-------
PEDCo- ENVIRONMENTAL
SUITE 13 • ATKINSON SQUARE
CINCINNATI. OHIO 45246
513 / 77 1-4330
AREA SOURCE EMISSION INVENTORY
HAMILTON COUNTY, .TENNESSEE, AND
WALKER AND CATOOSA COUNTIES, GEORGIA
Volume I
Contract No. 68-02-1375
Task Order No. 9
PEDCo P.N.; 3155-1
Prepared by
PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc.
Suite.13, Atkinson Square
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Region IV, Atlanta, Georgia
October, 1975
Suite 110, Crown Centor
Kansas City, Mo. 64108
BRANCH OFFICES
Suite 104-A, Professional Village
Chupol Hill, N C. 27514
C3
IPiaUXDD
-------
This report was furnished to the U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency by PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc.,
Cincinnati, Ohio, in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-1375
(Task Order No. 9). The contents of this report are repro-
duced herein as received from the contractor. The opinions,
findings, and conclusions expressed are those of the author
and not necessarily those of the Environmental Protection
Agency.
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This report was prepared for the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency by PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc.,
Cincinnati,, Ohio. Mr. Edwin Pfetzing was the PEDCo Project
Manager. The principal author of the report was Mr. Leslie
J. Ungers.
Mr. Winston Smith was the Project Office for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. The Project team is appre-
ciative of the additional assistance and cooperation ex-
tended by the following individuals and agencies:
Mr. Archie Lee and Mr. Randy Mayfield
Region IV, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Mr. James Mullins
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Mr. Herb Panr and Dr. James Lents
Hamilton County Air Pollution Control Bureau
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF FIGURES iii
LIST OF TABLES iv
1. SUMMARY AND GENERAL METHODOLOGY 1-1
2. STATIONARY SOURCE FUEL COMBUSTION 2-1
Bituminous Coal 2-1
Fuel Oil - Distillate 2-9
Fuel Oil - Residual 2-16
Natural Gas 2-20
LPG 2-24
Wood 2-28
3. MOBILE SOURCES 3-1
Gasoline Highway Motor Vehicles 3-1
Diesel Highway Motor Vehicles 3-14
Aircraft 3-17
Rail Locomotive 3-22
Vessels 3-25
Off-Highway Vehicles 3-31
4. COMBUSTION OF SOLID WASTES (controlled and 4-1
uncontrolled)
Open Burning 4-1
Incineration 4-5
Forest Burning 4-12
5. OTHER SOURCES 5-1
Evaporative Loss Sources 5-1
Fugitive Dust-Unpaved Roads 5-5
Fugitive Dust-Paved Roads 5-9
Fugitive Dust-Agricultural Tilling 5-13
Fugitive Dust Construction 5-19
REFERENCES
APPENDICES*
* Appended in Volume II of this report.
ii
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1-1 Gridded map of Hamilton Co., Tenn., Walker and 1-18
Catoosa Co., Ga.
5-1 Highway Projects. 5-26
iii
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1-1 Total Emissions from Fuel Usage by Source 1-2
Category - 1973
1-2 Total Emissions from Fuel Usage by Source 1_4
Category - 1975
1-3 Total Emissions from Fuel Usage by Source 1-6
Category - 1980
1-4 Total Emissions from Fuel Usage by Source 1-8
Category - 1985
1-5 Source Category Descriptor Codes 1-10
1-6 Data Accuracy of Source Categories 1-13
1-7 Grid Geographical Data - 1973 1-19
2-1 Residential Coal Consumption 2-2
2-2 Residential Fuel Oil Consumption 2-9
2-3 Residential Wood Consumption 2-28
3-1 Total Emissions (ton/yr by eng.-LTO) - 1973 3-19
3-2 Emission Factor Derivation - Off-Highway 3-35
Vehicles
4-1 List of Incinerators and Emissions - 1973 4-6
5-1 Fugitive Dust from Agricultural Tilling - 5-16
1973
5-2 Fugitive Dust Emissions from Agricultural 5-15
Fields Due to Wind Eros.ion - 1973
5-3 Total Fugitive Dust Emissions from Agri- 5-17
cultural Activity - 1973
5-4 Highway Construction Activity - Present and 5-27
Proposed - 1973 thru 1985
5-5 Fugitive Dust Emissions from All Types of Con-5-23
struction - 1973
iv
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1. SUMMARY AND GENERAL METHODOLOGY
SUMMARY
This project was undertaken to prepare an inventory of area
sources of air pollutant (particulate, SO , CO, HC, NO )
X X
emissions in three counties in the Chattanooga area (Ham-
ilton County, Tennessee; Walker,' Catoosa County, Georgia)
for use in analysis and modeling of air quality in this
designated Air Quality Maintenance Area (AQMA) for the
period 1975 to 1985. A base year of 1973 was specified for
the inventory because this is the most recent year for which
much of the published national, state, and local data were
available.
The base year area source emissions are projected to three
different future years—1975, 1980, and 1985—as part of
this project. These analysis years are specified in the EPA
regulations on preparation of AQMA plans.
The area source categories included in the inventory are
shown in Tables 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, with the category
descriptor codes summarized in Table 1-5. This list of
categories was compiled at the initial project meeting of
the participants (EPA - Region IV, Georgia DNR, and PEDCo) .
It is' conventional except for the four fugitive dust source
categories.
Total pollutant emissions are summarized by category for the
base year and three projection years in Tables 1-1, 1-2, 1-
3", and 1-4. Survey data, emission estimating procedures,
1-1
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Table 1-1. TOTAL EMISSIONS FROM AREA SOURCES
- 1973 ton/yra,("*
SOJKCE
CATEGORY
FUEL USAGE
INPUT UN ITS
P-RTICULATES
SULFUR
OXIDES
CARBON
MONOXIDE
HYDROCARBONS
NITROGEN
OXIDES
KcSCGAL
24999.0
TCN/YR
188.7
390.0
625.0
143.7
56.2
Ac>FOIL
3462.0
10**3 GAL/YR
17.3
107. 1
8.7
5.2
20.8
RcSNGAS
2892.0
10**6 CU FT/YR
15.3
0.9
28.9
11.6
115.7
REiLPG
5829.0
10**3 GAL/YR
5.2
0.0
5.5
2.3
21.9
Cj.lCOAL
0.0
TON/YR
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
CJ-tROIL
2281.0
1C**3 GAL/YR
26.2
340.9
4.6
3.4
68.4
CJrtDO IL
11879.0
10**3 GAL/YR
89. 1
367.7
23.8
17.8
356.4
CurtNGAS
2718.0
10**6 CU FT/YR
13.6
0.8
27.2
10.9
163. 1
CJ.iLPG
6S55.0
10**3 GAL/YR
6.3
0.0
6.6
2.8
40.0
I.^DCOAL
60 COO.0
TON/YR
4485.0
1767.0-
60.0
30.0
450.0
i.jjroil
0.0
10**3 GAL/YR
0.0
0.0 _
0.0
0.0
0.0
I.WjOOIL
2929.0
10**3 GAL/YR
22.0
172.8
5.9
4.4
87.9
I^J.NGAS
11453.2
10**6 CU FT/YR
57.3
3.4
97.4
17.2
1002.2
IrtJLPG
511.0
1,0**3 GAL/YR
0.5
0.0
0.4
0.1
3.0
WO JO
6401.0
TON/YR
54.4
0.0
160.0
12.8
6.4
GASHVEH
2027.6
10**6 VMT/YR
151S.7
335.4
194701.9
26824.6
10506.3
01EMVEH
47.6
10**6 VMT/YR
97.0
146.9
451.1
120.6
1316.5
RAlLLCC
8)40.8
10**3 GAL/YR
ICS.3
249. 1
568.2
410.8
1617.0
VcjSELS
2909.3
10**3 GAL/YR
0.0
23.9
1687.0
567.2
222.3
OFHIVEH
12042.0
10**3 GAL/YR
9 8.7
131.3
4607.3
670. 1
1324.6
CMENBUR
9605.0
TCN/YR
80.2
1.0
298.7
74.0
14.4
FfiURN
9153.0
TCN/YR
77.8
0.0
457.6
91.5
9.2
EVAPLCS
536163.0
TCN/YR
0.0
0.0
0.0
3645.9
0.0
FJJWPRO
34299.4
10**3 VMT/YP
5813.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
FJPAVRO
2041.5
10**6 VMT/YR
2428.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-------
"table 1-1 (continued). TOTAL EMISSIONS FROM AREA SOURCES - 1973 ton/yra,d
SOJrtCS
SULFUR
CARBON
NITROGEN
C 4TcGORY
INPUT UNITS
PARTICULATES
OXIDES
MONOXIDE
HYDROCARBONS
OXIDES
AIRCRACT
105,114
Engine LTO's
5.3
19.9
6*7.2
77.6
105.5
ITINERA
4,136
Tons Burned
25.6
11.9
71.3
0.0
120.6
fjagt il
88,585
Acres Arable L
and 268.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
FJCCNST
663
Acres Exposed
928.3
0.0
o
•
o
O
•
o
o
•
o
Subtotal'5
14,004.8
FDPAVRD
2,428.0
Total
16,432.8
4,070.0 .
204,544.3
>2,744.5
17,628.4:
EMISSION CONTRIBUTIONS BY STATE (ton/yr)C
Term.
10,864.5
3,663.7
160,943.0
25,852.0
14,372.8
Ga.
5,568.3
406 . 3
43,601.3
6,892.5
3,255.6
totals respective to entire study area.
^Does not include FDPAVRD category.
CTennessee emissions are contributed by grids 1-73,
Georgia emissions by grids 74-107.
dThe percent sulfur and percent ash content of
specific fuels can be found in Table A-5 of Appendix A.
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Table 1-2. TOTAL EMISSIONS FROM AREA SOURCES - 1975 ton/yra,d
S3JRCE
SULFUR
CARSON
NITROGEN
CATEGORY
FUEL USAGE
input UNITS
P.'RTICULATES
OXIDES
MONOXIDE
HYDROCARBONS
OXIDES
RciC04L
20134.0
TCN/YR
152.0
314.1
503.3
115.8
45.3
ReSFOIL
3266.0
10**3 gal/yr
16.3
101. 1
8.2
4.9
19.6
Re SNGAS
3033.8
10**6 CU FT/YR
16.1
0.9
30.3
12.1
121.4
K£iLPG
6234.0
10**3 GAl/YR
5.6
0.0
5.9
2.5
23.4
CurtCOAL
0.0
TON/YR
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
CJ.-H3IL
2363.0
10**3 GAL/YR
2 7.2
353.2
4.7
3.5
70.9
CJM03IL
12101.0
10**3 GAL/YR
90.8
374. 5
24.2
18.2
363.0
Curt.NGAS
2843.7
10**6 CU FT/YR
14.2
0.9
28.4
11.4
170.6
Cj.-(LPG
7305.0
10**3 GAL/YR
6.6
0.0
6.9
2.9
42.0
i.^ocoal
81COO.O
TCN/YR
6034.5
•2385.4
81.0.
40.5
607.5
I.baOIL
0.0
10**3 GAL/YR
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
I.*OOJIL
2994.0
10**3 GAL/YR
22.5
176.6
6.0
4.5
89.8
I^JNGAS-
14385.0
10**6 CU FT/YR
71.9
4.3
122.3
21.6
1258.7
I.1JLPG
607.0
10**3 GAL/YR
0.5
0.0
0.5
0.1
3.6
WJ0 3
5883.0
TON/YR
50.0
0.0
147. 1
11.8
5.9
gashveh
2 115.2
1C**6 VMT/YR
1585.3
349.9
142251.6
24019.6
10260.8
01crtVEH
53.9
10**6 VMT/YR
109. S
166.2
510.6
136.6
1496.2
RAIILOC
7 6 0*4 ; 5
10**3 GAL/YR
95. 1
216.7
494.3
357.4
1406.8
VciSELS
2908.3
10**3 GAL/YR
0. 0
23.8
1686.4
567.0
222.2
GFrllVEH
12403.0
10**3 GAL/YR
101.7
135.2
4745.4
690.2
1364.3
GPzNdUR
9413.6
TON/YR
78.6
0.9
292.8
72.5
14.1
FFdURN
906 1.0
TON/YR
77.0
0.0
453.0
90.6
9.1
E VA PLCS
552249.0
TCN/YR
0.0
0.0
0.0
3755.3
0.0
fjjn?ro
34299.4
10**3 VMT/YR
5813.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
fjpavro
2134.8
10**6 VMT/YP
2539.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-------
Table 1-2 (continued). TOTAL EMISSIONS FROM AREA SOURCES - 197 5 ton/yra,d
SOJiiCE
SULFUR
CARBON
NITROGEN
CAT cGORY
INPUT UNITS
PARTICULATES
OXIDES
MONOXIDE
HYDROCARBONS
OXIDES
AIRCRAFT
113,299
Engine LTO's
6.2
12.6
797.9
99.6
118.$
ITINERA
4,136
Tons Burned
63.6
12.4
70.7
0. 1
121.2
fJAGT IL
139,060
Acres Arable
.and 411.1
o
•
o
0.0
0.0
o
•
o
FOZCNST
802
Acres Exposed
1151.8
0.0
0.0
o
•
O
0.0
Subtotal'5
16,002.2
FDPAVRD
2,539.0
Total
18,541.2
4,628.7
152,271.5
30,038.7
17,834.9
EMISSION CONTRIBUTIONS BY STATE (ton/yr)C
Tenn.
13,008.9
4,266.8
120,826.7
24,336.0
14,886.0
Ga.
5,532.3
361.9
31,444.8
5,702.7
2,948.9
aTotals respective to entire study area.
^Does not include FDPAVRD category.
cTennessee emissions are contributed by grids 1-73,
Georgia emissions by grids 74-107.
dThe percent sulfur and percent ash content of
specific fuels can be found in Table A-5 of
Appendix A.
-------
26
16
136
25
0
76
309
192
44
615
0
92.
1256.
3.
4,
8740.
1738.
1697.
222.
1536.
13.
8.
0.
0.
0.
Table 1-3. TOTAL EMISSIONS FROM AREA SOURCES
- 1980 ton/yra,<^
FUEL USAGE
INPUT UNITS
PARTICULATES
SULFUR
OXIDES
CARBON
KONOXIDE
HYOROCARBONS
1L660.0
2824.0
3409.3
6657.2
0.0
2547.0
1296e.O
3214.6
7792.6
82000.0
0.0
3C97.0'
14358.1
622.0
4758.0
2331.7
65. 1
917 7.8
2505.2
13969.0
9C29.0
8878.0
563333. 0
34299.4
2362.5
TCN/YR
I 0** 3 GAL/YR
10**6 CU FT/YR
10**3 GAL/YR
TON/YR
10**3 GAL/YR
10**3 GAL/YR
10**6 CU Fl/YR
10»*3 GAL/YR
TON/YR
10**3 GAL/YR
10**3 GAL/YR
10**6 CU FT/YR
10**3 GAL/YP
TON/YR
10**6 VMT/YR
10**6 VMT/YR
10**3 GAL/YR
10**3 GAL/YR
10**3 GAL/YR
TCN/YR
TCN/YR
TCN/YR
10**3 VMT/YR
1 0**6 VMT/YR
88.0
14.1
18.1
6.0
0.0
29.3
97.3
16. 1
7.0
6129.5
0.0
23.2
71.8
0.6
40.4
1 747.6
132.9
1 14.7
0.0
1 14.5
75.4
75.5
0.0
5813.8
2809.8
18 1.9
87.4
1.0
0.0
0.0
380.6
401.4
1.0
0.0
2414.9
0.0
182.7
4.3
0.0
0.0
385. 7
201. 1
261.6
23.8
152.3
0.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
291.5
7.1
34.1
6.3
0.0
5. 1
25.9
32.1
7.4
82.0
0.0
6.2
122.0
0.5
118.9
105655.7
617.6
596.6
1684.6
5344.5
280.8
443. 9
0.0
0.0
0.0
67.0
4.2
13.6
2.7
0.0
3.8
19.5
12.9
3. 1
41.0
0.0
4.6
21.5
0.1
9.5
15809.8
165.2
431.4
566.4
777.4
69.5
88.8
3864.7
0.0
0.0
-------
Table 1-3 (continued). TOTAL EMISSIONS FROM AREA SOURCES - 1980 ton/yra,d
SOJRCE
SULFUR
CARBON
NITROGEN
C AIc GORY
INPUT UNITS
PARTICULATES
OXIDES
MONOXIDE
HYDROCARBONS
OXIDES
AIRCRAFT
141,450
Engine LTO'3
8.2
o
•
<0
GO
817. 0
114.1
162.5
ITINERA
4,136
Tons Burned
60.9
1 1.9
71.5
0.9
121.8
FJAGT IL
92,949
Acres Arable
iand 298.5
0.0
0.0
o
•
o
0.0
FJCGNST
2,202
Acres Exposed
3082.3
o
•
O
0.0
0.0
0.0
Subtotal^
18,065.7
FDPAVRD
2,809.8
Total
20,875.5
4,778.5
116,251.3
22,091.7
17,121.5
EMISSION CONTRIBUTIONS BY STATE (ton/yr)
c
Tenn.
14 ,496.2
4,380.7
91,272.0
17,546.7
14,070.4
Gfl.
6,379.2
397.8
24 ,979.3
4,545.0
3,051.1
aTotals respective to entire study area.
''Does not include FDPAVRD category.
°Tennessee emissions are contributed by grids 1-73,
Georgia emissions by grids 74-107.
dThe percent sulfur and percent ash content of
specific fuels can be. found in Table A-5 of
Appendix A.
-------
Table 1-4. TOTAL EMISSIONS FROM AREA SOURCES - 1985 ton/yra,d
SJJitCE
CATEGORY
FUEL USAGE
INPUT UNITS
PARTICULATES
SULFUR
OXIDES
CARBON
MONOXIDE
HYDROCARBONS
NITROGEN
OXIDES
iteSCOAL
6 762*0
TON/YR
51.1
105.5
169.0
38.9
15.2
ReiFOIL
244 7.0
10**3 GAL/YR
12.2
75.7
6.1
3.7
14.7
Re SNGAS
3814.0
10**6 CU FT/YR
2C.2
1.1
38.1
15.3
152.6
rtcSLPG
8289.0
10**3 GAL/YR
7.5
0.0
7.9
3.3
31.1
Cu^COAL
0.0
TCN/YR
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
cj-uoil
2747.0
10**3 GAL/YR
31.6
410.5
5.5
4. 1
82.4
CJrt30 IL
13906.0
10**3 GAL/YR
104.3
430.4
27.8
20.9
417.2
CCMN3AS
3731.7
10**6 CU F"T/YR
1 e.7
1.1
37.3
14.9
223.9
CuMLpG
9821.0
I C**3 GAL/YR
8.8
0.0
9.3
3.9
56.5
I.EN3UR
8141.0
TCN/YR
73.0
0.9
271.8
67.3
13.1
FrS'JRN
8695.0
TON/YR
73.9
0.0
434.8
86.9
8.7
evaflcs
589 779.0
TCN/YR
0.0
0.0
0.0
4010.5
0.0
F JJ.NPRD
34299.4
10**3 VMT/YR
5813.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
FJPAVRD
2610.1
1 C**6 VMT/YP
3104.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-------
Table 1-4 (continued). TOTAL EMISSIONS FROM AREA SOURCES - 1985 ton/yra,d
SOiMCE
SULFUR
CARBON
NITROGEN
C JTcGORY
INPUT UNITS
PARTICULATES
OXIDES
TON0XI0E
HYDROCARBONS
OXIDES
AIRCRAFT
151,564
Engine LTO's
9.2
19.1
1117.3
133.6
18 1.6
iinera
4,136
Tons Burned
25.7
12.0
71.7
0.0
122.9
FJAGT IL
85,074
Acres Arable
jand 2 56.3
0.0
o
•
o
O
•
o
0.0
fjcgnst
• 2,272
Acres Exposed
3180.7
0.0
0.0
o
•
o
0.0
Subtotal''
18,350.3
FDPAVRD
3,104.3
Total
21,454.6
4,820.4
70,425.8
14,218.9
14,451-4
EMISSION CONTRIBUTIONS BY STATE (ton/yr)
c
Tenn.
15 ,159". 0
4,413.3
56,019.9
11,287.8
12,021.2
Ga .
6,295.6
407.1
14,405.9
2,931.1
2,430.2
aTotals respective to entire study area.
bDoes not include FDPAVRD category.
cTennessee emissions are contributed by grids 1-73,
Georgia emissions by grids 74-107,
^The percent sulfur and percent ash content of
specific fuels can be found in Table A-5 of
Appendix A.
-------
Table 1-5. SOURCE CATEGORY DESCRIPTOR CODES
Code
Source category
RESCOAL
Residential coal
RESFOIL
Residential fuel oil
RESNGAS
Residential natural gas
RESLPG
Residential LPG
COMCOAL
Commercial-Institutional coal
COMROIL
Commercial-Institutional residual oil
COMDOIL
Commercial-Institutional distillate oil
COMNGAS
Commercial-Institutional natural gas
COMLPG
Commercial-Institutional LPG
INDCOAL
Industrial coal
INDROIL
Industrial residual oil
INDDOIL
Industrial distillate oil
INDNGAS
Industrial natural gas
INDLPG
Industrial LPG
WOOD
Residential wood
GASMVEH
Gasoline motor vehicles
DIEMVEH
Diesel motor vehicles
RAILLOC
Rail locomotive
VESSELS
Vessels
OFHIVEH
Off-highway vehicles
OPENBUR
Open burning
FFBUR
Forest fire burn
EVAPLOS
Evaporative loss sources
FDUNPRD
Fugitive dust - unpaved roads
FDPAVRD
Fugitive dust - paved roads
AIRCRAFT
Aircraft
INCINERA
Incineration
FGDAGTIL
Fugitive dust - agricultural tilling
FGDCONST
Fugitive dust - construction
1-10
-------
and projection techniques that were used to calculate these
values for each source category are documented in detail in
Chapters 1 through 5 of this report.
The estimated total area source emissions of the air pollu-
tants - particulates, SO , CO, HC, NO - in 1973 are about
X X
10.2, 18.5, 99.2, 90.3, and 40.6 percent, respectively, of
the total point source emissions for the same year. This
does not include the category of dust from paved roads.
Thus, area sources are a significant component of overall
emissions in the AQMA and should have a major impact on air
quality. It also appears that this impact may become
proportionately larger in the future because emissions from
most area source categories do not exhibit a downward trend
in 1975 and beyond as point source emissions would be
expected to exhibit.
A source category not originally intended for inclusion
herein, but which is receiving increased attention, is
fugitive dust from paved roads. An accurate quantification
of the contribution from this source was difficult. It has,
however, been evaluated for its estimated impact on air
quality and is discussed as an additional fugitive dust
source in Chapter 5. Summary Tables 1-1, -2, 1-3, 1-4
include this source as an additional category after sub-
totalling all other area source emissions.
The procedures used to allocate emissions for each area
source category to the grid cells are also explained in
detail in subsequent sections. The,resulting total emis-
sions by grid for 1973, .1975, and 1980, and 1985 are pre-
1-11
-------
sented in the Appendices (appended in Volume II). This data
can be used directly in the AQMA modeling effort for air
quality in the Chattanooga region.
The accuracy of the data used in compiling this area source
inventory has been estimated based upon the level of accur-
acy and reliability of the contacts made and sources used.
Table 1-6 shows PEDCo1s assessment of the accuracy (Order 3,
highest accuracy) of data used in computing the area-wide
emissions, projections, and subarea distribution for each
source category. PEDCo has attempted to use the best avail-
able data and methods in compiling this area source emission
inventory for the Chattanooga region.
1-12
-------
Table 1-6. DATA ACCURACY* OF SOURCE CATEGORIES
Chapter
Source category
Area-wide
emissions
Projections
Subarea
distribution
2
Bituminous coal
Residential coal
1
2
3
Commercial coal
2
2
3
Industrial coal
2
2
3
2
Fuel oil
Residential fuel oil
1
2
3
Commercial dist. oil
2
2
3
Industrial dist. oil
2
2
3
Commercial resid. oil
2
2
3
Industrial resid. oil
2
—
-
2
Natural gas
Residential nat. gas
3
2
3
Commercial nat. gas
3
2
3
Industrial nat. gas
3
2
3
2
LPG
Residential LPG
2
2
3
Commercial LPG
2
2
3
Industrial LPG
2
2
3
2
Wood
1
1
3
3
Gasoline motor vehicles
3
3
.3
3
Diesel motor vehicles
3
3
3
3
Aircraft
2
3
3
3
Rail locomotive
2
2
3
3
Vessels
2
2
3
3
Off-highway vehicles
1
1
1
4
Open burning
3
1
2
4
Incineration
3
2
3
4
Forest fires
3
1
2
1-13
-------
Table 1-6 (continued). DATA ACCURACY* OF SOURCE CATEGORIES
Chapter
Source category
Area-wide
emissions
Projections
Subarea
distribution
5
Evaporative loss sources
1
1
1
5
Fugitive dust - unpaved
roads
2
2
2
5
Fugitive dust - paved
roads
1
1
1
5
Fugitive dust - agricul-
tural tilling
3
2
2
5
Fugitive dust - construc-
tion
3
2
1
*Order 1 least detail and accuracy
2 moderate detail and accuracy
3 most detail and accuracy
1-14
-------
GENERAL METHODOLOGY
The following describes the data, references, assumptions,
and calculations used to estimate area source pollutant
emissions for each of the 30 categories in the inventory. A
separate subsection is provided for each source category.
For each source category, the text is divided into three
parts:
1. estimating area-wide base year emissions,
2. projecting base year emissions to the three
future years,
3. allocating emissions to subarea grid cells.
Difficulties were experienced in attempting to project fuel
usage, particularly fuel oil and natural gas, because of the
many uncertainties at this time surrounding the future
availabilities and costs of alternate fuels in the Chattan-
ooga area. The intermediate-term impacts of energy conser-
vation programs and the current economic recession further
clouded the data available for making assumptions and pro-
jections. Overall, the increase in total energy consumption
represented by the fuel usage increases shown in this report
have been estimated in order to, insofar as possible, keep
pace with the population and industrial-commercial growth
expected in the Metropolitan area, and maintain a "worst
case" analysis. However, expected reductions in per capita
consumption of energy may account for future differences.
1-15
-------
In order to input area source emissions into the atmospheric
dispersion model for AQMA analysis, the distribution of
these emissions within the study area must be determined.
This was accomplished by allocating the total emissions for
each category into grid squares covering the entire area, as
shown in Figure 1-1. Four grid sizes are used: 2,4,6 and 8
km. The grid system has 107 grids, and Table 1-7 summarizes
the geographical data pertinent to each.
The "Area-2 Program," originally developed by EPA, was
employed to enable rapid, accurate calculation and alloca-
tion of emissions. Required input data are fuel usage
totals, emission factors, and pertinent grid information.
The program was modified by PEDCo to accept data input from
up to 25 source categories requiring emission calculation
and apportioning and 10 categories which are best treated as
"point sources." Additionally, the data output now assumes
a completely versatile and informative format, suitable for
direct inclusion in this report.
1-16
-------
1
A
3
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
24
i r
13
14
15
16
22
23
ie
19
20
21
6?
27
23
26
30
31
42
43
•2 8
29
36
32
33
34
33
41
37
38
39
40
46
44
43
46
47
'53
34
53
72
49
30
31
52
56
37
36
39
60
61
69
70
71
73
63
64
65
f 6
67
66
89
76
74
r s
79
81
83
86
93
77
78
81
82
63
84
87
88
92
93
94
90
91
98
96
97
101
99
100
104
I
102
103
107
105
106
-------
-------
SALE
CREEK
SODDY
DAISY
SIGNAL MT.
CHATTANOOGA
HAMILTON Co.
CATOOSA Co
LoFAYETTE
Figure 1-1. Hamilton Co., Tenn.,
Walker and Catoosa Co., Ga.
ROSSVILLE
EAST RIDGE
AND
L J FORT OGLETHORPE
AREA
CHICK AM AUGA
RINGGOLD
L
1-18
-------
L
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1 5
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
2T
2*
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Table 1-7.
GEOGRAPHICAL DATA - 1973
REGION
POLITICAL
JURISDICTION
COUNTY
UTM CODROINATFS
AP FA
(KM* * 2)
sr ac<
HEIGHT (FH
x( 67. 0
3913.0
64. 0
30. 0
55
0
HAf .1 L TON
675.0
3913.0
64. 0
30.0
55
0
HAM IL TUN
651 .0
3905.0
256.0
30.0
55
0
HAM IL TON
667,0
3905.0
64. 0
30.0
55
0
HAN IL TON
675.0
3905.0
64. 0
30.0
55
0
HAM IL TON
t> 83.0
3905 .0
64.0
30.0
55
0
MAV[L TON
651.0
3B97.0
64 . 0
33.0
55
0
HAM IL TON
659.0
3897.0
64.0
30.0
55
0
HAfIL TON
667. 0
3P97 0
64 . 0
33.3
55
0
HAM IL TON
675 .0
3897.0
64 . 0
30. 0
55
0
HA MIL TON
651.0
3693.0
16.0
33.3
55
0
HAM IL TON
655.0
3 893.0
16.0
30. 0
55
0
HAMILTGN
659.0
3893.0
16. 0
30. 0
55
0
HAMILTON
o63 • 0
3893.0
16.0
33.3
55
0
HAMILTON
643 • 0
3 HO 9.0
64. 0
33.0
55
0
HAM IL TON
651 .0
3089 .0
16.0
30. 3
55
0
HAM IL TON
655.0
38R9.0
16.0
30.0
55
0
HAMfLTUN
659.0
3OR9 .0
16. 0
30. 0
55
0
HAM]L T CM
663. 0
3809.0
16.0
33.3
55
0
HA 1* I L TON
66'7 • 0
3889.0
64. 0
30. 0
55
0
HAM IL TON
o 75 .0
3e89.0
64. 0
30. 0
55
0
HAT IL TON
683.0
3897,0
64.0
30.0
55
0
HAf- 1 L TON
055.0
38B7.0
4. 0
30.3
55
0
HAH]L T ON
b 5 7 * 0
3887 .0
4.0
33.3
55
0
HAM IL TON
651 . 0
3RR5.0
16. 0
33.0
55
0
HAM IL TON
655.0
3885.0
4.0
30. 0
55
0
HA^IL TON
657.0
3 8 8 5.0
4.0
33.3
55
0
HAM!L TON
659.0
3885.0
16. 0
30. 3
55
0
HA MlL T ON
6b3 • 0
3885.0
16. 0
30.0
55
0
HAMILTON
655.0
3883.0
4.0
33.3
55
0
HArIL TON
657. 0
3C83.0
4. 0
33.3
55
0
H A M JL TUN
O59.0
3883.0
4 . 0
30. 0
55
0
HAM IL TON
661-0
3 8 0 3.0
4.0
30. 3
55
0
HAM IL T ON
651.0
388 1 .0
16.0
30. 0
55
0
hakilton
655.0
3eB 1 .0
4.0
30.3
55
0
HAMILTON
657.0
3801.0
4.0
30. 0
55
0
HAMILTON
659.0
388 1.0
4. 0
30.0
55
0
Hamilton
661 .0
388 1.0
4.0
30. 0
55
0
HAMILTON
663.0
3H81.0
16.0
33. 3
55
0
ham IL TON
667 • 0
388 1 .0
64.0
30. 0
55
0
HA". I LTON
o 75 • 0
388 1.0
64. 0
33.3
55
0
HAMilton
655.0
3879.0
4.0
30. 0
55
0
HAMILTON
657.0
3879.0
4.0
33.3
55
0
HAMILTON
659.0
3879,0
4.0
30.0
55
0
HAMILTON
661 • 0
3879.0
4.0
30.0
55
0
HAMILTON
651.0
3877.0
16.0
30.0
-------
Table 1-7 (continued). GEOGRAPHICAL DATA -
1973
GR I D
NUMRER
REGION
politic&l
JUR I SDICTION
COUNTY
UTM CI13»niNATFS
APEA
(KM**?I
sta:k
HEIGHT IFM
X ( K M )
Y( KM)
49
55
0
HAM J L TON
655.0
3877.0
4.0
30.0
50
55
0
H&MILTON
657.0
3077.0
4.0
30. 3
51
55
0
HAM 1L TON
659.0
3877.0
4.0
30.0
52
55
0
HAM I L TUN
661 * 0
3077.0
4.0
30.0
53
55
0
HAMILTON
663.0
3877.0
16.0
30.0
54
55
0
HAMILTON
667 .0
3877.0
16.0
30.0
55
55
0
HIM L TON
671 . 0
3077.0
16.0
30.0
56
55
0
HAMILTON
651 .0
3B75.0
4.0
30. 0
57
55
0
HAMILTON
653 .0
36 75.0
4.0
3 0.0
58
55
0
HAMILTON
o55 .0
3875.0
4.0
30.0
59
55
0
HAM IL TON
657.0
3075.0
4.0
30. 0
60
55
0
HAMILTON
659.0
3875.0
4.0
30.0
61
55
0
HAMILTON
661 . 0
3875.0
4.0
30.0
62
55
0
hamilttn
635.0
3873.0
2 56.0
30. 0
63
55
0
HAM I L TON
6 51.0
3073.0
4.0
30.0
6 4
55
0
HAMILTON
653.0
3873.0
4.0
30. 0
65
55
0
HAMILTON
t>55 .0
3873 .0
4.0
30.0
66
55
0
ham I LTON
657.0
3873.0
4.0
30. 0
67
55
0
HAl*: I LTON
659.0
3873.0
4. 0
30.0
sd
55
0
HAM IL TON
661 .0
3873.0
4.0
30.0
69
55
0
HAM IL TON
663 .0
3873.0
16.0
30. 0
70
55
0
HA*' ILTON
667 .0
3873.0
16.0
30.0
7 1
55
0
HAM I L TON
671.0
3073.0
16.0
30.0
72.
55
0
HAM LTON
675.0
3073.0
64.0
30. 0
7 3
55
0
HAM IL TON
603.0
3873.0
16.0
30.0
74
55
0
WALKER
655 .0
3871.0
4.0
30. 0
75
55
0
walker
6 5 7.0
3871.0
4.0
30.0
76
55
0
WAL KEP
651 .0
3869.0
16.0
30.0
77
55
0
WALKER
6 55.0
3869.0
4.0
30.0
7 6'
55
0
W A L K F R
657.0
3869.0
4.0
30.0
79
55
0
CathqSa
o59.0
3069.0
16.0
30.0
80
55
0
CATOOSA
663 .0
3869.0
16.0
30.0
81
55
0
walker
651 . 0
386 5.0
16.0
30.0
82
55
0
walker
655 .0
3 865,0
16.0
3 0.0
83
55
0
CATUOSA
6 59 .0
3865.0
16.0
30. 0
84
55
0
CATOOSA
663 .0
3865.0
16.0
30. 0
85
55
0
catq^sa
6 6 T .0
3865.0
64.0
30.0
86
55
0
CATOOSA
675 .0
3B65.0
64.0
30. 0
87
55
0
WALKER
651.0
386 1 .0
16.0
30.0
88
55
0
WALKER
655 .0
3861 .0
16.0
30.0
89
55
0
WALKER
635 .0
3857.0
256.0
30.0
90
55
0
W A L K C R
651 . 0
3857.0
16.0
30. 0
9i
55
0
WALKER
655 .0
3657.0
16.0
30.0
92
55
0
CA TOUSA
659.0
3857.0
64.0
30.0
93
55
0
CftTor.SA
667 .0
3957.0
64. 0
30.0
94
55
0
C A TO iJ S A
675.0
3857.0
64.0
30.0
95
55
0
CA Ton $ A
651 .0
3873.0
16.0
30. 0
96
55
0
WALKER
651 .0
3849.0
64. 0
30.0
97
55
0
W&LKtR
659.0
3 8^9.0
64.0
30.0
-------
Table 1-7 (continued). GEOGRAPHICAL DATA - 1973
GRI D
NUMBER
REGION
POLITICAL
JURl SECTION
CDUNTY
UTM cno0 dina tf s
AOEA
IKK**2)
sta:k
Hi 1&-U t FT»
X [ KM)
YK1)
98
55
0
WALKER
635 .0
38l .0
256.0
30. 0
99
55
0
WAIKFP
651 .0
384 l-0
64.0
30. 3
100
55
0
W A L Kb R
659.0
3841.0
64. 0
30. 0
101
55
0
CA TC0S&
667.0
38«»l.O
256.0
30.D
102
55
0
WALKER
651 .0
3833.0
64. 0
30. 0
103
55
0
WALKFR
659.0
3833.0
64.0
30. 3
104
55
0
WALK.FR
635.0
3825.0
256.0
30. 0
105
55
0
WALKFR
651 . 0
3825-0
64. 0
30. 3
106
55
0
WAL KF«
659.0
3825.0
64.0
33. 0
107
55
0
WALKER
667. 0
382 5*0
256.0
30.0
-------
2. STATIONARY SOURCE FUEL COMBUSTION
BITUMINOUS COAL
Area-wide Emissions
An effort was made to determine coal consumption in the
three-county area through contacts with the local coal
distributors. Of the companies contacted, only a few were
able to provide what they felt, was complete and reliably
accurate data. Many were unable to provide the data re-
quested because their sales figures were not computed in
coincidence with the geographic boundaries of this study.
Some were unwilling to cooperate in providing the requested
information.
The methods used to compute coal consumption involved fol-
lowing the procedures outlined in APTD-1135 (Ref. 1).
Residential (RESCOAL):
Residential coal consumption was calculated by the "degree
day method," computed as follows:
Area total = (Dwelling units using coal)(Heating require-
ment factor)(No. degree days/yr)
.Rooms/dwelling unit - study year,
5 avg. room/dwelling unit - U.S.
The calculations are summarized by county for 1973 in the
following table.
The total study area residential coal consumption is then,
24,999 tons/year in 1973.
2-1
-------
Table 2-1. RESIDENTIAL COAL CONSUMPTION - 1973
County
Dwelling units
using coal
Heating ^
requirement Degree days
factor3 per year
Rooms 1
D.U. 5
Coal usage
(ton/yr)
Hamilton,
Tennessee
5,008
. 0012
3,254
5.0
5
19,555
Walker, & Ca-
toosa, Georgia
1,136
. 0012
3,254
4.9
5
4,347
Totals
6,425
24,999
References
9,10
1
12
10
a (Tons coal/dwelling unit - degree day)
k (The sum of the negative departures
of average daily temperature from
6 5 °F)
-------
Commercial-Institutional (COMCOAL)
3 2
Tennessee state retail 358.0 x 10 ton/yr
bituminous coal usage
- 1973 residential total (-) 378.2 x 10^ ton/yr
(degree-day method)
3
Total commercial-institutional =(-)20.2 x 10 ton/yr
bituminous coal usage
Since commercial-institutional bituminous is a negative
value, it is assumed that all establishments using coal
would be included in the State point source inventory.
Georgia state retail
bituminous coal usage
- 1973 residential total
(degree day method)
Total commercial-institutional
usage
- 1973 state commercial-insti-
tutional point source usage
72.0 x 10^ ton/yr^
(-) 42,5 38 ton/yr
29,462 ton/yr
(-) 3,208 ton/yr"
Georgia state commercial-
institutional area source usage = 26,254 ton/yr
Because of the very rural nature of Walker and Catoosa
counties, GA., it is assumed that any commercial-institution-
al establishments using coal would be included in point
source inventory. It is indeed questionable as to whether
or not any coal burning commerci.al-institutional facility
would exist in such an area.
2-3
-------
Industrial (INDCOAL)
3 2
Tenn. industrial coal usage 2,292 x 10 ton/yr
3 4
- 1973 point sources total 3,014 x 10 ton/yr
Subtracting the state industrial point source usage from the
published state industrial coal usage total yields a state
3
area source consumption of (-) 722 x .10 ton.
Further investigation found that although the majority of
industrial coal usage is included in point source inven-
tories, some emissions may result from resent convertions to
coal fired equipment because of the present energy situa-
tion. Industry in the Chattanooga area has begun a slow
conversion from natural gas to coal fired equipment thus
producing an approximate yearly decrease in new natural gas
5 6
sales of about 5 percent. ' This conversion is expected
to continue at approximately the same rate, in the future.
The result can be seen as a possible source of emissions
which because of its perrennial occurance would most likely
not be included in a point source inventory i.e., any point
source inventory update would incompass the previous year's
conversion but not the upcoming years "expected" change.
Therefore in order to accomodate its situation for the
Chattanooga area, the perennial change is," included as the
area source for industrial coal usage.
6 6 "3
Total natural gas consumption 24,519 x 10 ft
Hamilton Co., Tenn.
6 3
x .05 (the percentage reduction = , 1/225 x 10 ft
due to switch from natural gas
to coal)
2-4
-------
x 1,050 Btu/ft3 = 1.28 x 1012 Btu7
In order to determine an equivalent amount of coal which
12
would provide the same amount of thermal energy 1.28 x 10
6 V
Btu is divided by 21.0 x 10 Btu/ton of coal to yield
3
approximately 60.0 x 10 tons of bituminous coal. It is
felt that this value would not show-up in the point sources
and is used for area source combustion of bituminous coal.
Total (GA and FLA) "all other"
bituminous coal sales - 1973
equals:
388,000 ton/yr2
2
GA coal usage = 388,000 ton/yr
less, GA state industrial
3
point source coal usage = (-)261,765 ton/yr
Total state industrial
bituminous coal area source usage
= 126,235 ton/yr
Georgia is provided with a significant area source for coal
consumption, but because of the very rural nature of both
Walker and Catoosa counties it was assumed that all existing
industries using coal would be included in the point sources.
Those few small enough to be missed would be lost in the
retail category.2
The total area source bituminous' coal consumption for the
three-county region is the sum of the RESCOAL, COMCOAL and
INDCOAL categories:
2-5
-------
24,999 + 0.0 + 60,000 = 84#999 ton/yr
for total three-county region.
Emission factors for the three categories were derived from
7
AP-4 2 and are summarized by source category in Appendix A.*
Total emissions from these categories in 1973 are presented
below.
Source
category
Total emissions -1973, ton/yr
Part.
SO
X
CO
HC
NO
x
RESCOAL
188.7
390.0
625.0
143.7
56.2
COMCOAL
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
INDCOAL
4485.0
1767 .0
60.0
30 .0
450 .0
Totals
4673.7
2157.0
685.0
173.7
506 .2
Projections
Residential coal usage is steadily declining due to home
heating conversions to natural gas and electricity. New
homes that use coal as a heating fuel are not being built.
Also, coal heated buildings are often quite old and subject
to demolition in urban renewal and highway projects. Pro-
jections, therefore, were based upon the estimated number of
dwelling units using coal in the projections years, derived
by the exponential extrapolation method:
Nt = Noert (8)
where: N = number of units at time o,
O
= number of units at time t,
r = rate of change
t = time in years
* Values for % sulfur and % ash content are given in-Appendix
A, Table A-5.
2-6
-------
In arriving at these values, it was assumed that the number
of houses using coal would continue to decline at the same
rate/year as was consistent with the 1960-1970 trend, (Ap-
pendix B) .
Year
1973
1975
1980
1985
No. houses using coal
6,425
5,167
2,997
1,738
Growth factor
base
0.80
0.47
0.27
RESCOAL consumption
24 ,999
20,134
11,660
6 ,762
RESCOAL emissions for the projection years are presented in
Tables 2, 3, 4.
Commercial-institutional coal usage may increase due to the
increase cost of alternative fuels. This increase will most
likely be picked-up in future point source inventories.
A very real alternative to individual coal burning facilities
will be that of considering elec.tricity as perhaps a more
expensive, but because of its conveniences, more desirable
energy source. In either event commercial-institutional
emissions under a coal usage category should be neglegible
as an area source consideration.
Industrial area source coal consumption was projected as
being that amount which is equal in thermal value to five
percent of the yearly industrial natural gas usage. Method
for determination previously described.
2-7
-------
Year
1973
1975
1980
1985
INDCOAL usage
(ton/yr)
60,000
81,000
82,000
83 ,000
Growth factor3
base
1. 36
1. 37
1. 38
a Factor determined by conversion from natural gas to coal-
fired equipment, represents approximately 5 percent of
years natural gas sales to customers.
Subarea Distribution
Apportioning of pollutant emissions from the three-county
area source bituminous coal combustion to grid cells was
based on the following factors for each source category:
RESCOAL - No. houses in each arid using coal9,10
COMCOAL - N.A.
INDCOAL - Industrial land use map
Allocated emissions for these categories for all study years
are presented in Appendices G through J.
2-8
-------
FUEL OIL
Distillate Oil
Area-Wide Emissions
A survey of several retail fuel oil dealers in the Chatta-
nooga region yielded much the same vague data as determined
from contacts with local coal distributors. Since the lack
of data from any one of the dealers would render the total
fuel oil sales total invalid, this method of computation of
fuel oil sales was discontinued.
Residential (RESFOIL):
Consumption of distillate fuel oil- in the three-county
region was calculated by the degree-day method previously
described for coal.
The calculations are summarized by county for 197 3:
Table 2-2. RESIDENTIAL DISTILLATE OIL CONSUMPTION - 1973
County
Dwelling units
using fuel oil
Heating
requirement
j .. a >
factor
Degree days'5
per year
Rooms 1
D.U. 5
Hamilton
4,266
0.18
3,254
5.0
5.0
2,498.7 x 103 gal
Walker
1,118
0.18
3,254
4.9
5.0
648.3 x 103 gal
Catoosa
543
0.18
3,254
4.9
5.0
315.0 x 103 gal
Total
5,932
3,462 x 103 gal
a- (Gallons/dwelling unit - degree day)
b (The sum of the negative departures o£ average daily temperature from 65°F)
2-9
-------
Commercial-Institutional (COMDOIL).:
To obtain the commercial-institutional area source distillate
13
oil usage, the following state data were used:
Tennessee -
Kerosene used for heating
Distillate type heating oils
Distillate used by military
Tennessee total commercial-
institutional and residential
distillate oil consumption
2958 x 10 bbl
1871 x 103 bbl
156 x 103 bbl
4985 x 103 bbl
x 42 gal/bbl
= 209,370 x 10 gal
Georgia -
Kerosene used for heating
Distillate type heating oils
Distillate used by military
Total
Georgia total commercial-
institutional and residential
distillate oil consumption
121 x 10 bbl
2,984 x 103 bbl
95 x 103 bbl
3,200 x 103 bbl
x 42 gal/bbl
= 134,400 x 10 gal
The state residential distillate oil usage must be subtracted
from the above,
Total state dwelling units using;
distillate oil in 1970 f
67,956 (Georgia)10
76/397 (Tennessee)
2-10
-------
Total state dwelling units using
distillate oil in 1960 = 106,117 (Georgia)^
= 75,750 (Tennessee)
Using an exponential extrapolation (S =
1973, where 4 = S/P _ 4^453% usage
n
(Georgia)
1.001% usage
(Tennessee)
Therefore,
Total estimated state dwelling
units using distillate oil in 1973 =
Average annual heating degree-days =
Total state residential distillate
oil consumption = (59,451) (3,254) (0. 18) {^) (Georgia)
34,822 x 103 gal
(76, 59.2) (3,254) (0.18) (|) (Tennessee)
44,862 x 103 gal
Total state commercial-institutional ana residential, less
residential usage, less commercial-institutional point
source distillate oil usage.
(Tennessee) 209,370 x 103 gal - [(44,862 x 103 gal) +
(726 x 103)] = 190,996.8 x 103 gal (4)
(Georgia) 134,400 x 103 gal - [(34,821.8 x 103 gal) +
(8,102 x 103 gal)] = 91,476.2 x 103 gal (3)
Penr) to
decrease/year.
increase/year
59,451 (Georgia)
76,592 (Tennessee)
12
3, 254
2-11
-------
9 TO
Apportioning to the separate counties by population '
(Tennessee) Hamilton Co. 190,996.8 x 103 gal x .0622* =
11,880.3 x 103
(Georgia) Walker Co. 99,578 x 103 gal x .0109* =
1,085 x 103 gal
Catoosa Co. 99,578 x 103 gal x .0061* =
607 x 103 gal
Total three-county commercial-institutional area source
3
distillate oil consumption = 13,572 x 10 gal/yr
* It should be noted at this point", the factors so desig-
nated are a ratio of county to state populations and will
be seen frequently in the body of this text.
2-12
-------
Industrial (INDDOIL)
Industrial consumption of distillate oil was determined
using the following state data from Reference 13:
State industrial distillate oil sales:
3
(Tennessee) 1,661 x 10 bbl
(Georgia) 1,584 x 103 bbl
Conversion to gallons (x 42 gal/bbl)
3
(Tennessee) 69,762 x 10 gal
(Georgia) 66,528 x 103 gal
3 4
Subtract state point source totals '
(Tennessee) 69, 762 x 103 gal - 34.766 x 103 gal = 34, 996 x 103 gal
(Georgia) 66, 528 x 103 gal - .'22, 331 x 103 gal = 44,197 x 103 gal
Apportioned to separate counties
(Tennessee) Hamilton Co. 34,996 x 103 gal • .0622 =
2176.7 x 103 gal/yr
(Georgia) Walker Co. 44,197 x 103 gal • .0109 =
482 -lO.3 gal/yr
Catoosa Co. 44,197 x 103 gal • .0061 =
270-103 gal/yr
Total industrial distillate oil consumption for study area
2929 x 103 gal/yr
The total area source distillate oil consumption for the
three-county region is,
2-13
-------
Residential
Commercial-institutional
Industrial
Total distillate oil
consumption
3,462 x 10 gal/yr
11,879 x 10"* gal/yr
2, 929 x 10"* gal/yr
18,270 x 10 gal/yr
Emission factors derived from AP-42 were applied to the fuel
totals to calculate emission totals and are summarized in
Table A-1 (Appendix A), values for % sulfur and % ash content
are given in Appendix A, Table A-5.
The three-county area source pollutant emissions resulting
from combustion of distillate oil are:
Source
Total emissions -1973, ton/yr
category
Part.
SO
x
CO
HC
NO
X
RESFOIL
17. 3
107.1
8.7
5.2
20. 8
COMDOIL
89.1
367.7
23.8
17. 8
356 .4
INDDOIL
22.0
172.8
5.9
4.4
87. 9
Totals
128.4
647.6
38.4
27.4
465.1
Projections
Distillate fuel oil consumption by the residential sector
for the future study years was based on the estimated number
of dwelling units using fuel oil for heating. In deter-
mining these estimates, it was assumed that the counties
usage rate through 1985 was consistent with the 1960-1970
trend (Appendix B).
Year
1973
1975
1980
1985
No. houses using
fuel oil
5,932
5, 596
4, 838
4,190
Growth factor
base
0. 94
0. 81
0. 71
Fuel oil con-
sumption
(103 gal/yr)
3,462
3, 266
2,824
2,447
2-14
-------
Future RESFOIL pollutant emissions are presented in Tables
2, 3, 4.
The majority of emissions from this category will result
from the commercial-institutional and industrial sectors
where increased fuel oil usage is entirely probable, since
natural gas in the Chattanooga region will be restricted to
, i 5,6
these users.
For this reason, commercial-institution and industrial
growth projections were developed from community population
trends for the specific counties."'"''' Projections were
kept consistent with 1960-1970 trends extrapolated at an
exponential rate of change.
Year
1973
1975
1980
1985
COMDOIL
11,879
12,101
12,968
13,906
INDDOIL usage
(10^ gal/yr)
2,929
2,994
3, 097
3,221
Growth factor
base
1. 02
1.09
1.17
Subarea Distribution
Pollutant emissions resulting from area source distillate
fuel oil combustion were distributed to all grid cells based
upon:
9 10
RESFOIL = No. houses in each grid using fuel oil '
COMDOIL = Commercial/institutional land use^'^
INDDOIL = Industrial land use"*"1'14
Computer allocated emissions are tabulated in Appendices G
through J.
2-15
-------
FUEL OIL - RESIDUAL
Area-wide Emissions
Data for total state consumption of residual fuel oil were
13
obtained from Bureau of Mines data and the computation
methods described in Reference 1 were followed.
Residential (RESROIL):
Contact with several major local fuel oil distributors
indicated that there was no residential usage of residual
oil in the Chattanooga Region.
Commercial-Institutional (COMROIL)
3
Tennessee residual type heating oils = 202 x 10 bbl (13)
x 42 gal/bbl
Total state commercial-
institutional residual oil
3
consumption = 8,4 84 x 10 gal
Subtracting the state commercial-institutional point source
usage of 253 x 10 gal/yr from this total^ gives the com-
mercial-institutional area source residual oil consumption
3
of 8,231 x 10 gal in Tennessee.
Georgia residual type heating oils = 2,492 x 103 bbl (13)
Total state commercial-institu- x 42 gal/bbl
tional residual oil consumption = 104, 664 x 10"^ gal
2-16
-------
Subtracting the state commercial-institutional point source
•3 3
usage of 620 x 10 gal/yr from this total gives the com-
mercial-institutional area source residual oil consumption
3
of 104,044 x 10 gal/year in Georgia.
Total three-county commercial-institutional area source
residual oil consumption
Tennessee (8,231 x 103 gal) (.0622)*
= 512 x 103 gal
Georgia (104 ,044 x 103 gal) (.017)*
= 1,769 x 103 gal
3
Total residual oil total for = 2,281 x 10 gal
study area
Industrial (INDROIL):
The state industrial residual oil consumption in 1973 is a
combination of:
3
Tennessee state industrial residual = 264 x 10 bbl (13)
oil sales (plus)
3
Tennessee state oil company sales = 45 x 10 bbl (13)
309 x 103 bbl
x 42 gal/bbl
Tennessee state industrial
3
residual oil usage 12,978 x 10 gal/yr
Subtracting the Tennessee State industrial point source
3 4
usage of 23,726 x 10 gal/yr from this amount gives a state
: 3
area source residual oil consumption of (-)10,748 x 10
gal.
*"Population factors for study area, county population/state
population.
2-17
-------
3
Georgia state industrial residual = 7,114 x 10 bbl (13)
oil sales
3
Georgia state oil company sales = 152 x 10 bbl
7,266 x 103 bbl
Total Georgia State industrial x 42 gal/bbl
3
residual oil usage = 305,172 x 10 gal/yr
Subtracting the Georgia State industrial point source usage
3
of 324,786 x 10 gal/yr (Reference 3) from this amount,
gives a state area source residual oil consumption of (-)
3
19,614 x 10 gal. Therefore, it is concluded that there is
no industrial area source combustion of residual oil in the
3-county region, this is in agreement with the findings of
GA. DNR in their treatment of 1972' data, and 1973 NEDS
annual fuel summary report.
The total area source residual oil consumption for the study
area is the commercial-institutional total 2,281 x 103
gal/yr.
Emission factors were determined from AP-42 as in preceeding
sections (Table A-l).
The 3-county area source pollutant emissions resulting from
combustion of residual oil are:
Source
Total emissions -1973, ton/yr
category
Part.
SO
X
CO
HC
NO
X
COMROIL
26.2
340.9
4.6
3.4
68.4
Projections
The most complete data available for making projections were
the population trends for the three specific counties.
2-18
-------
Growth rate factors were determined in relation to total
area population growth.
Year
1973
1975
1980
1985
COMROIL usage
(103 gal/yr)
2,281
2, 363
2, 547
2,747
Growth factor
base
1.04
1.12
1.20
Subarea Distribution
Allocation of total emissions were performed using land
planning information.11,14
2-19
-------
NATURAL GAS
Area-wide Emissions
Information on natural gas usage for the entire study area
was available from the following distributors:
9
Chattanooga Natural Gas Company
Atlanta Gas Light Company"'""'
16
Lafayette Municipal Gas
Residential (RESNGAS)
1973
Tenn. Chattanooga - Hamilton Co. 2,060.2 x 10 ft
f\ ^
Ga. Rossville - Lafayette - Walker Co. 819.1 x 10 ft
C O
Ft. Oglethorpe - Catoosa Co. 12.7 x 10 ft
ft ^
Total residential natural gas in 2,891.9 x 10 ft
3-county area, 1973.
Commercial-Institutional (COMNGAS)
Tenn. Chattanooga - Hamilton Co. 2,507.7 x
Ga. Rossville - Lafayette - Walker Co. 172.6 x
Ft. Oglethorpe - Catoosa Co. 37.7 x
Total commercial-institutional natural 2,718.0 x
gas in 3-county area, 1973
Industrial (INDNGAS)
1973
Tenn. Chattanooga - Hamilton Co. 37,470 x 10"ftJ* (Ref. 4)
* Apportioned by population from NEDS annual fuel summary for
Tennessee.
106ft3
106ft3
106ft3
106ft3
2-20
-------
6 3
(less) Industrial point source usage (-)19,388 x 10 ft
6 3
(less) C.F. Industries (direct pipe- (-) 7,000 x 10 ft
line service)
6 3
(equals) Chattanooga-hamilton Co. area 11,082 x 10 ft
source usage
6 3
Ga. Rossville - Lafayette - Walker Co 371 x 10 ft
Ft. Oglethorpe - Catoosa Co.
Total industrial natural gas
in 3-county area, 1973 11,453 x lO^ft^
The total area source consumption of natural
gas in 1973 in the study area:
Residential 2,891.9 x lO^ft^
6 3
Commercial-Institutional 2,718.0 x 10 ft
Industrial 11,453.0 x 10^ft^
17,062.9 x 106ft3
Emission factors input tg the area 2 program with the above
fuel totals were from AP-42 and are summarized in Table A-l.
The total area source pollutant emissions resulting from the
combustion of natural gas follow:
Source
Total emissions - 197 3, ton/yr
category
Part.
SO
X
CO
HC
NO
X
RESNGAS
15. 3
0.9
28.9
11.6
115.7
COMNGAS
13.6
0.8
27.2
10.9
163.1
INDNGAS
57. 3
3.4
97.4
17.2
1002.2
Totals
86.2
5.1
153.5
39 .7
1281.0
2-21
-------
Projections
The availability and supply of natural gas is unique to each
region of the country. Future trends will be affected by so
many socio-economical and geo-resource factors as to make a
concrete prediction near impossible.
Pipeline supplies should remain relatively constant in the
future, hovering around the 197 5 figure. Any new sales
will most likely take advantage of the more lucrative
residential-commercial market.
In Chattanooga this is expected to result in a five percent
annual reduction of availability in new sales of natural
gas to industry which will inturn be made available to
residential-commercial customers.5'^ Therefore, residential
and commercial categories were each increased by annual
rates of 2.5 percent, industry remained about level at
the 1975 value.
PROJECTED NATURAL GAS USAGE BY COUNTY
1973
1975
1980
1985
Hamilton County area
RESNGAS
COMNGAS
Growth factor
INDNGAS
Growth factor
2,060 2,164 2,449 2,771
2,508 2,634 2,981 3,373
given base 1.13 1.28
11,082 14,057 14,067 14,067
given base 1.00 1.00
Walker County area
RESNGAS
COMNGAS
INDNGAS
-L LN
Growth factor
819
173
372
857
173
318
base
947
193
291-
1.06
1,028
313
313
1.23
given
2-22
-------
Catoosa County area
RESNGAS 13 12 14 15
COMNGAS 38 36 40 45
INDNGASC -
Growth factor given base 1.13 1.28
a Growth factors at a 5% rate of annual increase, determined
from base year.^f6
Growth factors, determined as an average value from de-
creasing natural gas sales by Chattanooga Gas Co., and in-
creasing sales from Lafayette Municipal Gas.^'"
c Industrial usage in Catoosa County non-existent as area
source.
Subarea Distribution
Emissions resulting from natural gas combustion in the study
area were distributed separately by subcategory.
12 13
Residential - No. of houses used natural gas '
Commercial-institutional - commercial-institutional
i ^ 7,8
land use
7 8
Industrial - industrial land use '
2-23
-------
LPG
Area-wide Emissions
Contact with local distributors of LPG could not produce a
complete set of information for the base year. Base year
17
values were extrapolated from 1971 and 1972 figures for LPG.
3
Tennessee residential-commercial LPG 146,955 x 10 gal
3
(less) commercial point sources (-) 36 x 10 gal (4)
Tennessee residential-commercial LPG
consumption - area source
(times) population factor
Hamilton Co./Tenn.
Hamilton Co. total residential-'
commercial LPG
(times) percent residential
(natural gas ratio)
Residential LPG, Hamilton Co.
Georgia residential-commercial LPG
(less) commercial point sources
Georgia residential-commercial LPG
consumption - area source
(times) population factor, Walker and (x) .017
Catoosa Co./Georgia
3
Walker - Catoosa residential- 3,675 x 10 gal
commercial-institutional, LPG consumption
(times) percent residential (x) .540
(natural gas ratio)
= 146,919 x 103 gal
(x).062
9,109 x 103 gal
(x) .442
= 3,844 x 103 gal
216,233 x 103 gal
(-) 7 x 103 gal (4)
216,226 x 103 gal
2-24
-------
Residential LPG Walker-Catoosa Co.
1,985 x 10 gal
Total residential usage of LPG for study area equals:
3844 + 1985 = 5829 x 103 gal
Commercial-institutional (COMLPG)
Hamilton Co. residential-commercial-
institutional LPG
(less) residential usage for
Hamilton Co.
9,109 x 10 gal
(-) 3,844 x 10J gal
Hamilton Co. commercial
institutional LPG
5,265 x 10 gal
Walker-Catoosa residential-
commercial-institutional LPG
(less) Walker-Catoosa residential
LPG
3,675 x 10J gal
(-) 1,985 x 10 gal
Walker-Catoosa commercial-
institutional LPG
1,690 x 10 gal
Total commercial-institutional usage of LPG for study area
equals:
5265 + 1690 = 6955 x 1Q3 gal
Industrial (INDLPG)
Tennessee Industrial LPG state total
(less) Tennessee industrial point
2
source usage of LPG
(-)
5,483 x 10 gal
161 x 103 gal
2-25
-------
Tennessee industrial area
usage of LPG
(times) population factor
Hamilton Co./Tenn.
source
5,322 x 103 gal
(x) .062
Hamilton Co. industrial area
3
source usage of LPG = 330 x 10 gal
3
Georgia industrial LPG state 11,924 x 10 gal
total
3
(less) Georgia industrial point (-) 1,302 x 10 gal
source usage of LPG
3
Georgia industrial area source 10,622 x 10 gal
usage of LPG
(times) population factor .017
Walker-Catoosa/Georgia
3
Walker-Catoosa industrial area source 181 x 10 gal
usage of LPG
Total industrial area source usage of LPG for study area
equals:
330 + 181 = 511 x 103 gal
Projections
Projections from 1975 to 1985 were made parallel;to those
used for natural gas consumption the same rate of increase
developed for natural gas is used for development of LPG
growth factors.
2-26
-------
Source
category
Total emissions -
1973 (ton/yr)
Part.
SO
X
CO
HC
NO
X
RESLPG
5.2
0.0
5.5
2.3
21.9
COMLPG
6.3
0.0
6.6
2.8
40.0
INDLPG
0.5
0.0
0.4
0.1
3.0
Total
12.0
0.0
12. 5
5.2
64.9
Year
1973
1975
1980
1985
Hamilton Co.
RESLPG gal/yr
3,844
4,036
4,803
5,151
COMLPG gal/yr
5,265
5,528
6,265
7,055
Growth factor
base
1.05
1.19
1. 34
INDLPG gal/yr
330
419
419
419
Growth factor
base
1.27
1.27
1.27
Year
1973
1975
1980
1985
Walker and Catoosa
RESLPG gal/yr
1,985
2,064
2,223
2,488
COMLPG gal/yr
1,690
1,758
1,893
2,112
Growth factor
base
1.04
1.12
1. 25
INDLPG gal/yr
181
188
203
226
Growth factor
base
1.04
i—I
•
i—i
1.25
Subarea Distribution
LPG consumption for the 3-county area was allocated using
the same methods as described for natural gas.
2-27
-------
WOOD
Area-wide Emissions
Residential wood combustion was calculated according to the
degree-day method described in Reference 1 and previously
detailed.
The calculations are summarized by county for 197 3:
Table 2-3. RESIDENTIAL WOOD CONSUMPTION - 1973
County
State
Dwelling units
using wood
Heating
requirement
factor3 *
Degree days
per year
Rooms
D.U.
Wood usage
(tons/year)
Hamilton
Tenn.
795
0.0017
3, 254
5.0
5.0
4,398
Walker
Ga.
290
0.0017
3,254
4.9
5.0
1,572
Catoosa
Gel >
78
0.0017
3,254
5.0
5.0
431
Total
1,163
6,401
a (Tons wood/dwelling unit - degree day)
Commercial-institutional and Industrial:
There were no data available to indicate the use of wood
fuel by commercial-institutional area sources. It is ex-
pected to be quite minimal. Wood burning by industrial
sources is only done as wood waste burning by the- wood
industry and these are included as point sources. There-
fore, commercial-institutional and industrial area source
emissions from wood combustion Were considered to be neg-
ligible .
2-28
-------
The emission factors applied to the residential wood fuel
total to calculate emissions are included in Table A-l.
Pollutant emissions in the 3 county region are:
Source
Total emissions - 1973, ton/yr
category
Part.
SO
X
CO
HC
NO
X
Wood
54.4
0.0
160. 0
12. 8
6.4
Projections
Wood as a home heating fuel is definitely declining, es-
pecially in the urban area. This is due to home heating
conversions and the renovating of older neighborhoods for
various urban projects. Therefore, projections of future
residential wood usage were based on the 1960-1970 rate of
decrease in number of dwelling units using wood, an expon-
ential rate as previously decribed (Table B-l).
Year
1973
1975
1980
1985
No. houses using wood
6,401
5,883
4,758
3, 859
Growth factor
base
0.92
0.74
o
o
Wood usage (ton/yr)
6,401
5, 883
4,758
3,859
Subarea Distribution
Allocation of emissions from wood combustion to grid cells
was by the number of houses in each grid cell using wood as
9 10
a heating fuel ' . Grid emissions fox all study
years are tabulated in Appendices G through J.
2-29
-------
3. MOBILE SOURCES
GASOLINE HIGHWAY MOTOR VEHICLES (GASMVEH)
Area-Wide Emissions
This category is broken down into 2 subcategories; gasoline
powered automobiles and small trucks (LDMV) and gasoline
powered large trucks (HDMV). Two methods were employed to
determine the vehicle-miles traveled (VMT) by these cate-
gories in the study area.
The first method involved breaking down the fuel sales
totals obtained from the State Department of Revenue.3^'^
Tennessee
Georgia
State gasoline sales
Ratio of county
to state population
County gasoline sales
a
(less) off-highway
fuel usage
Area on-highway
gasoline sales
2,171.9 x 106 gal
.062
2,114.0 x 106 gal
.017
134.7 x 106 gal 35.9 x 106 gal
3.75 x'lO6 gal - 1.56 x 106 gal
130.95 x 10
6
34.33 x 106 gal
a
See section of off-highway fuel usage
Total gasoline
on-highway sales
for study area
165. 28 x ¦106 gal/yr
3-1
-------
24 25
If 11 ' percent of the total VMT traveled is assumed to have
been consumed by heavy duty gasoline powered trucks and
LDMV's get 13.6 mi/gal and HDMV"s 8.4 mi/gal, then:
/r
Total gasoline 165.28 x 10 gal/yr
on-highway usage
Percent of total that .11
is heavy duty.
Total gasoline for HDMV 18.18 x 10^ gal/yr
then:
6
Total gasoline on-highway 165.28 x 10
usage (less) total HDMV (-) 18.18 x 10^
usage
Total LDMV fuel usage 147.10 x 10^
Calculation of VMT:
Total HDMV gasoline
usage (times) miles
per gallon factor
for HDMV
Total VMT's traveled
by HDMV in study area 152.71 x 10^ VMT
18.18 x 10 gal/yr
(x) 8.4
3-2
-------
Total LDMV gasoline
usage (times) miles
per gallon factor
for LDMV
147.10 x 10 gal/yr
(x) 13.6
Total VMT1s traveled
by LDMV in study area
1000.6 x 10 gal/yr
Total diesel fuel
sales by state
(times) ratio of
study area to
state population
39
DIESEL SALES
Tennessee
(x)
289.1 x 10 gal
,062
Georgia
Area diesel sales
40
17.92 x 10^ gal 3.99 x 10^ gal
Hamilton Co., Tenn.
diesel usage
(less)
(continued
17.92 x 106 gal on following
page)
39 6
Tennessee off-highway sales 30.9 x 10 gal
(government, farm, etc.)
(times) Hamilton Co./
Tenn. population factor (x) .062
Hamilton Co. off-highway sales = 1.92 x 10 gal
(less)
All other diesel fuel usage1
[(7.4 gal/capita) (256,770 Hamilton Co. pop.)] = 1.90 x 106 gal
3-3
-------
Hamilton County total on-highway = 14.10 x 106 gal
diesel fuel usage
Walker - Catoosa Co., GA. diesel usage 3.99 x 10^ gal
(less)
County off-highway sales
(government, farm, etc.)
32
j-295 tractors using diesel fuel (Walker) ,^
no value available (Catoosa)
(295) (1000 gal/tractor yr) = .295 x 10^ gal
3.70 x 106 gal
(less)
All other off-highway diesel fuel use1 = .601 x 10^ gal
[(7.4 gal/capita)(82,170 Walker-Catoosa, pop)]
Total Walker-Catoosa on-highway = 3.09 x 10^ gal
diesel fuel sales
The total on-highway diesel fuel usage (Hamilton and Walker-
Catoosa) times 5.1 miles/gal1 will yield total diesel VMT in
study area
(14 .1 + 3.09) (5.1) = 87 .68 x 106 VMT
The second method was chosen for .use in this report. It
was assumed that county or small area gasoline sales could
in no way reflect accurately the actual VMT's traveled since
much of the gasoline sold could have been consumed outside
of the study area. This is particularly true to the
3-4
-------
Chattanooga study, because of its proximity to interstate
1-75, a very major artery of north-south traffic in the eastern
part of the country. The second method uses state DOT
traffic survey data which is derived from direct traffic
count measurements.
County Paved roads Unpaved roads Total Ref,
Hamilton 1,563.46 4.73 1,568.19 24
Walker 235.71 19.79 255.50 25
Catoosa 241.74 9.77 251.51 25
Area total 2,040.91 34.29 2,075.20
Total VMT for study area -2,075.2 x 10^ VMT
In order to determine those VMT generated by light-duty
gasoline vehicles, heavy-duty gasoline vehicles and diesel
vehicles, methods were developed for each specific county:
Hamilton Co., Tenn.
It was assumed that 13 percent of the traffic in Hamilton
24
Co. was generated by heavy-duty gasoline - diesel trucks.
Heavy-duty gasoline vehicles contributing 80 percent of this
figure, while diesel powered vehicles produce the remaining
4 3
20 percent.
Hamilton County i, 568.19 x 106:VMT
(times) HDGV - D truck (x) .13
factor
Total HDGV - D truck VMT's = 205.35 x 106 VMT
3-5
-------
(times) .80, equals HDGV VMT's = 164.28 x 106 VMT (Ref. 1)
(times) .20, equals diesel = 41.07 x 10^ VMT (Ref. 1)
truck VMT's
Walker County, Georgia
Walker County's rural nature and lack of interstate highways
causes heavy-duty gasoline - diesel trucks to contribute
25
only 6.68 percent of the total VMT's this value was
determined using the following equation:
E (Da.i ly VMT) (% trucks) _ 1, 327 _ c ,00
— — b . b o -s
I(Daily VMT) 19,867
It was assumed that 80 percent of this value was contributed
by heavy-duty gasoline vehicles and 20 percent by diesel
powered vehicles.
Walker County 255.5 x 10^ VMT
(times) HDGV - D truck factor (x) .0668
Total HDGV - D truck VMT's = 17.07 x 106 VMT
(times) .80, equals HDGV VMT's = 13.65 x 106 VMT
(times) .20, equals diesel = 3.41 x 10^ VMT
truck VMT's
Catoosa County, Georgia
The percentage of the county VMT's contributed by heavy-duty
gasoline-diesel trucks was calculated to be 6.2 percent,
using the following equation:
3-6
-------
daily daily
[(interstate VMT)(% trucks)] + [(rural VMT)(% trucks)]
2
[ (375,397.0) (.16)] + [(611,477 - 375,397) (.0608)] (25)
2
(60,063.52) + (15,770.1)
2
37,916.83 =
611,477 * °
daily uatoosa VMT
It was assumed that 8 0 percent of this value was contributed
by heavy-duty gasoline vehicles and 20 percent by diesel
powered vehicles.
Catoosa County 251.51 x 10^ VMT
(times) HDGV - D trucks factor (x) .062
Total HDGV - D truck VMT's = 15.59 x 106 VMT
(times) .80, equals HDGV VMT's = 12.48 x 10^ VMT
r
(times) .20, equals D truck VMT's = 3.12 x 10 VMT
County
Gasoline
Diesel
Total*
LDMV*
HDMV*
DMV*
Hamilton
1,317.28
209.84
41.07
1,568.19
Walker
238.44
13.65
3.41
255.50
Catoosa
235.91
12.48
3.12
251.51
Area total
1,791.63
235.97,
47.60
2,075.20
Emission factors for use with this category were derived
from AP-42, Supplement 5, April 1975, incorporating the
aall values given as 1.0 x 106 VMT.
-------
latest revisions and application of Federal Test Procedure
data for EF calculations. The new methodology employed will
not be discussed as the procedural changes are too numerous
and the calculations too involved for inclusion herein (the
reader is referred to Supplement 5, which should be readily
available). In order to account for the combination of LDMV
(gasoline) and HDMV (gasoline) VMT, weighted emission fac-
tors were computed. The assumptions used in computing the
emission factors for each category will be listed and a
brief explanation offered for each pollutant EF calculation.
LDMV
The emission factor for particulates is composed of the
following components:
exhaust 0.34 gm/mi
tire wear 0.20 gm/mi
brake wear 0.02 gm/mi (Ref. 44)
Particulate emission
factor for light
duty motor vehicles = 0.56 gm/mi
The factors for emissions and tire wear are published
figures from AP-4 2. The brake wear factor is unpublished
but based upon 2 lb worn off per set of brake shoes each
45,000 miles.
Street dust is often times a significant factor in total
particulate emissions from vehicle travel. An attempt to
quantify this component is presented in Chapter 5, where
dust from paved streets has been treated as a separate
fugitive dust category.
3-8
-------
The above EF for particulates and that for SO (0.13 gm/mi)
X
are assumed to remain constant through 1985.
The crux of the new procedures involves calculation of
composite emission factors for each calender year under
consideration for CO, HC, and NO^. The assumptions made
follow:
1. Typical urban patterns of vehicle operation apply.
2. Average route speed equals 19.6 mph.
3. 20% cold engine operation.
12
4. Ambient temperature = 58.6.
5. Nationwide statistics for vehicle mix apply.
6. The hot start-up phase for catalyst controlled
vehicles is 27% of th$ operating time.
7. Vehicles are catalyst controlled from 1975-1977.
Then, the composite emission factors are calculated by:
n
e , = E c. m. v. z. , r. , , and the resultants
npstw i=n_i2 ^ in ^ iptw
shown below.
Composite emission factors (gm/mi)
Year
Part.
SO
X
CO
HC
NO
X
1973
0.56
0.13
77.1
10. 3
4.4
1975
0.56
0.13
65.7
8.8
4.0
1980
0.56
0.13
30.5
5.1
2.8
1985 .
0.56
0.13
11.9
2.0
1.13
HDMV(gasoline)
The emission factor for particulates is composed of the
following components:
3-9
-------
brake wear
exhaust
tire wear
0.91 gm/mi
0.30 gm/mi
0.0 3 gm/mi
Particulate emission
factor for HDMV
(gasoline)
1.24 gm/mi
The factors for emissions and tire wear are published
figures from AP-42. The brake wear factor is unpublished,
but based upon 3 lb worn off per set of brake shoes per
45,000 miles. Again, street dust is a factor in vehicle
traffic and a rough quantification of this component is
shown in Chapter 5.
The emission factor for SO^ is 0.36 gm/mi. Both these
factors are projected (AP-42) to remain constant through
The calculation of the composite emission factors for CO,
HC, and NO for HDMV (gasoline) and the assumptions made
X
follow:
1. Vehicle operation is entirely warmed up condition.
2. The vehicle mix is based on nationwide statistics.
3. Average route speed equals 18 mph.
4. The speed correction factor is based on LDMV data.
5. There exists an average of 6 tires per vehicle.
Then, the composite emission factors are calculated by:
n
e = E c. m. v.
nps i=n_12 in XPS
1985
3-10
-------
They are as follows:
Composite emission factors(gm/mi)
Year
Part.
SO
X
CO
HC
NO
X
1973
1.24
0.36
217.36
34. 62
9.20
1975
1.24
0. 36
204.90
30.20
10.20
1980
1.24
0. 36
181.32
20.14
11.42
1985
1.24
0.36
138.90
12.23
12. 32
The weighted emission factors incorporating those of both
subcategories.
The following summarizes the weighted EF1s computed:
Composite emission factors (gm/mi)
Year
Part.
SO
X
CO
HC
NO
X
1973
0. 61
0.15
87.1
12.0
4.7
1975
0. 61
0.15
61. 0
10. 3
4.4
1980
0.61
0.15
41.1
6.15
3.4
1985
0.61
0.15
20. 8
2.7
1.9
The above EF1s were input with the total VMT for LDMV and
HDMV (gasoline) vehicles in the study area in 1973 (10,997
x 10^ VMT/yr) to the Area 2 program to calculate total and
apportioned emissions. Prior to this, however, the EF's
£
were converted to lb/10 VMT to ensure compatability with
the fuel total units (Table A-l). The resultant total
emissions are:
Source
Total emissions - 197 3, ton/yr
category
Part.
SO
X
CO
HC
NO
X
GASMVEH
1,519.7
335.4
194,701.9
26,824.6
10,506.3
3-11
-------
Projections
Emission factor development for succeeding study years has
already been treated. Projections of annual VMT for gaso-
line motor vehicles are derived from data acquired from the
24 25
Ga. and Tenn. State DOT's. ' Estimated VMT projection
factors by county, based on factors pertaining to vehicle
registrations, annual vehicle-miles, population and licensed
driver distributions, and roads in service were obtained.
Using these county growth factors and estimating annual VMT
by county then summing to get annual VMT in the study area,
an overall weighted growth factor for the entire study area
evolved. The same ratio of LDMV VMT and HDMV VMT to Total
VMT was assumed to prevail through 1985. The projections
are:
Year
1973
1975
1980
1985
VMT growth factor
base
1.04
1.15
1.27
GASMVEH VMT(106VMT/yr)
2,027.6
2,115.2
2,331.7
2,575.0
Projecting vehicular travel at this time, given the follow-
ing uncertain trends:
1. federal motor vehicle control programs,
2. average new vehicle gas mileage,
3. federal regulations governing gasoline lead content,
4. number of people buying new cars,
is a matter to be approached with extreme caution. All
aspects of the current energy market must be brought to
bear. Although the above issues all generally suggest
declining VMT in the future, other considerations and trends
suggest that because of increases in population and probable
increases in fuel economy in future motor vehicles, some
3-12
-------
upward trend in VMT could be expected over the next ten
years. The major point to be impressed here is that,
although the VMT projection factors probably represent the
best available estimates, they should not be regarded as
absolute inviolate prophecies of future -activity.
Subarea Distribution
Allocation of emissions from all motor vehicle sources was
based upon the distribution of total county measured VMT by
functional classification (freeway, rural, urban) in each
grid cell as determined from traffic count maps. This total
was, of course, composed of gasoline motor vehicles and
diesel motor vehicles (truck) traffic. Using the truck
traffic percentage factors as previously described, the
total was broken into GASMVEH VMT/grid and DIEMVEH VMT/ grid
(grid apportioning factors). Apportioning factors for
future years were projected using the growth factors out-
lined above.
3-13
-------
DIESEL HIGHWAY MOTOR VEHICLES (DIEMVEH)
Area-Wide Emissions
This category includes buses and heavy duty trucks using
diesel fuel. Since measured VMT data was used to determine
the emissions from gasoline motor vehicles, the same VMT
data was also used for this category. However, to maintain
consistency, both methods of fuel totals computations are
presented for comparison.
The emission factor for particulates is composed of the
following components:
exhaust 1.3 gm/mi
tire wear 0.50 gm/mi
brake wear 0.05 gm/mi
Emission factor for heavy duty diesel powered motor vehicles
= 1.85 gm/mi
The factors for emissions and tire wear are published fig-
ures from AP-42. The brake wear factor is unpublished, but
based upon 3 lb worn off per set of brake shoes per 45,000
miles. Again, street dust is a factor in vehicle traffic
and a rough quantification of this component is shown in
Chapter 5.
The EF for SO„ is 2.8 gm/mi and it, along with that for
X ¦
particulates, remains constant through 1985 (Tables A-2, A-
3, A-4).
The assumptions made for calculation of the composite emis-
sion factors for CO, HC, and NO are:
x
3-14
-------
1. Average route speed equals 45 mph (due to large amount
of interstate truck traffic in metropolitan Atlanta).
2. All engine operation is in warmed up condition.
3. Vehicle mix is based upon nationwide statistics.
4. There exists an average of 10 tires per vehicle.
Then, the composite emission factors are calculated by:
n
e = £ c. m. v. , and the resultants shown
nps lpn in ips'
i = n-12
below:
Composite emission factors (qm/mi)
Year
Part.
so
X
CO
HC
NO
X
1973
LT)
CO
1—1
2.8
8.6
2.3
25.1
1975
1.85
2.8
8.6
2.3
25.1
1980
1.85
2.8
8.6
2.3
24.2
1985
LO
00
1—I
2.8
8.6
2.3
25.2
0
After converting the emission factors to a lb/10 VMT basis,
they were input, with the DIEMVEH VMT total, to the Area 2
Program for total and apportioned emissions calculations.
The EF1s in appropriate input form are presented in Table A-
1. The resultant emissions for 1973 are:
Source
Total emissions -
1973, ton/yr
category
Part.
SO
X
CO
HC
NO
X
DIEMVEH
96.9
146 .9
4 51.1
120 .6
1,617.0
Projections
Projections of future VMT for diesel motor vehicle is just
3-15
-------
as subjective an operation as it was for gasoline vehicles.
24 25
Data was taken from Ga. and Tenn. State DOT'S. '
Again, the same vehicle mix and ratio of DIEMVEH VMT/total
VMT were assumed to apply through 1985. These projections
should be viewed with the same astute awareness as those for
gasoline motor vehicles.
Year
1973
1975
1980
1985
VMT growth factor
base
1.13
1. 37
1.50
Total VMT
(106 VMT/yr)
2,027.6
2,115.2
2,331.7
2,575.0
DIEMVEH VMT
(106 VMT/yr)
47.6
53.9
65.1
71. 3
Subarea Distribution
Allocation of emissions from this category was performed
exactly as that for gasoline motor vehicles. They are
tabulated in Appendices G through J.
3-16
-------
AIRCRAFT (AIRCRAFT)
Area-Wide Emissions
The effects aircraft upon air quality are attributable to
four airports of significant size in the study area. The
number of operations by aircraft category were obtained by
several means, and formed the basis for emissions calcula-
tions .
It was desired to obtain FAA Master Records for each airport
in the study area. However, personnel at the FAA Regional
Office in Atlanta indicated that, due to workload, these
would have to be extracted from their files personally by
the requester. Therefore, other sources of more readily
available published data were consulted to obtain the re-
quired information.
Aircraft operations at Lovell Field, Chattanooga, Tennessee,
37
were obtained through FAA Air Traffic Activity Report.
Data pertaining to the smaller fields was collected through
contacts with their respective managers or individuals in
charge of flight operations.
Emission factors were obtained directly from AP-42. The
number of engines for each category is directly obvious
except for the air carrier category. Contact with Lovell
3 8
Field showed that the vast majority of jet air carrier
flights in and out of Chattanooga were by medium'range jet
aircraft. The medium range jet emission factor was used
along with the following estimated total engine LTO's for
air carrier flights:
3-17
-------
EMISSION FACTORS (lb/eng - LTO)a
Aircraft
category
Part.
so2
CO
HC
NO
X
• 1
Air carrier
i—I
•
i—1
o
1—1
17. 0
4.9
10. 2
Air taxi ^
turboprop
. 65
.29
LO
00
2 . 0
1. 85
General
aviation
. 02
. 01
12. 2
.4
. 047
Military^
. 29
.45
84
15
1.7
1 Medium range jet aircraft value AP-42.
2
Average value (air carrier and general aviation turboprop) AP-42
Average value (jet and piston military aircraft) AP-42
a Emissioh' factors for each class of aircraft are based upon LTO operations by
mode (e.g. taxi - idle, take-off, etc.) AP-42.
-------
TOTAL ENGINE LTO FOR AIR CARRIERS, LOVELL FIELD - 1973
Number
of yearly
operations
Percent
total
operations
by aircraft
Aircraft type
Number and
type engine
Total
operations
4 2
Total
engine
LTO
.76
McDonald q
Douglas 3
_ Pratt &
Whitney
JT-8D
13,680
Air carrier
18,000
.21
Boeing 727
- Pratt &
Whitney
JT-8D
5,670
.03
Boeing 737
2 Pratt &
Whitney
JT-8D
540
19,890
TOTAL EMISSIONS FOR 1973 ARE SHOWN IN TABLE 3-1.
Table 3-1. TOTAL EMISSIONS - 1973 (ton/yr)
Airport
Aircraft
category
Total
enq - LTO
Part,
SOx
CO
HC
NO
X
Love 11 Field
(Grid 53)
Air carrier
Air taxi
turboprop
19,690
1,000
4.08
.32
10.04
.14
169.1
2.4
48.7
1.0
101.44
.92
Genera 1
aviation
47,200
.47
.24
287.9
9.4
1.11
Military
2,000
.29
.45
84.0
15.0
1.70
Total
5.16
11.00
543.4
74.1
105.20
Collegedal©
(Grid 72)
Air taxi
turboprop
IB,061
.00
.00
.03
.01
.01
S/E General
aviation
8,580
.09
.04
52.34
1.72
.20
M/E General
aviation
890
.01
.01
5.43
.18
.02
Total
.10
.05
57.80
1.91
.23
Dallas Day
(Grid 16)
S/E General
aviation
4,236
.04
.02
25.64
.85
.10
M/E General
aviation
737
.01
.00
4.49
.14
.02
Total
.05
.02
30. 33
.99
.12
Barwick-
Lafayette
(Grid 102)
Ousiness jet*
S/E General
aviation
50
1, 330
.00
.02
.01
.01
.40
8.11
.09
.27
.04
.03
M/E General
aviation
1,140
.01
.00
6.95
.23
.03
Total
.03
.02
15.46
.49
.10
1 Business Jet, used emission factorsi Port., .11, so .17, CO IS.8, HC 3.6, NO 1.6,
AP-42. * *
3-19
-------
SMALL FIELD TOTAL LTO PROJECTIONS
1973
1975
1980
1985
College Dale
Service area
population
9 ,485
9,974
11,325
12,787
Growth factor
base
1.05
1—1
1—I
1. 35
Projected total
LTO' S
9,031
9,496
10,782
12,174
Dallas Bay
Service area
population
26,753
27,885
30,875
33,888
Growth factor
base
o
i—i
1.15
1.27
Projected
total LTO1s
9,210
9,600
10,628
11,667
Barwick-Lafayette
Service area
population
54,790
57,600
62,700
68,200
Growth factor
base
1.05
i—I
•
i—I
1.24
Projected
total LTO1s
3,800
4, 000
4, 363
4,758
3-20
-------
Projections
Air carrier traffic is expected to increase through 1985.
Projections were based on estimates in daily flight totals
I. A 38
expected.
INCREASE IN TOTAL ENGINE LTO FOR AIR CARRIERS LOVELL FIELD
Year
1973
1975
1980
1985
Estimated daily
flight totals
25
27
38
42
Growth factor
base
1.11
1. 52
1.73
Resulting in-
crease in air
carrier engine
LTO per year
19,890
22,100
30,653
34,255
Projections for the three other air fields were based on
population increases in the area which they serve.
Subarea Distribution
Aircraft air considered area sdurces and the emissions from
them are applied to the grids at the airport locations. For
purposes of computation then, aircraft emissions were input
to the Area 2 Program as "hand calculated emissions" and
added to the apportioned emissions of the appropriate grid
cells (Appendices G through J).
3-21
-------
RAIL LOCOMOTIVE (RAILLOC)
Area-wide Emissions
Emission as a result of railroad activity in the 3-county
study area were computed from reported state railroad fuel
usage
22,23
Tennessee total distillate fuel
oil usage (1973)
(times) track mileage ratio
Hamilton Co./Tennessee
22
22
2,215 x 10J bbl
(x) 423/5791
Hamilton Co. railroad distillate
oil usage
161.8 x 10J bbl
Georgia total distillate fuel
oil usage (1973)
(times) track mileage ratio
Walker-Catoosa Co./Georgia
23
23
2,845 x 10 bbl
(x) 88.3/5417
Walker and Catoosa area railroa:d
distillate oil usage
= 46.4 x 10 bbl
Total distillate oil usage for
= 20'8 . 2 x 10 bbl
study area [(161.8 x 10^) + (46.4 x 10"^)]
(times) barrel to gallons, conver- .(x)
sion factor
42 gal/bbl
Total distillate oil usage by
railroads for study area
= 8740.8 x 10° gal
3-22
-------
Emission factors, based on average locomotive statistics
(Table A-l), were applied to the above fuel consumption to
yield total pollutant emissions for this category:
Source
category
Part.
SO
X
CO
HC
NO
X
RAILLOC
(ton/yr)
109. 3
249.1
568.2
410.8
1617.0
Projections
The railroad industry in general has shown a decrease in
activity in the past several decades. However, at least one
factor can be cited to indicate a possible growth trend in
railroad activity. Although no quantitative measure of this
factor was obtained, it remains that the hauling of coal by
the railroads is likely to increase as dwindling supplies of
cleaner fuels place more importance on coal as an energy
source. A subjective indication of railroad activity was
translated into a 5 percent increase from 1973 to 1980 and
10 percent increase for the period 1980 to 1985. These
percentages were used as the basis for projecting emissions
for this category.
1973
1975
1980
1985
RAILLOC 103 gal
8,740.8
7,604.5
9,177.8
10,139.3
Growth factor
given
base
1.21
1. 33
Subarea Distribution
The miles of railroad track in each grid were measured from
USGS topographic maps of the study area. The total measured
mileage was 511.3. Since the area contains 212.6 miles of
3-23
-------
22 23
mainline track, ' the difference was attributed to grids
where major track or yard facilities were noted. Thus,
allocating proportionately to the measured track mileage
rather than the mainline mileage will more heavily weight
the grids containing greater railyard activity.
Switch engine activity in the yards was assumed to be in-
cluded in the emissions from this category were then dis-
tributed to each grid on the basis of track mileage con-
tained in the grid.
3-24
-------
VESSELS (VESSELS)
Area-Wide Emissions
Estimation of pollutant emissions attributable to vessel
traffic in the study area included both pleasure boats and
river barge tow boats. The major aquatic surface area in
the study region is that of the Tennessee River system; a
series of artificial lakes connected by locks and navigable
routes of the Tennessee River.
Pleasure Boats
The total aquatic surface area for both Tennessee and Geor-
gia is 916 + 803 = 1719 sq miles.^
The surface area of the Tennessee River System located
within the study region equals 35 sq milesa thus;
35/1719 = percentage of total aquatic surface area
within study region
= .02
The total number of pleasure boats registered for the two
states20,21 (174,729 Tenn. + 115,000 Ga. = 289,729).
Then:
289,729 x .02 = 5795 pleasure boats in study area
5795 pleasure boats x 160 gal/vessel-year
equals 927.2 x 10"^ gal/yr
a Determined from USGS maps of study area.
-------
Towboats
Information on barge towboat movement on the Tennessee River
18
System was acquired for traffic between river miles 452-499.
It was determined that approximately 2033 towboats passed
through the study area in 1973. In order to determine how
many vessels stopped in port at Chattanooga, the tonnage
receipts and shipments in the port of Chattanooga, were
divided by the total tonnage passing between Nichajack locks
t h t h
down river (1255 mile) and Chichamauga lock upriver (778
mile) .
1,355,172 short tons/2,109,097 short tons = .642
Total number of towboats
passing through study area
Number of towboats entering
Chattanooga port
18
(times)(14 hours average
travel time within study
region + 2 hours lay-over
inport)
Hours of on-board power
plant operation
(times) nautical speed
(47 miles traveled/14 hours)
Equivalent nautical miles
traveled
(x) 2033
1306
(x) 16
= 20896 hr/yr
(x) 3.36 mph
= 70,210.6 nautical miles
3-26
-------
(times) 19 gallons of fuel"'"
per nautical mile
(x) 19
3
Total usage.of fuel by 1334 x 10 gal/yr
vessels using Chattanooga
port facilities
Number of towboats traveling 727
river but not entering Chat-
anooga port facilities.
(times)(14 hours average travel (x) 14
time within study region)
Hours of on-board 10,178 hr/year
power plant operation
(times) nautical speed
(47 miles traveled/14 hours) (x) 3.36 mph
Nautical miles traveled 34,198.1
(times) 19 gallons of
fuel per nautical mile (x) 19
Total usage of fuel by
3
vessels passing Chattanooga = 649.8 x 10 gal/yr
port facilities
Total usage of fuel by
river towboat vessels
in study area
[(1334.0 x 103) + (649.8 x 103)] =. 1983.8 x 103 gal/yr
3-27
-------
Emissions factors for vessels in the Chattanooga area were
calculated as a weighted average between three sub-cate-
gories, inboard, inboard/outboard, outboard, and diesel
powered towboats.
Pleasure crafts included all inboard, inboard/outboard,
and outboard engines. Emission factors were taken directly
from AP-42 and assuming seventy percent outboard motor usage
against thirty percent inboard - inboard/outboard usage the
emission factor value for each class of pleasure boat were
weighed accordingly.
3
Emission factors, lb/10 gal
Type
Part.
so
X
CO
HC
NO
X
Pleasure boats
O
*
o
4.7
2354.7
773.1
9.3
Emission factors for diesel powered towboats were taken
directly from AP-42.
Diesel towboat 0.0 27.0 100.0 50.0 280.0
weighted average between diesel powered towboats and pleasure
crafts determined according to percentage of total fuel
usage for 1973.
Fifty-three percent of the fuel is consumed by towboats and
47 percent by pleasure boats. Resulting emission factors
are:
Weighted emission factors, lb/103 gal
Part.
SO
CO
HC
NO
X
X
Vessels
O
•
o
16.4
1159.7
389.9
152.8
3-28
-------
Input into Area 2 program resulted in emissions for 1973 of:
Source
Emissions -
197 3, ton/yr
category
Part.
so
X
CO
HC
NO
X
Vessels
O
o
23.9
1,687.0
567 .2
222. 3
Projections
In today's conservation intensive fuel market, predicting
future fuel use trends is difficult, to say the least.
However, if one will accept a few basic assumptions the
elucidation of future trends clears considerably.
1. The increase in overland movement of freight will
continue thus the contemporary rate of decline in
18
commercial river traffic should remain about the same.
2. Continued increases in leisure time and general en-
thusiasm in pleasure boating should cause some increase
in fuel usage.
Projections were calculated by extrapolating the 1970 to
1973 rate of change for both gasoline and diesel fuels.
3 ,
Vessel fuel consumption 10 ^al/yr
1973
1975
1980
1985
Gasoline
927.2
937.8
965.0
992.9
Diesel
1,982.1
1,970.5
1,940.2
1,911.0
Total
2,909.3
2 , 9Q8.3
2,905.2
2,903.9
3-29
-------
Sub-Area Distribution
Pollutant emissions were allocated to grid cells in propor-
tion to the inland water area present therein, determined
from USGS maps.
3-30
-------
OFF-HIGHWAY VEHICLES (OFHIVEH)
Area-wide Emissions
This category includes off-highway vehicles using diesel and
gasoline fuels. Typical gasoline fuel users are farm trac-
tors, lawnmowers, compressors, pumps, and small electric
generators. Typical diesel fuel users are farm tractors,
construction equipment, emergency generator power units, and
compressor engines. Of the farm tractors, approximately 60
percent are assumed to be gasoline powered."*"
In attempts to collect all the necessary data for determina-
tion of off-highway vehicle fuel'us'age it was found that
there would be a variety of deletion in the information for
each county. Although these deletions may cause the total
off-highway fuel consumption value to be underestimated, it
was the only data and method available.
1. Gasoline:
39
Gasoline farm equipment refund $467,288.00
for Tenn. (times 0.07 dollars/gal) = 6 ,676 x 10"^ gal
Off-highway tractor usage for Tenn. (x) .062
(times) population factor for
Hamilton County = 413,884 gal
13 gallons/capita"'" times population of Hamilton County
(256,770) equals total "all other" off-highway gasoline
3,338,010 gal/yr.
Total off-highway gasoline usage in Hamilton County (413,884
+ 3,338,010) = 3,751,894 gal/yr
3-31
-------
40
Number of tractors for
study area in Georgia
842
(times) % using gasoline
(times) 1000 gal/tractor/yr
(x)
1, 000
. 60
Off-highway tractor usage
for Georgia
505,200 gal/yr
Thirteen gallons/capita"^ times population of Walker and
Catoosa Counties (82,170) equals total "all other" off-
highway gasoline 1,068,210 gal/yr.
Total off-highway gasoline usage in Walker and Catoosa
(505,200 + 1,068,210) = 1,573,410 gal/yr
Total off-highway gasoline usage for study area (3,751,894 +
1,573,410) = 5,325,304 gal/yr.
2. Diesel:
39
State total off-highway fuel 30,932,392
sales, farm tractor, con-
struction equipment, etc.
(times) population factor
for Hamilton Co. area (x) .062
Total off-highway diesel
fuel sales
(farm tractor, construction,
etc)
1,917,808 gal/yr
3-32
-------
7.4 gallons/capita"1" times population of Hamilton County
(256,770) equals total "all other" off-highway diesel fuel
sales 1,900,098 gal/yr
Total off-highway diesel
usage of Hamilton Co.
(1,917,808 + 1,900,098) = 3,817,906 gal/yr
Number of tractors for 842
study area in Georgia
(times) % using diesel .35
(times) 1000 gal/tractor/yr 1,000
Off-highway diesel tractor 294,700 gal/yr
usage for Georgia
Number of construction 149
equipment using diesel in
Walker and Catoosa
(times) 5000 gal/tractor/yr^" (x)5,000
Total off-highway diesel
usage by construction
equipment 745,000 gal/yr
7.4 gallons/capita"'" times population of Walker and Catoosa
Counties (83,170) equals total "all other" off-highway
diesel fuel usage 608,058 gal/yr
Total off-highway diesel usage
in Georgia sector of study
area (294,700 + 745,000 + 608,058) = 1,647,758 gal/yr
3-33
-------
Total off-highway diesel usage for
study area (3,817,906 + 1,647,758) = 5,465,664 gal/yr
LPG fuel sales (LPG Section) allocates approximately
1,251,000 gal/yr for off-highway usage
Total fuel usage for off-highway category in study area
[5,325,304 (gasoline) + 5,465,664 (diesel) + 1,251,000 (LPG)] =
12,041,968 gal/yr
There are no directly applicable emission factors for off-
highway sources. A composite emission factor, based upon a
weighted average of light duty motor vehicle emission fac-
tors and diesel motor vehicle emission factors, was applied
to the composite fuel total. Since smaller engines are
probably not as efficient as lairger engines, this was felt
to be a reasonable approach. The derivation follows in
Table 3-2.
Total estimated emissions for the off-highway vehicles
category, including both gasoline and diesel fuel users, are
as shown:
Source
Total
emissions
- 197 3, ton/yr
category
Part.
SO
X
CO
HC
NO
X
OFHIVEH
98.7
131.3
4,607.3
670.1
1,324.6
Proj ections
Although unobtainable, State projections of fuel consumption
for this category would depict the most accurate usage.
Therefore, they were based on population growth projections.
3-34
-------
Table 3-2. EMISSIONS FACTOR DERIVATION-OFF-HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Emission
factor
Partlc.
so„
CO
HC
NO,
Gas Diesel
Gas Diesel
Gas Diesel
Gas Diesel
Gas Diesel
gm/ml (1)
ml/gal (2)
gm/gal (=1x2)
wt'd avg.
(gas & diesel)
gm/gal
lb/103 gal a
0.56 1.53
12.2 5.1
6.83 7.8
(7(1.7961(6 R3W39.618H7.8)
0.13 2.8
12.2 5.1
1.59 14.3
(20.796)(1.59)+(39.618)(14.3)
75.9 8.6
12.2 5.1
926 43.9
(20,796)(9Z6)+(39,618)(43.9)
10.2 2.3
12.2 5.1
124.4 11.7
(20,796)(124.4)+(39,618)(11.7)
4.4 25.1
12.2 5.1
53.7 128
(20,706)(53.7)'(39,613)(128)
60,414
7.47
16.4
60,414
9.9
21.8
60,414
347.4
765.2
60,414
50.5
111.3
60,414
102.4
220
"input to Area 2 Program/presented In Table A-l.
-------
Year
1973
1975.
1980
1985
Total population
337,074
353,928
391,006
428,084
Growth factor
base
1. 05
i—1
i—1
1.27
OFHIVEH fuel
usage
(1CP gal/yr)
12,042
12,403
13,969
15,293
It is to be noted that, since off-highway vehicles are
essentially uncontrolled, the 1973 emission factors have
been assumed to apply through 1985 (Tables A-2, A-3, A-4).
Subarea Distribution
The calculation of emissions from this category is based
almost entirely on population. The allocation of emissions
to each grid were, therefore, distributed proportionately to
the grid population of each study year. These distributions
are shown in Appendices G through J.
3-36
-------
4. COMBUSTION OF SOLID WASTES
(Controlled and Uncontrolled)
OPEN BURNING (OPENBUR)
Area-Wide Emissions
There are four classifications that have been given con-
sideration under this category: a) agricultural burning, b)
leaf burning, c) residential on-site burning and d) unin-
tentional structural fires.
Contact with the Hamilton County Air Pollution produced some
very useful and extensive data concerning open burning in
-3 2
the study region. A value of 1.25 x 10 ton/yr/km was
discerned as a viable estimate of unauthorized burning in
Hamilton Co., (because of the parity between Hamilton Co.
and the rest of the study area this value was used for the
entire 3-county area).
2
Area of study region 4256 km
(times) unauthorized
-3 2
burning factor (x) 1.25 x 10 ton/yr/km
Total tonnage of
material burned of = 5.32 ton/yr
unauthorized nature
The number of structural fires in the study area for 197 3
was calculated at 1914 fires. In the metropolitan Chattan-
4-1
-------
ooga area, there were 245 building fires and 725 dwelling
3 6
fires, totalling a reported 970 structural fires. In
order to determine structural fires for the rest of the
study area attempts were made at contacting other local fire
departments, however, because many of these departments are
composed of volunteers yearly records are not kept. The
number of structural fires for these areas was determined as
follows:
Population of area 236,134
outside metropolitan
Chattanooga (times)
7
structural fires per (x) 4/1000
1000 persons
Total number of
structural fires outside = 944 fires
Chattanooga area
Total structural fires (970 + 944)
in study region = 1,914
(times) fuel consumed 5 ton/fire
per structural fire
Total fuel consumed during
structural fires in study = 9570 ton/yr
area
Permitted burning within the study area was determined using
values supplied by the Hamilton, County Air Pollution Bureau,
value derived for municipalities in Hamilton County were
used for similarly populated areas in the other counties.
4-2
-------
Total tonnage permitted 30.0 ton/yr
burnings
Total tonnage of material
consumed by open = 9605.3 ton/yr
burning
(5.32 + 9570 + 30.0)
Emission factors for this subcategory were derived from the
wood refuse table in AP-42 and an overall weighted EF for
both subcategories of this source was computed (Table A-l),
since it was desired that they be combined as an entity for
calculation purposes.
Source
Total emissions - 197 3, ton/yr
category
Part.
SO
X
CO
HC
NO
X
OPENBUR
80.2
1.0
298.7
74.0
14.4
Projections
Leaf burning is expected to remain a negligible factor in
open burning outside the. urban services area. There are a
number of theories that could be postulated to project
residential on-site burning emissions. One seemingly
obvious one is that as population increases, open burning
increases by the same percentage. The assumption made in
this study was that as population increases, emissions from
this category will decrease by the same percentage.
The reasoning follows: 1) air pollution control regulations
will become more stringent in the future and enforcement
policies stricter, 2) more refined methods of solid waste
disposal and recycling will be utilized making solid waste
4-3
-------
less economically feasible to dispose of in a wasteful
fashion, 3) urban development and the trend toward multi-
family dwellings indicates that less space per capita will
be available where burning could occur.
Subjective indications from personnel associated with the
various fire bureaus contacted are that unintentional struc-
tural fires indicate a decreasing trend, probably due to
upgrading of the downtown sections of the city and tearing
down of many older fire-prone residences. For similar
reasons as above, the number of fires burned for each pro-
jection year was adjusted downward by the same percentage as
the total population increased.
Year
1973
1975
1980
1985
Total population
328,872
337,074
347,824
360,026
Growth factor
base
1.02
1.06
1.10
Adjusted growth
factor
base
•
00
.94
.91
OPENBUR fuel
(ton/yr)
9,605
9,413
9, 029
8,741
OPENBUR emissions for future years are presented in Tables
2, 3, and 4, assuming that the same emission factors prevail
as in 1973 (Tables A-2, A-3 and A-4).
Subarea Distribution
Computed emissions were allocated to grid cells proportional
to each grid's study year population and are tabulated in
Appendices G through J'.
4-4
-------
INCINERATION (INCINERA)
Area-Wide Emissions
A listing of all known non-point source incinerators in the
study area was compiled from information supplied by the
Hamilton County Air Pollution Bureau and the Georgia DNR.
This listing is shown in Table 4-1. While the data are
representative of 197 5, not the base year 197 3, they pro-
bably provide the best available estimate of the 1973 refuse
burning rates for the incinerators still in operation.
However, the total emission could be low because several
incinerators may have been shut down during 1973 and 1974.
Nevertheless, in the absence of more detailed information,
it was assumed that the total emissions from incinerators in
1973 equalled that presented for 1975.
Total emissions of each pollutant in tons per year was
41
determined for each incinerator m the Hamilton County area.
Emissions from incinerators located in Catoosa and Walker
counties were determined using the tons of refuse burned per
year times an emission factor from AP-42.
Incinerator
emissions (ton/yr)
= (lb. refuse burned/day)(days
operated/yr)(ton/2000 lb)
(lb pollutant emitted/ton
refuse burned) (ton/2000 lb)
Source
Total emissions - ,197 3", ton/yr
category
Part.
SO
X
CO
HC
NO
X
INCINERATOR
25. 6
11.9
71.3
0.0
120.6
4-5
-------
Table 4-1. LIST OF INCINERATORS AND EMISSIONS - 1973
(con/yr)
Incinerator/location
Grid
Refuse
burned
(tons/year)
Days
operated
per year
Partic-
ulate
SO
X
CO
HC
NO
X
HOSPITAL
Baroness-Erlanger
261 Wiehl Street
Chattanooga, Tenn.
44
1.0
0.7
4.4
0.0
7.6
East-Ridge Community
941 Spring Creek Rd.
Chattanooga, Tenn.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Memorial Hospital
2500 Citico Avenue
Chattanooga, Tenn.
66
1.6
0.0
11.6
0.0
T.C. Thompson's Child
ren's Hospital
1001 Glenwood Drive
Chattanooga, Tenn.
45
34.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
Parkridge Hospital
Post Office Box 3133
Chattanooga, Tenn.
50
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
J.L. Hutchenson Memorial
100 Gross Cresent
Ft. Oglethorpe, Ga.
83
37.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
-------
Table 4-1 (continued). LIST OF INCINERATORS AND EMISSIONS - 1973
(ton/yr)
Incinerator/location
Grid
Refuse
burned
(tons/year)
Days
operated
per year
Partic-
ulate
SO
X
CO
HC
X
o
2:
COMMERCIAL
By-Rite Stores
8101 E. Brainerd Rd.
70
2.8
0.4
1.5
6.7
2029 Dodson Avenue
45
0.4
0.1
0.4
0.9
1302 Dorchester
74
0.5
0.4
4.1
4.6
7158 Lee Hwy.
54
0.3
0.1
0.7
0.5
Gibson Discount Centers
5615 Lee Hwy
69
0.1
0.1
0.8
1.8
3636 Ringgold Rd.
66
0.4
0.9
4.3
12.5
2398 Rossville Blvd.
57
-3.7
0.4.
0.7
-------
Table 4-1 (continued). LIST OF INCINERATORS AND EMISSIONS - 1973
(tQit/yrl
Incinerator/location
Grid
Refuse
burned
(tons/year)
Days
operated
per year
Partic-
ulate
SO
X
CO
HC
NO
X
804 Scenic Hwy.
62
0.7
0.2
1.1
1.7
1210 Taft Hwy.
62
0.7
0.2
1.1
1.7
Piggly Wiggly
850 E. Brainerd Rd.
70
0.1
0.1
0.6
1.2
Pruett's Food Town
427 Cherokee Blvd.
36
0.1
0.2
1.0
4.2
Hwy. 27
Daisy, Tenn.
10
0.2
0.3
1.0
4.2
Hwy. 58
41
0.1
0.2
1.0
4 . 2
5738 Ringgold Rd.
68
0.1
0.2
1.0
4.2
4816 Rossville Rd.
74
0.1
0.2
1.0
4 . 2
2108 East 3rd Street
50
0.1
0.2
1.0
4.2
Red Food Store
7804 E. Brainerd
72
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.9
3415 S. Broad St.
56
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.8
1744 Dayton Blvd. 37405
34
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.8
4016 Dayton Blvd. 37415
25
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.7
9362 Dayton Blvd. 37406
10
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.8
2300 Dodson Ave. 37406
39
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.8
2555 4th Ave. 37407
58
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.8
-------
Table 4-1 (continued). LIST OF INCINERATORS AND EMISSIONS - 1973
(ton/yr)
Incinerator/location
Gr id
Refuse
burned
(tons/year)
Days
operated
per year
Partic-
ulate
SO
x
CO
HC
NO
X
3504 Hixson Pike 37415
24
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.8
5414 Hixson Pike 37343
20
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.8
6951 Lee Hwy. 37421
54
0.1
0.1
0.6
1.2
401 W. 9th St. 37402
48
0.2
0.1
0.1
1.0
3715 Ringgold Rd. 37412
67
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.8
5901 Shallowford Rd.
37421
53
0.1
0.1
0.6
1.2
2300 E. 3rd St. 37404
50
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.8
Shop Rite.
Post Office Box 806
Lafayette,. Georgia
102
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0.
730 Dallas Rd.
ChattanoogaTenn.
22
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.1
1910 Dayton Blvd.
Chatt., Tenn. 37415
27
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.9
3921 Hixson Pike
Chatt., Tenn. 37405
29
0.1
0.1
0.6
1.2
Tote-A-Poke
425 Signal Mt.
Chatt., Tenn. 37405
36
0.3
0.1
0.2
1.1
Willes Supermarket
1909 S. Broad St.
Chatt., Tenn. 37408
48
0.6
0.3
3.2
3.4
-------
Table 4-1 (continued). LIST OF INCINERATORS AND EMISSIONS - 1973
(ton/yr)
Incinera tor/location
Grid
Refuse
burned
(tons/year)
Days
operated
per year
Partic-
ulate
SO
X
CO
HC
NO
X
4350 Ringgold Rd.
Chatt., Tenn. 37412
68
0.6
0.3
3.2
3.4
5013 Rossville Blvd.
Chatt., Tenn. 37407
65
0.6
0.3
3.2
3.4
Alton Box Board Co.
Dry Valley Rd.
Rossville, Ga.
74
1,800
365
6.3
2.2
9.0
2.7
Pruetts Foodtown
315 Patton Avenue
Lafayette, Ga.
102
156
0.6
0.2
0.7
0.2
Shop Rite
Hwy. 27
Ft. Oglethorpe, Ga.
83
37
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
-------
Projections
There has existed a recent trend to shut down on-site in-
cinerators and use compactors or dumpsters for commercial,
institutional, and industrial solid waste disposal. How-
ever, this trend probably will moderate because all of the
remaining incinerators are expected to become in compliance
with air pollution control regulations and will not require
expensive upgrading. Most incinerator operators probably
will not change their means of waste disposal unless the
economics of an alternate disposal method change or the
facility moves or is renovated. Also, the possibility of
new on-site incinerators exists. Therefore, it has been
assumed that solid waste disposal in and emissions from on-
site incinerators will remain almost constant over the next
ten years at the estimated 197 3 level.
Subarea Distribution
The street addresses of all the on-site incinerators are
known (Table 4-1). Therefore, emissions for 197 3 and suc-
ceeding projection years have been allocated directly to the
appropriate grids by totaling the amount of refuse burned
and resulting emissions in each grid. Thus, emissions are
summarized as "additional emissions" under the INCINERA
category in the Area 2 Program printouts (Appendices G
through J) and total emission summaries (Tables 1, 2, 3 and
4) .
4-11
-------
FOREST BURNING (FFBUR)
Area-wide Emissions
In 1973, 250 unintentional forest fires burned 1016.4 acres
34 35
in the 3-county region. ' The majority of fires which
caused extensive burns were located in the less populated
regions of each county. The table below summarizes per-
tinent data. An estimate obtained for fuel consumed per
7
forested acre under fire is 9 tons wood/acre.
County
No. forest fires
Acres
burned
Conversion
factor
Tons
burned
Hamilton
135
171
9 tons/acre
1539
Walker
63
143
9 tons/acre
1287
Catoosa
52
¦703
9 tons/acre
6327
Study
area
total
250
1017
@ 9 tons/acre
9153
a This value constitutes a 5 year average for each specific
county.
7
Emission factors for this category were input to the Area 2
Program along with the above fuel totals to calculate total
and apportioned emissions.
Source
Total emissions - 1973, ton/yr
category
Part.
SO
X
CO
HC
NO
X
Forest fire
(FFBUR)
77.8
0.0
457.7
91.6
9.1
4-12
-------
Subarea Distribution
Allocation of emissions from FFBUR in unincorporated areas
of the counties to grid cells was done by the Area 2 Program
proportional to the forested acreage per grid. The total
forested watershed acreage per county, exclusive of crop-
land, populated, or highway acreage, was estimated from USGS
maps.
Projections
Climatic factors will heavily influence the occurrence of
unintentional forest and field fires on a year to year basis
and predicting future trends is quite difficult. Emissions
from this category, however, may decline as suburban de-
velopment encroaches on heretofore undeveloped forested
land. Based upon total land use increases in the unincor-
porated areas of the counties containing grids with forested
acreage, the acreage burned for each projected year was
adjusted downward by a factor equal to the decrease in total
acreage of forested area, this was determined using USGS and
land use planning maps.
1973
1975
1980
1985
Forested area
(acres)
46,603
46,200
45,317
44,293
Adjusted growth
factor
base
0 J 9 9
0. 97
0.95
Forest fire
(ton/burned)
9,153
9,, 061
8,878
8, 695
4-13
-------
Due to the mountainous nature of the terrain in the unin-
corporated areas of the county it was felt that any future
development or urban sprawl would take place along the
already agriculturally developed valleys. Thus future
growth in the area would affect forested areas to a lesser
degree than it would agricultural land.
4-14
-------
5. OTHER SOURCES
EVAPORATIVE LOSS SOURCES (EVAPLOS)
Area-wide Emissions
This category considers emissions from gasoline handling
losses, dry cleaning losses, and surface coating and mis-
cellaneous solvent-use operations. No local survey data was
available to estimate HC losses from these sources; there-
fore, procedures outlined in Reference 1 were employed.
1. Solvent Use:
Emissions were computed under this subcategory for dry
cleaning operations only. From the per-capita emission
factor given in Reference 1 and the per ton emission factor
presented in Reference 42, a per-capita use factor was
developed, due to the necessity, when using the Area 2 Pro-
gram, to enter the fuel usage total and emission factor in
compatible units.
Per capita use factor = ^ lb HC emitted
capita-year
2 57 ^ lb HC emitted
.ton solvent used
,c c lb solvent used
= 15.5 r—
capita-year
Solvent use emissions for the 3' county region in 1973 are:
5-1
-------
Solvent used (ton/yr) =
(328,875) (15,5 lb solvent) = 2,549 ton/yr
cap.-yr — '-1—
2,000 lb/t
The emission factor for this subcategory is the average of
the published (AP-42) factors for petroleum and synthetic
solvents - 257.5 lb/t.
2. Surface Coating Operations:
mu • o_ i x. « 4. ->o lb solvent used
The per-capita solvent use factor - 28 r— (42)
r capita-year
was used to calculate total solvent use:
Solvent used (ton/yr) = (328 ,872) (28 lb solvent used)
'1 ' capita-year
2,000 lb/ton
= 4,604 ton/yr
The emission factor for this subcategory is the average of
the factors for 5 surface coatings - 1,164 lb/ton (AP-42).
3. Gasoline Handling Losses:
The splash filling and liquid spillage losses associated
with the filling of motor vehicle gas tanks were the only
emission sources considered under this subcategory. Emis-
sions from petroleum storage tanks were assumed to have been
accounted for by point source inventories.
39 40
From county fuel sales reports ifor 1973 ' gasoline usage
is:
3
Total gasoline usage in study area = 171,478 x 10 gal/yr
5-2
-------
_ (171,478 x 103 qal/yr)(6.17 lb/gal)
(2,000 lb/t)
= 529,010 ton/yr
It is assumed that all the gasoline sold in the area but not
consumed there equals that sold elsewhere but consumed in
the area.
The emission factor for this subcategory equals:
3
EF = 11.0 lb/10 gal pumped (vapor displacement loss)
3
+0.67 lb/10 gal pumped (liquid spillage loss)
= 11.67 lb/103 gal pumped
Converting units:
3
¦cn m an v ,10 gal. 0 lb HC emitted
EF = 11.67 lb/10 ga±) (-=-^j—^—) = 3.8 j
^ 3.1 T ton gas pumped
The overall emission factor for this category is a weighted
average of the factors for the above 3 subcategories, since
a combined input to the Area 2 Program was desirable. Its
derivation follows:
gp = (11,802) (257.5) + (21,319) (1,164) + (2,797,595) (3.8)
(11,802 + 21,319 + 2,797,595)
- 13 6 lb HC emitted
T solvent used
Total hydrocarbon emissions from evaporative loss sources
i
equal:
5-3
-------
Source category
HC emissions - 1973, ton/yr
Solvent use
328
Surface coating
2,680
Gasoline handling
3,597
Total
6, 605
Projections
It is not anticipated that solvent usage rates will fluctuate
greatly during the period of accountability of this study.
It always remains a possibility, however, that more refined
control measures will be implemented for this essentially
uncontrolled category. In the absence of more sophisticated
estimation techniques, projections for all evaporative loss
sources are based solely on the total population increase in
the 3 county study area. Projected solvent/gas usage and
corresponding EVAPLOS emissions are:
Year
1973
1975
1980
1985
Total population
328,872
337,074
347,824
360,026
Growth factor
base
1.03
1.06
1.10
Solvent/gas usage
(ton/yr)
536,163
552,248
568,333
589,779
Total HC emissions
(ton/yr)
6,605
6,803
7,001
7,266
Subarea Distribution
Emissions were distributed to grid cells proportional to the
total population of the cells durinq the respective study
year (Appendices G through J).
5-4
-------
FUGITIVE DUST-UNPAVED ROADS (FDUNPRD)
Area-wide Emissions
There are 469 miles of unpaved roads in the 3 county region.
Walker County contained the greatest number with 241, Catoosa
has 119 and Hamilton 109, however from official highway maps
and USGS topographic maps, the location of 431 miles of
these roads was determined. It is highly probable that the
DOT inventory is accurate and the balance of the mileage is
not accounted for on USGS maps, because the most recent
survey data has not yet been incorporated thereon. Also
unaccounted for may be city alleys and roads in outlying
residential developments that are not paved until construc-
tion is complete. For apportioning purposes it was assumed
that the actual complement of unpaved road mileage per grid
was in the same proportion to those values actually deter-
mined from USGS maps.
State Departments of Transportation provided estimates of
total VMT's traveled on unpaved roads for each county.
County
Miles of unpaved
roads
3
10 VMT/year
Hamilton
109
4,734.0
(24)
Walker
241
19,792.0
(25)
Catoosa
119
9,773.0
(25)
Area total
469
34,299.0
5-5
-------
The emission factor for unpaved roads was obtained from the
EPA report, Development of Emission Factors for Fugitive
2 6
Dust Sources, a gravel roadbase with an average silt
content of 12 percent, and an average speed of 30 mph on the
roads.
EF (unpaved roads) = 0.81 s (|g-) = 0 . 81 (12) (y|y)
= 9.72 lb/VMT
This value was corrected downward to account for the rela-
tive climatic factors between the area in which the factor
was developed the Chattanooga study area, and by the annual
percentage of time during which no emissions would occur
because of rainfall, to yield a revised emission factor of
39.9 lb/vehicle-mile traveled.
The correction factor derivations are:
Climatic factor:
C^ (Franklin County, Kansas) = 0.1
C2 (Chattanooga) = 0.007
C (relative) = = 0.1
Surface moisture:
No. days with >0.01 in. precipitation = 140 (26, p.132)
EF (unpaved roads) corrected = (9.72 lb/VMT) (0.07) "t36^45)
399 lb/VMT
399 lb/103 VMT
The resulting area-wide emissions were then calculated and
apportioned by the Area 2 Program.
(43, p.47)
(43, p.47)
5-6
-------
FDUNPRD Emissions = (34,299.4 x 103 VMT/yr)(399 lb/103 VMT)
.ton .
lM0 lb
= 6,843 ton/yr
Projections
There is almost no information available on discernible
trends toward increased or reduced traffic volumes for un-
paved roads. Nevertheless, observations can be made
regarding certain classifications of unsurfaced roads,
leading to the conclusion that the total VMT may remain
constant over the next 10 years.
First, most of the county maintained unpaved roads lead to
rural residences, farming districts, or recreational areas
and forested land. Therefore, volume on these roadways is
unlikely to increase proportionately with total traffic
volume for the counties. Secondly, if traffic on a road
were to increase significantly as a result of a new trip
generator along the road, the road would probably be paved
at that time. Thirdly, roads in new residential areas that
are to be paved by developers when building construction
phases are completed will be replaced by similar under-
construction developments in future years.
For lack of any definitive information, it has been assumed
that traffic volume on unpaved roads will remain.constant
over the next 10 years, with no increase or decrease of
total mileage.
5-7
-------
Subarea Distribution
All fugitive dust emissions from unpaved roads were allo-
cated directly to grid cells based on the measured mileage
of unpaved roads contained in each.
5-8
-------
FUGITIVE DUST - PAVED ROADS (FDPAVRD)
Area-wide Emissions
Initially, inclusion of this source category in the area
source inventory was not intended, due to the paucity of
available data and procedures on which to base emission
estimates. However, this source is becoming recognized as a
significant contributor to the total particulate loading in
many areas, and it was concluded that some quantitative
estimate should be included, in spite of the paucity of
pertinent data.
It must be emphasized that the derivations presented below
do not have the same accuracy as calculations in other
sections of this report, and the resulting emission esti-
mates are only order-of-magnitude values. In recognition of
this and in anticipation of future refinements of these
estimates, this source category has been separated from the
remainder of the categories in all data summaries.
Seattle Study - Only one study was found in which any per-
27 28
tinent data have been published. ' From a single test of
a paved road that was flushed and swept regularly, field
sampling showed an emission rate of 0.14 lb/VMT, with 0.0055
lb/VMT (2.5 grams/VMT) below 10 micrometers in size. Three
tests of dusty paved roads, in areas with construction
projects or near unpaved roads where dirt was tracked onto
the pavement, indicated an average emission factor of 0.83
lb/VMT with 0.17 lb/VMT (77 grams/VMT): under 10 micrometers.
A major concern with these reported values is the sampling
method used—impaction samplers were mounted in an array on
5-9
-------
a trailer towed behind the test vehicle. Most of the
resuspended material collected in the area of turbulence on
the roadway would have an impact on air quality only in this
limited area and not on a regional scale. This sampling
method does not allow for settling and, more importantly, it
may pick up particulate matter generated by many preceding
vehicles, not just the test vehicle.
Example emission calculations presented in Appendix 4 to the
27
publication show substantial reductions from the emission
rates cited above, although these reductions are not made
for the purpose of compensating for the sampling method. In
calculating annual emissions, the authors assume that:
1. dust is emitted from the road 200 days/year (in
Seattle);
2. the "dry emission factor" is 30% less than the
values presented;
3. average dusty paved roads emit at only 50% of
the rate for the three roads tested; and
4. the sample of under 10 microns is comparable to
the suspended particulate emitted.
No data are presented to support any of these assumptions.
If the emission factors and assumptions from this study are
applied to Chattanooga data, and it is additionally assumed
that roads in Chattanooga would be similar to the tested
street that was cleaned regularly, the following results are
obtained:
EF (corrected) = (0.0055 lb/VMT) (0.7) (|ff " dayS Wlth) (1° )
365 no ram ' 1Q6
= 2,373 lb/106 VMT
5-10
-------
The 50 percent correction factor was not used, since it
applied specifically to uncleaned streets.
Thus, total emissions are:
FDUNPRD Emissions = (2,041 x 106 VMT/yr) (2, 373 lb/106 VMT)
= ton/yr
2,422
Of course, the total VMT traveled and the EF were input to
the Area 2 Program to calculate apportioned emissions (Appen-
dices D through P).
Chicago Study - The American Public Works Association (APWA)
is presently conducting a study' to determine the environmen-
tal benefits of improved street cleaning. In conjunction
with the Chicago Department of Environmental Control and IIT
Research, they are microscopically examining hi-vol filters
from street canyon exposures in an attempt to determine the
origin of the particulate matter. They have not yet reached
29
final conclusions, but preliminary indications are that
auto exhaust accounts for only 25 percent of motor vehicle
impact, with the remainder from resuspended dust and tire
wear. Using this 25 percent factor and particulate emission
factors from Chapter 3, an average emission factor for the
road dust portion can be approximated:
(0.25)(TMVPEF)* = 0.34 grams/VMT
TMVPEF = 1.36 grams/VMT
FDPAVRD = TMVPEF - exhaust - tire wear -
brake wear
1.36 - .0. 34 - 0.20 - 0.02
= 0.8 grams/VMT
* Total motor vehicle particulate emission factor.
5-] 1
-------
With this factor, fugitive dust from paved roads in Chatt-
anooga area would equal 775 ton/year. For an initial estimate,
it is proposed that the value from the Seattle Study be used
in order to pressure the "worst case" analysis.
Projections
At this point, it cannot even be established that VMT is the
best indicator of dust emissions from paved roads. Emis-
sions are possibly more closely related to miles of road
surface or some other parameter. However, since the current
emission estimates are based on VMT, future emissions can
reasonably be assumed to increase proportionately to VMT.
These emissions are:
Year
1973
1975
1980
1985
Estimated total
VMT (xlO6)
2,041
2 <135
2, 362
2,610
Growth factor
base
1.05
1.16
1.28
FDPAVRD emissions
(ton/year)
2,422
2, 533
2,803
3,099
Subcounty Distribution
To maintain consistency, dust emissions from paved roads
have been allocated based upon the total VMT in each grid
for the study years. The distributions of estimated emis-
sions from dust on paved roads are shown in Appendices G
through J.
5-12
-------
FUGITIVE DUST - AGRICULTURAL TILLING (FGDAGTIL)
Area-Wide Emissions
Windblown dust from tilled fields was estimated by use of
the wind erosion equation, a procedure explained in detail
in Reference 26. Briefly, a separate emission factor is
established for each crop type in an area as a function of
resistance to wind erosion provided by that crop and plowing
methods normally used with it. The emission factors also
vary according to the common soil types found in agricul-
tural land in an area and its climate. The fugitive dust
component generated by the actual implement tilling opera-
tion has also been estimated.
Emission calculations for tillage operations account for the
limited periods when the farming equipment is actually used
in the fields; they do not account for the lower level
emissions that occur periodically as a result of wind ero-
sion across the fields. Annual emissions from tilling may
be quite small in comparison with suspended particulate
emissions generated by wind erosion.
In order to simplify the calculations involved and to ac-
count for gaps in the available data on crop types, three
main categories were created:
1. Pasture - acreage lying in fallow, and that used for
grazing, e.g. alfalfa, timothy, rye, safflower, grasses.
2. Harvest - barely, corn, cotton, grain, hay, oats,
sorghum, soybeans, sugar beets, wheat.
3. Truck - Beans, peanuts, potatoes, vegetables.
5-1 3
-------
The modified form of the wind erosion equation is:
(tons/acre/year) = alCKL'V'(+5%) (26)
where,
a, I, C, K, L', V1 are quantities and factors defined
in Table 5-2, in which windblown dust emissions from the
tilled acreage in the 3-counties are presented in tabular
form. The total particulate emissions from the windblown
component are seen to be 5 5.97 ton/year.
The emission factor for tillage operations is estimated by
the following equation:
E. (lb/acre) = 1,4s(S/5:5) (+1"5%) (26)
(PE/50)
where,
S = implement speed (mi/hr) - assumed to be 5.5 mph
s = silt content of soil (%) - assumed to be 18%
PE = thornthwaite's precipitation-evaporation index
= 116 for the study area (26)
The calculated tillage EF then, was 4.7 lb/acre. Fugitive
dust emissions by county are given in Table 5-1.
The total fugitive dust emissions from agricultural activity
are presented in Table 5-3 by county.
Subarea Distribution
From information contained in USGS quadrangle maps, the grid
cells most likely to contain agricultural activity were
estimated to be numbers: 1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8,10,11,12,23,24,
43,48,55,71,72,73,76,79,80,81,82, 83, 84,85,86,87,88,89,90,
5-14
-------
Table 5-2.
FUGITIVE DUST EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURAL FIELDS DUE TO WIND EROSION - 1973
County
Source
category
A,
acres
L, field
length
V, vegetative
cover
I(T/ac-yr)
based on
soil type
c,
climatic
factor
K1
surface
roughness
L'
length
factor
V'
vegetative
factor
E=AaICKL'V'*
windblown
dust (TPY)
Hamil-
Pasture
3,756
667
2, 000
47
.02
1.0
.66
Neg.
.00
ton
Harvest
9, 968
667
780
47
.02
.6
.45
.09
5.69
Truck
722
167
100
47
.02
.6
.20
.82
1.67
Walker
Pasture
19,064
667
2,000
86
. 02
1.0
.66
Neg.
.00
Harvest
3,177
667
780
86
. 02
. 6
.45
.09
3.32
Truck
454
167
100
86
. 02
.6
.20
. 82
1.92
Catoosa
Pasture
31,895
667
2,000
86
. 02
1.0
.66
Neg.
.00
Harvest
12,346
667
780
86
.02
.6
.45
.09
12.90
Truck
7,202
167
100
86
. 02
.6
. 20
. 82
30. 47
55.97
* Where a = portion of total wind erosion losses that would be measured as suspended
particulate estimated to be 0.025.
-------
Table 5-1. FUGITIVE DUST FROM AGRICULTURAL TILLING - 1973
County
Acres
tilled
EF (lb/ No. tillings
< acre) X per year X T/2000 lb
FD emissions
(tons/year)
Hamilton
14,447
4 . 7
3
T/2000 lb
33.95
Walker
22,695
4 . 7
3
T/2000 lb
53. 33
Catoosa
51,443
4 . 7
3
T/2000 lb
120.89
Study area,
total
88,585
208.17
-------
Table 5-3.- TOTAL FUGITIVE DUST EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY - 1973
County
Acres
tilled
Emissions from
implement
tilling operations
(tons/year)
Emissions from
wind erosion
from Table 5-2
(tons/year)
Total agricultural
associated emissions
(tons/year)
Hamilton
14,447
33.95
7. 36
41. 31
Walker
22,695
53.33
5 . 24
58 . 57
Catoosa
51,443
120.89
43 . 37
164.26
Totals
88,585
208.17
55 . 97
264.14
-------
92, 93 , 94 ,96 , 97 , 98 ,100 , 101,102,104 ,.105 , 106,107. Emissions
were allocated into each grid as the percentage of agricul-
tural acreage, and then added to Area 2 program as "Addi-
tional Emissions."
Projections
Contact with county agricultural extension agents produced
values for both 1973 and 1975.^"'"'"^'^ Projections were
made for 1980 and 1985 based on the percent reduction in
agricultural land due to residential, commercial and in-
dustrial growth.^^ It was assumed that new additions
to the total agricultural acreage would be minor, this being
due to the unsuitable nature of the terrain, in the Chatt-
anooga area, i.e. the majority of good agricultural land
will by 1975 be either under till or in the category of
"pasture".
1973
1975
1980
1985
Agriculture
(acres) land
88,585
139,060
92,949
85,094
Land-use factor
base
given
0. 67
0. 61
Total emission of
fugitive dust
(tons/year)
264.1
414.6
277.8
252.9
5-18
-------
FUGITIVE DUST CONSTRUCTION
Area-wide Emissions
Acreage exposed to construction was determined through
contact with regional governmental agencies"'""'"' and
24 25
State Department of Transportation. ' Attempts were
made to compile actual surface area exposed to construction,
however it was found that for practical purposes most build-
ing permit records were in dollar value figures and not
surface area. Because of these limitations in data, it was
necessary to develop factors to convert 1973 dollar values
into surface area exposed to construction.
The industrial construction, conversion factor was computed
g
as an average of both the suggested value of 3.0 acres/10
2 ^
dollars a value specific for the Chattanooga area, 4.3
acres/10 dollars. The Chattanooga area value was calcu-
lated by summing the total acreage exposed to construction
over the sum of its known cost in 10^ dollars. The final
conversion factor:
3.0 (suggested factor) + 4.3 (Chattanooga area factor)
2
Industrial conversion factor = 3.65 acres/10^ dollars
Dollar cost (10^) 6.3
for industrial construction"1"1'3^
(times) conversion factor for
industrial construction (x) 3.65
5-19
-------
Total acreage determined from .22.99
dollar value figures
(plus) actual acreage values (+)30.34
accorded by permits"1""'"'
Total acreage exposed to
industrial construction 53.34
In determining a dollar value to, acreage conversion factor
for commercial high rise construction the same method was
used as previously described for industrial construction. A
£
value of .36 acres/10 dollars was calculated from permits
providing both dollar values and area exposed to construc-
tion. This value was averaged with the suggested conversion
6 26
factor of 2.5 acres/10 dollars for commercial construe-
g
tion projects, producing a value of 1.548 acres/10 dollars.
Dollar cost (10^) 34.82
for commercial high rise consturction"^
(times) conversion factor for (x) 1.548
commercial high rise construction
Total acreage determined from = 53.87
dollar value figures
(plus) actual acreage values (+) .93
accorded by permits"^
Total acreage exposed to
commercial high rise construction =, 54.83 acres
The conversion factor for commercial low rise construction
was calculated as being an average of 2.5 acres/10^ dollars
5-20
-------
6 26
and 17.18 acres/10 dollars a value specific to Chattan-
ooga area building permits. The calculated conversion
£
factor is 9.84 acres/10 dollars.
Dollar cost (10^) for 16.89
commercial low rise construction^^
(times) conversion factor for (x) 9.84
commercial low rise construction
Total acreage determined from = 166.21 acres
dollar value figures
(plus) actual acreage values (+) 26.84
accorded by permits
Total acreage exposed to
commercial low rise construction = 193.05 acres
Dollar value to acreage conversion factor for both resi-
dential high and low rise construction was assumed to be the
6 26
suggested value of 8.0 acres/10 dollars.
/r
Dollar cost (10 ) for
residential construction^^ 34.97
(times) conversion factor
for residential construction (x) 8.0
Total acreage exposed to
residential construction = 279.77 acres
The actual locations of the construction projects were
available in only a few cases, it was more common to receive
data according to large areas such as municipalities, vil-
5-21
-------
lages, townships, etc. for this reason total acreage exposed
to construction is listed by grid cell in Table 5-5.
Highway construction data was collected through contact with
local, regional and State highway departments. In most
cases, county road departments were unable to supply the
needed data due to the nature of their records. Information
herein was received from state and regional governments and
will reflect only major highway construction projects.
Highway projects for 1973 and 1975 are given in Table 5-4,
and their approximate locations are shown on Figure 5-1, in
solid line. Projected highway projects for 1980 and 1985
are shown in double line in Figure "5.1, and are included in
Table 5-4. It should be noted that 1980 and 1985 highway
project locations are subject to change."'""'"
The average emission factor for construction was derived
from Reference 26 by adjusting the base emission rate of 1.2
tons/acre/month by a correction factor to reflect difference
in soil type and climate- between the test sites and the
Chattanooga area. This factor was:
2
—(= 0.067, and the resulting emission factor (Ref. 44)
(116)
was 0.965 tons/acre/year
Derivation: 1.2 tons/acre/month x 12 months/year
x (.067) = 1.4 tons/acre/year
Total emissions produced as cause of construction are 928.3
tons/year 1973.
5-22
-------
Table 5-5. FUGITIVE DUST EMISSIONS FROM ALL TYPES OF
CONSTRUCTION - 1973 (ton/yr)
Grid No.
Industrial
Commercial
Residential
Highway
Total
1
2
3
4
0.84
1.63
4.03
6.50
5
6
7
Q
1.14
2.94
7. 27
11. 35
O
9
10
0.93
2.94
7.27
11.14
11
0.47
1.41
3.49
5. 37
12
0.70
1.41
3.49
5. 60
13
0. 05
1.41
3.49
4.95
14
0.05
1.63
4.03
5.71
15
0.33
1.63
4.03
5.99
16
1.63
4.03
5. 66
17
1.63
4.03
5.66
18
0. 33
2.94
7.27
10.54
19
5.00
12. 36
17. 36
20
0.47
4. 35
10.76
15. 58
21
1.63
4.03
5. 66
2'2
2.28
5. 64
7.92
23
24
25
0.16
4.35
10.76
15. 27
26
0.87
2.15
3. 02
27
2.28
5. 64
7.92
28
0.16
2.94
7. 27
10. 37
29
0 . 61
5.65
13.97
20.23
30
1.98
4.67
11.55
18.20
31
0.87
2.15
3. 02
32
0.87
2.15;
3.02
33
3.27
3. 27
34
3.27
0.87
2.15
6.29
35
0.87
2.15
3. 02
36
3.04
11. 09
27.42
41.55
37
0.87
2.15
3.02
38
2. 90
2. 39
5.91
11. 20
39
0. 33
2.28
5164
8.25
40
0. 61
1.63
4.03
6.27
41
2.17
5.33
13.18
20.68
42
2. 34
2.28
5.64
10. 26
43
1.63
4.03
5. 66
"4 4
0.47
2.28
5. 64
9.90
18.29
45
0. 58
1.63
4.03
6.24
5-23
-------
Table 5-5 (continued). FUGITIVE DUST EMISSIONS FROM ALL
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION - 1973 (ton/yr)
Grid No.
Industrial
Commercial
Residential
Highway
Total
46
1.63
4.03
5.66
47
48
7.48
34.79
86.03
9.90
138.20
49
2. 34
10.87
26.88
40.09
50
0.14
0.65
1.61
2.40
51
52
53
2.24
10.44
25.82
38.50
54
55
0.33
1.52
3.76
5.61
56
0.47
2.94
7.27
10.68
57
0.98
2.94
7.27
11.19
58
0.89
8.37
20.70
29.96
59
0.44
4.35
10.76
15.55
60
3.59
8.88
2. 90
15.37
61
6.52
16 .12
22.64
62
8.37
20.70
29.07
63
1.63
4.03
5.66
64
2.01
1.63
4.03
7.67
65
1.24
7.72
19. 09
28.05
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
1.24
8.70
21.51
31.45
75
1.24
8.70
21. 51
31.45
76
0.47
4.35
10 . 76
15. 58
77
0.47
4.35
10.76
15.58
78
0.47
4.35
10.76
15.58
79
0.47
4.35
10.76
15.58
80
81
82
83
0.19
4.13
10.21
14.53
84
85
86
87
88
0.14
1.09
2.70
3.93
89
90
91
0.14
1.09
2.70
3.93
5-24
-------
Table 5-5 (continued). FUGITIVE DUST EMISSIONS FROM ALL
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION - 197 3 (ton/yr)
Grid No.
Industrial
Commercial
Residential
Highway-
Total
92
93
0.14
1.20
2.97
4. 31
94
i—i
•
o
1.20
2.97
4.31
95
96
97
98
99
0.14
1. 09
2. 70
3.93
100
0. 14
1. 09
2 . 70
3.93
101
102
0.14
1.09
2.70
3.93
103
0.14
1.09
2.70
3.93
104
105
106
107
Total
938.39
5-25
-------
'sale
CREEK
SIGNAL MT.
CHA»f ANOOGA
HAMILTON Co
CATOOSA Co
EAST RIDGE
AND
FORT OGLETHORPE
AREA
RINGGOLD
5-26
Figure 5-1.
Highway projects.
LoFAl
TTE
CHICKAM AUGA
-------
Table 5-4. HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY - PRESENT AND
PROPOSED - 1973 THRU 198 5
1973
Project
Grid
Approx. mileage
length of site
Conversion
factor
Total acreage
exposed
Riverfront Parkway
44
.85
12.138
10.3
Citico to Broad
48
.85
12.138
10.3
Riverfront Parkway
48
1.00
12.138
12.1
Broad to 9th St.
New connection
60
.25
12.138
3.0
Germantown -
tunnes blvd.
1975
Holtzclaw Ave.
59
.12
7.283
.9
13th to Main St.
Intersection
60
.12
12.138
1.5
Brainerd Rd. -
Germantown Rd.
New connection
26
.12
18.207
2.2
Access Rd. to
Ashland Terrace
29
.12
18.207
2.2
Bridge Chickmamauga
69
.10
2.0
.2
U.S. 41 - North
Bridge
62
.10
2.0
.2
S.R. 27 - Shoal
Creek
Bridge
30
.66
2.0
.2
Amnicola Hwy. -
Hixson Pike
33
39
.66
.66
2.0
2.0
. 2
.2
East Branard Rd.
69
1.6
12.138
19.4
Lee Hwy - 1-75
Eastgate access
46
.5
12.138
6.1
Brrds Mill Rd. -
Eastgate
State Route 29
10
3.75
18.207
68.3
Lovell - Pitts
Branch
15
3.75
18.207
68. 3
Georgia Route 193
Stateline -
Nicaataca Road
76
4.25
24.276
103.2
5-27
-------
Table 5-4 (continued). HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY -
PRESENT AND PROPOSED - 1973 THRU 1985
1980-1985
Project
Grid
Approx. mileage
length of site
Conversion
factor
Total acreage
exposed
Dayton Freeway
2
3.0
24.276
72.83
3
5.0
24.276
121.38
6
5.5
24.276
133.52
10
1.2
24.276
29.13
11
5.0
24.276
121.38
15
2.5
24.276
60.69
19
3.0
24.276
72.83
25
1.0
24.276
24.28
27
2.0
24.276
48.55
Central-Dayton
29
1.8
24.276
43.70
Loop
30
1.0
24.276
24.28
32
1.0
24.276
24.28
36
1.0
24.276
24.28
37
1.2
24.276
29.13
Central
6
1.0
24.276
24.28
Freeway
11
5.0
24.276
116.90
22
1.0
24.276
24 . 28
16
1.0
24.276
24.28
21
2.0
24.276
48.55
20
1.0
24.276
24.28
30
3.0
24.276
92.83
33
1.0
24.276
24.28
38
1.0
24.276
24.28
44
1.0
24.276
24.28
45
0.5
24.276
12.14
49
1.0
24.276
24.28
58
1.0
24.276
24.28
65
1.0
24.276
24.28
5-23
-------
Table 5-4 (continued). HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY -
PRESENT AND PROPOSED - 1973 THRU 1985
1980-1985
Project
Grid
Approx. mileage
length of site
Conversion
factor
Total acreage
exposed
Central -
State Route 2
Connection
74
75
79
1.0
1.2
2.0
24.276
24.276
24.276
24.28
29.13
48.55
Central -
Georgia
Toll
74
77
82
88
91
96
99
102
105
1.2
1.2
2.4
2.4
2.4
4.8
4.8
4.8
3.5
24.276
24.276
24.276
24.276
24.276
24.276
24.276
24.276
24.276
29.13
29.13
58.26
58.26
58.26
116.50
116.50
116.50
84.97
5-29
-------
Projections
Projections were based on increases in residential-commer-
cial and industrial land use in the study area.^'1"''''^'^
Subarea Distribution
Distribution was performed using locations provided by
building permits per municipality and actual or proposed
locations of highway projects.
1973
1975
1980
1985
Residential
commercial 30
815.1
845. 9
928. 2
1015.4
Growth factor
base
,1. 04
1.14
98.1
Industrial"^
•
i—1
in
64. 9
83.8
i—1
•
CO
0^
Growth factor
base
1. 26
1. 63
1. 91
Highway development
61.8
212.5
2070.3
2067.2
Total const, emis-
sions
928.3
1123.3
3082.3
3180.7
It has been assumed that all constructions projects last the
full year, and that projected highway construction projects
will be at maxiumum state of activity in both 1980-1985.
5-30
-------
REFERENCES
1. Guide for Compiling a Comprehensive Emission Inventory.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Government
Publication No. APTD-1135.
2. Mineral Industry Surveys. Bituminous Coal and Lignite
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the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C., June
1974 .
3. Georgia State Point Source Inventory. Region IV, EPA.
Atlanta, Georgia.
4. Tennessee State Point Source Inventory. Region IV,
EPA, Atlanta, Georgia.
5. Federal Energy Administration. Personal Communica-
tions, Bob Bickum, FEA Regional Office. Atlanta,
Georgia, and Mr. Leslie Ungers, PEDCo-Environmental
Specialists, 1975.
6. Chattanooga Natural Gas Company. Personal Communica-
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Environmental Protection Agency. Government Publica-
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8. Population, Resources, Environmental. Issues in Human
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Bureau of the Census. U.S. Department of Commerce.
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11. Chattanooga Area Regional Council of Governments,
CARCOG Chattanooga, Tennessee.
12. Information Office. National Climatic Center. Federal
Building, Asheville, North Carolina.
-------
(REFERENCES (continued)
13. Mineral Industry Surveys, Sales of Fuel Oil and Kero-
sene: 197 3, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of
Mines, Washington, D.C. 1974.
14. COOSA Valley Regional Study. COOSA Valley Planning and
Development Commission.
15. Personal Communication: Mr. James Tate, Atlanta Gas
and Light Co. - Public Relations Department, and N.S.
Walsh, PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc.
16. LaFayette Municipal Gas, G. McCalmon City Manager,
LaFayette, Georgia.
17. Mineral Industry Surveys, Sales of Liquified Petroleum
Gases and Ethane: 197 2, U.S. Department of the Inter-
ior, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C., 1974.
18. Tennessee Valley Authority, Navigation Economics Branch,
George B. Tully, Chief, Knoxville, Tennessee.
19. Statistical Abstract of the United States 1972. Bureau
of the Census. U.S. Department of Commerce.
20. Tennessee Department of Natural Resources. Office of
Fishing and Wildlife. Boat Registration. Knoxville,
Tennessee.
21. Personal Communication: Mrs. Christine Hull, Georgia
Department of Natural Resources, Boat Registration
Division, and Mr. N.S. Walsh, PEDCo-Environmental
Specialists, Inc. 1975.
22. Tennessee Department of Transportation. Office of
Railroad Administration. P. Edens.
23. Personal Communication: Mr. David Benson, Georgia
Public Service Commission, Office of Planning, and Mr.
L.J. Ungers, PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc. 1975.
24. Tennessee Department of Transportation. Bureau of
Planning and Programming. Office of Research and
Planning.
-------
REFERENCES (continued)
25. Personal Communication: Mr. Joe Lindsay, Georgia
Department of Transportation - Road Life Division, and
Mr. N.S. Walsh, PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc.
26. Development of Emission Factors for Fugitive Dust
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Carolina, June, 1974.
27. Roberts, J.W. et al, "The Measurement, Cost and Control
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Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting of APCA, Denver,
Colorado, June, 1974.
29. Personal Communication: Mr. Ken Axetell, PEDCo-Environ-
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APWA, March 19, 1975.
30. "Chattanooga Area Economic Data," Great Chattanooga
Area Chamber of Commerce, Chattanooga, Tennessee.
31. Personal Communication: R.L. Barger, Office of A.S.C.A.
Hamilton County, Tennessee.
32. Personal Communication: C: Benton, Walker County
Agricultural Extension Agent.
33. Georgia Agricultural Facts: 1964-1972, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Statistical Reporting Service; Georgia
Crop Reporting Service, Athens, Georgia, September,
1973.
34. Personal Communication; J. Connelly, Forest Fire Chief,
Department of Forestry, Nashville, Tennessee".
35. Personal Communication; H. Long, Fire Protection Bur-
eau, Department of Natural(Resources, Macon, Georgia.
-------
REFERENCES (continued)
36. Office of Fire Prevention Chief, Chattanooga Fire
Department, Chattanooga, Tennessee.
37. FAA Air Traffic Activity, U.S. Department of Transpor-
tation, Federal Aviation Administration, Washington,
D.C. 1973.
38. Lovell Field: Office of the Manager, Chattanooga,
Tennessee, 1975.
39. Personal Communication: R. Toilett, Department of
Revenue, Nashville, Tennessee, August 6, 1975.
40. G. Madden, Georgia Department of Transportation, Georgia
Department of Revenue, Atlanta, Georgia.
41. Personal Communication: J., Lents, Ph.D., Air Pollution
Control Bureau, Chattanooga, Tennessee.
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porating revisions through Supplement 5), U.S. Environ-
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search Triangle Park, North Carolina, April 1975.
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ville - Davidson County, Tennessee. PEDCo-Environmen-
tal Specialists, Inc.
44.
Walsh, Steve. PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc.,
Kansas City, Kansas.
------- |