LATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUBSTRATE CONTENT, WATER QUALITY ACT1NOMYCETES, AND MUSTY ODORS IN THE BROAD RIVER BASIN $ January 1973 Environmental Protection Agency Surveillance and Analysis Division Athens, Georgia ------- foV./?. 73- The planning and operation of this project were carried out under the supervision of Mr. L. B. Tebo, Jr., Chief, Biological Services Branch. Dr. R. L. Raschke was project biologist and principal author of the report. All Environmental Protection Agency personnel are assigned to the Surveillance and Analysis Division located at Athens, Georgia. The Division is under the direction of Mr. J. A. Little. u 5 Protection Agency barn Nunn Atlanta Federal Center Region 4 Library 61 Forsyth Street S.W. !«*»«*, Georgia 30303 ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SUMMARY 1 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 3 INTRODUCTION 4 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA 5 STATION LOCATIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS 13 Broad River Main Stem and Headwater Stations 13 Impoundment Stations 14 Canal Stations 14 Tributary Stream Stations 18 Terrestrial Station 18 Water Treatment Plant Station 19 Special Stations 19 MATERIALS AND METHODS 20 Chemistry 20 Biology 21 Microbiology 22 ANALYTICAL SAMPLING RESULTS 23 Total Organic Carbon 23 Chemical Oxygen Demand 24 Phosphorus 25 Nitrogen 27 Dissolved Oxygen 29 Musty Odor 30 Biology 33 Microbiology. 33 DISCUSSION 35 TABLES AND FIGURES 39 REFERENCES 73 PROJECT PERSONNEL 75 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 76 ------- LIST OF TABLES Page TABLE I. Average Rainfall Throughout the Broad River Basin, South Carolina, April-June 1972 7 TABLE II. Mean Discharge on the Broad River and Its Tributaries 9 TABLE III. Average Flow on the Broad River and Its Tributaries, April-June 1972 20 TABLE IV. Sanitary Waste Sources 21 TABLE V. Total Organic Carbon in Water, Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 39 TABLE VI. Total Organic Cargon in Bottom Substrates, Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 40 TABLE VII. Chemical Oxygen Demand in Bottom Substrates, Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 41 TABLE VIII. Total Phosphate as Phosphorus in Water, Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 42 TABLE IX. Total Phosphate as Phosphorus in Bottom Substrates, Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 43 TABLE X. Nitrate-Nitrogen and Nitrite-Nitrogen in Water, Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 44 TABLE XI. Ammonia-Nitrogen in Water, Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 45 TABLE XII. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen in Water, Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 46 TABLE XIII. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen in Bottom Substrates, Broad River Basin, April-June 1972. 47 TABLE XIV. Diel Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature, Broad River Canal, April-June 1972 4g TABLE XV. Water Threshold Odor Numbers in the Field, Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 49 TABLE XVI. Water Threshold Odor Numbers in the Laboratory, Broad River Basin, April-June 1972. 50 TABLE XVII. Leaf Litter Threshold Odor Number, Broad River Basin, April-June, 1972 . 5j ------- LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Page TABLE XVIII. Leaf Litter Wet Weights, Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 52 TABLE XIX. Total Phytoplankton Counts, Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 53 TABLE XX. Zooplankton Counts, Broad River Basin, April- June 1972 54 TABLE XXI. Periphyton Counts, Broad River Basin, April- June 1972 55 TABLE XXII. Actinomycete Counts in Water, Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 56 TABLE XXIII. Actinomycete Counts from Bottom Substrates, Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 53 TABLE XXIV. Actinomycete Counts from Leaf Litter, Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 58 TABLE XXV. Actinomycete Counts from Periphyton, Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 59 ------- LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1. FIGURE 2. FIGURE 3. FIGURE 4. FIGURE 5. FIGURE 6. FIGURE 7. FIGURE 8. FIGURE 9. FIGURE 10. FIGURE 11. FIGURE 12. FIGURE 13. FIGURE 14. Page Station Locations on the Broad River and Its Major Tributaries 6 Station 13, First Broad River South of Shelby, North Carolina 15 Station 14, Broad River Below Boiling Springs, North Carolina 15 Station 5, Located at the Duke Power Hydroelectric Plant 16 Station 11, Located at the Duke Power Hydroelectric Plant 16 Station 1, Located at the Columbia Water Treatment Plant, Broad River Diversion Canal 17 Leaf Litter at Station 3, Harbison State Forest. ... 17 Diel Dissolved Oxygen, Columbia Canal of the Broad River, April-June 1972 60 Musty Odors, Flow, Water Temperature, Maximum and Minimum Air Temperatures for the Columbia-Richtex, South Carolina, Vicinity from January-June 1969. ... 61 Musty Odors, Flow, Water Temperature, Maximum and Minimum Air Temperature for the Columbia-Richtex, South Carolina, Vicinity from January-June 1970. ... 62 Musty Odors, Flow, Water Temperature, Maximum and Minimum Air Temperatures for the Columbia-Richtex, South Carolina, Vicinity from January-June 1971. ... 63 Musty Odors, Flow, Water Temperature, Maximum and Minimum Air Temperatures for the Columbia-Richtex, South Carolina, Vicinity .from January-June 1972. ... 64 Rainfall from the Columbia, South Carolina, Airport, January-June 1972. . 65 Rainfall from Parr, South Carolina, January-June 1972 66 ------- LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) PaSe FIGURE 15. Average Actinomycete Counts from Stations 1 and 3, Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 67 FIGURE 16. Average Actinomycete Counts from Station 5, Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 68 FIGURE 17. Average Actinomycete Counts from Stations 9 and 10, Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 69 FIGURE 18. Average Actinomycete Counts from Station 11, Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 70 FIGURE 19. Average Actinomycete Counts from Station 13, Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 71 FIGURE 20. Average Actinomycete Counts from Station 14, Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 . . . 72 ------- SUMMARY During the spring of 1972, personnel from Region IV, Surveillance and Analysis Division of the Environmental Protection Agency con- ducted an investigation for the South Carolina Pollution Control Authority to determine the source and cause of musty odors in the Columbia, South Carolina, water supply. At approximately 3-week intervals between April 4 and June 12, 1972, biological and chemical samples were collected from 19 stations along the Broad River and its tributaries in North and South Carolina. Samples collected during the high rainfall and increasing flows on May 9-10 contained the highest average water concentrations of TOC, total phosphate as phosphorus, ammonia-nitrogen, and TKN found during any one sampling period in the basin. Water samples from tributary streams draining the Greenville- Spartanburg area and from the Broad River below Carlisle textile mill contained higher concentrations of nutrients than samples from other locations in the basin. Concentrations of organic carbon (TOC) in water from tributary streams and in the main river below Carlisle textile mill were similar to TOC concentrations found in grossly-polluted Butler Creek, a tributary to the middle reach of the Savannah River. Highest concentrations of organic materials (TKN and TOC) in sedi- ments were found in samples collected from Parr Reservoir and the canal at Lockhardt, South Carolina. Oa three occasions, ------- 2 concentrations of organic carbon at these locations exceeded 3 percent by weight. 7. Past data received from Columbia water plant personnel and data from the Broad River study indicate that odor production is dependent on air and water temperature, rainfall, and flow. 8. Musty odor in water samples reached its highest average values on May 9-10, 1972, in the basin, tributaries, rivers, and impoundments, coinciding with odor reports by Columbia water treatment plant personnel. 9. Leaf litter odors were considerably higher than water odors; and throughout the study period, leaf litter odor increased while leaf litter wet weight decreased. 10. All actinomycetes isolated from Broad River basin samples and main- tained on agar subsequently produced characteristic musty odors. 11. Average stream substrate and leaf litter actinomycete counts generally increased throughout the study period. 12. Leaf litter actinomycete counts were generally higher than actinomycete counts from stream substrate and periphyton samples. ------- 3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The musty odors found in the Columbia, South Carolina, municipal water supply are not unique to that area, but are a widespread phenomenon in the Broad River Basin. Actinomycetes, common throughout the basin, are the organisms producing the musty odors; however, actinomycete growth and musty odor production appear to be dependent on the influx and storage of organic matter and other nutrients, air and water tempera- ture, rainfall, and stream flow during the spring season. The major tributaries in South Carolina appear to be a primary source of organic matter and other nutrients, while the canals and reservoirs act as a "sink" for these nutrients, thus providing a substrate conducive to actinomycete growth and odor production. Columbia water treatment plant personnel should create an odor panel and regularly sample upstream in the vicinity of Parr Dam for odors during the spring of the year. Personnel should be prepared to treat the water with activated carbon when air temperatures and water temperatures of 17°C or greater occur during extended spring-time low-flow (less than 6,500 cfs) periods (2 to 5 weeks) and upstream threshold odors are 4 or greater. When the above conditions occur, severe odor problems can be expected; therefore, treatment should begin as soon as possible. Inputs of wastes from municipalities and industries in the Broad River Basin should be reduced to levels commensurate with available waste treatment technology. Particular attention should be given to wastes from Lockhardt and Carlisle textile mills and discharges into tributary streams draining the Greenville-Spartanburg area. ------- 4 INTRODUCTION The Columbia, South Carolina, water treatment plant has experienced taste and odor problems since the spring of 1969. Water from the Broad River reportedly had a "musty" or "earthy" smell accompanied by a foul taste. On February 22, 1972, the South Carolina Pollution Control Authority (PCA) requested the Surveillance and Analysis Division (S&A) of Region IV, Environmental Protection Agency, to initiate a comprehensive study in the spring of 1972. The study encompassed three objectives: (1) to determine the source or sources of the odor, (2) to identify the odoriferous compound, and (3) to recommend remedial measures. ------- 5 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA The Broad River originates on the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge Mountains of southwestern North Carolina at an elevation of approximately 4,000 feet. It flows southeasterly, entering South Carolina near Gaffney. It then flows southerly, impeded only by a few run-of-the-river type reservoirs, to the vicinity of Columbia where it is joined by the Saluda River to become the Congaree River (Figure 1). The principal tributaries to the Broad River are the First Broad, Second Broad, Pacolet, Tyger, and Enoree rivers. The First and Second Broad rivers lie wholly in North Carolina and join the Broad River prior to its entering South Carolina (Figure 1). Geologically, two counties (Polk and Rutherford) lie in the Blue Ridge; eight counties (Cherokee, Chester, Fairfield, Greenville, Newberry, Spartanburg, Union, and York) lie in the Piedmont; two counties (Lexingtoi and Richland) lie in the Sandhills, The basin has a mild climate with average annual temperatures of about 58°F, ranging from a low monthly mean of 40°F in January to 75°F in July and August. Although freezing temperatures occur about 80 days each winter, summers are warm and winters are relatively mild. Rainfall over the basin averages about 54 inches per year. The present study was conducted from April 4 to June 13, 1972. During this period, a total of five 2-day sampling trips were made in South Carolina. Rain occurred 60 percent of the time while personnel wer< sampling the area and 80 percent of the time on the two days preceding each sampling trip (Table I). ------- 6 FIGURE I. STATION LOCATIONS ON THE BROAD RIVER AND ITS MAJOR TRIBUTARIES © STATION NUMBERS MILES ------- TABLE I.—Average Rainfall Throughout the Broad River Basin, South Carolina, April-June 1972 Days Average Rainfall* (inches) 4/2 4/3 4/4 4/5 4/22 4/23 4/24 4/25 5/7 5/8 5/9 5/10 5/28 5/29 5/30 5/31 6/10 6/11 6/12 6/13 Daily 0.01] 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.28 0.20 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.65 0.61 0.00 0.08 0.17 0.05 0.09 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 4-day Total2 2-day Total2 during sample collection 0.11 0.09 0.49 0.01 1.26 0.61 0.38 0.14 0.14 0.00 1 Average based on rainfall from 22 gauging stations in South Carolina. 2 Summation of daily averages. ------- 8 The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has four streamflow gauging stations on the Broad River between Casar, North Carolina, and Richtex, South Carolina, and one on a major tributary, the Enoree River at Enoree, South Carolina (Table II). The high amount of rainfall throughout the May 7-10, 1972, period (Table I) was reflected in the highest flows on May 9-10, 1972, at the USGS gauging stations for any 2-day sampling period (Table III). The Richtex, South Carolina, gauging station is a short distance above the Columbia water treatment plant in the downstream portion of the study area. Over a 42-year period of record, the 7-day minimum flow at Richtex was 593 cfs. The 7-day maximum flow recorded during the record period was 80,500 cfs (Table II). During the period of this study, stream flow at Richtex ranged from a low of 3,740 cfs on June 12, 1972, to a high of 31,100 cfs on May 16, 1972 (Figure 12). The basin contains a total population of about one million people, and approximately 66 percent are located in the metropolitan areas of Greenville-Spartanburg and Columbia, South Carolina. Industry is found throughout the basin; however, the two major areas of concentration are in the vicinity of Greenville-Spartanburg and Columbia. Major industries in the area include the manufacture of textiles, paper, plastics, and foods. Numerous waste sources exist on the Broad River and its tributaries. Examination of ST0RET waste source data reveals that 55 waste sources in North and South Carolina discharge municipal wastes into the Broad River or its tributaries (Table IV). ------- TABLE II Mean Discharge1 on the Broad River and its Tributaries 7 Consecutive Days 14 Consecutive Days 30 Consecutive Days River & Gauging Station Period Low High Low High Low High of Record Year cfs Year cfs Year cfs Year cfs Year cfs Year cfs Bread — Casar, N. C. 1960-1969 1964 19.60 1960 723.00 1964 22.20 1965 548.00 1964 24.10 1960 341.00 Broad - Boiling Springs, N. C. . 1926-1969 1957 185.00 1928 22,400.00 1955 214.00 1928 12,500.00 1955 228.00 1928 8,000.00 Broad - Carlisle, S. C. 1939-1969 1955 475.00 1945 33,200.00 1955 482.00 1965 24,900.00 1955 507.00 1952 15,300,00 Enoree ¦ - Enoree, S. C. 1930-1968 1955 20.70 1936 6,060.00 1955 23.00 1936 3,710.00 1955 26.10 1936 2,240.00 Broad - Rlchtex, S. C. 1926-1969 1955 593.00 1930 80,500.00 1955 608.00 1936 50,800.00 1955 646.00 1936 32,700.00 1 Data obtained from STORET. vo ------- TABLE III.—Average Flow1 on the Broad River and Its Tributaries, April-June 1972 Station Daily Average Flow (cfs) 4/4 4/5 4/6 4/24 4/25 4/26 5/9 5/10 5/30 5/31 6/12 6/13 Broad River near Richtex, S.C. 7,080 6,640 6,020 5,930 5,850 10,200 5,600 5,360 3,740 3,860 Enoree River near Enoree, S.C. 551 545 574 488 1,180 723 434 422 342 316 Broad River near Carlisle, S.C. 4,260 4,450 3,420 4,530 6,230 6,500 3,860 4,240 2,710 Broad River near Boiling Springs, N.C. 1,640 1,600 1,520 1,120 1,460 1,350 2,410 1,950 2,030 2,090 1,040 1,280 First Broad River near Casar, N.C. 97 91 89 85 86 78 143 106 94 86 60 60 1 Data obtained from STORET. ------- TABLE IVf—Municipal Waste Sources Sources with Primary or Sources with Secondary State Totals No Treatment Treatment Sources Pop, Served Sources Pop. Served Sources Pop. Served North Carolina 10 37,360 2 1,560 8 35,800 South Carolina 45 143,564 26 56,385 19 87,179 TOTALS 55 180,924 28 57,945 27 122,979 1Data obtained from STORET. ------- 12 In addition to these municipal waste sources, 56 industrial waste sources are located in the basin. Consequently, organic wastes and suspended solids are major pollution problems on the Broad River and its tributaries (1) . The Broad, Tyger, Enoree, and Pacolet rivers are Class B waters, suitable for domestic supply after complete treatment, propagation of fish, industrial and agricultural uses, and other uses requiring water °f lesser quality. ------- 13 STATION LOCATIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS The 19 stations sampled can be divided Into seven categories. 1. Broad River main stem and headwater stations - 4, 8, 12, 13, 14. 2. Impoundment stations - 5, 11. 3. Canal stations - 1, 9. 4. Tributary stream stations - 6, 7, 10. 5. Terrestrial stations - 3. 6. Water treatment plant station - 2. 7. Special stations - CS, FC, LL, PR, BC. road River Main Stem and Headwater Stations Station 4 - This station (Figure 1) was located on the Broad River ust below Parr Dam and Power Plant next to South Carolina Highway 213 ridge. It was designated for periphyton sampler placement. However, he river was high; and suitable objects could not be used to secure the samplers on April 4, 1972. This station was abandoned and the samplers rere placed at Station 5. Station 8 - This station (Figure 1) is located on the Broad River it South Carolina Highway 72 bridge near Carlisle, South Carolina. It las sloping, high clay banks that level off for about 20 yards before reaching the edge of the river channel. The banks are covered with hardwoods and a dense undergrowth of perennials. Station 12 - This station (Figure 1) is located on the Broad River at South Carolina Highway 18 bridge just north of Interstate 85. ------- Station 13 - This station (Figures 1 and 2) is located on the First Broad River just upstream from North Carolina Highway 150 bridge, 5 miles east of Boiling Springs and 4 miles south-southwest of Shelby, North Carolina. The bottom substrate consists of sand and silt. Station 14 - This station (Figures 1 and 3) is located on the Broad River at the North Carolina Highway 150 bridge, 2 miles south of Boiling Springs, North Carolina. The river is wide and shallow with an extensive riffle area and a sand-clay bottom. Impoundment Stations Station 5 - This station (Figures 1 and 4) is located on the Broad River just above Parr Dam at the Duke Power Company hydroelectric plant. This dam is considered a "run-of-the-river" type dam; however, it forms a "reservoir" approximately 1 mile long. The water depth is about 10 feet, and the bottom consists of silt and clay sediments which have accumulated to considerable depths behind the dam. The river banks sustain dense hardwood forests. Station 11 - This station (Figures 1 and 5) is located on the Broad River at the Duke Power Company hydroelectric plant and dam at the end of county Highway 43, approximately 4miles south of Blacksburg, South Carolina. The site includes another "run-of-the-river" dam in which substantial amounts of silt and sand have accumulated to form an island behind the dam; therefore, the water depth, is only 10 to 11 feet. Canal Stations Station 1 - This station (Figures 1 and 6) is located on the Broad River diversion canal near the Columbia, South Carolina, water treatment ------- FIGURE 3.—Station 14, Broad River below Boiling Springs, North Carolina. ------- FIGURE 5.—Station 11, located at the Duke Power hydroelectric plant. Note the island in background formed from sediment deposition. ------- 17 FIGURE 6.—Station 1, located at the Columbia water treatment plant Broad River diversion canal. APR 11 FIGURE 7.—Leaf litter at Station 3, Harbison State Forest. ------- 18 plant intake pipes. The canal is approximately 15 yards wide with steep clay banks that are lined with some pines and hardwoods. The canal and its diversion dam originate approximately 1 mile above the water treat- ment plant. Station 9 - This station (Figure 1) is located on the Broad River diversion canal at South Carolina Highways 9 and 49 in Lockhardt, South Carolina, just below the diversion dam, Lockhardt Textile Mill, and the water treatment plant. The bottom substrates consist of clay and silt in combination with a black, hard, tar-like substance. Tributary Stream Stations Station 6 - This station (Figure 1) is located on the Enoree River at county Highway 45 bridge in Sumter National Forest. The shoreline is characterized by gradually sloping clay banks with hardwood forests. Station 7 - This station (Figure 1) is located on the Tyger River at county Highway 54 bridge in Sumter National Forest. The shoreline is characterized by gradually sloping clay banks with hardwood forests. Station 10 - This station (Figure 1) is located on the Pacolet River at South Carolina Highway 105 bridge. The shoreline is characterized by sloping clay banks with hardwood forests. Terrestrial Station Station 3 - This station (Figures 1 and 7) is located in the hardwood forest section of Harbison State Forest near Nicholas Creek. Harbison State Forest is located approximately 4 miles north-northwest of the South Carolina Correctional Institution for Girls and borders the west ------- bank of the Broad River. Leaf litter samples from the forest terrain were collected for odor and microbiological analyses at this station and proximal to Stations 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, and 14. Water Treatment Plant Station Station 2 - Water samples for biological and chemical analyses were collected in the Columbia water treatment plant after chlorination. Special Stations During the reported musty odor problem on May 5-10, the following additional stations were sampled by EPA personnel: Cllffside (CS) - This station (Figure 1) is located on the Second Broad River just south of Cliffside, North Carolina, on U. S. Alternate Highway 221. The bottom substrate consists of clay and sand. Forest City (FC) - This station (Figure 1) is located at the Forest City, North Carolina, water treatment plant. Raw water samples piped into the treatment plant from the Second Broad River were collected at this station. Lake Lure (LL) - This station (Figure 1) is located about 2 miles below Lake Lure Dam, North Carolina, along U. S. Highway 74. Pacolet River (PR) - This station is located on the Pacolet River above Spartanburg, South Carolina, at S. C. Highway 9 bridge. The river aottom was sandy and the banks were lined with hardwoods. Browns Creek (BC) - This station is located at County Highway 86 :rossing about 5 miles below Lockhardt, South Carolina. All stations were located in the South and North Carolina Piedmont Jxcept Stations 1, 2, and 3, which were in the Sandhill counties of Lexington and Richland, South Carolina. ------- 20 materials and methods Samples were collected at Stations 1, 3, 5, 9, 10, 11, 13, and 14 over a 2- to 3-day period at approximately 3-week intervals on five occasions between April 4 and June 13, 1972. All 14 sampling sites were visited only on the initial sampling trip (April 4-6, 1972) and on the May 9-10 sampling trip. Between May 5 and 10, 1972, Columbia water treatment plant personnel received 15 complaints regarding musty water odors. On the subsequent sampling trip (May 9-10) other special stations (see station list) also were sampled for odor and chemical analyses. One water sample was collected for odor analysis at each station, refrigerated, and shipped to the Region IV Surveillance and Analysis Division laboratory the same day. The odor test was conducted according to Standard Methods. 13th Edition (2). Odor tests in the field were conducted according to Standard Methods (2) except two to three people were on the panel and the test was at ambient temperature. Also, on May 9, 1972, dilution water with a chlorine residual was used with the regular dilution water in the field. Forest leaf litter odor tests were conducted according to the follow- ing scheme: Two replicate leaf litter samples were collected at random with a 6-inch diameter plexiglass pipe, weighed, placed in a bag, chilled, and sent to SERL. Laboratory analysis consisted of: ------- 21 1. Chopping up the leaves. 2. Placing the contents in a 500-ml graduated cylinder. 3. Adding 200 ml of chlorine-free distilled water. 4. Mixing for 5 minutes, 5. Waiting for 5 minutes. 6. Filtering the sample through Whatman filter paper. 7. Conducting the test on the supernatant according to Standard Methods (2). On each sampling trip, three replicate (reduced on May 30 to two replicate) water samples and one replicate (increased on May 9 to two replicate) substrate sample were collected at certain stations and analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC). Substrate COD was determined according to Standard Methods (2), and substrate total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) was determined according to the Chemistry Laboratory Manual for Bottom Sediments (3). EPA Methods for the Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes (4) was used to determine TOC, total phosphate, nitrate-nitrite-nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen, and TKN in water and total phosphate in the substrates. In an attempt to identify the odoriferous compound, one replicate water sample and one replicate substrate sample were collected at Stations 1, 5, 9, and 14. Diel dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature were collected and determined by Columbia water treatment personnel at Station 1. Biology Two replicate plankton samples were collected at all aquatic stations each sampling period, and Sedgwick-Rafter analyses were conducted according ------- 22 to Standard Methods (2). Periphyton diatometers were placed in the river at Stations 1, 5, and 11. Two slides were extracted from each station at 2-, 3-, 4-, and 9-week intervals, and Sedgwick-Rafter analyses were conducted according to Standard Methods (2). Due to flooding, samplers were lost at Station 11 the first week. Microbiology Water, substrate, leaf litter, and periphyton samples were analyzed for the presence and relative distribution of actinomycetes, using a pour plate technique (2). Known amounts of the various samples were diluted using buffered dilution water, pH 7.2. Either 1.0 ml or 0.1 ml of inoculum from the appropriate decimal dilution was plated. Actinomycete Isolation Agar (5) was employed for isolation. After plating, the plates were incubated for 7 to 10 days at room temperature (25° to 28°C). Following incubation, characteristic actinomycete colonies were counted. Selected colonies exhibiting characteristic morphologies were picked and examined microscopically for filament and spore arrangement. Actinomycete counts made using the above-mentioned techniques should be regarded as relative. Factors such as bacterial overgrowth, fungal overgrowth, atypical colony characteristics, and failure to recognize characteristic colonies may affect th.e accuracy of such a counting procedure. ------- 23 ANALYTICAL SAMPLING RESULTS Total Organic Carbon Water During the study period, TOC in water samples ranged from 0.80 mg/1 to 17.16 mg/1 (Table V). Averaged over the entire study period, the canal stations (1 and 9) and one impoundment station (11) had somewhat higher TOC concentrations. Station 14, in the headwaters of the Broad River, had the lowest average TOC concentration. Samples on May 9 and 10, 1972, were collected during and just after a period of high rainfall (Table I) with concomitant increasing streamflow (Table III and Figure 12), and the river waters were visibly roiled and turbid. Streamflow had been decreasing immediately prior to this time. Concentrations of TOC on May 9-10, 1972, were considerably higher than concentrations in samples collected on the other four sampling trips. TOC at stations on tributary streams (6 and 7) draining the urbanized and industrialized Greenville-Spartanburg area were unusually high, as was Station 8 just below Carlisle Textile Mill (Table V) . The impoundment stations (5 and 11) were 1.2 to 1.9 times higher than the river and tributary stations, respectively, during the low-flow periods of April and June (Table III). In a comparison with available STORET TOC data from the Savannah and Chattahoochee Rivers, the maximum TOC concentrations in the Broad River were considerably higher than maximum concentrations reported from the Savannah River and were near the maximum concentration reported from the ------- 24 Chattahoochee River below Atlanta, Georgia. TOC concentrations from tributary stations (6 and 7) and Station 8 on May 9 and 10, 1972, were comparable to concentrations reported from Butler Creek, a grossly- polluted tributary to the Savannah River (6). Bottom Substrates Concentrations of TOC in substrates ranged from 971 mg/kg dry weight to 36,704 mg/kg dry weight (Table VI). On three occasions TOC concentrations exceeded 3.0 percent — twice at impoundment Station 5 during low-flow periods and once at canal Station 9 on May 9, 1972. These two stations have been associated with past odor problems. Highest TOC concentrations were generally found in the canals and impoundments (especially Parr reservoir) and the lowest concentrations at the headwater stations. Finger and Wastler (7) found that Charleston Harbor muds contiguous to industrial and domestic waste sources contained 2.34 to 5.87 percent TOC by weight. Average TOC concentrations from Parr Reservoir (Station 5) and canal Station 9 for the entire study were 2.22 and 2.06 percent, respectively — slightly less than the minimum TOC limit of 2.34 percent found by Finger and Wastler (7). Chemical Oxygen Demand Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was used to derive the TOC values in the bottom substrates; however, the COD results are of interest in them- selves because Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guideline limits for open water dredging disposal have been set at a minimum of 5 percent ------- 25 (50,000 mg/kg dry weight) in bottom substrates. Seven times during the study, COD values exceeded the 5-percent guideline limit (Table VII). The seven high values were from samples collected at canal stations (1 and 9), Parr Reservoir (Station 5), and Station 13, where odor problems have occurred in the past. Phosphorus Water Total phosphate concentrations ranged from 0.005 mg/1 to 0.316 mg/1 (Table VIII). Lowest total phosphate concentrations for the entire study period were found in samples from headwater stations (13 and 14). During the high-flow and precipitation period of May 9-10, 1972, (Tables I and III), the tributaries had the highest total phosphate con- centrations. Stations 6 and 7, especially, contributed considerable amounts of total phosphate to the system during the May 9-10, 1972, period. Historical STORET total phosphorus data from stations on the Broad River near Carlisle and Gaffney, South Carolina, from April 1, 1968, to December 15, 1971, averaged 0.034 and 0.028 mg/1, respectively — considerably lower than concentrations found during the present study of the Broad River. Phosphorus in flowing waters originates from a number of possible sources (8): 1. Groundwater - Water percolating through soils dissolves phosphorus compounds from minerals. This phosphorus enters surface waters via seepage or springs and the pumping of wells. ------- 26 2. Rainfall - Most of the phosphorus in rainfall is the result of "washout" of atmospheric particulate material whose com- position and quantity govern the concentration in rainfall. 3. Land runoff - Surface drainage is often the major contributor of phosphorus to a waterway. The quantity entering by drainage is dependent upon; a. Quantity of phosphorus present in soils. b. Topography. c. Vegetative cover. d. Quantity and duration of runoff. e. Land use. f. Pollution. The high phosphate values in the tributaries during the high pre- cipitation period on May 9-10 indicated that much of the phosphorus coming into the Broad River was probably from land runoff. Substrates Total phosphate concentrations in substrates ranged from 44 mg/kg dry weight to 985 mg/kg dry weight (Table IX). The maximum total phosphate concentration was found at tributary Station 10 during the high flow period of May 10, 1972. On all other dates, maximum phosphate concentrations were found at the canal stations and in Parr Reservoir (Station 5) Phosphate concentrations in Parr Reservoir (Station 5) were con- sistently high throughout the study, while concentrations in headwater stations (13 and 14) in North Carolina were consistently low. ------- 27 Total phosphorus in the Broad River Basin substrates was comparable to concentrations in substrates found in recent studies of the Mobile River where the range was 44 to 1,300 mg/kg dry weight. In the Mobile River studies, sandy sediments generally contained the lowest concentrations of total phosphorus and clay sediments were higher. The Broad River phosphate concentrations followed the same general pattern. Reservoir Station 11 (sand-clay sediments) yielded the lowest average total phosphate concentration throughout the study period while canal stations (1 and 9) and reservoir Station 5 (clay sediments) were considerably higher. Nitrogen Water Average nitrate-nitrite concentrations ranged from 0.03 to 0.82 mg/1 (Table X). Throughout the study period, samples from headwater Station 14 had the lowest nitrate-nitrite concentration; whereas samples from Station 13 below Shelby, North Carolina, had the highest concentration. Tributary stations had higher nitrate-nitrite concentrations on April 4-6 and May 9-10, 1972, than impoundment or river stations. During the period of this study, ammonia nitrogen concentrations ranged from 0.005 to 0.340 mg/1 (Table XI). Semimonthly averages indicate that highest concentrations of ammonia were found on May 9-10 and June 12-13. The highs were consistent at all categories of stations sampled — tributaries, impoundments, and main river. Both the May 9-10 and June 12-13 sampling periods were preceded ------- 28 by periods of decreasing streamflow and low rainfall. On May 9-10 during high, rainfall, the tributary stations sampled had appreciably higher concentrations of ammonia nitrogen than did the Broad River and its impoundments. Of the special stations studied on May 9-10, unusually high concen- trations of ammonia nitrogen were detected at Second Broad River stations near Forest City and Cliffside, North Carolina (Table XI). Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) is a measure of total unsatisfied nitrogen as both nitrogen and ammonia. Average concentrations ranged from 0.07 to 0.73 mg/1 (Table XII). Stations did not appreciably differ for the entire study period except that Station 14 was slightly lower than other stations. During the high rainfall and flow period of May 9-10, 1972, TKN averages in the tributaries were almost twice as high as the impounded stations. The nitrate-nitrite nitrogen values and TKN concentrations at various times throughout the study period were not limiting to algal growth (9). Substrates TKN concentrations in substrates ranged from a low of 250 mg/kg dry weight to a high of 4,500 mg/kg (Table XIII). For the period of study, reservoir Station 5 and canal Station 9 had considerably higher TKN concentrations; whereas, headwater Stationsl3 and 14 had the lowest average TKN concentrations. ------- 29 Semimonthly average concentrations were considerably higher at all categories of stations during the high rainfall and flow period of May 9-10. River stations had considerably higher concentrations than the impoundments and tributaries during the high-flow period. EPA places restrictions on dredging activities in areas where substrate TKN concentrations exceed 0.10 percent. During the Broad River Study, TKN values exceeded the 0.10-percent limit 54 percent of the time. Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in the Columbia canal ranged from 4.8 mg/1 to 9.3 mg/1 (TableXIVand Figure 8). The minimum DO of 4.8 mg/1 was above the minimum standard of 4.0 mg/1 set for Class B waters. The greatest difference during any one diel cycle was 3.2 mg/1 on June 22-23. Most diel dissolved oxygen differences during the study ranged from 0.5 to 1.7 mg/1. Whenever marked supersaturation is encountered, it is presumably attributable to photosynthesis. None of the DO concentrations in samples from the canal exceeded 100 percent saturation. There are a number of factors or combination of factors which may directly affect DO in an aquatic system, such as stabilization of soluble or suspended oxygen-demanding materials, stabilization of bottom deposits containing high organic content, photosynthesis and respiration, and reaeration. The unusual lows at midday and highs in the evening probably are due to a combination of the above factors. According to water treatment plant personnel, a number of samples were collected on ------- 30 yvercast days. Also, oxidation pond effluents and runoff from the suburbs ffere known to enter the diversion reservoir. Parr Dam, 25 miles and 6 to 3 hours flow time upstream from Columbia, may also influence the DO con- centrations in the canal. The oxygen content of samples collected on May 4-5, when odor complaints were received by the Columbia water treatment plant personnel, »as not unusually high and exhibited only a 0.5 mg/1 difference throughout the diel period (Table XIV). ¦lusty Odor On May 5, 1972, Columbia water treatment plant personnel received nusty odor complaints from consumers at the end of the water lines. The sdor complaints continued through Hay 10, 1972, and totaled approximately L5. The Biological Services Branch of Surveillance & Analysis Division *as informed of the problem on Hay 8 and initiated sample collection on May 3. Mr. Keeler, superintendent of the Columbia water treatment plant, immediately started treating the water with activated carbon after the complaints were received and continued carbon treatment for the duration of the study period. No further complaints were received throughout the study period. Average threshold odors in the field ranged from 0.0 to a distinct 4.0 when chlorine residual water was used on May 9-10, 1972 (Table XV). Average laboratory threshold odor numbers ranged from 1.0 to a iistinct 4.0 at Station 14 on May 9 (Table XVI). In general, laboratory ador numbers (Table XVI) were higher than field odor numbers (Table XV). fhroughout the study period, reservoir Station 5 and canal Station 1 had ------- 31 a slightly higher average odor of 2.2 and 2.1, respectively. The high basin, tributary, and river odors were recorded on May 9-10, and the high impoundment odors were recorded on May 9-10 and during the low flow period of June 12-13. Unfortunately, the compounds causing odors could not be chemically or physically isolated from the water. Leaf litter odors (Table XVII) were considerably higher than water odors (Table XVI), ranging from 15.3 to 200.0. Station 5 (Parr Reservoir) had the highest average leaf litter odor number of 85.0 for the entire study period, with Stations 11, 13, and 14 near the North and South Carolina border having the lowest average odor numbers. Throughout the study period, average basin leaf litter odor numbers (Table XVII) increased, while average basin leaf litter wet weights decreased (XVIII). The increased odor and decreased leaf litter weight would be expected if actinoraycetes were actively degrading -the leaf biomass and releasing various biochemical products. From an historical standpoint, Columbia water treatment plant records show that during the May 15, 1969; March 15, 1971; May 24, 1971; and May 5, 1972, periods musty odors were present but were mild for approximately 3 to 5 days (Figures 9, 11, and 12). During the May 18, 1970, and June 7, 1971, periods musty odors were severe for approximately 2 weeks (Figures 10 and 11) The mild odors during the May 15, 1969, period occurred after a period of high flows (greater than 6,500 cfs) from April 14 through April 29, 1969, followed by a 2-week period of low flows (less than 6,500 cfs). The odor disappeared on May 20, 1969, when flows exceeded ------- 32 6,500 cfs. The musty odor occurred when average maximum air temperatures exceeded 20°C. Three times during the spring of 1971 musty odors occurred — two were mild occurrences, and one was severe. The two mild odors occurred during the March 15 and May 24, 1971, periods, immediately following high flow periods (Figure 11). In March, the average maximum air temperature was 17°C, while the water temperature was 12°C. The air and water temperatures continued to increase throughout April; and in May, when the second mild odor occurred, the average maximum air temperature was 28°C, and the water temperatures were 19° to 21 C. During the 1972 sample collection period, rainfall was prevalent throughout the basin (Table I) and the Columbia area (Figures 13 and 14). The prevalent rainfall resulted in relatively high flows (6,500 cfs or greater) except during the June 12-13, 1972, period (Figure 12). Although subtle musty odors were noticed throughout the sample collection period, mild odors were not noticed by the Columbia, South Carolina, public until May 5, 1972. The mild musty odors occurred approximately 3 weeks after a relatively high-flow period (March 23 to April 16, 1972) and when the average maximum air temperature ranged from 25°C to 32°C and the water temperatures ranged from 18° to 20°C. The odor problem ended on May 10 following high rainfalls and increased flows (Figures 12, 13, and 14). Severe musty odors were noticed twice during the past 4 years — once on May 18, 1970, and once on June 7, 1971 (Figures 10 and 11). On both occasions, the average minimum air temperature was 20 C or greater, and the water temperature ranged from 22° to 27°C. The June 7, 1971, musty odor period occurred approximately 2 weeks after high flows ------- 33 (May 13 to 22, 1971, period) and disappeared on about June 18, 1971, when flows exceeded 6,500 cfs (Figure 11). The May 18, 1970, period occurred approximately 5 weeks after high flows (March 20 to April 10, 1970) and disappeared on about June 3, 1970* Biology Plankton and Periphyton Phytoplankton counts were low, ranging from 0/ml to 174/ml (Table XIX) . Highest average counts for the basin were recorded on June 12-13 during the low-flow period (Table III) . Based on observations at the station sites, the phytoplankton did not contribute to any water discoloration during the study period, and the counts were considerably lower than 500/ml as defined by Lackey (8) for algal blooms. Zooplankton organisms were sparse, ranging from an average of 0/1 to 130/1 throughout the study period (Table XX). Average periphyton counts were low, ranging from 4/mm at Station 1 to 50/mm^ at Station 5 (Table XXI). Microbiology Actinomycetes All of the actinomycetes isolated from Broad River Basin samples and maintained on agar subsequently produced the characteristic musty odor. Actinomycetes in the water ranged from 100/100 ml to 22,500/100 ml (Table XX). On May 9-10 reservoir stationa had a low average actinomycete count of 2,612/100 ml, while the river stations had the highest actinomycete counts of 11,385/100 ml. ------- 34 Average actinomycete counts in the substrates ranged from 500/g to 765,000/g (Table XXIII). Station 5 had the greatest average actino- mycete counts for the entire study period, and Station 13 had the lowest average counts. There was a general increase in the average actinomycete counts during the study, culminating in a high of 172,375/g for the basin and 390,000 for the reservoirs. River stations had higher average actinomycete counts than impoundments except on June 12-13 when the average actinomycete impoundment count was higher. Average leaf litter actinomycete counts ranged from 7,000/g to 12,500,000/g (Table XXIV). Actinomycete counts in the basin generally in- creased throughout the study period. Leaf litter odor (Table XVII) also increased throughout the study period. Average actinomycete counts in periphyton ranged from 0/g to 7,500/g (Table XXV). Average leaf litter actinomycete counts were generally higher than average substrate and periphyton actinomycete counts at Stations 1, 5, 9, 11, 13, and 14 (Figures 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20). ------- 35 DISCUSSION The city of Columbia has experienced the "musty" odor problem since 1969; however, this problem is not unique to the Columbia area. It is apparently widespread throughout the Broad River Basin and also occurs in the Savannah River Basin. The communities of Lockhart, Union, and Carlisle, South Carolina, have reported musty odor pcoblems in the past (11). Shelby, North Carolina, has had some problems as far back as 1952 (12). Forest City, North Carolina, has had an occasional musty odor smell in the fall (13); and Norris, South Carolina, in the Savannah River Basin, has had musty odor problems in the past few years in their reservoirs (14). Musty odors, on occasion, permeate the shallow wells in the northern counties of South Carolina, especially when the area has a dry fall and a wet spring (15). Musty odor is accentuated vhen chlorine residual water is used in an odor test (16), as the results in Table XV revealed. Musty or earthy odor has been associated with a number of different Algal and fungal organisms in the past. Thirty-nine species have been •elected by Palmer (17) as representative of the more important taste and odor algae. Musty odoriferous substances have only been identified from the blue-green algae Symploca muscorum (18) and Oscillatorla tenuis (19) and a few actinomycetes such as Streptomyces species (20, 21, 22, 23, 24f 25, 26). Symploca muscorum and Oscillatorla tenuis were not found in our plankton and perlphyton samples. Due to the absence of SL muscorum and 0. tenuis and the low zooplankton, algal plankton, and algal perlphyton counts in the Broad River Basin samples, the algae and sooplankton are not ------- 36 considered major contributing factors to musty odors in the Broad River. According to Silvey, et al. (16), actinomycetes of the genus Streptomyces are especially responsive to changes in temperature. The minimum temperature at which the spores will germinate and produce a vegetative growth is 15°C. At this temperature, few byproducts of the organisms are apparent. At 17°C the byproducts may be extracted either from water or from a culture medium, although the total concentration of chemicals will be minimal. As the temperature increases, the activity of the organisms is enhanced and the concentration of the actinomycetes is in direct proportion to available organic matter. This was exemplified with the leaf litter biomass decreasing and the actinomycete counts and the threshold odor numbers increasing throughout the study (Tables XVIII, XXIV, and XVII). Past data (Figures 9 through 14) from the Columbia area indicate that air and water temperatures, rainfall, and flows are important to musty odor production in the Columbia, South Carolina, vicinity of the Broad River. Rains and increased flows bring a considerable amount of organic matter and other nutrients via land runoff into the river. The im- portance of rainfall and increased flows are shown by data collected May 9-10 when the highest average IOC (Table V), total phosphate (Table Till), anmonia nitrogen concentrations (Table XI), and TKH (Table XII) were recorded in the basin. The Tyger, Enoree, and Pacolet rivers appear to contribute a considerable amount of nutrient, and organic material (Tables V, Till, XI, and XII) to the Broad River via land runoff. ------- 37 If the air temperatures are 17°C or greater, musty odors produced from actinomycete activity in the woodlands and fields can be flushed into the rivers with nutrients via rainfall and increased flows and cause mild odor problems like those occurring on March 15, 1971; May 24, 1971 (Figure 11); and possibly May 5, 1972 (Figures 12, 13, and 14). Much of the organic material and other nutrients entering the water via land runoff accumulates in the substrates (Tables VI, IX, and XIII); and the reservoir (Parr) and canals act as a "sink" (Tables VI, IX, and XIII). During the "culture-like" conditions (a 2- to 5-week period with little or no rain, average flows less than 6,500 cfs, and water temperatures 17°C or greater) that can exist in the reservoirs, the actinomycetes, with a plentiful nutrient supply, multiply and produce amsty odors which can affect the water supplies. Apparently the only natural phenomena that will stop this population "explosion" are depleted food sources or increased flows. Depleted food sources probably eliminated the severe musty odor problem during the May 18, 1970, period (Figure 10). Increased flows probably eliminated the mild odor problem on June 7, 1971 (Figure 11). Middleton, et al- <27) have shown that odor thresholds are inversely related to river flow. The slight odor problem noted by complaining water users during the May 5-10, 1972, period were predictable on the basis of high accumulation of organic constituents and other nutrients in Broad River sedtaents, together with Increasing counts of actinomycetes In leaf litter and river sediments. A severe odor problem was not realized ------- 38 because of the flushing action of high rainfall and flows occurring on May 9-10 (Figures 12, 13, and 14). Conditions similar to the above were apparent at the time of the June 12-13 sampling; however, a severe odor problem was circumvented by flushing rains and flows occurring during late June (Figures 12, 13, and 14). ------- 39 TABLE V.—Total Organic Carbon in Water Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 Station 1 2 52 53 6 7 8 9 10 112 113 12 13 14 FC1* cs5 LL6 4/4-6 4.00 3.00 2.60 3.00 3.00 2.30 2.00 2.30 2.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 4/24-26 3.27 3.63 TOC1(mg/1) 2.30 2.03 0.80 1.30 5/9-10 2.76 3.17 9.77 7.43 17.16 6.17 3.87 4.53 5.77 3.63 2.50 4.60 2.20 5/30-31 2.95 2.75 2.65 3.15 3.25 3.00 Station Averages? 6/12-13 (All Sampling Dates) 2.65 2.75 2.20 2.85 2.35 2.25 3.13 2.98 3.12 3.11 2.83 2.44 Semimonthly Averages Basin7 2.51 Tributaries7 (6, 7, 10)8 2.43 Impoundments 7 (5, 11) 2.65 Rivers 7 <1, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14) 2.38 2.22 5.66 2.96 2,51 7.02 2.83 3.85 2.95 2.80 1.92 7.10 2.96 2.36 1 Arithmetic average of all sample values for each station and date. 2 Subsurface. ® Above bottom. * JC ¦» Second Broad River, Forest City, N.C. ^ CS «¦ Second Broad River, Cliff side, N.C. ® LL ** Broad River below Lake Lure, N.C. " Arithmetic average computed by assigning equal importance to each station or date. * Stations. ------- 40 TABLE VI.—Total Organic Carbon In Bottom Substrates Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 Station Station TOC1 (nig/kg dry weight) Averages2 4/4-6 A/24-26 5/9-10 5/30-31 6/12-13 (All Sampling Dates) 13,722 22,251 20,580 1 19,546 19,204 15,434 6,730 7,696 5 8,380 33,153 20,601 12,418 36,704 6 8,810 7 2,657 8 13,350 9 18,228 19,551 31,662 17,039 16,418 10 6,535 11 971 6,226 1,688 13 3,494 15,913 17,020 10,181 3,102 14 9,382 10,631 7,214 17,134 6,658 CS3 4,406 9,942 10,204 Semimonthly Averages Basin2 11,806 19,690 11,696 11,621 12,044 Tributaries2 (6, 7, 10)" 6,001 Impoundments2 C5» 11) 8,380 33,153 10,786 9,322 19,196 Rivers2 (1, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14) 12,663 16,325 16,936 12,771 8,469 * Arithmetic average of all sample values for each station and date. 2 Arithmetic average computed by assigning equal importance to each station or date. * GS " Second Broad River at Cliffside, N.C. ** Stations. ------- 41 TABLE VII.—Chemical Oxygen Demand In Bottom Substrates Broad River Basin, Apr11-June 1972 Station COD1 (mg/kg dry weight) 4/4-6 4/24-26 5/9-10 5/30-31 6/12-13 1 52,188 51,275 41,208 17,972 20,548 5 22,374 88,519 55,006 33,158 98,000 6 23,526 7 7,095 8 35,644 9 48,668 52,202 84,540 45,490 48,838 10 17,540 11 2,594 16,625 4,507 13 9,328 42,489 45,446 27,185 8,284 14 25,050 28,386 19,264 46,228 17,778 CS2 11,765 Arithmetic average of all sample values for each station and date. CS ¦ Second Broad River at Cllffside, N.C. ------- 42 TABLE VIII.—Total Phosphate as Phosphorus in Water Broad River Basin, Apr11-June 1972 Station 4/4-6 Total Phosphate*(me/1) /OA 1£ r- In - n _ . Station Averages7 1 2 0.100 0.010 0.077 0.107 ->/ JU-Jl 0.078 O/iZ-lJ 0.132 IA11 Sampling Dat 0.099 52 53 0.105 0.292 0.064 0.102 0.078 0.075 0.085 6 0.093 0.316 7 0.140 0.292 8 0.091 0.130 9 0.104 0.076 0.171 0.079 0.044 0.095 10 0.132 0.129 112 113 0.307 0.134 0.088 0.158 0.129 0.040 0.144 12 0.136 13 0.070 0.065 0.133 0.046 0.030 0.069 14 _ 1, 0.064 0.044 0.089 0.106 0.044 0.069 FC 0.025 CS5 0.120 LL6 0.005 Semimonthly Averages Basin7 0.127 0.069 Tributaries7 (6, 7, 10)8 0.122 Impoundments7 (5, 11) 0.210 0.076 Rivers7 (1, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14) 0.094 0.066 0.137 0.086 0.061 0.246 0.130 0.104 0.058 0.126 0.077 0.062 ^ Arithmetic average of all sample values for each station and date. 2 Subsurface. * Above bottom. * FC « Second Broad River at Forest City, N.C. * CS - Second Broad River at Cliffside, N.C. * tL • Broad River below Lake Lure, N.C. 7 Arithmetic average computed by assigning equal importance to each station or date. * Stations. ------- 4 3 TABLE IX.—Total Phosphate as Phosphorus in Bottom Substrates Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 Station Total Phosphate1 (mg/kg dry weight) Averages2 Station 4/4-6 4/24-26 5/9-10 5/30-31 6/12-13 (All Sampling Dates) 1 650 710 540 270 205 4752 5 475 835 715 650 690 673 6 *35 7 380 8 535 9 500 575 495 650 540 552 10 985 1± 64 117 50 13 160 270 325 255 44 211 14 290 360 172 240 160 244 CS3 225 Semimonthly Averages Basin2 415 550 443 364 282 Tributaries2 (6. 7. " 600 Impoundments2 ^75 835 390 384 370 Rivers2 (1, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14) 400 479 413 354 237 Arithmetic average of all sample values for each station and date. Arithmetic average computed by assigning equal importance to each station or date. CS « Second Broad River at Cliffside, N.C. Stations. ------- 44 TABLE X. Nitrate-Nitrogen and Nitrite-Nitrogen in Water Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 Station 4/4-6 1 0.37 2 0.38 52 0.82 53 0.47 6 0.70 7 0.57 8 0.40 9 0.63 10 0.57 ll2 0.45 ll3 0.38 12 0.42 13 0.70 14 0.40 FC1* CS5 LL6 0.35 0.34 0.42 0.14 0.45 0.47 0.30 0.39 0.43 0.37 0.44 0.21 0.13 0.31 0.03 0.26 0.22 0.34 0.16 0.30 0.33 0.45 0.15 0.39 0.34 0.47 0.21 Semimonthly Averages Basin7 0.52 0.33 0.32 0.26 0.32 Tributaries7 <6, 7, 10)8 0.61 0.45 Impoundments 7 (5, 11) 0.53 0.36 0.36 0.25 0.34 Rivers7 (1, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14) 0.49 0.32 0.34 0.26 0.31 — — — Q- — — VWWjr* «* * M A MVW * W«. « Vfc* WAV UO UC • 2 Subsurface. ' Above bottom. ** FC ¦ Second Broad River, Forest City, N.C* 5 CS ¦ Second Broad River, Cliffside, N.C. 6 LL « Broad River below Lake Lure, N.C. 7 Arithmetic average computed by assigning equal importance to each station or date. 8 Stations. ------- 45 TABLE XI.--Ammonia—Nitrogen in Water Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 Station 4/4-6 1 0.005 2 0.005 52 0.037 53 0.005 6 0.006 7 0.005 8 0.005 9 0.005 10 0.040 ll2 0.005 ll3 0.030 12 0.027 13 0.005 14 0.022 FC^ CS5 LL6 j Station Ammonia-Nitrogen (mg/l) Averages7 4/24-26 5/9-10 5/30-31 6/12-13 (All Sampling Dates) Semimonthly Averages Basin7 Tributaries7 (6, 7, 10)8 0.017 Impoundmen t s 7 (5, 11) 0.019 Rivers7 CI, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14) 0.012 0.030 0.040 0.020 0.010 0.020 0.010 0.130 0.060 0.130 0.090 0.020 0.110 0.120 0.040 0.067 0.030 0.010 0.340 0.250 0.060 0.050 0.080 0.080 0.020 0.040 0.100 0.040 0.040 0.120 0.130 0.160 0.014 0.022 0.107 0.052 0.102 0.113 0.025 0.050 0.045 0.100 0.020 0.071 0.055 0.102 0.061 0.053 0.039 0.043 0.064 0.052 1 Arithmetic average of all sample values for each station and date. ^ Subsurface. 3 Above bottom. ** FC » Second Broad River, Forest City, N.C. 5 CS - Second Broad River, Cliffside, N.C. 6 LL ¦ Broad River below Lake Lure, N.C. 7 Arithmetic average computed by assigning equal importance to each station or date. ® Stations. ------- 4t> TABLE XII.——Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen in Water Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 Station 4/4-6 1 0.18 2 0.17 52 0.25 53 0.15 6 0.18 7 0.15 8 0.07 9 0.14 10 0.30 IX2 0.31 ll3 0.37 12 0.27 13 0.19 14 0.30 FC4 CS5 LL6 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen*(mg/1) /./OA 1 £ r !r\ i ~ - 4/24-26 5/9-10 5/30-31 6/12-13 Station Averages7 (All Sampling Dates) 0.22 0.57 0.09 0.16 0.09 0.07 0.37 0.29 0.63 0.67 0.49 0.73 0.49 0.38 0.35 0.20 0.19 0.40 0.30 0.31 0.12 0.11 0.24 0.36 0.08 0.50 0.22 0.12 0.38 0.32 0.37 0.32 0.29 0.24 0.29 0.26 0.20 Semimonthly Averages7 Basin7 0.22 Tributaries7 (6, 7, 10)8 0.21 Impoundment s 7 (5, 11) 0.27 Rivers7 (1, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14) 0.19 0.20 0.42 0.20 0.32 0.60 0.36 0.34 0.18 0.30 0.12 0.43 0.22 0.33 1 Arithmetic average of all sample values for each station and date. 2 Subsurface. ^ Above bottom. ** FC « Second Broad River, Forest City, N.C. 5 CS - Second Broad River, Cliffside, N.C. ® LL » Broad River below Lake Lure, N.C. *7 Arithmetic average computed by assigning equal importance to each station or date. 8 Stations. ------- 47 TABLE XIII.—Total Kjfildshl Nitrogen in Bottom Substtstss Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 Station Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Ifaf,/w weisht^ Station ^/4-6 4/24-?fis/q-m c Ji— Averages* 1 5 6 1,300 750 1,250 1,870 3,050 3,500 2,200 ->/ JU-Ji 485 850 0/12-13 550 2,335 (All Sampling Dates 1,327 1,861 7 850 8 9 10 1,300 900 2,500 4,500 1,100 1,450 1,175 1,865 11 13 14 CS3 500 1,200 1,200 770 900 3,400 1,900 1,100 400 700 675 375 250 550 1,210 1,019 Semimonthly Averages Basin2 Tributaries2 (6, 7, 10)* 1,010 1,198 Impoundments2 (5, 11) 750 1,870 Rivers2 (1, 8, 9 13, 14) 1,075 1,030 2,273 1,383 2,200 3,070 760 872 625 1,355 828 631 1 Arithmetic average of all sample values for each station and date. 2 Arithmetic average computed by assigning equal importance to each station or date. 3 CS ¦ Second Broad River at Cliffside, N.C. k Stations. ------- Time 1000 1300 1600 1900 2200 0100 0400 0700 0900 0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 0300 0600 0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 0300 0600 0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 0300 0600 0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 0300 0600 0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 0300 0600 48 if at per C°F 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 TABLE XIV.—Diel Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature Broad River Canal, April-June 1972 Dissolved Water Dissolved Oxygen Temperature Date Time Oxygen (mg/1) (°F •) 1972 (mg/1) 8.9 59 5/24 0900 8.6 8.9 59 (1 1200 8.2 9.0 59 H 1500 8.3 9.3 59 tl 1800 7.7 9.2 59 tl 2100 7.6 9.3 59 II 2400 7.4 9.3 59 5/25 0300 6.9 8.9 59 II 0600 7.9 8.7 59 7.5 68 6/1 0900 8.0 7.4 68 II 1200 7.8 7.2 68 II 1500 7.5 7.5 68 II 1800 8.2 7.7 68 II 2100 7.9 8.1 68 II 2400 7.7 8.0 68 6/2 0300 7.4 7.5 68 II 0600 7.1 8.9 65 6/8 0900 7.7 8.7 65 II 1200 7.6 8.7 65 It 1500 7.3 9.1 65 II 1800 7.3 9.1 65 It 2100 6.0 9.2 65 If 2400 7.3 9.2 65 6/9 0300 6.6 8.8 65 II 0600 6.7 8.3 68 6/14 0900 8.0 8.3 68 tl 1200 7.8 8.4 68 II 1500 7.2 8.2 68 II 1800 7.8 8.4 68 tt 2100 8.0 8.6 68 tl 2400 8.0 8.1 68 6/15 0300 8.3 8.2 68 tl 0600 7.8 7.8 67 6/22 0900 7.5 8.5 67 II 1200 7.3 8.5 67 tl 1500 7.4 8.2 67 II 1800 6.4 8.0 67 II 2100 6.3 7.9 67 tt 2400 5.3 7.8 67 6/23 0300 4.8 7.8 67 It 0600 8.0 8.2 69 6/29 0900 7.9 7.5 69 II 1200 7.8 7.7 69 II 1500 7.4 7.8 69 II 1800 7.1 7.5 69 VI 2100 7.5 7.6 69 II 2400 5.7 7.7 69 6/30 0300 7.4 7.1 69 II 0600 7.1 ------- TABLE XV.—Water Threshold Odor Numbers in the Field Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 49 Station ^Threshold Odor Nnmhorf P t r\J "' . 11 1 2 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 3 FC3 CS^ PR BC7 A/A-fi /. /o/—TP , i—wm. liumnpr * —— ^ 5/9 5/10 5/30-31 6/12-13 Semimonthly- Averages Q Basin Tributaries8 (6, 7, 10)10 Impoundments 8 C5, 11) Rivers8 (1, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14) 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.3 0.3 0.3 1.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5, 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.0 0.3 2.0 2.0 0.3 0.0 0.8 1.2 0.6 1.0 1.0 2.5 4.0 3.0 2.5 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.5 3.2 2.0 1.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.79 0.59 1.09 1.1 1.1 2.1 1.1 1.5 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1 Arithmetic average of all sample values for each station and date. "2 chlorine residual in dilution water. 3 FC » Second Broad River at Forest City, N. C. CS ¦ Second Broad River at Cliffside, N.C. ® LL " Broad River below Lake Lure, N.C. 6 PR " Paceolot River above Spartanburg, S.C. 7 BC ¦ Browns Creek, S.C. 8 Arithmetic average computed by assigning equal importance to each station or date. 9 Peterminations with chlorine residual water were not included in this average. 10Stations. ------- TABLE XVI.—Water Threshold Odor Numbers in the Laboratory Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 50 Station Threshold Odor Number* 4/4-6 4/24-26 5/9-10 5/30-31 1 1.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 2 1.0 3.0 52 1.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 53 1.0 6 1.0 1.4 7 1.0 1.0 8 1.0 2.0 9 1.0 2.0 1.4 1.4 10 1.0 1.4 1.0 2.0 1.4 1.4 u3 1.0 12 1.0 13 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.4 14 1.0 1.0 4.0 2.0 1.4 3.0 2.0 1.4 2.0 1.0 Station Averages4 L Sampling 2.1 2.2 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.8 geo^onthly Averages Basin4 1.0 Tributaries'* (6, 7, 10)5 1.0 Impoundment s 4 (5, 11) 1.0 Rivers4 (1, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14) 1.0 1.8 2.0 1.8 2.1 1.3 2.2 2.4 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.2 1.6 1 Arithmetic average of all sample values for each station and date. 2 Subsurface. .3 Above bottom. Arithmetic average computed by assigning equal importance to each station or date. 5 Stations. ------- 51 TABLE XVII.—Leaf Litter Threshold Odor Number Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 Station _ Threshold Odor Number1 Station ^ i t*'. <¦>/: c /n , „ Averages^ 73.2 85.0 4/4-6 4/24-26 5/9-10 5/30-31 6/12-13 3 58.3 87.5 35.0 85.0 100.0 5 56.7 35.0 33.5 100.0 200.0 6 53.0 105.0 7 80.0 8 17.3 10 31.3 42.5 52.5 120.0 140.0 11 20.0 42.5 60.0 80.0 13 15.3 35.0 60.0 105.0 50.0 14 24.0 29.5 75.0 85.0 50.0 77.3 50.6 53.1 52.7 Semimonthly Jtesin Averages2 34.5 45.3 62.6 99.0 103.3 * Arithmetic average of all sample values for each station and date. 2 Arithmetic average computed by assigning equal importance to each station or date. ------- 52 TABLE XVIII.—Leaf Litter Wet Weights Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 . — - ' ' ' Station, ~ Station Leaf Litter Wet Weight kg) Averages2 "4/24-26" 5/9-10 5/30-31 6/12-13 (All Sampling Dates) 22,0 11.8 9.6 9.0 13.1 20.2 22.4 9.6 10.4 15.6 3 5 6 7 10 16.3 11 18.0- 13 21.6 14 19.2 23.6 14.8 27.2 29.6 9.4 18.1 25.5 40.4 26.4 15.4 6.1 7.6 12.7 31.8 8.9 12.0 18.0 Semimonthly ,5.7 12.5 ¦aemimoncnxy , 15<7 Basin Averages2 19.6 21. 1 Arithmetic average of all sample values for each station and date. 2 Arithmetic average computed by assigning equal importance to each station or date. ------- 53 TABLE XIX.—Total Phytoplankton Counts Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 Station Station Total Phytoplankton Count1 (No/ml) Averages2 4/4-6 4/24-26 5/9-10 5/30-31 6/12-13 (All Sampling 1 19 34 28 9 174 53 2 0 53 24 56 37 18 124 52 5" 3 6 12 40 7 22 46 8 25 52 9 43 55 24 37 122 56 10 31 22 ll3 28 50 38 58 99 55 ll* 6 12 19 13 22 28 40 9 22 24 14 25 42 86 87 98 68 Semimonthly Basin Averages 19.9 44.2 41.3 36.3 106.5 1 Arithmetic average of all sample values for each station and date. 2 Arithmetic average computed by assigning equal importance to each station or date. 3 Subsurface. * Above bottom. ------- 54 TABLE XX.—Zooplankton Counts Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 Zooplankton Count1(No./I) Station 4/4-6 4/24-26 5/9-10 5/30-31 6/12-13 1 0 0 0 0 0 52 130 0 0 0 0 53 0 9 0 0 0 65 11 65 0 0 0 0 1 Arithmetic average of all sample values for each station and date. 2 Subsurface. 3 Above bottom. ------- TABLE XXI.—Periphyton Counts Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 Dates Days of Exposure Periphyton Count Station 1 1 (No./mm^ Station 5 4/4-17 13 4 38 4/4-24 20 44 33 4/4-5/8 34 36 34 4/4-6/12 69 33 50 1 Arithmetic average of all sample values for each station and date. ------- 56 i.txnu* AAii.—Hccmomycete Counts in Water Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 Station Actinomycete Count1(No./IQQ ml) 4/4-6 4/24-26 5/9-10 5/30- 1 300 625 650 5 450 150 725 4,500 6 500 2,925 7 400 5,000 8 450 12,750 9 300 650 17,500 3,000 10 200 6,000 11 625 600 4,500 250 12 300 13 1,000 100 3,550 1,000 14 300 550 22,500 450 6/12-13 8,000 10,000 15,000 '(emimonth:Ly Lverages Basin2 Tributaries2 (6, 7, 10)3 Xmpoundmen t s1 (5, ID Rivers2 (1, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14) 439 367 538 442 410 375 433 7,608 4,642 2,612 11,385 1,642 2,375 1,275 11,000 10,000 11,500 Arithmetic average of all sample values for each station and date. Arithmetic average computed by assigning equal importance to each station or date. Stations. ------- TABLE XXIII.—Actinomycete Counts from Bottom Substrates Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 Station Actinomycete Count1(No./g wet weight) 4/4-6 4/24-26 5/9-10 5/30-31 6/12-13 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 Station Averages2 (All Sampling Dates 24,000 10,500 12,000 1,700 10,000 55,000 35,000 80,000 30,000 12,750 33,000 117,500 6,750 71,750 155,000 16,250 500 24,500 10,250 140,000 105,750 61,750 192,500 1,750 75,750 765,000 40,250 155,000 15,000 6,750 16,750 61,500 189,850 88,450 51,090 Semimonthly Averages Basin2 11,640 50,000 Tributaries2 <6, 7, 10)3 Impoundments2 (5, 11) 10,500 35,000 Rivers2 (1, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14) 11,925 55,000 44,825 46,833 16,750 90,333 172,375 83,750 390,000 54,850 93,625 63,562 1 Arithmetic average of all sample values for each station and date. 2 Arithmetic average computed by assigning equal importance to each station or date. 3 Stations. ------- 58 TABLE XXIV.—Actinomycete Counts from Leaf Litter Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 Station Actinomycete Count1 (Np./g wet weight) 4/4-6 4/24-26 5/9-10 5/30-31 6/12-13 3 27,500 95,000 300,000 85,000 4,250,000 5 195,000 75,000 1,400,000 6,000,000 6 7,000 1,550,000 7 600,000 8 46,000 10 45,500 40,000 1,600,000 125,000 12,500,000 11 28,500 1,700,000 100,000 300,000 5,000,000 13 16,000 50,000 300,000 45,000 8,500,000 14 83,500 39,000 250,000 1,500,000 6,500,000 jeinimonthly 3aSin Averages2 36,286 353,167 596,875 575,833 7,125,000 L Arithmetic average of all sample values for each station and date. *- Arithmetic average computed by assigning equal importance to each station or date. ------- 59 TABLE XXV.—Actinomycete Counts from Periphyton Broad River Basin, April-June 1972 Station Actinomycete Count1(No./g wet weight) 4/4-6 4/24-26 5/9-10 5/30-31 6/12-13 1 1 500 750 100 5 40 0 18 100 450 Arithmetic average of all sample values for each station and date. ------- 6 I I 10 9, 8 7 6 * * 10 9 8' 7 6 60 APRIL (2- (31 (972 9 MAY J 1-12, 1972 g JUNE 8-9, 1972 APRIL 19-20, I9?2 MAY 4-5, 1972 l. 1 ) _L J I 1 i APRIL 27-28, 1972 10 MAY 24 - 25, 1972 JUNE I - 2, 1972 ~ / / ooo > t» ^ v J? *2, D o O OOO O Q, O ooooooooo _ y /« / <0 O O O 9- JUNE 14-15, 1972 6 - JUNE 22-23, 1972 JUNE 29 - 30, 1972 _L J L J 1 1 I O O O ' ' ^ c3 o o o is ^ iy (P OO OO O O <3 O O o o ooo o ooo Rroad River Canal, South Carolina. »URE 8.—Diel dissolved oxygen profiles, Bro# ------- 61 o O u tc :d H <. cc UJ Q. 2 UJ >- 40- 1 1—i i i i—i i—i i i i > i 1 1 ... j_ to o 2 < V) r> o X I- in 6 O. UJ iD <1 cc UJ JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH 1969 5 15 25 JUNE •w 4-s-v*- +-n*nnpT"A turs« maximum and mivximum &i.ir nGURE ^°KihIacoluBbia-Richtex, South Carolina, vicinity from January-June 1969. ------- 62 o O UJ tr 3 55 tr u CL 2 LlI W Q Z < CO 3 o X • jj 5 o UJ o < a: UJ > < 40 30 20 10 OH -10 57 54 H 51 48 45 H 42 39- 36- 33- 30- 27 24 H 21 18 15 12 - 9- 6 3H 0 I Max. Air Temperature Mia Air Temperature O Water Temperature H Odor 111 I|1L 15 25 5 15 25 5 15 25 5 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH 1970 15 25 5 t5 25 5 15 25 APRIL MAY JUNE Figure 10 —Musty odors, flow, water temperature, maximum and minimum air temperature for the Columbia-Richtex, South Carolina, vicinity from January-June 1970. ------- 63 o o LU cc 13 5 CC LU CL 5 LU f- CO o z < V) 3 o j: i- w o 5 o LU C3 < a: LU £ 15 25 15 25 5 15 25 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH 1971 5 15 25 5 15 25 5 15 25 APRIL MAY JUNE - f1oiJ Water temperature, maximum and minimum air FIGURE 11'""^peratur! from the Colimbia-Richtex, South Carolina, vicinity for January-June 1971. ------- 64 o O 40-j UJ - oc 30- 3 < 20- cc UJ a. 10- 2 - UJ 0 - H 60 57- 54- 51 48- 45- 42 39- 36- 33 30- 27- 24- 21 - I 8- I 5- I 2- 9- 6 3 0 in o z < CO 3 o X t- <0 (J O _J U. tii o < a: Ld I Max. Air Temperature Min. Air Temperature • Water Temperature | Odor 5 15 25 5 15 25 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH 1972 5 15 25 5 15 25 5 15 25 5 15 25 APRIL MAY JUNE FIGURE 12.- , n.„ water temperature, maximum and minimum air s°uth Carollna> vlclnltr for January-June 1972. ------- CO UJ X o 2: J-T* 5 15 25 5 15 25 5 15 25 5 15 25 5 15 25 5 15 25 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE 1972 FIGURE 13.—Rainfall at the Columbia, South Carolina, airport from January-June 1972. OS t/l ------- JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE 1972 JIGDRE 14.—Hainfall at Parr, South Carolina, from January-June 1972. ------- DATES FIGURE 15.—Average actinomycete counts from Station 1 (water, if/100 mi; substrate, #/gm; and periphyton #/gni) and Station 3 (leaf litte? Broad River Basin, April-June 1972. ------- 68 FIGURE 16.—Average actinomycete counts from Station 5 (water, 0/100 ml; substrate, periphyton, and leaf litter, #/gm), Broad River j April-June 1972• ------- 69 12,000,000 10,000,000 1,000,000 £ o o >» o e o» # CO UJ K- LU o 5 o z: § 100,000 10,000 1,000 leaf litter A SUBSTRATE WATER 5/9 to 5/10 5/30 to 5/31 6/12 to 6/13 DATES F —Average actinomycete count® from Station 9 (water, #/100 ml; substrate, #/gm) and Station 10 (leaf litter, Broad River Basin, April-June 1972. ------- 70 10,000,000 1,000,000 E o o N * >» w- Q E D» N # in LlI h- LxJ O >- O < 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 LEAF LITTER SUBSTRATE WATER ± X 4/4 to 4/6 4/24 to 4/26 5/9 5/30 to to 5/10 5/31 dates FIGURE 18.- -Averaee actinomvcete counts fro* Station II (water, ///100 ml; substrate and leaf litter, Broad River Baain, April-June 1972. ------- 71 4/6 4/26 5/10 5/31 6/13 DATES pjGURE 19,--Average aetinomycete counts from Station 13 (water, #/100 ml; substrate and leaf litter, #/gm), Broad River Basin, April- June 1972. ------- 72 10,000,000 1,000,000 i o o v % ^ 100,000 >* O e o> # c/> LU K LxJ O >- 2 o z h- O 10,000 1,000 100 LEAF LITTER SUBSTRATE WATER 4/4 4/24 5/9 5/30 6/12 to to to to to 4/6 4/26 5/10 5/31 6/13 DATES Figure 20.—Average actinomycete counts from Station 14 (water, #/100 ml; substrate and leaf litter, y//gm), Broad River Basin, April-June 1972. ------- 73 REFERENCES 1. Tate, P. L. and J. M. Hudgens (ed.). 1969. An Action Program for Clean Water. South Carolina Pollution Control Authority. 2. Standard Methods, 13th Edition. 1971. American Public Health Association, 1740 Broadway, New York. 3. Fuller, F. D. (ed.). 1969. Chemistry Laboratory Manual for Bottom Sediments Compiled by Great Lakes Region Committee on Analytical Methods. EPA, Federal Water Quality Administration. 4. Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes. 1971. EPA Water Quality Office, Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio. 5. Difco Manual. 1953. Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich. 6. Anonymous. 1971. A Report on Pollution in the Middle Reach of the Savannah River, Georgia-South Carolina. Technical Study Report Number TS 03-71-208-003. Environmental Protection Agency. 7. Finger, J. H. and T. A. Wastler. 1969. Organic Carbon-Organic Nitrogen Ratios of Sediments in a Polluted Estuary. Jour. Water Poll. Cont. Fed. 41, No. 2, Part 2, R101-R109. 8. Keup, L. E. 1968. Phosphorus in Flowing Waters. Water Res. 2: 373-386. 9. McKee, J. E. and H. W. Wolf (eds.). 1963. Water Quality Criteria. Second Edition. State Water Quality Control Board, Sacramento, California. Publ. No. 3-A. 10. Lackey, J. b. 1949. Plankton as Related to Nuisance Conditions in Surface Water. Limnological Aspects of Water Supply and Waste Disposal. Science 1949:56-63. 11. Personal Communication from South Carolina Water Pollution Control Authority and the South Carolina State Board of Health. 12. Personal Communication with Mr. B. Whittaker» Plant Operator; Mr. V. Wallace, Maintenance Supervisor; Mr. Caleson, Manager, City Utilities, Shelby, North Carolina. 13. Personal Communication with Mr. J. R. Jenkins, Water Plant, Forest City, North Carolina. 14. Personal Communication with Mr. H. Gains, Filter Plant Operator, Norris. South Carolina. ------- 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 74 Personal Communication with Dr. Webb, South Carolina Water Pollution Control Authority, and Mr. T. C. Kurimcak, South Carolina State Board of Health.. Silvey, J. K, G., J. C. Russell, D. R. Redden, and W. C. McCormick. 1950. Actinomycetes and Common Taste and Odors. Amer. Water Works Assn. 42:1018. Palmer, C. M. 1959. Algae in Water Supplies. USPHS Publ. No. 657. Safferman, R. S., A. A. Rosen, C. I. Mashni, and Mary E. Morris. 1967. Earthy-smelling Substance from a Blue-green Alga. Env. Sci. & Tech. 1:429. Medsker, L. L., D. Jenkins, and J. Thomas. 1968. Odorous Compounds in Natural Waters: An Earthy-smelling Compound Associated with Blue-green Algae and Actinomycetes. Env. Sci. & Tech. 2:461. Gerber, N. N. and H. A. LeChevalier. 1965 Geosmin an Earthy- smelling Substance Isolated from Actinomyce es. Microbiol. 13:935. Garter, N. N. 1968. Geosmin, from Microorganisms is Trans-l>10- Dinethyl-Trans-9-Decalol. Tetrahedron Letters 25.2971. com™ r P T. E Knaak, and J. W. Soboslai. 1970. Production of Ge^;in'a!d'2-^Hydrox;-2-Methylbo«nane by Streptomyces odorifer. Lloydia 33(1):199. , ,j T F Thomas. 1969. 2-exo-hydroxy- ^-methyl-bornane^' th^Major Odorois Compound Produced by Several Actinomycetes. Env. Sci. & Tec . - t KG. Silvey. 1969. Isolation Henley, D. E., W. H- Gl8z®' ° c pound produced by a Selected and Identification of an Odor Compound^ Aquatic Actinomycete. Env. Sci. Gerber, Nancy N. 1972. Ses,uiterpenoids from Actinomycetes. Phytochem. 11:385. ion of Taste and Odors in Water Collins, R. P. 1971. Jharact Research Series 16040 DGH 8/71. Supplies. EPA Water Pollution conciu * a Rnaen. 1956. Drinking Water Middleton, F. M., W. Gral^t'^' chem. 48(2):268. Taste and Odor. Indus. & Engr. ------- PROJECT PERSONNEL Biological Services Branch. R. L. Raschke, Aquatic Biologist Louis Carrick, Aquatic Biologist David Smith, Biologist Hoke Howard, Biologist Todd Harris, Biological Laboratory Technician Art Lavallee, Biological Laboratory Technician Peggy Clifton, Secretary Microbiological Services Branch Bobby Carroll, Microbiologist Herb Barden, Microbiologist Chemical Services Branch Ray Hemphill, Chemist Bill Loy, Chemist Control Sygf-™* * Analysis Activity Charles Ferst, Sanitary Engineer Engineering Services Branch Doug Lair, Sanitary Engineer ------- 76 acknowledgments We wish to thank the many people in South Carolina who have provided assistance during the course of this investigation. We especially thank Mr. Bo Crum of the South Carolina Pollution Control Authority and Dr. Priester and Mr. Kurimcak of the South Carolina State Board of Health for their assistance in the field and gathering of background information; Mr. Keeler, Columbia, South Carolina, water treatment plant superintendent, and his staff for their cooperation and assistance in the laboratory and field; and Mr. Counts and to. Childress of Duke Power Company for their permission to sample the dams. ------- |