993) and "Lead Poisoning Associated with Use of Traditional Ethnic
Remedies"(1993). NIOSH plans to publish its comprehensive report "Means to Reduce
Hazardous Occupation Lead Abatement Exposures" in late 1995.
d-e. The National Lead Information Center Hotline and Clearinghouse was created in
1992 to provide the general public and professional audiences with information about
lead poisoning and prevention. It was established under a cooperative agreement with
EPA, HUD, CDC, and DOD. The Interagency Lead-Based Paint Task Force has
formed a subcommittee on public education issues.
f. HUD, EPA, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the American
Society for Standards and Materials (ASTM) are developing standards for encapsulants.

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Title X Requirement
Agency
Status
Section 406. Lead Hazard Information Pamphlet
a.	Publication
b.	Regulations requiring renovators to provide
brochure to customers
EPA
a.	Pamphlet available for distribution August 1995
b.	Proposed rule published in March 1994. Final rule in preparation, with publication
planned for autumn of 1995.
SUBTITLE C. Worker Protection


Section 1031. Worker Protection
OSHA
Interim final regulation on occupational exposure was published in May 1993. OSHA
does not interpret section 1031 as requiring a final regulation.
Section 1032. Coordination Between I-PA and
Department of Labor
EPA, DOL
No formal permanent committees have been formed in response to Title X. The ONE
Committee was formed prior to Title X to coordinate the efforts of NIOSH, OSHA, and
the EPA in lead poisoning prevention activities.
Section 1033. NIQSII Responsibilities
a. Grants for Training Workers and Supervisors
^ Evaluation of Programs
-J
NIOSI1, in
conjunction w/
EPA
a.	NIOSH and EPA award grants for training workers and supervisors in lead-based
paint activities. Their review panels work together but the two agencies award separate
grants. In FY 1994, EPA awarded $2.8 million and NIOSH awarded $0.5 million.
EPA expects to award $1.55 million in FY 1995. NIOSH will not make any awards in
FY 1995 because money was not appropriated.
b.	No funds were appropriated for NIOSH to assess the efficacy of the worker and
supervisor training programs developed by the grantees.

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Title X Requirement
Agency
Status
SUBTITLE D. Research and Development


Section 1051. Research on Lead Exposure from
Other Sources, including exterior soil and interior lead
dust in carpet, furniture, and forced air ducts
0\
aa
MUD, EPA
MUD and EPA have begun research to development guidance on dust mitigation in
residential carpets and upholstery. Information will be developed on the percentage of
lead-dust loading in different residential fabric-type materials that can be reduced by
alternative vacuum/ cleaning protocols. (HUD 1AA 93-53 with EPA, Task 13, Budget
Period to 7/31/96).
EPA completed the Comprehensive Abatement Performance Pilot Study (CAPS), which
sampled lead dust from Forced air ducts (among other locations), and published results
in February 1995.
An EPA article, "Lead in Paint, Soil, and Dust" was published in ASTM publication
l( 12-26.
HUD completed a study of reducing lead dust in air ducts at the Cambridge, MA public
housing agency.
Section 1052. Research on testing technologies and
hazard reduction methods
HUD, EPA,
NIST
The following studies of testing technologies have been completed or are presently on-
going:
1.	Evaluation of Test Kits and XRF Devices: "A Field Test of Lead-Based Paint
Testing Technologies" both the Technical and Summary Reports were published by
EPA in May 1995. Additional HUD funding for continued evaluation has been
provided. Performance Characteristics Sheets for each model of XRF analyzer have
been published. (HUD IAA 93-53 with EPA, Task 2, Budget. Period to 7/31/96)
2.	Paint Inspection Chapter of HUD Guidelines: While the Guidelines were published
in July 1995, work continues to improve on Chapter 7, Paint Inspection. Revisions are
expected in late 1995. (HUD IAA 93-53 with EPA, Task 9, Budget Period to 7/31/96)
3.	The National Institute of Standards and Technology is developing a standard XRF
evaluation system to be completed July 1996.
4.	Composite Dust Wipe Analysis Protocols: This on-going study is testing lab
analysis methods for composite samples. (HUD IAA 93-53 with EPA, Task 10, Budget
Period to 7/31/96)

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Title X Requirement
Agency
Status
Section 1052. Research on testing technologies and
hazard reduction methods (cont.)
HUD, EPA,
NIST
The following studies of hazard reduction methods are presently on-going:
1.	Evaluation or the cost and effectiveness of alternative hazard reduction methods
used in the HUD Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Grant Program: This is a long-
term study that will have periodic interim reports beginning in late 1995.
2.	Repair and Maintenance Study (Farfel, Baltimore): This is an on-going long-term
study that looks at the efficacy of low-cost intervention techniques.
3.	Encapsulant Testing: This study analyzes the performance of selected coatings in
laboratory tests proposed by ASTM. Completion of the project is expected in the
autumn of 1995. (HUD IAA 93-53 with EPA, Task 5)
OS

4. Evaluation of Cleaning Products (detergents): This study compares the effectiveness
of various cleaning agents in removing dust lead from different surfaces. Expected
completion is late 1996, (HUD IAA 93-53 with EPA, Task 8)
VO

5.	Study on the Efficacy of Educational Efforts on Blood Lead Levels (Milwaukee):
Distribution of final report expected in the autumn of 1995. (EPA)
6.	Report on the Seasonality of Blood Lead Levels: The report looks at blood level
trends by the time of year and age of the children. Report published in September
1995. (EPA)
7.	Operations and Maintenance Course: EPA is developing a curriculum, with video,
for workers conducting interim controls and routine maintenance on surfaces with lead-
based paint. (IIUD IAA 93-53 with EPA, Task 12, Budget Period to 7/31/96)
8.	Single Family Property Disposition Study: The demonstration will (1) estimate the
costs of compliance with the possible requirements of section 1013, and (2) ensure that
HUD field offices are capable of efficient procurement and monitoring of contractors
and services. Expected to be completed in April 1996. (HUD)
Section 1056. Federal Implementation and Insurance
Study
GAO
a.	Implementation/ Section 8 Study was published in May 1994.
b.	Availability of Insurance Study was published in July 1994.

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Acknowledgements: Thanks to Pierre Erville of the Alliance To End Childhood Lead Poisoning,
Ron Jones, Heidi Most and Jonathan Wilson of the National Center For Lead-Safe Housing, and
the lead poisoning prevention program managers in the cities summarized in the case studies, for
sharing your expertise and being patient with my numerous questions. The editorial and graphic
wizards at the National Safety Council's Environmental Health Center, Karen Brown of the New
York City Department of Health Lead Poisoning Prevention Program, and Dennis Livingston of
Community Resources Inc., provided valuable input that made this piece clearer and more
concise. Any shortcomings remain my own.
70

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frgt.upoye Urban Environmental Initiatives Program
Lead Poisoning Prevention Pro-ieet
The City Health Department's Urban Environmental Initiatives
Program will distribute over 2500 cleaning kits in an effort to
promote wet cleaning over dry sweeping as a household cleaning
method. Wet cleaning is recommended in older urban housing as one
way a resident can help to reduce the elevated dust lead levels
which often accumulate in such hones. To date, over 1,300 kits
have been distributed throughout Baltimore City.
The cleaning kits are comprised of a series of educational
tools and six custodial items. Each kit includes the following
custodial items: a 10 quart plastic bucket with handle; a
household sponge mop and a replacement sponge head; one pair of
fleece-lined, latex gloves; a pack of sponges (3" x 5"); and a
box of cleaning detergent, containing at least 5% phosphates.
The pair of latex gloves are included due to the sensitive
reaction some people's skin is known to have to the phosphate in
the detergent. Also, it cannot be assumed that every family will
have access to an adequate wash bucket, so it is necessary to
provide one with each kit. A pack of multi-colored sponges is
provided with each kit, and the recipient is instructed to "use
the felue sponge to washthewindowwgljg only, and always use the
jeUsa sponge to wash the window Bills.« Thi» instruction will
focus attention on the areas which need extra cleaning, and
emphasize the importance of not spreading lead from one area to
another.
The cleaning kit educational tools include: A copy of "Derek
the Dinosaur's Coloring Book about Lead"; a full color brochure
called -Your Children and Lead Poisoning-, * brochure ti£lST
"Your Child, Pood and Lead Poisoning"; typed cleaning
instructions? and a Resource List providing numbers for parents
to call to get more information.
T^ere are currently nineteen (19) participating programs in
the lead cleaning kit distribution network established by the UEI
Lead Poisoning Prevention Project of the Baltimore City Health
Department (BCHD). Sixteen (16) of these programs are health
clinics with a pediatric emphasis; two (2) are programs with a
lead-paint abatement or a lead-risk reduction focus; one (1) is
a non-profit, child-advocacy group.
With rare exception, these programs report that the cleaning
kits have improved their staff's ability to provide families with
good quality education about the importance of cleaning for lead
dust. Although the cleaning kits are not a substitute for lead
hazard abatement or lead risk reduction activities, they may be
credited with sustained drops in blood leads when used properly
and in conjunction with education and environmental intervention.
71

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For example, the HUD-funded Lead Abatement Action Project
(LAAP) reports that the kits provide a good opportunity to talk
about where to clean, and the importance of diet, handwashing,
anH continued blood lead testing. Home demonstrations of the kit
components help parents to see how to mix the detergent properly,
and give the staff a chance to observe the family using the
materials.
The Kennedy Krieger Institute (KK1) Community Lead Poisoning
Prevention and Treatment Center has found that efforts to educate
parents about the importance of cleaning for lead dust are
greatly assisted by the offer of a free cleaning kit. A few
families who were initially reluctant to have a home visit and
cleaning demonstration done by the program staff changed their
mind when told that they would receive cleaning kits.
Before the cleaning demonstration, families see how dirty
the window wells were. After a few minutes, they see how clean
the wells could and should be. The importance of cleaning floors
and other horizontal surfaces is also explained.
Families are glad to receive a new mop and a replacement
sponge to clean their floors. Some families previously did not
have mops, and only swept their floors. Now they are able to
clean their floors more appropriately for lead dust.
Another KKI program, which distributes the cleaning kits as
one part of an environmental intervention in homes of at-risk
children, notes that the kits are a great educational tool.
Discussing the kit provides an opportunity to summarize what
risk-reduction activities have been done in the house and to
point out areas where lead-bearing dust might re-accumulate.
Additionally, the cleaning kits give the child's family the
chance to participate in the risk reduction activities, allowing
them to be proactive about the problem - not just to comply as
treatments are completed in their homes.
The staff at participating medical clinics are equally
enthusiastic about this new resource. "The clients are really
very appreciative of all that is in the kit. We have a lot of
low-income families who would otherwise be unable to follow
through on the cleaning instructions given to them", reports a
community health nurse.
Many of these clinics administer to clients who axe limited
both financially and educationally* "Visual aids are so important
with this population", says one clinic nurse. "Unfortunately, the
reality is that many of my patients can't read." The availability
of the cleaning kits in the clinic affords hands-on education,
which really makes a^difference in these cases. "Clients really
understand the cleaning process better", affirms another
community health nurse.
72

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The BUEI Lead Poisoning Prevention Project has also produced
an educational video which is designed for use with the parents
of lead poisoned children. The video is just eight and one-half
minutes long and presents general information on the causes and
effects of lead poisoning, as well as specific recommendations on
preventive measures that families can take.
If you would like to incorporate any of the BUEI Lead
Poisoning Prevention Project resources into your program, or
would like more information, please call Ruth Quinn, Program
Administrator for the BOEI Lead Poisoning Prevention Project, at
the Baltimore City Health Department, (410) 396-6970.
73

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fNMAl
QD
Since" 1895
v- '>
National
Medical
Association
Environmental Protection Agency
Radon Education Program
1012 Tenth Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20001
A COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE NATIONAL
MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (NMA), AND THE U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA), TO
PROMOTE RADON AWARENESS, TESTING AND MITIGATION
IN THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN COMMUNITY
GEARLINE CABINESS BRYAN, MBA
Director, Radon Education Program
National Medical Association
1012 Tenth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
7 4

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A COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE NATIONAL
MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (NMA), AND THE U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA), TO
PROMOTE RADON AWARENESS, TESTING AND MITIGATION
IN THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN COMMUNITY
GEARLINE CABINESS BRYAN, MBA
Director, Radon Education Program
National Medical Association
1012 Tenth Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20001
ABSTRACT
The National Medical Association's Radon Education Program, through a cooperative agreement
with the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, is educating African-Americans to accept
personal responsibility for preventing exposure to radon and health risks acc/v^ai#^ with radon.
KEYWORDS
Radon; Radon Education Program; African-American; National Medical Association; U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency
THE NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION'S RADON
EDUCATION PROGRAM, INITIATED TO EDUCATE
AFRICAN-AMERICAN COMMUNITIES
The National Medical Association, founded in 1895, is a professional organization that
represents 20,000 African-American physicians in the United States, including Puerto Rico and
the Virgin Islands. The National Medical Association actively addresses all issues impacting
the ability of its members to deliver quality health care.
The Radon Education Program was initiated with the National Medical Association because of
its physician coalitions throughout die nation. The National Medical Association's physicians
have extensive experience in delivering community-wide prevention and promoting activities
which have the ability to reach many African-Americans, unfortunately, most of whom are prime
candidates for immediate and short-term environmental and life threatening ills which affect
basic survival.
Moreover, radon is the second-leading cause of lung cancer deaths in the United States each
year. African-Americans suffer from diseases of the lung, particularly lung cancer, at a
disproportionate rate.
75

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Lung and bronchus cancer is the leading cause of excess mortality in African-American men and
the second-leading cause in African-American women. In addition, exposure to radon coupled
with cigarette smoking increases the risks of developing lung cancer. This combination of risk
factors is particularly significant because cigarette use is more prevalent among African
Americans than Caucasians. Most recently, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
expanded our cooperative agreement to include the Secondhand Smoke Awareness Program.
This expanded cooperative agreement presents us an opportunity to further address and impact
environmental ills that affect African Americans.
Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is emitted from soil and accumulates indoors.
Radium, which releases radon, is commonplace in the earth's crust. The radon gas seeps
through porous soils under homes or buildings and enters through gaps and cracks in the
foundation or insulation, pipes, walls or other openings.
An estimated 6 million homes in the United States may have indoor radon levels at or above the
Federal government's recommended action levels. This equates to nearly one out of every 15
homes. Risk factors for developing lung cancer from radon depend mostly on how much radon
is in your home, the amount of time spent in your home and whether you are a smoker or have
ever smoked. Unfortunately, nationwide surveys have indicated that the level of awareness of
the risks presented by radon exposure is only 48% among African Americans compared to 77%
among Caucasians.
It is difficult to convince the African-American community of the dangers of radon because there
is no physical evidence of the existence of radon gas; people cannot see or smell radon gas;
people usually feel safe in their homes; and radon gas is just another health risk or
environmental hazard among many that is a part of everyday life.
To help reduce the rates of lung cancer in African Americans, the National Medical Association
entered in a cooperative agreement in 1992 with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to
promote radon awareness, testing and mitigation in African-American communities. Through
our pilot program in Louisville, Kentucky, we have reached in one year, 25 % of the African-
American population through health fairs, frequent television and radio spots, verbal and visual
presentations at local, state and national meetings, print material distribution and coalitions with
community organizations.
Approximately, 4,000 radon fact sheets and 1,000 radon test kits were distributed during January
1993 - June 1994. Fifty percent of the distributed radon test kits have been utilized and test
results returned to Louisville residents. Our pilot program had a Health Jamboree in Louisville
in June 1994 with over 1,000 community members in attendance. This Jamboree was the result
of partnerships with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the National Black Caucus of
State Legislators, American Heart Association, Louisville Fire Prevention Bureau, St. Stephen
Baptist Church and many other organizations.
The target population in Louisville, Kentucky, was receptive to risk information about radon.
Our pilot city coordinator, a well-known Pediatrician and community activist was recognizable
to the target population. Beverly M. Gaines, M.D., was a frequent face and voice to African
76

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Americans. Dr. Gaines appeared regularly on television talk shows and radio programs
discussing various health risks. The community attended the health jamboree in large numbers
and three out of four persons knew about radon from watching television and listenin* to the
radio. The community was interested in learning more about radon and receiving test kits to test
their homes. In this African-American community, people were familiar with the messenger and
the message. The credibility of the messenger in the African-American community Ts very
important. Historically, physicians, educators and religious leaders are well respected in our
communities. Knowledge, attitude, practice and tradition plays a big part in the African-
American community being receptive to health risk information.
The National Medical Association has been most effective in radon awareness in a coordinated
community-based setting such as a health jamboree. This type of event brings schools
churches, physicians, businesses, civic organizations and Federal and local governments together
to promote health awareness and disease prevention activities.	°	°
A component of our Radon Education Program consists of training and awarding mini grants to
physicians, physician coordinators and community leaders so that the program °can be
implemented in their respective community. Recently, our program coordinator&in Cleveland
Ohio participated in a health fair which reached over 6,000 community members. Health fairs
have been an extremely successful method of reaching the African-American community In
fact, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has recommended that we continue reaching the
target population through health fairs across the Country.	*
At a Radon Public/Private Partnership meeting in December 1993, the National Medical
Association's Radon Education Program received an outstanding achievement award from the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in recognition of leadership, dedication and contributions
toward reducing the public health risk of indoor radon gas.
We are vigorously reaching out to our communities through participating in educational
programs with schools, universities and churches. In addition, the Radon Education Program
is being presented and exhibited at national and state meetings and conventions. The Program
staff is writing articles, abstracts and books to educate all segments of the African-American
population. Several of our articles have appeared in national magazines. The staff presented
a poster exhibit at the American Public Health Association's Convention. The National Medical
Association is implementing the Radon Education Program on a national level and is expanding
its outreach activities to promote environmental justice and equity.	°
77

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SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT

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MEASURING THE SUCCESS OF THE BROWNFIELDS INITIATIVE:
AN URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE PERSPECTIVE
BY
Joi Ross and Arthur Glazer
PRC Environmental Management, Inc.
Presented at the Symposium on Applied Research and Education
Addressing Urban Environmental Justice Issues Applicable to Baltimore, Maryland
Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland
October 21-22, 1995
78

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MEASURING THE SUCCESS OF THE BROWNFIELDS INITIATIVE: AN URBAN
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE PERSPECTIVE
By Joi Ross and Arthur Glazer
PRC Environmental Management, Inc
Presented at the Symposium on Applied Research and Education
Addressing Urban Environmental Justice Issues Applicable to Baltimore, MD
Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD
October 21-22, 1995
The Brownfields Initiative is a relatively new program to help revitalize our cities and other areas
across the country. The purpose of the Brownfields Initiative is to help communities redevelop
properties in order to reduce potential health risks and turn the properties into productive economic
assets. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) is currently awarding grants for up
to 50 pilot projects across the country. The city of Baltimore was recently selected as a Brownfields
pilot project.
By definition, Brownfields are land or buildings that are abandoned or underutilized and whose
redevelopment is complicated because of the real or perceived threat to the local community from
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of the sites. Historically, this has caused potential investors to shy away from investing in any efforts
to redevelop these properties.
This issue is currently under scrutiny by many states and the U.S. EPA. Many states are providing
letters to parties that have moved forward with good faith voluntary cleanups. The letters essentially
say that the state will not take any further action against the parties conducting the cleanups or parties
who subsequently buy the property. Some states have implemented initiatives that change the way
that their cleanup programs are governed. For example, Minnesota encourages productive reuse of
formerly contaminated properties and protects parties who voluntarily investigate and conduct cleanup
activities from future legal liability under state law. Pennsylvania has instituted a "greenfields
initiative" that encourages redevelopment and reuse of Brownfields sites while minimizing penalties to
property investors. Under Pennsylvania's initiative, prospective buyers conduct a comprehensive site
assessment. If remediation is required, the seller enters into an agreement with the state to formulate
a cleanup plan. In Pennsylvania, the Department of Environmental Resources formally agrees to
protect buyers from liability for future remediation for conditions identified during the site
assessment. Buyers do remain liable, however, for any contamination not identified in the initial
assessment. Michigan is another state attempting to remove roadblocks to development and reuse of
Brownfields properties. Michigan's initiative includes covenants not to sue innocent buyers of sites
that are later found to have been contaminated. These are just a few initiatives that some states have
undertaken to deal with liability issues that can complicate Brownfields redevelopment.
Many Brownfields properties are under review by state environmental protection agencies, or the
U.S. EPA to identify opportunities to clean these sites. Because many of these properties are located
in heavily populated minority and/or low income areas, such as Baltimore, urban environmental
justice issues will need to be addressed in order for this program to be successful. While economic
and liability issues clearly exist and must be addressed, this paper focuses primarily on the urban
environmental justice issues that are likely to be central to any Brownfields redevelopment project.
Through our work for federal clients such as U.S. EPA and DoD, we have had the opportunity to
learn about the impressions, opinions, and concerns of many urban communities throughout the
country that will most likely be affected by Brownfields redevelopment projects. To a large extent,
80
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information that we have gleaned first-hand from these communities has greatly framed our
perspective of the environmental justice issues that will have to be addressed.
The Brownfields Initiative will require participation and cooperation from a broad range of parties in
order to be successful. These parties include individuals and elected officials from the local
community, civic and grass roots organizations, labor unions, local industry, developers, lending
institutions, insurance companies, and representatives from state and federal agencies. Some of the
participants deal with environmental justice issues on a daily basis, while other individuals who will
become part of the process will be exposed to environmental justice issues for the first time. Because
of the divergent and sometimes opposing interests of these parties, the roles and responsibilities of
each participant must be defined in advance to assure everyone's participation is real and meaningful.
The bringing together of these parties also presents a special challenge because: (1) a level of trust
must be established since most of the parties have not worked together before, and (2) the interests of
the individuals vary and at times may oppose each other.
So now that we have set the stage here, how will we be able to measure the success of the
Brownfields Initiative? One of the key purposes of the Brownfields Initiative is to promote economic
redevelopment, which can be measured in obvious ways, such as the number of new jobs, dollars of
increased tax revenue, or dollars of state or federal grant monies awarded for community
redevelopment. But the Brownfields Initiative has the potential to be considerably more than just
economic redevelopment. In fact, the process can be a significant force in urban revitalization, which
is much more than just redevelopment. It is a process that can have far reaching value to the
community and offer many more tangible and intangible benefits that can be measured as successes
for urban environmental justice programs.
Our research shows that many benefits will likely accrue to local communities, and many of them are
at the core of resolving environmental justice issues. These benefits include: (1) the breaking down
of barriers and establishment of a framework for long-term positive working relationships among all
stakeholders; (2) the encouragement and support for local communities to position themselves to take
more control of their destiny; (3) the emergence of a more unified and/or new community leadership;
(4) the potential for reduced prejudice; and (5) the potential for reduced health risks and opportunities
81
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for the public to learn more about environmental management issues. We discuss each benefit, in
terms of the context within which it will likely emerge, in the following paragraphs.
Benefit: The Breaking Down of Barriers and Establishment of a Framework For Long-Term
Positive Working Relationships Among All Stakeholders
As previously stated, all stakeholders will have to cooperate and coordinate with each other in order
for any Brownfields project to be successful. By virtually forcing individuals to sit in a room to work
together on a common project, many barriers can be broken down and a framework can be
established for a long-term working relationship among the participants. By working together in an
open public forum, individuals will have the opportunity to listen to all points of view, as well as the
pros and cons of ideas from all of the diverse parties. And hopefully, through this process, thoughts
and ideas will emerge that represent a common ground that two, three, or four factions will start to
rally around and move forward on. Now, it is naive to think that everyone will buy into everything,
but experience has shown that more commonality among parties involved may exist in situations like
this than people would believe when they start a complex process like urban revitalization. Open,
participatory up-front dialogue is critical for ensuring that community needs and opinions are taken
into account when decisions are formulated about the intended outcomes of redevelopment projects.
In addition to breaking down barriers and establishing the framework for long-term relationships and
partnerships among all parties involved, this type of dialogue increases the likelihood that local
communities will "buy into" the projects and view them as successful. Failure to have community
input during the planning stages almost always guarantees that resentment and tensions will exist
within the community that will have to be addressed later. Additionally, such resentment and tensions
can become impediments to progress.
Benefit: The Encouragement and Support For Local Communities To Position Themselves To
Take More Control of Their Destiny
A successfully executed Brownfields project will put a lot of stake in input from the local community,
thus providing the community a great opportunity to step up and exert itself and take control of its
destiny. One of the biggest community criticisms of many major urban renewal projects is that the
developers come in and push the local community out. This includes local workers who may be
excluded from jobs created during the redevelopment process. The issue of local jobs for local
workers appears to be a major concern of urban communities near potential or existing Brownfields
sites around the country. From the community's perspective, economic development should result in
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enhanced economic conditions of local residents, not just enhanced economic conditions of developers
and lenders. If the local community can rally around the Brownfields effort at the beginning of the
process, then the tone will be set for unification on other issues that may impact the future or destiny
of the community.
Benefit: The Emergence of a More Unified And/Or New Community Leadership
As with any process involving many stakeholders with diverse interests, new leaders will emerge.
Whether they be individuals with special expertise or interests, or individuals who have time to
devote, they will emerge. So, the opportunity will exist for new individuals to come to the forefront
on local issues, such as environmental justice, and work with other stakeholders toward resolution.
Benefit: The Potential For Reduced Prejudice
Because the Brownfields Initiative is focused on urban revitalization, diverse populations and
individuals of various ethnic and racial backgrounds that most likely reflect the makeup of the city
will be involved. This includes members of neighborhood associations or grassroots organizations.
There will probably be many instances where real or perceived prejudices exist among the participants
from these groups. As mentioned earlier, it is critical that representatives from each major
stakeholder group be included up front in discussions and decisions regarding how the project will
proceed, whether jobs will be available for local workers, what the intended end result of the project
will be, and what the future land use options will likely consist of. Often times, prejudices arise out
of misunderstandings, lack of information, or both. These things can be avoided, or at least the
potential for their occurrence can be decreased, by the up front establishment of positive working
relationships among all parties involved. In order to move forward, all stakeholders must work
together. This "forced" working relationship has great potential to help break down barriers and
reduce the prejudice.
Benefit: The Potential For Reduced Health Risks and Opportunities For the Public to Learn
More About Environmental Management Issues
A significant benefit to local communities is decreased health risks. In order to turn contaminated
property into productive property again, some level of cleanup or stabilization will need to occur.
The level will likely depend upon the planned use for the land or building. For example,
:ontaminated land that will be covered over for a parking lot will likely require less cleanup than land
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that will be used to locate a new school. Historically, decisions about appropriate cleanup levels have
not been easy ones. Frequently, local communities are at odds with developers and state and federal
regulators over this issue. The local community generally wants the property cleaned up to pristine
conditions, or as close to pristine as possible, which can prove to be costly. On the other side of the
issue are the individuals who have to pay for the cleanup and are concerned about costs. This
includes state or federal agencies or the parties responsible for the contamination, if they can be
identified. But no matter how this plays out for a Brownfields site, the level of contamination at the
end of the process will generally be far less than before the process began. This results in a reduced
level of health risk, which is a significant benefit to local residents.
Continuing in this same vein, all individuals who are part of the process have a great opportunity to
learn more about environmental management issues. Whether it be developing a better understanding
of how sites become contaminated, how potential risks are estimated, or how cleanup alternatives are
evaluated, there is a great learning process. Stakeholders in the process can use this learning
experience for other arenas. For example, once someone has a better appreciation for the damage
caused by hazardous substances, they can better appreciate the importance of programs such as
pollution prevention and can become an advocate for those programs. Local residents may
particularly benefit from general knowledge gained through their involvement in the process, as well
as from training opportunities that may arise as part of the overall development plan. Training
opportunities can prepare local residents to obtain local jobs that may become available during
cleanup or construction activities. Secondary benefits are also likely to accrue to all stakeholders.
One secondary benefit to all stakeholders is a better appreciation for the fact that undoing past
environmental problems is not always an easy matter and that sometimes compromises need to be
made by all parties concerned.
This paper has focused on ways to effectively address environmental justice issues, which satisfies
only one ingredient for a successful program. Another key ingredient for making the Brownfields
Initiative a success is the economic support of private investors. State and federal dollars may not
exist in sufficient quantity to move these programs very far. Some government funding may be
available to help start the process, and maybe to help support some level of cleanup. Also some
historic programs, such as loans from the Small Business Administration or HUD block grants may
come into play. However, for the most part, private investment will have to play a significant role.
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Private investment may involve banks, private organizations, or virtually any entities typically
involved in real estate development projects. This is where the process can get very interesting.
Many urban redevelopment projects have moved forward with little or no thought about the potential
impacts on the local communities. And, in fact, many potential investors probably have not been
involved in a public participation process where environmental justice issue are involved, and where
these concerns must be addressed in order for the project to move forward. This crossroad will
provide for interesting decision making as investors attempt to move forward and start earning a
return on their money while the concerns of the local community arise as a force that must be dealt
with in order for the process to proceed in a positive light.
In spite of this potential challenge, we believe that private investors will step up to the plate because
many of the Brownfields properties present a wonderful opportunity for redevelopment, and more
importantly revitalization. Also, as mentioned earlier, many states have begun to take steps to
address liability issues and encourage investment. States do impose strict standards and require
detailed site analyses prior to cleanup. The interesting factor here is that each analysis is site specific.
Each situation is viewed individually and is not necessarily analyzed on the basis of statewide or
national standards. This process provides for the "unlocking" of many properties that previously
might have been entangled in state or federal regulatory structures. In the absence of a site-specific
process for analyzing the properties, barriers created by these structures could potentially reduce the
perceived value of urban properties targeted for redevelopment.
And finally, the Brownfields Initiative provides a model for other urban development projects. There
is no reason why the lessons learned and the framework developed cannot be applied to many other
situations where participants come from a range of interests and experience. We are confident that all
of the participants in the Brownfields Initiative will learn a great deal from the process. This can be
increased technical knowledge, or knowledge about state and federal environmental programs, or
knowledge about real estate development projects. But potentially the most important will be the
knowledge gained from working with others in sensitive situations, such as those frequently
encountered when environmental justice issues are put on the table.
In summary, the Brownfields Initiative is one that is long overdue. The initiative has the potential to
help revitalize, or put the heart back into urban areas across the country. While focusing on the end
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result of redevelopment and revitalization, we must not lose site of the process required to reach the
end result. We must take advantage of the knowledge that will be gained along the way, and engage
in efforts to evaluate progress and take whatever steps necessary to improve the process along the
way to ensure that benefits accrue to all stakeholders. This is going to be an extremely challenging
process, there is no doubt about that. But sometimes the bigger the challenge, the greater the
benefits.
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Sustainable Coiraaunity Development:
The Role of Law School Clinics in Aiding Baltimore's Communities
Urban Environmental Justice:
The Role of Law School Clinics in Aiding Baltimore's Communities
by Prof. Jane Schukoske
University of Baltimore School of Law
Much of government and of the American public have been blind
to racial inequity, or, at worst, been biased in public decision-
making in the past. Realizing the blindness and bias, the
government has now begun to reevaluate its decision-making
processes and to consider how to address disproportionately high
and adverse human health or environmental effects on people of
color and low-income populations. President Clinton's Executive
Order1 has caused agencies to confront the issue and develop
strategies to address planning processes for the future and current
enforcement policy and activities.
At a number of urban universities around the country, law
school clinics have been developed to address environmental
injustices.2 Since January, 1995, the University of Baltimore (UB)
School of Law has operated an Environmental Justice Project in its
Civil Clinic to primarily assist community groups in Baltimore
City.
This essay discusses soxae of the insights we have had about
environmental justice efforts in Baltimore and suggests ways in
which law school clinics may assist low income communities.
Environmental Justice Project of the Civil Clinic
at the University of Baltimore school of Law
The University of Baltimore Environmental Justice Project
(EJP) of UB's Civil Clinic represents low income individuals and
community groups on environmental issues in the metropolitan
Baltimore area. Begun in the spring, 1995 semester, the Project is
offered one semester per year to provide free legal services to
low-income and minority communities facing environmental hazards
and to train law students to become effective environmental
1	Executive Order 12898, "Federal Actions to Address
Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income
Populations" (February 11, 1994).
2	Golden Gate Law School in San Francisco, Tulane Law School
in New Orleans, Georgetown University Law Center in Washington,
D.C., and Boston College School of Law, to name a few, began
clinics in recent years. University of Maryland School of Law
operates an Environmental Law Clinic.
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Sustainable Community Development:
The Role of Law School Clinics in Aiding Baltimore's Communities
advocates for these communities.
Individuals and groups in Maryland's low income and minority
communities often need legal assistance to reduce or eliminate the
environmental risks they face. Environmental problems are complex:
the information needed to assess the problem includes laboratory or
field testing, and there is a web of laws that may apply.1 In
addition to representing families in which there are lead poisoned
children to assist them in obtaining safe housing, EJP student
attorneys have collaborated on work for a neighborhood situated
next to an automobile shredder which has polluted the area for
twenty years, advised neighbors next to a landfill, advised
neighbors next to an abandoned gas station, and testified on
legislation.
EJP Activities
Under^ close faculty supervision, student attorneys in the UB
Civil Clinic's EJP provide direct legal assistance, counseling, and
education to members of disadvantaged communities on environmental
matters. Clinic students are certified under the Maryland Rules of
Admission to the Bar to perform all tasks of an attorney under the
direct supervision of a faculty attorney. Student attorneys meet
potential clients, conduct initial interviews, investigate their
cases, and develop legal advice and strategies. At the client's
direction, these strategies are implemented by the student
attorneys, who draft legal documents, counsel clients, litigate,
testify on legislative and regulatory proposals, negotiate with
opposing parties, and perform other professional tasks. The
students staff the Clinic for 20+ hours each week during the
semester, and receive six units of academic credit.
^n# EJP student attorney's learning activities include both
formal instruction, community education and client representation.
Supervising faculty conduct weekly supervision meetings with each
student at which she presents her work briefly, summarizing its
current status and identifying issues or tasks yet to be performed.
Also, supervisors meet weekly with teams of students - between two
and six on a project - to discuss ongoing work. These meetings
allow close faculty supervision and collaboration among students as
professionals. a weekly seminar includes instruction in skills
training (interviewing, counseling, drafting, case theory
development, oral advocacy, trial skills, and community relations
and education) and substantive legal issues, as well as a
structured discussion in which students reflect on the lessons they
Schwart*' The taw of Environmental Justice: a
Research Pathfinder:, 25 Environmental Law Reporter 10543 (1995).
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Sustainable Community Development:
The Role of Law School Clinics in Aiding Baltimore's Communities
have learned handling cases. The seminar also teaches students
about the particular challenges facing an attorney assisting
member's of disadvantaged communities. Lectures and materials
sensitize students to the unique environmental problems experienced
by low income communities, features of group representation, and
strategies that can effectively serve low income communities.4
Members of community organizations participate in selected classes.
Student attorneys spend their time on assigned projects with
community groupa or individuals, counseling them about
environmental issues, inspecting sites with a neighborhood group,
assisting community members in meetings with public officials
responsible for administering environmental laws, advising members
of a coalition of organizations, developing legal memoranda for
public officials and community groups regarding options to solve
environmental problems, facilitating participation by community
members in regulatory proceedings, and consulting with
environmental, experts and corarrmnity organisora. Tho supervising
attorneys observe students at meetings with clients and at witness
interviews; review all written documents prepared by students
before they are sent out; and evaluate student practice simulations
before any legal proceeding or community presentation.
In the EJP, students learn about the problems of Baltimore's
low income communities and how the concerns of those communities
might be voiced and addressed responsively. clinical legal
education such as the EJP affords the student the opportunity to
apply knowledge gleaned from traditional classes to legal practice
for disadvantaged clients. Exposure to the environmental blight in
residential areas often evokes a student's sense of social
responsibility. In providing a student legal skills and
familiarity with environmental problems of low income
neighborhoods, the EJP hopes to imbue students with commitment to
public service in their legal careers.
insights and Recommendations
In the nine months of EJP's operations, the students and
faculty have observed the following;
* Clinics can provide representation to a small number of
community groups, serving those who would otherwise go
without representation.
4 Current sources for readings on environmental justice
include 29 CLEARINGHOUSE REVIEW No. 4 (Special Issue 1995); V RACE,
POVERTY & THE ENVIRONMENT No. 2/3 (Fall 1994/Winter 1995).
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Sustainable Community Development:
The Role of Law School Clinics in Aiding Baltimore's Communities
The representation of families with children vulnerable
to lead poisoning, and of a community group next to an
abandoned gas station which has emitted contamination
are examples of this.
Clinic resources are slender. Additional legal resources
should be devoted this work. Requests for services can
be directed to the Environmental Law Section of the
Maryland State Bar Association for pro bono assistance.
*	Clinics can, in their study of an issue, identify
resources that are needed, and in some cases, develop
them.
Baltimore City and Maryland as a whole lack a listing of
environmental justice priorities. We as a community need
to systematically identify and address the existing
inequities.
The clinic identified a need for resources on law related
to lead hazards in housing, and has developed a resource
manual in draft form as a project with the Coalition for
a Lead-Safe Environment.
*	clinics may have access to testing, which is critical for
low income communities to assess hazards they suspect or
identify.
Universities have expertise and access to scientific
resources. Clinics may help widen availability of low-fee
testing.
*	Clinic students may prove to be short-term help and long-
term assets to low income communities.
Law students, since they are still learning, may take
longer to do effective work than a lawyer. From the
perspective of a teacher, I have seen clinic students
learn about low income communities,- form ties, and
volunteer to help with EJ issues after graduation.
*	Urban environmental justice issues call for collaboration
of communities and lawyers to work together to address
neighborhood problems.
Urban environmental justice issues - such as clean-up of
existing housing, air, water and land, and permitting -
have a direct effect on people in their homes,
neighborhoodst and public areas. Unlike the earlier wave
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Sustainable Community Development:
The Role of Law School Clinics in Aiding Baltimore's Communities
of environmental work in which public interest
organizations could pretty effectively speak on the
issues of preservation of natural resources and reduction
of pollution, people must work together to address these
issues effectively.
These issues are an occasion for communities, students,
and professors to talk about race with goals of
rectifying past wrongs and improving government's ability
to make present and future decisions without racial and
economic bias.
In summary, several key roles of law school clinics in serving
communities on urban environmental issues are to provide a small
amount of direct service, to educate and inspire students to serve
communities presently and long-term, and to identify and prod
development of legal information and scientific testing resources.
Professor Jane Schukoske
Clinical Office
University of Baltimore School of Law
40 West Chase Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21201
October 20, 1995
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The Environmental Protection Agency and
Morgan State University Teachers Institute
Don Koch, Baltimore City College High School
For the third year, the EPA has funded a Teachers Insatiate which is hosted by Morgan
State University. Teachers from across the country apply and if selected, participate in this
two-week program designed to —
1.	Give teachers information and up-to-date knowledge on environmental issues,
2.	Provide teachers with information and classroom materials especially on
environmental careers,
3.	Develop a network of teachers who in turn train colleagues in their school
systems through faculty and in-service meetings,
4.	Provide environmental education "how-to-teach" sessions and strategies, and
5.	Highlight Environmental Justice Issues.
In the MSU Environmental Justice Seminar, Mr. Don Koch will explain some of
the highlights of the two-week Institute and the impact it has had on his teaching,
discuss his community project plan and some special projects in which his students
have participated as a result of his involvement in the Institute.
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Factors Affecting Land Use and Zoning in Baltimore City
Dawn McCleary, Master of City & Regional Planning (MCRP) from Morgan State
University
ABSTRACT: This study examines how zoning and land use control mechanisms have
impacted the existence of two communities within the Baltimore Area. The factors looked
at included those that affected both Community's characters such as past and present
zoning issues and decisions, types of community resources and their political
representation and the effects of zoning on both community's quality of life and existence.
The history, the past and current geographic and demographic analysis, and the current
zoning and land use status of both communities were studied. The findings from the
analysis of these data sources support the notion that in fact, zoning decisions have
significant impacts on the character and existence of the communities. This study was also
able to determine how zoning related decisions have contributed positive changes on one
:ommunity (predominantly white) while adversely impacting the quality of life and
existence of the other (predominantly black). The research data consisted of case studies,
:ensus data, zoning ordinances and maps, historical information, as well as analysis of
Dertinent issues from books, magazines, and newspaper articles.
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Organizing for a Sustainable, Healthy Community Environment:
Three Key Policy Shifts
Presentation by Dennis Livingston
Community Resources and the Environmental Health Education Center at the LJMAB
School of Medicine
OUTLINE
The implementation of a sustainable environmental program is contingent on paradigm
shifts in current policy. Three crucial shifts are:
1.	From: Reaction to environmental crises as though they were isolated problems.
To: Development of a wholistic prevention program that understands all
aspects of the environment, from wilderness issues to problems in urban
centers, are inextricably related.
Example:
From: A lead abatement program that responds to children with elevated blood
lead levels.
To: A community-based residential environmental assessment of all potentially
hazardous conditions before they poison a child. This must include development of
the local capacity to remediate the identified problems.
2.	From: Addressing environmental problems as though they have little bearing on
economic development, particularly in disadvantaged neighborhoods.
To: Converting the environmental problems into economic development
opportunities as part of sustainable environmental development plan.
Example:
From: The collection of "trash" which is often buried or incinerated in low income
communities causing more environmental problems.
To : The development of neighborhood, scrap-based manufacturing industries
creating profitable industries thereby developing administrative, technical and
skilled jobs, and entrepreneur development within communities.
3.	From: Creating environmental policies and programs that build community
dependency on outsiders for the provision of environmental services thereby
detouring potential environmental funds from the community and leaving the
community incapable of addressing its own environmental problems.
To: Using outside environmental assessment and remediation funding as seed
capital to develop on-going community services an'd resources. The goal being a
sustainable economic base.
Example:
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From: The government paying millions of dollars to contractors from outside the
community to clean up and board up abandoned, polluted industrial sites.
To: Capitalizing community-based companies to be equipped to convert
abandoned industrial sites into thriving industrial centers. This includes training
community residents in business and technical skills and establishing local favorable
purchase agreements for community-based enterprises. This will result in the
existence of the administrative capacity within community institutions to manage
the environmental solutions within the community in a context of economic
development.
There can be no economic justice without a sustainable, community-controlled economic
base.
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URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT AND
MANAGEMENT
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The Use of Environmental Justice Methods in the
Environmental Impact Statement of the Aberdeen Proving Grounds
Dee Wernette
Gary Williams
Lenneal Henderson
Argonne National Laboratories, Argonne, Illinois
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) retained Argonne National Laboratory
to generate the environmental impact statement for the Aberdeen Proving Grounds in
Harford County in the Baltimore metropolitan area. The EIS team incorporated
environmental justice principles in the methodology of the EIS using demographic,
socioeconomic, institutional, and survey research strategies in the EIS. These strategies
were conducted both on an immediate (Aberdeen, Harford County) and metropolitan-wide
basis. The objective of this paper is to share these methods with the audience, including
both the strengths and weaknesses of the EJ component.
Drs. Dee Wernette and Gary Williams are senior scientists at Argonne National Labs
Illinois and Washington, DC offices. Lenneal Henderson is a Special Term Analyst at
Argonne and Professor in the School of Public Affairs at the University of Baltimore.
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Baltimore Urban Environmental Initiative
Reginald Harris, Dominique LueckenhofF, Jeff Burke, Don Torres, Reuben Dagold, Peter
Conrad, Peg Ross, Wallace Baker, Frederick W. Kutz
The Baltimore Urban Environmental Risk Initiative is an interagency activity being
conducted by Region HI in cooperation with the City of Baltimore and the Maryland
Department of the Environment. The initiative was designed to identify and rank areas of
disproportionate risk in the City for purposes of implementing risk reduction, pollution
prevention, public awareness and other activities to effectively eliminate, or at least
minimize these risks. The initiative consists of two tracks: one, a "Short-Term Track"
addressing issues of immediate concern and initial data collection and analyses; and two, a
"Long-Term Track" addressing issues from the Short-Term which call for continued
research and actions.
The Short-Term Track activities applied knowledge and experience of an Interagency
(City of Baltimore, MDE, EPA) team to jointly target areas of environmental concern: 1)
Lead, 2) Hazardous Materials Incidents, 3) Fish Consumption/Toxins in the Harbor, 4) Air
Toxins, 5) Ground-Level Ozone, and 6) Indoor Air and Radon. The Long-Term Track is
designed to: 1) follow up on long-term projects/actions identified by program participants
in the Short-Term Track, 2) identify future environmental monitoring needs for purposes
of collecting appropriate data, 3) utilize public focus groups to identify perceptions and
feedback based upon findings and 4) use feedback to target long-term actions for risk
reduction and environmental improvement.
Funding has been provided by EPA Region III for activities related to the following
"Short-Term Track" areas of concern: 1) Lead, 2) Hazardous Materials Incidents, 3) Fish
Consumption/Toxins in the Harbor, 4) Ground-Level Ozone, and 5) Indoor Air Quality.
The Interagency Steering Committee hopes to achieve environmental improvements,
increase public awareness, and realize positive changes related to risk reduction and
pollution prevention in Baltimore.
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Chester, PA Environmental Justice Urban Initiative
Reginald Harris, Patrick Anderson, Jennifer Hubbard, Dawn Ioven, Roy Smith, Joel
Hersch, Jeff Burke, Nancy Rios-Jaffola, Tom Casey, Elizabeth Quinn, Debora Forman,
Youngmoo Kim
The City of Chester, PA is known for having the highest concentration of industrial
facilities in the state, including two oil refineries, a large infectious medical waste facility,
among a number of waste processing plants in the proximity, not to mention that at least
85% of raw sewage and associated sludge is treated there. Residents have not only been
concerned with the health effects of living and working amid toxic substances, but
residents have actually complained of frequent illness. The fact that Chester has the
highest infant mortality rate coupled with the lowest birth rate in the state, the highest
death rate due to malignant tumors, the highest percentage of African-Americans of any
municipality in the state, and that Chester is considered the poorest community in
Delaware County raised concern for the health and well-being of the community.
Appropriated issues of environmental justice and community protection have been raised.
The Chester Risk Assessment Project was part of an initiative by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Region HI and agencies of the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to study environmental risks, health, and regulatory
issues in the Chester, Pennsylvania area. Although the intent of the study was to provide a
complete "cumulative risk study", utilizing exposure data for all environmental media and
exposure pathways, the actual report is more of an Aggregated Risk study due to the
largely unknown nature of the interrelated exposures.
The City of Chester is located approximately 15 miles southwest of Philadelphia along the
Delaware River. Surrounding communities also examined in the development of this
report include Eddystone, Trainer, Marcus Hook, and Linwood.
Chemical data were gathered from existing sources, but the scope of this project did not
include collection of new data specifically designed for a Chester risk assessment. Instead
the workgroup performed an examination of available data which yielded the following
observations:
•	The data had been collected for different programs and different agencies. These data
were not originally designed to support a quantitative risk assessment of the Chester
Area.
•	The databases were of varying quality, and certain chemicals and media had not been
tested. However, even with the limited data, many data sets were available to be used to
generate estimated risks.
Modeling of air data from point sources was performed prior to the air risk assessment.
Therefore, point source air risks are based on projected data rather than actually collected
in the field. The lead (Pb) data, area sources of volatile organic compound (VOC)
emissions, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) site information, and Toxic
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Release Inventory (TRI) data did not involve the types of environmental data conducive to
quantitative risk assessment.
The findings of the report are:
•	Blood lead in Chester children is unacceptably high (over 60% of children's blood
samples are above the Center for Disease Control (CDC) recommended maximum
level of lOug/dl.
•	Both cancer and non-cancer risks from the pollution sources at locations in the city of
Chester exceed levels which EPA believes are acceptable. Air emissions from facilities
in and around Chester provide a large component of the cancer and non-cancer risk to
the citizens of Chester.
• The health risk from eating contaminated fish from streams in Chester and the
Delaware River is unacceptably high.
Drinking water in Chester is typical of supplies in other cities throughout the
countiy. Slight long term (20 year) risks may be expected due to the residuals of
water treatment processes.
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THE PHILADELPHIA EXPERIENCE: ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
CHARACTERIZATION IN A COMPLEX URBAN ENVIRONMENT
Ms. Nadia Shalauta, Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore,
MD; TA Burke, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; L Rosenberg; L. Mangiaracina;
Frederick W. Kutz, Ph J)., ORD Regional Scientist, EPA Region HI
Despite a tremendous progress in environmental quality in the past two decades, there remains a
critical need to develop more responsive approaches to address public concerns about health and
the environment Current approaches to health risk assessment have been helpful in guiding
regulatory activities, but have limited application in die evaluation of complex multi-media
exposures. In addition, the technical nature and inherent uncertainty of the risk assessment process
have undermined public confidence and made it difficult to translate results into meaningful
applications for community health. Meanwhile, fundamental questions concerning environmental
exposures and the health status of communities have remained unanswered.
The objective of this study is to develop a framework for characterizing the environmental health
needs of communities within EPA Region HI. The pilot project is currently in progress in the
South and Southwest Philadelphia area, a complex urban environment with hundreds of sources of
environmental contamination. The assessment will profile sources of population exposure and
examine indicators of community health. The project seeks to identify susceptible populations and
provide a foundation for the evaluation of environmental justice issues. In addition to
characterizing the environmental pollution in the study, the project will focus on addressing
environmental health issues of crucial interest to the public. The result of this effort will be a report
which will list, in order of priority, the environmental health issues in the South and Southwest
Philadelphia area. The final report will be structured to be a tool for public education as well as a
building block for the establishment of a long-term strategy for continual evaluation and protection
:>f the South and Southwest Philadelphia environment Action recommendations to address risks
svill be developed. Ultimately, the methodology developed in this project will provide Region III
ivitfi improved capacity to respond to community concerns about their health and environment
rhe approach represents the convergence of traditional quantitative risk assessment and public
lealth assessment methodologies. The integrative approach allows us to move beyond the
raditional pollutant and media-specific approaches toward a population-based approach to
xnnmunity health which provides the opportunity to enhance the role of public values in the
iecision-making process.
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BUILDING TRUST IN COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH
Nadia Shalauta, Thomas A Burke, Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public
Health, L. banks, R. Bialek, M. Farfel, L. Rosenberg, L. Mangiaracina
Since the first Earth Day, environmental health research has made tremendous strides in identifying
and evaluating sources of environmental contamination, eliciting the toxicity of compounds, and
developing complex technological solutions for clean-up of the hazards. However, the progress
that has been made has often neglected to include the affected communities in the decision-making
process. The environmental regulatory community has recognized the critical role of stakeholders
and has begun to support approaches with strong community input
The success of any public health effort requires the understanding and incorporation of community
values. This presentation will focus on practical issues and lessons learned from the South and
Southwest Philadelphia environmental characterization study.
To foster community support, it is critical to build trust and establish credibility. From the opening
discussions about a project, the process must be transparent and flexible. In our environmental
characterization study of South and Southwest Philadelphia, we have identified several issues that
must be addressed and steps that must be taken to solicit community input and participation in
environmental health research. Steps that are critical include the following:
-Identify the actors;
-Identify the concern;
-Establish a community advisory committee;
-Establish communications strategy;
-Include the community in the research design;
-Respond to community questions and,
-Include the community in the analysis and presentation of results.
101
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION m/OFFlCE OF POLLUTION PREVENTION AND TOXICS
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT PROJECT
Hank Topper, USEPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, USEPA, Reginald Harris,
USEPA Region HI, et al.
The Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) has recently formed a workgroup to begin a
focused effort to learn how to more effectively address the concerns of the environmental justice
movement and communities. The workgroup is working along with EPA Region in to develop
relationships with state and local governments to conduct a pilot partnership project to help a
community assess and address its environmental concerns. Currently, OPPT s working with its
other governmental partners in exploring the possibility of conducting the pilot study in Baltimore
City. The project will unite residents, businesses and government to address environmental issues
from the perspective of the neighborhood. OPPT Expects the first hand experience of the pilot to
provide real insight into the needs of Communities, the State and the Region. In addition to the
pilot project, the workgroup will also consult with as many regional, state and local staff as
possible to learn how OPPT can more effectively assist their ongoing and future environmental
justice initiatives.
102
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SYMPOSIUM AGENDA
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Baltimore Symposium on Urban Environmental
Justice Research and Education
Agenda
Saturday
October 21, 1995
8:00-9:00 a.m. Registration
9:00-10:00	Welcome and Opening Plenary - Meeting Room One
(1)	Opening Remarks - W. Wallace Baker
Director, Office of Fair Practices, Maryland Department of the
Environment
(2)	Welcoming Statements
•	Dr. Cecil Payton, Executive Assistant to the President, Morgan
State University
•	Mr. Stanley L. Laskowski, Deputy Regional Administrator, EPA
Region III
•	The Honorable Jane Nishida, Secretary of the Environment, State of
Maryland
•	Mr. Charles C. Graves III, Director of Planning, City of Baltimore
(3)	Informational Presentation
•	Dr. Clarice E. Gaylord, Director, EPA Office of Environmental Justice
10:00 - 10:15 Break
The Chemical industry Council has sponsored coffee and juice, which
will be available in the Poster Session Room
10:15 - 12:00 p.m. Outdoor Pollution - Meeting Room One
Moderator - Mr. W. Wallace Baker
Director, Office of Fair Practices, Maryland Department of the
Environment
•	Employee Commute Options: Differential Gains and Losses
Dr. Gordon Scott Bonham Center for Suburban and Regional
Studies, Towson State University; Dr. Andrew Farkas. Center for
Transportation Studies, Morgan State University
•	The Ozone Pollution Map: A Technology-Based Approach to Improved
Public Awareness of the Nature of Ground-Level Ozone Pollution and
to a Greater Acceptance of Effective Control Measures
Mr. Glen Besa. Ms. Reheraa Rag^m and Mr. Dwhrfit D. Wilson.
American Lung Association of Maryland, Inc., Cumberland, MD
103
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Contaminant Levels in Baltimore Harbor Fish and Crabs
Ms. Mary Jo Garreis. Environmental Program Manager
Environmental Risk Assessment Program, Maryland Department of
the Environment, Baltimore, MD
Concentrations and Sources of Contaminants in Baltimore Air
Dr. John M. Qndov. Department of Chemistry, University of
Maryland, College Park, MD
Toxic Chemicals in Baltimore Harbor
Ms. Jagueline Savte. Environmental Scientist, Chesapeake Bay
Foundation, Annapolis, MD
Methods to Biologically Monitor Health and Effects of Environmental
Contamination In Aquatic Organisms
Dr. Andrew S. Kane. Aquatic Pathobiology Center, University of
Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pathology,
Baltimore, MD
Panel Discussion
Lunch/Poster Session - Poster Session Room
Household Hazards - Lead • Meeting Room One
Moderator - Mr. John A. Rosenthall
Director for Environmental Justice, National Office of the NAACP
Investigations In Environmental Equity: Young Adults And Lead
Exposure In A Community Setting
Dr. P. Barrv Ryan Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
Phase / Field Investigations For The National Human Exposure
Assessment Survey (NHEXAS): The Relationship Between Short-Term
Measurements And Long-Term Exposures
Dr. P. Bam/ Rvan Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
Community Education on Lead Paint Hazards: Reaching Those Who Can
Prevent Lead Poisoning
Ms. Ruth Ann Norton. Coalition for a Lead Safe Environment,
Baltimore, MD
The Issue of Lead Poisoning in the Community: Facing a Treatable
Problem
Ms. Nicole s Kelly Sojourner-Douglass College Students for
Environmental Equity, Sojourner-Douglass College,
Baltimore, MD
Childhood Lead Poisoning: A National Overview of a Local Problem
Mr. Max Weintraub, National Lead Information Center of the
Environmental Health Center, Washington, DC
Presented hv: Ms Deborah c. Cohen. Program Manager, National
Safety Council
104
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Baltimore Urban Environmental Initiatives Program Lead Poisoning
Prevention Project
Ms. Ruth Quinn Program Administrator, Baltimore Urban
Environmental Initiatives Program, Lead Poisoning Prevention
Project, Baltimore City Health Department, Baltimore, MD
Promotion of Environmental Justice Through the Radon Education
Program by Increasing Awareness, Testing and Mitigation in the
African-American Community
Ms. Geariine C Rryan Program Director for Radon Education
and Second Hand Smoke Awareness, National Medical Association,
Washington. DC
Helping Children with Asthma Breathe Easy: Partnerships in
Community-Based Environmental Health Education
Ms. Marie O'Neal EPA Office of Radiation and Indoor Air
Washington, DC
Presented bv Ms. Tracy ytfaahir^ton Enoer
Household Pesticide Use
Ms. Morning Sunday-Hftttlftman Co-Director, institute for
Environmental Justice
Panel Discussion
Break
Sustainable Community Development
Meeting Room One
Moderator - Dr. Gustav Jackson
Director of Environmental Studies, Sojourner-Douglass College
Measuring the Success of the Brownfields Economic Redevelopment
Initiative
Ms. Joi Ross. PRC Environmental Management, Inc.,
Mr- Arthur Glazer. PRC Environmental Management, Inc.,
Washington, DC
Urban Environmental Justice: The Role of Law School Clinics in
Aiding Baltimore's Communities
Ms. Jane Schukoske, University of Baltimore School of Law Civil
Clinic, Environmental Justice Project, Baltimore, MD
Presented Bv: Ms. nenicft pltYf»i Professor, Baltimore University
School of Law Civil Clinic, Environmental Justice Project,
Baltimore, MD
Morgan State University - Environmental Protection Agency Summer
Institute
Mr Don Koch. Baltimore City College High School, Baltimore, MD
105
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•	Factors Affecting Land Use and Zoning In Baltimore City
Ms. Dawn McCleary. Master of City and Regional Planning from
Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD
•	Organizing for a Sustainable, Healthy Community Environment: Three
Key Policy Shifts
Mr. Dennis Livingston. Director, Community Resources, University
of Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
•	Fairfield Ecological Industrial Park
Ms. Michele Wheitev. Executive Vice President, Real Estate
Development, Baltimore Development Corporation, Baltimore, MD
•	Panel Discussion
4:45 - 5:00	Announcement*
5:00 - 6:30	Reception
Sponsored by Sojourner-Douglass College, the African-
American Environmentalist Association and the Center for
Environment, Commerce and Energy
Sunday
October 22, 1995
12:30 - 2:45 p.m. Urban Environmental Assessment and Management
Moderator • Mr. Reginald Harris
USEPA Region III
•	The Use of Environmental Justice in Environmental Impact Statements
Dr. Lenneal Henderson, Dr. Gary Williams, Argonne National
Laboratories, Argonne, IL
Presented Rv- n>V fiary Williams Argonne National Laboratories
•	Baltimore Urban Environmental Initiative
Mr. Reginald Harris USEPA Region III
•	Chester, Pennsylvania Environmental Justice Urban Initiative
Mr. Reginald USEPA Region III
•	The Philadelphia Experience: Environmental Health Characterization
in a Complex Urban Environment
Ms. Nadia Rhaiai^ Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and
Public Health, Baltimore. MD
• Building Trust in Community Environmental Health Research
Ms. Madia Shaia^n Pr	A	Johns Hopkins University,
School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD
106
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United States Environmental Protection Agency Region Ill/Office of
Pollution Prevention and Toxics Environmental Justice Community
Empowerment Project
Mr. Hank Tnppftr US EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
Panel Discussion
Break
Closing Panel Discussion: Opportunities For The Future
Moderator - Dr. Barbara Sattler
University of Maryland at Baltimore School of Medicine,
Environmental Health Education Center, Baltimore, MD
Dr. Gustav Jackson, Director of Environmental Studies, Sojourner-
Douglass College, Baltimore, MD
Mr. Norris McDonald, President, African American Environmentalist
Association, Washington, DC
Dr Barbara Sattler, University of Maryland at Baltimore School of
Medicine, Environmental Health Education Center, Baltimore, MD
Ms. Morning-Sunday Hettleman, Co-Director, Institute for
Environmental Justice
Dr. Charles Salters, Professor of Biology, Morgan State University
Mr. Brian Martin, President, Chemical Industry Council of Maryland
Mr. Frederick W. Kutz, EPA Region III
Poster Session/Opportunities for involvement and
Networking
107
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SYMPOSIUM PARTICIPANTS
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Baltimore Symposium on Urban Environmental
Justice Research and Education
Participants
Femi Adesanya
Director
Enviro. Justice Info. Ctr. Hampton Univ
27 West Queensway, Suite 102
Hampton,	VA 23669
Phone (804)728-3958
Fax (804)728-9058
W. Wallace Baker
Director, Office of Fair Practices
MDDept of The Environment
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore,	MD 21224
Phone 410/631-3964
Fax 410/631-4496
Toni Benjamin
Information Specialist
Center for Environmental Mgt. Info.
P.O. Box 23769
Washington,	DC 23769
Phone (202)863-5087
Fax
Devon Biackstone
Environmental Engineer
The Environmental Law Institute
1616 P Street, NW Suite 200
Washington,	DC 20036
Phone
Fax
Michele Brantley
PRC EMI
l593Springhill Rd
Vienna,	VA 22182
Phone (703)287-8915
Fax (703)287-8910
Carolyn Alexander
Environmental Coordinator
Baltimore Urban League
512 Orchard Street
Baltimore,	k© 21201
Phone
Fax
Rebecca Bascom
American Lung Assoc of Maryland
11 Columbia St
Cumberland,	MD 21502
Phone
Fax
Glen Besa
Director of Environmental Programs
American Lung Assoc of Maryland
11 Columbia St
Cumberland,	n© 21502
Phone (301)777-7317
Fax (301)759-9106
Margaret Blechman
Equal Opp. Specialist
Dept of Transport. Office of Civil Rts
400 7th Street SW
Washington,	DC 20460
Phone (202)366-9264
Fax
Kathy Brohawn
Md Dept of the Environment
Water Quality Division, 2500 Broening
Baltimore,	h© 21220
Phone (410)613-3906
Fax (410)633-0456
Jerome A Atkins
Assistant Dean
Morgan State Univ, School of Eng
Rm 118, Mitchell Eng Bldg. Coldspring Ln
Baltimore,	MD 21239
Phone (410)319-3621
Fax (410)319-3843
Linda F. Behsudi
Program Coordinator, Community Lead
Kennedy Krieger Institute
707 N. Broadway
Baltimore	MD 21205
Phone 410-550-8385
Fax 410-550-8268
Christine Bivens
Fair Practices Office
Md Dept of the Environment
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore,	M) 21224
Phone (410)631-3964
Fax (410)631-4496
Gordon Scott Bonham
Ctr for Suburban & Reg. Studies
Towson State University
Towson,	MD 21204-7097
Phone (410)830-3827
Fax (410)830-3456
Gearline Bryan
Director, Radon Education Program
National Medical Association
1012 Tenth Street, NW
Washington,	DC 20001
Phone (202)347-1895
Fax
108
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Thomas Burke
Johns Hopkins University
500 N. Caroline Street
Baltimore,	MD 21205
Phone (410)955-1604
Fax (410) 955-0876
Denise Chambers
Vice-President
Latrobe Resident Council, Inc.
900 East Madison Street
Baltimore,	MD 21202
Phone (410)685-1308
Fax
Chereise Coates
Univof Md
School of Medicine Environ Health
28 East Ostehd Street
Baltimore,	MD 21230
Phone
Fax
Peter Conrad
City of Baltimore
Planning Department
417 E. Fayette St., 8th
Baltimore,	KO 21202-3416
Phone (410)396-4264
Fax (410)244-7358
Angelique Dumas
Student
Morgan State University
4402 Marble Hall Road, Apt 291
Baltimore,	MD 21218
Phone (410)433-4371
Fax (410)659-0207
Andrew Felix
Rainforest Consultants Assoc
2328 North Charles Street
Baltimore,	MD 21218
Phone (410)366-4318
Fax
Carolyn TBurridge
President
CTB Government Relations Group
700 A Nursery Road
Linthicum,	MD 21090
Phone (410)789-4600
Fax (410)789-1554
Velma Charles-Shannon
Env Just Program Mgr
Office of Civil Rights Enforcement
14th & Independence Ave SW, Rm 44W,
Wahington,	DC 20250
Phone (202)690-3510
Fax (202)690-3509
Arthur Cohen
Consultant
Mediation Services
3211 Montebelk) Terrace
Baltimore,	MD 21214
Phone (410)254-9074
Fax
Reuben Dagold
City of Baltimore
Health Department
303 E. Fayette St., 4th
Baltimore,	MD 21202-3416
Phone (410)396-4427
Fax (410)396-5986
Tracy Enger
Indoor Air Division
US EPA
401 M Street, SW (6607J)
Washington,	DC 20460
Phone (202)233-9484
Fax (202) 233-9555
John M. Firth
Attorney
44 North Main St.,
Bel Air,	MD 21014
Phone (410)638-2700
Fax (410)893-6761
Janet Carpenter
1627 Irving Street, NW
Washington,	DC 20010
Phone (202)462-9279
Fax (301)314-9091
Angela Chung
US EPA
Office of Environmental Justice
401 M. St. SW
Washington,	DC 20460
Phone (202)260-3595
Fax (202) 260-0852
Deborah Cohen
Program Manager
National Safety Council
101919th St, NW, Suite 401
Washington,	DC 20036
Phone (202)833-1071
Fax (202)659-1192
Melinda Downing
Program Information Specialist
Office of Public Accountability-DOE
EM5,1000 Independence Avenue, SW
Washington,	DC 20585
Phone (202)586-7703
Fax (202)586-0293
Andrew Farkas
Center for Transportation Studies
Morgan State University
Baltimore,	MD 21239
Phone 410/319-3348
Fax 410/319-3224
Mary Jo Garrais
Environmental Program Manager
Maryland Dept of the Environment
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore,	MD 21224
Phone (410)631-3906
Fax (410)631-
109
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Clarice E. Gaylord
Director
Office of Environmental Justice-EPA
401 MStSW/3103
Washington	DC 20460
Phone (202)260-6357
Fax (202) 260-0852
Mitch Graham
Biology Professor
Morgan State University
Cold Spring Ln. &HillenRd
Baltimore,	MD 21239
Phone
Fax
Lynnette Green
Volunteer
Americorps
600 Park at Mt. Royal Terrace, #1F
Baltimore,	MD 21217
Phone
Fax
Loren Hall
G.I.S. Manager
US EPA
401 M Street SW, (7408)
Washington,	DC 20460
Phone (202)260-3931
Fax (202)401-8142
Linda E. Hardrick
Students for Environmental Equity
Sojourner-Douglass College 500 N. Caroline
Baltimore,	MD 21205
Phone (410)276-0306
Fax (410)675-1810
Robert Herbert
Environmental Officer
Maryland State HUD Office
10 S. Howard St.
Baltimore	MD 21201
Phone 410-962-2520 ext3052
Fax
Mark Geiger
Chief, OSH Division
Armed Forces Radio-biology Research Inst
8901 Wisconsin Avenue
Bethesda,	MD 20889
Phone (301)295-0680
Fax (301)295-6567
Shelley Grant
Admin Asst to Sp Pr Coord
Sojourner-Douglass College
500 N. Caroline Street
Baltimore,	M) 21205
Phone (410)276-0306
Fax
Terry Greene
J.A.I. Ctr for Environ Health Studies
210 Larson Street
Boston,	MA 02111
Phone (617)482-9485
Fax
Arthur Glazer
PRC
Environmental Management, Inc
1593 Spring Hill Rd, Suite 300
Vienna,	VA 22182
Phone
Fax
Charles Graves
Director of Planning
City of Baltimore Planning Department
417 East Fayette St, 8th Floor
Baltimore,	MD 21202-3416
Phone (410)396-4200
Fax (410)244-7358
Robbie Gupta
Baltimore City Planning Department
417 E. Fayette St., 8th Floor
Baltimore,	MD 21202-3416
Phone
Fax (410)244-7358
Martin Halper
Senior Science Advisor
Office of Environmental Justice/EPA
401 M Street, SW (3103)
Washington,	DC 20460
Phone (202)260-2452
Fax (202)260-0852
Reginald Harris
Office of the Deputy Regional Admin.
US EPA Region III
841 Chestnut Bldg.
Philadelphia,	PA 19107
Phone (215) 597-6529
Fax (215) 597-8255
Gene Higa
Public Health Engineer
Md Dept of the Environment
2500 Broening Hwy
Baltimore,	MD 21224
Phone (410)631-3225
Fax (410)631-3202
W. Warren Hamel
US Attorney's Office/Dept of Justice
101 W. Lombard Street
Baltimore,	Md 21201
Phone (410) 962-2458 x351
Fax (410)962-3124
Ida C. Hawkins
Student
Sojourner-Douglass College
3214 Mayfair Rd
Baltimore	MD 21207
Phone 410-298-4465
Fax
Annie Hillary
Coastal Coordinator
NMFS
410 Severn Avenue, Suite 107
Annapolis,	MD 21403
Phone (410)267-5660
Fax
110
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Gust av Jackson
Director-Student Equity Environ
Sojourner-Douglass College
500 N. Caroline Street
Baltimore,	MD 21205
Phone (410)276-0306
Fax (410)675-1810
Andrew S. Kane
Aquatic Pathobiology Center
Univ of Maryland School of Medicine
10 South Pine St
Baltimore,	MD 21201
Phone 410/706-7230
Fax 410/706-8414
Don Koch
EPA Teacher Institute
3220 The Alameda
Baltimore,	MD 21218
Phone (410) 825-4008
Fax (410)825-4008
Pal Lane
Natural Resources
League of Women Voters
5607 Roxbury Place
Baltimore,	MD 21209
Phone (410)664-8316
Fax (410)664-8316
Mary Lawson
Director
Re-Green America
609 Montpelier Street
Baltimore,	MD 21218
Phone (410)467-3360
Fax (410)467-2812
Brigid Lowery
Student//Comm Coord
JHU/EPA
1023 E. Moyanensing Ave. 3R
Philadelphia,	PA 19147
Phone (215)597-6445
Fax
Monica D. Jones
Environmental Scientist
US EPA - Region III
PTC, Ste 200 201 Defense Highway
Annapolis,	MD 21401
Phone (410)573-2747
Fax (410)573-6888
Nicole Kelly
Student Equity
Sojourner-Douglass College
500 N. Caroline Street
Baltimore,	MD 21205
Phone (410)276-0306
Fax (410)675-1810
Tony Jordan
Assistant
University of Maryland at Baltimore
28 East Ostend Street
Baltimore,	MD 21230
Phone (410)706-1849
Fax (410)706-0295
Emiliano Kempis
Environmentalist
University of Maryland
College Park,	MD 20742
Phone
Fax
Rosann Krull
Md Dept of Environment
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore,	MD 21224
Phone (410)631-3906
Fax (410)633-0456
Stanley Laskowski
Deputy Regional Administrator
EPA, Region III
841 Chestnut Building
Philadelphia,	PA 19107
Phone (215)597-6500
Fax (215)597-8255
Dennis Livingston
Director
Community Resources
28 East Ostend St.
Baltimore,	MD 21230
Phone (410) 727-7837
Fax (410) 706-0295
Rick Kutz
Regional Scientist
EPA Region III
201 Defense Highway, Suite 200
Annapolis,	MD 21401
Phone (410)573-2742
Fax (410)573-6888
Adnora Lalhan
Director, Comm Greening
Nafl Audubon Society
666 Pennsylvania Avenue, SE
Washington,	DC 20003
Phone (202)547-9009
Fax (202)547-9022
Rodney Livingston
DC Urban Environmentalists
PO Box 31302
Washington	DC 20030
Phone
Fax
David Lynch
Environmental Scientist
Office of Pollution Prevention Toxics
401 M Street, SW
Washington,	DC 20460
Phone (202)260-3911
Fax (202)260-0981
Annette Mann
Student Equity
Sojourner -Douglass College
500 N. Caroline Street
Baltimore,	MD 21205
Phone (410)276-3657
Fax (410)675-1810
111
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Billy Martin
Health Physicist
MDE
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore,	MD 21234
Phone (410)631-3193
Fax (410)948-
Norris McDonald
President
African American Environmentalist Assoc
1025 Vermont Avenue, NW, Suite 300
Washington,	DC 20005
Phone (202)879-3183
Fax
Beth Mizell
University of Baltimore
1420 North Charles Street-Academic Center
Baltimore,	MD 21201
Phone (410)837-5383
Fax
John Nash
Employment Director
Baltimore Urban League
512 Orchard Street
Baltimore,	MD 21201
Phone
Fax
AtaOmom
4810 Anntung Ave
Baltimore,	MD 21206
Phone (410)325-3785
Fax
Brian R. Martin
Director, Manufacturing-Sil/Ads
N. America CB Works Mgr-Grace Division
5500 Chemical Road
Baltimore,	MD 21226
Phone (410)354-6701
Fax (410)354-8945
Dan Meijer
929 Gist Ave.
Silver Spring	MD 20910
Phone 301-585-1458
Fax 301-585-1458
Wesley Motley
Mgr Comm Dev Env Justice
Dept of Environment Quality of VA
629 East Main Street, P.O. Box 10009
Richmond,	VA 23240
Phone (804)762-4365
Fax (804)762-4453
Jane Nishida
Secretary of the Environment
Maryland Department of the Environment
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore,	MD 21224
Phone (410)631-3000
Fax (410)631-4496
John M. Ondov
Department of Chemistry
University of Maryland, College Park
College Park,	MD 20742
Phone (301)405-1859
Fax (301)314-9121
Cecil Payton
Exec Asst to the President
Morgan State University
Baltimore,	M) 21239
Phone (410)391-3333
Fax
Delta Pereira
Environmental Specialist
EPA-Office of Environmental Just
401 M Street SW, (3103)
Washington,	DC 20460
Phone (202)260-3565
Fax (202)260-0852
Dawn McCleary
711 Druid Hill Ave
Baltimore,	MD 21201
Phone (410)274-2426
Fax (301)974-5338
Aaron Miripol
Co-Director
The Loading Dock
2523 Gwynns Fall Parkway
Baltimore,	MD 21211
Phone (410)728-3625
Fax (410)728-3633
Phyllis Nails
Environmental Health Specialist
City of Chester, Bureau of Health
Main Bldg., 5th & Welsh
Chester,	PA 19013
Phone (610)447-7770
Fax (610)447-7755
Ruth Ann Norton
Executive Director
Coalition for a Lead Safe Env.
28 East Ostend St
Baltimore,	MD 21230
Phone (410) 727-4226
Fax (410)727-6775
Michael Palumbo
EIP Sitement
Cornell University&BDC
3826 W Street, NW
Washington,	DC 20007
Phone (202)342-6170
Fax
Gerald V. Poje, PhD
Coord for Minority Health Programs
Natl Inst of Environ Health Sciences/NIH
Bldg 31 Rm B1C02,31 Center DR MSC 22
Bethesda,	MD 20892
Phone
Fax
112
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Ruth Quinn
Division of Environmental Health
Baltimore City Health Department
303 East Fayette St
Baltimore,	MD 21202
Phone (410)396-6970
Fax (410)396-5986
Joi Ross
PRC
Environmental Management, Inc.
1929 Rohlwing Rd, Suite D
Rolling Meadows, IL 60008
Phone
Fax
TomRuss
Regional Manager
Spotts Stevens & McCoy, Inc.
555 Fairmount Avenue
Towson,	MD 21286
Phone (410)494-0500
Fax (410)296-3580
Carolyn Salahud-Din
AmeriCorps Coordinator
Baltimore City Health Department
303 E. Fayette St., 4th Floor
Baltimore,	MD 21202
Phone
Fax
Barbara Saltier
Environmental Health Ed. Center
UMAB School of Medicine
28 E. Ostend St
Baltimore,	MD 21230
Phone (410)706-1849
Fax (410) 706-0295
Jane Schukoske
Associate Professor
UMAB School of Law
1420 N. Charles St
Baltimore,	MD 21201
Phone (410) 837-5650
Fax (410)333-3053
Jeannette B. Reveley
Outreach Coordinator
Bon Secours Hospital
3800 Primrose Avenue
Baltimore,	MD 21215
Phone (410)466-1315
Fax (410)362-3126
Peg Ross
Baltimore City Planning Department
417 E. Fayette St, 8th Floor
Baltimore,	M3 21202-3416
Phone
Fax
Victoria Robinson
PRC Environmental Mgt Inc.
1593 Springhill Road, Suite 300
Vienna,	VA 22182
Phone (703)287-8889
Fax (703)287-8910
Bruno Rudaitis
Baltimore City Planning Department
417 E. Fayette St, 8th Floor
Baltimore,	M3 21202-3416
Phone
Fax
Dr. P. Barry Ryan
Rollins School of Public Health
Emory University
1518 Clifton Rd, NE
Atlanta,	GA 30322
Phone (404) 727-3697
Fax (404) 727-8744
Larissa Salamacha
Bait Development Corp.
36 S. Charles Street, 16th Floor
Baltimore,	M3 21201
Phone (410)837-9305
Fax (410)547-7211
Linda Safley
Executive Director
Environmental Crisis Center
1936 East 30th Street
Baltimore,	MD 21208
Phone (410)235-5877
Fax
Charles Salters
Professor
Morgan State University
Baltimore,	MD 21239
Phone (410)319-3632
Fax (410)426-4732
Jacqueline Savitz
Marine & Estuarine Envir. Sciences
Chesapeake Bay Foundation
164 Conduit St.
Annapolis,	KO 21401
Phone (410)268-8833
Fax (410)280-3513
Myrtle Scott
Student- Equity
Sojoumer-Douglass College
500 N. Caroline Street
Baltimore,	MD 21205
Phone
Fax
Andrew D. Sawyers
Student-JHU
Baltimore Urban League
512 Orchard Street
Balltimore,	MD 21201
Phone
Fax
Irshad A. Shaikh
Health Officer
Bureau of Health
5th & Welsh Streets, City Hall
Chester,	PA 19013
Phone (610)447-7770
Fax (610)447-7755
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Nadia Shalauta
Research Associate
JHU-School of Hyg & Publ. Health
624 N. Broadway, Room 559
Baltimore,	MD 21205
Phone 410-614-2295
Fax 410-614-2797
Morning Sunday-Hettleman
Director, CE2
Institute For Environmental Justice
609 Montpelier Street
Baltimore,	21218
Phone (410)235-5270
Fax
Henry Topper
EPA-OPPT 7408
401 M Street, SW
Washington,	DC 20460
Phone (202)260-6750
Fax (202)260-2219
Alice Walker
Program Analyst
US EPA
401 M Street, SW 4102
Washington,	DC 20018
Phone
Fax
Devon Wilford
President
Latrobe Resident Council, Inc.
900 East Madison Street
Baltimore,	MD 21202
Phone (410)685-1308
Fax
Cynthia Williams Mendy
Graduate Student (Research)
Deep South Center for Environ. Justice
7325 Palmetto Street, Box 45B
New Orleans,	LA 70125
Phone (504)488-3075
Fax (504)488-7977
Roger Small
East of the River Community Dev. Assoc
1810 Metzerott Road, #B3
Adelphi,	MD 20783
Phone (301)431-7453
Fax
Lindley Swanston
Books for Everyone
P.O.Box 896
Silver Spring,	M) 20918
Phone 301-434-0748
Fax 301-589-8676
Don Torres
Division of Environmental Health
Baltimore City Health Department
303 East Fayette St
Baltimore,	M) 21202
Phone (410)396-4422
Fax (410)396-5986
Howard Ways
Student
Morgan State University
4402 Marble Hall Rd, Apt. 291
Baltimore,	M} 21218
Phone (410)433-4371
Fax (410)659-0207
Gary Williams
Environmental Management and
Policy Group
955 L'Enfant Plaza North, SW
Washington,	DC 20024
Phone (202)488-2418
Fax (202) 488-2413
Dwight D. Wilson
American Lung Assoc of Maryland
11 Columbia St
Cumberland,	M) 21502
Phone
Fax
Joyce Smith
Student-Equity
Sojourner-Douglass College
500 N. Caroline Street
Baltimore,	Md 21205
Phone (410)276-0306
Fax (410)765-1810
Robert Swayzer, III
Student Outreach Assistant
Deep South Center for Enviro. Justice
7325 Palemtto Street, Box 45B
New Orleans,	LA 70125
Phone (504)483-7340
Fax (504)488-7977
John Wagstaff
Sojourner-Douglass College
500 N. Caroline Street
Baltimore,	MD 21205
Phone
Fax
Max Weintraub
Information Specialist
National Lead Information Center
1019 19th St. Suite 401
Washington,	DC 20036
Phone 202-293-2270 ext 934
Fax 202-659-1192
LaMoyne D. Williams
Student Outreach Assistant
Deep South Center for Environ. Justice
7325 Palmetto Street
New Orleans,	LA 70125
Phone (504)483-7540
Fax (504)488-7977
Jean Yahudah
Community Organizer
Citizens Planning & Housing Ass.
218 W Saratoga Street
Baltimore,	MD 21202
Phone (410)539-1369
Fax (410)625-7895
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Julie Zirlin
Office of Civil Rights
US Department of Transportation
400 7th Street, SW
Washington,	DC 20460
Phone {202)366-5971
Fax (202) 366-9371
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