SOUTHEAST TEMPERATURE STUDY
Environmental Protection Agency
Southeast Water Laboratory
Technical Services Program
Athens, Georgia
July 1971
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FOREWORD
The Southeast Temperature Study was initiated in September 1968 to
provide additional information for the states to 'establish an approved
water quality temperature standard. Response to the project was very enthu-
siastic. Contributions were made from state agencies, electrical power
companies, industry and federal agencies. In an effort to consolidate
the vast input into the project, relevant correspondence, all analytical
analyses, and any pertinent general information were merged into this
bound copy. The material was categorized by state -- Alabama, Florida,
Georgia, Mississippi, and Tennessee -- preceded by a general section which
leads into the nature and scope of the project. The general section also
contains information that is applicable to all the states and/or any two.
The computer print-outs, one for each state, were the major emphasis
of the project. Their objective was to fill in the "data gapV'by providing
a valid sample population of ambient river temperatures to establish a
justifiable state temperature standard. A summary of_maximum—values—observed
has been included in each st:ate section. The print-outs have been included
intact in the appendix section.
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CD
73
3=>
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Mr. John R. Thoman
Regional Director
August 29, 1968
Water Quality Standards Coordinator
Proposed Temperature Study
Reference has been made in Water Quality Standards approval letters
to Mississippi and Alabama regarding a study to establish temperature
criteria. The need for a study in Florida, Georgia, and Tennessee
is also apparent. We are obviously stalemated until additional
information is available on this subject.
The proposal I am suggesting should be discussed with state pollution
administrators for some general agreement on the recommendations, and
should also be cleared through the Interior Department Task Force
Review Committee (that is to say Dr. J. I. Bregman) prior to initiation.
This would clear other Regional Interior Department participation and
give some status to acceptance by the Task Group when completed.
The study could be completed in approximately one year and would include
collection of some field temperature and biological data. Elements of
the study would be generally as follows:
1. Selection of an ad hoc committee in each state with representation
from the State '.Vater Pollution Control Agency, State Game and! Eish
Department, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, and State University
or College representation, For coastal areas, Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries should also be included. The FYjPCA regional representative
would chair the committee.
2. An analysis of existing temperature data be made by FWPCA (of which
considerable is available) to determine the general range of maximum
temperatures in each respective state. Field sampling stations could
then be selected for specific areas below existing heated effluents to
determine temperature increases, and duration of thermal effects.
3. Biological sampling should be included at certain selected stations
to determine if there are significant changes in invertebrates and
vegetation due to heat, and if so, some measure of the degree of change.
Fish population sampling, both quantative and qualitative should be
included by the state game and fish agencies.
4. A program as outlined under 1-3 above should be discussed with the
ad hoc committee and additional supplements obtained if possible.
Meetings for review of data and final reporting and recommendations
would bdso be held.
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I recognize that there is a potential problem in getting state agencies to
go along with this proposal. There are also possible problems of manpowsr
within our region, although these are not necessarily severe in the outline
proposed.
The biggest problem would be, of course, what do we do about temperature in
the interim period? Here I think wa could tenatively accept NTAC recommenda-
tions to provide for control in the range of 5 degrees F rise, with provisions
for treatment of heated effluents. The latter should be supported by a head-
quarters policy statement. Our greatest problem is Florida with regard to
nuclear power plants, and the TVA proposal for '.Vheeler Reservoir in Alabama.
Maybe we could rely, for the time being at least, on anti-degradation state-
ments from these states until our study is complete.
I would appreciate the opportunity for further discussion on this subject.
Howard D. Zeller
ccx Mr. Traina
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Mr. Howard D. Zeller September 19, 1968
.Water Quality Standards Coordinator
Atlanta, Georgia
Director, Technical Programs
Southeast Water Laboratory
Proposed Temperature Study
(Reference your August 29, 1968, memo to Mr. Thoraan)
To supplement your remarks we would add the following. (Bear in mind
that Technical Programs would provide the input designated for FWPCA).
First, the analysis of available temperature data is important and is a
considerable undertaking. The burden for performing this task should be
shared by the states. This would help to make the study a "cooperative"
effort. To subdivide a data review, the states could analyze their own
data while FWPCA checks data obtained by Federal agencies. The states
also may wish to inquire of power interests if any further data is
available, e.g. from Plant Hammond on the Coosa River. In the analysis,
not only should we be seeking the general range of maximum values through-
out the Region, but also any short-term (daily) variation extremes. The
temperature data could be organized along basin, state, and geographical
lines. A reporting form with headings similar to the following is
suggested:
Temperature Source
Remarks of Info
Location Date(s)
Time
(if more than
one measure-
ment per day)
or Range
(°F>
(e.g. Is measurement
affected by nearby
thermal influencing
source).
An inventory of existing thermal power plants is available to help guide
the search for temperature data. Proposed plant sites should also be
determined and background temperature data sought for these areas.
Before all past data are reviewed, no more than two or three thermal power
plant sites should be selected for detailed study by FWPCA. The states,
again, should be involved in this selection. A one-year program with
approximately four one-week intensive studies at each plant site is suggested.
During these intensives, emphasis would be on: (1) temperature extremes
and variation-spatially, with time (daily, weekly, seasonal), and as a
function of streamflow and cooling water characteristics; (2) the effect of
temperature on oxygen saturation; and (3) the effect of temperature on the
aquatic biota.
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2
In this latter category, we would rely heavily on artificial substrate
samplers for examination of thermal effects on invertebrates. A control
station (or stations) would be established above the power plant. Sampling
should be performed at the intake and outlet of power plants to determine
if damage is occurring to aquatic life passing through the cooling system.
Fish population studies, we agree, is the function of state game and fish
agencies. Finally, plankton sampling should also be performed.
At this time, it does not seem feasible to utilize temperature recording
instruments in the study. Servicing and selection of representative
installation sites are critical problems. We would suggest a three-man
team (engineer, biologist, and aide) to perform the field work.
Paul J. Traina
JALittle:rnb 9/19/68
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Thermal Pollution File
THERMAL DISCHARGES - SOUTHEAST REGION - POSSIBLE POLLUTIONAL PROBLEMS
1. Turkey Point - Dade County, Florida
Florida Power and Light Company is presently operating two fossil
fuel generating units which require 1270 cfs of cooling water. When
the nuclear units are in operation by 1972, 4250 cfs (2750 mgd) will
be discharged to Biscayne Bay with a predicted maximum temperature
increase of 13° F to 16° F over background. Daily cooling water re-
quirements will represent about 3% of the total volume of water in
South Biscayne Bay. All units will have a normal full load of 2,080,000
KW or 877o of capacity.
Studies conducted by FWPCA from April to August 1968 in Biscayne
Bay to show the temperature effect of the fossil fuiled generators
indicated temperature increases of 9° - 11° F over background tempera-
tures in the Bay. The rate of temperature increase was as high as 4.5°F
per hour at distances up to 850 yards offshore.
An application for a permit for a discharge canal for the cooling
waters for the nuclear units is pending and is the subject of considerable
controversy.
2. Browns Ferry - Limestone County, Alabama
Tennessee Valley Authority is constructing a nuclear power facility
on Wheeler Lake of the Tennessee River. When completed in October 1972,
the facility will have a maximum generator capacity of about 3,450,000
KW from three units. Cooling water requirements will be 4400 cfs (2840
mgd) with a predicted temperature increase across the condensers of
25° F.
Cooling water will be discharged through three diffuser pipes
along the bottom of the channel which carries about 65% of the total
flow through the reservoir. There will be a continual 10° F rise in
temperature at the discharge point with a maximum across the section of
93° F. Minimum flow in the reservoir at all times must be 17,000 cfs
and must be 21,000 cfs at temperatures above 85°F background.
Hydraulic and engineering studies have been conducted by TVA. There
is a scarcity of biological data. However, there are data showing that
entrained organisms arc destroyed at a temperature exceeding 97°F. With
a 25°F temperature increase, this level will be exceeded in the cooling
water continuously from April to October each year.
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2
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On February 3, 1967, the Georgia power Company announced plans
to expand the Plant Hammond facility on the Coosa River from 300,000
KW to 800,000 KV-J by 1970. Control of cooling water discharge will be
attempted through a diffuser system. The problem of water quality in
the river is compounded, however, by large organic waste discharges
in the immediate vicinity and low river flows caused by regulation at
the upstream Allatoona Reservoir. Additionally, the location of the
cooling water and organic waste discharges at the headwaters of Weiss
impoundment, a hydroelectric facility further reduces the assimilation
capacity and retards the recovery of the river to suitable water•quality
levels. Thus, a combination of high water temperature, pollutional
discharges, outfall locations and low river flows has a synergistic
effect in inhibiting the desired use of this part of the Coosa River
for a warm water sport fishery.
4. Crystal River - Citrus County, Florida
Two nuclear reactors are to be added to the existing plant by
1972, giving a rated capacity of 2,560,000 KW. Cooling water will be
discharged to the Gulf of Mexico near shellfish harvesting areas.
Specific data regarding the cooling system is not available. Additional
data concerning the flow patterns and advective currents in the discharge
area are also required.
5. Hatch Plant - Appling County, Georgia
A one unit nuclear reactor with a rated capacity of 2,436,000 KW
will be constructed by Georgia Power on the Altamaha River near Baxley,
Georgia to commence operation in 1972. Investigations are now under
way by the company to select a technique for handling cooling water.
Alternatives under consideration include: a closed recirculation system;
a once through use which may raise the temperature of the receiving
water by a maximum of 12°F at low flows.
6. Sequoyah Plant - Hamilton County, Tennessee
A two unit nuclear reactor facility is to be constructed on the
west shore of the Chickainauga impoundment of the Tennessee River, 12
miles north of Chattanooga. The rated capacity of the units is 3,423,000
KW each. No information has been received on the volume of cooling
waters. Flows in Chickainauga Lake vary over a considerable range due
to regulation and impoundments exhibit stratification under differential
heating conditions. Density currents may travel great distances receiving
only moderate mixing.
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7. Puerto Rico
Much of the electricity for the south coast's industries and tovms
is generated at the South Coast Steam plant on the banks of Tallaboa
Bay. Spent cooling water from this 253,000 KU plant is returned directly
to the bay. The volume and temperature of the cooling water is not
known. Neither is the effect on the receiving waters. High temperature
wastes and cooling water from petrochemical refining plants are also
discharged to this bay. Plans are being developed for the installation
of desalinization facilities on a large scale throughout Puerto Rico.
Most of the suitable sites have receiving waters composed of enclosed
bays which have poor flushing and mixing characteristics.
8. Miscellaneous
Cooling water is discharged from Georgia Power Company installations
above Atlanta on the Chattahoochee River. This is complicated by regulation
above the generating facilities which reduce flow and the discharge of
a major part of Atlanta's municipal waste effluent below. Further,
there is active consideration being given to impounding the river below
Atlanta for navigation and recreation uses.
The Gannon plant of the Tampa Electric Company located on Hills-
borough Bay, Florida will expand to a capacity of 1,256,000 KW. This
plant currently uses 900 mgd of cooling water. Although thermal effects
on the bay may be occurring, it is so highly polluted anyway from
other sources that, at this stage, it is probably a minor contribution
to the overall water quality degradation.
The Marlee Branch plant of the Georgia Power Company will expand
to 1,059,000 KW and discharges cooling water to Lake Sinclair i-Tr-ffokb-
0.il nry^ Georgia. No objection by the Government has been made to the
intake and outfall facilities.
9. Technical Needs
It is apparent from a consideration of the above that very little
regulatory attention has been given to the problem of thermal dishcarges.
This accounts for the relative lack of information presented and, conse-
quently, the absence of reasonable analysis and evaluation of effects.
Instead, we have been treated to glittering generalities of utter
vacuity by the ecologists and pompous economic justifications by the
engineers for the power companies such that conclusions have been reached
in a hysterical atmosphere of confrontation.
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4
What i s required is that each of these waterways must be rei c.»air.od
as a system which supporLs multiple uses. Pertinent data gathered in
the planning phases of these projects by objective people would permit
the evolution of a rational water quality management plan which could
make the optimum utilization (or most effective disposal) of waste heat
without unduly constraining other desirable uses.
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OPTIOMM fC*M NO. 10
MAY 1962 O MOM
CiA ffMZ Ui C'U 101-11.4
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
71 F 7
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IVAbiUVl U1LUUIIL
TO : Director, Technical Programs
DATE: February 18, 1969
FROM : Chief, Impoundment Studies
SUBJECT: Field Studies for Temperature Standards
You have seen a first draft of the attached thermal study proposal before.
This is the final version.
Our intent :"n this field study is to document within our Region some of
the effects: jf thermal discharges on aquatic biota and/or on certain water
quality parameters, e.g. temperature and D.0„ The biological groups, listed
were chosen because they are of great importance as food producers and
primary consumers in the complex food chain of the aquatic environment.
If a heated discharge is detrimental to the in situ biotic community, this
would be reflected in an alteration of some or all of these groups. We will
compare natural seasonal succession with changes caused by thermal "pollrich-
ment."
I
I
As you can see, the outline suggests "a rather ambitious program for any one
Sjtudy site. It describes an optimal study. Because of staff and scheduling
limitations, we know that a 145 day study effort is impractical. Consequently,
we will make a determination on eliminating selected aspects of the study
during reconnaissance. At present, it appears that the estuary site will be
dropped, and we will work only on a stream (probably Suwannee at Ellaville,
Florida).
Messrs. Schneider, Weldon, and Cafaro will be the principal participants in
the study. We will probably need to extend the work a little into CY 70.
Results of this work should, for the first time in this Region, give us an
example of the presence or absence of damage from cooling water discharges.
John A. Little
Attachment
cc: Howard Zeller
i^6.obert Schneider
Dennis Cafaro
Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan
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THERMAL STUDY PROPOSAL
TITLE: A seasonal study of some effects of thermal discharges on the
aquatic environment.
OBJECTIVES: To compare, seasonally, the effects of a heated discharge
on: (1) certain water quality parameters, (2) periphyton, (3) benthos,
(4) plankton, and (5) higher plants.
SCOPE: Ff'ur 10-day surveys at each of two sites to be conducted seasonally
and completed -in one calender year. (Study sites will be limited to one
stream and one estuary situation, preferably in areas unaffected by
waste discharges).
PRELIMINARY DATA REQUIRED: Water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and
biological data from state or Federal agencies for each site to be
studied.
RECONNAISSANCE NEEDED: A 3-day monitoring survey of each area to deter-
mine the number and location of field sampling stations. Also a 2-day
biological survey to determine, in general, the standing crop for benthos,
phytoplankton and other biota at selected locations.
PROCEDURE: Each field station will consist of a transect of the receiving
water with a sampling area near each bank and one in mid-stream.
A. Water Quality - Thermistors will be used for daily temperature
transects. In addition different maximum-minimum thermometers will be
suspended from buoys at different depth intervals for temperature monitorin
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at each field station. Readings will be made at various plant loadings.
Dissolved oxygen, heavy metals, fungicides, pH, and slainity values
(where needed) will be monitored daily during peak and minimum loads at
the power plants. Water samples for these analyses will be collected
from the same sites being monitored for temperature. The affect of
thermal discharges on oxygen saturation values will be a point of
emphasis.
B. Periphyton - Artificial substrate samplers similar to those described
by Hester-Dendy (1961, Auburn Univ., Ag. Exp. Sta., pp 1-14) will be
used for periphyton. Plexiglass plates will be substituted for the
masonite plates suggested by Hester and Deridy. Additionally, nylon
cord will hold the plates together, eliminating corrosion problems in
the estuary study. Emplacement of the substrates will be completed at
each station, one month prior to the survey period. The samplers will
be buoyed and suspended approximately 10 inches below the water surface.
During the survey (after 30 days exposure) the plates will be removed
and handled in the following manner. Two plates will be placed separately
in two pint-sized plastic refrigerator boxes containing 4 percent formalin
(or a 4 percent seawater-formal in mixture as needed). The remaining
plates will be placed separately in similar pint-sized plastic boxes
containing 95 percent ethanol. These boxes will have been previously
painted black on their outside (similar to primary productivity dark
bottles).
Later in the laboratory, periphyton accumulation will be scraped
from the formalin preserved plates for qualitative analysis. Periphyton
accumulation on alcohol preserved plates will be scraped similarly after
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pi ates have remained in the alcohol a minimum of 24 hours. This material
will be dried and weighed to estimate the relative abundance of biomass.
The alcohol will be analyzed to determine the amount of chlorophyll
extracted from certain organisms. The dried material from each plate
will be ashed and from these data a ratio between the total chlorophyll
and the total organic matter (ash-free dry weight) can be developed.
These data give a measure of heterotrophic versus autotrophic organism
development. Grzenda and Ball (1968, Quarterly Bulletin, Mich. Ag. Exp.
Sta., Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 296-303) found that the functional composition
of periphyton which colonize on plexiglass plates was a possible index
of pollution. The value of such an index in heated water is unknown
but certainly worthwhile investigating.
n
C. Benthos - Atr'ificial substrate samplers will be used to determine
the relative abundance of macroinvertebrates during each season. These
samplers will be similar in design to the rock-type sampler described
by Mason et. al. (1957, Progressive Fish-Culturist, Vol. 29, No. 2, p.
74.). Modifications will include the replacement of the metal basket
with a nylon net bag to eliminate corrosion problems in the estuary.
Substrate samplers will be exposed at each station (10 inch depth) for
the same period as the plexiglass plates, i.e. one month. After
this exposure in the aquatic habitat, the community of macroinvertebrates
established among the limestone rocks will be assumed to have attained
an ecological equalibrium. The substrates will be lifted, macroinvertebrat
removed, sorted and recorded by number and weight for each taxonomic
group.
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Add it ionally, two Petersen and/or Ekman dredge hauls will be
taken from each station. These data will serve to supplement information
concerning the benthic invertebrate distribution and abundance.
,D. Plankton - Surface water samples (3 foot depth) for phytoplankton
analysis will be collected with a 2-liter Kemmerer sampler at each
station. The samples will be preserved in polyethylene wide-mouth jars
(2 liter-size) with 4 percent formalin.
In the laboratory, total plankton counts will be determined and
organisms will be categorized according to the following algal groups:
(1) blue-green, (2) green, (3) red, (4) brown, (5) flagellates, and
(6) diatoms.
E. Higher plants - Samples of floating, submerged and emergent vegeta-
tion will be collected from selected stations. These plants will be
identified to genera and, if flowering parts are present, some will
be specifically identified.
Kemmerer (2 liter size)
Ekman Dredge
Petersen Dredge
Plastic Refrigerator boxes
Plexiglass Plates (assembled)
Max-min thermometers (8)
Nylon net bags
Limestone (size 1" to 3")
Formaldehyde
Ethanol (957.)
Black Paint
Buoys
Nylon rope
Reagents for DO determination (or probe)
Whirl-paks (for vegetation samples)
PH meter
Salinometer
Salinity titration apparatus
MATERIALS:
Item
Boat
Motor
Amount
1
1
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Wide-mouth jars (plankton)
Recording fathometer
Submarine Photometer
Flow meter
Secchi disc
Recording thermometer (for profiles)
PERSONNEL:
One biologist, in charge
One engineer
One technician
TIME: (per survey site)
Reconnaissance - 5 days
Field Study -10 days (winter)
10 days (spring)
10 days ( summer)
10 days (fall)
Laboratory and report
-100 days
TOTAL 145 days
Robert F. Schneider
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1/2 7/70
&
STUDY METHODS
In order to determine steam power plant locations suitable for
studies of thermal discharge effects, a list of the larger (in terms
of megawatt-electric capacity) plants in the Southeast was reviewed.
Basic criteria for study site selection included:
(a) location on a stream rather than impoundment or estuary,
(b) absence of municipal and/or industrial waste effects,
(c) small stream size in relation to plant size, and
(d) no similar past, present, or future studies planned for the
site by other groups.
The initial review narrowed the field of possible study sites
down to fifteen. Each of these are listed below by state. Although
reconnaissance was made at some sites, none were selected for intensive
study for various reasons. Under the column entitled Comment, the reason
for elimination is stated briefly.
ALABAMA:
Steam Plant Name
Location
Comment
Gorgas, Alabama
Power Company
Black Warrior River
near Gorgas
Site eliminated because
Bankhead Reservoir alters
river flow (downstream)
Barry, Alabama
Power Company
Mobile River
near Bucks
Industrial and municipal
pollution exist in the
proximity of the plant.
Ernest C. Gaston,
Alabama, Power Co
Coosa River
near Wilsonville
Stream impounded and
pollution from a nearby
papermill.
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2
FLORIDA:
Steam Plant Name
Suwannee, Florida
Power Corp.
Crystal River,
Florida Power Corp,
Port Everglades,
Florida Power &
Light Co.
Location
Suwannee River
near Ellaville
Crystal River
near the city
of Crystal River
Atlantic Ocean
near Port
Everglades
Comment
FWPCA conducted a
reconnaissance study in
February, 1969. No
significant temperature
change was observed in the
river due to the plant
discharge.
The Florida State Board of
Conservation is conducting
a thermal research project
at this site. Did not want
to duplicate the work.
FWPCA has studied a similar
site at Turkey Point in lower
Biscayne Bay. The complexities
of ocean discharges are beyond
the scope of the short-term
studies proposed here by the
SEWL.
F. J. Gannon, Florida
Power & Light Co,
Tampa Bay near
Tampa
Industrial and municipal
pollution exist in the proximity
of the plant.
GEORGIA?
McDonough,
Georgia Power
Co.
Arkwright, Georgia
Power Co.
Mitchell, Georgia
Power Co.
Yates, Georgia
Power Co.
Harlee Branch,
Georgia Power Co.
Chattahoochee
River near
Smyrna
Ocmulgee River
near Macon
Flint River
near Albany
Chattahoochee
River near
Whitesburg
Lake Sinclair
near Milledge-
ville
Industrial and municipal
waste from Atlanta area
affects this site.
Industrial and municipal waste
affect the aquatic environment.
Same as above
Affected by waste discharges
from Atlanta area.
Impoundment, largest plant
in State.
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3
MISSISSIPPI:
Steam Plant Name
Location
Comment
Jack Watson,
Mississippi Power Co.
Biloxi River
estuary near
Gulfport
Johns Hopkins University is
conducting a thermal study at
this site for Edison Electric
Institute.
TENNESSEE:
John Sevier,
TVA
VIRGINIA:
Clinch River,
Appalachian
Power Co.
Holston River,
near Rogersville
Clinch River
near Carbo
The site is the headwaters of
an impoundment and upstream
pollution alters the biotic
community.
FWPCA conducted a reconnaissance
study in September 1969. A
fly-ash spill (1967) has changed
the benthic environment
significantly by "blanketing"
portions of the stream bottom
with fine sediment.
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Director, Technical Prograas
February 13, 1969
Chief, Impoundment Studies
Field Studies for Teaserature Standards
You have seen a first draft of the attached thermal otudy proposal before.
This is the final version.
Our intent in this field study is to document within our Region some of
the effects of theraal discharges oa acustic biota aad/or oa certain vater
quality parameters, e.g. tersperature and D.O. The biological groups listed
were chosen because tUey «re ©£ great importance 03 food producers end
prioary consumers in the coa^ifrx food chain of the tnu.-itic envirenrasnt.
If a heated discharge ic detrimental to the in situ biotic comauaifcy, this
would be reflected in sn alteration of some or ail of these groups. We will
coapare natural seasonal succession. with changes caused by thermal 'pollrich-
aent."
fts you can see, the outline sus^sts a rsther ambitious program for any one
eiudy site. It describes an o.^lr^i study. Secause of staff and scheduling
lioitntion3f ve linow that a 14.; dcy sti>uy effort is impractical. Consequently,
ye v?ill make a deteraiostion oa eiisinatin^ selected aspects of the study
during reconnaissance. At present, it appears th^t the estuary site vill be
dropped, and we will vork only on a stress (probably Suwannee at Ellsville,
Florida).
Messrs. Schneider, Ueldon, and Cafaro vill be the principal participants in
the study. We wili probsbly need to extend the vork a little into CY 70.
lesalts of this work should, for the first tise in this Region, give us an
axaraple of the presence or absence of daiasge froa cooling water dischargee.
John A. Little
ittachoent
ic: Eoward Zeller
Robert Schneider
Dennis Cafaro
JALittlerrnb 2/18/69
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OPTIONAL FOiM NO. 10
MAY 1942 EOITIOM
CSA f?M* Ut CFIJ 101-1 1.6
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
TO : Files date: February 26, 1969
PROM I R. F. Schneider and M. R. Weldon
SUBJECT: Trip Report to Suwannee River, Florida
In an effort to select a site for a thermal study Mr. Weldon and I
visited the Florida Power Corporation's Suvannee River Plant. The
power plant is located near Ellaville, Florida approximately 3/4 mile
downstream from the junction of the Suvannee and Withlacoochee Rivers.
On February 23, 1969 we made a reconnaissance trip by boat from the
junction of the two rivers to Anderson Springs, approximately 3 miles
downstream. Surficial water temperatures were measured and recorded.
Additionally, Taylor maximum-minimum thermometers were submerged
(6 inch depths) in selected locations for 24-hour monitoring of the
temperature.
The U.S.G.S. has a gauge station located at the junction of the two
riveis and another gauge "pole" placed in the river approximately 30
feet downstream from the power plant effluent or discharge ditch.
Readings from these locations were taken and recorded as follows:
Date Location Gauge Reading
2/23/69 River junction 4.26 feet
2/23/69 Plant discharge 5.20 feet
2/24/69 River junction 4.34 feet
2/24/69 Plant discharge 5.60 feet
On February 24, 1969 D.0. and temperature measurements were made and
river profiles were constructed. These data are shown on the attached
diagrammatic map of the area (see last page).
On February 25, we talked with Mr. E. M. Haywood, plant superintendent
and his assistant, Mr. J. G. Porter. We informed them that the
Southeast Water Laboratory was attempting to select a site in our area
to study certain effects of a heated discharge upon physical, chemical
and biological characteristics in a stream. These gentlemen were very
cooperative and we toured the entire plant and grounds. They informed
us that the plant was built in 1952. Presently, it has 3 units operating
on natural gas and oil. The plant capacity is 155,000 KW. During out
reconnaissance monitoring, all 3 units were on line therefore a maximum
water discharge of 120,000 gpm was being released. The units vary in
size and discharge as follows (1) one unit 30,000 gpm, (2) two units
60,000 gpm, (3) all three units 120,000 gpm. . The maximum r.ise in water
temperature through the plant is 10°F. (This is in agreement with our
findings). Mr. Haywood quickly scanned the river temperatures for 1968
Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan
-------
arid told us that maximum temperatures upstream from the plant reached
79°F in June, July and August. This period coincided with record low
river flows for the Suwannee River.
Mr. Haywood and Mr. Porter asked if we were aware of all the possible
pollution sources that might affect our study plan. They mentioned an
upstream papermill on the Withlacoochee River, the phosphate mining
upstream on the Suwannee River and a poultry waste discharge (Goldkist
Poultry Corp.) miles downstream from their power plant. We have
records for all but the later.
The data recorded herein tend to eliminate this site as a thermal
study area in the Southeastern Region.
I
-------
OPTIONAL FORM NO. 10
MAY 1062 EDITION
CSA FPMR (41 CFR) 101-11.9
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
TO
Director, Technical Programs
DATE: October 10, 1969
FROM : Assistant Chief, Impoundment Studies
SUBJECT: Field Studies for Temperature Standards
On September 29, 1969, M. R. Weldon and R. F. Schneider traveled
to western Virginia. The purpose of the trip was to make a reconnais-
sance of a potential "thermal pollution" site. Specifically, the site
being considered was the Clinch River at River Mile 267-268 near
Carbo, Virginia. This stretch of the river receives the effluent
from the Appalachian Power Company. The steam generation plant is
one of the largest fossil fuel electric facilities in the state of
Virginia (700 magawatt output). Reconnaissance included updating the
physical plant layout, observing physical and biological river con-
ditions and recording longitudinal temperature profiles in this portion
of the Clinch River. The series of photographs and tabulated data
attached to this report show some of.these features. In brief, the
section of the Clinch River from River Mile 267 to 267.8 is in poor
condition. Fine sediment blankets most of the bottom in this area.
The source of this sediment was probably the 1967 "fly ash" spill.
Details of that spill are recorded in reports by FWPCA (June 1967)
and TVA (July 1967). Sediment affects the river in two obvious ways:
(1.) it reduces the habitat for bottom-dwelling organisms to a single
type; (2.) it is partially in suspension, increasing turbidity in this
river stretch.
Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan
-------
Director, Technical Programs -2- October 10, 1969
An earth-filled dam has been constructed by the steam plant at
River Mile 267.9. Fifty yards upstream from the dam, in the pool
area, is the steam plant intake structure (Figure 1). The plant
produces 700,000 KW, ranking it as the sixth largest generating
facility in the region. Five cooling towers are used to reduce
thermal enrichment in the Clinch River. Effluents from these towers
enter the river at four locations (Figure 2). Temperatures recorded
at each discharge point showed a range from 16 to 24°C. Temperatures
in the Clinch River, upstream from the steam plant, were 16°C. Taylor
maximum/minimum thermometers were left in the river, 175 yards down-
stream from the plant for a 24-hour period. Water temperatures
ranged from 15.0 to 18.3°C at this site (mile 267.4).
Based on the data presented herewith, it is recommended that no
further consideration be given to this site for thermal study.
Robert F. Schneider
cc: John Little
Howard Zeller
Dennis Cafaro
Ronald Weldon
-------
THERMAL STUDY DATA
DATE: September 29 - October 2, 1969
STUDY LOCATION:
STREAM: Clinch River
COUNTY: Russell STATE: Virginia BASIN: Tennessee River
NEAREST CITY or TOWN: Carbo (Va.)
FLOW RECORD: (USGS)
Clinch River at Cleveland, Virginia
DATE: October 1, 1969 TIME: 10:30 a.m.
GAGE HEIGHT: 1.3 feet
DISCHARGE: 48 cfs AVERAGE DISCHARGE: 698 cfs (48 years)
PHYSICAL DATA FROM CLINCH RIVER
River
Turbidity
Surface Water Temperature
,Mile
J.C.U.
Right"
UC Left
i
268.3
16
16
267.9
8
16
16 (effluent "A")
267.85**
8
15
15
267.8
15
18 (effluent "B")
267.7
16
16
267.6
16
19 (effluent "C")
267.5
16
24 (effluent "D")
267.4
43
16
18
267.3
16
17
267.2
16
16
267.1
16
16
267.0
16
16
254.9
10
*Right and left side of the river channel were determined while facing
downstream
**Mouth of Dumps Creek
-------
FIGURE 1. DIAGRAMMATIC MAP OF THE APPALACHIAN POWER COMPANY STEAM
PLANT AfJD A PORTION OF THE CLINCH RIVER, VIRGINIA (Symbols A,B,
C, and D indicate steam plant effluents)
-------
FIGURE 2. MAP SHOWING SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURES IN THE CLINCH
RIVER NEAR CARBO, VIRGINIA (September 30, 1969).
-------
m
w
•?N
! '3 ' PLAN
— _Tc of ELECTRO
700.0,, nfjVesiern
Tor
the Gro^fmm
Appalachian Power Co. stream plant near
Carbo, Virginia.
f\ _
LJV
Steam plant and two of the five forced-
air cooling towers.
V"
- > *V
1SS
Ft •'
' 4. V , i * ,
*
Steam plant water intake structure on
the Clinch River, Virginia (mile 268)
K
"¦•r-
X
~N
Steam plant effluent "A" emptying into
the Clinch River, Virginia (mile 267.9)
-------
V
. "SV
\ "*
\
1
-¦¦'-A
/ — j
An upstream view of the earth-filled
dam in the Clinch River, Virginia
(mile 267.87) (note water intake pool
formed behind the dam).
SJ
~ r.v* W'*
' - t' ' ~ - " yV-.-.r-'tfny,, ~ r
if v" - •. --;.a§£!¦ ii *;
r*
,-v •
j %>««¦ ' «
. »
" 4* t
i
1
, i
• ¦ «#' > A •-,
« - ! ^
V
• -
/ <
^ 1 J|
^ -2T- •" - --'"'fa' i ' |
i "*
Steam plant effluent "B" (mile 267.8)
^\
r _
* ... i. C-
Effluent "B" emptying into the Clinch
River, Virginia (mile 267.8)
S
> '
\
•J*
s-
v t,
*
-a. s» * <
.» »> < 2
Steam plant effluent "C". In the back-
ground is a portion of a cooling tower
structure (mile 267.6)
-------
i ieu. ""twpuwyi
j ' v.l"
«. ¦*
JL
r>
Effluent "D" emptying into the Clinch
River, Virginia (mile 267.5)
f
T
• • f ; ¦
-1 ¦ 'ii
i " S"- ; '
¦ v
¦, «• *•
«»'
.. J 4', i —•—.
• •
•- J'- Vv!-
w.
'i
A
\ »
A
t- ,
v ¦
fr-c,' "
~
....
1
¦ -w 5
View of effluent "D" as it enters the
Clinch River (mile 267.5)
V
"W f W "
j
J
Clinch River, Virginia looking upstream
from mile 267.4. The exposed substrate
is a deposit of fly-ash from the "1967
Spill".
r~7~
"d
<
<
Shoreline of the Clinch River, Virginia
showing depth sediment, (mile 267.4)
-------
Shoreline of the Clinch River, Virginia
showing unconsolidated state of the
substrate (mile 267.3)
V
"I
r- J -
V
-x.
i
3
An upstream view of the Clinch River,
Virginia from mile 267.2. In the back-
ground is the steam plant, (river flow
48 cfs.)
r~y^-
¦fitS •: - -
r
* J T~
a 1 "11 '
. 1 * ff " I
¦ «'.r
K
1 -j
K „
I miMMKk f» ftBb .x
1
Coal conveyor at the Appalachian Power
Co. steam plant, Clinch River, Virginia
Clinchfield Coal Mining Co. The fuel
supplier for the Clinch River steam
generating facility.
-------
a
Mr. Howard Zeller April 13, 1970
Atlanta} Georgia
Chief, Impoundment Studies
Southeast Uater Laboratory
Temperature Criteria for the Water Quality Standards
Our review of historical temperature data has produced & large amount of
information needed to determine:
(1) maximuQ allowable temperatures,
(2) allowable daily, monthly, and/or seasonal temperature variations, and
(3) a means of expressing temperature criteria in a meaningful manner.
Xbe NTAC Report states that "no single temperature requirement can be applied to
the United States as a whole, or even to one State." In terms of estimating how
f3r the natural tempesature may be exceeded without harmful effects, the Report
further states 3 temperature increment based on the natural water temperature
is more appropriate than an unvarying number." Information on natural temperatures
which the Report indicates is required has been collected for the States of Alabama,
Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, and Tennessee.
Tens of thousands of individual temperature measurements have been subjected to
analysis of extremes, central tendency and probability of occurrence on a tuonthiy
basis. The raw data were separated by basin (or sub-basin) and by vaterbody types,
e.g. streams, reservoirs, and coastal waters. Every effort wa3 made to eliminate
areas for which temperatures were increased artificially, such as in the vicinity
af cooling water return or waste discharges. Where continuous temperature recording
iata were available (less than a half dozen sites in most states), the opportunity
i?as presented to analyze daily and monthly variations.
Che analysis of monthly variations has direct application to the NTAC recommendation
Eor Warm Waters. Ihis reccnaneodation includes vording such as:
"During any month of the year, heat should not be added to a stream in
excess of the amount that will raise the temperature of the water (at the
expected ndniouo daily flow for that month)* more than 5°F."
[his temperature increase, according to NTAC, should "be based on the monthly
rverage of the maximum daily temperature." An analysis of temperature maxima for
rarious areas pf the Southeast is presented in the attached table. What the table
ictually shows is that the power industry would be placed in an untenable position
rith the NTAC recoraaendation. The natural monthly maximum at the locations shown
Lt> the table exceeded the mean (average) of the daily maxima by more than 5°P
ipproxiraately half of the time. Thi3 means that even with complete cooling, thermal
rl don't understand the need for this minimum flow clause.
-------
2
power plants would not be able to operate during those periods when natural
stream temperatures were 5°F or more hotter than the monthly average of the
daily taaxiaa.
A second feature of the STAC warm vaters recommendation is that "normal daily
and seasonal temperature variations ...» should be raaintained." Daily variations
at selected sices have been analyzed and are attached in a second set of tables.
Otl the larger streams, daily temperature differences of 1 to 2°P are cotmaon, but
on smaller streams these differences are greater.
In view of the difficulties presented by the 5°F degree-rise NTAC criteria, let
toe evaluate some different approaches ^hich have been discussed from t&aae to tirae.
Alternative #1 - A ILaslcuim Allowable Temperature Only
The historical data review will permit establishment of a naturally-
occurrin^j not-to-be-exceeded maxinnnn tearperature for any given state, river basia,
and/or vater body type. You ttill readily recognize that the flaw in a single,
taaxiciutn nuaber approach is that it would Detroit such a maxitauni to exist year-round.
Desirable daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations needed for propagation of
aquatic life could be circumvented by the heated effluent discharger.
Alternative #2 » A Maximum Allowable Temperature Coupled with a Degree-Rise
Feature
Hie problems with the NTAC degree-rise approach have been discussed.
I would also discard a 1G°F degree-rise criteria as totally inconsistent with
current research findings. An alternative to tha NXAC suggestion is to couple a
maxiausa allowable annual temperature (easily obtained with our data) with a 5°F
degree-Tise clause. The 5**? increase could be based on natural, background
temperature occurring at any given instant.
A max allowable, 5°F rise criteria would require the heated effluent discharger
to;
(1) determine the history of natural temperatures for his design (our data
vould help),
(2) design for total cooling when at the maxitana allowable temperature
naturally, and
(3) -onitor intake temperatures and operate according to the degree-rise
requirements.
A maximum allowable monthly tempesature, also obtainable with our data, could be
substituted for an annual .allgwable. Either approach vould permit desirable daily
and seasonal teniperature variations to occur.
-------
3
Howard, there are other alternatives vhich we can discuss on your next visit.
One further item vhich needs consideration is what happens to the thermal power
plant located downstreeia from a storage reaervoir »- vhich reservoir releases
cool, hypoliGaatic waters during the warm-weather eaontha. A 5°F ri3e criteria
would penalize such plants.
Attachment John A. Little
ccs Paul J. Trains w/copy tables
Dennis Cafaro w/copy tables
rnb
-------
AN ANALYSIS
OF
WATER TEMPERATURE (°F) MAXIMA
AT
CONTINUOUS RECORDING SITES - SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES
-------
AN ANALYSIS OF WATER TEMPERATURE (°F) MAXIMA AT CONTINUOUS RECORDING SITES
GREATEST RANGE IN MAXIMUM DAILY VALUES RANGE OF MONTHLY
FOR PERIOD OF RECORD MEANS OF MAXIMUM COMMENTS
LOCATION MONTH RANGE MEAN DAILY VALUES
Toccoa River at
Jan
36
to
53
45
Record for July
Dial, Georgia,
Feb
36
to
55
45
--
1964 thru
(177 sq. mi.
March
42
to
55
49
September 1965
drainage area)
April
51
to
66
60
--
only.
May
61
to
70
66
--
June
64
to
72
68
--
July
65
to
75
71
71
&
73
Aug
62
to
77
72
72
&
73
Sept
63
to
75
69
59
&
69
Oc t
51
to
67
56
--
Nov
43
to
60
53
Dec
37
to
54
46
- —
Alapaha River at
Jan
44
to
62
51
M
to
54
Used record
Alapaha, Georgia,
Feb
44
to
61
53
53
to
62
for April 1953
(520 cfs average
March
48
to
72
61
50
to
67
thru July 1957
flow)
April
58
to
73
67
55
to
72
May
69
to
82
75
72
to
76
June
78
to
90
84
78
to
84
July
77
to
87
82
30
to
84
Aug
74
to
87
81
31
to
85
Sept
68
to
84
76
76
to
82
Oct
59
to
86
74
58
to
74
Nov
48
to
67
59
56
to
61
Dec
42
to
60
52
51
to
56
-------
2
AN ANALYSIS OF WATER TEMPERATURE (°F) MAXIMA AT CONTINUOUS RECORDING SITES
LOCATION
MONTH
GREATEST RANGE IN MAXIMUM DAILY VALUES
FOR PERIOD OF RECORD
RANGE MEAN
RANGE OF MONTHLY
MEANS OF MAXIMUM
DAILY VALUES
COMMENTS
Flint River
near Culloden,
Georgia, (2400
cfs average flow)
Jan
Feb
March
April
May
June
Ju ly
Aug
Sept
Oc t..
Nov'""
Dec
37
42
47
to 51
to 58
to 63
58 to 72
61 to 77
70 to 85
75 to 88
71 to 88
72 to 87
60 to 81
52 to 62
35 to 55
43
51
57
62
72
77
82
JBO
81
73
57
46
i
45
51
59
67
) & 72
77
82
85
80
73
57
46
Used records
for October
1960 thru
September 1961
and for October
1962 thru !
September 1963
only.
Pearl River
near Monticello,*
Miss., (6,000
cfs average
flow)
Jan
Feb
March
April
May
June
July
Sept
Nov
Dec
43 to 57
43 to 55
49 to 66
65 to 70
70 to 75
74 to 82
82 to 89
75 to 84
62 to 66
50 to 59
49
49
58
68
72
79
86
80
65
54
November 1965
thru September
L966
Choctawhatchie June
River near July
Newtonj Alabama, Aug
(960 cfs average Sept
flow)
73 to 85
80 to 87
74 to-83
66 to 83
78
80
78
June 1965,
thru
September 1965
-------
3
AN ANALYSIS OF WATER TEMPERATURE (°F) MAXIMA AT CONTINUOUS RECORDING SITES
GREATEST RANGE IN MAXIMUM DAILY VALUES RANGE OF MONTHLY
FOR PERIOD OF RECORD MEANS OF MAXIMUM COMMENTS
LOCATION MONTH RANGE MEAN DAILY VALUES
Conecuh River
June
74
to
82
77
June 1965,
at Brantley,
July
78
to
83
81
thru
Ala., (670 cfs
Aug
75
to
82
79
September
average flow)
Sept
69
to
81
77
1965
Coosa River at
Jan
43
to
52
October 1964
Gadsden, Ala.
Feb
45
to
51
--
thru
(9300 cfs
March
45
to
56
50
September 1965
average flow)
April
56
to
68
63
May
67
to
76
June
July
80
to
85
82
Aug
83
to
86
84
Sept
75
to
84
80
Oct
60
to
74
64
Nov
51
to
63
60
Dec
45
to
50
48
Alabama River at
Jan
—
_ _ _ .
October 1^64
Selma, Alabama,
Feb
__
thru
(26,300 cfs
March
46
to
57
51
September 1965
average flow)
April
57
to
64
61
May
64
to
76
72
June
75
to
80
77
July
78
to
81
80
Aug
79
to
83
81
Sept
71
to
81
79
Oct
66
to
77
68
Nov
61
to
67
64
Dec
-57
to
61
59
-------
4
AN ANALYSIS OF WATER TEMPERATURE (°F) MAXIMA AT CONTINUOUS RECORDING SITES
GREATEST RANGE IN MAXIMUM DAILY VALUES RANGE OF MONTHLY
FOR PERIOD OF RECORD MEANS OF MAXIMUM COMMENTS
LOCATION MONTH RANGE MEAN DAILY VALUES
Sopchoppy River
Jan
43
to
60
52
October 1965
near Sopchoppy,
Feb
42
to
57
51
thru
Florida, (250
March
51
to
67
60
September 1,966
cfs average
April
66
to
78
72
flow)
May
73
to
80
76
June
73
to
82
78
July
77
to
86
81
Aug
75
to
81
18
Sept
72
to
81
11
OcC.^
60
to
76
70
Nov
59
to
66
63
Dec
50
to
57
54
-------
AN ANALYSIS OF DAILY TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS
AT SELECTED STREAM SITES
-------
FLINT RIVER AT ALBANY, GEORGIA (6,300 cfs avg. flow)
Period of Record: October 1957-September 1959
October- 1960-March 1961
October 1961-September 1964
JANUARY FEBRUARY
Da Diff.
# of
Occ.
% Prob.
of Occ.
7.Z
1
# of
Occ.
7o Prob.
of Occ.
7o
6
2
1
1
--
—
—
5
1
0.6
2
4
7
4
6
4
2
2
,
3
23
14
20
.9
5
8
2
42
25.
45
38
23
31
1
68
40
85
65
39
70
|
0
24
14
99
49
30
99
Max.
6
4
Mill.
0
0
Avg.
2
1
Total #
of Occ.
167
165
—
MARCH
APRIL
Daily Diff.
# of
7„ Prob.
7o
# of
7o Prob.
7o
°F
Occ.
./of 0<;c.
>
Occ.
of Occ.
6
--
—
--
1
0.8
0.8
5
4
2
2
_ -
« _
4
4
2
4
9
7
8
3
13
7
12
15
12
20
2
35
19
31
30
24
44
1
77
43
74
51
41
x65
0
46
26
99
17
14
99
Max.
5
6
Min.
0
0
Avg.
1
2
Total
of Occ.
179
123
-------
¦FLINT RIVER AT ALBANY (.UUINT'U;
MAY JUNE
Dai Diff.
# of
Occ.
% Prob.
of Occ.
%Z
# of
Occ.
7o Prob.
of Occ.
8
—
1
0.8
0.8
7
2
2
3
6
2
2
2
7
6
8
5
18
14
16
14
12
20
4
22
17
33
2L
18
38
3
16
13
46
15
13"
50
2
26
20
66
13
11
61
1
33
26
92
33
28
89
0
9
7
99
12
10
99
Max.
6
8
Min.
0
0
Avg.
3
3
Total #
of Occ.
126
118
JULY
AUGUST
Dai.., Diff.
# of
7o Prob.
%
# of
7o Prob.
%
Occ.
A>f Oqc.
>
Occ.
of Occ.
8
— —
—
7
--
--
.1
0.8
0.8
6
6
5
5
10
8
9
5
14
11
16
31
26
35
4
15
12
27
22
18
53
3
25
20
47
8
7
60
2
27
21
68
18
15
K
I
23
18
86
24
20
94
1
o
17
13
99
6
5
99
Max.
6
7
Mia.
0
0
Avg.
3
3
Total #
of Occ.
127
120
-------
FLINT -RIVER AT ALBANY (CONT'D)
SEPTEMBER OCTOBER
Dai Diff.
°F ¦
# of
Occ.
% Prob.
of Occ.
%Z
# of
Occ.
% Prob.
of Occ.
8
1
0.9
0.9
«. _
_ _
7
2
2
3
1
0.5
0.5
6
18
15
18
2
1
2
)5
18
15
33
39
21
23
4
17
15
48
41-
22
45
3
15
13
61
22
12
57
2
14
12
73
18
10
67
1
26
22
95
37
20
87
0
5
4
99
22
12
99
Max.
8
7
Mill.
0
0
Avg.
3
3
Total #
of Occ.
116
182
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
Daily Diff.
# of
% Prob.
%
# of
7„ Prob.
7,
^F
Occ.
of Occ.
>
Occ.
of Occ.
6
2
1
1
1
0.6
0.6
5
4
2
3
2
1
2
4
23
13
16
7
4
6
3
37
21
37
29
16
22
2
28
16
53
45
25
,46
1
56
32
85
77
43
£9
0
26
15
99
19
10
99
Max.
6
6
Min.
0
0
Avg.
2
2
Total #
of Occ.
176
180
i
-------
FLINT RIVER AT ALBANY (CONT'D)
OVERALL
JL
Da: Diff.
°P
# of
Occ.
7. Prob.
of Occ.
%Z
# of
Occ.
7. Prob.
of Occ.
7»
# of
Occ.
7o Prob.
of Occ.
8
2
0.1
¦ 0.1
7
6
0.3
0.4
6
51
3
3
5
145
8
11
4
192
11
22
i
3
227
13
35
2
334
19
54
1
570
32
86
0
252
14
100
Max.
8
i
Min.
0
J"1. 1 *.¦**)
fcvg.
2
Total #
of Occ.
1779
Daily Diff.
# of
% Prob.
70
# of
7o Prob.
7o
# of
7» Prob.
7o
Occ.
joE 0<;c.
>
Occ.
of Occ.
Occ.
of Occ.
J
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 o
Max.
Min.
Ranse
Avg.
Total #
of Occ.
I
| r
1
-------
DUCK RIVER BASIN
DUCK RIVER ABOVE HURRICANE MILLS; TENN. (3,900 cfs avg- flow)
Period of Record - January 1961 - June 1964
FEB. MMJCH
Da: Aiff.
# of
Occ.
7» Prob.
of Occ.
%Z
U-l .
o o
o
o
% Prob.
of Occ.
7.51
# of
Occ.
7o Prob.
of Occ.
7. >
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
4
2
1
2
_
_
_
8
7
8
3
11
9
11
7
7
8
7 -
0
14
2
37
. 3 0
41
3?
30
38
36
3 0 "
44
1
56
46
87
54
51
89
52
43
87
0
15
12
99
11
10
99
14
12
-
Max.
6
6
5
1
Min.
P
C
0
Avg.
1.4
1 .4
1.6
Total #
of Occ.
122
105
119 .
/
APR.
MAY
JUNE
Dai,^ jiff.
# of
% Prob.
%
# of
7o Prob.
7o
# of
% Prob.
7,
°P'
Occ.
of Occ.
>
Occ.
of Occ.
Occ.
of Occ.
2
-
-
-
-
-
_
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
5
5
4
5
11
9
10
21
28
32
4
13
11
16
36
30
40
19
25
57
3
17
14
30
28
24
64
20
26
83
2
31
26
55
31
26
90
8
11
93
1
48
40
95
11
9
99
4
5
99
0
5
4
99
-
-
-
-
-
-
Max.
6
6
7
Min.
0
1
1
Avg.
2.0
3.1
3.7
Total #
of Occ.
1 or
118
75
1
-------
DUCK RIVER
JULY AUGUST SEPT.
Da: Diff.
# of
Occ.
% Prob.
of Occ.
IZ
# of
Occ.
7« Prob.
of Occ.
7o >L
# of
Occ.
7, Prob.
of Occ.
7.^
7
_
-
-
1
1
1
6
.
__
3
4
4
2 I
2
4
5
12
14
14
17
21
24
3
4
7
4
27
31
45
42
51 v-
76
28
33
40
3
25
29
74
11
13
89
28.
33
73
2
70
. 23
97
7
9
98
17
2" '
93
I
2
2
99
1
1
99
5
6
99
0
.
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
Max.
5
6
7
Min.
1
1
1
Avg.
3.3
3.9
3.2
Total #
of Occ.
86
81
84 .
—
OCT
NOV.
DEC.
Dai^rf Diff.
# of
% Prob.
%
# of
70 Prob.
7o
# of
7o Prob.
%
Occ.
jof 0<;c.
>
Occ.
of Occ.
Occ.
of Occ.
22
3
_
_
-
-
-
-
6
_
_
_
5
7
8
8
4
4
4
_
_
4
39
42
49
3
3
8
2
2
2
3
20
22
71
26
29
36
7
7
1C
2
25
27
98
28
31
67
38
40
50
1
-
—
-
25
25
95
32
34
84'
0
i
1
99
4
4
99
14
15
99
Max.
5
5
4
Min.
U
G
0
Ave.
3.3
2.1
1.5
Total #
of Occ.
92
i9C
93
-------
DUCK. KlVER
OVERALL
Da* Diff.
op
# of
Occ.
7. Prob.
of Occ.
# of
Occ.
7» Prob.
of Occ.
7o>i
# of
Occ.
7o Prob.
of Occ.
1
7
2
0.2
. 0.2
6
9
0.8
0.9
5
84
7
8
4
219
18
26
3
207
17
44
2
310
26
70
1
290
24
95
0
64
5
100
Max.
7
Min.
0
Avg.
2.4
Total #
of Occ.
1185
. /
Daily Diff.
# of
70 Prob.
7=
# of
7o Prob.
7»
# of
% Prob.
7.
OJ-
Occ.
^of 0<;c.
Occ.
of Occ.
Occ.
of Occ.
3
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Max.
-
Min.
Ranee
Avg.
Total #
of Occ.
-------
IMVIjIN. UrkDllM
ELK RIVER AT FAYETTEVILLE, TENNESSEE (1,400 cfs avg. flow)
Period ©f Record: 1961-1964
January
February
March
Dai iff.
W
# of
Occ.
% Prob.
of Occ.
%
# of
Occ.
% Prob.
of Occ.
%
# of
Occ.
% Probo
3f Occ.
%
7
_ __
1
0.8
0.8
6
_ _
_ _
5
2
2
2
_ _
_ _
_ _
__
4
5
4
6
3
3
3
s
4
5
3
12
10
15
8
7
9
11
9
14
2
38
30
45
39
33
42
34
28
42
1
42
33
79
48
40
82
55
45
87
0
26
21
99
20
17
99
15
12
99
Max.
5
5
7
Min.
0
0
0
Avg.
1
1
2
Total#
nf Drr
125
118
121
r
"April
May
June
Daily Diff.
# of
% Prob.
% # of
% Prob.
%
1 # of
% Prob.
%
°F
Occ.
0f Occ.
I Occ.
of Occ.
| Occ.
of Occ.
7
1
0.8
0.8
_ _
_ _
_ _
1 —• —
6
—
;
—
__ [ __
5
—
—
—
—
_ _
4
2
2
2
i
0.8
0.8 1 3
3
3
3
12
10
12
16
13
14
20
17
20
2
40
32
44
67
54
67
47
40
.60
1
55
44
87
37
30
97
38
32
32
0
15
12
99
3
2
99
8
7
99
Max.
7
4
4
Min.
0
0
0
Avg.
1
2
2
Total #
nf fVr ,
125
124
116
-------
r.liN KiVIiK DrtDliM
raye l
July I August I September
Da Diff.
Of
' # of
Occ.
% Prob.
of Occ.
%
# ot
Occ.
% Prob.
of Occ.
%
# of
Occ.
% Prob.
of Occ.
%
7
—
--
—
—
—
—
—
6
1
0.8
0.8
1 - _
0.8
0.8
—
—
—
5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
4
2
2
2
1
0.8
2
1
0.9
0.9
3
10
8
10
10
8
10
8
7
8
2
55
44
54
75
63
73
47
43
51
1
52
42
97
25
21
94
47
43
94
0
3
2
.99-
6
5
99
6
5
99
Max.
6
6
4
Min.
0
0
0
Avq.
2
2
1
Total #
of nm ,
123
118
109
^
i i-Mi~rrn.il n t rr» ¦E.r.rr
October
Novembei
December
Daily Diff
# of
% Prob.
%
# of
% Prob.
%
# of
Vo Prob.
%
°F
Occ.
Ocg.
Occ.
of Occ.
Occ.
of Occ.
7
—.
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
4
1
1
1
3
4
4
3
3
3
3
7
7
8
4
5
9
6
7
10 ^
2
37
36
44
22
28
37
28
31
41
1
46
45
89
37
47
84
35
38
79
0
10
10
99
12
15
99
18
20
99
Max.
4
4
4
Min.
0
0
0
Avg.
1
1
1
Total #
nf Orr .
101
78
90
-------
ELK RIVER BASIN Page 3
Overall j
Da. Diff.
°F
# of
Occ.
% Prob.
of Occ.
%
7
2
0.1
0.1
6
2
0.1
0.3
5
2
0.1
0.4
4
30
2
3
3
124
9
12
2
529
39
51
1
517
38
89
0
142
11
100
Max.
7
Min.
0
Avg.
2
Total #
of Orr
1 .348
s
-------
CLINCH- RIVER WATERSHED
POWELL RIVER NEAR ARTHUR,TENNESSEE (1100 cfs avg. flow)
PERIOD OF RECORD: January 1963 - December 1964
January February March
Dai iff.
f
# of
Occ.
7» Prob.
of Occ.
%Z
# of
Occ.
7o Prob.
of Occ.
%>L
# of
Occ.
7o Prob.
of Occ.
% ^
. 8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
1
2
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
2
3
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
3
5
10
3
5
5
8
13
13
3
14
24
34
12
21
26
18
29 -
41
2
17
29
63
23
40
67
21
33
75
1
13
22
85
17
30
96
15
24
98
0
8
14
98
1
2
' 98
-¦
-
Max.
7
4
4
Miii.
0
0
1
Avg.
2
2
2
Total #
of Occ.
58
56
62
April
May
June
Dailj Jiff.
# of
7» Prob.
%
# of
7» Prob.
7.
# of
7. Prob.
%
°F
Occ.
JOt 0<;c.
>
Occ.
of Occ.
Occ.
of Occ.
3 8
_
_
-
_
_
_
1
3
3
7
1
2
2
9
15
15
-
-
-
6
3
5
7
8
14
29
11
31
33
5
12
20
26
11
19
47 '
5
14
47
4
14
23
49
15
25
73
8
22
69
3
14
23
72
10
17
90
7
19
89
-Z
12
20
92
3
5
95
3
8
97
1
4
7
98
2
3
98
_
0
_
_
_
_ .
•
_
Max.
6
7
8
Min.
7
1
2
Avg.
4
5
5
Total #
of Occ.
60
58
35
-------
CLINCH Cont'd.
July August September
Da. Diff.
OF
# of
Occ.
% Prob.
of Occ.
%Z
# of
Occ.
% Prob.
of Occ.
%>L
# of
Occ.
7o Prob.
of Occ.
7o ^
8
1
2
2
1
2
2
_
_
-
7
11
17
19
3
5
6
-
-
-
6
14
17
19
s
6
16
26
26
4 5
12
19
60
16
25
49
18
30
56
4
n
71
R1
19
?0
79
12
20
75
3
5
8
89
6
9
89
7
11
87
o .
4
6
95
5
8
97
3
5
92
1.
2 .
3
98
1
2.
98
4
7
98
n
_
_
Max.
8
8
6
Min.
1
1
1
6
Avg.
5
5
4
Total #
of Occ.
62
62
60
-
/
October
November
December
Daily Diff.
# of
7„ Prob.
7,
# of
7o Prob.
7.
# of
7. Prob.
%
°F
Occ.
jfcf 0<;c.
>
Occ.
of Occ.
>
Occ.
of Occ.
8
_
_
_
1
2
2
-
-
-
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_ 6
1
2
2
_
_
1
2
2
5
20
31
33
1
2
3
-
-
-
4
13
20
53-
16
26
29
2
4
6
3
12
19
72
25
40
69
8
16
22
. 2
11
17
89
8
13
82
20
41
63..
1
5
8
97
9
15
97
10
20
84
0
1
2
98
1
2
98
7
14
98
Max.
fi
8
6
Min.
0
0
0
a- . —I
Avg.
4
3
2
Total #
of Occ.
63
61
48
-------
ZLINCH Cont'd.
Overal
/ !
Dai ~)iff.
F
# of
Occ.
% Prob.
of Occ.
7.Z
# of
Occ.
7» Prob.
of Occ.
7.5i
# of
Occ.
7» Prob.
of Occ.
% >:
8
L
0.6
0.6
7
25
4
4
6
67
10
14
5
95
14
28
4
126
18
46
3
138
20
66
2
130
19
85
1
82
12
97
0
18
3
100
Max.
8
Min.
0
Avg.
3
Total #
of Occ.
685
Daii.,, Jiff.
# of
% Prob.
7,
# of
7» Prob.
7.
# of
% Prob.
7.
.
Occ.
/ot 0<;c.
>
Occ.
of Occ.
Occ.
of Occ.
Max.
Min.
Ranee
Avr.
Total #
of Occ.
t -
-------
tr-MKL, tUVLK VVATLKbntJJ
Period of Record: Jan. 1954-Sept. 1956 - Jackson, Mississippi
Nov. 1965-Sept. 1966 - near Monticello, Miss.
-
January
February
March
D. Diff.
#of
Occ.
% Prob.
of Occ.
%
# of
Occ.
% Prob.
of Occ.
%
# of
Occ.
% Prob.
of Occ.
%
5
_ _
_ _
_ __
—
—
--
4
,
1
0.9
0.9
1
0.8
0.8
3
1
1
1
1
0.9
2
-7
6
-6
2
13
13
14
2
2
3
19
15
22
1 •
40
40
53
42
37
40
53
43
65
0
46
46
99
68
59
99
43
35
99
Max.
3
4
4
Min.
0
0
0
A
Avq.
0.7
0.5
0.9
Total #
of Occ.
100
114
123
-—....——
April
May
June
Daily Diff.
# of
% Prob.
%
# of
% Prob.
%
# of
% Prob.
- %
Op
Occ.
of Occ.
Occ.
of Occ.
Occ.
of Occ.
b
__ -
——
— _
_ _
_
_ _
— —
4
_ _
_ __
1
0.8
0.8
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
3
7
6
8
2
9
7
9
8
6
10
25
21
29
1
52
43
52
49
39
49
48
40
69
0
57
47
99
63
50
99
37
31
99
Max.
4
4
4
Min.
0
0
0
Avg.
0.6
0.6
1
Total #
nf Onr..
12(1
1 24
i?.n
:
S'
-------
PEARL RIVER WATERSHED
Page 2
July
August
September
Dc 'Jill.
' TT Ol
Occ.
% Prob.
Df Occ.
%
# ol
Occ.
% Prob.
of Occ.
%
# ol
Occ.
% Prob.
of Occ.
%
14
—
—
—
—
1
o
•
00
0.8
13
—
—
—
—
12
—
— —
1
0.8
1
11
_ —
_ _
_ _
_ —
1
0.8
2
10
—
—
6
5
7
9
—
—
2
2
9
8
_ _
_ M
_ _
5
4
13
.7
_ _
_ _
. _ _
^. _
1
o
•
CO
14
6
—
—
1
o
•
CO
15
5
3
2
2
3
2
17
4
11
8
10
4
4
4
6
5
22
3
13
9
19
3
3
7
10
8
30
2
48
34
52
16
16
23
22
18
48
1
45
31
84
4'4
45
68
43
35
84
0
22
15
99
30
31
99
19
16
99
X.
5
4
14
Min.
0
0
0
Avg.
2
1
3
Total #
<-if Plr>r<
149
97
121
-------
PEARL RIVER WATERSHED
Page 3
October
November
December
Da. Jiff.
°F
# of
Occ.
% Prob.
of Occ.
°/o
# of
Occ.
% Prob.
of Occ.
%
# of
Occ.
% Prob.
of Occ.
%
12
1
2
2
—
—
—
—
—
--
11
2
3
5
—
—
—
—
—
—
10
3
5
10
—
—
—
9
1
2
11
1
1
1
_ _
8
4
6
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
7
3
5
22
1
1
2
—
— —
—
6
2
3
25
3
3
6
—
—
—
5
5
8
33
3
3
.9
—
--
—
4
11
17
51
4
4
13
1
1
1
3
17
27
78
10
11
25
8
9
10
2
9
14
92
22
25
49
16
17
27
1
2
3
95
26
29
79
46
49
76
0
2
3
98
18
20
99
22
23
99
Max.
12
9
4
Min.
0
0
0
Avg.
4
2
1
Total #
62
88
93
-------
D Diff.
1
# of
Occ.
% Prob.
of Occ.
%
14
1
0.08
0.08
13
—
—
12
2
0.2
0.2
11
3
0.2
0.5
10
9
0.7
1
9
4
0.3
1
8
9
0.7
2
7 .
5
0.4
3
6
6
0.5
3
5
14
1
4
4
43
3
7
3
82
6
14
2
209
16
30
1
490
38
67
0
427
33
100
X.
14
Min.
0
Avq.
1
Total #
1,304
OI UCC •
f
-------
May 12, 1970
Kr. Joe Crockett
Technical Director
Alabaua U'acar Isprovenent
CoCTiissioa
State Office Building
Hontgomery 4, Alabama 36104
Doar Mr. Crockett:
V.'o are transmitting vith this letter an assemblage of historical
tenperature information for the State of Alnbrraa. This informa-
tion can ba used for your consideration of and for subsequent
discussions ^ith this a.^sncy on chan^as in tenperature criteria
for the Alabaaa Water Ouality Standards.
, A note of explanation on each o£ the attacbnant9 is in order.
' The computer printout is a sunnary of all tha tecocrature records
for the Stata. As you know, these records vere obtained from
ciany different agencies. The prineout contains a statistical
breakdom by rivar basin and vaterbody type vlthin a basin.
River tenparatures are separated frcis lal;e and reservoir, coastal
frcsa river, etc. Each basin sunsuary ia a numbered four-page
section:
Page 1 - number of observations of each tenperature by
sonth
Page 2 - percent frequency of occurrence of each temperature
by uonth
Page 3 - percent of time & given temperature value equalled
or exceeded for a given oonth
Page 4 - miscellaneous statistical data (self-explanatory)
-------
Crockett 5/12/70
2
A second attachment is an analysis of daily vater terapernture
nsaxiaa Sor selected continuous recording sites in the Southeast.
I think that this is also self-explanatory. X should note
perhaps thac the coluon entitled "mean" is che rasan of the
daily rcaxigusi values for the given month and for the year in
vhich the greatest range occurred.
Finally, the third enclosure is an analysis of daily temperature
extremas, also at selected continuous recording sitas.
If you have any cueGtions vhatsoever, please let us Know. We will
bo fable to perform additional analysis vith the data en tape
should the need arise.
Sincerely,
Paul J. Traina, Director
Technical Services Prograa
Enclosures (3)
cc: Eouard D. Zeller
John A. Little
Dennis T. Cafaro
JALittle:ec 5/12/70
-------
Juns 4, 1970
Mr. Joe L. Crockett, Jr.
Director, Technical Staff
Water Improvement Commission
Rooms 324-326, State Office Building
Montgomery 4, Alabama 36104
Dear Mr. Crockett:
At Mr. Zeller'a request we are providing you with some additional
Information on the recent computer printout for historical temperature
records in the state of Alabama. Ihe following references were used
to obtain the temperature data which is summarized in the printout.
1. Temperature of Alabama Streams, by James R. Avrett and Lamar E.
Carron, Geological Survey of Alabama - Information Series 35.
This reference contained the largest amount of temperature informa-
tion for Alabama. Data from as far bock as the 1940's and from over
100 sites in the state were available in this publication.
2. Water Quality Records in Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi, USGS-
1964.
This publication lists temperature records for a number of stream
gage sites in the state of Alabama.
3. Selected Field Studies Performed by the Alabama Water Improvement
Commission (Warrior-Tonbigbee River Study, 1966, Warrior Study
August-September 1964, Upper Tombigbee 1965, Tombigbee River Study,
1964).
4. Data donated front American Can Company, 1963 - Tombigbee River Study,
July 21-August 7, 1964.
5. Federal Water Quality Administration, Pollution Affecting Shellfish
Harvesting in Mobile Bay. Alabama.
-------
2
6. Water Temperatures of Streams and Reservoirs in the Tennessee River
Basin, Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxvilie, Tennessee, September
1966.
This reference contains an extensive compilation of temperature data
in the TVA system. The period of record extended back, into the 1940's.
7. Reservoir Temperatures in North-Central Alabama. USGS, 1964.
Temperature data in this report were for the years 1959 and i960.
Only surface temperatures were used in our historical review.
Not all of the data found in these selected references were incorporated
into the printout. Temperature readings in the vicinity of and/or in-
fluenced by artificial heat sources were eliminated. Some of these
elimination areas were as fellows:
(1) Tuscaloosa, Alabama (Oliver Fool).
(2) A stream reach extending 10 mlLes below the American Can Company
outfall.
(3) Downstream from the Chickastiw steam . plant sear Mobile, Alabaaa.
(4) Records obtained at the USGS stream gage site on Talladega Creek near
Talladega, Alabama.
(5) Big Sandy Creek at Duncaoville, Alabama.
(6) Tennessee Elver at Uidows Ear, Alabama.
(7) Etc.
If further Information is needed concerning the historical temperature
printout, please contact us.
Sincerely yours,
John A* Little
Chief, Impoundment Studies
cet Hr. Howard Zeller
Mr. Dennis Cafaro
rnb
-------
Howard Zeller
May 12, 1970
Dennis Cafaro
Analysis of Historical Temperature Records
Attached you will find two copies of the Alabama temperature print-
out, and a table containing a frequency distribution of all the
temperature records above 87°F. We have also mailed a copy of the
printout to Mr. Joe Crockett as your requested. Hopefully, barring
any future crises, we will complete Florida around May 22, 1970.
ATTACHMENT
DTCafarorec 5/12/70
-------
ALABAMA (Rivet Basins)
Lower Chatta-
Tenn.
Chocta- Perdido-
Talla-
Upper
Black
Lower
Mobile Hay
°F
hoocliee-west
Main
whatehee Escambia
poosa
Coosa
Cahaba
Ala.
Tom-
Warrior
Tombig-
Coastal
pt to Ga-Fla
Stem
big-
bee
line
bee
94
1
93
3
1
1
92
1
2
2
1
2
13
91
2
3
1
4
1
22
90
1
2
1
1
2
17
4
6
89
1
2
8
4
1
20
4
88
3
12
3
3
2
32
29
3
87
3
1
2
16
3
3
4
35
2
TOTAL
2
13
1 0
3
46
14
8
7
111
34
51
SUMMARY
°F
Number of Total
Observations
% Occurence
94
1
.01
93
5
.05
92
21
.24
91
33
.38
90
34
.39
89
40
.46
88
87
.99
87
69
.78
290
3.30%, TOTAL
* Total Number of Observations - 8781
3.307„ of data £ to 87°F
-------
March 18, 197i
Dennis Cafaro
Alabama Basin Temperatures
Howard Zeller
Attached are:
1. Table - Alabama Basin Temperatu
2. Graph I - Alabama Basin Teiapejraturea
Compared to your highs at approximately
the 96.57a level.
3. Graph II - Alabama Basin Temperature^
Compared to your pt'et&^ted highs at approximately
50% level.
The additional supplement requested for Graph I is:
Tennessee River Basin Black Warrior Basin Coosa Basin
% < 55°F % < 55°F % < 55°F
JAN
FSB
66.2
87.3
91.8
86.2
83.4
73.9
Graph I looks very good except for January and February. The other
basins were not plotted because sample populations less than 100/nionth
tend to be misleading. I think ve should stick with about the 97 or
98% < level because 98.9% of the data in the Alabama printout is <
90°F. This serves as a good rule of thumb.
DTCafaro/tbv 3/18/71
Sanitary Engineer
-------
ALABAMA BASIN TE>' MATURES
Months
Zeller
°F
Term.
River Basin
Perdido
-Escambia Riv. B.
Coosa River Basin
Black Warrior Riv.
B.
Temp. UF
# of Occ.
% -
Temp.UF
# of Occ.
% -
Temp. "F
# of Occ.
% £
Temp. F
# of Occ.
% -
Jan.
55
58
130
94.7
58
31
93.6
59
120
95.0
57
133
94.8
Feb.
55
58
141
95.8
67
24
95.9
59'
84
96.5
56
94
95.8
Mar.
65
62
132
94.7
66
52
98.1
62
89
95.6
63
86
98.9
Apr.
75
70
136
95.6
74
35
94.3
71
99
99.0
72
109
99.1
May
80
76
165
94.6
79
47
97.9
80
114
97.4
81
109
95.5
June
88
84
139
95.7
82
54
96.3
84
97
94.9
87
115
98.3
July
90
85
157
94.3
79
35
94.3
85
101
94.1
90
114
98.3
Aug.
90
85
172
96.6
80
50
94.0
85
121
98.4
90
153
99.4
Sept.
90
81
170
94.2
81
91
99.0
83
151
98.7
87
403
99.6
Oct.
83
74
142
94.4
73
36
97.3
75
103
98.1
80
176
98.9
Nov.
70
64
145
96.6
63
37
94.6
67
98
99.0
69
100
98.0
Dec.
60
56
154
94.2
58
20
95.0
60
94
99.0
60
102
99.1
Ave. 95.1
Ave
Ave,
Months
Zeller
°F
Tennessee River Basin
Perdido-Escambia R. Basin
Coosa River Basin
Black Warrior R. Basin
Temp. °F
% -
Temp. UF
7o ±
Temp. "F
% -
Temp,
% i
Jail.
55
46
55.4
48
38.8
47
52.5
46
48.9
Feb.
55
48
58.9
55
50.0
50
52.4
50
47.9
Mar.
65
54
53.8
61
53.9
55
48.4
54
52.4
April
75
62
47.8
65
54.3
63
43.5
63
50.5
May
80
69
52.8
70
49.0
68
47.4
68
51.4
June
88
75
51.1
75
55.6
75
49.5
77
50.5
July
90
78
52.9
77
42.9
76
47.6
82
50.0
Aug.
90
78
46.6
76
52.0
76
51.3
82
51.7
Sept.
90
75
50.6
77
49.5
73
52.4
81
41.0
Oct.
83
65
48.6
62
52.8
64
48.6
68
49.5
Nov.
70
54
51.8
55
48.7
57
50.0
55
52.0
Dec.
60
48
50.7
47
55.0
49
53.2
47
50.0
Ave
. 51.8
Ave
. 50.2
Ave.
49.7
Ave
. 49.6
-------
t YEAR DY DAYS 46 2893
X 2 50 DIVISIONS madc in u.I.a. •
KCUFFEL * ESSER CO.
JJ
?J0
JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
s iniK9n9« 51015 2025 5 10 15 2025 5 1015 20 25 5 1015 2025 5 10 152025 5 10 15 2025 5 10 1 5 20 25 5 10 15 2025 5 10 15 20 25
5 10 15 20 25
SEPTEMBER
6 10 1 5 20 25
OCTODER
5 10 15 20 25
NOVEMBER
5 10 15 2025
DFCEMOCR
-------
' year by days
rViS X 250 DIVISIONS made in u.s.«. •
46 2893
MA
KEUFFEL. ft CSSER CO.
30 •
JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUKi JULY AUGUST'
51015*025 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 2025 5 10 15 202!. 5 10 1 52025 S1015J02S 5 101520 25 5 10 1 5 20 25
SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 2025
5 Id 15 20 25 5 10 1520^:5 0 10 15 2025 5 10 15 2025 5 10 15 2025 S10152025 5 10 152025 SI0 152025 510152025 5 10 1520 25 5 10 15 2025 5 1015 2023
JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
FEBRUARY
MARCH
-------
100
RIVER MILES
o
o
o <>
JACKSON DAM
-? ' 1 L
120 140
' I L
160 180
DEMOPOLIS DAM,
i -i Ci L
200 240
-------
CO
cn
CO
CO
tj
m
m
CO
CO
-------
April 15, 1970
Mr. Glen Wood
Acting Executive Secretary
Miss. Air and Water Pollution
Control Coisinission
P. 0. Box o27
416 N. State Street
Jackson, Hiss. 39205
Dear Mr. Wood:
As promised during our discussions in Atlanta last week, we are
transmitting with this letter an ascecblcge of historical tempera-
ture inforraation-'for the State of Mississippi. This information
can be used for your consideration and for subsequent discuti&ione
with thia office on changes in temperature criteria for the
Mississippi Water Quality Standards.
A ncta of explanation on each of the ettachrcants is in order. The
computer printout is a sutmnary of all the temperature records for
the state. The first IS pages or ao contain computer language not
entirely pertinent to your review but included for your information.
The remaining portion of the printout contains a statistical break-
down by river basin en-; waterbody type within a ba^in. River
temperatures are separated from la .e and reservoir, coastal from
river, etc. Each basin summary is a numbered four-page section:
Pcgc 1 - number ot observations of each temperature by r:ontn
Page 2 - percent frequency of occurrence of each temperature by month
Page 3 - percent of tir.ve a given tecperature value equalled or
exceeded for a given month
Page 4 - miscellaneous statistical data (self-explanatory)
A second attachment is an analysis of daily water teruperature maxima
for selected continuous recording sites in the Southeast. I think
that this is also self-explanatory. I snould note perhaps that the
column entitled "menn" is the mean of tne daily r-"itnutn values for
the given month and for the year in which the greatest range occurred.
-------
Mr. Glen Wood
2
April 15, 1970
Finally, the third enclosure is en analysis of daily temperature
extremes, also at selected continuous recording sites.
If you have any questions whatsoever, please let U9 know. We will
be able to perform .ndditionul analyses with the data on tape
should the need arise.
Sincerely,
J. A. Little, Chief
Icpoundmeat Studies
cc:
H. D. Zeller
Y. Barber
P. J. Trains
-------
OPTIONAL POJtM NO. 10
MAY 1962 EDITION
CiA MMR (4) CFU 101-11.6
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
/i /r /
memorandum
TO • Howard Zeller DATE: May 8, 1970
FROM : Dennis Cafaro
SUBJECT: Review of Historical Temperature Records
Attached you will find the frequency distributions which were
tabulated fo^MississTpp^, Georgia and Tennessee. Mississippi has
been given more detailed attention since it was a matter of discussion
with t-hp Department of Fish and Wildlife. Good luck with your future
negotiations.
r/ ? /- •
/ -/ /v_>
Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan
-------
otatp r*r HATOCTPCTnnT
1J*1 iu X iViiUUXL/Uii 1 i.
Review of Historical Temperature Records (1943-19 68)
River Basins
Lower
Lower
Lower
A
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Upper
F
-Yazoo R.
-Big Black R.
Natchez to Gulf
Gulf Coast
Pascagoula
Pearl
Tombigbee-
99
1
98
2
1
3
97
3
1
1
1
96
1
4
2
1
95
2
94
3
1
1
1
4
93
4
2
7
4
1
1
92
1
8
3
2
2
1
5
91
17
1
4
7
4
2
90
17
4
8
22
3
15
6
State Summary
# of Total
% of Occur.
4r of Occur.
% of Occur.
°F
Observations
for 12 Mos.
June-Sept.
June-Sept.
99
1
.01
1
CO
o
•
98
6
.04
6
.15
97
6
.04
6
.15
96
8
.06
8
.20
95
2
.01
2
.05
94
10
.07
10
.25
93
19
.14
18
.45
92
22
.16
21
.53
91
35
.25
17
CO
•
90
75
.55
58
1.45
Total
184
1.33
147
3.69
Total number of measurements 13,681
Number of measurements June-Sept. 3,955
-------
May 5, 1970
Mr. S. Leary Jones
Executive Secretary
Stream Pollution Control Board
Tennessee State Dept. of Public Health
Cordell Hull Bldg.
Sixth Avenue North
Nashville, Tennessee 37219
Dear Mr. Jones:
We are transmitting with this letter an assemblage of historical
temperature information for the State of Tennessee. This infor-
mation can be used for your consideration of and for subsequent
discussions with this agency on changes in temperature criteria
for the Tennessee Water Quality Standards.
A note of explanation on each of the attachments is in order.
The computer printout is a summary of all the temperature records
for the State. As you know, these records were obtained from many
different agencies. The printout contains a statistical breakdown
by river basin and waterbody type within a basin. River temperatures
are separated from lake and reservoir, coastal from river, etc.
Each basin summary is a numbered four-page section:
Page 1 - number of observations of. each temperature by month
Page 2 - percent frequency of occurrence of each temperature
by month
Page 3 - percent of time a given temperature value equalled
or exceeded for a given month
Page 4 - miscellaneous statistical data (self-explanatory)
A second attachment is an analysis of daily water temperature maxima
for selected continuous recording sites in the Southeast. I think
that this is also self-explanatory. I should note perhaps that the
column entitled "mean" is the mean of the daily maximum values for
the given month and for the year in which the greatest range occurred.
Finally, the third enclosure Is an analysis of daily temperature
extremes, also at selected continuous recording sites.
-------
Mr. Joaes - 5/5/70
If you have any questions whatsoever, please let us know. We will
be able to perforin additional analysis with the data on tape should
the need arise.
Sincerely,
Paul J. Traina
Director
Technical Services Program
Enclosures
cc: Howard D. Zeller
t/dohn A. Little
-------
UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
i>i m ou4
^OU I HE. AS! m GIO'J
sunt jro
f c r.mct i i
i rFfin',1^ «m
March 24, 197 0
Mr. Milo Churchill
Chief, Water Quality Branch
Tennessee Valley Authority
715 Edney Building
Chattanooga, Tennessee 37401
Dear jMilo:
Reference is made to our telephone conversation today concerning TVA
data which lias been included in our regional temperature study for
the State of Tennessee.
The information we have from your agency is as follows:
1. Green River Survey, 1965, published by the Philadelphia Academy
of Natural Science in April 1966 .
2. Thermal and Biological Studies in the Vicinity of Widows Creek
Steam Plant.
3. Thermal and Biological Studies in the Vicinity of Colbert Steam
Plant.
4. Water Temperatures of Streams and Reservoirs of the Tennessee
River Basin, 1966.
5. STORET Printouts, TVA Water Quality Sampling Stations.
In addition to the above, we also have Corps of Engineers data for
the Cumberland River, 1960-69; printouts of temperature data 1968-69
from the Tennessee Game and Fish Commission; and other temperature
data obtained from the Tennessee Department of Public Health and the
Tennessee Stream Pollution Control Board.
If you have other significant temperature data which would be applical
to our study and which is not previously covered above, we would
appreciate receiving it from you at an early date. We would be
-------
2
particularly interested m a iuhuk-uij &Ludy on the Green River which
I'think was conducted after cooling towers were installed. If you
have any questions or comments, please feel free to call me.
/
Vr*r\ 7 I- nil v vnnrfl
Chief, Water Quality Standards Branch
-------
STATE OF TENNESSEE
River Basins
°F
Clinch
Holston
French
Broad
Little
Tennessee
Hiwassee
Elk
Duck
Cumberland
Tennessee R.
Main Stream
94
1
93
2
92
1
91
2
90
1
1
3
89
2
1
3
88
2
1
2
6
9
87
1
2
1
2
3
7
9
86
10
2
1
2
15
7
8
tal
16
4
1
2
2
10
29 .
7
36
Total number of measurements 20,500
107 measurements — 86°F
.5% of the data Z. 86°F
-------
(fuu:.*)
March 1.6, 1.971
Dennis CofnrofiTtC
Regional Temperature Studies - Tennessee
Howard Zellcr
Attcchcd is the location of tho dr.ta stations within the Tennessee
Basins. A review of tho data &howo that:
6
Gtreaci reaches receiving artificial heat have been success-
fully eliminated;
c there ore 11 locations just bo low dr. as included in the
data}
Major Dans
1. French 3ror.d be lev? Douglas Dna
2. Little Tennessee below Fenl'r-.nn Dca
3. Hclctcn below Fort Patrick Henry D~.ai
4. Clinch bo io;; Morris an
5- Holston. below Cherokee Daa
Minor D'-.t
6. Kolichucky below Ilolichucky Dan
7. Clinch River below Melton Hill Dr.a
'8. Little Tennessee below Chiihcwee D-v.n
9, South For"; of Holston be lew South Holston Dr.a
10. Chcataa Dau, Tennessee ILivcr
11. Old Hickory Daa, Tennessee River.
These station vere used because their elimination significantly
reduces the statistical si.rer.3th cf the sini:ary; and the Tennessee
watersheds arc a controlled system of dr. 2s and ir.170uGjr.cnt3 - the
data should reflect this. Temperatures below the nincr dcins vere
very sinilar to the other stations within the basin. However,
temperatures below the xejor daa-j were five to deg. F. cooler
in Che sunraer oonths than the other stations vitiiin their basin.
Sanitary Engineer
Attachments
cc: J. A. Little
DTCafaro/tbw 3/16/71
-------
CUMBERLAND RIVER BASIN
LOCATION OF TEMPERATURE INPUTS
Obey R. West Fk near Livingston
Obey R. East Fk, Fentress Co.
Obey R., Clay Co.
Cumberland R. near Gainesboro
Collins R. near McMinnville
Caney Fk R. near Spencer
Calfkiller R. near Sparta
Barton Cr. near Lebanon
Fall Cr. near Smithville
Pigeon Roost Cr. near Cookville
Red R. at Clarksville
Red R., Tennessee-Ky State Line
Town Cr. near Gallatin
Stones R. near Woodburg
Wolf R. near Byrdstown
Cheatam L., Cheatam Co.
Dale Hollow L., Clay Co.
Old Hickory L., Rome
Piney R., Dickson Co.
Cumberland R., Davidson Co.
Stones R. West near Murfreesboro
Stones R., 1-40 Bridge
Obey R. near Crossville
New R.near Huntsville
-------
ELK RIVER BASIN
LOCATION OF TEMPERATURE INPUTS
Elk River near Pelham
Elk River at Estill Springs
Bradley Creek near Prairie Plains
Elk River above Fayetteville
Elk River near Prospect
Richland Creek near Pulaski
Big Cr. near Altamont
Elk R., R.M. 166.3
Richland Cr. near Pulaski
Mulberry Cr. near Lynchburg
-------
FRENCH BROAD RIVER BASIN
LOCATIONS OF TEMPERATURE INPUTS
French Broad River near Newport
Nolichucky River near Nolichucky Dam
Nolichucky River at Embreeville
French Broad River near Knoxville
French Broad River near Kodak
French Broad River below Douglas Dam
Sevierville, Little Pigeon River
Cocke County, French Broad River
Knox-Chapman Utility, French Broad River
Nolichucky River, R.M. 5.2
Pigeon River, R.M. 2.9
Pigeon River, R.M. 25.8
Turkey Cr. near Morristown
Clear Cr. near Chestnut Hill
Richland Cr., Greene Co.
-------
DUCK RIVER BASIN
LOCATION OF TEMPERATURE INPUTS
Duck River near Shelbyville
Buffalo River near Lobelville
Buffalo River near Flat Woods
Piney River at Vernon
Duck River above Hurricane Mills
Duck River at Centerville
Duck River at Columbia
Shelbyville, Duck River
Bedford Lake, Bedford Co.
Duck River, R.M. 64.0
Duck River, R.M. 122.2
Duck River, R.M. 125.5
Duck River, R.M. 133.6
Duck River, R.M. 220.9
Green River near Waynesboro
Rock Cr. near Tulahma
Clear Cr. near Chestnut Hill
-------
ttat nTTtnn t» a ht*t
nvLiOlU^ i\ J. V Hil\ DriOi.ii
LOCATION OF TEMPERATURE INPUTS
Mossy Spring near Jefferson City
Bristol, S. Holston River
Johnson City on N. Indian Creek
Holston River at Indian Cave Ferry
Holston River at Strawberry Plains
South Fork Holston River near Riverside
Watauga River above Elizabethton
Doe River at Elizabethton
Holston River near Jefferson City
Watauga River near Watauga Flats
Holston River at Surgoinsville
Holston River near Knoxville
Watauga River at Elizabethton
South Fork Holston River below South Holston Dam
Watauga R. near Johnson City
Watauga R., Hwy. 91
Beaver Cr., Knox Co.
Beaver Cr. near Bristol
Limestone Cr. near Jonesboro
-------
CLINCH RIVER BASIN
LOCATION OF TEMPERATURE INPUTS
Clinch River below Norris Dam
Obed River near Lancing
Emory River at Oakdale
Clinch River at Clinton
Clinch River below Melton Hill Dam
Clinch River at Edgemoor
Poplar Creek near Oak Ridge
Powell River near Arthur
Clinch River above Tazewell
East Fork Poplar Creek near Oak Ridge
Harriman, Emory River
Clinch River near Medford
Emory R. near Harriman
Emory R. near Wartburg
Popular Cr., Anderson Co.
-------
LITTLE TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN
LOCATION OF TEMPERATURE INPUTS
Little Tennessee River below Chilhowee Dam
Little Tennessee River near Lenoir City
Little Tennessee River below Fontana Dam, N. C.
Tellico River near Vonore
Tellico River at Tellico Plains
Little Tennessee River at McGhee
-------
TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN
AND WESTERN SECTION OF TENNESSEE THAT DRAINS INTO MISSISSIPPI RIVER
LOCATION OF TEMPERATURE INPUTS
South Pittsburg, Tennessee River
Cheatham Reservoir
Dayton, Tennessee River
South Chickamauga Creek near Chickamauga
Sequatchie River near Whitwell
Tennessee River at Chattanooga
Horse Creek near Savannah, Tenn.
Indian Creek near Cerro Gordo
Little River above Townsend
Tennessee River at Knoxville
Big Sandy River at Bruceton
Tennessee River at Loudon
Little River near Maryville
White Creek near Glen Alice
Richland Creek near Dayton
South Chickamauga Creek below Georgia-Tennessee State Line
Sewee Creek near Decatur
Tennessee River near Loudon
Crab Orchard Creek near Deermont
East Fork Poplar Creek
Bullrun Creek near Halls
Beech Creek at Kepler
Clifton, Tennessee River
Cheatham Dam
Old Hickory Reservoir
Old Hickory Dam
Knoxville on Tennessee River
New Johnsonville, Tennessee River
Spring City, Tennessee River
Little River above Townsend
Tennessee River TVA at Chattanooga
Sequatchie R. near Pikeville
Sequatchie R. near Dunlap
Hatchie R. near Brownsville
Hatchie R. near Bolivar
Shoal Creek near Lwnsbg
Shoal Creek at Lwnsbg
Emory R. at Harriman
Emory R. at Wartburg
Forked Deer R. near Dyersburg
S. Fk Forded .Deer R. at Jackson
S. Fk Forked Deer R. near Henderson
M. Fk Forked Deer R. near Humboldt
Green River near Waynesboro
Harris Fk Creek near Pierce Sta.
Herb Parsons L., Fayette Co.
-------
- 2
Humboldt L., Crockett Co.
Kentucky L., Hymphreys Co.
Kentucky L., Hardin Co.
Kentucky L., Wayne Co.
Laurel Hill L., Lawrence Co.
Barkley L., Stewart Co.
Maples Creek L., Carroll Co.
Lake Carroll, Carroll Co.
Wolf R. near Rossville
Bailey Fork Cr. near Paris
Beasin Cr., Hardin Co.
Bear Cr., Parsons
Beech R. near S. Lexington
Big Sandy R., Henry Co.
Cane Cr. near Ripley
Cane Cr., Houston Co.
Chattanooga Cr. at Chattanooga
Cherry Cr., Carroll Co.
Cypress Cr. near Selmer
Crypress Cr., Benton Co.
Kentucky L., Savannah
Kentucky L., Tenn. River M. 95.0
Trace Cr. near Denver
Harris Fk Cr., Pierce Sta.
Forked Deer R. near Dyersburg
S. Fk Forked Deer R. near Roberts Sta.
Rutherford Fk near Milan
Nonconnah Cr., Shelby Co.
Wolf R. near Rossville
Richland Cr. at Dayton
Reelfoot Ditch, Lake Co.
OBED near Crossville
Loosahatchie R., Shelby Co.
Little R., Blount Co.
Spring Cr., Weakly Co.
Cypress Cr. near Selmer
Browns Cr., Henderson Co.
Pistol Cr., Rockford
Buffalo R., Perry Co.
-------
HIWASSEE RIVER BASIN
LOCATION OF TEMPERATURE INPUTS
S. Mouse Cr., Bradley Co.
Ocoee R., Polk Co.
Hiwassee R. at Brittsville
Hiwassee R. at Cleveland
Hiwassee R. at Etowah
Ocoee River, Copperhill
Ocoee River at Parksville
Hiwassee River at Charleston
Hiwassee River near Witmore
Ooostanaula Cr. near Sanford
Hiwassee River near McFarland
-------
15
10
5
0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
o
Ol
()
(ti)
()
6
o o
CONECUH RIVER
D.O. & TEMPERATURE
MAX,MIN 6 MEAN -
o
%
o
;)
I
FLA-ALA LINE
-ML-i
_L
o
o
o
o
o
KEY
Max
Mean
Min.
_L
20 40 60 80 100 120
140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
RIVER MILES
-------
35 r
30
25
o 20
o
10
5-
0
12-
10-
TALLAP00SA RIVER
D.O. & TEMPERATURE
MAX ,MIN & MEAN -
o
o
KEY
Max.
o Mean
Min.
J L I I I I L
100 120 140
RIVER MILES
-------
35 r
o
o
Q_-
2
30
25
20
10
ALABAMA RIVER
D.O. a TEMPERATURE
MAX.,MIN a MEAN -
{) <> O () () ()<)(J)()
o
o
o
O O q q <) 0
() ° o
° ° () <) ooo
o () o () ()
CP
E
o
Q
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
-o o
o
o
o o
<>o o °
O () o O
()
I <|> o00<)
KEY
Max
cj> Mean
Min
CLAIBORNE DAM
oi ° o c) o oo°
I
_L
I
JL
MILLERS FERRY DAM
if I | I
JONES BLUFF DAM
i^l i L
_L
0 20 40 60 80 100. 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
RIVER MILES
-------
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
o
O ()
o<>
o ()o oa
55CX)1
0 () ()lp
(P
aP
°(
KEY
Max
0 Mean
Min
HOLT DAM
WARRIOR DAM BACON OLIVER DAM/ JOHN HOLLIS BANKHEAD DAM
' i t l i i i + t I t I l l I I ii i t i i
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
RIVER MILES
-------
_J I I » I—
20 40 60
CHATTOOGA RIVER
D.O. a TEMPERATURE
MAX, MIN & MEAN -
KEY
Max
o Mean
Min
J 1 1 ! 1 I 1,1 ' ' «
100 120 140 160 180
RIVER MILES
-------
o
o
LU
35 r
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
12
10
8
6
§ 4
2
0
o
KEY
Mox
4> Mean
Min
20
40
CAHABA RIVER
D.O. a TEMPERATURE
MAX. MIN a MEAN -
o
100 120
RIVER MILES
140
160
180
-------
35r
30
25
20
O 15
o
:> o
10
LU
°0<)000 ° °'
((>
<><>
XV
COOSA RIVER
D.O. a TEMPERATURE
MAX, MIN 8 MEAN -
12
10
? 8
CP
E
O
o
4
2
o o
<><>
o°
o,
JORDAN MITCHELL DAM
DAM j f ^ | LAY DAM
(X) C)
o
O ()
()
WEISS DAM
i i
Li
o
6 C)
o
p
KEY
Max
Mean
Min
' ' I I I I L
40
80
120
160 200
RIVER MILES
240 280
320
360
-------
o
TO
~
-------
August 11# 1970
Mr. Vincent D. Patton
Executive Director
Florida Bepartoent of Air
6 Water Pollution Control
Suite 400, Tallahassee Bank'Building
315 South Calhoun Street
Tallahassee, Florida 32201
Dear Mr. Pattont
As mentioned in earlier correspondence and recently with Mr. Zeller,
we are transmitting with this letter an sssereblj^c of historical
teraperature inforaiation for the State of Florida. Thi3 inforration
can be used for your consideration of and for subsequent discussions
with this office on changes in temperature criteria for the Florida
Uater Quality Standards.
k nota of explanation on each of the attachments ia in order. The
conputer printout ia a su»sry of all the temperature records for
the state. The records used were those provided by your office and
by nany other agencies, especially the U.S. Geological Survey v»ho will
also be provided a copy of the printout. Only naturally-occurring
temperatures are sunmarised. The printout contains a statistical
breakdown by river basin and waterbody type within a basin. Pviver
temperatures are separated frora lake and reservoir, coastal from
river, etc. Each basin sunmary is a numbered four-page section:
Page 1 - number of observations of each temperature by cor.th.
Page 2 - percent frequency of occurrence of each temperature by month.
Page 3 - percent of time a given tetaperature value equalled or
exceeded for a given month.
Page 4 - miscellaneous statistical data (self-explanatory).
q ' " The second attachment ia an anslysis of dally water teraperature rsnxima
n for selected continuous recording 3ite3 in the Southeast. I think
that this is also self-explanatory. I should note perhaps that the
^^feolusn entitled "mean" ia the sean of the daily snaxi.-ua values for
tha given month and for tna year in which the greatewt range occurred.
-------
Mr. Vincent D. Patton
- 2
If you have any questions on the temperature data, pleaoe let us know.
We v»ilL be able to p':r£jtra additional analyses uith the data on r.:agnet
tape should the need arise.
Sincerely yours,
John A. Little
Chief, Ioipcundinent Studies
Enclosures - 2
cc: Mr. Howard Zellcr (v;/encl.)
Mr. Paul Traina
JALittle/jd 8/11/70
-------
FLORIDA (Riv_. Basins)
Q
St. John's
St. John's
St. Mary's
Ochlockonee
Tampa Bay
F
South of
North of
Nassaur
Suwanne St. Mary's
Withlacoochee Area
Lake George
Lake George
96
95
1
1
94
3
-
93
3
3
-
92
1
2
1
-
91
4
8
-
2
90
12
32
1
1 3
89
7
29
1
2
88
32
113
5
1 9
87
45
108
2
7 1
6 14
TOTAL
104
299
2
14 2
8 31
Florida East
Lower Florida
°F
Kissimmee
Coastal Area
Area'
Apalachicola Choctawhatchee Perdido-Escambia
Peace
96
2
95
5
1
94
1
1
-
93
-
2
2
92
i
6
-
91
-
6
2
90
3
11
1
7
89
1
2
22
1
8
88
1
3
49
1
2
5
15
87
3
4
44
1
-
7
17
TOTAL
5
14
146
4
2
12
54
-------
FLORIDA (Rivwi Basins)
SUMMARY*
o
F
Total Number
of Observations
% Occurrence
96
1
.01
95
7
.04
94
2
.01
93
9
.05
92
11
.06
91
20
.12
90
81
.49
89
73
.44
88
236
1.43
87
255
1.54
* 16,536 Total Observations
4.19 Total %
695 Observations Between 87°F and 96°F
-------
LOWER BISCAYNE BAY
DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA
Background temperatures prior to the installation of Florida Power and
Lights nuclear facilities were obtained in Lower Biscayne Bay April through
August 1968 (Temperature Studies, Lower Biscayne Bay, Florida, U. S. Dept.
of Interior, FWPCA, Southeast Water Laboratory, October 1968). This study
did not present any conclusions or suggestions but was prepared as a
discussion basis among involved officials and concerned scientists. A more
comprehensive report (Thermal Pollution of Intrastate Waters, Biscayne Bay,
Florida, February 1970) was a follow-up report. This report on the present
water quality and biological system of Biscayne Bay and Card Sound and the
effect of Florida Power and Light's heated effluent on Biscayne Bay is
based on previous reports, investigations of the University of Miami
Institute of Marine Sciences, information and data furnished by the
Florida Power and Light Company, and field investigations by the Environmental
Protection Agency. Attached are the conclusions and recommendations. The
Lower Florida Estuary Studies Project, Ft. Lauderdale, installed Ryan Thermo-
graphs for continuous temperature monitoring in Cdrd Sound and Lower Biscayne
Bay, August 1969. These monitors are still functional and have been inter-
faced to a computer for data assemblage and interpretation.
Federal agencies have performed numerous biological studies throughout
the Lower Biscayne Bay and Card Sound to date. Some of these are referenced
in the bibliography section.
-------
19
2
II. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Conclusions
1. Severe damage has occurred to the aquatic plant and animal
population of Lower Biscayne Bay due to the present heated effluent
from the Turkey Point plant of the Florida Power and Light Company.
2. No man-made pollution or any physical condition other than
elevated temperature is present which could account for the observed
biological damage in Lower Biscayne Bay.
3. Under the most conservative present operating conditions,
the temperature rise of the cooling water, across the condensers,
o
will exceed 10 F at least 16% of the time.
4. The cooling water effluent discharged from Grand Canal moves
in a northeasterly direction around Turkey Point. This path coincides
with the zone of biological degradation.
5. The biological degradation zone covers about 670 acres of
"Lower Biscayne Bay as observed during the summer of 1969.
6. A wide variety of both aquatic plants and animals were killed
in late June 1969. This damage to aquatic life and vegetation
is directly attributable to the discharge of heated effluent from the
Turkey Point facility of Florida Power and Light Company.
7. The monthly mean of the maximum daily temperatures in areas
of Lower Biscayne Bay outside the influence of artificially elevated
temperatures resulting from waste cooling water is 83°F in June,
o o
85.6 F in July and 87.3 F in August. (1968)
-------
3
8. The additional operation of two nuclear powered generating
units at the Turkey Point plant will increase the waste heat load
by four times over that presently discharged (without proper thermal
control). This increased heat load will intensify the present damage
in extent, severity and frequency.
9. If waste heat from the Turkey Point facility is discharged
to Card Sound, as presently proposed by the Florida Power and Light
o 1
Company, temperatures in excess of 95 F can be expected in at least
357„ of Card Sound, five percent of the time.
B. Recommendations
1. The Florida Power and Light Company shall abate the excessive
waste heat load being discharged from its Turkey Point power plant
to the levels recommended by the National Technical Advisory Committee
to the Secretary of the Interior for estuarine waters. The Committee
has recommended that the monthly mean of the maximum daily temperatures
o
should not be raised more than 4 F during the fall, winter and spring
o
(September through May) or by more than 1.5 F during the summer (June
through August).
2. The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration in coopera-
tion with the State of.Florida and the Florida Power and Light Company
establish a temperature monitoring program to determine compliance
with the recommended temperature requirements as above.
-------
CD
m
o
73
O
i—i
>
-------
April 20, 1970
Mr. R. S. Howard, Executive Secretary
Georgia Water Quality Control Board
47 Trinity Street, S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30334
Dear Mr. Howard;
Two copies of various analyses of historical temperature
records for the State of Georgia were forwarded to Mr.
Ledbetter on April i3. An explanation of the3e records
was also'included. I vould sdd one further note that
artificially heated areas were selectively removed from
the analyses.
Our Atlanta office should be in contact with you soon
concerning a suitable.tiee to discuss our studies with you
in greater detail.
Sincerely yours,
Jchn A. Little
Chief, Impoundment Studies
cc: Paul J. Traina
Eoward Zeller (w/2 printouts)
JALittle:rnb 4/20/70
-------
STATE OF GEORGIA
Geographic Regions
°F
Coastal
Piedmont
Mountain
99
98
97
96
95
94
1
93
3
1
92
6
9
91
5
8
90
14
10
Total 29 2 8
Total records 13835
57 Z. 90°F
.04% of the data Z 90°F
-------
SELECTED TEMPERATURE EVALUATION
FOR GEORGIA WATERS
Including a Historical Temperature Review
at Three Stream Sites -
Mountain, Piedmont, Coastal
&
Stream Temperature Elevations
at Existing Steam Power Plants
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
April 1970
-------
/J
HIWASSEE RIVER BASIN (Blue Ridge Zone)
Random Sampling 1949-1965 Hiwassee River, Toccoa River, Nottely River
Continuous Daily Sampling 1964 and 1965 Dail, Georgia - Toccoa River
JL
SUMMARY OF ALL DATA
JL
Temp.
Prob. of
Occurrence
e -
Temp.
Prob. of
Occurrence
86
0.07
.07
85
0.07
,15
84
83
82
0.07
,22
81
0.07
.30
59
2.30
58
2.53
57
2.01
56
1.18
55
2.97
54
2.75
50.82
53.34
55.35
56.54
59.51
62.26
80
79
0.07
.37
78
0.22
.59
77
0.44
1.04
76
0.59
1.63
75
1.63
3.27
74
2.38
5.64
73
72
1AL
4.16
8.32
12.48
71
3.05
15.52
70
69
3.34
18.87
2.97
21.84
68
3.79
25.63
67
3.94
29.57
53
2.53
64.78
52
2.45
67.23
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
2.01
69.24
2.90
72.14
2.74
74.89
2.45
77.34
3.04
80.38
3.27
2.30
83.65
85.97
2.97
88.93
1.86
90.78
1.41
92.20
1.63
93.83
2.23
96.06
66
2.15
31.72
39
0.96
97.02
65
4.23
35.96
64
3.42
39.37
38
0.86
97.92
37
0.44
98.36
63
2.22
41.60
62
2.00
43.61
36
0.59
98.96
35
0.22
99.18
61
2.45
46.06
60
2.45
48.51
34
0.29
99.48
33
0.30
99.77
32
0.15
99.97
Max. 86
Min. 32
Range 54
Ave. 58
Total // o
f measurements 12
45
\
-------
2
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
MARCH
Temp. °F
Prob. of
Occurrenc
%
>¦
e —
Temp. °F
in
Prob. of.
Occurren<
%
e —
Temp. °F
Prob. of
Occurren<
%
e £
5A
1.02
1.02
57
1.20
1.20
55
2_._6.8
2.68
53
2.04
3.06
56
1.20
2.40
54
4.46
7.14
52
2.04
5.10
55
3.61
6.02
53
5.36
12.50
51
4.08
9.18
54
1.20
7.23
52
4.46
16.96
50
5.10
14.28
53
6.02
13.25
51
4.46
21.43
49
2.04
16. 32
52
1.20
14.45
50
8.93
30.36
48
4.08
20.41
51
4.81
19.27
49
8.03
38.35
47
5.10
25.51
50
1.20
20.48
48
8.93
47.32
46
6.12
31.63
49
4.82
25. 30
47
9.82
57.14
45
12.24
43.88
48
3.61
28.91
46
11.61
68.75
44
12.24
56.12
47
9.64
38.55
45
4.46
73.21
43
7.14
63.26
46
9.63
48.20
.44
. 7.14
80.35
42
7.14
70.40
45
_10.84
7.22
59.02
43
8.04
88.39
41
4.08
74.48
44
66.26
42
0.89
2.67,
89.30
40
5.10
79.58
43
41
91.96
—,
39
4.08
83.67
42
4.82
71.08
40
2.68
94.64
.38
37
3.06
2.04
86.73
41
4.82
75.90
39
38
1.78
96.42
88.77
40
12.05
87.94
36
3.06
91.83
39
37
35
2.04
93.87
38
4.82
92. 76
36
0.89
97.31
34
1.02
94.89
37
3.61
96.38
35
0.89
98.20
33
4.08
99.00
36
2.41
98.78
34
0.89
99.10 '
Max.
54
57
55
Min.
33
36
34
Range
21
21
21
Ave.
44
45
LI
Total // of
97
82
111
measurement
s
-------
r
Af
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
Temp. °F
Prob. of
Occurrenc
%
e —
Temp. °F
Prob. of
Occurrenc
%
e ^
Temp. °F
tr>
Prob. of
Occurrenc
%
e >.
66
1.02
1.02
81
0.92
0.92
85
1.04
1.04
65
2.04
3.06
72
0.92
1.85
74
2.08
3.12
64
5.10
8.16
71
73
1.04
4.17
63
2.04
10.20
70
2.78
4.63
72
8.33
12.50
62
1.02
11.22
69
3.70
8.33
71
5.20
17.70
61
4.08
15.30
68
0.92
9.26
70
5.21
22.91
60
6.12
21.42
67
7.41
16.66
69
6.25
29.16
59
12.24
33.67
66
4.63
21. 30
68
11.46
40.62
—-
58
9.18
42.85
65
12.96
34.25
67
12.50
53.12
57
6.12
48.97
64
7.41
41.66
66
3.12
56.25
56
3.06
52.04
63
8.33
49.99
65
4.17
60.41
55
4.08
56.12
62
11.11
61.10
.64
. 8.33
68_.75__
73.95
54
7.14
63.26
61
5.56
66.66
63
5.21
53
5.10
68.36
60
6.48
73.14
62
2.08
76.04
52
7.14
75.50
59
3.70
76.84
61
3.12,
79.16
51
4.08
79.58
58
1.85
78.69
60
2.08
81.24
.50
3.06
82.64
57
1.85
80.54
59
2.08
83.33
49
5.10
87.75
56
0.92
81.47
58
4.17
87.50
48
3.06
90.81
55
2.78
84.25
57
3.12
90.62
47
2.04
92.85
54
0.92
85.17
56
46
2.04
94.89
53
0.92
86.09
55
1.04
91.66
45
1.02
95.91
52
1.85
87.95
54
44
3.06
98.97
51
1.85
89.80
53
1.04
92.70
50
1.85
91.65
52
49
1.85
93.50
51
3.12
48
1.85
95.35
50
3.12
98.95
47
0.92
96.28
46
45
44
0.92
97.20
43
0.92
98.13
Max.
66
81
85
Min
__ _4iange_
Ave.
44
43
50
22
38
35
56
62
65
Total It of
97
107
35
measurement
s
: j
1
-------
A
12-383
4
JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER
'/ % 1
Temp. °F
Prob. of
Occurrenc
%
e £
Temp. °F
Prob. of
Occurrenc
%
e
Temp. °F
Prob. ofl
Occurren<
%
e —
79
0.70
0.70
- 82
0.68
0.68
86
0.69
0.69
78
0.70
1.41
78
1.40
2.05
75
2.08
2.77
77
77
4.11
6.16
74
1.39
4.16
76
0.70
2.11
76
4.79
10.96
73
3.47
7.63
75
6.34
8.45
75
6.85
17.80
72
9.03
16.66
74
12.67
21.13
74
6.85
24.65
71
9.03
25.69
73
9.86
30.98
73
10.96
35.61
70
.11.80
37.50
72
8.45
39.43
72
14.38
49.99
69
9.72
47.22
71
7.74
47.18
71
7.53
57.53
68
9.72
56.94
70
4.93
52.11
70
7.53
65.06
67
9.03
65.97
69
3.52
55.63
69
5.48
70.54
66
4.17
70.14
79.86
87.49
68
7.04
62.67
68
8.22
78.76
.65
9.72
7.64
67
4.22
66.90
67
7.53
86.30
64
66
4.22
71.12
66
3.42
89.72
63
2,77
90.27
65
9.86
80.98
65
2.05
91.77
62
2.08
92.36
64
6.34
87.32
64
1.37
93.14
61
2.08—
0.69
94.44-
95.14
63
1.41
88.73
63
0.68
93.83
60
62
2.11
90.84
62
2.05
95.88
59
2.08
97.22
61
61
58
1.38
98.61-
99.30
60
2.11
92.95
60
2.05
9_7_. 95
57
0.69
59
59
58
0.70
93.66
58
1.37
99.32
57
56
2.11
95.77
0.70
96.47
55
54
2.11
98.58
53
52
51
0.70
99.30
Max.
79
82
Rfi
Min.
51
58
57
Range
28
24
29
Ave
, iota!
69
71
68
141
145
143
# of measui
ements
-------
5
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
Temp. °F
Prob. of
Occurrenc
%
e 2
Temp. °F
/o
Prob. of| %
Occurrence ^
1
Temp. °F
/n
Prob. of
Occurrem
%
e >
72
0.92
0.92
63
1.00
1.00
54
4.67
4.67
71
0.92
1.83
62
53
4.67
9.34
70
1.83
3.67
61
52
2.80
12.15
69
2.75
6.42
60
2.00
3.00
51
1.87
.14,02
17.75
68
2.75
9.17
59
4.00
7.00
50
3.74
67
2.75
11.92
58
8.00
1.00
15.00
49
5.61
23.36
66
2.75
14.68
57
16.00
48
7.47
30.84
65
5.50
¦20.18
56
5.00
21.00
47
' 5.61
36.44
64
2.75
22.93
55
54
12.00
33.00
46
9.34
45.79
63
5.50
28.44
8.00
41.00
45
2.80
48.59
62
2.75
31.19
53
5.00
46.00
44
7.48
56.07
61
3.67
34.86
52
5.00
51.00
.43
4.67
60.74
60
8.26
43.11
51
1.00
52.00
42
5.61
66.35
59
5,50
48.62
50
59
9.00
61.00
41
7.48
73'. 8 2
83.17
58
5.50
54.12
8.00
69.00
40
9.34,.
57
10.09
64.21
48
3.00
72.00
39
5.61
88.78
56
4.59
68.80
47
8.00
80.00
38
3.74
92.51
55
9.17
77.97
46
5.00
85.00
37
0.93
93.45
54
5.50
83.48
45
1.00
86.00
36
1.87
95. 32
53
3.67
87.15
44
2.00
88.00
35
52
7.34
94.48
43
3.00
91.00
34
1.87
97.18
51
1.83
96.32
42
1.00
92.00
33
50
1.83
98.15
41
3.00
95.00
32
1.87
99.05
49
0.92
99.07
40
2.00
97.00
39
1.00
98.00
38
1.00
99.00
Max.
72
63
54
Min.
49
38
32
Range
23
25
22
Ave.
59
51
44
Total # of
108
99
106
measurement
s
-------
FLINT RIVER NEAR CULLODEN, 'GEORGIA
Time of Record: June 1960-September 1964
SUMMARY OF ALL DATA
T°F
Vo Prob.
of Occur.
%
>
T°F
% Prob. .
Df Occur.
%
>
88
1
1
59
3
68
87
2
2
58
3
70
86
3
5
57
2
73
85
2
8
56'
3
76
84
3
11
55
1
77
83
2
13
54
1
78
82
5
19
53
2
80
81
4
23
52
1
81
80
4
27
51
1
82
79
3
30
50
1
84
78
3
33
49
1
85
77
2
35
48
2
87
76
2
37
47
2
89
75
2
39
46
1
90
74
2
41
45
2
92
73
2
43
44
2
94
72
2
45
43
2
95
71
2
48
42
2
98
70
2
49
41
1
98
69
2
51
40
0.5
99
68
1
52
39
0.5
99
67
1
53
38
0.5
100
66
2
55
37
0.2
100
65
1
56
64
1
58
63
2
59
62
1
61
61
2
62
60
2
65
Max.
88°F
37°F
Range
51°F
Avg.
Total#
—Values
67°F
1,529
-------
FLINT RIVER NEAR CULLODEN, GEORGIA
Time of Record: June 1960-September 19 64
January
%=ProST=
of Occur
February-
March
T°F
>
t°f
%TProb.
of Occur,
T°F
% Prob.
of Occur.
>
55
54
_6_0_
59
JL
3
53
58
52
57
51
11
56
11
50
49
4
6
15
20
55
54
48
_47_
46
JL
6
28
53
45
6_
7
.34.
39
.52.
51
46
50
1
4
3
44
12
58
49
43
65
48
42
17
82
47
17
41
87
46
40
90
45
39
92
44
38
98
43
37
100
42
41
55 F
60°F
37°F
4l°F
18°F
19 F
45°F
49°F
_64...
63
62
61
11
21
60
14
25
23
_5_9_
25
58
.15
14
_40_
53
28
_2_9_
34
57
56.
55
_8_
2
37
54
38
53
62
70_
73
76
83
46
52
88
63
51
91
69
50
93
76
49
95
85
48
98
93
47
99
97
46
100
100
64°F
46°F
18°F
57°F
-of_Valueg
122
_1.1.6_
J24_
-------
FLINT RIVER NEAR CULLODEN, GEORGIA
Time of Record: June 1960-September 1964
April
May
June
T°F
% Prob.
of Occur.
0/
/o
>
T°F
% Prob.
of Occur.
°/
/o
>
T°F
% Prob.
of Occur.
°/
/o
>
71
8
8
82
7
7
86
1
1
70
3
11
81
3
10
85
4
4
69
4
3
15
80
2
13
84
11
15
68
18
79
2
15
83
7
22
67
4
22
78
3
19
82
17
39
66
12
35
77
6
24
81
12
51
65
7
42
76
8
32 [ 80
8
59
64
8
50
75
4
37 1 79
8
67
70
72
63
3
53
74
73
8
45 1 78
4
62
61
9
62
4
49
77
1
8
70
72
71
6
56
76
4
76
82
_60
59
58
7
77
11
70 | 75
6
12
88
70
6
i i
i
CO
4
86
5
93
__69_
68
5
77 73
5
91
57
3
97
2
79 1 72
A,
95
56
3
100
67
4
83
71
4
99
66
2
85
70
1
100
65
64
7
92
2
94
63
3
97
62
2
99
61
1
100
Max.
71°F
82°F
86°F
61°F
Min.
5 6°F
70°F
Range
15°F
2l°F
16°F
Avq.
63°F
73°F
79°F
Total#
— es -
120
124
142
—___
-------
ezriz; '
A
FLINT RIVER NEAR CU/.iODEN, GEORGIA
Time of Recrod: June 19 60-September 1964
July
August
September
T°F
% Prob.
of Occur.
0/
/o
>
T°F
% Prob, %
of Occ.
T°F
% Prob.
of Occur.
%
>
88
3
3
88
3 3
87
4
4
87
7
10
87
8 10
86
7
11
86
8
18
86
12 22
85
3
14
85
10
28
85
9
31
42
84
6
20
84
8
36
84
11
83
7
27
83
7
43
83
!
4 46
82
7
35
82
9
52
82
13
59
81
7
42
- 81
7
59
81
13
72
80
16
58
80
5
63
80
13
85
79
6
64
79
13
7_6
87
79
6
91
95
78
5
69
74
78
11
78
4
77
5
77
4
91
77
1
96
76
75
6
80
76
4
95
76
1
96
2
82
75
4
'99
75
2
98
74
6
88
74
— —
74
73
2
90
73
1
100
73
1
99
72
7
97
72
1
99
71
—
—
71
1
100
70
2
99
69
1
100
Max.
88°F
88°F
87°F
Min.
73°F
70°F
69°F
Ranae
15°F
18°F
18°F
Avg.
81°F
82°F
80°F
Total #-
Values
150
160
136
-------
FLINT RIVER NEAR CULLODEN, GEORGIA
Time of Record: June 1960-September 1964
10
October
November
December
T°F
Vo Prob.
Df Occur.
°/
/o
>
T°F
% Prob.
of Occur.
°/
/o
>
T°F
% Prob.
of Occur.
%
>
81
1
1
71
3
3
57
2
2
80
2
2
70
1
3
56
2
4
79
1
3
69
2
5
55
78
3
6
68
2
7
54
1
5
77
6
13
67
— —
53
8
13
76
2
15
66
2
8
52
8
21
75
2
17
65
—
51
5
26
74
1
1-8
64
63
62
1
9
50
9
35
73
72
12
6
30
2
11
49
5
40
36
2
13
48
8
48
71
4
40
50
61
5
8
18
25
47
4
52
58
70
10
60
46
5
69
10
60
59
10
35
45
8
65
68
68
4
64
58
11
46
44
3
67
8
72
57
10
56
43
8
76
66
7
78
56
17
73
79
42
i 41
11
87
65
—
—
55
6
3
90
i
64
5
83
54
9
88
j 40
3
93
63
8
91
53
6
94
39
5
99
1
62
3
94
52
2
97
! 38
1
100
61
3
98
51
2
98
60
2
100
50
2
100
Max.
81°F
71°F
57°F
i
;
Min.
60°F
50°F
38°F
i
Range
2l°F
21°F
19°F
Avg.
70°F
58°F
47°F
Total #
124
119
92
-------
ALAPAHA RIVER - SUWANNEE BASIN (SOUTHEAST GEORGIA)
Time of Record: March 1953-July 1957
July 1958-September 1960
January 19 68-December 19 68
11
I°F
¦6 Prob.
)f Occur.
%
T°F
% Prob.
of Occur
°/
/o
>
» "
91
0.05
0.0!
64
3
65
90
0.2
0.2
63
2
66
89
0.1
0.4
62
2
69
88
0 o 2
0.6
61
1
70
87
1
2
60
3
73
86
1
3
59
2
75
85
2
5
58
2
78
84
2
7
57
2
80
83
2
10
56
2
82
82
5
14
55
2
84
81
5
fi
20
54
2
86
R0
2R
53.
1
?.
87
7Q
4
29
R9.
89 _
78
3
33
36
~
51
2
91
77
3
50
2
93
—76
75
3
3^
49
2
q*
2
41
48
1
96
74
2
43
47
1
97
73
2
45
46
1
98
72
3
48
45
1
99
71
1
49
44
0.3
99.5
70
3
51
43
0.2
9_9_. _6
69
2
53
42
0.1
99.7
68
2
55
41
0.1
99.8
67
2
58
66
2
59
65
2
61
Max.
91
Min.
41
¦ge
50
Avg0
69
2410
-------
ALAPAHA RIVER-SUWANNEE BASIN (SOUTH GEORGIA)
GT&J
A
Time of Record:
March 1953-July 1957
July 1958-September 1960
12
January
February
March
T°F
% Prob.
of Occur.
°/
/o
>
T°F
% Prob.
of Occur,
°/
/o
>
T°F
% Prob.
of Occur,
°/
/o
>
64
1
1
68
2
2
74
2
2
63
—
67
1
3
73
0.5
2
62
1
2
66
4
6
72
1
3
61
1
3
65
3
9
71
0.5
4
60
1
4
64
4
13
70
0.5
4
59
3
7
63
2
15
69
3
8
58
4
12
62
2
17
68
2
10
5-7
7
18
61
,__60
59
4
21
67
2
13
56
4
23
8
29
66
1
14
55
5
27
8
36
65
4
19
54
7
34
58
7
44
64
7
26
53
4
38
57
5
49
63
7
33
38
52
6
44
56
12
61
62
5
51
50
9
53
55
7
68
61
4
42
12
65
54
6
74
60
6,
48
49
6
70
53
4
78
59
9
57
48
6
76
52
3
81
57
6
63
47
4
80
51
4
84
57
4
67
46
7
88
50
3
87
56
5
72
45
7
95
49
5
97
55
8
80
44
2
97
48
3
95
54
3
83
43
1
98
47
1
96
53
3
86
42
0.5
99
46
1
98
52
4
90
41
1
100
45
1
99
51
2
92
44
1
100
50
2
95
49
2
97
48
1
98
47
1
100
Max.
64°F
68°F
74°F
Min.
4l°F
O
47°F
_.ige
23°F
24°F
27°F
Avg.
51°F
57°F
60°F
Total #
Values-
216
139
204
-------
ALAPAHA RIVER -SUWANNEE BASIN (SOUTH GEORGIA)
Time of Record: March 1953-July 1957
July 195 8-September 19 60
January 1968-December 1968
April
May June
T°F
% Prob.
of Occur.
%
>
T°F
% Prob.
of Occur.
%
>
T°F
% Prob.
of Occur.
°/
/o
>
77
1
1
82
3
3
91
0.5
0.5
76
0.5
- 1
81
4
7
90
1
1
75
—
—
80
3
9
74
3
4
79
5
14
88
1
3
73
4
9
78
4
18
87
4
7
72
10
18
77
8
25
86
1
8
71
4
23
76
11
36
85
6
14
70
12
35
75
10
45
84
4
18
69
7
42
74
11
56
83
3
21
68
6
48
73
10
66
82
9
31
67
6
53
72
13
78
81
10
41
66
7
60
71
6
84
80
11
52
65
7
67
70
7
91
79
10
63
64
13
81
69
3
94
78
9
71
63
7
88
68
2
95
77
10
81
62
8
96
67
2
97
76
10
90
61
2
97
66
1
98
75
6
96
60
1
98
65
1
99
74
2
98
59
1
99
73
1
99
58
0.5
100
72
0.5
100
Max.
77° F
82°F
91°F
Min.
k
0°
1 O
p1
65°F
72°F
Ranqe
19°F
17°F
1—•
CO
O
>~d
Avg.
67°F
74°F
80°F
Totar#~
Values
221
198
210
-------
ALAPAHA RIVER - SUWANNEE BASIN (SOUTH GEORGIA)
A
Time of Record: March 1953-July 1957
July 195 8-September 1960
January 1968-December 1968
14
T°F
% Prob.
of Occur
9/
/o
>
T°F
% Prob. j %
of Occur L —
T°F
% Prob.
of Occur
%
>
» . - —
90
1
l
89
0.05
0.05
87
0.05
0.05
89
1
2
88
0.05
1
86
2
3
88
1
3
87
4
5
85
2
5
87
5
8
86
4
9
84
6
12
86
4
13
85
3
12
83
4
15
85
9
22
84
7
19
82
6
22
84
5
27
83
1 1
30
81
13
36
83
6
33
82
18
48
80
13
49
82
13
47
62
81
15
63
78
79
11
60
81
15
80
15
78
77
11
71
80
19
81
79
9
87
10
81
86
79
8
89
78
3
90
76
4
78
7
96
77
3
92
75
5
91
77
3
_100_
76
1
94
94
74
3
lo
CT>
I 1
i '
75
1
73
1
—
74
2
97
72
2
97
73
1
98
71
0.5
98
72
1
99
70
_
71
0.5
99
69
1
99
70
0.05
100
68
1
100
Max.
90
89
87
Min.
77
70
68
Ranae
13
19
19
Avq.
82
81
79
»Ss*
239
243
200
—
-------
ALAPAHA RIVER - SUWANNEE BASIN (SOUTH GEORGIA)
Time of Record: March 1953-July 1957 15
July 1958-September 1960
January 1968-December 1968
Ocl-ober November
December
T°F
% Prob.
of Occur
%
>
T°F
% Prob.
of Occur
%
>
T°F
% Prob.
of Occur
°/o
>
86
0.5
0.5
69
1
1
64
3
3
85
0.5
1
68
1
2
63
1
4
84
0.5
2
67
6
8
62
3
6
83
—
—
66
6
14
61
2
8
82
0.5
2
65
6
20
60
3
11
81
1
3
64
5
25
59
4
15
80
—
63
2
27
58
7
22
79
2
5
62
10
37
57
b
28
78
5
10
61
5
42
56
4
32
77
4
14
60
15
57
55
5
37
76
6
1
1
O CO
(M CM
1
59
8
65
54
6
43
75
4
58
6
71
53
5
48
74
1
24
57
6
77
52
6
54
73
5
29
56
3
80
51
6
60
72
7
36
55
4
84
50
11
71
71
4
40
54
2
86
49
8
79
7-0
10
50
53
3
88
4 8
7
86
69
5
55
61
52
51
2
91
47
4
90
68
6
3
94
46
4
94
67
7
68
50
1
95
45
2
96
66
12
80
49
1
97
44
1
97
65
7
87
48
1
97
43
1
98
64
6
93
47
2
100
42
1
99
63
3
95
41
1
100
62
1
96
61
1
97
60
1
98
59
2
100
Max.
.86°F-
CD
ID
o :
-d
:
R4°F
Min.
59°F
47°F
41°F
nge
25°F
22°F
23°F
Avg.
70°F
60°F
53°F
Total#
-—Values
193
-172
lRfi
-------
EFFECTS OF STEAM POWER PLANTS IN
GEORGIA ON STREAM TEMPERATURE INCREASE
As part of an overall evaluation of thermal pollution
problems in the FWPCA, Southeast Region, stream temperature
increases at several thermal power plant sites were studied.
Water temperature data used for the study were obtained chiefly
from the FWPCA's Southeast Comprehensive Water Quality Management
Project (SECWQMP), which conducted field investigations in the
middle and late 1960's. Power plant records and results of
special FWPCA studies (also for middle and late 1960's) were
also reviewed.
In Georgia, plant sites examined where cooling waters are
discharged to streams were:
Plant MW Approximate Avg.
Capacity Stream Streamflow
(as of June 1965) Location (from USGS records)
(cfs)
Arkwright
Atkinson
McDonough
Hammond
Mitchell
Yates
Georgia
181.3 Ocmulgee River 2700
at Macon, Ga.
258.0 Chattahoochee River 2500
598.4 J" at Atlanta, Ga. (subject to upstream
regulation)
375.0 Coosa River at 6600
Rome, Ga. (subject to upstream
regulation)
218.3 Flint River at 6300
Albany, Ga. (minor regulation effects)
680.0 Chattahoochee River 3850
in north Coweta Co., (some regulation)
-------
2
Plant Arkwright
This steam plant is one of the smallest in the Georgia
Power Company system. Plant records furnished by Georgia Power
indicate that the degree rise of cooling water passing across the
condensers is normally in the 10°F range, but has on occasion been
as high as 19°F.
Temperature records for the Ocmulgee River upstream from
the plant are poor, the closest SECWQMP sampling station (#126260)
being 33 stream miles above the plant. Two water quality data
stations were located immediately downstream from Plant Arkwright
and above the influence of waste discharges from the Macon area.
One of these stations was located one mile (#126210) and the other
six miles (#126205) downstream from Arkwright.
Data available for the months of May and June 1967 indicated
little effect of cooling water discharges on temperature increase
in the Ocmulgee River. A 5°F difference between stations 126260
and 126210 was observed on May 29, 1967, but usually there was no
significant temperature increase recorded. Temperatures up to
75°F were recorded below Arkwright during May and June.
Plants Atkinson and McDonough
These two plants are located near each other in the Atlanta
area. Wastes from the large Clayton sewage treatment plant enter
the Chattahoochee River immediately upstream from Plant Atkinson.
At Atkinson, the temperature increase across the steam condenser
averages approximately 20°F, but may rise as much as 35°F at times.
No records were available for Plant McDonough, Cool waters released
from Lake Lanier above Atlanta are beneficial to thermal power
production.
-------
3
Water quality records for the Chattahoochee River are
available for SECWQMP stations 122600 (four miles above Atkinson),
122460 (1^ miles below Atkinson), 122400 (6^ miles below Atkinson),
and 122300 (14 miles below Atkinson). More temperature data are
available for the downstream stations than for station 122600.
The effect of flow regulation at Buford and Morgan Falls Dams
above Atlanta and of the waste discharge from the Clayton treatment
plant, interferes to an extent with temperature increase evaluations.
The best interpretation of available data for May, June and
July 1965 indicates that the two power plants cause a temperature
increase in the Chattahoochee River consistently in the 10°F range.
The increased temperature is maintained at high levels for more
than 10 miles below the power plant sites. The maximum recorded
temperature at station 122400 for the period was 81°F.
Plant Hammond
This steam plant is situated about five miles downstream
from Rome, Georgia, on the Coosa River. Treated effluent from
the Rome Kraft paper mill enters the river immediately above
Plant Hammond. The temperature increase across the condensers
is recorded in power plant records as from 12° to 16°F. Average
flow of the Coosa River at the plant site is a sizeable 6600 cfs
but is subject to some regulation from Allatoona Dam on the
Etowah River tributary. A diffuser is used to return heated
cooling water to the river.
-------
n
The SECWQMP stations 120110 (\\ miles above Hammond and
Rome Kraft), 120105 miles below Hammond), and 120100 (5^
miles below Hammond) were used to evaluate temperature data.
Special studies conducted by FWPCA in August 1967 were made to
determine the efficiency of the diffuser, and results of this study
were also reviewed.
The SECWQMP data showed that average overall surface temperature
for the same days in August and September 1966 was 4°F warmer at
Station 120100 than at station 120110. Some effect of paper mill
wastes should be considered. Maximum recorded surface temperature
at station 120100 was 81°F.
The special diffuser study of 1967 showed that cooling water
discharges from Plant Hammond caused a 2°F rise in river temperature
in the immediate area of the diffuser. This rise did not persist
for a great distance downstream.
Plant Mitchell
Large amounts of cool water from a large spring (Radium
Springs) enters the Flint River upstream from Plant Mitchell.
The plant itself is relatively small in comparison to streamflow
available for heated cooling water dilution. Consequently, there
is little if any effect of the plant on temperature increase.
Data from SECWQMP stations 123560 (one mile above Mitchell),
123540 (one mile below Mitchell), and 123520 (eight miles downstream
of Mitchell) were reviewed for the months of June and July 1967.
On most days, temperatures were the same above and below the plant.
On July 20, 1967, a maximum was recorded for the period. This
maximum was the same at stations 123560 and 123520, 82°F.
No degree rise, across-condenser data were available.
-------
5
Plant Yates
This is one of the largest steam plants in the Georgia
Power system, 680.0 MW in June 1965. Plant Yates is located on the
Chattahoochee River some 50 stream miles below Atlanta. Plant
records show that temperature increases across the steam condensers
normally range from 15 to 20°F but may be as much as 30°F at
times.
Stations 12 2000 (one mile above Plant Yates) and 121996
(13 miles below Plant Yates) were reviewed for temperature
differences. No stations were located closer to Plant Yates than
121996.
Temperature differences during September 1965 were frequently
in the 5°F range and on September 9, 1965, was 9°F. It is sus-
pected that cooling water effects on river temperatures closer to
the power plant are more severe than at station 121996. The
maximum recorded temperature at 121996 was 81°F.
Plant Harlee Branch
Some information on this plant's effects on temperature
increases in Lake Sinclair is available but was not included in
this review. The plant has recently undergone expansion and is
now the largest in the Georgia Power Company system. A new
evaluation of existence of a thermal pollution problem needs to
be made.
Summary
The effect of cooling water discharges on temperature increase
in streams was evaluated at six thermal power plant sites in Georgia
Waste discharges from nearby sources in two areas, Atlanta and Rome,
-------
6
interferred with the temperature increase review to a minor
extent.
Highest temperature increases were observed below Plant
Yates and Plants Atkinson and McDonough. Data indicated that
the latter two plants increase Chattahoochee River temperatures
consistently as much as 10°F and this increase persists several
miles downstream. The closest data station to Plant Yates was
13 miles downstream, Even at this point a temperature increase
of 5°F normally and 9°F on occasion was recorded.
At Plants Mitchell and Arkwright, the temperature data
indicated insignificant effects of cooling water discharges.
This was especially true at the former plant site. Plant capacity
in relation to stream size obviously was related to the minimal
thermal effects.
Plant Hammond near Rome, Georgia has installed a diffuser
to reduce localization of stream temperature increase in the Coosa
River. The effect of the diffuser has been to maintain surface
temperature increases at about 2°F for the entire river cross-
section at the discharge point.
Data used for this temperature review were generally
representative of the warmer months, spring in some cases, summer
and/or fall in others. In most cases, the temperature data
obtained were incidental to other water quality studies and were
not obtained specifically to document possible thermal pollution.
As thermal power production increases in Georgia, the
potential for thermal pollution will also increase unless remedial
measures are taken.
-------
An Instance of Thermal Pollution and the Effect on Temperature
And Oxygen Levels in a Middle Georgia Reservoir*
By
John E.
Georgia Game and
Fort Valley,
Fr ey
Fish Commission
Georgia
Presented at the Twenty-Fourth Annual Conference
Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners
Atlanta, Georgia, September, 1970
1. This study was financed in part by Dingell-Johnson Project F-18-R, Work Plan
II, Job 3, Special Limnological Investigations, Reservoir.
-------
^ Steam Plant
GEORGIA GAME AND FISH COMMISSION
Trinity-Washington Building • 270 Washington Street S.W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30334
Figure 1.
AREA LOCATION MAP
SCALE IN MILES
-------
collected during 1970 in June and July at this location. The maximum depth
recorded at this station was 50 feet. During June and July, a the rmec line was
present at a depth of 25 feet. In July, water temperatures ranged from 91. 4 F
at the surface to 75.2 F on the bottom. Dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged
from 5. 2 ppm on the surface to 2. 0 ppm at a depth of 2 5 feet during the same
period. A 25 foot column of oxygen devoid water was present below the 25 foot
level in July.
Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 further summarize oxygen and temperature data
collected at Lake Sinclair during this study.
Discussion and Conclusions
In comparing data collected in the Little River arm of Lake Sinclair with
that recorded at the Beaverdam Creek stations, it is very evident that the
aquatic environment has been drastically altered in Beaverdam Creek due to
effluent from Plant Harllee Branch. Water of normal temperature and oxygen
content is pumped from Little River, utilized as a coolant during steam plant
operation, and discharged in large volumes into Beaverdam Creek in a hot,
2
highly oxygenated state. Asa result the Beaverdam Creek arm of Lake
Sinclair may now be considered a flowing stream. As estimated flow rate of
3 mph was observed at Station No. 3.
Average surface temperatures have exhibited a general increase since 1969
in Beaverdam Creek (See Figure 4). Water temperatures now average 15. 8
2. Steam plant personnel can offer no explanation for this increase in dissolved
oxygen.
- 13 -
-------
degrees above normal in the vicinity of the steam plant. Temperatures as high
as 25 degrees above normal have been recorded at Station No. 3. A high of
111.2 F was recorded during June, 1970 at Station No. 3. Surface temperatures
during January in Beaverdam Creek now range from 59 F to 65 F (see Figure 5).
/
In contrast, surface temperatures for Little River during the same period
ranged from 45 F to 52 F. It should be noted that data collected during January,
1966 (see Figure 5) was during a period when the steam plant was not in
operation for five days. Therefore, temperatures and dissolved oxygen were
not influenced by steam plant effluent. Since the influence of hot water discharge
was absent during this period, and temperatures and oxygen concentrations were
comparable at all survey stations, it may be assumed that data recorded in
Beaver Dam Creek during January 1966 reflects normal conditions for this area.
Surface temperatures during August in Beaverdam Creek now range 90 F to 100 F,
while surface temperatures in Little River range from 82 F to 86 F during this
period, (see Figure 6).
Dissolved oxygen remains high throughout the year in Beaverdam Creek (see
Figure 3). This has resulted from the continual discharge of water supersaturated
with oxygen from the steam plant. Thus, the normal inverse relationship of
temperature and oxygen is minimized or absent in Beaverdam Creek. For
example, dissolved oxygen as high as 13. 2 ppm at a temperature of 104 F in
June, 1969 at Station No. 3 was recorded. The average dissolved oxygen was
always higher at Beaverdam Creek stations than at Little River with the exception
of January and February. During these months, temperatures were from 42 F
- 14 -
-------
to 45 F in Little River and a natural oxygen build-up occurred bringing oxygen
levels above that in Beaverdam Creek for a short period.
Further analysis of data collected during this study reveals that approximately
3 percent of Lake Sinclair or approximately 470 surface acres are affected by
hot, highly oxygenated water discharged by Plant Harllee Branch. The influence
of this hot water discharge was found to extend 2. 3 miles eastward from Station
No. 3, beyond the mouth of Beaverdam Creek into the Oconee River arm of Lake
Sinclair (see Figures 1 and 7). Both surface temperature and dissolved oxygen
decreased sharply from Station No. 3 to Station No. 4, 1. 1 miles due east. At
this point, the surface temperature, during July, 1970 exhibited a decrease
from 102.2 F to 95 degrees. Between these same stations during the above
period, the oxygen concentration decreased from 5. 6 ppm to a low of 4. 4 at the
surface. Surface temperatures continue to decrease for six tenths of a mile to
Station A. Beyond this point, the temperature leveled off, at 91. 4 degrees at
Station B which is near the normal surface temperature (90. 5 F) in Little River
on this date. As water temperatures cooled between Station 4 and Station A,
surface dissolved oxygen gradually increased to 5. 2 ppm at Station B during the
above period.
The increased water temperature and flow in Beaverdam Creek has resulted
in a good winter fishery in this area. Creel census data and personal observations
indicate a definite increase in catch of bass, crappie and white bass during winter
months. Fish are attracted to this area during the winter by water temperatures
ranging from 59 F to 71 F, while water temperatures in unaffected areas of Lake
- 15 -
-------
Sinclair seldom rise above 45 F during the winter months. In addition, the current
resulting from the large volume of water discharged at the steam plant into
Beaverdam Creek encourages the upstream migration of fish into this arm of Lake
Sinclair. However, in June, July and August, it has become apparent that fish
move out of the Beaverdam Creek vicinity due to high water temperatures. During
the summer months, water temperatures now remain above 90 F in Beaverdam
Creek (see Figure 6) which is above the temperature tolerance of most warm water
species. '
-J %•./
Since the Beaverdam Creek arm of Lake Sinclair has been changed from a - i;,
\
warm water reservoir habitat to a hot, highly oxygenated flowing stream it is
obvious that these environmental conditions must affect aquatic organisms in this
area'. For example, increased spawning activity may be occurring and produc-
tivity of bottom organisms and plankton could also be altered. Certainly the
increase in temperature and oxygen in this area has some effect on the bottom
oxygen demand. There is also the possibility that the warm oxygenated water
now present may serve as a reservoir for disease and parasite organisms which
may over-winter in this area and increase in population, resulting in heavy
infestation to the fish population at some later date. Since instances of thermal
pollution will become more frequent due to the increase in demand for electric
power and an increase in use of atomic power by industry, the author is of the
opinion that further studies should be conducted to determine the effects of
heated discharges on the aquatic ecosystem.
- 16 -
-------
~0
O
CD
TO
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Pfepw
------- |