PB-247 684
RESULTS OF OCEAN DIFFUSION AND BIOLOGICAL STUOIES OF THE
HOLLYWOOD. FLORIDA, OCEAN OUTFALL
John D. Crane, et al
Hollywood, Florida
V.
r
Prepared for:
Environmental Protection Agency
->
January 1976
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LIBRARY / REGION IV
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
34.5 CUURTLAND STREET NE
ATLANTA GA 3 030 8
J
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350067
PB 247 684
LPA-600/3-76-003
January 1976
RESULTS OF OCEAN DIFFUSION AND BIOLOGICAL STUDIES
OF THE HOLLYWOOD, FLORIDA,OCEAN OUTFALL
by
John D. Crane
Richard H. Jones
Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc.
Gainesville, Florida 32604
EPA Grant No. 57(R1)-01-68
Project Officer
Edmond P. Lomasney
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region IV
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
NATIONAL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SERVICE
US ol
Sp'"-9>-»ld, VA
-------
fffruirrr " —
John 0. Crane and Richard H. Jones
J. PSRPORMINO ORGANIZATION REPORT WO.
® •f'ORWWi ORGANIZATION NAME ANO ADDRESS
City of Hollywood, Hollywood, Florida 330^^
Through subcontract wltn
Environmental Science & Engineering, Inc.
P.O. Box 13454, University Station
Gainesville. Florida 32604
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT MO.
1BA025
TTOTRTCttWaflANY Nfl. ^
No. 57(R1 J-01-68
12. SPONSORING AOENCV NAMI AND AOOflfSS
Office of Research and Development
i U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
13. TYPE OP RfPORT ANO PtRlOO COVCRCO
Final
14. SPONSORINO AQCMCV COM
EPA-ORD
« SUPPLEMENTARY NOT« SWJICT Tfit if
See also EPA-600/2-75-049 ,u «»•*>»..
Is.abstract puii-scale diffusion experiments were conducted to estimate collform
bacteria concentration patterns of sewage effluent from two ocean outfalls located at
Pompano Beach and Hollywood, Florida. The experiments consisted of two parts: tur-
bulent diffusion of sewage effluent, and natural die-off of conform bacteria. Further
studies were conducted before, during, and after construction of the Hollywood. Flor-
ida, ocean outfall to determine the outfall's effect on ocean ecology. For the
majority of the diffusion experiments, Rhodamine dye was injected at a continuous rate
into the sewage at the sewage treatment plants. The data Indicated that, for the
travel times of interest, initial dye concentrations can be reduced by a factor as
high as 1,000. Experimental determinations of collform die-off rates Indicated that
during the summer months the natural die-off is approximately two orders of magnitude
greater than that during the winter. The biological studies consisted of qualitative
and quantitative evaluations of the microscopic algae and protozoa of the surface
waters and the ocean floor to a distance of about two miles from shore. Detectable
effects of the Hollywood outfall were confined to a very small mixing zone in the
immediate vicinity of the outfall outlet in which a reduction of plankton was observed.
Phytoplankton increase, which would be expected from nutrient enrichment, was not
observed to occur as a result of the Hollywood outfall 1n the areas surveyed. The
studies provide no indication that sewage release through the Hollywood outfall had
any significant effect on aouatlc ecology.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. 0€SCAf?T0ftS
tMOENTfPIEflS/OPEN ENOeO TERMS
c. cosati FteM/Creap
Environmental engineering. Sewage
treatment. Disposal, Diffusion
Aerobic digestion, Ocean
diffusion. Ocean outfall,
Primary sewage, Ultimate
disposal, Collform die-
off, Ocean ecology. Ocean
outfall management. Out-
fall diffusion, Hollywood
(Florida)
13B
IS. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
1# SECURITY CLASS ITkilReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
H Nfi. MttBlT
109
n security class mu*ns»i
UNCLASSIFIED
>>. PRICB
IM form ItK-l |*71)
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that
the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or
coronerclal products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
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ABSTRACT
Full scale diffusion experiments were conducted between August, 1968,
and January, 1970, to estimate collform bacteria concentration patterns
of sewage effluent from two ocean outfalls located at Pompano Beach
and Hollywood, Florida. The experiments consisted of two parts; tur-
bulent diffusion of sewage effluent, and natural die-off of collfonn
bacteria. Further studies were conducted before, during, and after
construction of the Hollywood, Florida, ocean outfall to determine
the outfall's effect on ocean ecology.
For the majority of the diffusion experiments, Rhodamlne dye was In-
jected at a continuous rate into the sewage at the sewage treatment
plants. The data Indicated that, for the travel times of Interest,
Initial dye concentrations can be reduced by a factor as high as 1,000.
Experimental determinations of collform die-off rates Indicated that
during the summer months the natural die-off 1s approximately two
orders of magnitude greater than that during the winter.
An empirical model was developed to predict downstream concentration
patterns. This model can be used to aid In the design of similar
outfalls on the Florida southeast coast.
The biological studies consisted of qualitative and quantitative evalu-
ations of the microscopic algae and protozoa of the surface waters
and the ocean floor to a distance of about two miles from shore.
Detectable effects of the Hollywood outfall were confined to a very
small mixing zone in the immediate vicinity of the outfall outlet 1n
which a reduction of plankton was observed. Phytoplankton increase,
which would be expected from nutrient enrichment, was not observed
to occur as a result of the Hollywood outfall in the areas surveyed.
Sludge deposits did not occur at the outlets of the Hollywood outfall
as had previously been reported at other outfalls. This was due to
the fact that Hollywood provided primary sewage treatment while the
other outfalls reportedly had released raw sewage.
The studies provide no Indication that sewage release through t:ie
Hollywood outfall has thus far had any significant effect on aquatic
ecology.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Project Number 57(Rl)-
01-68 under the partial sponsorship of the Office of Research and
Development, Environmental Protection Agency.
lil
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION PAGE NO.
ABSTRACT 111
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1x
1 CONCLUSIONS 1
II RECOMMENDATIONS 3
III INTRODUCTION 4
Ocean Outfall Diffusion Studies 7
Biological Studies 7
IV OCEAN DIFFUSION STUDIES: INVESTIGATE METHODS
AND CONSTRAINTS 10
Dye Studies 10
Coliform Bacteria Studies 11
Gaussian Distribution Model 11
Plume Standard Deviations 12
Diffusion Coefficient 13
Pollutant Release Rate 13
Diffusion Model 14
V RESULTS OF STUDIES 19
Ocean Diffusion Studies 19
Pompano Studies, August, 1968 19
Pompano Studies, December, 1968 21
Hollywood Studies, May, 1969 25
Hollywood Studies, December, 1969 29
Biological Studies 33
Initial Hollywood Study, July, 1968 33
Hollywood and Boca Raton Studies, October, 1968 34
Hollywood and Pompano Beach Studies, June, 1969 37
Hollywood Studies, July, 1971 39
VI DISCUSSION OF DIFFUSION STUDIES 42
Aquatic Studies 57
VII PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS 61
VIII RELATIONSHIP OF OCEAN OUTFALLS TO TOTAL OCEANIC
POLLUTION OFF THE SOUTHEASTERN FLORIDA COAST 64
IX REFERENCES 71
v
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued)
SECTION PAGE MO.
s PUBLICATIONS *3
Xt GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 74
XII APPENDICES 79
vl
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!£l
i
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
FIGURES
£SS&
Outfalls of the Southeast Florida Coast 6
Study and Construction Schedule 8
Profile of Ocean Floor off Hollywood, Florida 9
Lateral Standard Oevlatlon Vs. Distance Diffusion Model 16
Surface Axial Concentrations Vs. Distance Diffusion Model 17
Direction of Pluoe Axis of all Experiments Reported 22
Co11form Concentration (NPN/100 ML /I000 GPM) along Western
Edge of Sewage Pl«me at 2000' Intervals. Experiments PI and
P5. (Collform Die-Off Considered). 23
Sewage-Dye Plume Pattern Hollyvood, Florida May 20, 1969 26
Collfonn Die-Off Rate December 9, 1969
Lateral Standard Deviation Vs. Distance December 18, 1968
Outfall Release 45
Axial Concentration Vs. Distance December 18, 1968
Outfall Release 46
Axial Concentration Vs. Distance August 15, 1968
Surface Release 47
Lateral Standard Deviation Vs. Distance Fitted Experimental
Results 48
Surface Axial Concentration "s. Distance Fitted Experimental
Results. Collform Die-off not Considered 49
Total Coliform Natural Die-Off results 51
Surface Axial Concentration Vs. Distance Collform Die-Off
Rate Considered 53
Percentage of Time Wind Speed Greater than 13 MPH within a
60® Sector. Data from West Palm Beach Airport 1968 54
Primary Canal System of Broward County, Florida 65
Nutrient Concentration In South New River Canal, Broward
County, Florida 66
v11
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TABLES
Ro- Page
1 Ocean Outfalls on Florida's Lower East Coast 5
2 Oceanographlc and Meteorological Conditions during
Diffusion Studies 20
3 Collfom Die-Off Data Pompano Beach, Florida 24
4 Concentration Data 27
5 Collform Counts at Boll, Hollywood Outfall 28
6 Collform Counts 28
7 Collform Counts and Location (Hollywood Outfall) 30
8 Concentration Data 31
9 Fluorometer Calibration 32
10 Description of Experiments 32
11 Mater Temperature, Salinity Profile (Near Hollywood
Outfall) 32
12 Sunmary of Results of Diffusion Experiments 43
13 Nutrient Concentrations at Selected Test Sites in Three
Primary Drainage Canals, Broward County, Florida 67
14 Nutrient Concentrations and Loads in Six Primary
Drainaqe Canals (Approximately Five to Seven Miles
Inland), Broward County, Florida 69
15 Nutrient Corcentratlons and Loads for Pompano Beach
and Hollywood Ocean Outfall Effluents 70
viii
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Numerous persons contributed time and effort to this project. Dally
administration was provided by the Project Director, who In the first part
of the program was Nr. Wallace Venrlck and the latter part Nr. Marshall
Bergacker. Invaluable assistance In the operation of the Hollywood sewage
treatment plant was provided by Nr. Bud Calhoun and Nr. Errey Atkins.
Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc., of Gainesville, Florida, was
responsible for the overall technical aspects of the grant under the
direction of Or. Richard H. Jones, Dr. Hugh D. Putnam, Dr. John B. Koogler,
Nr. John D. Crane, Nr. Narvln Hamlin, and Nr. Robert Maxwell, Mho partici-
pated heavily in the research effort.
Special acknowledgements are given to Dr. Robert Stewart and Or. James
Lackey who provided consultation on ocean diffusion and ecology, respec-
tively.
The support of the project by the Environmental Protection Agency under
Grant No. 57(R1)-01-68. is acknowledged, and special appreciation Is
given to Nr. Edward P. Lomasney, Project Officer, for his supervision
of the grant and assistance throughout the program.
-------
SECTION I
CONCLUSIONS
Ocean Outfall Diffusion Studies
1. Sewage concentration patterns are Influenced by wind magnitude
and direction* tidal action, and currents resulting from the
Florida Current. Of these factors, the Florida Current Is by
far the most Influential.
2. Fecal collform concentrations are dependent on ocean temperature
as well as solar radiation. The 90 percent mortality times for
collform bacteria are estimated to be 7.4 hours 1n the winter
and 1.5 hours In the summer.
3. The worst possible conditions for beach contamination occur 1n
the winter when a toward - shore current is accompanied by a
toward - shore wind. It Is estimated that sewage plumes di-
rected toward the shore occur less than two percent of the tins.
4. Initial peak dilutions of the sewage in rising to the surface
of the ocean is approximately 80 to 1 for the 30-inch Pompano
outfall and approximately 30 to 1 for the 60-1nch Hollywood
outfall.
5. The surface concentration of sewage is approximately inversely
proportional to downstream distance for well-defined plumes.
For meandering and shore-directed plumes, the surface concen-
tration varies approximately to the negative 1.3 power with
distance.
6 . The theoretical reduction of collform bacteria from the Hollywood
outfall mouth to the shore in a shore-directed plume is approxi-
mately 4,000 to 1.
7. The possibility of beach water coliform contamination caused by
the Hollywood outfall is at the present time extremely remote.
Biological Studies
Marine plankton off the coast of Hollywood, Florida, showed no
significant changes as a result of the construction and utilization
of a sewage outfall. Some reduction of organism concentrations in
the sewage boil was observed; however, this effect was limited to
the small mixing zone in the Imnediate vicinity of the sewage release
and was not considered significant.
1
-------
A similar lick of change mas observed 1n the ocean bottom biota at
Hollywood. However, ocean bottom cores at Pompano Beach and Delray
Beach Indicated an Increase of organisms associated with raw sewage,
as well as a decreased concentration of dissolved oxygen. It was
concluded that the degree of treatment received by the sewage at
Hollywood was adequate to prevent the accumulation of sewage solids.
Outlet conditions at Hollywood were such that not only were solids
not deposited, but the bottom was scoured by the sewage discharge.
In general, populations of organisms increased toward the shore both
at Hollywood and at other locations studied. This was Indicative of
increased enrichment near the shore. The bulk of this nutrient
enrichment 1s probably a result of land runoff and drainage canal
discharge rather than ocean outfalls.
These studies have provided no indication of detrimental effects to
the ocean ecology as a result of the Hollywood outfall.
2
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SECTION II
RECOMMENDATIONS
A comprehensive study of the diffusion and dispersion characteristics
of each existing ocean outfall on the Florida southeast coast should
be conducted, and Investigations should be made, prior to construction
of any future outfalls.
The diffusion characteristics and potential health hazards from micro-
organisms entering the ocean from the Intr&coastal waterway should be
Investigated.
A critical review 1s recommended of all available data on winds and
currents for the area to determine If a definite correlation exists
between wind direction and speed and surface currents. This Informa-
tion could then be used to forecast possible Incidence of onshore
(west) currents and the westerly component of normal north - south
currents.
A study of the In situ survival patterns of known human pathogens In
the marine environment should be made. Tnis study should Include
organisms such as Salmonella and Staphylococcus, as well as maomallan
viruses. Further, it should compare concentrations of these pathogens
with conform counts drawn simultaneously in order that a relationship
of numbers of each might be developed.
It Is reconmended that each ocean outfall to be constructed in the
future be considered on Its own merits and that an ecological survey
be conducted for each such outfall.
Qualitative and quantitative ecological studies should be complimented
by certain parameters 1n order than any biological changes may be
explained. These parameters should include nutrient analyses, dis-
persion studies, current patterns, and solids deposition.
3
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SECTION III
INTRODUCTION
Population Increases 1n the United States are placing more and more
pressure on existing natural resources. Because of Its tourist
Industry, Florida has a special Interest In keeping Its rivers,
lakes, and beaches free from pollution. Florida's lower east coast,
from Palm Beach to the Florida Keys, has unique waste disposal prob-
lems not found In other parts of Florida. This highly urbanized area,
a strip about 10 miles wide, 1s bounded on the east by the Atlantic
Ocean and on the west by the Everglades. Fear of polluting the Ever-
glades has prohibited the discharge of wastewater, no matter how well
1t Is treated, to the west. Fear of polluting groundwater supplies
has prevented deep well injection of wastewater. The logical place
for disposal of wastewater has been, therefore, the Atlantic Ocean.
Increases 1n population have caused the Installation of numerous
ocean outfalls along this coast with little or no knowledge avail-
able concerning their effects on the ocean ecology.
Table 1 lists the ocean outfalls on Florida's lower east coast at the
time of the studies. Figure 1 shows their location. The slope of the
Continental Shelf at the point of discharge of most of the outfalls
(90 foot depth) Is one to twenty. It can be seen that only three of
the outfalls were discharging wastes which received any type of treat-
ment, and two of these were receiving only primary treatment. Until
recently, state pollution control agencies have set no treatment design
criteria for ocean disposal, therefore, little or no treatment had been
provided at the time of this study.
Winds and tides are the forces which normally control the water move-
ment on a continental shelf; however, there are two aspects of the
southeastern Florida coast which cause wind and tide to lose more of
their significance. These aspects are the narrowness of the conti-
nental shelf (1 - 1.5 miles 1n width) and the proximity of the Florida
Current. The Florida Current passing within a few miles of Hollywood
and Pompano with speeds up to 5 knots creates substantial eddies which spin
off toward the shore. As a result, the Florida Current 1s the major force
behind the near-shore circulation which 1n turn disperses ocean deposited
wastes. Figure CI 1n the Appendix shows an Infrared satellite photograph
of the Gulf Stream passing by the Florida coast. The Infrared satellite
photograph In Figure C2 shows massive eddies being projected off the
Gulf Stream.
In 1968, as a result of the Increasing number of ocean outfalls and
the lack of knowledge concerning their effects, the Environmental
Protection Agency funded a grant to the City of Hollywood, Florida,
to demonstrate new sewage treatment methods at Its wastewater
4
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TABLE 1
OCEAN OUTFALLS ON FLORIDA'S LOWER EAST COAST
City
Date
Approved
Diameter
(Inches)
Length
(feet)
D1scharge
Depth
(feet)
Capacity
MGD
Design
1969
Flow
Treataent
Miami Beach
1937
36
7,000
40
40
30
None
Key West
1952
24
4,570
33
11.5
5
None
Miami
1954
90
4,600
16
47
41
•M.A.S.
Palm Beach
1956
30
5,790
90
15
3
Comminution
Lake Worth
1957
30
5,200
90
13
3
Comminution
Delray Beach
1963
30
5,100
90
15
2
Comal nutl on
Pompano Beach
1963
30
7,400
90
17
2.7
Comminution
North Miami
1964
36
10,000
60
15
7
Primary
Boca Raton
1966
36
5,500
90
8
0.0
Coanrlnutlon
Hoi lywood
1968
60
9,700
90
40
13
Primary
^Modified Activated Sludge.
-------
aim Beach (5,790*)
ake Worth (5,200')
JDelray Beach (5,100')
_Boca Raton (5,500')
Pompano Beach (7,400')
Hollywood (9,700')
North Miami (10,000')
Kami (4,600')
_M1ami Beach (7,000')
/ 5790' =
1790 m
' 5200' =
1580 m
5100' =
1550 m
5500' =
1680 cn
7400' «
2260 m
9700' =
2960 m
10,000* =
3050 m
4600' =
1400 in
7000' =
2130 m
4570* =
1390 m
Key West (4,570')
FIGURE 1
OUTFALLS OF THE SOUTHEAST FLORIDA COAST
6
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treatment plant. Environmental Engineering, Inc. of Gainesville, Florida,
ws contracted to perform the necessary research work. A portion of
this grant was to determine the effects of Hollywood's proposed ocean
outfall on the local ecology and to develop and test a mathematical
model for predicting diffusion from the new Hollywood ocean outfall.
Ocean Outfall Diffusion Studies
The Pompano Beach outfall, located 7,500 feet offshore and 90 feet
below the surface, was studied prior to construction of the Hollywood
outfall In order to predict the sewage field concentration that would
result from the latter outfall. Pompano Beach, as shown 1n Figure 1,
Is about 15 miles north of Hollywood. At the time of these experiments
(1968), the 30-1nch diameter outfall at Pompano was discharging approx-
imately 3,000 6PM of sewage.
(n the spring of 1969, the first 5,000 feet of the Hollywood outfall was
finished, and utilization of this portion began with the discharge of
raw sewage while construction of the remaining section continued. This
discharge through this 60-1nch diameter outfall was approximately 10,000
GPM when dispersion studies were conducted In May.
In the fall of 1969, the Hollywood outfall was completed to 9,700 feet
and the discharge of primary treated sewage began. Final diffusion studies
were conducted at the Hollywood outfall in December, 1969.
Biological Studies
The Hollywood aquatic studies were coincident with a more extensive
study completed in 1970 by Florida Atlantic Ocean Sciences, Inc., and
the latter study provided much of the background for this report. The
FAOSI Study included work at the Delray Beach and Pompano Beach outfalls,
the proposed Boca Raton outfall, and the discharge area of the Hillsborough
inlet. Access to the original data for all that work was available for
this report.
Biological studies were conducted before, during, and after construction
of the Hollywood outfall. Figure 2 shows the sampling schedule as well
as the progress of outfall construction.
The Hollywood outfall was constructed on a sandy slope, barren of sedi-
ment and growths. A mature reef exists from 2,500 to 3,000 feet from
shore. The slope continues beyond the reef until, at about 4,500 feet,
another small reef Is encountered. A third, large reef exists at 8,500
feet and rises from a depth of 55 to 40 feet. Beyond the third reef
a sharp drop-off marks the edge of the continental shelf. The Hollywood
outfall discharges at 9,700 feet 1n 90 feet of water as shown In Figure 3.
7
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Discharge of
Raw Sewage
Construction . ,at 5000 Ft
of Outfall ~
to 5000 Ft 1 1
Discharge of Primary
Treated Sewage at 9,700 Ft
v\wwv\mm\\\m\\\'
Construction i .
of Outfall H-H
to 9700 Ft
Hollywood iiological Studies
»-•—
| JFMAMJJASOND | JFMAMJJASOND | JFMAMJJASOND jjFHAHJJASOND
1968
1969
1970
1971
FIGURE 2: STUDY AND CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
-------
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1000 2000 3000
4000 5000 6000
Offshore Distance, Feet
7000 8000 9000 10.00C
FIGURE 3: PROFILE OF OCEAN FLOOR OFF HOLLrWOOD, FLORIDA
-------
SECTION IV
OCEAN DIFFUSION STUDIES: INVESTIGATIVE METHODS AND CONSTRAINTS
The most important criteria relating to water quality are those per-
taining to bacteriological conditions. Prior to an ocean outfall
installation, it is necessary to have reliable population estimates
of coliforms within the sewage field as a function of travel time or
distance from the source outlet. In other words, to meet water quality
standards, it is necessary to know beforehand the Initial composition
of the waste; the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics
of the water; and the extent to which diffusion of the waste Is achieved.
Dye Studies
To obtain the information necessary to predict sewage field concentrations,
fluorescent dyes (fthodamine-B and Rhodamine-WT) were used as tracers. The
dye was released at a constant and continuous rate directly into the sew-
age at either the Pompano Beach lift station or at the Hollywood sewage
treatment plant. Ouring each experiment the release time was about five
to six hours. Once the resulting dye-plume had been visually established,
repetitive traverses of the plume were made at numerous downstream lo-
cations (located by shore-positioned transits) to obtain the dye-plume
concentrations. The data were then analyzed and the results were used to
predict actual sewage field concentrations. Current speed and direction
were measured periodically during each experiment with free drifting cur-
rent crosses (drogues) whigh were observed from the transit stations. Ver-
tical distributions of temperature and salinity were determined with a
Beckman RS5-3 salinometer for some of the experiments. Also, current
meter data were made available by personnel of the Florida Ocean Sciences
Institute who were conducting near-shore circulation studies in the near-
by area.
The dye-plume sampler consisted of a length of one-inch galvanized pipe
containing a section of plastic tubing. The tubing was checked to Insure
that it neither contributed to the reading nor retained any dye
by absorption. Attached to the intake end of the tubing was a strainer
section which was oriented in the direction of flow. The sampler, rig-
Idly attached to the back of a 31-foot motor launch, permitting sampling
of the dye-plume down to seven feet below the water surface. The sampler
was attached to the inlet of the fluorometer by another section of flexible
tubing. The fluorometer outlet was connected to a constant flow pump and
the discharge from the pump was directed overboard. The fluorescence
measurements were recorded continuously.
A G. K. Turner, Model 111, fluorometer with a high volune continuous-
flow door and a 0-1 ma Rustrak chart recorder were used to obtain the
dye-plume concentrations. Source light aperture settings enabled the
detection of concentrations covering the range 0.1-10 ppb (parts of
dye per billion parts of sea water mixture by volume). The fluorometer
was calibrated prior to each set of experiments by checking the fluor-
escence of standard dilutions of the dye in fresh sea water.
10
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Co)Ifone Bacteria Studies
Collform survival In sea water was estimated for the first die-off
studies by preparing sewage-sea water dilutions of 1:20 or 1:100 (1
part of sewage plus 19 or 99 parts sea water, respectively) in poly-
ethylene bags. The bags were floated so that conditions of teaper-
ature, turbulence, and sunlight would approach those actually found
in the discharged sewage. Trials extended for six hours during which
time, at regular intervals, two 300 ml. portions from each container
were collected in sterile BOD bottles and immediately processed for
collform detection by the membrane filtration (MF) technique. Each
sample was replicated up to three times and counts were made following
a 24-hour incubation period.
Gaussian Distribution Model
A generalized Gaussian distribution model for predicting concentrations
from a continuous point source was used. Many theoretical and empirical
models for predicting the concentration field have been investigated in the
past (1-11). In general, concentration reductions, perhaps as nigh as a
factor of 1,000 for travel times of about five hours or more, can be ex-
pected due to initial dilution of the waste in rising to the surface and
subsequent diffusion. Rawn (12) reports that greater dilution can be
achieved by the proper design of outfall diffuser sections. According
to Tibby (13), natural die-off of bacteria and subsequent sedimentation
will further reduce concentrations by a factor of about ten.
It Is assumed herein that all settleable solids have been removed
during primary treatment and that the lighter density sewage rises to
the water surface almost directly above the point of discharge and
forms a boll. In reality this does not always happen. To obtain
a mathematical expression for the boil or volume source, a "virtual
point source" (having the same strength as the volume source) is assumed
to be located upstream at a distance Xo from the center of the volume
source.
Assuming a two dimensional Gaussian distribution of concentration
having standard deviations Sy, Sz in the lateral (cross-stream) and
vertical directions, respectively, the mean concentration W(x,y,z) at
any point downstream from a continuous point source located In a field
of homogeneous turbulence is given by Pasquill (10),
2 2
Wx.y.z) - Q exp [-1/2 (y/Sy H/2 (z/Sz )] ... (1)
* U SySz
where Q is the amount of pollutant released per unit time corrected
to include the effects of pollutant decay; u 1s the mean current speed
within the sewage field. It Is further assumed that complete reflection
at the water surface takes place as the lighter density sewage rises to
the surface, analogous to fluids 1n the Sutton diffusion equation.
11
-------
The plume standard deviations (having units of length) are functions
of the diffusion time or distance from the source and are estimated
from the dye-plume concentration data. For example. 1n the lateral
direction, Sy 1s determined by the relation
%¦[ - •••<>
where Rj = aye concentration at lateral distance yj measured from a
reference position.
The vertical standard deviation S2 can be determined 1n a similar
May only 1f vertical concentration profiles are obtained. Having
estimates of Su, Sz at several downstream locations, functional
forms for Sy, $z can be determined using regression techniques.
Plume Standard Deviations
Theory (14) Indicates that for a field of homoqeneous turbulence, Sy
and Sz grow linearly with distance at first and then approach a one*-
half power growth with distance from the source. The theoretical ex-
pressions for small and large travel times are given (for the lateral
direction) by
2 2 2
(a) Sy = v i. for small t,
2 I
(b) Sy = 2v t^t for large t,
2
where v 1s the rms value of the turbulent velocity fluctuations In
the lateral direction, and t. 1s the Lagranglan time-scale of turbu-
lence for that direction. No theoretical expression exists for Inter-
mediate travel times. To use the equations 1t 1s necessary to have a
record of the Instantaneous lateral velocity component. This Infor-
mation was not obtained. Furthermore, the turbulence field 1s not
homogeneous,at least 1n the vertical direction, and empirical forms for
Sy, Sz were chosen to allow for the effects of stability and shear.
Appropriate expressions for Sy, Sz for the single outlet outfall in-
vestigated are given by
Sy - Sy0 [1 ~ X/XQ ]«•
Sz - Sz0 [1 ~ X/X0]n
. . .(3)
. . .(4)
12
-------
where Xq 1s the distance upstream from the center of the "boll" to
the location 1f a virtual point source having strength Q and Sy0,
are the standard deviations of the plume (boll) at X ¦ o. Equa-
tions 1, 3, and 4 then constitute the diffusion model for estfoatlng
downstream concentrations of sewage effluent from an ocean outfall
having a single outlet.
The Initial dimensions at the surface of the rising sewage field are
given by 4.3 Sy0 and 2.15 Szq if It Is assumed that the concentration
at the edges or the boll 1s defined as one-tenth the peak concentration
at the boll center at the surface. The parameters Xo, Sy0, SZn. m,
and n are found by fitting Equations 3 and 4 to the dye-pTurae traverse
data.
Diffusion Coefficient
Lateral and vertical components of the eddy dlffuslvlty tensor (tur-
bulent diffusion coefficient) can be determined from the profiles of
dye concentration. For homogeneous turbulence, the lateral component
of the eddy dlffuslvlty for mass transport, Ky, 1s related to the stan-
dard deviation of concentration by
as 2
Ky = 1/2 5y .
at . • .(5)
From the theoretical relations stated earlier for Sy, 1t 1s apparent
that Ky grows linearly with diffusion time at first and eventually
approaches a constant asymptotic value proportional to the time-scale
of turbulence. When two or more good cross sections of the pi line are
available, eddy dlffusivlty can be calculated by the relation
Ku = u . ASy . . .(6)
y i r*—
where u Is the current speed and A represents a finite Increment. If
accurate estimates of Sy? snd ax cannot be obtained, then Ky can be
estimated by
Ky = U (Sy - Syo) ^ _ . . . (7)
7 X
Pollutant release rate
Assuming a first-order decay rate function for collform bacteria, the
effective pollutant release rate Q Is given by
Q = Q0 . exp[-kt] . . .(8)
13
-------
where Qq ¦ sewage release rate,
k •> conform die-off factor,
and t ° pollutant travel time.
The die-off factor k 1s determined by fitting the equation
(MF)t ¦ (MF)o.exp [-kt] . . .(9)
to the die-off data, where (NF)0 1s the 1i itlal collfonn count at time
zero.
Diffusion Model
The Gaussian distribution for homogeneous turbulence Is a solution to
the classical turbulent diffusion equation where if (x,y,z) 1s an estimable
average concentration and the diffusion coefficients are related to the
plume standard deviations as 1n Equation 5. H(x,y,z) Is determined by
averaging a large number of Instantaneous concentration fields, ff(x,y,z),
all obtained under Identical external conditions. In reality, YT(x,y,z)
1' very difficult and costly to determine and can be approximated by a
time-mean concentration field obtained with fixed position samples. How-
ever, in "ocean1c diffusion, the determination of the time-mean concen-
tration field 1s also difficult and costly.
It 1s reasonable to assume, If current speed and hence turbulence level
remain fairly constant with time, that N(x,y,z), the Instantaneous
concentration field which Is sampled here, does not differ significantly
over a short time period from tf(x,y,z). Equation 1 then Is assumed to
be applicable to instantaneous concentration fields as well, but only
during the finite time Interval that current speed and turbulence level
remain constant.
The diffusion model used here and assumed to be applicable to single
outlet ocean outfalls where the sewage rises to the surface and forms
a "boil" is given (from equations 1, 3, 4, 8) by
N = exp [-ktl . [l+X/X0]-(m+n) •exp[-l/2(y/Sy)2-l/2(z/Sz)2] . . ,(10)
NJ DP
where N = concentration at any point (x,y,z),
Nj = Initial concentration in outfall pipe,
14
-------
Dp c peak dilution In rising to the surface
= Nf/Np
= HU Sy0SZn/Q0,
•yoWV
. . .(11)
and Np - peak concentration at point (0,0,0),
The average dilution (Da = Nj/Na, where Na is the average concentra-
tion in the boil) 1s related to the peak dilution by
Equations 3 and 10 (with k = o and y = z = o) are plotted 1n Figures 4
and 5 with four values of the exponent (m + n).
Figures 4 and 5 illustrate that surface concentrations close to the boil
x/x0 <1 are practically unaffected by the plume growth rate which is a
function of turbulence level. The predominant variable at close dis-
tances to the boil is the size of the boll itself which Is related to
the initial dilution, Dp, which in turn Is dependent on sewage/sea water
density difference, water temperature profile or stability, current speed,
current vector profile, discharge port conditions, and water depth. At
large downstream distances, X/X0 >10, the initial "boil" size loses its
effect on axial concentration and the plume grows with distance as would
an equivalent point source.
The surface layer is an extremely complex system of motions having a
wide range of scales. In some instances (perhaps most instances) ad-
vective effects are more crucial than turbulence effects. On windy
days, however, turbulence will be generated both by shear of the wind-
driven currents and by thermal instability due to surface cooling. For
deep waters, on-shore surface currents will be deflected towards the
riyht (looking at the shore) when the wind is blowing towards the shore.
For shallow waters, the effects of bottom friction are felt at the sur-
fa:e with the result that on-shore currents will be deflected south-
ward with a NE wind and northward with a SE wind. Theoretically, the
worst situation occurs with NE winds in which case the surface currents
Da = 2.47Dp>
• • .(12)
15
-------
x/x0
FIGURE 4 - LATERAL STANDARD DEVIATION VS. DISTANCE DIFFUSION MODEL
16
-------
FIGURE 5 - SURFACE AXIAL CONCENTRATION VS. DISTANCE DIFFUSION MODEL
17
-------
are subjected to a spiral motion changing from clockwise to counter-
clockwise moving shoreward from deep to shallower water. The effect
of strong winds on the surface sewage-field then. Is to disrupt the
plume making analytical analysis very difficult. With light winds,
or with winds blowing parallel to the existing current direction, the
sewage plume would be near symmetrical and analytical models can be
utilized.
Another Important effect of strong cross current winds is that the
sewage will be mixed deeper on the windward side of the plume causing
a marked skewness of lateral concentrations. Also, strlatlons (streaks)
or separations develop 1n the plume during the Initial stages of dif-
fusion and these are amplified with time. The resulting sewage-field
pattern will have one or more concentration peaks at any cross section.
The structure beneath the surface 1s even more complex. To correctly
consider vertical diffusion, a knowledge of the differences In the
complexity of the structure at various levels 1s essential. In general,
the dispersion varies from layer to layer and the presence of Internal
waves and horizontal shear gradients have a direct effect on vertical
diffusion. Even in the absence of surface effects, sufficient turbulence
may be generated by the presence of Internal waves and horizontal shear
gradients so as to disperse the sewage in the vertical direction. This
effect becomes more pronounced downstream since the Initial buoyancy of
the sewage Is rapidly decaying with travel time as the sewage field be-
comes more dilute.
Extensive field investigations would then appear to be the most effective
source of estimating sewage-field concentrations. The combined inter-
play of empirical and analytical studies should provide reliable pollution
forecasting procedures.
18
-------
SECTION V
RESULTS OF STUDIES
This section contains a description of the results of each of the four
diffusion studies and of the various aquatic studies conducted over the
three-year period from July 1968 to July 1971. A discussion of the re-
sults Is contained 1n Section VI.
Ocean Diffusion Studies
A general description of the oceanographlc and meteorological conditions
existing at the time of each of the thirteen experiments 1s presented In
Table 2. The letters "P" and "H" preceding the experiment numbers sig-
nify the Pompano and Hollywood outfalls, respectively.
Poopano Studies, August 1968. Six experiments Involving the release and
subsequent sampling of tracer dye were conducted at the Pompano outfall
In August, 1968. The water temperature was approximately 85 F for all of
the experiments and a vertical temperature gradient of approximately
-0.1°F per 5 feet was observed.
Little information concerning a diffusion model can be obtained from ex-
periments P2 and P4 because of the very low current speed. The dye-plume
during experiment P2 was first observed to be 1n a northeasterly direc-
tion, then southwardly with the tlde-Hne shortly before low tide. Two
hours later the dye-plume was heading southwest. In spite of the erratic
current pattern, the dye field was continuously sampled. Because of the
extreme calm conditions encountered during experiment P4, no downstream
traverses were made. However, the "boll" appeared Intermittently and
several traverses were made to determine the dilution of the rising sewage-
dye mixture between the month of the outfall and the surface.
Experiment P6 Initially offered great promise of meaningful data concerning
diffusion modeling. An extremely well defined plume, as shown 1n Figure
C3, was observed to be moving directly north at the beginning of the tra-
verses approximately 2 1/2 hours after the start of release. Several traversi
were made downstream to approximately 3000 feet from the source. However,
the plume was very narrow and plume width (hence, values of Sy) could not
be determined to a sufficient degree of accuracy from the shore-based
transit stations. Traverses were then made at approximately 6000 feet from
the source and here 1t was observed that the plume had split-up Into at
least three sections covering a width of approximately 3000 feet. At 15,000
feet downstream from the source, the lateral spread of the dye-plume sec-
tions was at least 5000 feet. The reasons for the plume break-up are at-
tributed to a 20 foot sl1ck-11ne which moved 1n-shore and crossed the plume
as well as strlatlons which undoubtedly had developed 1n the direction of
the 10 know wind which was at an angle with the plume axis.
19
-------
TABLE 2
OCEANOGRAPHIC AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS DURING DIFFUSION STUDIES
Exp.
Date
Wind
Current
Sea
JT"
Tide
Remarks
Knots
From
Knots
From
Ft.
Plume Behavior
PI
8/06/68
8
NE
0.3
SSE
2
L
Slightly meandering
P2
8/07/68
12
NE
0.1
-
1
L
No definite plume
P3
8/08/68
8
E
0.3
SSE
2
L
Partly submerged
P4
8/12/68
8
SE
0.1
-
calm
H
No definite plume
P5
8/14/68
12
SE
1.4
s
4
H
MeandeM ng
P6
8/15/68
10
SE
0.6
SE
3
H
Extremely narrow plume
P7
12/10/68
15
NE
0.4
NE
5
KL
Bent towards shore
P8
12/17/68
10
N
0.55
N
2
L
Partly submerged
P9
12/17/68
5
N
0.4
NNE
2
Well defined
PIO
12/18/68
12
NE
0.6
N
4
L
Well defined
HI
5/20/69
5
NE
0.6
SE
2
L
Bent towards shore
H2
12/11/69
15
NW
0.3
N
1-2
L
No definite plume
H3
12/12/69
20
N
0.35
N
1-2
L
Well defined
*E1ther low (L) or high (H) tide occurred during experiment of approximately 4 hours duration.
-------
As mentioned earlier, experiments PI, P3, and P5 were used 1n a diffu-
sion model study* Experiment P3 offers more realistic data, since the
dye was completely mixed with the sewage field. For this experiment,
dye concentrations were also obtained 1n the outfall pipe. Divers posi-
tioned the dye sampler 1n the pipe outlet, and the concentration of the
dye In the dye-sewage mixture was determined by diluting the sauries and
running them through the fluorometer. The divers observed that the plume
rose nearly vertically for approximately 10 feet above the mouth of the
outfall then the plume sharply leveled off, traveling at a slight upward
angle to the water surface where a "boll" formed. The dye-concentration
within the "boll" was 4.81 ppb. This corresponds to an initial dilution
due to rising of 92:1 for the conditions existing during experiment P3.
An Increase In release rate will cause a corresponding decrease In dilu-
tion. The observed reduction then, 1s valid only when one sewage pump
1s on line (approximately 2600 GPM) as was the case for experiment P3.
Results of coHform counts are presented 1n Table 3.
Pompano Studies. December. 1968. Four successful tracer-dye studies were
conducted at Pompano during December, 1968. A 30 percent rhodamlne dye
solution was continuously released at a constant rate directly Into the
sewage at the Pompano Beach lift station. The sewage flow rate was ap-
proximately 2600 GPM through the 7200 foot length of 24-Inch diameter
outfall pipe. It was observed that the sewage-dye mixture surfaced
approximately 100 minutes after the start of the dye Injection. Once
the sewage-dye plume had become established, repetitive traverses of the
plume were made. CoHform die-off studies were also conducted and the
combined effects of natural die-off and dilution of the sewage plume are
presented.
Because of the extremely high coHform die-off rates observed during the
summer studies at Pompano, the worst situation concerning pollution was
expected to occur during the winter. Figure 6 shows the approximate
positions of the plume center-Hnes for both the summer and winter dye
experiments. The worst of these, from a pollution standpoint. Is the
winter experiment, Number P7. This Is obvious since the plume center-
line Is the closest to the shore-line. However, winter experiment Num-
ber P9 had the highest center-line concentration. Both of these plumes
are presented 1n Figure 7. The western boundary or edge of each plume
1s located at a distance of 2.IS Sy from the plume center-line and the
concentration at a point on the plume edge 1s 10 percent of the center-
line concentration adjacent to that point. In Figure 7, plume-edge con-
centrations are shown at 2000 foot Intervals. The concentrations, MPN/100
ml, are per 1000 GPM of sewage discharged and die-off has been considered.
Wind directions are also shown. These two plumes are Indicative of the
phenomena which take place. In one case, the wind 1s along the plume axis
and the resulting narrow plume has relatively high concentrations. For
the other case, the wind 1s strong and towards the shore causing the plune
to bend 1n the direction of the wind. This spiral action promotes widen-
ing of the plume and relatively low concentrations result. Should this
latter situation (strong on-shore winds) persist for several hours, there
Is little doubt that a pollution hazard could exist provided the sewage
discharge rate was of the magnitude of 10,000 GPM or more.
21
-------
8/14/68
Pompano
Outfall
FIGURE 6 - DIRECTION OF PLUME AXIS OF ALL EXPERIMENTS REPORTED
Hlllsboro Inlet
Discharge
Pompano
Pier
Lighthouse
Towers
• ••1
SCALE 1" - 2000'
-------
FIGURE 7 - COLIFORM CONCENTRATION (MPN/lOO ML/IOOO GPM) ALONG WESTERN EDGE
OF SEWAGE PLUME AT 2000' INTERVALS. EXPERIMENTS PI AND P5.
(COLIFORM DIE-OFF CONSIDERED.)
Outfall
-------
TABLE 3
COLIFORM DIE-OFF DATA
POMPANO BEACH, FLORIDA
Trial 1. August 7, 1968 Trial 2. September 4, 1968
Zero time
2 x 106 Collforms/100 ml.
1 hour ^
61 x 10-eoH«rms/100 ml.,
Sample #1
71 x 10* Col 1 forms/100 ml..
Sample #2
3 hour
25 x 103 Collforms/100 ml.,
Sample #1
16 x 103 Col1forms/I00 ml..
Sample #2
6 hour
15 x 10* Collforms/100 ml..
Only Sample
Hater temperature - 85°F average.
Zero time ^
J93Jflix©HftfrSs/100 ml.
1 hour
30 x 104 Col1 forms/100 ml.,
Sample #1
40 x 10* Collforms/100 ml.,
Sample #2
2 hour
29 x 103 Collforms/100 ml.,
Sample #1
16 x 103 Collforms/100 ml.,
Sample #2
4 hour
24 x 10* Collforms/100 ml.,
Sample #1
50 x 102 Collforms/100 ml..
Sample #2
6 hour
7 x 10* Col1forms/I00 ml..
Sample #1
15 x 10* Collforms/100 ml..
Sample 12
Values for samples #1 and #2
represent averages of three
determinations each sample.
Hater temperature - 89°F average.
Salinity - 33.54*.
24
-------
Profiles of measured dye-coneentratIons and the fitted Gaussian distri-
butions presented 1n Appendix A show that the data can be represented
reasonably well by a Gaussian distribution, particularly If trlnd and
current are In the same direction. This 1s evidenced by experiments 91
and P8. On the other hand, wh$p-44te Mind cuts across the plume, the
dye (and the sewage) wlllh&'iffixed deeper on the windward side of the
plume, result 1ng1j^A--s*ewness of the concentration distribution. This
s1tuat1oiui«-+fftfstrated in Appendix A by experiment P10.
Hoi1 wood Study, Hay. 1969. One successful experiment was conducted at
the Hollywood outfall in May, 1969, at which time the outfall had been
temporarily terminated at about 5000 feet offshore. The sewage flow
was approximately 10,000 GPM through the 60-Inch outfall pipe. The dye
was first observed at the terminus about 205 minutes from the time It
was first Introduced Into the lift station. The terminus Itself was
oriented such that the effluent was discharged straight upward through
a 48-1nch port.
The plume headed west-northwest from the boll toward the shore as shown
by Figure 8. Traverses were made after the plume was established and
aerial photography was also used to define the plume (Figure C4). Divers
sampled the end of the pipe for rhodamlne concentration, salinity, tem-
perature, and coliforms. These data are presented In Tables 4-6. Con-
form samples were collected concurrently with the rhodamlne on various
locations, with dilution and plating being accomplished within five
minutes of collection. Locations of sampling points are shown In Figure
8. The resulting collform counts are contained 1n Table 6. Dye was
released again on the following day; however, the oceanographlc con-
ditions were such that a large spiral was formed which had no distinct
axis. One part of this plume split off and headed ashore. It could be
followed visually about one-third of the distance to the shoreline. No
fluorometry was done.
It was obvious that an unfavorable situation had been Investigated wherein
the sewage plume was directed toward the shore where It presented a pos-
sible pollution hazard. However, 1t was assumed that the Increased sewage
travel time and initial dilution and dispersion resulting from the exten-
sion of the outfall to Its full length would prevent such an unfavorable
situation.
The data used for estimating the plume standard deviations were obtained
within the first 4200 feet of plume. Beyond this distance, the plume
lost its identity because of the southerly drift of the near shore waters.
The center-line concentration was reduced by a factor of approximately 15
during the first 4200 feet of travel. Combining diffusion and Initial
dilution thtn, the overall reduction in center-line (peak) concentration
at a distance of 4200 feet downstream (approximately 1 1/2 hours travel time)
is 150:1. Beyond 4200 feet, the data are practically meaningless because
25
-------
FIGURE 8 - SEWAGE-DYE PLUME PATTERN
HOLLYWOOD, FLORIDA NAY 20, 1959
- LOCATION OF POINTS SAMPLED FOR
COL I FORM COUNTS
SCALE 1" - 2000'
-------
TABLE 4
CONCENTRATION DATA
Experiment 1, Hay 20, 1969
DYE PLUME
1. Dye Release Rate, 3.24 lb/hr
2. Calculated Initial Dye Concentration, 720 ppt> at outlet
3. Measured Initial Dye Concentration, 510 ppb at outlet
4. Peak Dye Concentration at Boll 70 ppb
5. Peak Initial Dilution ¦ 7.3:1 (Based on Item 3)
10.3:1 (Based on Item 2)
6. Lateral Standard Deviation, « S^O X/X0)1,29
7. Vertical Standard Deviation, S_ ¦ S„
2 ZO
8. X0 « 600 Ft., S^ - 21 Ft., $ZQ - 3 Ft.
9. Boll Width, 4.3 SyQ - 90 Ft.
SEWAGE PLUME
1. Sewage Release Rate, Q » 1200 Ft^ oin~*
2. Measured Initial CoHform Count, Nj ¦ 2 * 106/100 ml at outlet
3. Average Conform Count at Boil, N ¦ 4 x 10^/100 ml
0
4. Average Initial Dilution 8 50:1
5. Calculated Average Initial Dilution, 7.8u S S^/Q ¦ 25:1
6. Calculated Peak Initial Dilution, nu Sy0SZ)J/Q ¦ 10;1
7. Surface Concentration Model, N/Nj ¦ 0.1 (1 ~ X/X0)~*,Z9 exp-(y*/2Sy*]
27
-------
TABLE 5
C011F0RM COUNTS AT BOIL, HOLLYWOOD OUTFALL
Pate
3/27/69
4/03/69
4/11/69
4/21/69
4/30/69
5/15/69
Collforws/100 ml
4.2 x 104
1.3 x 106
4.3 x 105
2.1 x 107
4.7 x 107
2.9 x 105
Previous 24-hr. Rain
0.69"
0
0.13"
0
0
0.45"
TABLE 6
COLIFORM COUNTS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Experiment 1, May 20. 1969
Grab Sample
Location
boll)
outfall outlet)
Co11fonns/100 ml
.4
4
2
6
6.6
2
23
33
37
38
43
,06
10®
103
103
103
See Flo 're 6.
28
-------
of the slowly shifting current which had spread the plune In most direc-
tions. The grab sauries taken at locations 6-10 (Figure 8), for exaaple.
show lower than expected counts since they were oost likely taken In the
southern edge of the sewage field. Also, the travel tine of these sasples
cannot be estimated, hence, die-off cannot be properly accounted for.
For meaningful collfora concentration results. It Is necessary to know the
travel time of the saople taken.
In all, the overall reduction In collfora concentration was observed to
be 1000:1 after approximately 1 1/2 hours of travel at a distance of 3000
feet from the shore-line.
Hollywood Studies. December. 1969. During Deceefter, 1969, two experiments
(HZ and H3) were conducted at the Hollywood outfall which had recently
been extended to 9700 feet. A 20 percent Rhodanrine-VT dye solution was
continuously released at a constant rate Into the sewage at the Hollywood
lift plant. The sewage flow rate was approximately 1300 cubic feet per
minute through the 60-Inch outfall.
On December 11, the current direction changed practically a full 360
degrees during experiment H2 with the result that no sewage-dye pi tare
was available for sampling. However, a good estimate of Initial dilu-
tion of the sewage-dye plune in rising to the surface as well as In situ
collform counts were determined.
The second experiment, H3, on December 12, was successful In that a well
defined plume was available for sampling. The results of both experiments
are presented in Tables 7-11.
As was the case for the majority of all diffusion studies, the water tem-
perature was relatively constant with depth (see Table 11); therefore,
some degree of diffusion in the vertical direction was expected. A plune
did not develop for experiment H2 although an average current speed of
0.3 knots was obtained. The plume was directed toward the south in exper-
iment H3 at an average speed of 0.35 knots and the plume was found to grow
in the lateral direction to almost the first power with distance fron the
boll. The actual calculated value was 0.996. Sampling In the vertical
direction was not done because of time limitations.
In addition to the two diffusion studies, coliform die-off trials were
conducted on December 9. Two mixtures of sewage and sea water were pre-
pared in 20 gallon palls which were floated in the Inlet water near the
Florida Ocean Sciences Institute's laboratory. Subsequent collform counts
were made to determine the effects of direct sunlight on collform die-off.
One of the pails was covered while the other was exposed. The die-off
results presented in Figure 9 are not in agreement with those found In the
earlier studies. In fact, they were found to he at least one order of nag-
nitude greater than those previously found. However, the collfora reduc-
tion In one container relative to that in the other clearly shows that for
the travel times of Interest (about four hours) a further reduction of ten
to one will occur during conditions of clear, sunny skies (exposed con-
tainer) as opposed to overcast conditions (covered container). This would
also Imply that nighttime collform reductions are less than those occurring
during daylight hours.
29
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TABLE 7
COLIFORH COUNTS AND LOCATION
(Hollywood Outfall)
Date
Sample Location
Water
Depth
Collfonns
/100 ml
Dye
Concentration
(ft.)
(HF)
(PPfc)
12/11/69
Sewage plant
-
60 x 106
£60.
Experiment H2
Outfall outlet
90
20 x 106
310.
At boll
4
13 x 105
10.4
At boll
4
14 x 105
8.1
At boll
3
16 x 105
5.1
At boll
2
18 x 105
6.9
400 ft. N of boll
6
35 x 104
0.96
900 ft. E of boll
2
74 x 104
3.4
2000 ft. NE of boil
3
35 x 104
0.43
12/12/69
Sewage plant
-
NA
540.*
Experiment H3
At boll
3
50 x 104
9.3
At boll
3
30 x 104
6.2
1500 ft. S of boll
3
9 x 104
1.7
*S1nce these values are not 1n agreement, Initial concentrations
of dye determined by sampling at sewage plant may be in error.
30
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TABLE 8
CONCENTRATION DATA
DYE PLUME
HI
12/11/69
Exoerlment
H2
12/12/69
1.
Dye Release Rate, Ib/hr
1.62
1.88
2.
Calculated Initial Con-
centration, ppb*
350
385
3.
Measured Initial Concentra-
tion, ppb
310
NA
4.
Peak Concentration at Boll,
ppb
12.0
12.4
5.
Peak Initial Dilution, Dp
26:1
31:1 (Est.)
6.
Latere ?*andard Deviation
NA
W(1+X/Xo)l00
7.
Vertlc. S.jndard Deviation
NA
NA
8.
v v v <">
-
800, 124, NA
9.
toll Math, -'.3 S (ft)
-
530
10.
Calculated, S20 (ft)**
-
2.9
SEWAGE PLUME
1.
Sewage Release Rate,
Q, ft.3 m1n.-l
1300 (Est.)
1300 (Est.)
2.
Initial Collform Count,
MF/100 ml***
40 x 106
NA
3.
Peak Collform Count at
Boll
18 x 105
40 x 104
4.
Peak Initial Dilution, Dp
22:1
-
*Rat1o of dye release rate to sewage release rate.
***Average of counts taken at sewage plant and at outfall outlet,
"calculated from *uSy0$20/Q ¦ 0p.
31
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TABLE 9
FLUORWETER CALIBRATION
Scale Setting Scale Factor
(ppb per chart division)
IX 2.3S
3X 0.86
10X 0.31
30X 0.071
TABLE 10
DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTS*
Experiment
Oye Release (201)
Current
Waves
tHnd
Sky
Number
Date
Amount(lbs) Tlme(mln)
Knots
Ft.
Knots
ICIear
HI
12/11/69
48.4 359
0.3
1-2
NOT 5
80
H2
12/12/69
62.7 400
0.35
1-2
N20
80
'conducted approximately 3 hours after high tide.
TABLE 11
WATER TEMPERATURE, SALINITY PROFILE
(Near Hollywood Outfall)
Location Temperature °C Salinity %
HI
12/11/69
H2
12/12/69
HI
12/11/69
H2
12/12/69
Surface
23.55
23.85
35.75
33.59
10 ft.
23.64
23.85
35.85
33.57
30 ft.
23.65
23.90
35.86
33.63
50 ft.
23.84
23.81
36.00
33.67
80 ft.
24.00
23.88
36.18
33.45
32
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Biological Studies
Initial Hollywood Study, July. 1968. The first study conducted at Holly-
wood, prior to outfall construction, was a transect In which nine samples
were collected. Table D1 In the Appendix shows the cooposltlon of the
plankton 1n the top two feet of water. There were a total of 42 species,
a relatively small number. Three of these, Indicated by asterisks, are
provisional names assigned by the Investigators so that the organisms
might be referred to 1n the future. These results were similar to pre-
vious Pompano studies 1n that the nuntoers showed a tendency to decrease
with Increasing distance from shore.
Two cores, from the 15-foot depth inshore, were found to be fine sand
with no evidence of silt. Table D2 in the Appendix contains a list of
the species found. The number of organisms is quite small for an Inter-
face sample, and the lack of dilates—both of the species listed could
be from the p1ankton--1s quite puzzling.
There were small numbers of Euglena sj>.In the cores, and this may be a
significant organism In that tnls was the first record of Euglena for the
Florida waters. Its previous appearances 1n Great South Bay In New York
and In South San Francisco Bay had been preceded by organic pollution.
The numbers of organisms 1n the catch from four tows off Hollywood are
shown 1n Table D3 in the Appendix. In each case, these were the organ-
isms strained from a column of water, eight Inches 1n diameter and about
100 feet long, with a volume of about 150 liters. Using these figures,
there would have been very few organisms per liter. In this case, as In
previous studies at Boca Raton, the population shown by towing was very
small. Total numbers were not added because of size diversity and because
the net was not calibrated. The data from two Gulf Stream tows and one
inshore tow are presented in Table D4 in the Appendix. The dominant group
in both cases was Dlnoflagellata. Actinaria were numerous but no Radlo-
laria were found. The total number of organisms was again quite small.
Hollywood Study, August 1968. A set of transect samples out to the 10,000
foot point were analyzed on August 31, 1968. The results are presented
1n Table 05 1n the Appendix. It was similar to the July set In that 1t
showed few spec1es~39—and few numbers per ml of raw water. The numbers
per ml, the lowest ever recorded for the coastal area of southeastern
Florida, Indicated a very low nutrient level. A set of cores from 10,
54, and 60 foot depths was examined on August 30, 1968. A list of the
organisms found 1s shown 1n Table D6 in the Appendix. A rather surpris-
ingly large number of species (110) was secured. CHiates were particu-
larly plentiful with more than 39 being Identified. Whatever the over-
lying water lacked 1n nutrients, the bottom did not. The organisms were
not only widely varied in the interface but were also very numerous.
33
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Ho1)w°°d and Boca Raton Studies. October 1968. Samples were taken at
1000 foot Intervals from the beach out nearly to the Florida Current at
Hollywood. Table 07 1n the Appendix shows the species and ninbers per
ml found In eight samples. More than 65 species occurred 1n the plank-
ton and some samples had relatively high numbers per ml. Most of the
plankton consisted of diatoms. There were many species of dlnoflagel-
lates jut relatively few cells. This bloom of mixed diatoms produced
a considerably higher population than had been observed In the August
study, but still not high enough to cause discoloration of the water.
The higher population probably represents a more nutrient-rich water.
This set of transect samples had the highest population per ml of all
previously recorded from Boca Raton to Hollywood. While three species
of diatoms were primarily responsible for the high population, the popu-
lations of other species were also high.
Several cores were taken from Hollywood and Boca Raton. Table 08 1n the
Appendix lists the organisms from rather moderate depths at Boca Raton
and Table A9 lists those from lesser to moderate depths at Hollywood.
There was a rather frequently occurring species 11st for all Interfaces,
but there were also organisms which rarely occurred. It 1s felt that
the depths of water Involved (50 to 90 feet) were not critical for
chlorophyll containing organisms. Also, for many species, an Interface
within two or three feet of the surface yielded as many organisms as one
at 90 feet. Nevertheless, there were some species which seemed restricted
to the deeper water.
The interface at Boca Raton was a rather tough crust. Red patches, due
to filamentous blue green algae and especially to the three species of
Lyngbya listed, were apparent even without magnification. These cores
also contained a large number of colorless Euglenlds, a relatively small
number of diatom species, and a large number of dilate species. There
were five species, denoted 1n the table by "p.n." and an asterisk, which
the Investigators have failed to find 1n available literature and which
are believed to be new.
The Hollywood cores (Table 09) were from water containing fine debris and
somewhat lowered visibility. The smaller number of species was not explic-
able. There were fewer Euglenlds and dilates than 1n the cores taken at
Boca Raton, and, due to the softer crust, much fewer numbers of Lyngbya.
This blue-green algae apparently has a prominent role In crust bullalng
due to Its persistent and tough sheaths. This 1s not the case with the
filamentous sulfur bacteria which were abundant at Hollywood.
Curiously, even 1n cores taken at 30 feet, the blue-green algae were pink
1n color. Diatoms were abundant but dilates were sparse. All species
of dilates observed were common. The Hollywood cores also contained
three possibly new organisms.
34
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Hollywood and Pompano Beach Studies, February and March 1969. Transects
were analyzed at Pon^ano Beach and at Hollywood in February 1969 and at
Pompano Beach 1n March. Slides left exposed for 48 hours were counted
for each transect. A total of 17 cores were obtained, four In February
from Hollywood and two 1n March from beyond the Pompano outfall at a
depth of 150 feet.
Table 010 in the Appendix is a list of the species found In each of the
three transects. It 1s quantitative 1n that 1t shows (1) the maximum num-
ber in any one of the samples at each of the three locations, (2) the total
number of species for each sample, and (3) the nunber of samples which con-
tained the species In the volume of water (100 ml) examined. Only 107 spe-
cies were found and only about 20 of these were common to all three loca-
tions. Considering that 26 samples were examined, the diversity of species
was not great. All major groups of plankton algae and protozoa were repre-
sented, but there were a predominance of diatoms and dlnoflagellates along
with a limited number of protozoa except for zooflagellates. The condi-
tions represented are presumably of a highly mineralized continental shelf
water but one low 1n nutrients.
As Illustrated In Table 011, there was little difference between the results
of the Hollywood transect and the results of the two at Pompano. There were
no Indications of blooms or of sewage enrichment, either in the vicinity of
the outfalls or at any point along the transects.
All of the species listed in Table 010 are common in inshore waters. Some
of them have not been located in available literature and may be new or
undescrlbed species, but this 1s to be expected in the examination of so
many samples.
Table D12 is a 11st, without nunters per ml, of an assemblage of suspended
and swlmnlng organisms taken 1n March, 1969, just above the Pompano cores.
Half of these organisms did not occur in the 26 samples of Table 010. It
was quite Interesting that only seven of the 28 species were non-photosyn-
thetic. All of the photosynthetlc forms were motile and presumably healthy.
According to the divers who took the samples, the light at this depth (150
feet) was good.
Many of the deep water species were also common 1n the Interface of cores
taken from depths of 60 to 100 feet but were extremely rare 1n surface
plankton. Such species are apparently able to move a short distance above
the Interface but are normally bottom dwellers. If swept Into suspension,
they will attach to any solid substance with which they happen to come 1n
contact. Four of the above species were commonly found 1n samples from
moderate depths. Yet even the diatom, Asterionella kariana. which was
found 1n very large numbers at moderate depths, was never observed in the
surface plankton.
Table 013 1n the Appendix is a 11st of species in four Interface samples
at Hollywood at depths of 30 to 80 feet, and those 1n six Interface sam-
ples at depths of 90 to 150 feet at Pompano Beach and Delray Beach. Three
of these, as Indicated 1n the table, were taken directly beneath the sewer
outfalls.
35
-------
The ten samples of Table D13 should include the more common species for
sandy bottoms at considerable depths. That an area of three or four
square Inches 1s far from inclusive of the whole species group 1s evi-
dent by comparing the total number of species, 143. for the ten cores
with each individual core. Only one core approximated even half the
total number of species. Virtually all of the samples were sand or sand-
shell of varying degrees of coarseness and any organic matter present
would have been interstitial. Nevertheless, organlcs were in sufficient
quantities that substantial numbers of organisms could be present. Dia-
toms were usually most abundant. If It were possible to identify all of
the diatoms and the other species as well, the total species number would
substantially increase.
There were no sharp differences between the Hollywood cores and those
from the other locations. There was some evidence that more organic
matter was present 1n the Pompano-Delray cores; the comparable cores In
columns 6, 9, and 10 reflected this by their larger number of species.
This was to be expected since the Pompano Beach, Boca Raton, and Delray
Beach ourfalls discharged raw sewage. Cores 5, 7, and 8 showed a decided
effect of sewage by having large numbers of sulfur bacteria with an almost
total reduction of diatoms. In fact, these cores had dilates as the
greatest number of species and greatest blomass.
A mound, about 15 Inches high and three to four feet across, which had
built up beneath the Pompano outfall during a period of minimal current
action, was cored on March 17, 1969. It was found to be composed mostly
of sand with some large granules which appeared to be a tarry material.
Material from the mound was quite malodorous.
The mound material contained a high sulfur bacteria population of the
genera Thiovulum, Thiothrix, and certain species of Beggiatoa. Free
living bacteria were also abundant, as evidenced by botn visual observa-
tion and by the biota present. The biota also included three or more
species of worms in abundance (as many as six In a two inch core) and
two or more copepods. One diatom, Navicula, was recorded. The remain-
ing species were large ciHates. In general, the biota of the mound
differed sharply from that of other areas tested.
Judging from the sulfur bacteria, the dominance of facultative dilates,
and the lack of photosynthetlc organisms, conditions 1n the Interface
beneath the outfall were anaerobic.
Due to the apparent difference between the plankton 1n the Florida Current
and that of the shelf water, these two areas were sampled extensively
during the February-March study. Ten samples were taken on February 11,
at the depths Indicated In Table D14, using both a Clarke-Bumpus sampler
and a water bottle. A No. 20 net was used as well as a centrifuge for
nannoplankton. Two more surface towings, one in the Florida Current and one
in shelf water, were made on February 14, again on March 18, and once
again on March 20. Since the catches in the later samplings were quite
36
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similar to those for the first shown In Table 014. no tabulation 1s
presented. However, a 11st of species different from those In Table
D14 Is presented In Table D15. The latter table provides an Indica-
tion of the uniformity of the two locations.
Hollywood and Pompano Beach Studies. June 23-26. 1969
In the four days of field work on this occasion, transects were run
from Pompano Beach to the Florida Current and from Hollywood well out
Into deep water. The transects were part of a routine check designed
to take Into account seasonal changes as well as any effects of the
Incoming sewage. The Hollywood outfall had begun discharging effluent
at 5,000 feet the previous March and this was the first study conducted
after that time.
The sediment-water Interface was also studied at both locations. In the
outfall area and some distance f-om It, In an effort to provide a more
exact study of sewage effects on bottom organisms and also to deter-
mine how far from the outfall the zone of Influence extended.
The first transect was run on June 23 from the beach to the Florida Current
at Pompano Beach. This followed several days of high temperatures,
minimum winds, and heavy rainfall. The sanpllng crew reported about 18
Inches of cloudy water on the surface out to Station 7 with only the
last three Stations being 1n clear water. Sallnometer checks revealed
the cloudy water to be quite brackish. Stations 8, 9, and 10 had normal
Florida Current sallnltes.
Plankton was sparse. As shown by Table A16, a total of 42 species oc-
curred 1n all Pompano samples. All three Florida Current samples con-
tained a total of 16 species of which only seven also appeared In the
shelf samples.
The shelf water was markedly richer In nutrients than the Florida Current
water. A small centric diatom, Cyclotella sp.. occurred 1n bloom num-
bers at Stations 1 to 4. The diatom, SteTetonema costatum. was abun-
dant. The population, while few 1n species, was generally more dense
than 1s common 1n this area. This was especially true of the February
numbers at both Pompano and Hollywood, and while total numbers 1n March
(Table D10) were equally high, this was usually for one station, whereas
the high numbers at Pompano 1n June extended through the six western
stations.
However, both numbers per ml and the species list suggest that the water
at these 16 Pompano Beach and Hollywood stations In June was poorly
fertilized. No sewage effect was evident. This was probably due to
the large dilution the sewage received In relative short distances after
being discharged. Large numbers of Cyclotella at Pompano Beach Stations
1, 2, 3, and 4 were attributed either to outflow from the Inlet or to
37
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plankton patchlness. The lack of occurrence of large numbers of other
species at either location provided further evidence of no fertilizing
effect from the sewer outfalls. Only 73 species or genera were recog-
nized, 42 of them 1n the Pompano Beach transect and 51 1n the Hollywood
transect.
Table 017 1s a breakdown of all organisms recognized In the Interface
material In four cores at and around the Pompano Beach outfall, and 1n
four cores at and around the Hollywood outfall. The species list, a
total of 121, was about as large as for previous cores. Conditions In
the Interface are generally conducive to a much more varied biota as
long as sharply restrictive conditions do not prevail. There was a decided
patchy effect, Illustrated by 37 species being peculiar to Pompano Beach
and 46 to Hollywood while only 34 were found 1n both. In the time 1t
had been 1n operation (three months), the Hollywood outfall had not built
up a mound of blackened material underneath the outfall opening like that
observed at Pompano. The four Hollywood cores also showed no restrictive
Influences. In fact, the core beneath the outfall gave evidence of enrich-
ment, having more species (65) than the three somewhat distant ones. Its
diatom population was the richest 1n recognizable species of all eight
cores. The Hollywood cores either showed no effect from the sewage out-
fall or showed some enrichment which increased the biota 1n the area.
The Ponpano Beach outfall had at this time built up a mound of black
debris of mostly sand which was gradually Increasing in overall size
but not greatly 1n height. Table D17 Indicates that the Interface with-
in this area was non-productive and probably had a high oxygen demand.
At any rate, practically the only organisms present were those tolerant
of hydrogen sulfide and low dissolved oxygen. This Is shown In Table 017,
columns 1 and 2.
Because of the blackening and because there seems to be no life other
than bacteria In the mound beneath the Pompano outfall, cores were taken
at Oelray Beach and Pompano Beach. These were sent to Dr. Parks of
Florida Atlantic University for a determination of organic content.
They were extruded from the tube an Inch at a time, and each five gram
aliquot was dried for 24 hours at 150°C, then heated for ig hours at 500°C.
Table D18 shows the depth below the surface at which sample was taken,
and the percent of volatile matter. At Delray, the percent of matter
volatilized by Ignition at 500°C, was 4.g5 at the surface, I.e., within
the top Inch, and 3.58 at the eight Inch depth. The greatest loss,
7.79 percent, was within the seven Inch level. The core was evidently
not long enough. The same was true for the nine Inches of Pompano. At
Pompano, however, the percent volatilized was much higher—20.45 within
the top Inch, 9.42 at the nine Inch depth and 39.07 at the seven Inch
depth. Variations 1n amounts of volatile matter simply represent dif-
ferences 1n rates of accumulation at different times.
38
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Hollywood Studies, July 7. 8. 1971
The Hollywood outfall had been discharging primary treatment effluent
at 9,700 feet from the shore for nearly a year at the time of these
studies. The studies essentially Involved examination of surface
water in transect samples from the beach eastward into the Florida Current;
examination of tows made with a Clark-Bumpus calibrated plankton net towed
at various depths; and examination of the water-sediment interface and
some Incidental sampling. The water samples were centrlfuged at about
2,000 rpm for three to four minutes and then decanted by suction. The
catch was studied at 100 and 400 diameters by a drop method. The drop
method was also used for net and Interface samples which were taken by
scuba divers at 30 to 150 feet with two inch plastic tubes. The tubes
were jammed Into the sediment and stoppered at both ends before being
brought up.
The transect usually showed the plume reaching the surface as a boll.
The outfalls were at or just beyond the third reef and In approximately
90 feet of water. Samples taken in the boll often showed a sharp drop
In organism content and, at times, much sewage debris. A sewage odor
was often evident. The water mass was, of course, different from ocean
water but It very quickly became well mixed, and a short distance from
where 1t reached the surface, was no longer detectable Insofar as the
plankton was concerned.
No biological effect of the Hollywood outfall was detectable more than
a few feet from where the plume reached the surface, and no bottom ef-
fects were observed at all. This contrasted with the Pompano and Delray
raw sewage outfalls for which almost half an acre showed effects at times.
Table D19 1n the Appendix shows the number of species for all Stations
and for each Station, and the nuiriber of cells at each Station on July 8,
1971. Comparison with previous reports on the Hollywood outfall, and
for the Boca Raton-Pompano Beach area, shows that this transect was
typical for a three-year period. The number of species was small for
any qlven Station. Many species recurred time after time, and a typical
list of shelf organisms and one for the Florida Current existed for the
plankton. While a total 11st of species might eventually reach several
hunderd, those of frequent recurrence would form a small portion of the
11st.
As usual, the bulk of species consisted of dlnoflagellates and diatoms.
If all species could have been Identified, the species list would have
been much longer. As It stands, the 11st represents the major plankton
groups other than green euglenlds and slUcoflagellates.
The numbers per ml were quite low with some tendency to drop as samples
were taken more seaward. These numbers represent a very poorly fertilized
39
-------
water. Station 6, west of the boll, had the highest number, but
east of the boll the numbers dropped. Numbers were lowest In the boll
area and many of these organisms were dead. There 1s no evidence that
the sewage contributed either bacteria or chemicals as nutrient enrich-
ment. Host of the organisms 1n the transects were photosynthetlc and
autotrophic.
Since copepods are sometimes abundant 1n this area and are able to es-
cape the water sampling techniques, five tows were made with a No. 20
Wisconsin plankton net. No clogging was experienced when the net was
towed for approximately 100 feet In shelf water. Some clogging occurred
when the net was towed for 200 feet 1n the Florida Current. Table 020
shows the catches per liter. Certain organisms were not counted. These
included the blue green algae Skujaella which clumps very badly In the net;
Lynqbya sj>., also a blue green; and the large dlnoflagellates, Ceratlum
fusus anBTCeratlum massillense. The latter tow occurred 1n some numbers,
but not in sufficient numbers to be found In a 50 ml water sample.
Table 020 also shows the numbers per liter of 19 groups or categories of
organisms which were counted. As expected, copepods outnumbered all others,
being most abundant close to shore but decreasing abruptly a mile out.
There was about a threefold increase as towing progressed through the boil,
a sharp Increase west of the plume, and a drop in the Florida Current east
of the plume. These differences hardly reflect an Influence of the sew-
age but rather the very patchy distribution or swarming of copepods.
Considering the size and "appetites" of copepods and the numbers of small
plankton in Table 019, 1t might appear that the copepods have an Inade-
quate food supply. However, if the figures in lVble D19 are multiplied
by 1,000 (the number of milliliters 1n a liter), it would seem that the
food supply is ample.
What Table D20 does show is that within the boll area the net plankton
is sharply reduced. In this mixing zone there is no fresh water group
to replace the net planktons which have either been killed, swept out of
the area, or have been able to escape from it. Many of these organisms
are good swinmers, and a one hundred foot area Is not necessarily a trap
for them.
The Florida Current came far inshore during the July, 1971 studies. While
its presence there was reflected 1n the kinds of organisms, as Indicated
by those at Station 5, the numbers are seen to be reduced in the Florida
Current. There is no indication here or in Table D19 that this area 1s
enriched by sewage contributions from Miami Beach or Dade County.
Four cores were taken with 2-1nch plastic tubing north, east, south, and
west of the outfall end, and an additional one was taken 1n sand beneath
the outfall. There was some blackening 1n all five samples and all
40
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contained some s11t except for the one beneath the conduit opening. The
Interface was qualitatively studied; tine was not available for a quan-
titative study. Examination of the Interfaces was difficult 1n that the
sandlness of the material prevented a thin spread, allowing many of the
organisms to move rapidly and be rarely In the open.
Table 021 shows the organisms found 1n the five cores taken July 7, 1971.
It should be stated this Is not a complete list of the reasons given above.
But 1n the last five years many such cores have been examined and the
species recurrence Is very high. In deep water such as this. It 1s cannon
to find a number of organisms not possible to Identify from available lit-
erature.
The heaviest populations are found In a sand-silt Interface. Even at 90
and 150 feet the shelf waters had sufficient clarity so that photosyn-
thetlc species are abundant. Thus diatoms of the genera Navlcula and
Hastoqlola were dominant numerically with great frequency, although large
dilates usually dominated In blomass. The numbers of sulfur bacteria In
this Interface material Indicated that the dissolved oxygen was low and
hydrogen sulfide was present. Nunfcers and blomass of the dilates In-
dicated a large bacterial population.
Table 021 could be for any one or more of a very large nuofcer of cores
taken In the Boca Raton-Hollywood area during the previous four years.
The number of species for five cores, 59, was about what had been found
previously. Also, the three cores with the coarsest sand, 0, N, and
W, had the fewest species. E had the most silt and the largest species
11st. However, any one of these cores had from five to ten unidentified
dilates and fully as many diatoms. These organisms were also typical
and the species could have been reported many times over. The total
populations appeared to be rather more sparse than usual, but this was
an estimate and not a count. In short, there was nothing unusual about
the Hollywood cores, whether compared to previous Hollywood or Pompano
and Delray cores. The only unusual feature was a lack of an anaerobic
mound such as had been observed at Pompano.
41
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SECTION VI
DISCUSSION OF DIFFUSION STUDIES
A sumnary of the results of all of the diffusion studies is presented 1n
Table 12. The column headings, with the exception of DF3, are explained
1n the text of this report. The quantity DF3 1s the overall dilution
factor (including Initial dilution 1n rising to the surface) after three
hours travel time from the boll.
The profiles of measured dye-concentrat1ons and the fitted Gaussian distri-
butions presented in Appendix A Illustrate how well a Gaussian distribution
fits the data. It can be concluded from these profiles, with reference to
Table 2, that the data can be represented reasonably well by a Gaussian
distribution provided the wind and current are In the same direction. This
1s evidenced by experiments P7, P9, and H3. On the other hand, experiments
P3 and P8 Illustrate the skewness of the concentration distribution result-
ing from wind cutting across the plume.
Figures 10, 11, and 12 are presented to Indicate the magnitude of the
variables S„ and N as well as to show the goodness of fit, or more appro-
priately, trie lack of fit. Data obtained 1n experiment P6, a surface re-
lease, and in experiment P10, an outfall release, are presented for com-
parison. The behavior of Sy and (axial concentration) for the outfall
release is shown in Figures 10 and ll. Values of 1400 feet and 0.91 were
determined for the variables X0 and m, respectively. Estimates of S» could
not be obtained from the traverse data and N^x was found to vary with dis-
tance approximately to the negative one power. For the surface release
experiment, shown in Figure 12, was found to vary with distance raised
to the negative 0.85 power. However, estimates of Sy could not be obtained
because of the extremely narrow plume which developed. The surface release
experiment involved the continuous release of dye at a fixed position at the
water surface, and as observed in Figure 10, the dye concentrations are
greater at the three foot depth than at the five foot depth. However, this
1s not necessarily true for an outfall release where the sewage-dye mixture
rises to the surface and eventually forms a plume. It 1s seen from Figure 9
that the dye concentrations are not consistently greater near the surface.
This situation occurs because the center-line of the rising plume 1s bent
In the downstream direction and by the time the center-line (location of
maximum concentration) reaches a point on the surface, lesser concentrated
dye 1s already upstream of that point. This condition makes 1t quite dif-
ficult to obtain the vertical plume standard deviation, Sz, from the vari-
able depth traverses.
The fitted lateral standard deviations and the surface axial concentrations
are presented In Figures 13 and 14 for all of the experiments. Values
42
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TABLE 12
SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF DIFFUSION EXPERIMENTS
Plume Characteristics
Dye Plume
Sewaae Plume
EXP.
Dimensions,
ft.
Exponents
Concentration
(PPb)
Dilution
Concentration Dilution It,
CoHforms/100 ml '
Xo
Szo
m
tn+n
N1
"p
°p
DF3
N1
"p
°P
ftZsecpl
PI
Surface Release
0.57
1.28
_
•
•
•
_
•
1
P2
Surface Release
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
P3
550
45
9
0.79
1.68
440
4.8
92:1
4800
-
m
4
P4
-
-
-
-
-
440*
4.6
95:1
-
-
-
m
P5
Surface Release
1.14
1.24
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
P6
Surface Release
-
0.85
-
-
-
-
m
-
m
P7
850
105
1.5**
0.98
1.20
500*
11.9
42:1
630
m
m
35
P8
150
26
9**
0.77
0.80
500*
6.2
80:1
2300
m
-
20
P9
2200
81
4.5**
0.61
1,0
500*
5.4
92:1
400
m
m
6
PIO
1400
32
5**
0.91
1.0
500*
6.4
78:1
690
-
-
2
HI
600
21
3
1.29
1.29
510
70
7.3:1
330
2x106
4x10*
50:1
41
H2
-
-
-
-
•
310
12.0
26:1
-
4x107
1.8x10®
22:1
-
H3
800
124
3**
1.00
1.0
-
9.3
31:1*
280
-
5x10®
m
46
Calculated from diffusion model (Includes Initial dilution).
'Estimated (refer to original reference).
-------
FIGURE 9 - COL IFORM DIE-OFF RATE
DECEMBER 9, 1969
44
-------
103
102
Jy
(ft)
10
1 1 1 v 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 V
m
•
m
S - (X ~ 1400)0*91
y
m
-
•
*•
•
•
_ •
• •
1(T
10J
X (ft)
10
FIGURE 10 - LATERAL STANDARD DEVIATION VS. DISTANCE
DECEMBER 18, 1968 OUTFALL RELEASE
45
-------
FIGURE 11 - AXIAL CONCENTRATION VS. DISTANCE
DECEMBER 18, 1968 OUTFALL RELEASE
46
-------
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
X
X - 3' SAMPLER DEPTH
0-5' SAMPLER DEPTH
X
X
N *0-85
S. N « X
^ X
I
X (ft)
FIGURE 12. AXIAL CONCENTRATION VS. DISTANCE
AUGUST 15, 1968 SURFACE RELEASE
47
-------
FIGURE 13 - LATERAL STANDARO DEVIATION VS. DISTANCE
FITTED EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
48
-------
0.01
0.001
FIGURE 14 - SURFACE AXIAL CONCENTRATION VS. DISTANCE
FITTED EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS. COLIFORM
DIE-OFF NOT CONSIDERED.
49
-------
requirements for drawing the curves are values of the exponents m and m ~ n.
Hence, the surface release experiments are also presented In Figures 13 and
14, although equations 3 and 10 (with y»zBo) are appropriate to the single
outlet outfall release only, and not for a continuous release at the surface
In which case equation 1 would be appropriate.
It Is clearly evident from Figures 13 and 14 that there 1s considerable
spread 1n the data. For example, at the Pompano outfall Sv/Syo varies from
4.4 (experiment P9) to 10.3 (experiment P7) at X/XQ = 10. Also N/Nj
varies from 0.2 (experiment P8) to 0.013 (experiment P7) at X/Xq ¦ 10. For
the Hollywood experiment of December 12, (experiment (H3), the values of
Sy/Syo and N/N<| at X/Xq b 10 were 11.0 and 29 X 10-*, respectively. Large
values of Sy/Sy0 and low values of N/Nj are associated with low downstream
concentrations. From the limited amount of data available. It would ap-
pear that surface concentrations are higher at the Hollywood outfall than
surface concentrations at the Ponpano outfall.
Considering only those plumes which were fairly well defined (experiments
P8, P9, P10, and H3) the data can be approximated by the relations
The exponent m 1s closer to 0.75 for the Pompano experiments. Average values
of 1100 feet and 65 feet can be used for Xq and SyQ, respectively. For the
Pompano runs the average value of Sy0 1s approximately 45 feet. Considering
all of the Pompano experiments, the peak dilution Op is approximately equal
to 80, whereas for the Hollywood runs (H2,H3) the peak dilution 1s approx-
imately equal to 30.
For those trials where the wind was blowing across the plume (PI, P3, and P5)
or where the plume was heading towards shore (P7 and HI) the exponents m and
m + n are greater than those given above for a well defined plume. The
average values of m and m + n for experiments PI, P3, P5, P7, and HI are
approximately 1.0 and 1.3, respectively. Figures 4 and 5 can be used, with
the approximate values of the exponents, to estimate plume widths and axial
concentrations for the two types of plume behavior (well defined and either
meandering or bent towards shore due to wind and current effects).
The results of the collform die-off trials are presented In Figure 15. It
1s seen that during the summer, natural collform die-off or mortality in
the warm (85°F) Florida ocean shelf water 1s extremely rapid in comparison
to that during Decenfcer. The Initial collform counts for the undiluted
sewage, (MF)0, varied between 12 X 10& to 55 X 10$ per 100 ml. Die-off
Sy/Sy0 => (1 + X/Xo)0.80
. . . (13)
Dp N/Nj = (1 + X/Xq)"1.0
. . . (14)
50
-------
37
Yv #
\\D
[
E^JJEC 1968 l
:
t
'
\
<
v \AUG 1968
i \ ps^
1 exp (-Kt)
X K = 0.31
~ K = 1.40
• K = 1.68
<
AUG 1969 \ \
\
1 \
1 \
^ \
<
\v
TIME, t (hours)
FIGURE 15 - TOTAL COLIFORM NATURAL DIE-OFF RESULTS
-------
or mortality rate factors of k = 0.31 hours"1 for the Deceufcer, 1968 data
and k » 1.40, 1.68 hours*' for the August, 1968 data, were determined by
fitting equation (9) to the data. The fitted curves of Figure 14 corrected
for natural die-off are shown In Figure 16. Die-off factors of k ¦ 0.31
1.55 were used for the December and August experiments. These rates cor-
respond to a 90 percent mortality time (tgn) of hours for December and
1.5 hours for August. It should be pointed out that die-off results re-
ported here do not Include any reduction 1n collforms that may occur be-
cause of sedimentation (6 ). Also because of the wide variations In
conform die-off rates reported here and 1n the published literature as
well, the results presented In Figure 16 are an indication only as to what
the surface concentrations would be 1f the die-off rates were as shown 1n
Figure 15.
Of the 13 runs reported, nine were concerned with an outfall dye release
of which three (P9, P10, and H3) were classified as a well defined plume.
During these three experiments, both the wind and the current were prac-
tically in the same direction -- toward the south. The overall three-hour
dilution factor, DF3, for P9 and P10 averaged about twice that for experi-
ment H3. This is to be expected since the water depth to pipe diameter
ratio at Hollywood 1s twice that at Pompano, while the sewage flow rates
per unit pipe area are approximately the same, i.e., approximately 70 cfm
per ft2. Initial peak dilutions at Pompano averaged 80:1 while at Hollywood
the initial peak dilution (at 10,000 feet; experiments H2 and H3) averaged
approximately 30:1. Initial peak dilutions, as estimated from the analytical
solutions of Fan and Brooks (7), for the simple case of a rising column 1n
a homogeneous ocean are 50:1 and 20:1 for the Pompano and Hollywood outfalls,
respectively. Cross-stream diffusion coefficients varied between 1 and 46
ft' sec"' which are within the range expected for oceanic diffusion.
On two occasions (P7 and HI), the plume was directed towards the shore;
initially and eventually the plume oriented itself along the direction of
the wind approximately parallel to the shore line. Grab samples were taken
and coliform counts were made while tracking the towards-shore plume
(experiment HI) with the result that coliform counts did not exceed 100 per
100 ml at distances less than 2000 feet from the shore line where the water
depth is approximately 20 feet. (Experiment HI was conducted when the
Hollywood outfall was extended to only 5000 feet.) It is of Interest to
estimate the fraction of time a situation such as this would occur — that
1s, a situation where the currents are directed towards the shore with fairly
strong winds from the east. Currents are towards the west only seven
percent of the time with average speeds of approximately 40 miles north of
Hollywood, 1s presented in Figure 17. It Is seen that for the year 1968,
winds 1n excess of 13 mph were from the east approximately 20 percent of the
time. If the two factors are Independent, a rough estimate of the percentage
of time that currents and winds are simultaneously In directions such that
the plume could head towards the shore is given by 0.07 X0.20 3 less than
52
-------
x/x0
FIGURE 16 • SURFACE AXIAL CONCENTRATION VS. DISTANCE
COL IFORM DIE-OFF RATE CONSIDERED
53
-------
SECTOR
NE 0-60°
E 60-120°
SE 120° - 180°
20
FREQUENCY
CP
c
(/I
Ju J
MONTH
FIGURE 17 - PERCENTAGE OF TIME WIND SPEED GREATER THAN 13 MPH
WITHIN A 60° SECTOR. DATA FROM WEST PALM BEACH
AIRPORT 1968
54
-------
two percent of the tine. However, wind persistence data Is not a'/aflable and
there Is no Indication as to how long a situation like this would occur.
Of the remaining four outfall dye release experiments, the plume was partly
submerged on two occasions (P3 and P8) resulting in high values of the
three hour overall dilution factor (DF3), causing little or no concern when
related to possible beach contamination. On the other two occasions (P4
and H2), a plume did not form owing to the absence of a predominant current
direction.
The remaining four experiments (PI, P2, P5, and P6) were surface dye release
runs which were conducted to establish diffusion data, primarily In the
lateral direction. These surface release experiments were terminated early
In the program because of the limited amount of Information obtained 1n
coooarlson to the outfall release experiments.
A'. i only a limited number of experiments were conducted, a diffusion
nv> ; based on the results can be formulated to predict sewage (coHform)
concentrations downstream from the boll. The axial concentration at the
surface Is given by
N » 4.2 x IP"4 . (^ . [1 + X/XJ-M . exp (-kx/Q) . . . (15)
*1 syo 5zo u
where N » concentration at the surface
Nj - initial concentration In the outfall pipe
Qo a sewage release rate, GPM
u 3 mean current speed, knots
Sy0, S2oa plume standard deviations at the location of the boll, feet.
The average values of the product Syg, Sz„ are 270 and 220 for the Pompano
outfall and the Hollywood outfall, respectively. Using a conservative
value of 210 and with xg » 1100 feet 9 0.208 miles and m ~ n ¦ 1.0, the
model for predicting downstream maximum surface concentrations from the
Hollywood outfall (and Pompano outfall) 1s given by
N = 2 X 10*6 . Q0 [1 + X/0.208]"10 . exp (-kx/u) . . . (16)
With plumes directed towards the shore, the exponent m + n » 1.0 would
be replaced by m + n = 1.3 as mentioned earlier.
Using Equation 16, the following table presents reductions 1n concentra-
tion at various downstream locations for values of u ® 0.3 knot ¦ 0.346
miles/hour, m + n n 1.0, m + n » 1.3, k = 0.31 (winter die-off), k «
1.55 (sunmer die-off).
55
-------
X
H(X - / N(XJ
N{X - 0) / N(J0
miles
m + n ¦ 1.0
m ~ n ¦ 1.3
k » 0.31 k • 1.55
k - 0.31 k ¦ 1.55
0
1
2
4
1
10
36
240
1
130
5.2 X
4.9 X
1°jc
106
1
18
70
600
1
220
1.1 X
1.2 X
10}
io'
It Is to be noted that the concentration reductions shown above are
determined relative to the concentration at the boll and not to the Initial
concentrations In the pipe. From Equation 16 the Initial concentration
reduction Is given by
N 1 = 2 X 10"6 . Q
N< Dn ^ ... (17)
° ii
and
N 1_ at Pompano outfall
N1 80
X at Hollywood outfall
30
The worst possible situation concerning beach contamination would be a
plune directed towards the shore during the winter months (k = 0.31).
Using an Initial conform count of N. = 107/100 ml for primary treated
sewage, N. = 103/l00 ml for secondary treated sewage, and an Initial
conform reduction of N/N. = 1/30, the maximum collform counts at the
surface according to the model are presented below.
N(X) N(X)
X (MF)/100 ml (MF)/100 ml
miles (for N1 = 10? / 100 ml) (for N1 = 103 / 100 ml)
0 30 X 10^ 30
1 20 X 10J 2.0
2 4000 0.40
4 260 0.03
These are maximum (axial) concentrations. A further reduction by a
factor of 10 would apply at the "edges" of the plume located at 2.15 S
from the plume center-line. The exponent m 1n Equation 3 1e given by y
56
-------
n * 0.8 and m • 1.0 for well-defined plumes and meandering or shore-
directed plumes, respectively. Using an average value of 70 for S_,
the plume half-widths are presented below. ^
i
Plume Half-Width, feet
miles
(2.15 Sv)
m ¦ 0.80
m - 1.0
0
150
150
1
600
870
2
1000
1600
4
1700
3000
As an example, the conform concentration at the center-line of a shore-
directed plume, during the winter months when k ¦ 0.31, would be 4000
(NF) per 100 ml at a distance of 2 miles from the boll and only 400 (MF)
per 100 ml at a distance of 1600 feet measured perpendicular from the
center-line at the 2 mile location.
Based on the above results 1t 1s unlikely that beach contamination will
occur at the present time. However, as the sewage release rate Increases
with Increasing population, the possibility of excessive collform counts
occurring near the beach also increases.
AQUATIC STUDIES
The studies that were conducted at Hollywood and adjacent areas began
eight months before outfall discharge began at 5,000 feet from shore at
Hollywood and ended nearly a year after discharge began at 9,700 feet.
Since the plankton In the transects at Hollywood showed no marked changes
during the three-year period, the Inference 1s that any detectable effects
of the outfall are confined to a very small mixing zone and, apparently,
to where the sewage reaches the surface. The number of species 1n the
last transect were somewhat higher than on previous occasions before the
9,700 foot outfall was completed, but numbers per milliliter were low.
With the exception of transects 1n October,1968, transects from July, 1968,
through July, 1971, Indicated a nutrient deficient water supporting rela-
tively few species of organisms and relatively low concentrations. There
1s little reason to believe that this paucity was due to anything other
than a lack of nitrates and phosphates, especially since the Inshore
waters contained low numbers.
The October, 1968, transects, taken before discharge coumenced at Hollywood,
produced a record high population of organisms per milliliter. Although
57
-------
44
the high values Mere mainly caused by three species of diatoms, the
population of all species were relatively high. The bloom of diatoms, and
the accompanying general Increase In populations, probably represented a
rapid (and temporary) build-up of available phosphorus and nitrogen. It
1s highly possible that an enriched mass of water had moved Into the area
and remained there long enough (24-72 hours) for a bloom to occur. Neltl*
transects taken a month earlier or those taken four months later Indicate
enrichment.
Core samples of the bottom were taken concurrently with the transects and
generally corresponded to the results of the transects with the exception
of cores taken 1n August, 1968. Transects on this date Indicated a very
low nutrient level 1n the water while cores Indicated that the bottom had
plentiful nutrients. The sharp difference between these cores and those
of the preceding month Is difficult to reconcile. A possible explanation
Is that a patchy distribution of organisms occurred; however, 1t Is
questionable as to how the Interstitial biota might have moved about. It
1s also possible that the coarseness of the sand In the August cores might
have allowed particulate matter to settle deeper Into the cores. A personal
equation might have been Involved—1t Is much more difficult to obtain a
good quantitative estimate of microorganisms In coarser sand.
But whatever the cause, the fact remains: the distribution of mlcroblota
on the bottom off the coast of Hollywood In August, 1968, was patchy but
abundant.
In general, comparison of bloassays of the Hollywood area conducted before
sewage discharge (July and August, 1968 and February, 1969) with those
conducted after discharge (January, 1969 and July, 1971) showed essentially
no change In numbers or species types. It 1s true, and of course Inevitable,
that most salt water organisms trapped in the sewage plume or 1n the quite
small mixing zone will be killed. Such organisms, however, are few In
number and quickly reproducible; no Irreplaceable damage 1s done.
Comparative bloassays of other outfalls along the Southeastern coast of
Florida produced results similar to those at Hollywood—generally non-
enriched water due to the enormous volume of water sweeping past the coast
and providing dilution. However, bottom cores taken at the Pompano Beach
and Delray Beach outfalls Indicated a slightly higher organic content than
did those taken at Hollywood. A significant effect of the Pompano and
Delray outfalls was observed 1n the form of black, anaerobic muunds, no
more than two feet high, oval 1n shape, and as much as 60 to 100 feet 1n
length. The mounds, appearing at various times, were subject to current
attrition and were not permanent. They appeared to be of coarse sand
blackened by hydrogen sulfide. The danger, of course, exists under proper
conditions, of such a mound building up Into a large sludge bank over a
period of time. The area could become a literal desert with disastrous
affects on the local ecology.
58
-------
As stated above, however, the mounds at Ponpano and Oelrey Beach were of
passing existence because of current action and presented no apparent
problem.
The situation at the Hollywood outfall 1s just the opposite. In front of
the conduit exit and In line with 1t 1s a row of six tall pilings. The
strength of the outflow and the currents about the pilings have excavated
an elongate oval pit about five feet deep (to hard bottom) and more than
40 feet long.
The fact that periodic sludge build-ups occurred at Pompano Beach and
Delray Beach, but did not occur at Hollywood, Is attributed to the fact
that Pompano Beach and Delray Beach were discharging raw sewage. The pri-
mary treatment received by the Hollywood effluent was sufficient to remove
most of the suspended solids from the sewage. The new state requirements
of secondary treatment: will eliminate sludge accumulation at all outfalls.
Since the incoming sewage contains orthophosphate mixes, some Increase 1n
phytoplankton might be expected. It 1s k»own from Tampa Bay, Great South
Bay (New York), and Peconic Bay (New York) that treated sewage effluents
increase the phytoplankton by one or twe orders of magnitude. However,
these bodies of water are estuaries wiV. murh smaller volumes of ocean
water to acquire the nutrients. It mig. be concluded that the shelf water
along the southeastern cost of Florida i veil able at this time to dilute
the incoming sewage to the point where nutrients are still insufficient
to produce high populations of plankton .igae and protozoa.
An exact expression of the ecological conditions existing off the coast
of Hollywood is practically an impossibility due to the extremely complex
phenomena occurring at and below the water surface. The proximity of the
Florida Current with its resulting eddies on the unique continental shelf
creates near-shore water movements in three dimensions; at various times
the r»rrent direction at a particular point may be north or south, toward
shore or away from shore, and in different directions at various depths.
Any particular sampling point may find water that has moved northward from
the Miami outfall, southward from the Pompano Beach and Palm Beach outfalls,
toward shore from the Florida Current, or outward from the local canal's
outlets. Such was the case with the nutrient enrichment observed off the
Hollywood coast in October, 1968. The enriched mass of water could only
be observed; its origin could not be established.
The sandwiching of water flow, I.e., different layers of different qualities
flowing different directions, was most clearly exemplified by the conditions
off Pompano Beach on June 23, 1969. This condition is well known to divers
in these coastal waters, but is not otherwise so obvious.
Several areas of this study have pointed out the need for accompanying
chemical analyses for orthophosphate, nitrate, and carbon, as well as
measurements of productivity. This work, then, rather than detecting
59
-------
effects of a general nature, detects minor highly localized effects and
presents a general Illustration of the mlcrofolota of the continental shelf*
the Florida Current, and the sediment-water Interface. It Is possible that
as the population of southeastern Florida Increases more sewage will be
carried offshore. If so, this and similar studies will provide a back-
ground against which blotlc changes may be detected.
60
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SECTION VII
PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS
Ocean disposal of domestic sewage along populated coastal areas can impair
water quality in beach areas and create a health risk for swlmners when
enteric microorganisms from the waste field are present 1n shore water.
Monitoring these recreational areas for their bacteriological quality
becomes a necessity for public health.
Indicator organisms traditionally non-pathogen1c to man have been utilized
as a criteria of water quality. Therefore, bacterial species and popula-
tion size have been used as the yardstick to determine risk of Infection
from contact with shore water. The conform group has been most frequently
employed for this purpose although microbiologists have shown the useful-
ness of entercocci and fecal coliforms as additional microbial Indicators.
Improved laboratory techniques have made possible the direct Isolation of
bacterial and viral pathogens from contaminated water. The procedures are,
in many cases, elaborate and time consuming, but the data are useful es-
pecially when correlated with numbers and species of the intestinal micro-
flora used as water quality indicators. Information of this kind has led
to a reassessment of the overall col 1 form group as a valid indication of
microbial pollution of surface water. The National Advisory Committee on
Water Quality Criteria (4), for example, rejected the use of toLal coliforms
as a water quality indicator in favor of fecal coliforms as the best overall
group. The Connittee also favored fecal streptococci as a supplement to
fecal colifonns in determining quality both in iaar:ne and fresh water used
for primary contact sports.
There has been a continuing need for information regarding the correlation
between Salmonella, enteric viruses and the concentrations of indicator
organisms. Slanetz and his co-workers have stated that the absence of con-
forms or fecal streptococci in 100 ml samples or seawater may not insure
the absence of pathogens in shellfish (15). Clarke, et. al_. (3), state
that the relative enteric virus density to coliform 3ens1ty 1n human feces
is about 15 virus units for every 106 coliforms. They further estimate
0.15 to 1.5 virus units per 100 ml of polluted surface water.
Intestinal organisms will survive in natural waters for varying lengths of
time depending on a variety of factors all of which are not presently known.
Both pathogens and non-pathogens appear to remain viable longer at low
temperatures. Elevated temperatures as found in the sumner along the
Florida coast bring about an interplay of factors which decrease survival
of bacteria and viruses. The correlation of temperature and survival of
61
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Microorganism in natural water has been documented many times 1n the
literature. Clarke, et al., found that Coxsackle A2 virus survived 61
days In sewage held aF~8*T and only 41 days at 20eC. These workers ob-
served similar effects In river water using Pollovlrus I, Echo 12, and
Coxsackle 9. In all cases, they observed longer virus survival In
treated clean water or In grossly polluted water. Liu, et al.(8),
working with Pollovlrus I 1n filtered seawater found that 50~percent of
the virus was lost In five days and 90 percent In nine days at tenpera-
tures of 22°C. No tests were made at a lower temperature. Other studies
relating to virus survival by Netcalf and Stiles (9) using three viruses
(Pollovlrus I, Echovirus 6, and Coxsackievirus B3j show a temperature
dependence during exposure In estuarlne water. In all cases, enteric
virus survival 1n sunmer was about one-half that during the winter.
Probably the most significant problem In eventually determining the risk
of Infection from swimming water containing bacterial or viral pathogens
is a lack of good basic epidemiological data on transmission of disease
agents In natural waters. Virus levels for the most part will be low 1n
bathing areas and the Incidence of Infection among bathers will be diffi-
cult to determine. This Is particularly so as Berg (16) states (detection
is observed by the concomitant and subsequent, higher frequency spread by
the direct personal contact route, and by the relatively low Incidence of
readily associated overt disease that accompanies such Infections." As
yet, there Is virtually no good Information regarding minimal Infective
doses of virus for man although Plotkln and Kate (17) have found that one
TCD50 of Fox strain Pollovlrus 3 may be Infective for Infants. It Is
fairly obvious that until reliable and rapid techniques are developed for
quantitative viral detection In seawater and our knowledge Improves on
amounts of virus that can cause Infection In man (a rather formidable task)
viral standards for recreational water can be only guess work.
Diffusion and die-off studies show that relatively few conform organisms
will be present 1n Inshore waters. However, survival of enteric organisms
's considerably longer 1n winter and the probability of bacterial or viral
pathogens reaching the beach areas durlnq this time of year 1s maximal.
In addition. Berg (16) and England, et aK (5), have shown that removal of
virus In sewage depends to a large extent on the wastewater treatment
process. Activated sludge 1s the most efficient. Laboratory tests have
shown 99 percent removal In 45 minutes by this method, where as little
virus removal occurs In sewage given primary treatment. Trickling filters
also do not remove virus to any great extent.
It might be expected then that outfalls dlschjrging raw waste into the
marine environment may be a greater hazard to beach areas than those
whose effluent Is properly treated to reduce pathogens.
Applying the data of Clarke, et al.., (15 virus units to 10® conforms) and
using an overall reduction 1n sewage concentrations of 2000:1 (assuming
no die-off), the maximum expected concentration in shore water would be
62
-------
one virus unit per liter. These conditions would apply when the plume
was directed toward beach areas. During the winter tourist season, the
lower east coast 1s heavily populated. The Bureau of Economic Research
at the University of Florida estimates the population of Dade County, as
of July 1, 1968. at 1,139,500. The 1967 data of the Florida Development
Commission show tourists traveling by automobile to Miami, Miami Beach,
and Ft. Lauderdale to approximate 2,600,000. The resulting Increase of
domestic waste places an additional microbial burden Into these coastal
waters. Since bacterial die-off 1s less under low temperatures, the pro-
bability of microbial pathogens reaching and persislting in shore water
would be greatest at this time of the year. The potential public health
hazard Is obvious.
Presently, beach water contamination from sewage outfalls is remote. The
highest coliform count (MPN) of 20 stations along shoreline under surveil-
lance by the Dade County Health Department was 23/100 ml In a period ex-
tending from March through October, 1969. As population Increases over
the next decade, water used for recreational purposes will contain greater
microbial burdens. This decline in water quality may be a significant
factor in human Infections transmitted through the aquatic environment.
Along the lower Florida east coast, those responsible for water quality on
beaches must face the fact that sewage outfalls will be discharging in-
creasing quantities of waste a short distance offshore. Hence, beach
contamination is a distinct possibility.
63
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SECTION VIII
RELATIONSHIP OF OCEAN OUTFALLS TO TOTAL
OCEANIC POLLUTION OFF THE SOUTHEASTERN FLORIDA COAST
The Atlantic Ocean off of Palm Beach, Broward, and Dade Counties In
southeastern Florida receives pollution primarily from two sources: (1)
municipal and Industrial wastewater discharged directly into the ocean
via outfalls, and (2) the discharge of numerous canals draining the
Everglades. The drainage canals. In addition to being recipients of domes-
tic wastes, transport significant quantities of pesticides, herbicides,
minerals, and nutrients. In order to prepare an adequate evaluation of
the ecological effects of ocean sewage outfalls, 1t becomes necessary to
consider the relation of the outfalls to the overall scope of pollution.
Drainage canals form a complex network across southeastern Florida.
Primary canals drain water from the Everglades for the purposes of regional
flood control and agricultural utilization and convey 1t to outlets on the
coast. Secondary canals, connected to the primary canals, have the func-
tion of local flood control. Control structures 1n the primary canals
prevent the movement of seawater upstream and maintain freshwater reser-
voirs during the dry season In order to prevent saltwater Intrusion Into
the Slscayne Aquifer.
The discharge of the canals is affected considerably by seasonal rainfall.
The low flow during the dry season is mainly due to ground-water inflow;
therefore, the canals tend to have fairly high concentrations of dissolved
minerals and to be alkaline. In the rainy season the dissolved minerals
are low and the water 1s slightly acidic.
For the purposes of this discussion, the six primary canals within Broward
County, Florida, are compared with the two sewage outfalls, Hollywood and
Pompano Beach, of that county. Figure 18 shows the layout of the canals,
the location of the various sampling points, and the locations of the out-
falls.
Table 13 shows the nutrient content of the canal water at the sampling points.
These results are derived from data reported by the United States Geological
Survey.
It would be expected that as the canals approach the coast and pass through
urbanized areas, their nturlent concentrations would increase as a result
of Increased sewage and urban runoff. The results of Table 13 Indicate that
Increased nutrient contents are experienced. The Increase 1s Illustrated
by Figure 19 which shows relatively little change 1n nitrate plus nitrite
nitrogen and total phosphorus between site 39 (more than 20 miles Inland)
64
-------
LEGION
Canal
A Sampling Point
Miles
0 1 2 3 4 5
Ptfmpano
Beach
i uderdale
Hollywood
FIGURE 18
PRIMARY CANAL SYSTEM OF BROWARD COUNTY, FLORIDA
65
-------
Miles Inland u
*¦> e
FIGURE 19
NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS IN SOUTH NEW RIVER CANAL,
BROWARD COUNTY, FLORIDA
66
-------
TABLE 13 NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS AT SELECTED TEST SITES IN THREE PRIMARY DRAINAGE CANALS,
BROWARD COUNTY. FLORIDA
Nitrate Total Kjeldahl
~ Nitrite Samples No. of Phosphorus Samples No. of Nitrogen Samples No. of
SITE NO. mg/1 as N From/To Samples mg/1 as P From/To Samples mg/1 as N From/To Samples
20
0.08
3-69/9-71
24
.005
3-69/9-71
24
1.35
3-69/4-71 5
21
0.18
10-68/9-71
23
.006
10-68/9-71
23
1.08
10-68/4-71 6
22
0.25
2-69/9-71
22
.14
2-69/9-71
23
0.67
6-69/4-71 4
23
0.26
10-68/9-71
25
.09
10-69/4-71
25
1.35
10-68/4-71 6
38
0.08
9-70/4-71
3
0.01
9-70/4-71
3
1.18
9-70/4-71 3
39
0.06
2-70/9-71
21
0.01
2-70/9-71
21
1.26
9-70/4-71 3
40
0.08
9-70/4-71
3
0.02
9-70/4-71
3
1.02
9-70/4-71 3
43
0.10
9-70/9-71
18
0.01
9-70/9-71
21
0.95
9-70/4-71 3
-------
54
and site 40 (more than 10 miles Inland). However, as the canal enters
the urbanized area, Increases of about 225 percent and 350 percent are
observed for nitrate plus nitrate nitrogen and total phosphorus, res-
pectively, between sites 40 and 23. A 34 percent Increase of kjeldahl
nitrogen Is observed between the last two sites; however, there are few
data available. It must be noted that site 23 1s approximately seven
miles Inland. If It were to be assumed that the rates of Increase ob-
served between sites 40 and 23 were to continue between site 23 and the
mouth of the canal, the nitrate plus nitrite concentration would Increase
to over 0.5 mg/1 and the total phosphorus concentration would Increase
to over 0.2 mg/1.
Using data for site 23 on the South New River Canal and site 22 on the
North New River Canal, comparable nutrients levels are assumed for the
other canals at equivalent distances (five to seven miles) inland. These
values are shown in Table 14. The total nutrient load transported by the
canals at that distance Inland is nearly 10,000 pounds per day. All In-
dications are that this figure would be considerably higher by the time
the canals actually discharge into the ocean.
Broward County has two ocean outfalls at Pompano Beach and at Hollywood.
Table 15 shows the nutrient concentrations and loads for the effluents of
the two outfalls. The data are based on analyses conducted on the
Hollywood effluent and corresponding estimates for the Pompano effluent.
As indicated in Table 15, the total nutrient load of the sewage effluents
is nearly 3,000 lbs/day. A comparison of this figure with the primary
drainage canals indicates that the nutrient contribution of the ocean out-
falls of Broward County 1s less than one-third of the nutrient loads of the
county's primary canals five to seven miles Inland.
If the increase of nutrients from the inland points to the coastal dis-
charge is considered, and if additional pollution sources such as direct
urban runoff on the coast, water craft wastes, and industrial wastes are
taken into account, the nutrient contributions of the ocean outfalls be-
come almost insignificant.
68
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TABLE 14 NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS AND LOADS IN SIX PRIMARY DRAINAGE CANALS (APPROXIMATaV FIVE TO
SEVEN MILES INLAND), BROWARD COUNTY, FLORIDA
Flow, MGD N02 + NO3 TP KN
1969 Water Year mg/1 lb/day mg/1 lb/day mg/1 1b/d«y
North New River Canal
172
0.25
359
0.14
201
0.67
961
South New River Canal
163
0.26
353
0.09
122
1.35
1835
Snake Creek Canal
300
0.25*
626
0.1*
250
1.0*
2502
Hlllsboro Canal
202
0.25*
421
0.1*
168
1.0*
1684
Pompano Canal
18.5
0.25*
39
0.1*
15
1.0*
154
Middle River Canal
20.2
0.25*
42
0.1*
17
1.0*
168
TOTAL DISCHARGE
876
1840
773
7304
~estimated
-------
TA8LE 15 NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS AND LOADS FOR POMPANO BEACH AND HOLLYWOOD OCEAN OUTFALL
EFFLUENTS
1969
Flow Nitrite + Nitrate TP KN
MGD mg/1 lb/day mg/1 lb/day mg/1 lb/day
rtwipano Beach 2.7 0.2* 4.5 7.0* 158 20* 450
Hollywood 13 0.3 32.5 3.6 390 18 1992
Total Nutrients • 2987 lb/day
•estimated
-------
SECTION IX
REFERENCES
1. Brooks, N. H., "Diffusion of Sewage Effluent In an Ocean Current,*
Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Waste Disposal 1n the Marine Environment.
Univ. EaliTTT PergamorH'ress (I960).
2. California (State of) Water Quality Control Board, "An Investigation
on the Fate of Organic and Inorganic Mastes Discharged Into the
Marine Environment and Their Effects on Biological Productivity,"
Publication No. 29 (196S).
3. Clarke. N. A., Berg, G., Kabler, P. W., and Chang, S. I., "Hunan
Enteric Viruses In Water: Source, Survival and Removability,"
Proc. Advances In Water Pollution Research (London), Vol. 2
Pergasnn Press, New York, 1964, p. 523.
4. Department of Interior, FWPCA, Water Quality Criteria, Report of
the National Advisory Conmlttee to the Secretary of the Interior,
1968, pp. 11-14.
5. Englard, 6., leach, R., Adams, and Shlosokl, R., "Virologle
Assessment of Sewage Treatment at Santee, California." Trans-
missions of Viruses by the Water Route. Interscience, New York.
1955. p. 401. 2
6. Fan, L. N., and Brooks, N. H., Discussion of "Physical Interpre-
tation of Jet Dilution Parameters," Journal of the Sanitary
Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 2, No. SA6, December, 1968,
pp. 1295-1299.
7. Gunnerson, C. G., "Sewage Disposal in Santa Monica Bay, California,"
Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 84,
No. SA1, paper 1534, February, 1958, pp. 1-28.
8. Liu, 0. C., Seralchekas, H. R., and Murphy, B. L., "Viral Pollution
and Self-C1eans1ng Mechanisms of Hard Clams," Transmission of
Viruses by the Water Route, Interscience, New York, 1965, p. 419.
9. Metcalf, T. G., Stiles, W. C., "Survival of Enteric Viruses in
Estuary Waters and Shellfish," Ibid., p. 439.
10. Pasquill, F., Atmospheric Diffusion. Van Nostrand, New York, 1962.
11. Pearson, E. A., "An Investigation of the Efficiency of Submarine
Outfall Disposal of Sewage and Sludge," Report to California
State Water Pollution Control Board (1955).
71
-------
12. Rawn, A. H., et. al., "Dlffusers for Disposal of Sewage In Sea
Water," Trans. SSCE. 126 (1961).
13. Tibby, R. B., "An Investigation on the Fate of Organic and Inorganic
Wastes Discharged into the Marine Environment and Their Effects
on Biological Productivity," State of California Water Quality
Control Board, Publication No. 29, 1965, pp. 59-69.
14. Taylor, 6. I., "Diffusion by Continuous Movements, "Proc. London
Math Soc.. 2, 20 (1921).
15. Slanet2, L. U., Bartley, C. W., and Stanley, C. W., "Col1forms,
Fecal Streptococci and Salmonella in Seawater and Shellfish,"
Health Lab. Sci. 5 (2), April, 1968. pp. 66-78.
16. Berg, G., "Virus Transmission by the Water Vehicle, 1. Viruses,:
Health Lab. Sci., 3 (2) Ap. 1966, p. 86-89.
17. Plotkin, S. A., and Katz, M., "Minimal Infective Doses of Viruses
for Man by the Oral Route," Ibid, p. 151.
18. Berg, 6., "Virus Transmission by the Water Vehicle II., Viru^
Removal by Sewage Treatment Procedures," Ibid p. 91-100.
19. United States Geological Survey, Water Resources Data for Florida,
Part 1. Surface Water Records, Volumes: Streams—Southern
Florida, Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades, 1969.
fO. Grantham, R. G., and Sherwood, C. B., Chemical Quality of Waters
of Broward County, Florida. United States Geological Survey
Report of Inv. No. 51, 1968.
72
-------
SECTION X
PUBLICATIONS
Stewart, R. E., Putnam, H. 0., Jones, R. H., and Lee, T. N., "01ffusion
of Sewage Effluent from Ocear. Outfall," Proc. J. San. Eng. 01v.,
ASCE, SM, 485 (August, 1971).
73
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SECTION XI
GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Aerobic - Requiring, or not destroyed by, free elemental oxygen.
Algae - Primitive plants, one or many celled, usually aquatic, and capable
of elaborating their foodstuffs by photosynthesis.
Anaerobic - Requiring, or not destroyed by, the absence of air or free
elemental oxygen.
Annelids - Aquatic earthworms, leeches, and polychaetes.
Amoeboid Protozoa - Single celled organisms of Phylum Protozoa and Class
Sarcodina. Move by pseudopodla (streaming) movements and temporary ex-
tensions of cell.
Autotrophic - Utilizing inorganic compounds as carbon sources.
Bacteria - A group of universally distributed, rigid, essentially unicell-
ular microscopic organisms lacking chlorophyll. They are usually con-
sider:^ as plants.
Bioassay - A method of determining toxic effects of wastewater by observing
changes in biological activity.
Biomass - An accumulation, growth, or colony of living organisms.
Biota - Animal and plant life, or fauna and flora, of a water body.
Bloom - A rapid increase of plant population, usually algae, caused by
an environmental change.
Blue green algae - Division Cyanophyta. Pigments not localized in definite
chromatophores. Nucleus lacks nucleolus and nuclear membrane always pre-
sent in freshwater plankton catches.
Boil - A rise in a water surface caused by the turbulent upward flow of
water.
Chloromonadida - Order of widespread grass-green algae.
Chlorophyceae - Class of green algae.
Chrysophyceae - Class of golden-brown algae; microscopic motile cells.
Phylum Cnrysophyta (yellow-green or golden-brown algae).
74
-------
CI Hates - Class of protozoa possessing cilia (tiny hairs) used for
WomotTon.
Coccolithophora - Free swimming algae of Division Chrysophyta. Surrounded
by an envelope embedded with numerous small calcareous discs (coccollths).
CoHform - Bacteria, Including the genera Escherichia and Aerobacter, of
the family Enterobacterlaceae whose presence Is taken to Indicate fecal
pollution.
Copepoda - A subclass of Crustacea composing a large portion of zooplank-
ton and universally distributed 1n plankton and 1n benthlc and Httoral
regions. They are usually less than 2.0 inn long and exist as both para-
sitic and free-living forms.
Core - A small cylindrical sample of earth produced by a core drill.
Diatoms - Unicellular microscopic aquatic organisms with a box-like structure
consisting principally of silica.
Oinoflagellates - Bromish, chiefly marine, algae, of the Phylun Pyrrophyta,
containing two external flagellum.
Ecology - The relationship between organisms and their environment.
Empirical Model - A description, in mathematical terms, of observed data.
Entercocci - A group of cocci having its normal habitat 1n the Intestines
of man or animals.
Euglenida - Co'orless flagellate algae order. Division Euglenophyta. Naked
free swimning cells with 1, 2, or 3 flageila.
Euglenids - See E'jglenophyceae.
Eualenophyceae - Phylum of algae; grass-green, unicellular, motile; lacking
cell wall; cocmon name Eug1t?noids or Euglenids.
Facultative - The ability to adapt to the presence or absence of oxygen.
Fecal CoHform - Coliform organisms which have their normal habitat In the
intestines of man or animal.
Fecal Streptococci - A group of bacteria of the Entercocci group.
Fluorescent Dyes - Dyes which exhibit the phenomenon of f1uorescense. I.e.,
absorb the energy of ultraviolet waves and emit It as visible waves of
greater length.
Fluorometer - An instrument which measures the degree of fluorescense;
therefore, measures indirectly the concentration of fluorescent dye.
75
-------
Gallons Per Minute (GPM) - A measurement of flovrate In terms of volume
per unit time.
Gaussian Distribution - A two parameter symmetric distribution of random
occurrences. Also called a "normal distribution."
Genus - A group of very closely related species.
Qonyavlaxdlqltale - Unicellular Dlnoflagellate.
Green algae - Division Chlorophyta. Pigments In chromatophores. Filamentous
and unicellular species. Both aquatic and terrestrial.
Gymnodlnlum - Unicellular Dlnoflagellate.
Gyrodlnlum Plnge - Unicellular Dlnoflagellate.
Interstitial - Consisting of or existing In small open spaces or pores.
Microblota - Microscopic plants and animals.
Ml11111ter(s) (ml) - A measurement of /olune.
Most Probable Number (MPN) - That number of organisms per unit volume that,
1n accordance with statistical theory, may be more likely than any other
nunfcer to yield the observed test results. Expressed as density of organ-
Isms per 100 ml.
Nematode worms - Parasitic roundworms.
Nereid worms - Polychaete marine worms.
Ostracoda - An abundant and widely distributed subclass of Crustacea.
Ostracoda resemble mlnature (less than one mm) mussels.
Outfall - A conduit that receives wastewater from a collecting system or
treatment plant and carries it to a point of final discharge, the point of
discharge.
Pathogens - Disease-producing microorganisms.
Photosynthesis - The creation of complex organic materials from carbon
dioxide, water, and inorganic salts, with sunlight as the source of energy
and with the aid of a catalyst such as chlorophyll.
Photosynthet1c organ1sms - Organisms that obtain their energy for qrowth
from light from pnotosynthes1s.
Phytopiankton - Collective term for the plants and plant-like organisms
present In plankton.
76
-------
Plankton - The aggregate of passively floating, drafting, or weakly motile
mostly microscopic organisms In a body of water, usually composed primarily
of algae. A basic aquatic food source.
Primary treatment - The first major (sometimes the only) treatment In a
wastewater treatment works, usually sedimentation. Primary treatment re-
moves a substantial amount of suspended matter but little or nc colloidal
and dissolved matter.
Protozoa - Small one-celled animals Including amoebae, dilates, and
flagellants.
Rhlzopoda - Group of protozoa.
Rotifer - A characteristically fresh water, microscopic, elongated, and
cylindrical phylum possessing a corona (ciliated or funnel-shaped structure
at the anterior end) and a mastax (specialized pharynx). Less than five
percent of the species occur In marine or brackish waters.
Salinity - A measure of the concentration of dissolved mineral substances
Tn water.
Salmonella - A common water pathogen; a bacterium.
Scyphozoans - Coelenterates, common marine jellyfish.
Species - One kind of organism; a subdivision of a genus.
Staphylococcus - A common enteric bacteria, some forms of which are patho-
genic.
Sulfur bacteria - Bacteria capable of using dissolved sulfur compounds in
their growth. Conmon bacteria of domestic sewage.
Thiqmotropic - Existing within pores; under cover.
Volvocales - Family of motile, unicellular, or colonial with various shapes
except that colonies are never filamentous; Class Chlorophyceae (grass-
green algae). Phylum Chlorophyta (green algae).
Zooflagellata - Aninal-like forms of protozoa (as opposed to phytoflagel-
lates) having no chlorophyll and thus receiving nourishment by the Inges-
tion of plants and animals.
CFM - Cubic feet per minute (FtJM1n ) - A measurement of flow rate 1n
terms of volume per unit time.
Da - Average dilution In boil.
Op - Peak dilution in boil.
DF3 - Three hour overall dilution factor in plume.
77
-------
k - Natural die-off factor for coll form bacteria.
Ky - Turbulent diffusion coefficient In cross-stream direction.
(ttF) - Collform counts determined by M111pore Filter technique.
N - Instantaneous concentration In plume.
N - Time-mean concentration 1n plume.
Na - Average concentration 1n boll.
- Initial concentration 1n outfall pipe.
Np - Peak concentration 1n boll.
PPB - Parts per billion.
PPM - Parts per million.
Q - Equivalent source strength on sewage release rate corrected for decay.
Q0 - Initial source strength or seuage release rate.
RPM - Revolutions per minute.
Sy - Standard deviation of concentration in cross-stream direction.
Sz - Standard deviation of concentration In vertical direction.
Sy0 - Initial plume standard deviation 1n cross-stream direction at boll.
SZo ~ Initial plume standard deviation 1n vertical direction at boll.
t - Diffusion time or travel time from boll.
tj - Lagrangian time-scale of turbulence.
u - Mean current speed.
x - Downstream distance measured from boil.
y - Cross-stream distance measured from plume axis.
Xo - Upstream distance from boll to location of virtual point source of
equal strength.
78
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SECTION XII
APPENDICES
COMPARISON OF DYE PLUME CROSS-SECTIONS WITH FITTED GAUSSIAN
DlsYIOEUYICRS
Figure A1 Pompano Study, August 8, 1968 (Experiment P3).
Figure A2 Pompano Study, D"ember 10, 1968 (Experiment P7).
Figure A3 Pompano Study, December 17, 1968 (Experiment P8).
Figure A4 Pompano Study, December 17, 1968 (Experiment P9).
Figure A5 Pompano Study, December 18, 1968 (Experiment P10).
Figure A6 Hollywood Study, May 20, 1969 (Experiment HI).
Figure A7 Hollywood Study, December 9, 1969 (Experiment H2).
ED PEAK (AXIAL) DYE CONCENTRATIONS AND CROSS-CURRENT (LATERAL)
sYAhbARD DEVIATIONS
MEASURED PEAK
PLUME
Table B1
Table B2
Table B3
Table B4
Table B5
Table B6
Table B7
Table B8
Table B9
Pompano Study, August 6, 1968 (Experiment PI).
Pompano Study, August 8, 1968 (Experiment P3).
August 14, 1968 (Experiment P5).
December 10, 1968 (Experiment P7).
Pompano Study,
Pompano Study,
Pompano Study, December 17,
Pompano Study, December 17,
Pompano Study,
1968 (Experiment P8).
1968 (Experiment P9).
1968 (Experiment PI0).
December 18,
Hollywood Study, May 20, 19
Hollywood Study, December 12, 1969 (Experiment H3).
PHOTOGRAPHS
Figure CI The Gulf Stream.
Figure C2 Eddies Off the Florida Current.
Figure C3 Dye Plume (Experiment P6).
Figure C4 Dye Plume (Experiment HI).
AQUATIC STUDY DATA
Table D1 Species and Numbers per ml of Organisms in a Transect
from the Beach, Hollywood Outfall, July 22, 1968.
79
-------
Table 02 Organisms In Two Cores from About the IS Foot Oepth Inshore
at Hollywood, July 23, 1968.
Table 03 Nurters of Organisms 1n 1000 mis of Catch fron 4 Towings of
About 100 Yards Each at Hollywood, July 22, 1968.
Table 04 Organisms In 1/60 of Catch In Two Gulf Stream Tows and One
Inshore at Depths of 100 Feet, Surface, and A Variable 60
Foot, July 22, 1968.
Table OS Plankton Species and Numbers per ml In & Transect, Beach to
10,000 Feet, Hollywood Outfall, August 31, 1968.
Table 06 Organisms In 4 Cores at Hollywood, August 30, 1968.
Table 07 Organisms 1n Surface Waters 1n a Transect from the Beach
Out, at Hollywood, October, 1968.
Table 08 Boca Raton Cores, October, 1968.
Table 09 Hollywood Cores, October, 1968.
Table 010 List of Species Found In Thr^e Transects at Hollywood and
Pompano Beach, February and March, '.969.
Table Oil The Nisnber of Species According to Groups at Each Location
for Three Transects at Hollywood and Pompano Beach, February
and March, 1969.
Table D12 Organisms In Water at 150 Foot Depth Just Above the Interface,
and in a Surface Sanpie, Pompano Beach, March, 1969.
Table D13 Organisms In 10 Interface Samples at Various Depths, Hollywood,
Del ray Beach, and Pompano Beach, February and March, 1969.
Table D14 Organisms 1n the Gulf Stream and 1n Shelf Water Comparing
Those Taken with a Clarke-Bumpus No. 20 Plankton Net, and
Those Taken In A Centrifugal Water Bottle Sample, Hollywood,
February 11, 1969.
Table D15 Additional Species from the Gulf Stream and Shelf Water 1n
February and March Samplings.
Table 016 Mlcroblota in Nos. per ml at 10 Pompano Beach and 6 Hollywood
Stations on Transects from the Beach, June 23 and 24, 1969.
Table 017 Organisms 1n Sediment Water Interface, Pompano Beach and
Hollywood, June 24-26, 1969.
80
-------
Table D18 Results of Dry Heating and Ignition of Different Allquots
of Oelray and Potnpano Cores from Beneath the Sewer Outfalls.
Table D19 Transect Plankton, Shore Into Gulf Stream, Hollywood, July
9, 1971.
Table D20 Plankton Taken with A No. 20 Net, in Nun&ers per Liter, at 5
Stations, Hollywood, July 7, 1971.
Table D?1 Interface Organisms in 5 Cores at and Around the Hollywood
Outfall. July 7. 1971.
81
-------
-2 -I -
0 0 11 2 2 -2 -2 -1-1 0 0 1 1 2 2
AUGUST) Sff, 8198968
FlfflJREJIffl AJ GOMRJMPPSQItQlVFCOfYDVffl.UH£JHIR(!H®SS&(SEniNS)M#IlHTHl'n!BlTEO
gaiksikn /on smirsuTsinusN s
PO«fflMWr®ninTiiJYAUaiaiiSff, a9686f£XlEWP8fflllEWT3p3)
8282
-------
FIGURE A2 - COMPARISON OF DYE PLUME CROSS-SECTIONS WITH FITTED
GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTIONS
POMPANO STUDY, DECEMBER 10, 1968 (EXPERIMENT P7)
83
-------
-2 -10 1 2 -2 -I 0 1
V/S Y/S
y y
DECEMBER 17. 1968 (am)
FIGURE A3 - COMPARISON OF DYE PLUME CROSS-SECTIONS WITH FITTED
GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTIONS
POMPANO STUDY, DECEMBER 17. 1968 (EXPERIMENT P8)
84
-------
-2-10 1 2-2-10
Y/S
y y
DECEMBER 17, 1968 (pm)
FIGURE A4 - COMPARISON OF DYE PLUME CROSS-SECTIONS WITH FITTED
GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTIONS
POMPANO STUDY, DECEMBER 17, 1968 (EXPERIMENT P9)
85
-------
-------
FIGURE AS - COMPARISON OF DYE PLUME CROSS-SECTIONS WITH FITTED
GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTIONS
POMPANO STUDY, DECEMBER 18, 1968 (EXPERIMENT PI0)
06
-------
N/N.
2
' '
N/Na
1
jr ^
A
t i
/ I
!]
i\
| i
I \
\ \
1 \
\ \
\ \
\\
\ i
1 / V \
iy \
j f X = 200'
/J ,
il
J X » 4180'
V
i \
\ \
I \
\ \
V\
1 0
• i
-2
-1
1 2-2-1
Y/S
Y/S
MAY 20, 1969
FIGURE A6 - COMPARISON OF DYE PLUME CROSS-SECTIONS WITH FITTED
GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTIONS
HOLLYWOOD STUDY, MAY 20, 1969 (EXPERIMENT HI)
87
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FIGURE A7 - COMPARISON OF DYE PLUME CROSS-SECTIONS WITH FITTED
GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTIONS
HOLLYUOOD STUDY, DECEMBER 9, 1969 (EXPERIMENT H2)
88
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APPENDIX B
MEASURED PEAK (AXIAL) DYE CONCENTRATIONS
AND CROSS CURRENT (LATERAL) PLUME STANDARD DEVIATIONS
TABLE B1 POMPANO STUDY, AUGUST 6, 1968 (EXPERIMENT PI)
Downstream Plume Standard Maximum Concentration Sampler
Distance (ft) Deviation, S (ft) ppb Depth (ft)
y Observed Fitted*
460
37
0.75
0.48
5
1430
53
2.65
2.07
5
1570
72
2.15
1.40
5
1840
70
1.10
0.92
5
SI 00
115
0.39
0.29
5
5170
94
0.29
0.25
5
8740
256
0.26
0.16
5
TABLE B2
POMPANO STUDY, AUGUST 8, 1968 (EXPERIMENT P3)
Downstream
Distance (ft)
Plume Standard
Deviation, Sy (ft)
Maximum Concentration
PPb
Observed Fitted*
Sampler
Depth (ft)
130
51
4.86
4.81
3
130
47
2.59
2.75
3
230
51
2.56
2.28
3
30
53
4.33
4.80
6.5
130
59
4.01
3.61
6.5
540
81
2.05
1.84
4
1280
118
0.43
0.28
4
*
Peak concentration determined on this table and on following
tables by fitting to the plume traverse data a Gaussian distribution
having the same area, mean, and standard deviation as the concentration
profile.
89
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TABLE B3 POMPAHO STUDY. AUGUST 14, 1968 (EXPERIMENT P5)
Dounstrean Plume Standard Maximum Concentration Sassier
Distance (ft) Deviation, Su (ft) ppb Depth (ft)
* Observed Fitted*
4950
36
0.73
0.60
5
5460
40
0.95
0.75
5
5360
49
1.22
1.06
3
5390
31
1.34
1.19
3
5430
35
1.04
0.90
3
5240
41
1.78
1.60
3
5260
47
1.80
1.72
3
5380
37
2.24
2.17
3
2910
15
2.67
2.17
3
2910
30
2.33
1.88
3
2830
30
2.00
1.63
3
2750
29
2.16
1.83
5
2640
18
2.69
2.58
5
2600
28
1.69
1.54
6.5
2610
26
1.15
1.11
6.5
7910
47
0.40
0.42
3
7910
107
1.12
0.85
3
8250
83
0.54
0.54
3
8120
93
0.72
0.58
3
8010
115
0.76
0.80
3
7950
113
0.67
0.59
5
7740
55
0.68
0.65
6
7870
73
0.74
0.59
6.5
7730
96
0.40
0.30
6.5
90
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TABLE B4 POMPANO STUDY, DECEMBER 10, 1968 (EXPERIMENT P7)
Downstream Plume Standard Maximum Concentration Sampler
Distance (ft) Deviation, Su (ft) ppb Depth (ft)
' Observed Fitted*
210
140
3.06
2.88
4
160
111
3.75
3 58
4
150
112
4.56
4.64
4
260
113
4.05
4.?7
4
890
236
1.10
1.14
4
1440
283
0.92
0.95
4
1070
239
0.60
0.68
4
1400
230
0.60
0.68
4
TABLE B5
POMPANO STUDY, DECEMBER 17, 1968 (EXPERIMENT P8)
Downstream
Distance (ft)
Plume Standard
Deviation, Sy (ft)
Maximum Concentration
ppb
Observed Fitted*
Sampler
Depth (ft)
190
59
2.40
1.76
4
100
33
1.26
1.37
4
170
37
1.05
1.08
4
110
41
0.87
0.80
4
160
44
0.64
0.56
4
150
46
0.49
0.54
4
400
90
0.25
0.25
4
610
84
0.49
0.40
990
118
2.13
1.95
2
330
50
1.30
1.21
2
80
37
2.75
2.09
2
91
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TABLE B6 POHPANO STUDY. DECEMBER 17, 1968 (EXPERIMENT P9)
Downstream Pluae Standard Naxlnun Concentration Saapler
Distance (ft) Deviation, Sw (ft) ppb Depth (ft)
* Observed Fitted*
620
100
1.69
1.36
2
660
95
1.13
1.18
2
550
87
1.80
1.47
2
600
116
1.66
1.49
4
580
124
1.60
1.52
4
570
75
1.95
1.53
4
600
96
1.70
1.39
6
600
94
1.70
1.33
6
640
76
1.18
1.33
6
990
91
1.30
1.41
6
1030
113
0.71
0.73
6
1050
107
0.82
0.83
4
1050
111
0.57
0.51
4
1100
102
0.47
0.42
2
1820
110
0.50
0.46
2
2820
158
0.11
0.13
2910
104
0.39
0.46
4
3770
145
0.18
0.14
6
3920
151
0.26
0.24
6
3950
112
0.26
0.29
4
4020
171
0.35
0.32
4
3990
171
0.34
0.20
4
4100
147
0.19
0.22
2
4980
188
0.15
0.12
2
5160
191
0.21
0.25
2
92
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TABLE B7 P0I4PAN0 STUDY. DECEMBER 18, 1968 (EXPERIMENT PIO)
Downstream Plume Standard Maximum Concentration Sadler
Distance (ft) Deviation, Stf (ft) ppb Depth (ft)
1 Observed Fitted*
320
46
1.80
1.46 4
400
32
0.71
0.68 3
360
30
2.92
2.65 3
460
44
1.68
2.06 3
610
47
1.51
1.57 6
790
57
1.15
1.29 6
760
57
0.98
0.86 6
1050
54
0.66
0.57 6
1160
64
0.55
0.42 6
1070
50
0.50
0.40 4
1210
56
0.27
0.27 4
1390
57
0.28
0.25 2
2760
82
0.40
0.37 2
3030
94
0.30
0.36 4
3040
85
0.18
0.18 4
5410
132
0.17
0.14 6
5670
146
0.14
0.14 6
6170
154
0.13
0.11 4
93
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TABLE B8 HOLLYWOOD STUDY, MAY 20, 1968 (EXPERIMENT HI)
Downstream Plume Standard Maximum Concentration Saapler
Distance (ft) Deviation, Sw (ft) ppb Depth (ft)
y Observed Fitted*
210
37
12.6
11.8
2
200
42
15.7
16.2
2
170
24
24.5
20.3
2
1150
47
8.40
7.30
2
1080
84
12.3
6.35
2
2260
121
2.80
2.76
2
2340
199
2.98
2.78
2
2440
123
3.21
2.51
2
3880
362
3.80
2.49
2
4180
381
4.22
3.18
2
TABLE B9
HOLLYWOOD STUDY,
DECEMBER 12, 1969 (EXPERIMENT H3)
Downstream
Distance (ft)
Plume Standard
Deviation, Sy (ft)
Maximum Concentration
ppb
Observed Fitted*
Sampler
Depth (ft)
100
136
6.82
7.45
3
900
304
2.63
3.00
3
700
220
2.94
3.36
3
1620
365
1.86
1.96
3
1580
353
1.86
1.97
3
94
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