PELICAN BAY DEVELOPMENT - AN ASSESSMENT OF
THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF FILLING A 98-ACRE (39.7 ha) TRACT
OF MANGROVE FOREST
DECEMBER 1979
by
Personnel of the Surveillance and Analysis Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Athens, Georgia
Contributing Authors:
Thomas Cavinder, Engineer
Delbert Hicks, Biologist
Hoke Howard, Biologist
Philip Murphy, Biologist
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Personnel of the Surveillance and Analysis Division con-
ducted a brief field survey to characterize some hydrographic,
topographic and vegetative features of a 98 acre (39.7 ha)
tract of mangrove forest associated with Upper Clam Bay near
Naples, Florida. The applicant (Coral Ridge - Collier Properties,
Inc.) has applied for a Section 404 permit to fill the subject
tract of mangroves for the purpose of completing a residential
development. The survey was conducted from 9-13 July, 1979.
Following are salient findings of the survey and review of data
provided by the applicant.
1. Maximum tidal elevations during the study period were
comparable to 5 percent of the highest tides recorded
during the most recent 19 years tidal epoch. Tidal
inundation of the mangrove community in the study site
was limited to 30-40 percent of the forested area.
This area was primarily associated with the black
mangroves along the western side of Upper Clam Bay and
the mangroves fronting a small tidal creek extending
north of the bay.
2. Freshwater drainage, both surface and subsurface flow,
appears as the primary mechanism for the delivery of
detrital material to the estuary. Free litter accumu-
lation in some areas of the forest suggest an active
mechanism for detrital export and jLn situ decomposition
despite the absence of benefits derived from routine
tidal inundation. Approximately 30-40 percent of the
detrital budget of Upper Clam Bay appears to be derived
from its surrounding watershed and associated mangrove
forests. The contribution appears comparable to the
detrital yields of other important mainland mangrove
areas such as Pahkahatchee Bay of the Ten Thousand
Islands.
3. Consultants for the applicant provided a conservative
estimate of the quantity of detritus derived from
mangrove areas and an over-estimate of the organic
carbon input from areas outside the Upper Clam Bay
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watershed. The applicant, based on these estimates,
concluded that the proposed filling activity will
result in an insignificant loss in the organic carbon
supply to Upper Clam Bay.
4. Recalculation of carbon inputs based on more appropriate
literature values for water budget data increases
significantly the estimate of detrital input values
for the watershed of Upper Clam Bay and associated
indigenous mangroves.
5. Filling of 98 acres (39.7 ha) of the Upper Clam Bay
mangroves would decrease productivity of the area by
approximately 29 percent, in terms of carbon subsidies
to Upper Clam Bay.
INTRODUCTION
Collier Properties, Inc. proposes the filling of 98 acres
(39.7 ha) of mangrove forest and marshland in conjunction with
the Pelican Bay development in Collier County, Florida. The
total development spans 2104 acres (851.5 ha) of property which
includes 1312 acres (531 ha) of uplands and 792 acres (321 ha)
of wetlands, beach and water. The 98 acres (39.7 ha) of proposed
fill area and approximately 570 acres (230.7 ha) of estuarine
wetlands to be preserved lie adjacent to the Gulf of Mexico and
is part of a major lagoon system.
To facilitate a complete review of the proposed filling
action as described in the public notice, the Director of the
Enforcement Division requested personnel of the Surveillance and
Analysis Division to conduct a survey of selected hydrological
and biological features and other data associated with the
proposed fill site. The field survey was completed during the
period of 9-12 July 1979. Following are the results of the
field effort and the evaluation of salient data provided by the
applicant (Heald, et al., 1978).
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STUDY AREA
As illustrated in Figure 1, the general study site is
identified by the cross-hatched area shown in the northwest
portion of the map. Vegetation in the fill area included mainly
mangroves with marsh areas along the eastern edge. A general
vegetational map (Figure 2) was provided by the applicant.
Sampling efforts focused primarily on the mangrove areas of
the fill site because of their predominance and interaction with
tidal exchange and freshwater drainage, a key topic in the
applicant's assessment of the area's ecology.
HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY
Transect lines, identified as A, B, and C (Figure 3), were
established by standard engineering techniques to provide hori-
zontal and vertical control. Water level recorders were referenced
to National Geodetic Vertical Datum (NGVD) and placed at three
locations: (1) the finger canal just north of Vanderbilt Beach
Road, (2) the edge of a small lake south of Vanderbilt Beach
Road, and (3) a tidal creek which extended north to northwest
from Upper Clam Bay (Figure 3). The recorder sites were selected
for the purpose of describing tidal dynamics and the extent of
inundation of the mangrove forest segment of the proposed fill
area.
The finger canal was part of an extensive residential
waterway system which ultimately joined the Gulf of Mexico via
Wiggins Pass. The lake appeared to be a tidal body that had
been cut off from the Wiggins Pass system upon construction of
the Vanderbilt Beach Road.
Changes in water levels during the two days of monitoring
are shown in Figure 4 for the three staging stations. Water
level responses due to tidal affects were not observed at the
small lake. However, modest and strong effects were recorded at
the creek and finger canal stations, respectively. Maximum
tidal amplitudes recorded at the finger canal station (2.6 ft
NGVD) exceeded 95 percent of all high tides during the most
recent 19 year tidal epoch. Water levels in the creek attained
a maximum elevation of 1.25 feet NGVD which flooded the forest
floor for a distance of about 100-200 feet north of the tidal
creek. Ground surface elevations of 1.20 to 1.50 feet NGVD
-3-
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(Figure 3) as well as a natural berm along the creek bank (1.30
ft NGVD) deterred tidal inundation of more distant elevations.
The berm abutting the tidal creek was generally at an elevation
greater than 1.25 feet (the maximum tide heighth recorded in the
creek); however, breaches in the berm and water transport through
the porous peat substrate provided for the observed inundation.
Tidal overwash of some areas in the western sector of the
proposed fill site was apparent during the survey period. A
walk-through along an east-west line near township T48S (Figure
1) provided an opportunity to observe the forest floor inundated
with marine water. The transect extended from the western edge
of Upper Clam Bay through a black mangrove forest to near the
beach line. At the time of the walk-through, tidal water was
breaching a few low spots along the natural berm flanking the
western edge of Upper Clam Bay.
Water transport of nutrients including organic carbon from
the mangrove area of Upper Clam Bay appears linked to two mechanisms
both of which are dependent primarily on freshwater drainage.
Subsurface movement of water through the peat strata of the
forest floor would provide a route for the transport of dissolved
nutrients to the shallow groundwater system and then to the
creek and bay systems. Secondly, storm events which provide
intensive rainfall could saturate and inundate the forest floor
by exceeding the rate of soil percolation; hence, the rainfall
is impounded until a sufficient hydraulic head forces surface
water flow to collection channels such as the creek shown in
Figure 3 and then to the bay. Both transport mechanisms have
been identified and verified in the report by Heald, et al.,
1978.
The freshwater transport mechanism provides added advantages
over those usually attributed to a tidal-driven mechanism.
Results from an on-going EPA-sponsored research project at
Rookery Bay indicates that freshwater increases the leaching
rate of soluble compounds from mangrove litter, especially black
mangrove leaves. The same consequence could be extended to
mangrove peat. Furthermore, freshwater has proven to be a
solvent which is superior to seawater for maintaining organic
and inorganic compounds in the dissolved state. Snedaker, et
al., 1977, provided an extensive discussion of this relationship
which greatly aids in explaining the presence of extensive
quantities of finely divided organic materials deposited on the
bottom of the creek which penetrated the mangrove area north of
-4-
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Upper Clam Bay. Other extensive deposits were also apparent
along the near-shore reaches of the northern-most area of
the upper bay. This form of carbon storage as well as the
litter that is associated with the floor of the forest would
have to be considered in extensive detail when developing an
export model which describes the direct carbon output from
mangrove litter. The pathway for flushing of the Clam Bay
system remains primary with the existing pass to the Gulf.
Construction activities associated with land development such as
Seagate, Parkshore and Vanderbilt coupled with the intermittent
closure of the pass decrease flushing of the system. Hence,
large stores of organic material in the system appear unavoid-
able.
BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
As shown in Figure 3, plant association and ground ele-
vations (NGVD) are reported for each station on the transect
line.
To determine the relative structural maturity of the mangrove
forest in the study area, a complexity index was determined for
the area of station A-3 and in the manner described by Snedaker
and Lugo, 1973. The index was derived from the calculated
relationship between number of species present, maximum canopy
height, tree abundance, and trunk basal area for a 0.1 ha of
forest:
Complexity Index = U Basal area) (No. treesMmax. Canopy heighth) (No. species]
Free litter accumulation on the forest floor was also measured
at the site where the structural data was obtained. Gathering
of litter was gathered from 10 quarter meter square quadrants.
Each quadrant was spaced at a 5-meter interval along a transect
line running east to west. In the lab, the loose litter samples
were sorted into leaves and woody material, dried at 105°C,
weighed, and reported in Table 1.
The western portion of the survey area was characterized as
a mature black mangrove basin forest (Figure 2). Traditionally,
this type of forest is associated with low areas where surface
water is impounded over an extended period. The areas drain
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slowly because of the saturated peat substrate and the low
topographic relief of the land. Furthermore, a slight, natural
berm limits surface water exchange to a few points at the edge
of the bay. In any case, long-term impoundment of saline water
introduced via major high tides can lead to hypersaline con-
ditions as evapotranspiration proceeds. In some instances, the
community becomes stressed by excessive salt accumulation which
inhibits or possibly terminates the growth of the mangroves. As
reported by Heald, et al., 1978, hypersaline conditions occasionally
occurred in the project site and may be responsible for an
apparent low litter production rate in the black mangrove area
west of Upper Clam Bay.
A mixed community of mangroves was featured in the area
surveyed where higher land elevations prevailed (Figure 3).
Coexisting with the mangroves were some Brazilian pepper and
fern. Their presence most likely reflected the absence of salt
effects and not necessarily a successional process. From the
topographic features shown in Figure 3 and the water level
record provided previously, tidal inundation of this area would
be a rare event. However, the topography features a land surface
slope to the west thus providing a gradient for the flow of
surface and subsurface freshwater to the lower black mangrove
basin and to the Upper Clam Bay lagoon. As shown in another
case at Everglades City, horizontal movement of water through
mangrove peat is virtually unrestricted by the substrate (Cavinder
and Hicks, 1978). Consequently, subterranean and surface drainage
pathways coupled to an active breakdown of the litter would aid
in explaining the relatively low standing biomass of free litter
at station A-3.
In the vicinity of station A-^, the average standing biomass
of free litter was 901 gm dry wt/m (Table 1). Of particular
note is the reported abundance of wood in the litter samples
which may reflect advanced maturity of the forest. Low wood
fall can be associated with immature stands of mangroves. The
accumulation of woody litter can also reflect the absence of
recycling benefits from hurricanes (Pool, Lugo, and Snedaker,
1975). A complexity index of 70 for the forest at this location
indicates a very mature state of growth (Lugo, personal communi-
cation ) .
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For comparison, the following complexity indices of various
mangrove forests are provided:
Forest Type
Location
Basin Riverine
Rookery Bay, FL
Everglades City, FL
Puerto Rico
Mexico
Florida
Costa Rica
Upper Pelican Bay
61
39.7
15.4
73.2, 49.7
27.7
10.3
70
When compared to other mangrove forests, the free litter
estimates for station A-3 appeared low. At Rookery Bay, another
mature basin forest, lea| accumulation on the forest floor
averaged 559 gm dry wt/m (leaves only) for a 2-year sampling
period (Lugo and Snedaker, 1975). Compared to the Rookery Bay
site, leaf accumulation at station A-3 was approximately 25
percent less. The Rookery Bay site was subject to tidal inundation
from spring tides and major storm events during the wet season.
For riverine and fringing mangroves in other areas of Florida,
(Lugo and Snedaker, 1974), total free litter was reported to
range from 2273 to 9841 gm dry wt/m . Cavinder and Hicks, 1978,
reported an average free litter accumulation of 3704, 2709, and
800 gm dry wt/m for different sites in a riverine community
near Everglades City, Florida (Table 2). These latter data also
demonstrate the need for extensive sampling because of the
extremely patchy nature of litter distribution. In Lugo and
Snedaker, 1975, the authors also referenced patchy distribution
as a factor affecting variability.
The relatively low storage of litter at station A-3 of
Upper Clam Bay suggests an active decomposition and export
mechanism at work. The basis for this suggestion, however,
requires the assumption that litter storage on the forest floor
is at equilibrium with production.
-7-
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An accurate estimate of free litter on the forest floor is
essential if any meaningful assessment of the forest's detrital
export system is attempted. Such data represents a measure of
carbon storage which is a mediating factor on the export of
carbon (detritus) to the estuary. All litter that falls to the
forest floor is seldom caught up in an instantaneous export
mechanism to the estuary. Lugo and Snedaker, 1975, reported
that about 40 percent of the annual leaf fall in a mixed mangrove
basin was exported directly with the remaining litter undergoing
in situ decomposition. Exceptions to this view could be associated
wTth fringing communities of mangroves and tidally overwashed
islands. In these cases, much of the litter drop is subject
immediately to a transport mechanism.
In Heald, et al.» 1978, the authors provided an estimate of
the detrital contribution of mangroves to Upper Clam Bay.
However, in our view, the estimate was at best a conservative
accounting because of the sampling and interpretive strategy
employed. First, the method of sampling cannot provide a repre-
sentative estimate of litter production. For each forest type,
only two collection baskets were apparently employed. In each
case, they were in close proximity to each other and serviced
for 6 months from mid-May to mid-October, a period of 163 days.
Such an effort would fail to account for spatial and temporal
variations which are key features of such data. Month to month
variation in litter production is clearly illustrated in Figure
5, which shows temporal patterns of litter fall at Rookery Bay.
In Figure 5, we have added the mean daily litter production rate
for the period of mid-May to mid-October for 1972 and 1973.
Nearly a 40 percent variation between the 2 years occurred. The
average for the 3-year period was 2.2 which is also the average
of the two extremes used in the example. Dr. Snedaker of the
University of Miami has over the past 7 years developed the most
extensive record of litter production for mangrove forests
in Florida and possibly the world. He reports that 20 collection
baskets for each forest type operated over a two year period is a
minimum effort for making meaningful assessments of litter
production rates for any mangrove forest (personal communica-
tions ).
Because of the restricted sampling efforts, the litter
production rates provided in Heald, et al., 1978, should be
viewed with caution when judging the representativeness of the
data. This caution emerges with the conclusion of the authors
that the litter production data reported for Upper Clam Bay are
"roughly comparable" to published information. Reference data
for this conclusion are found in Pool, Lugo, and Snedaker, 1975.
-8-
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These investigators report the findings of a 3-year study of
litter production for a mixed mangrove basin forest at Rookery
Bay. In graphical form, these findings are illustrated in
Figure 5. From this fiqure, daily, monthly, semi-annual and
annual variations in production rates are clearly salient features
of the 3-year record. For example, we have indicated in the
figure the average daily production rate of 1.7 and 2.7 gm dry
wt/m for the May through October period of 1972 and 1973,
respectively. For Upper Clam Ba^, Heald, et al., 1978, report a
daily average of 3.0 gm dry wt/m for the May through October
period of their study. By comparison, the estimate provided for
Upper Clam Bay is from 10 to 43 percent greater than the values
emphasized for Rookery Bay. Additionally, the reported litter
production rate for Upper Clam Bay exceeds by 27 percent the
average rate of 2.2 for Rookery Bay. Such an inflated value
would have a reciprocal effect on the estimates provided in
Heald, et al., 1978, regarding litter contributions from man-
groves to Upper Clam Bay.
As determined in Heald, et al., 1978, the litter production
of mangroves associated with Upper Clam Bay was 117,900 kg C for
the study period (163 days). Carbon input to the Upper Clam Bay
system from the mangrove area was also reported at 31,000 kg C
during the same general study period; hence, the detrital load
was equivalent to about 26 percent of the litter produced.
Should the estimate of litter production (117,900 kg) be inflated
by 27 percent, the detrital load to the bay could then be viewed
as equivalent to 36 percent of the litter produced. This type
of accounting only reflects the inadequacy of the sampling
effort for assessing litter production. It remains an extremely
superficial treatment of a very complex mechanism of litter
production and its export. No considerations are extended to
the affects of litter storage and litter turnover on carbon
export to the estuary. The assessment provides only a hint to
the possible sources of the carbon which fuels the detrital
economy of the bay.
In Heald, et al., 1978, the authors provided a summary
section which reports the carbon load to Upper Clam Bay at 95
metric tons for the 6 month study period. Of this total, they
attributed 33 percent of the load originating with drainage from
the watershed of Upper Clam Bay and associated mangrove areas
and the remaining portion delivered with subterranean drainage
from uplands outside the watershed. With the filling of 98
acres (39.7 ha), the contribution from the watershed and man-
grove areas would potentially be diminished by about 22 percent
of the total input of organic carbon to Upper Clam Bay. The
applicant views this reduction as an insignificant loss to the
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productivity of the Clam Bay estuary. In our judgment, the
basis of the applicant's conclusion lacks sufficient technical
merit or precedence. Furthermore, the following discussion
will provide a basis to view the filling of the 98 acres (39.7
ha) of mangroves as constituting even a greater loss than
predicted from results reported in Heald, et al., 1976.
3
Approximately 71 million ft of water entered Upper Clam
Bay during the study period (Gee and Jenson, ^978). Potentially,
rainfall could have contributed 68 million ft to this total;
however, 44 million ft was transpired,which diminished the
rainfall contribution to 24 million ft (Heald, et al., 1978).
By deduction, the latter investigators hence reported that 47
million ft originated from upland sources outside the watershed
of Upper Clam Bay. Because the subsurface water supply con-
tained organic matter, it would be viewed as a source of carbon
to the bay. As proposed in Heald, et al., 1978, the upland
source constituted at least 67 percent carbon subsidy to the
bay.
Because transpiration (44 million ft^) was sited as the
principal consumptive use of rainfall, it constituted a major
factor in the partitioning of the water budget. An over-estimate
of transpiration tends to emphasize the importance of the
subsidy from areas outside the watershed. Conversely, the
lesser the transpiration losses, the greater is the drainage
and carbon contributions from the mangrove areas and Upper Clam
Bay watershed. The transpiration estimate was derived by
Heald", et al., 1978, in the following manner.
Lugo and Snedaker^ 1975, reported transpiration rates of
4194 and 2529 gm H20/m /day for fringe and basin mangroves,
respectively. These values, when averaged, yield a mean of
about 3400 gm HjO/m /day. This value appeared as the estimate
used to calculate transpiration for the mangroves and other
vegetative areas of the Upper Clam Bay watershed. In view of
the results presented in Carter, et al., 1973, the potential
consumptive use of freshwater via transpiration appears as an
over-estimate for the Upper Clam Bay watershed. From the
latter work, the daily evapotranspiration rate for the Fahkahatchee
Strang for the May through October period appeared near 2500 gm
H20/m2/day. As discussed next, the lower value of 2529 gm
H2O/11) /day would have been more appropriate for estimating
transpiration for the Upper Clam Bay watershed.
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By averaging the two transpiration rates provided in Lugo
and Snedaker, 1976, the resulting mean is weighted towards the
higher value for fringing red mangroves. With the Upper Clam
Bay system, the fringing red mangrove community constitutes less
than 1 percent of the total acreage of the watershed. Secondly,
no justifications are given in Heald, et al., 1978, for even
considering the transpiration rates in Lugo and Snedaker as
being applicable to upland regions such as pine flatwood and
dwarf live oak communities which predominate the upland area of
the watershed (Figure 2). Clearly a more conservative estimate
of transpiration should have been used in partitioning the water
budget for the Upper Clam Bay watershed. As shown next, a more
conservative estmate of water losses via transpiration leads to
a greater estimate of the carbon contribution originating from
the watershed and associated mangroves.
2
Using the transpiration rate of 2529 gm HjO/m /day (Lugo
and Snedaker, 1975), water losses for the watershed would have
amounted to 31 million ft for the 6-month study period. With
this accounting, the carbon subsidy to the bay of 64 metric tons
from subterranean flow outside the watershed would be reduced by
about 28 percent to 46 metric tons. In this assessment, the
proportion of the total detrital load to Upper Clam Bayt would be
as follows:
Contribution by Weight
West/Northwest Mangrove Area 26.8 35%
East Mangrove Area 4.2 5%
Non-Mangrove 46.0 60%
77.0 metric tons 100%
Combined, approximately 40 percent of the carbon budget of
Upper Clam Bay can be traced to drainage from the mainland
mangrove areas. From Carter, et al., about 48 percent of the
organic carbon load to Fahkahatchee Bay was derived from main-
land mangrove areas. In our judgment, the two export figures
(40 and 48 percent) are comparable. Presently, the applicant
proposes to fill approximately 72 percent of mangrove forests
associated with Upper Clam Bay area and develop most of the
remaining watershed. In effect, the detrital budget of Upper
Clam Bay would be proportionally diminished to about 51.8 metric
-11-
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tons which constitute a reduction of 29 percent in potential
productivity of the estuary. Greater losses can be expected if
a more conservative estimate of transpiration is considered or
the existing estimate of water inflow to the bay is reduced.
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LITERATURE CITED
Carter, et al. 1973. Ecosystems analysis of the big Cypress
Swamp and estuaries. U.S.E.P.A. Region IV, Surveillance and
Analysis Division, Athens, Georgia.
Cavinder, T and D. Hicks. 1978. Study report - Jentgen project,
Everqlades City, Florida. November 9-18, 1977. EPA,
Surveillance and Analysis Division, Athens, Georgia.
Heald, et al. 1978. Carbon flows in portions of the Clam Bay
estuarine system, Collier County, Florida. A report to
Coral Ridge - Collier Properties, Inc., Naples, Florida.
Lugo, A and S. Snedaker. 1975. Properties of a mangrove
forest in southern Florida. Proc. Int'l. Symp. Biol.
Mgmt. Mangroves 1:170-212. Honolulu, Hawaii.
Lugo, A and S. Snedaker, 1974. The ecology of mangroves.
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. Vol. 5.
Pool, D, A. Lugo and S. Snedaker. 1975. Litter production
in mangrove forests of southern Florida and Puerto Rico.
Proc. Int'l Symp. Biol. Mgmt., Mangroves 1:213-237.
Honolulu, Hawaii, Oct. 1974.
Snedaker, S and A. Lugo. 1973. The role of mangrove ecosystems
in the maintenance of environmental quality and a high
productivity of desirable fisheries. A final report submitted
to the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife in Fulfillment
of Contract No. 14-16-008-606. Center for Aquatic Science.
Univ. Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Snedaker, et al., 1977. A review of the role of freshwater in
estuarine ecosystems. UM-RSMAS-77001. Univ. Miami, Miami,
Florida.
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Table 1
2
Free Litter Estimates g/m Dry Weight
Pelican Bay Development, Collier County, Florida
July 1979
Sample No.
2
Q drv wt/m
Leaves
Wood
Total
1
163.6
1114.8
1278.4
2
475.8
836.6
1312.4
3
171.6
265.4
437.0
4
380.2
634.9
1015.1
5
170.0
558.6
728.6
6
732.0
269.6
1001.6
7
350.8
256.6
607.4
8
882.5
92.3
974.8
9
508.4
156.5
664.9
10
524.4
468.6
993.0
Mean
435.9
465.4
901.3
Standard Deviation
242.0
325.0
286.0
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Table 2
2
Free Litter Estimates gm/m , Dry Weight,
Everglades City, Florida
September 1978
Station A-13 Station B-15 Station B-19
5032
1872
312
5552
1684
1536
4068
1536
1588
2628
3356
396
3764
2552
664
2980
3828
292
2836
2464
1060
3668
3404
460
2344
2096
956
4168
4296
740
2
mean 3704 gm/m
2
mean 2709 gm/m
mean 800
S.D. 1044.37 gm/m2
S.D. 958 gm/2
S.D. 478 gm/m2
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Figure 1. Proposed area to be filled for the
Pelican Bay project. Naples., Florida.
(PROPOSED COLLIER COUNTY PAR*
tt PARKINS FOR UEACH ACCESS)
WOODED AREAS
NOT TO BE FILLED
APPARENT
SHORELINE
T48S R25E
T 49 S R25C
umn clam »*t
WOODED AREAS
OT TO BE FILLED
O&STAL CONSTRUCTION
•CONTROL LiNElCCCg
> ' I
»—LIMIT or NARWI |
ii- bo- sre*
P/L
S\
N
fi
33
... |
nAplet
I 26^ib>.
I <«H
I t «il iTt\ l
PROJECT
iu| AREA
Vlti ¦« M'tfi
LOCATION
U-L. '
0.0 N-0.ua CCCL
•00
'¦•cir »»ci »» »¦! »»• «>mc »!»•
m,« mi. .»•#r
~ 10 N.G.V.H
• 7 nauju
"""" _ N.c.v.a
0- N.G.V.D.
• 90
Ground
1500 J
SECTION A-A
sr o
WOODED AREAS
NOT TO BE FILLED
«»tlMIT or MAOIMI
•ITlftNOI
ArMoa. mjiji
119 FT. nau
P/L
.7 ..
I(»t I ••• Ml'
-------
applicant. Naples, Florida.
PINE FLAT WOOL
ROSEMARY DWARF iFE OAK
EP ephemeral PONDS
BT BAY" TREE STRANf
MIXED TRANSITION
BLACK RUSH
BEACH STRAND
RED MANGROVE
BLACK MANGRCVE
WM WHITE MANGROVE
RED/BLACK MIXED MANGKOVE
ES BLACK/RE^WHITE MIXED
^ MANGROVE
m BEACH
PROJECT AREA
liEE * JENSON r.NGlNEERS-ARCHI^fTS PlANNJK^.IS(
WEST PALM BEACH. FlORIl'A
VEGETATION MAP
NW FILL AREA-PELICAN BAY
COLLIER .COUNTY, FLORIDA
'
I DfVCWC
i PTM
0® A * N
GLG
CMfCKlD
~
I JOB NO
! 75-136
SO
; 0* 1 1
_FEB^78
st» . r
NOTED
aphovcd ;j rui
• I!
SnIC | 0»
-------
Figure 3. Study transects, with ground elevations
(NGVD), locations of water level recorders,
and sites for vegetational characterization
Upper Clam Bay, Naples, Florida. 1979.
fled Manarove*
Bratilion ~r*i
Poi*<»n w ooe.
LAKE STA
Mixed Ma proves
Brazilian Peppers
Ferw
Black Mangrwec
Mixed Mah^i-oves
o
praulian Ventre
Mix«<4 Mangroves
fc-2 )
\ I.W
f6"4^
\ I. 85/
(W)
Black Ma»>gr*»ves
o
Mattgnovis
Fems
praxiliaw PcppcrS
Black: Mangroves
Aus+ralign Pines
*?aligorwia
/A-4)
11.10 i
Black jMangroyes
manti^a
IS)
^ £
Mangrove;
Brazilian Pepptfrs
F«rr\s
Mixed Mangroves
Brati |i aw Kspptft-s
Ferns
JLF
e:ach
-COASTAL SETBACK.
TRANSECT P0IMT9 5HOWIKJS
GfZOUMt? ELE.VATIOUS (WSUD)
Q WATER. LEVEL KECOKPERS
-------
K'E
20 X 20 TO THE INCH *7X10 INCHES Af> 1 O * f)
KEUFFEL a ESSER CO m>0( iiust W 1 ^
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Figure 5. From Pool, Luqo, and Snedaker, 1976.
Emohasis added by this author.
|— «n —{ i»n -— ) i«r» 4 ¦ ¦ i»m {
a Patterns of total litter-fall including leaf, wood, and miscella-
neous fall for a basin mangrove at Rookery Bay, Florida. Data
based on Utter-fall collections from August 1971 to August 197^.
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