United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Research and
Development
Washington DC 20460
EPA/600/R-92/219
December 1992
Measurement and
Analysis of Adsistor and
Figaro Gas Sensors
Used for Underground
Storage Tank Leak
Detection
-------
EPA/600/R-92/219
December 1992
Measurement and Analysis of Adsistor and Figaro Gas
Sensors Used for Underground Storage
Tank Leak Detection
by
Marc A. Portnoff, Richard Grace,
Alberto M. Guzman and Jeff Hibner
Carnegie Mellon Research Institute
A division of Carnegie Mellon University
4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15213
PO #OV-1255-NAEX
August 1991
Project Officer
Katrina E. Varner
Advanced Monitoring Systems Division
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SYSTEMS LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA 89193-3478
Tffi) Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
NOTICE
The information in this document has been wholly funded by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency under PO #OV-1255-NAEX to Carnegie
Mellon Research Institute. It has been subjected to Agency review and
approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial
products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
-------
ABSTRACT
Gas sensor properties were measured with the purpose of comparing two
sensor technologies used for underground storage tank leak detection.
Figaro™ gas sensors and the Adsistor™ gas sensor were tested in simulated
underground storage tank environments using the Carnegie Mellon Research
Institute (CMRI) automated gas testing facilities. This automated system
monitored the sensors' responses while dynamically exposing them to various
mixtures of methane, butane and xylene. The sensors were also tested to
determine the effects of humidity on their responses. Sensor responses were
characterized by sensitivity, selectivity, and speed of response and recovery to
selected test concentrations of methane, butane, and xylene. The test results
are presented as a list of sensor specifications to allow the potential end user a
direct comparison of these two different types of sensors.
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT iii
List of Figures v
List of Tables vi
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 EXPERIMENTAL 3
3.0 SENSOR CONSTRUCTION AND MODEL EQUATIONS 6
3.1 Adsistor Sensor 6
3.2 Figaro Sensor 8
4.0 TEST DESCRIPTIONS 11
4.-1 Gas Concentration Ramp Test 11
4.2 Target Gas Excursion Test 11
4.3 Water Vapor Excursion Test 11
4.4 Response and Recovery Time Test 11
5.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 12
5.1 Reproducibility 20
5.2 Sensitivity 20
5.3 Water VaporResponse 23
5.4 Selectivity 23
5.5 Speed of Response and Recovery 27
6.0 CONCLUSIONS 31
7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 31
REFERENCES 32
APPENDIX A - Adsistor and Figaro Sensor Product Literature 33
APPENDIX B - Adsistor and Figaro Sensor Test Data 40
- iv -
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2.1
CMRI Gas Sensor Characterization Facility ...4
FIGURE 3.1
Adsistor Sensor Construction 7
FIGURE 3.2
Adsistor Measured and Fitted Response To
Xylene @ 15 K ppm H20 7
FIGURE 3.3
Figaro Sensor 10
FIGURE 3.4
Figaro 823 Measured and Fitted Response To
Xylene @ 15 K ppm H20 10
FIGURE 5.1
Adsistor Response To Methane, Butane, and Xylene
Concentration Ramps @ 15 K ppm H20 22
FIGURE 5.2
Figaro 823 Response To Methane, Butane, and Xylene
Concentration Ramps @ 15 K ppm H20 22
FIGURE 5.3
Adsistor Response To Xylene Concentration Ramps
(S> 15 K ppm H20 and 0 K H20 24
FIGURE 5.4
Figaro 823 Response To Xylene Concentration Ramps
@ 15 K ppm H20 and 0 K ppm H20 24
FIGURE 5.5
Figaro 823 Sensor Response To Xylene Concentration
Ramps @ 15 K ppm and 0 ppm H20 25
FIGURE 5.6
Figaro 823 and Adsistor Sensor Response To Changes
in Humidity in A Mixture of Methane, Butane, and
Xylene 25
FIGURE 5.7
Figaro 823 Sensor Response To Methane, Butane,
and Xylene Concentration Ramps @ 15 K ppm H20 26
FIGURE 5.8
Figaro 823 and Adsistor Sensor Response To Mixtures
of Methane, Butane, and Xylene 28
FIGURE 5.9
Figaro 823 and Adsistor Response To Changes in Xylene
Concentration @ 15 K ppm H20 29
FIGURE 5.10
Figaro 823 Sensor Responses To Changes in Xylene
Concentration @ 15 K ppm H20 30
FIGURE 5.11
Adsistor Sensor Responses To Changes in Xylene
Concentration <§> 15 K ppm H20 30
- v-
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1.1
Gasoline Components 2
TABLE 5.1
Adsistor Sensor Specifications 13
TABLE 5.2
Figaro 823 Sensor Specifications 14
TABLE 5.3
Figaro 822 Sensor Specifications 15
TABLE 5.4
Figaro 812 Sensor Specifications 16
TABLE 5.5
Figaro 813 Sensor Specifications 17
TABLE 5.6
Figaro 823 and Adsistor Sensor Response To Multiple
Gas Excursion Test and Water Excursion Test 18
TABLE 5.7
Figaro 813 Sensor Response To Multiple Gas Excursion
Test and Water Excursion Test 19
- vi -
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1,0 INTROPUCTIQN
Over two million underground storage tanks (UST) are currently being
regulated by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). By 1993, the
vast majority of these tanks are required to be equipped with leak detection
monitors to alert tank owners of any problems. Vapor monitoring equipment,
housed in monitoring wells surrounding the UST, is a common choice for
monitoring the environment for gasoline or product spills from a leaky tank.
The concept behind vapor monitoring is that a small liquid leak will generate a
large increase in product vapor concentration. By proper placement of the
monitoring wells, the product vapor will readily migrate to these wells. There,
the vapor sensors will detect the increased contaminant vapor concentrations
and initiate an alarm.
This study was initiated by the EPA Office of Underground Storage Tanks to
help the regulators of UST vapor-phase product leak detectors to better
understand the capabilities and limitations of commercial vapor sensors used in
continuous vapor phase product leak detectors. The study was limited to
characterizing two types of commercial vapor sensors: The Figaro Gas [1]
Sensor and the Adsistor Vapor [2] Sensor. Appendix A contains product
literature for these commercially available sensor types.
Four types of Figaro gas sensors, model numbers 812, 813, 822, 823, and the
Adsistor gas sensor were tested in simulated UST environments using the
Carnegie Mellon Research Institute (CMRI) automated gas testing facilities. The
characterization of these sensors resulted in a set of specifications that allows
comparison between the different sensor types. The Figaro sensors are metal
oxide semiconductor devices that operate at elevated temperature [1]. The
Adsistor sensor operates at ambient temperature, using the principle of gas
adsorption [2] in a polymeric material.
The selection of test gases was based upon a study performed by Geoscience
Consultants, Ltd., in 1988 [3]. This study detailed the hydrocarbon vapor
concentration at 27 gasoline service stations from three diverse geographic
regions of the United States.
Their findings indicated that:
• all the surveyed locations had some evidence of underground
methane and gasoline vapor products.
• methane existed in high concentrations at many locations.
• tracking butane concentrations would be useful in detecting recent
gasoline leaks or spills.
• m-xylene was a large component of gasoline product s(Table 1.1).
-1 -
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Table 1.1: Gasoline Components
Compound
2-Methylbutane
m-Xylene
2,2,4-T rimethylpentane
Toluene
2-Methylpentane
n-Butane
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
n-Pentane
2,3,4-Trimethylpentane
2,3,3-Trimethylpentane
3-Metylpentane
0-Xylene
Ethylbenzene
Benzene
p-Xylene
2,3-Dimethylbutane
n-Hexane
1-Methyl, 3-Ethylbenzene
1-Methyl, 4-Ethylbenzene
3-Methylhexane
Based on this study, methane was chosen as a potential interference that may
cause false alarms for UST monitors. Also iso-butane and m-xylene were
chosen as tag compounds because they represent major chemical constituents
in gasoline.
The sensors were tested to determine their sensitivity and cross sensitivities to
methane, butane, xylene, and humidity. These tests would help the UST leak
detector manufacturers to better understand how to recommend the use of
these sensors. For example, 1) If a sensor responds to methane, but the
instrument's user is unaware of this sensitivity, then this instrument placed in the
field could produce false alarms due to methane interference. 2) The humidity
level underground at UST sites is considered to be near saturation [4].
Therefore, if a monitor is calibrated with' a dry gas, and the sensor is placed in
the damp underground environment, this also could lead to false alarms, or
worse, no alarm will be initiated when a real leak is occurring.
Response time is not a critical sensor parameter for this application as leaks in
USTs generally occur slowly, and site monitoring is done on time scales of days
and not minutes. However, recovery time can be important in situations where
an accidental spill occurs. In this case, if a sensor takes too long to recover from
the spill, the detection of a true leak could be masked.
The reproducibility of sensor properties is also essential in maintaining
instrument quality control. For example, when a sensor fails and is replaced, if
the replacement sensor behaves differently, errors in monitoring a site are very
Percent Weight
8.72
5.66
5.22
4.73
3.93
3.83
3.26
3.11
2.99
2.85
2.36
2.27
2.00
1.94
1.72
1.66
1.58
1.54
1.54
1.30
-2-
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likely. By knowing the limitations of the reproducibility of various sensor types,
steps can be taken to properly check the perfomance of replacement sensors to
assure the monitoring equipments' performance is known.
Sensor responses were characterized by sensitivity, selectivity, and speed of
response and recovery to selected test concentrations of methane, butane, and
xylene. The test results are presented as tables of sensor specifications to
show the potential end user the advantages and disadvantages of using
various sensor types for monitoring underground storage tanks.
2.0 EXPERIMENTAL
The data presented were collected using the CMRI automated gas sensor
characterization facility. The facility has been designed to study the behavior of
gas sensors and characterize their response in terms of sensitivity, selectivity,
speed of response and recovery, and stability. A computer-controlled gas
delivery and data acquisition system (GDS), Figure 2.1, creates the test
atmosphere in the sensor test chamber and records the corresponding sensor
responses. The GDS controls and sets proper levels of oxygen, nitrogen, and
water vapor to create a clean baseline environment through a network of mass
flow dilution modules. This clean air can then be contaminated with up to five
different vapor compounds. For this study, the facility was modified to
independently set concentrations for methane, (CH4), butane (C4H8), and m-
xylene (CsHio). The GDS was set to maintain a constant flow rate of 1
liter/minute.
A second gas system, delivering clean humidified air, was used to maintain the
sensor atmosphere when the sensor chambers were not connected to the GDS.
An on-line gas chromatograph was used to verify the concentration delivered to
the test chamber both during and between tests.
Three test chambers were built to house the sensors. One chamber was built to
test nine Adsistor Sensors and two chambers to house 12 Figaro Sensors, 6 of
each type. All the materials used in the construction of the chambers were
chosen to minimize undesirable out-gassing that might contaminate the test
atmosphere. The chambers also had the capabilities to power the sensors and
monitor their responses in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations.
The volume of each test chamber was 1.2 liters.
The Adsistor chamber consisted of an aluminum plate and a glass-epoxy based
printed circuit board, mounted on standoffs. Standard clamp pins were inserted
into the circuit board for connecting to the data acquisition unit, and mounting
the Adsistors. Adsistors were soldered onto clamp pins and their resistance
measured with the GDS multi-meter. Precautions were taken to ensure that the
solder flux did not interfere with the Adsistors, following the manufacturer's
recommendations. A glass lid was used to complete the chamber construction.
Gas flowed into the chamber through a feed-through in the bottom of the
aluminum plate.
-3-
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Hewlett-Packard
Acquisition
System
Laboratory Computer
Gas Cylinders
Methane
Carbon
Monoxide
Ethane
1-Butane
Solvent Vapor
Bubbler
m-Xylene
Hewlett-Packard
Gas
Chromatograph
Sensor Electrical
Response Measurement
Background
Gas System
Maintains chamber
environment to set
levels i.e.
oxygen/humidity/
contaminant
level
Network of mass
(tow controllers
and valves for
mixing gases
from
cylinders and
bubblers
Gas Cylinders
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Water Vapor
Bubbler
Figure 2.1: CMRI Gas Sensor Characterization Facility 4
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The two Figaro chambers contained six 822 and six 823 sensors and six 812
and six 813 sensors, respectively. Both consisted of an aluminum plate
mounted with 12 Figaro sockets. These 12 sockets were mounted to form a
5.75 inch diameter circle. Thermocouples were also installed to monitor
chamber temperature. As with the Adsistor chamber, a feed-through was
tapped into the center of the aluminum plate for the gases to enter into the
chamber, and a glass lid was used to complete the chamber housing.
The sensors were powered and calibrated according to Figaro manufacturer
instructions. Sensor heaters were all powered using a 5-volt power supply.
The sensor bias voltage was maintained at 10 volts. Precision load resistors
(R|=3920 ohm ±1%) were installed in series with the sensor leads. Sensor
signals were measured by reading the voltage across the load resistor
according to Figaro instructions. All wiring was done on the outside of the
chamber to prevent interference with sensor responses.
Test chamber temperatures were monitored during testing. The Adsistor test
chamber temperature operated at room temperature, 22°C ± 1°C. The Figaro
test chambers ran hotter, at 33°C ± 1°C, due to the local heating induced by the
Figaro sensors' operating power requirements.
-5-
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3.0 SENSOR CONSTRUCTION AND MODEL EQUATIONS
To simplify direct comparison of these sensors, mathematical models were used
to convert sensor resistance (ohms) into gas concentration (ppm). The model
chosen for the Adsistor is the one suggested by the manufacturer [2]. The
model selected for the Figaro sensors is commonly used according to the
literature [5].
3.1 The Adsistor Sensor
The Adsistor sensor looks like a small resistor, Figure 3.1. It is specially coated
to make it sensitive to gas vapors. The Adsistor sensor requires no power to
operate and is monitored by measuring its resistance like a common resistor.
The base of the coating is a non-conductive, resilient polymer which holds in
place conductive particles. The phenomena of adsorption is the basis for the
sensor's sensitivity. In an ambient air environment, the particles, each
independently anchored to the polymer surface, are in contact with each other
forming an electrical path. When a contaminant vapor comes in contact with the
particle surface, a mono-layer of contaminant molecules is adsorbed onto the
particle surfaces. Van der Waal's adsorption forces (adhesion of gas molecules
to the surface of a solid) cause separation between each of the particles
increasing the electrical path's resistance. The electrical resistance measured
across an Adsistor is determined by the amount and type of gas molecule
adsorbed to its surface [6].
Adsistor sensor data was collected by measuring the sensor's electrical
resistance. The resistance is related to concentration for most gas vapor
concentrations by equation 1.
Eqn. 1 R = Rb10c/k
where R = Measured resistance
Rb = Resistance in clean air,
k = Gas constant at ambient temperature
c = Gas concentration (ppm)
The Adsistor sensor resistance versus concentration is reported to be a straight
line when plotted oh a semi-log graph [2].
The model was tested for xylene by exposing the sensors to a xylene
concentration ramp of 100 ppm to 1000 ppm in 100 ppm steps. The resistance
versus xylene concentration curve is plotted in Figure 3.2. This curve is not a
straight line. This may indicate that the sensor is not sufficiently sensitive to the
lower xylene concentration range.
did not resP°nd t0 th© lower test concentration, a two point
fit between the 100 and 1000 ppm xylene was used to determine Rb and k in
mflL ' 5°J j"1-9 e9uation 1 for c yields equation 2 which is used to translate
the measured Adsistor resistance into a measured gas concentration.
Ec*n-2 c = klog10(R/Rb)
-6-
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Figure 3.1: Adsistor Sensor Construction
Conductive Polymer
for Electrical Contact
embedded in Polymer Coating
for Vapor Sensing
CO
E
£
O
0)
a
c
(8
«
0)
0)
GC
Figure 3.2: Adsistor Measured and Fitted
Response to Xylene at 15 K ppm H20
1000 -i
100
D Adsistor #8
— Two Point Model Fit
—i—
400
200 400 600 800
Xylene Concentration (ppm)
-7-
1000
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3.2 The Fiaaro Sensor
The construction of a Figaro sensor is shown in Figure 3.3a. The sensor is
primarily composed of tin oxide sintered on a small ceramic tube. Noble metal
wires are used to provide electrical contact between the sintered tin oxide and
the electronics used to measure its resistance. The noble metal wires also
provide mechanical support. Through the center of the ceramic tube, a coiled
wire is positioned to serve as the sensor heater.
The Figaro sensors require a small amount of power to operate the sensor
element at elevated temperatures between 200°C to 400°C. By varying the
composition of the sensor element and/or the operating temperature, Figaro has
been able to alter the sensor's response to various combustible gases.
For this project, the sensors were powered and measured according to the
manufacturer's instructions. Sensor heaters were all powered using a 5-volt
power supply. The sensor bias voltage was maintained at 10 volts. Precision
load resistors (R|=3920 ohm ±1%) were installed in series with the sensor leads
(Figure 3.3b). Sensor signals were measured by reading the voltage across the
load resistor.
The Figaro sensors respond to changes in the partial pressure of oxygen. At a
set oxygen level, oxygen is adsorbed on the surface of the gas sensing Metal
Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) sensor. This adsorption of oxygen on the
semiconductor is strong enough to promote electron transport from the
semiconductor to the adsorbed oxygen. In the presence of a fixed oxygen
environment such as ambient air, an equilibrium state is achieved and the
sensor electrical resistance (baseline) is established. If the environment is then
contaminated with a combustible gas, a surface catalyzed combustion reaction
occurs. This reaction causes the surface adsorbed and negatively charged
oxygen to be reduced, returning the shared electron to the semiconductor, and
decreasing the semiconductor's electrical resistance. The relationship between
the amount of change in resistance to the concentration of a combustible gas is
non-linear and can be expressed by a power law equation.
Figaro sensor data was collected and converted to sensor resistance using
equation 3.
Eqn. 3 R = R| (Vb - Vr)/Vr
where R = Resistance (ohms)
R| = Load resistor (3920 ohms)
Vb = Voltage bias (10 volts)
Vr = (10-Vb) = Sensor voltage
The resistance concentration curve was observed to be approximately linear on
a log - log plot. Therefore, a power law model was adopted for these sensors
as seen in equation 4.
-8-
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Eqn. 4 (a) Log(R) - log(Ro) = Blog(c)
(b) R/Ro = c&
where R = Sensor resistance
c = Gas concentration (ppm)
13 = Power law slope
R0 = Sensor resistance when c=1
The two parameters Rq and G are determined by considering measurements
taken at c =100, and c =1000 ppm for the gas in question. Once the parameters
are determined, the sensor resistance is translated into concentration by
inverting equation 4 and shown in equation 5.
R i
Eqn. 5 c = Ffo
A plot showing how the model fits the sensor response for a Figaro 823 is
shown in Figure 3.4.
-9-
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Figure 3.3: Figaro Sensor
+10 Votts
V
lOOmesh SUS316
saimess see gauze idoucxe)
Hoae meal wire
Sensor etement
Heaier cod
Hi Dialed brass nng
¦Ceramic base
Kovarpn
FIGARO
SENSOR
Load Resistor
(Ri = 3.92 KG)
Volt
Meter
a) Sensor Construction b) Measurement Circuit
reprinted from Figaro Literature
Figure 3.4: Figaro 823 Measured and Fitted
Response to Xylene at 15 K ppm H20
100000 n
tn
E
O
O
O
C
CO
«
"5>
0)
cc
10000 -
1000
n 823 #4
— Two Point Model Fit
1000
Xylene Concentration (ppm)
-10-
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4.0 TEST DESCRIPTIONS
Four specific kinds of tests were performed to characterize sensor response.
Each of the following tests were designed to measure one or more specific
sensor properties:
4.1 Gas Concentration Ramp Test
The Gas Concentration Ramp Test measures a sensor's sensitivity and
selectivity to individual test gases. The test exposes the sensors to individual
test gases at five different concentrations. The test concentration ranges were
0, 50, 150, 500, 1500, 5000 ppm for methane and butane and 0, 10, 30, 100,
300, 1000 ppm for xylene. Each concentration was held for thirty minutes
before proceeding to the next level. The sensors were exposed to clean air for
two hours between each ramp.
Ramp tests were performed at two humidity levels. The first set was conducted
at 15,000 ppm of water vapor. This level was chosen to represent the humidity
present at underground storage sites (97% Relative Humidity at 55°F). The
second set was done in dry air (less than 50 ppm water vapor) to simulate
sensor response when exposed to dry calibration gases.
4.2 Target Gas Excursion Test
The Target Gas Excursion Test determines how the presence of multiple test
gases affect a sensor's sensitivity and selectivity. The test creates a
background test atmosphere composed of 500 ppm methane, 500 ppm butane,
and 100 ppm xylene in air containing 15,000 ppm of water vapor. During the
test, each gas is then individually increased to 10 times its background level for
thirty minutes.
4.3 Water Vapor Excursion Test
The Water Vapor Excursion Test measures sensor response to the changes in
humidity in the presence of multiple test gases. The tests create the same
background test atmosphere used in the target gas excursion test. The water
vapor concentration is then changed in thirty minute steps from 15,000 ppm, to
5000 ppm, to 1667 ppm, to 0 ppm water vapor, and then set back to 15,000
ppm.
4.4 Response and Recovery Time Test
The Response and Recovery Time Test determines how fast a sensor responds
to changes in gas concentration. The tests were performed in air humidified to
15,000 ppm water vapor. The sensors were measured at one minute intervals
during the test. The xylene concentration was changed in thirty minute steps
from 0 ppm, to 1000 ppm, to 100 ppm, to 1000 ppm and back to 0 ppm.
The response time is defined as the interval from when the new gas
concentration is first introduced into the chamber until the sensor reaches 95%
of its reading at thirty minutes. The recovery time is defined as the time from
when the new gas concentration is first introduced into the chamber until the
sensor reaches 95% of the total change in the sensor reading.
-11 -
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5.0 RESULTS and DISCUSSION
The set of tests, described in section 4.0, bracket a range of conditions that
vapor sensors are likely to be exposed to at UST sites. Tables 5.1 - 5.7
summarize the performance results of the Adsistor and Figaro sensors for the
test conducted.
The measured sensor responses were converted from resistance to ppm units
using the model equations described in sections 3.1 and 3.2. Each sensor was
fitted individually with a two point calibration. Tables 5.1 - 5.5 report the results
of individual test gases with regard to the sensor:
• model parameters
• sensitivity
• humidity affects on sensitivity/vapor response
• cross sensitivity, also called selectivity
• response time
• recovery time
Tables 5.6 and 5.7 list the results of multiple test gases with respect to the
affects of humidity and cross sensitivities on sensor response.
The tabulated data are the average of nine Adsistor sensors, and six of each
Figaro sensor type. The data are reported as the average measured sensor
response along with the standard deviation and percent standard deviation.
The response for all the individual sensors tested is tabulated in Appendix B.
Examples in sections 5.1 - 5.5. focus on the Adsistor sensor and the Figaro 823
sensor. The discussion of tabulated data and the presentation of graphical
examples show how the data were analyzed and are related to sensor
properties.
The Figaro 823 was chosen for illustrating the behavior of Figaro sensors for
several reasons: first, the test results document that the Figaro 812, 822, and
823 sensors all have comparable responses, considering the statistical spread
in their respective responses. Second, the Figaro 812 sensor has been
discontinued, being replaced by the 822 model. The 822 and 823 sensors are
described by Figaro as being the same sensor but packaged differently. Finally,
the Figaro 813 sensors is very sensitive to methane and is of limited use for
monitoring UST product leaks.
-12-
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Table 5.1: Adsistor Sensor Specifications
Xylene Model Parameters
(S> 15 K ppm H20
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
K
2987.72
308.26
10.3%
Rb
3.5E+02
3.5E+01
10.0%
Xylene Readings (ppm) @ 15 K ppm H20
Calibrated at 100 and 1000 ppm Xylene
Xylene Delivered (ppm)
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
10
61.5
2.8
4.6%
30
67.9
2.3
3.4%
100
100.0
0.0
0.0%
300
233.3
3.7
1.6%
1000
1000.0
0.0
0.0%
Xylene Readings (ppm) @0Kp
pm H20
Xylene Delivered (ppm)
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
10
118.9
13.1
11.1%
30
126.4
12.5
9.9%
100
139.0
12.1
8.7%
300
251.3
10.7
4.3%
1000
997.6
9.7
1.0%
Cross Sensitivity (ppm Xylene)
<§> 15 K ppm H20
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
5000 ppm Methane
62.9
4.0
6.3%
5000 ppm Butane
61.8
3.2
5.2%
95% Response Time
(Minutes)
@ 15 K ppm H20
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
0 to 1000 ppm
7.29
1.5
18.6%
100 to 1000 ppm
7.86
1.8
20.5%
95% Recovery Time
(Minutes)
<§> 15 K ppm H20
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
1000 to 100 ppm
> 30
0.0
0.0%
1000 to 0 ppm
>30
0.0
0.0%
-13-
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Table 5.2: Figaro 823 Sensor Specifications
Xylene Model Parameters
@ 15 K ppm H20
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
B
0.56
0.12
21.4%
Ro
9.1E+04
3.6E+04
39.6%
Xylene Readings (ppm) @ 15 K ppm H20
Calibrated at 100 and 1000 ppm Xylene
Xylene Delivered (ppm)
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
1 0
10.7
5.8
53.8%
30
43.5
10.0
23.0%
100
100.0
0.0
0.0%
300
239.9
36.1
15.0%
1000
1000.0
0.0
0.0%
Xylene Readings (ppm) @ 0 K p
pm H20
Xylene Delivered (ppm)
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
1 0
0.2
0.3
141.3%
30
1.4
1.4
100.0%
100
5.9
4.5
75.0%
300
38.8
21.5
55.4%
1000
437.8
136.7
31.2%
Cross Sensitivity (ppm Xylene)
@ 15 K ppm H20
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
5000 ppm Methane
23.5
8.6
36.6%
5000 ppm Butane
793.4
792.9
99.9%
95% Response Time
(Minutes)
@ 15 K ppm H20
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
0 to 1000 ppm
15.30
6.7
42.3%
100 to 1000 ppm
10.18
7.4
68.7%
95% Recovery Time
(Minutes)
@ 15 K ppm H20
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
1000 to 100 ppm
3.33
1.0
31.0%
1000 to 0 ppm
4.08
0.9
23.1%
-14-
-------
Table 5.3: Figaro 822 Sensor Specifications
Xylene Model Parameters
@ 15 K ppm H20
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
B
0.74
0.28
37.2%
Ro
5.1E+05
6.4E+05
124.9%
Xylene Readings (ppn
Calibrated at 100 ar
fi) @ 15 K ppm H20
id 1000 ppm Xylene
Xylene Delivered (ppm)
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
10
15.5
9.2
59.3%
30
46.9
10.2
21.7%
100
100.0
0.0
0.0%
300
230.0
35.4
15.4%
1000
1000.0
0.0
0.0%
Xvlene Readings (ppm) @0Kp
pm H20
Xylene Delivered (ppm)
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
1 0
1.4
1.9
135.3%
30
4.6
5.3
115.0%
100
13.2
12.8
96.9%
300
55.6
38.3
68.9%
1000
502.0
184.0
36.7%
Cross Sensitivity (ppm Xylene)
@ 15 K ppm H20
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
5000 ppm Methane
42.2
16.1
38.2%
5000 ppm Butane
802.2
688.2
85.8%
95% Response Time
(Minutes)
@ 15 K ppm H20
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
0 to 1000 ppm
16.80
4.7
27.3%
100 to 1000 ppm
10.00
4.6
43.2%
95% Recovery Time
(Minutes)
<§> 15 K ppm H20
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
1000 to 100 ppm
4.70
2.0
43.2%
1000 to 0 ppm
5.39
4.0
62.4%
-15-
-------
Table 5.4: Figaro 812 Sensor Specifications
Xylene Model Parameters
@ 15 K ppm H20
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
B
0.91
0.14
15.3%
Ro
2.6E+05
1.6E+05
62.6%
Xylene Readings (ppm) @ 15 K ppm H20
Calibrated at 100 and 1000 ppm Xylene
Xylene Delivered (ppm)
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
1 0
15.7
4.4
28.2%
30
42.3
6.2
14.6%
100
100.0
0.0
0.0%
300
351.3
103.0
29.3%
1000
1000.0
0.0
0.0%
Xylene Readinas (DDm) (a) 0 K d
pm H20
Xylene Delivered (ppm)
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
1 0
2.2
1.0
46.3%
30
8.7
2.7
30.6%
100
28.4
4.5
16.0%
300
126.8
25.2
19.8%
1000
430.3
111.3
25.9%
Cross Sensitivity (ppm Xylene)
@ 15 K ppm H20
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
5000 ppm Methane
30.1
14.6
48.4%
5000 ppm Butane
207.1
75.6
36.5%
95% Response Time
(Minutes)
@ 15 K ppm H20
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
0 to 1000 ppm
10.18
4.8
44.4%
100 to 1000 ppm
6.51
4.1
55.3%
95% Recovery Time
(Minutes)
@ 15 K ppm H20
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
1000 to 100 ppm
13.20
7.3
53.6%
1000 to 0 ppm
12.45
5.4
41.6%
-16-
-------
Table 5.5: Figaro 813 Sensor Specifications
Methane Model Parameters
@ 15 Kppm H20
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
B
0.47
0.03
6.7%
Ro
1.7E+05
2.1E+04
12.3%
Methane Readings (ppm) @ 15 K ppm H20
Calibrated at 500 and 5000 ppm Methane
Methane Delivered (ppm)
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
50
121.8
18.2
14.9%
150
208.3
20.7
10.0%
500
500.0
0.0
0.0%
1500
1330.4
42.8
3.2%
5000
5000.0
0.0
0.0%
Methane Readings (ppm) @ 0 K
ppm H20
Methane Delivered (ppm)
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
50
16.6
2.8
16.9%
150
47.1
10.3
21.8%
500
199.6
47.6
23.9%
1500
731.2
112.3
15.4%
5000
3657.5
319.1
8.7%
Cross Sensitivity (ppm Methane)
@ 15 Kppm H20
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
5000 ppm Butane
4228.1
1264.9
29.9%
1000 Dpm Xylene
363.0
61.8
17.0%
95% Response Time
(Minutes)
@ 15 Kppm H20
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
0 to 5000 DPm
18.62
3.1
16.2%
500 to 5000 DDm
4.18
4.4
79.8%
95% Recovery Time
(Minutes)
@ 15 Kppm H20
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
5000 to 500 Dpm
1.47
0.0
0.0%
5000 to 0 ppm
2.39
0.0
0.0%
-17-
-------
Table 5.6: Figaro 823 and Adslstor Sensor Response to Multiple
Gas Excursion Test and Water Excursion Test
Calibrated for Xylene
-------
Table 5.7: Figaro 813 Sensor Response to Multiple
Gas Excursion Test and Water Excursion Test
Calibrated for Methane @ 15 K ppm H20
Time period for changes in concentrations is 30 minutes.
Actual
H20
(Pom)
Actual
Methane
(ppm)
Actual
Butane
(ppm)
Actual
Xylene
(ppm)
Average
Figaro 812
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
(ppm)
15002
500
500
1 00
1218.9
122.9
10.1%
15002
500
500
1 00
1142.5
127.2
11.1%
15002
500
500
1 00
1098.9
135.7
12.4%
1 5002
500
500
1 00
1055.1
150.2
14.2%
15002
4999
500
100
6410.8
435.1
6.8%
15002
500
500
1 00
997.7
145.9
14.6%
15002
500
4999
100
6082.6
1411.9
23.2%
15002
500
500
1 00
863.4
126.9
14.7%
15002
500
500
1000
1675.4
280.2
16.7%
15002
500
500
100
913.3
131.4
14.4%
15002
500
500
100
893.6
134.4
15.0%
1 5002
500
500
100
887.7
154.5
17.4%
4999
500
500
1 00
484.5
95.2
19.6%
1 667
500
500
100
347.1
77.1
22.2%
0
500
500
100
271.9
67.1
24.7%
1 5002
500
500
100
906.4
159.4
17.6%
-19-
-------
5.1 Reproducibility
The Adsistor sensors tested had model parameters and sensor responses
within 11% of each other, Table 5.1.
All the Figaro sensors tested in this study showed wide variations in the sensor
model parameters and measured responses.
For the Figaro 823 sensors, the spread in percent standard deviation ranged
from 15% to 141%, Table 5.2. Similar variations in sensor behavior were
observed for the Figaro 822 and 812 sensors, Tables 5.3, and 5.4 respectively.
The Figaro 813 sensors showed a more reproducible response with the spread
in percent standard deviation ranging from 3% to 30% when analyzed with
methane. Table 5.5.
5.2 Sensitivity
Gas concentration ramp tests were used to determine the test gas to which the
sensors were most sensitive. The sensors were then modeled for this target
gas.
The Adsistor sensor's measured response to xylene, butane, and methane
concentration ramps is plotted in Figure 5.1. The sensor clearly responded to
xylene at concentrations over 100 ppm as shown by its increased resistance.
The sensor's resistance did not change when exposed to methane and butane
at concentrations up to 5000 ppm. Thus, the Adsistor sensors were modeled
and calibrated for xylene, and their responses reported in terms of xylene
concentration (ppm), Table 5.1.
The Adsistor model does not exactly fit the data indicating that the sensor was
not sufficiently sensitive to the lower xylene concentration range. Readings of
62 and 68 ppm xylene, Table 5.1, in the presence of 10 and 30 ppm xylene,
respectively, reveal the baseline or zero reading for these sensors. Also, the
reading of 233 ppm xylene in the presence of 300 ppm indicate the model is
insufficient to truly characterize this sensor. However, the small spread of 3.7
ppm among the 9 Adsistor sensors indicates that the sensors are responding
similarly.
A Figaro 823 sensor is plotted with respect to the same xylene, butane, and
methane concentration ramps as shown in Figure 5.2. For this sensor, the
resistance decreased with respect to all the test gases. However, it is was most
sensitive to xylene as seen by the larger changes in resistance at a given
concentration level. The Figaro 823 sensors are sensitive enough to measure
10 ppm xylene, Table 5.2, and were therefore modeled and calibrated for
xylene.
This sensitivity to xylene was also observed for the Figaro 812 and 822 sensors.
Thus, the Figaro 812, 822, and 823 sensors were all modeled and calibrated for
xylene.
-20-
-------
In the case of the Figaro 813 sensors, they were more sensitive to methane and
therefore calibrated as methane sensors with the data tabulated in Tables 5.5
and 5.7.
-21 -
-------
Figure 5.1: Adsistor Response to Methane,
Butane, and Xylene Concentration Ramps
@ 15 K ppm H20
Concentration (ppm)
Figure 5.2: Figaro 823 Response to Methane,
Butane, and Xylene Concentration Ramps
@ 15 K ppm H20
Concentration (ppm)
-22-
-------
5.3 Water Vapor Response: Humidity Affects on Sensitivity
Adsistor sensor sensitivity to xylene was not affected by the changes in the level
of humidity. This was indicated in Figure 5.3 by the overlapping data points for
xylene. These points were taken at the wet (15,000 ppm water vapor) and dry
(0 ppm water vapor) conditions and quantified in Table 5.1.
For the Figaro 823 sensor, changes in readings of more than 50% were
observed when the humidity varied from the wet to dry conditions. This is
shown in Figure 5.4, a resistance versus concentration plot and again in Figure
5.5, a concentration versus time plot. The plotted lines in Figure 5.5 show when
the test gases are introduced and to what concentration levels. The sensor
response was plotted as in ppm of xylene, both for the dry and wet conditions.
Figure 5.6 plots the response of a Figaro 823 sensor and an Adsistor sensor,
computed as ppm xylene, during a water vapor excursion test. For the Figaro
823 sensor, changes in reading of more than 50% were observed when the
humidity varied from wet to dry conditions. The Adsistor sensors showed little
effect due to short term changes in humidity. These results are quantified in
Table 5.2.
5.4 Cross Sensitivity: Selectivity
The selectivity of a sensor relates to how the sensor responds to gases, other
than the one it is calibrated for, both individually and in mixtures. If a sensor is
perfectly selective, it will respond to only its target gas. If the sensor is not
perfectly selective, its cross sensitivity is an indication of how a particular gas
could cause a false reading.
The average cross sensitivity response of the Figaro 823 sensors to 5000 ppm
methane and 5000 ppm butane, is 24 ppm and 793 ppm respectively, Table
5.2
Figure 5.7 plots a Figaro 823 sensor's response to the Gas Concentration Ramp
Test. The sensor's response is computed in ppm of xylene and plotted versus
time as the sensor is exposed to the individual test gases. The plotted data
shows that when the sensor was exposed to 5000 ppm methane, it measured
13.4 ppm xylene, indicating a very small cross sensitivity to methane. When
exposed to 5000 ppm butane, it measured approximately 500 ppm xylene,
indicating a cross sensitivity to butane of about 1 to 10.
The Adsistor*s cross sensitivity response to 5000 ppm methane and 5000 ppm
butane, is 63 ppm and 62 ppm respectively, Table 5.1. As mentioned
previously, these values indicate a zero response showing the Adsistor sensors
to be insensitive at the concentration tested both to methane and butane.
The sensor cross sensitivity in multiple gases for the Adsistor and Figaro
sensors are tabulated in Table 5.6. The Adsistor sensors are selective to xylene
even in the presence of a mixture of methane and butane. This was apparent in
that the Adsistor*s xylene response did not vary even when the concentrations
of methane and .butane were increased to 5000 ppm.
-23-
-------
1000 -I
m
E
.c
o
o
o
c
CO
a
a
a
cc
Figure 5.3: Adsistor Response to
Xylene Concentration Ramps
@ 15 K ppm H20 and 0 K ppm H20
Adsistor #8
C8H10 @ 15 K ppm H20
C8H10 @ 0 K ppm H20
100
10
' ' i—
100
,—r~l
1000
Concentration (ppm)
Figure 5.4: Figaro 823 Response to
Xylene Concentration Ramps
@ 15 K ppm H20 and O K ppm H20
1000000
Figaro 823 #6
C8H10 @ 15 K ppm H20
C8H10 @ 0 K ppm H20
100
1000
Concentration (ppm)
-24-
-------
Figure 5.5: Figaro 823 Sensor Response
to Xylene Concentration Ramps
@ 15 K ppm and O ppm H20
Figaro 823 #4
calibrated (or Xylene
at 15 K ppm H20
Actual C8H10
Delivered (ppm)
Sensor Response
o @15KppmH20
• @0 ppm H20
540
600 630 660
Time (min.)
720
750
E
a
a
c
o
c
a)
o
c
o
o
Figure 5.6: Figaro 823 and Adsistor Sensor
Response to Changes in Humidity in a
Mixture of Methane, Butane, and Xylene
10001 500 ppm Methane, 500 ppm Butane, and
100 ppm Xylene are maintained constant
throughout this test.
(PXXQoSgjXQQ
100
10
15,000
ppmH20
5000
ppm H20
15,000
ppm H20
a
1667
ppm H20
OppmH2Q
30
—T~
60
90
-T—|
120
Time
—i—
150
180 210 240
'—i—
270
Actual C8H10
Sensor Response
D 823 #4
+ ADS #8
300
(min.)
-25-
-------
Figure 5.7: Figaro 823 Sensor Response to
Methane, Butane, and Xylene Concentration
Ramps (a) 15 K ppm H20
10000
fo
o>
E
a
a
c
o
• MM
+«•
ca
u.
C
o
o
c
o
o
1000 -
100 -
Figaro 823 #4
calibrated for Xylene
at 15 K ppm H20
Actual Gas
Concentrations
CH4 (ppm)
—- C4H10(ppm)
C8H10(ppm)
Sensor Response
~ 823 #4
T—1—I—^
60 120 180 240300360420 480540600660720
Time (min.)
-------
The Figaro 823 sensor cross sensitivity to butane was larger in a mixture than
would be expected from the tests performed with individual gas ramps. At the
background level (500 ppm methane, 500 ppm butane, 100 ppm xylene), the
Figaro 823 sensor reads over 300 ppm xylene. This error can be attributed
mainly to the presence of the 500 ppm butane. The Figaro 823 sensor was
shown to be insensitive to methane by the slight increase in the xylene level as
the methane is increased to 5000 ppm. When the butane level was raised to
5000 ppm, the xylene reading increased to over 1000 ppm, and when the
xylene level was raised to 1000 ppm, the xylene reading was increased to 1700
ppm.
Figure 5.8 displays these results showing the response of a Figaro 823 sensor
and an Adsistor sensor, computed as ppm xylene, during an excursion test.
5.5 Speed of Response and Recovery
Figures 5.9 - 5.11 show the responses of a Figaro 823 and Adsistor sensors to
changes in xylene concentration.
The Figaro 823 sensor's 95% response times are higher when changing from 0
ppm to 1000 ppm xylene, 15 minutes, than from when changing from 100 ppm
to 1000 ppm, 10 minutes. The recovery time from either 1000 ppm to 0 ppm or
1000 to 100 ppm are about the same at 4 and 3 minutes, respectively.
The Adsistor sensor's 95% response times for the above tests were similar at
7.3 and 7.8 minutes, respectively. The recovery time for the Adsistor sensor
was over 30 minutes.
-27-
-------
10000 a
Figure 5.8: Figaro 823 and Adsistor
Sensor Response to Mixtures
of Methane, Butane, and Xylene
1000 -
100 -
10
r -*
gjrmnr
n
gJEnnntp
mm m+mm m ¦¦ 4a mm m ¦ ¦ ^ mnm mm > • mm li mm« i
~
M |i|-»
r
T
TO?
@ 15 K ppm H20
Actual Gas
Concentrations
CH4 (ppm)
C4H10 (ppm)
C8H10 (ppm)
Sensor Response
° 823 #4
+ ADS #8
T 1 1 1 1 1 1 J 1 J 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
Time (min.)
-------
IO
ID
E
Q.
Q.
C
o
•w
<*—
(0
*-»
c
0)
o
c
o
o
Figure 5.9: Figaro 823 and Adsistor
Response to Changes in Xylene
Concentration at 15 K ppm H20
10000 -j
1000 ¦:
ni)i in iu"in
¦f
+
100 -
+
+
p\
• -+++ *
+
+
Till III IIIIIIIIII13
10
*
+
Df
\
Actual C8H10
Cone, (ppm)
Sensor Response
~ 823 #4
+ ADS #8
-15
1 5
30 45 60 75 90 105 1 20 135
Time (min.)
-------
Figure 5.10: Figaro 823 Sensor
Responses to Changes In Xylene
Concentration at 15 K ppm H20
10000
E
Q.
£ 1000
c
o
ra
i_
c
©
o
c
o
O
100 -
- Xylene
«
823 1
¦
823 2
•
823 3
¦
823 4
~
823 5
A
823 6
) ' I ¦ I ¦ I ¦ I ¦ I ¦ I ' I ' I ¦ I ' I ' I * I ' I ' I ¦ I ¦ I
20 24 2632 364044 4852 566064 68 72 76 80 84 88
Time (mln.)
10000
Figure 5.11: Adslstor Sensor
Responses to Changes In Xylene
Concentration at 15 K ppm H20
' * ' 1 ' ' i * i ' i * i 1 i ' i ¦ i ¦ i ¦ i ¦ i ¦ i ¦ i
24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 6b' 72 76 80 84 88
Xylene
AOS #1
AOS f2
AOS *3
ADS #4
AOS *5
AOS #6
ADS #7
ADS #8
ADS«9
Time (mln.)
-30-
-------
BO CONCLUSIONS
Sensor data for two different sensor types, the Figaro MOS sensor and the
Adsistor adsorption sensor, have been presented.
Both sensor types appear to have sufficient properties to be used for UST leak
detection. Both respond well to xylene, with the Figaro sensor being more
sensitive to lower concentrations than the Adsistor. Both sensor types are
relatively insensitive to methane, which is the primary interfering compound
underground. The observed butane response for the Figaro sensor was not a
serious problem since butane is also a component of gasoline. The Adsistor
sensors as a group were more reproducible and had a much smaller humidity
interference in comparison to the Figaro sensors. These two properties make
the Adsistor easier to deal with from an instrumentation and calibration
standpoint. However, the Adsistor sensors were observed to have longer
xylene recovery times than the Figaro sensor.
Stability is a major sensor specification not yet studied. It plays an important
role in determining how a sensor is employed in UST monitoring. If a sensor
changes with time, independent of the actual conditions, it could lead to false
alarms and/or not being able to detect a leak. It is recommended that a stability
test be undertaken to determine the calibration periods of the sensors and how
their characteristics change with time.
7-0 RECOMMENDATIONS
This report demonstrates that the properties of different gas sensor technologies
can be evaluated for the UST environment. However, more work is needed to
thoroughly examine the sensing properties of these two sensor technologies.
It is recommended that:
1) Sensor stability should be characterized.
2) Sensors should be tested to determine their response to variations in
oxygen concentration to simulate bio-degradation occurring at the
UST sites [4].
3) Sensors should be tested to determine their response to variations in
concentration of UTS product or synthetic fuels to improve the
simulation of the UST environment.
4) Additional gas sensor technologies should be evaluated and their
responses analyzed for the UST environment.
-31-
-------
REFERENCES
1) Figaro Taguchi sensors are a product of Figaro Engineering of Japan
represented by Figaro USA, Inc., P. O. Box 357, Wilmette, IL 60091.
2) Adsistor Vapor Sensors are products of Adsistor Technology, P. O. Box
51160, Seattle, WA 98115.
3) Schlez, C., "Background Hydrocarbon Vapor Concentration Study for
Underground Fuel Storage Tanks," Draft Final Report for U.S. EPA,
Contract No. 68-03-3409, February 29, 1988.
4) Personal communication with Philip B. Durgin, Ph.D., U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las
Vegas, NV, November 1990. Presently at Vender-Root Company.
5) Grace, R., Guzman, M., Portnoff, M., Runco, P., Yannopoulos,
"Computational Enhancement of MOS Gas Sensor Selectivity," P-33,
Proceedings of the Third International Meeting on Chemical Sensors,
Cleveland, OH, September, 1990.
6) Dolan, J., Jordan, W., "Detection Device", U. S. Patent # 3,045,198, July 17,
1962.
-32-
-------
APPENDIX A
Adsistor and Figaro Sensor
Product Literature
-33-
-------
% V. .V
ADSISTOR™
"T." >"V
;^rr- %vsr?<^:c^r.^j
• ..'-v %
. - -' r ¦>%• ^ r -'
VAPOR SENSOR.^^^I^fi
11 - v.wi-^&aaespsK-.;*'' <5/^;s"
/> /.< - ^'2^*.^ w
-34-
-------
Adsorption Sensitive Resistor (Adwstor-)
Unlike other so lid state sensors, the Adsistor does not use a hot element and has excellent repeatability and stability. This combined
with extremely low oower requirements make the Adsistor well suited tor use a gas concentration transducer in conjunction with
computers, data loggers, medical gas analyiers, Ireon and halogenateo hydrocarbon detectors, portable oiganopnospnate detectors,
and explosive mixture detectors.
The Adsistor sensor is sensitive to hundreds ol gases and vaporized liquids which allows (or a wide variety of apolicauons. Some
current applications include fuel cell rupture alarms on airborne military vehicles, marine vessels, and in service stations. The
Adsistor's rugged construction and insensilivity to water vapor make it ideal lor use in outdoor and other high humidity environments.
The electrical resistance measured across an Adsistor is determined by the
amount and type o( gas molecules adsorbed to its surface. (Adsorption is the
adhesion of gas molecules to the surface of a solid. The tendency of a gas to be
adsorbed is proportional to the magnitude of its van der Waals "a" constant)
In normal ambient conditions an Adsistor has a characteristic base resistance
which is determined by its method of construction. When the Adsistor is exposed
to gas or vapor, molecules ol material are adsorbed upon the Adsistor's surface. A
dramatic increase in resistance can result depending upon the operating medium,
the van der Waals "a" constant of the intruding gas. its liquefaction temperature,
and the concentration of the gas.
For most gases the Adsistor conforms to the relation.
R - R,10 £". Temp ¦ constant
Where R is the measured resistance; R, Is the base resistance prior to exposure: C
is the concentration of the intruding gas; and K Is a constant depending on the gas
and ihe ambient temperature. In figure 1 are graphed resistance vs. concentrations
tor various substances.
Changes in ambient temperature make a difference In the resistance developed
for a given concentration ol a gas. In figure 2 are graphed resistances vs.
concentrations tor trichloroethane at various temperature*.
Response to an increase in concentration of an Intruding gas is very rapid. The
effect of a decrease in concentration occurs more slowly. Time is required for
the gas molecules to desorb from the Adsistor's surface.
Base resistance (R) response to changing temperature is linear, provided that the
change is not rapid.
See figure 3.
TM
ADSISTOR
VAPOR SENSOR
APPLICATIONS:
e LEAK DETECTOR
e RUPTURE ALARM
• PROCESS CONTROL
e POLLUTION MONITOR
• OAS ANALYZER
e SPIU. ALARM
ADSISTOR TECHNOLOGY" zcf/jtr-f/io
MWI m Hit axil • i«M Wfhmfon mi is • Ttpeal iw »»na
UtJbnf MMrmP.O.Bo.Sliao • IwH.WuMngmtHIH
nouMti
• MfiaMIM
• FaSaaft
-35-
-------
-36-
-------
COMBUSTIBLE GAS SENSOR (100V CIRCUIT VOLTAGE)
Features TGS 109 Structure
a Large cxitooi signal lo dnve an alarm 6rcu(t directty. «&<**v%susi*
• tong-«ean siat>t(ty.
Applications
* Demesne and industrial gas detectors lor propane,
methane and other combustibie gases.
Basic Measuring Circuit
!~¥
i.
J
!
L_7
Specification*
Uodtf
TGS 100
CwMoaWow
CircuH voftage TGS 816
MO «Q00 vm 10000
oororwo* w*1
TGS 109 Sensitivity
Characteristic*
Oirpcal data)
Features
• Lori^ferm stability.
• Small inflow** at noise gases.
• Excettert repeasatxlrtY.
• Variable cijcuil voftajo.
Application*
• Oomasbc and industriai gas
-------
23
HIGH SENSmVTTY TO ORGANIC VAPOURS
Feature
• High sertsitrvwy to organe vaoours such as alcohol.
Applications
• Breath aloonol detectors, organic vapour monitors and industrial
gas detectors.
Specifications
Hoots*
TGS 822 |
TGS623{Caramchou*ngl
Structure
Sama as TGS 813 |
Same as TGS 816
C«cun oortioons
Circuit vortagfl 0»t):
24V ma*. AC or DC.
HMter %otage (Vm)-
5V AX. or DC
H«a»< po*w consume*oo (Ph): Approx. 6SOmW
DatoctaOta pini
Ethanol
50-
10.000 ppm
and (ha owcrion
n-Pwntzne
50-
£.000 ppm
ranpa
ivH«*ne
50-
5.000 ppm
Baozana
50-
5.000 ppm
>»catooe
50-
5.000 ppm
Matftanoi
50-
5.000 ppm
Matnyt attiyl kaione
50-
5.000 ppm
'Pmm coma f-qmro tor arm «
HIGH SENSITIVITY TO AMMONIA (NH3)
TGS 824
TGS 822 Sensitivity Characteristics
HIGH SENSITIVITY TO HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S)
Feature
• High sensitivity c ammonia.
Applications
• Industrial detectors tor ammonia.
• Automatic control in venalaboo systems for poultry sheds and
livestock tarms.
Specifications
S ,
Jt
~*0 %«>S0 eon tf P>
40 «30
G*«ra«i
TGS 824 S«ftsWvtty Characteristics
ffn*ol data)
Feature
• High sensitivity *3 hydrogen sulfide.
Application
• Industrial detecam (or toxic gases.
Specification*
TGS82* (Caranuc fouaingj
Structure
Sama as TGS 816
CkzxMX. conation*
Circurt voftaga (\fc): 24V max. AC. or OC
Haa»ar toftaga (Vh): 5V AC or OC
Haaw pOMar consumption (Pw): Appfw. 420rr«V
0 — i !¦ in rang*
30-300 PC*no< NH,
Modal
TGS 825 (Camrvuc housng)
StrucBjp*
Same as TGS816
Circut oondttona
Circuit vonaga (Nfc): 2«v ma*. AC Of OC
IliWf voftaga (Vh) 5V AC or OC.
llMMf powvr ooraumoton(P*l: A««x. 6£0n*V
Daiecbon mnp8
5 -100 ppm o* HjS
I I fta * SO pom 9 h«S
: ' I I I Hi—:
t r4" • 1
TGS82S SMsMvtty CtwncMrtstics
(Typical data)
-38-
-------
-------
APPENDIX B
Adsistor and Figaro
Sensor Test Data
-40-
-------
Table B1: Adsistor Measurements
CALIBRATED FOR XYLENE 100,1000
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
H20
CH4
C4H10
C8H10
ADS 01
ADS 02
ADS 03
ADS 04
ADS 05
ADS 06
ADS 07
ADS 08
ADS 09
Avornge
Sid. Dov.
% Dov.
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
K
2736.1
3409.6
2880.4
3313.0
3375.1
2664.4
3043.4
2819.9
2647.6
2987.7
308.3
10.3 V.
Rb
393.4
317.6
297.8
327.3
316.1
390.0
351.3
350.2
376.6
346.7
34.5
10.0 V,
15002
0
0
0
71.6
71.0
59.4
66.8
63.6
65.8
60.2
64.7
61.3
65.9
4.2
6.4%
15002
50
0
0
71.6
71.8
58.6
66.0
62.7
64.9
67.5
64.7
60.4
65.4
4.5
6.9%
15002
150
0
0
69.1
68.7
57.0
62.6
59.6
63.2
64.6
61.0
57.8
62.6
4.3
6.9%
15002
500
0
0
70.8
69.6
57.8
63.9
60.5
63.2
65.7
62.7
59.6
63.8
4.4
6.9%
15002
1500
0
0
68.2
67.8
55.0
61.8
58.7
61.0
63.6
60.4
57.2
61.5
4.5
7.3%
15002
4999
0
0
69.1
68.7
57.8
62.6
60.5
62.4
64.6
62.0
58.7
62.9
4.0
6.3%
15002
0
0
0
65.6
65.6
53.4
59.7
57.4
60.1
61.8
59.4
55.5
59.8
4.1
6.9%
15002
0
0
0
66.5
66.5
54.2
60.9
57.4
60.1
62.9
59.4
56.4
60.5
4.3
7.1%
15002
0
0
0
63.9
64.7
52.6
58.8
54.7
58.4
61.1
57.7
53.7
58.4
4.3
7.3%
15002
0
0
0
68.2
69.6
58.6
63.9
61.8
63.2
66.4
63.7
60.4
64.0
3.6
5.6%
15002
0
50
0
62.2
63.4
51.4
56.7
54.7
56.7
60.Q
57.7
53.2
57.3
4.0
7.0%
15002
0
150
0
66.5
68.7
57.0
61.8
59.6
61.8
64.6
62.0
58.7
62.3
3.8
6.0%
15002
0
500
0
71.6
72.7
63.6
67.7
65.8
67.4
68.2
64.7
61.9
67.1
3.5
5.3%
15002
0
1500
0
69.1
69.6
60.2
64.7
62.7
64.1
64.6
62.7
58.7
64.0
3.6
5.6%
15002
0
4999
0
65.6
66.5
57.8
60.9
58.7
61.0
64.6
62.7
58.7
61.8
3.2
5.2%
15002
0
0
0
63.1
64.7
54.2
57.6
55.6
58.4
61.8
58.7
55.5
58.8
3.6
6.2%
15002
0
0
0
63.1
65.6
55.8
59.7
57.4
58.4
62.9
60.4
56.4
59.9
3.3
5.6%
15002
0
0
0
61.6
64.7
55.0
58.8
55.6
56.7
61.8
59.4
55.5
58.8
3.4
5.8V.
15002
0
0
0
67.3
69.6
62.2
64.7
63.6
64.1
65.7
62.7
60.4
64.5
2.8
4.3%
15002
0
0
10
64.8
66.5
58.6
60.9
59.6
61.8
62.9
60.4
57.8
61.5
2.8
4.6%
15002
0
0
30
70.8
71.8
65.4
67.7
66.7
67.4
69.3
67.0
65.0
67.9
2.3
3.4%
15002
0
0
100
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
0.0%
15002
0
0
300
231.8
228.1
239.6
232.7
238.0
231.6
231.1
231.6
235.6
233.3
3.7
1.6%
15002
0
0
1000
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
0.0
0.0%
15002
0
0
0
187.5
203.9
176.3
201.3
188.3
183.7
188.0
182.6
173.5
187.2
10.1
5.4%
0
0
0
0
150.0
173.9
122.7
154.7
149.4
135:6
153.7
138.7
131.5
145.6
15.2
10.5%
0
50
0
0
153.2
176.8
127.2
158.7
153.2
139.1
156.7
141.2
133.9
148.9
15.1
10.1%
0
150
0
0
149.2
172.7
123.4
154.7
150.2
135.6
153.7
138.7
130.7
145.4
14.9
10.3%
0
500
0
0
143.4
166.5
117.3
147.6
143.1
130.1
148.3
133.4
124.9
139.4
14.7
. 10.5%
0
1500
0
0
140.9
163.5
114.6
144.8
140.2
127.4
146.3
130.9
123.3
136.9
14.6
10.6%
0
4999
0
0
138.3
161.5
113.1
141.6
138.1
125.8
143.6
129.0
121.1
134.7
14.3
10.6 V.
0
0
0
0
142.5
164.4
118.5
146.8
141.8
129.3
145.6
130.9
124.1
138.2
14.0
10.1%
0
0
0
0
139.1
161.5
113.9
142.8
138.9
125.8
141.9
129.0
120.3
134.8
14.2
10.6%
0
0
0
0
140.9
163.5
116.6
145.6
141.0
128.5
143.6
130.9
122.5
137.0
14.1
10.3%
0
0
0
0
139.9
162.3
115.8
143.6
140.2
126.6
142.6
129.9
121.1
135.8
14.1
10.3%
0
0
50
0
132.6
155.2
107.7
135.6
131.7
119.4
137.1
123.9
115.3
128.7
14.0
10.9%
0
0
150
0
130.7
153.1
106.2
133.6
128.7
117.8
134.4
121.4
113.6
126.6
13.8
10.9%
0
0
500
0
131.5
153.1
107.0
135.6
129.6
118.6
135.1
122.4
114.5
127.5
13.7
10.7%
0
0
15 00
0
134.2
156.0
109.7
137.6
133.0
121.0
137.1
123.9
116.1
129.9
13.9
10.7%
0
0
4999
0
135.9
155 2
110.4
137.6
133.8
121.8
138.2
125.5
118.6
130.8
13.2
10.1%
0
0
0
0
126.6
1468
101.6
128.4
124.5
1 14.6
129.7
117.0
109.8
122.1
13.2
10.8%
0
0
0
0
128 3
1409
104.3
130 4
126 6
115 4
129 7
117.9
111.1
123 6
13.1
10.6%
0
0
0
0
127.5
146.8
103.5
129 6
125 8
t 14 6
i 29.7
11 7.9
109.8
122.8
12.9
10.5%
-------
A
to
Table B1: Adsistor Measurements Con't
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
H20
CH4
C4H10
C8H10
ADS #1
AOS #2
ADS #3
ADS #4
ADS #5
ADS #6
ADS #7
ADS #8
ADS #9
Average
Std. Dev.
% Dev.
PPm
PPm
PPm
PPm
)
)
3 C
123.'
143.£
98.1
125.6
121.5
110.6
125.9
114.4
105.6
118.8
13.4
11.3%
)
)
3 K
123.'
143.£
98. £
126.4
121.5
111.4
124.9
113.5
106.4
118.9
13.1
11.1%
)
3C
130."
149.5
107.7
133.6
129.6
118.6
132.4
121.4
113.6
126.4
12.5
9.9%
) i
10C
144.2
161 .£
121.9
145.6
141.0
130.9
145.6
133.4
126.6
139.0
12.1
8.7%
)
300
259.:
269. £
243.1
256.8
260.7
246.3
247.7
238.5
239.8
251.3
10.7
4.3%
c
(
(
100C
997.£
1015.6
999.2
996.0
1005.1
1003.4
986.0
985.4
990.4
997.6
9.7
1.0%
c
C
C
0
221.8
250.7
200.2
230.4
227.7
213.7
217.1
207.3
196.8
218.4
16.7
7.6%
15002
C
c
0
155.9
174.8
144.6
166.9
154.4
156.0
146.3
149.9
146.1
155.2
10.0
6.4%
15002
500
0
0
145.0
165.6
134.0
156.7
143.1
145.4
139.9
142.1
138.0
145.5
9.8
6.7%
15002
0
0
0
151.6
171.9
141.2
163.0
151.5
152.7
143.6
146.2
142.9
151.6
10.1
6.7%
15002
0
500
0
144.2
164.4
132.5
153.9
141.8
143.8
138.8
142.1
137.2
144.3
9.5
6.6%
15002
0
0
0
144.2
164.4
132.5
154.7
141.8
143.8
137.1
141.2
135.6
143.9
10.0
6.9%
15002
0
0
100
173.5
190.4
166.8
183.2
173.1
173.8
162.3
167.7
166.1
173.0
8.9
5.2%
15002
0
0
0
128.3
147.6
119.2
138.4
125.8
129.3
121.5
125.5
121.1
128.5
9.2
7.1%,
15002
500
500
100
154.3
170.6
147.2
163.8
152.3
154.5
143.6
149.0
146.9
153.6
8.7
5.7%
15002
500
500
100
157.5
172.7
152.8
168.1
156.5
157.6
146.3
151.4
150.1
157.0
8.5
5.4%
15002
500
500
100
149.2
165.6
141.9
157.9
146.0
148.8
139.9
145.6
142.9
148.6
8.3
5.6%
15002
500
500
100
141.7
158.1
134.0
150.8
138.1
141.4
132.4
138.7
135.6
141.2
8.3
5.9%
15002
4999
500
100
142.5
159.4
134.0
152.7
140.2
142.2
133.4
139.3
136.4
142.2
8.6
6.1%
15002
500
500
100
137.4
155.2
129.9
147.6
133.8
137.2
128.6
135.3
132.3
137.5
8.6
6.3%
15002
500
4999
100
142.5
159.4
135.2
152.7
138.9
142.2
133.4
139.3
137.2
142.3
8.5
6.0%
15002
500
500
100
135.8
151.8
128.0
146.8
133.0
135.6
124.9
130.9
128.2
135.0
9.0
6.6%
15002
500
500
1000
952.4
958.4
941.2
946.6
932.1
941.5
929.3
929.4
934.6
940.6
10.3
1.1%
15002
500
500
100
216.8
236.1
208.7
228.6
210.1
213.0
205.9
203.2
198.4
213.4
12.1
5.7%
15002
500
500
100
199.3
220.5
186.9
213.5
191.5
196.6
190.0
187.7
183.9
196.6
12.6
6.4%
15002
0
0
0
124.2
146.8
109.7
137.6
117.2
120.2
117.7
118.9
112.0
122.7
12.1
9.8%
15002
500
500
100
135.8
155.2
126.1
150.8
128.7
133.3
125.9
128.4
125.7
134.4
11.1
8.3%
4999
500
500
100
143.4
160.2
122.7
152.7
136.8
134.8
132.4
128.4
122.5
137.1
13.0
9.5%
1667
500
500
100
137.4
156.0
115.8
146.8
133.0
125.8
128.0
120.5
115.3
131.0
13.9
10.6%
0
500
500
100
132.6
155.2
111.2
141.6
128.7
121.8
124.9
117.0
111.1
127.1
14.5
11.4%
15002
500
500
100
114.9
131.0
100.8
125.6
103.9
113.0
103.8
105.8
103.1
111.3
10.8
9.7%
15002
0
0
0
69.9
85.5
,61.0
81.8
59.6
70.5
59.3
66.3
61.3
68.4
9.7
14.2%
15002
0
0
1000
915.7
923.0
913.8
918.1
903.4
917.1
895.9
897.5
908.7
910.4
9.6
1.1%
15002
0
0
100
205.2
218.5
205.2
219.5
197.6
207.3
192.0
191.9
189.6
203.01
11.1
5.5%
15002
0
0
1000
855.6
852.1
852.4
850.3
835.2
857.7
822.7
837.4
842.5
845.1
11.6
1.4%
15002
0
0
0
153.2
170.6
155.4
172.0
147.3
158.4
142.6
143.7
137.2
153.4
12.2
7.9%
15002
0
0
0
109.1
125.9
95.3
126.4
93.7
110.6
97.2
105.1
96.6
107.2
12.1
11.2%
15002
0
0
1000
843.1
837.6
845.4
838,4
816.7
841.5
810.5
821.1
823.2
830.8
13.0
1.6%
15002
0
0
100
164.3
181.0
154.3
182.1
152.3
167.4
147.3
153.3
149.3
161.2
13.2
8.2%
15002
0
0
1000
786.3
778.5
780.3
782.8
754.9
787.0
752.8
766.0
764.8
772.6
13.2
1.7%
15002
0
0
0
125.8
139.6
114.6
144.8
112.1
129.3
1 10.1
114.4
111.1
122.4
13.1| 10.7%
-------
Table £
32: Figaro 823 Measurements
CAUBRA
rtD FOR X
T LtNt 10<
0,1000
C8H10
can 10
C8H10
G8H10
C8H10
C8H10
H20
OU
C4H10
C8H10
823 #1
823*2
823 *3
623 *A
623 (5
823 #6
•
>
<
%0«v
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
•I
B
0£2
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.77
0.57
0-561 0.12
21 4%
Ro
7.8E+04
7.0E*04
5.0E*O4
8.0E+04
1.6E+05
1.0E+05
0.1 E*041 3.6E404
30 6%
I
15002
0
0
0
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.4
0.3
0.41 0 5
15002
50
0
0
1.1
0.6
0.5
0.3
4.0
1.2
1.31 1 4
100 6%
15002
150
0
0
2.0
1.5
1.1
0.8
6.7
2.3
2.4! ? •>
15002
500
0
0
4.3
4.3
3.1
2.1
12.1
5.1
5.21 3 6
15002
1500
0
0
8.3
11.3
7.7
5.1
20.4
10.6
10.61 SJ2
15002
4999
0
0
16.7
31.7
20.1
13.4
35.3
23.6
23JI 8 6
15002
0
0
0
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.5
0.3
0.4| 0.5
15002
0
0
0
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.4
0.3
0.41 n ¦;
15002
0
0
0
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.3
0.3
0.4
0 s
136 8%
15002
0
0
0
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.3
0.3
0.31 n S
137 6%
15002
0
50
0
23.6
46.6
22.1
17.6
43.1
27.1
30.0
19 n
15002
0
150
0
55.7
170.6
67.4
52.7
86.6
72.9
84.41 44 1
15002
0
500
0
95.4
304.5
139.0
100.7
131.8
137.8
168.0
117 3
66 9%
15002
0
1500
0
167.6
980.8
311.0
238.7
203.9
273.1
362J
307.1
84 7%
15002
0
4999
0
300.6
2380.0
718.7
531.4
317.3
511.3
793.4
792.0
W.9%
15002
0
0
0
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
1.5
0.3
0.4
0 5
126 5%
15002
0
0
0
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
1.2
0.2
0.3I 0 4
137 5%
15002
0
0
0
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
1.1
0.2
0.31 04
141 3%
15002
0
0
0
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
1.1
0.2
0.3I 0 4
142.3%
15002
0
0
10
12.3
4.3
9.6
5.3
20.2
12.7
10.7
SB
53 8%
15002
0
0
30
49.1
30.6
45.0
31.6
54.3
50.1
43.51 10.0
23 0%
15002
0
0
100
100.0
1000
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.01 00
0 0%
15002
0
0
300
206.2
274.6
244.0
290.2
216.5
207.5
238.01 36.1
15 0%
15002
0
0
1000
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.01 00
0 0%
15002
0
0
0
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
2.3
0.7
0.7| 0 6
115 6%
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.01 0 1
189 9%
0
50
0
0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.8
0.2
0.21 0 3
137.5%
0
150
0
0
0.3
0 2
0.2
0.1
1.5
0.4
0.51 0.5
113 6%
0
500
0
0
0.8
0.9
0.7
0.4
3.2
1.2
1.21 1.0
84 0%
0
1500
0
0
2.1
2.9
2.2
1.2
6.2
3.2
3.01 1.7
58 1%
0
4999
0
0
5.5
10.7
7.6
4.2
12.8
9.6
8.4
3.3
38.7%
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
181.7%
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.01 0.1
185 9%
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
"6.01 0
187.3%
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
188 1%
0
0
50
0
2.0
1.4
0.9
0.6
7.1
1.9
2J
OA
103.2%
0
0
150
0
7.3
11.1
5.4
3.8
18.4
7.9
9.01 5.2
58.3%
0
0
500
0
24.6
70.8
27.4
19.3
43.6
-30.7
36.01 18.9
52.4%
0
0
1500
0
657
296.1
102.2
71.3
88.7
100.8
120 J
87.2
72.2%
0
0
4999
0
175.3
1189.5
357.4
253.3
163.7
312.3
411.91 387.5
94.1 %
0
0
0
0
0.0
00
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.01 0.1
174.9%
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.01 0.1
182.3%
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.01 0.1
183.3%
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.01 0.1
184.3%
0
0
0
10
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
0.2
0.2
0.3
141.3%
0
0
0
30
2.0
0.1
0.4
0.5
4.0
1.6
1.4
~ 1.4
100.0%
0
0
0
100
6.6
1.0
2.2
3.5
12.6
7.5
5 JB
4.5
75.0%
0
0
0
300
50.5
13.2
20.5
32.5
72.2
43.9
38.81 21.5
55.4%
0
0
0
1000
495.3
280.0
338.5
346.3
535.1
631.4
437.81 136.7
31.2%
0
0
0
0
0.1
0 0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.0
0.11 0.2
166.3%
15002
0
0
0
05
0.2
0.2
0.1
2.0
0.5
0.61 0.7
119.3%
1S002
500
0
0
4.5
6.2
3.8
2.3
12.2
5.8
5.6
3.4
59.0%
15002
0
0
0
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.1
1.9
0.5
0-51 0.7
120.5%
15002
0
500
0
99.1
434 1
152.6
112.5
135.4
147.5
180.2
126.1
70.0%
15002
0
0
0
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1.8
0.5
0.51 0.6
118.1%
15002
0
0
100
84.5
111.3
70.8
102.0
83.5
101.5
02J
15.1
16.4%
15002
0
0
0
0.6
0.3
0.2
0.2
2.2
0.6
0.71 0.8
113.2%
150021 500
500
100
1744
670.8
246.3
263.5
184.5
252.8
298.7
186.0
62.3%
150021 500
500
100
169.7
706.5
246.3
261.5
182.0
247.7
302J
201.6
66.7%
15002
500
500
100
166.6
728.6
245.5
259.1
180.5
244.9
304.2
211.3
69.5%
15002 500
500
100
166.3
747.4
246.3
257.7
179.3
243.1
306.7
219.2
71.5%
15002
4999
500
100
168.0
792.7
261.9
269.0
182.4
253.5
321JZ
234.0
73.1%
150021 500
500
100
163.0
768.0
245.5
254.4
177 8
242.1
308.5
228.3
74.0%
150021 500
4999
100
3782
3220 1
891.0
362.1
659.3
1042.6
1086.7
104.2%
-43-
-------
Table
32: Figs
ro 823 Measurements Conl
.
1
CSHio"
C8H10
cemo
CSH10 1 C8H10
CSHIO
i
H20
CH4
C4H10
C8H10
823*1
823 *2
823 #3
623 #4 1 823 *5
823 #6
Avec&qe !S*d. D«v.
% D«v.
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
1
1
15002
soo
500
100
155 6
735 6
235.2
238.11 170 0
217.7
2ST2.11 220.0
75.3%
15002
500
500
1000
1271.9
3090.4
1579,9
1493 51 1198.3
1688.9
1720.51 606.1
40.5*
15002
500
500
100
14a.6
717.8
219 6
2229I 157.8
214.5
280.21 216.8
77.4%
15002
500
500
100
148 3
735 6
224 1
225 71 159.8
214 5
284.71 223.5
78.5%
15002
0
0
0
0.3
0 1
0 1
0 11 1.5
0 4
0.41 0.6
132.1%
15002
500
500
100
151.9
647.1
222.8
225.11 164 8
225.2
272.81 186.2
68.3%
¦4999
500
500
100
95.0
364.8
119.3
117.7| 114.2
133.2
157.41 102.4
65.0%
166?
500
500
100
64.7
219.0
71.6
71.8| 84.1
88.4
100.1
50 J
5fi_3%
0
500
500
100
39.5
117.4
38 7
39.61 56.0
54.1
57.6
30.3
52.7%
15002
500
500
100
163.0
815.3
252.5
256 41 175.5
245.4
318.01 247.0
77.7%
15002
499S
500
100
172.0
576.5
259.7
238 8 ! 203.2
266.6
286.11 146X
51.2%
15002
500
500
100
166.7
561.2
243.6
227.41 197.2
253 9
275.01 143.8
52J%
15002
500
4999
100
402.1
1887.5
874.5
585.11 456 4
729.8
B22-6I 550.0
66.8%
15002
500
500
100
158.8
541.2
233.5
214 51 187.1
227.0
260.41 140 J
53.8%
15002
500
500
1000
1430.2
1822.0
1542.9
10790! 1872.9
1966.6
1G10.1I 334.7
20.7%
15002
500
500
100
151.3
530.0
218.1
202.51 171.3
?23.5
248-5I 140.2
56.2%
15002
500
500
100
151.0
541.2
222.6
204.61 173.8
223.5
252-81 144.1
57.0%
15002
0
0
0
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.2| 0.7
0.3
OJ
0.2
68.8%
15002
500
500
100
154.9
485.5
221.2
204.21 180.3
235.2
246,8
120.4
48.8%
4999
500
500
100
94.8
299.0
119.2
11541 117.0
135.3
146.81 75.7
51.6%
1667
500
500
100
63 4
194.8
71.9
74 6i 81.5
87.8
05.71 48J
51.5%
0
500
500
100
37.9
114.5
39.0
44.31 504
52.4
56.41 28.1
51.5%
15002
500
500
100
166.7
590.3
250.5
229 0| 1942
257.6
281.41 155.2
55.2%
15002
0
0
0
0.4
0.2
0.2
0 11 1.9
0.5
0.51 0.7
125.8%
15002
4999
0
0
15 1
30.0
18 7
12.0 > 31.8
21.9
21.61 8.0
36.8%
15002
500
0
0
3 9
4.9
3.1
1.9. 11.1
4.9
5.0| 3.2
64.1%
15002
4999
0
0
15 3
31.9
19.2
12.1i 32.0
22 1
22.11 8.4
37.8%
15002
0
0
0
0 4
0.2
0.1
Oil 1.8
0.4
0.5| 0.6
128.5%
15002
0
0
0
04
0.1
0.1
0.11 1.7
0.4
0.51 0.6
130.5%
15002
0
0
0
03
0.1
0.1
0.11 1.6
0.4
OJI 0.6
131.3%
15002
0
0
0
03
0.1
0.1
0.11 1.6
0.4
Oi| 0.6
131 .5%
15002
0
4999
0
288 8
1883.1
631.5
464 0! 306.0
488.8
677.0! 604.3
80.3%
15002
0
500
0
83.1
370.8
120.0
83.3, 113.2
112.4
147.1
110.7
75.3%
15002
0
4999
0
295.0
2351.9
660.2
469.41 300.1
498.7
762-6
700.5
103.7%
15002
0
0
0
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.11 1.7
0.4
0.5
0.6
120.5%
15002
0
0
0
0.3
0.2
0.1
Oil 1.4
0.3
0.41 0.5
128.8%
15002
0
0
0
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.11 1.4
0.3
0.41 0.5
13ii%
15002
0
0
0
0.3
0.1
0,1
0.11 1.4
0.3
0.41 0-5
133.4%
15002
0
0
1000
1243.2
2312 4
1302.9
1278.8: 1154.8
1637 1
1488.21 436.1
29.3%
15002
0
0
100
62.7
968
54 4
73 2! 63.4
71.1
70J3I 14.6
20.8%
15002
0
0
1000
1257.4
2602.8
1329.4
1288 9! 1169.0
1897.3
1500.81 559.8
35.2%
15002
0
0
0
2.6
1.2
0 9
0 6 5 1
2.0
2.11 1.7
80.5%"
-44-
-------
Table E
33: Figaro 822 Measurements
I
CAuBRA I
HED FOR XYLENE 1CX
3,1000
I
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
G8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
CSH10
C8H10
H20
CH4
C4H10
C8H10
822*1
622 (2
822 *3
822 *4
822 *5
822*6
Average
Sid. Dev.
% Dev.
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
1
B
1.18
0.U4
0.51
0-52 | 0.77
0.52
0.74
0.28
37.2%
Ro
1.8E+06
5.4E+05
1JE+05
1.2£*05
3.0E+05
2.1E+05
5.1E+0S
6.4E*0S
124 9%
15002
0
0
0
6.2
2.1
0.2
0.2
1.3
0.5
1.7
2.3
132.8%
15002
50
0
0
14.B
5.0
1.3
o.e
3 1
2.4
4.6
5.2
114.2%
15002
150
0
0
21.8
7.7
3.2
1.9
4.9
4.9
7.41 7.3
08 8%
15002
500
0
0
31.1
12.8
8.7
4.7
8.7
11.1
12.81 0J
72.0%
15002
1500
0
0
43.6
19.8
20.6
10.6
14.9
23.1
22.1
11.5
51.9%
15002
4999
0
0
63.3
31.4
51.1
25.6
27.1
54.9
4Z2
16.1
33.2%
15002
0
0
0
6.4
2.1
0.2
0.2
1.4
0.5
1.8
2.4
123-3"%
15002
0
0
0
6.1
2.0
0.2
0.2
1.3
0.4
1.7
2J
135.0%
15002
0
0
0
6.1
2.0
0.2
0.2
1.2
0.4
1.7
2J
135 6%
15002
0
0
0
6.0
1.9
0.1
0.2
1.2
0.4
1.6
2J
13&2%
15002
0
50
0
54.5
32.4
60.2
33.1
36.7
54.9
45 J
12.5
27 7%
15002
0
150
0
90.6
57.5
189.9
92.4
72.3
167.4
111.7
53.8
43.3%
15002
0
500
0
126.5
83.2
376.9
177.6
113.5
342.5
203.4
12SJ
61.6%
15002
0
1500
0
177.1
124.5
776.3
367.6
185.7
7S4.9
397.7
296.7
74 6%
15002
0
4999
0
249.0
191.9
1611.2
757.7
311.2
1692.1
802.2
688.2
85 8%
15002
0
0
0
6.5
2.7
0.2
0.2
1.5
0.5
1.S
2.4
126.5%
15002
0
0
0
6.1
2.2
0.1
0.1
1.2
0.4
1.7
2J
136.3%
15002
0
0
0
6.0
2.1
0.1
0.1
1.1
0.4
1.6
2.3
138 9%
15002
0
0
0
5.9
2.1
0.1
0.1
1.0
0.4
1.6
5 1
133.2%
15002
0
0
10
28.2
23.7
6.2
8.2
18.1
8.5
15.5
8.2
50.3%
15002
0
0
30
57.9
55.8
35.4
40.1
54.3
37.7
46.fi
10 5
21 7%
15002
0
0
100
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.01 0 0
0 0%
15002
0
0
300
212.3
201.6
270.5
237.7
187.5
270.6
230.0
35.4
15 4%
15002
0
0
1000
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
0.0
0 0%
15002
0
0
0
11.0
5.3
0.3
0.4
2.5
0.6
3.4
4.2
125.9%
0
0
0
0
1.7
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.4
0.7
150.3%
0
50
0
0
5.7
2.5
0.2
0.1
0.8
0.5
1JS
9 •>
132.8%
0
150
0
0
9.0
4.0
0.5
0 4
1.5
1.4
2.8
3J
118.5%
0
500
0
0
15.7
6.7
1.7
1.3
3.1
4.3
Si
5.4
08 4%
0
1500
0
0
26.0
11.2
5.4
3.5
6.2
11.9
10.7
8.2
76 6%
0
4999
0
0
44.0
19.8
18.0
11.0
13.5
34.0
23.4
12 0
55.3%
0
0
0
0
2.1
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
Oil 0.8
157.4%
0
0
0
0
1.9
0.7
0.0
0 0
0.2
0.0
0.5
0.7
158 0%
0
0
0
0
1.8
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.5
0.7
150.3%
0
0
0
0
1.8
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
OS
0.7
ISO 0%
0
0
50
0
15.3
10.1
1.9
2.2
6.6
3.2
6.6
5.3
80 8%
0
0
150
0
30.9
20.4
13.3
1141 18.1
17.3
18.6
6.8
36 0%
0
0
500
0
63.1
39.9
72.8
46.9
43.4
87.8
50.0
Ifii
32.1%
0
0
1500
0
110.8
71.8
258.3
1455
90.4
311.4
164.71 87.7
50.3%
0
0
4999
0
198.3
140.7
865.8
454 7
1964
1077.2
488.81 3S5.1
80.8%
0
0
0
0
2.8
1.0
0.0
00
0.3
0.1
0.71 1.1
157.7%
0
0
0
0
2.3
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.61 o.e
150.5%
0
0
0
0
2.2
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
OS
0.9
150.1%
0
0
0
0
2.1
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
OS
0.8
ISO 0%
0
0
0
10
4.7
2.8
0.0
0.1
0.8
0.1
1.4
1.8
13S.3%
0
0
0
30
12.6
10.0
0.3
07
3.7
0.7
4.6
5J
115 0%
0
0
0
100
30.4
27.5
1.5
4 0
12.8
3.2
13.2
12.8
96.9%
0
0
0
300
109.7
90.5
14.2
32.2
61.7
25.4
55.6
38.3
68.9%
0
0
0
1000
644.7
695.9
242.7
449 4
632.8
346.4
502.0
184.0
36.7%
0
0
0
0
4.7
1.7
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.1
1.2
1.8
158.5%
15002
0
0
0
8.2
3.5
0.2
03
2.0
0.7
2S
3.1
123 7%
15002
500
0
0
34.4
17.3
8.5
4.9.1 9 4
13.9
14.7
10.6
71 7%
15002
0
0
0
7.8
3.2
0.2
03
1.9
0.6
2.3
2.9
124 6%
15002
0
500
0
133.8
95.9
398.1
182.8
114.6
366.1
215.2
132.8
61.7%
15002
0
0
0
7.8
3.2
0.2
0.3
1.9
0.6
2J
2.9
124.6%
15002
0
0
100
97.9
100.3
85.1
107.7
105.1
102.4
99.8
8.0
8 0%
15002
0
0
0
9.0
4.0
0.3
031 2.2
0.7
2.8
3.4
1223%
15002
500
500
100
172.4
152.5
551.5
32S.6I 188.7
535.9
321.11 i»o
57 0%
15002
500
500
100
173.1
153.1
541.1
319.21 1866
554.6
321 J! 185.0
57 6%
15002
500
500
100
173.1
153.5
534.3
317.61 184.9
573.9
322£| 188.6
58.4%
15002
500
500
100
173 1
153.9
531.8
31691 1846
595.8
326.01 194.0
59.5%
15002
4999
500
100
178 4
157.3
555.4
330.11 188.4
647.7
342.8' 211.5
61.7%
15002
500
500
100
173.3
154.3
525.5
31761 1840
619.5
320.01 199.4
60.6%
15002
5001 4999
100
295 8
265.4
1933.1
979 31 378 6
24376
1048J. 832.3
88.9%
-45-
-------
Table B3: Fiqa
ro 822
Measurements Conl.
1
C8H10
G8H10
CSH10
C8M10
C8H10
G8H10
C8H10 1 C8H10
C8H10
H20
CH4
C4H10
C8H10
622 *1
822*2
822 *3
822 #4
822 *5
822
Av«riQ0 IStd. Dev.
% Dev.
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
150021 500
500
100
165.9
149.4
474.5
288.0
174.2
558 9
301.8
175.6
58.2%
15002
500
500
1000
1019,8
1045 8
1764.9
1622.3
1088.5
1894.5
1406.0
338.5
28-3%
15002
500
500j
100
164.2
147.8
4S4.8
270 4
165 4
579 8
237.11 180.5
60.7%
150021 500
500
100
165.1
149 0
462.2
275 1
165.7
599 4
302.7
187.4
61.9%
15002] 0
0
0
7.0
3.0
0.2
0.2
1.4
0.5
2.0
2.7
130.1%
15002
500
500
100
163.4
142.0
476.8
285.0
169.5
536.8
285.6
17Z1
58,2%
4999
500
500
100
133.3
109.1
257.6
166.3
116.9
331.1
185.7
89.5
48.2%
1G67
500
500
100
110.5
87.1
162.7
113.6
88.1
228.2
131.8
54.7
41.5%
0
500
500
100
87.3
66.0
93.7
72.4
62.0
149.8
88.5
32A
36.6%
15002
500
500
100
171.8
151.6
S31.8
332.2
184.0
683 7
342.7
220.3
64.3%
15002
4999
500
100
211.1
174.7
473.4
314 6
206.8
608.6
331.5
174.3
52.6%
15002
500
500
100
203.2
170.6
450.2
303.2
201.3
583.0
318.6
165.2
51.8%
15002
500
4999
100
405.2
332.5
1466.7
893.4
460.5
2191.9
9S8.4
738.fi
77.1%
15002
500
500
100
192.1
163.9
410.4
276.0
189.1
527.8
233-2
146 2.
49.9%
15002
500
500
1000
2001.8
1796.4
1350.5
1450.2
1546.9
1717.9
1644J
241.0
14.7%
15002
500
500
100
189.7
161.7
394.9
259.8
178.1
S46.9
238.5
152.8
53.0%
15002
500
500
100
191.0
163.3
400.7
264.2
178.5
564.7
233.7
159.1
54_2%
15002
0
0
0
3.2
1.3
0.3
0.3
0.8
0.6
1.1
1.1
105.0%
15002
500
500
100
188.5
154.0
412.2
273.2
183.2
507.6
286.4
143 J
50.0%
4999
500
500
100
144.8
111.3
235.9
162.9
119.7
318.1
182.1
80.1
44.0%
1667
500
500
100
113.8
84.4
155.5
113.3
66.5
??? 1
129 J
52.2
40.4%
0
500
500
100
83.9
60.0
94.3
73.4
57.8
147.8
86-2
33.2
38.6%
15002
500
500
100
201.1
166.9
455.1
316.6
202.4
641.4
330.6
185.6
56.1%
15002
0
0
0
6.9
2.9
0.2
0.3
1.6
0.6
2.1
2.6
123.5%
15002
4999
0
0
61.1
33.1
44.6
22.6
24.2
51.8
39.6
15.5
39.2%
15002
500
0
0
28.3
13.9
7.5
4.2
8.1
11.6
12.3
8.5
69.6%
15002
4999
0
0
62.5
33.6
45.3
22.9
24.6
55.2
40.7
16.3
40.1%
15002
0
0
0
6.8
2.7
0.2
0.2
1.5
0.5
2.0
2-5
126.1%
15002
0
0
0
6.6
2.6
0.2
0.2
1.4
0.5
1.9
2,5
127.7%
15002
0
0
0
6.5
2.6
0.2
0.2
1.4
0.5
1.9
2.4
128.2%
15002
0
0
0
6.5
2.6
0.2
0.2
1.4
0.5
1.9
2.4
127.9%
15002
0
4999
0
244.0
188.0
1S31.3
690.7
274.0
1701.2
771.5
680.4
88.2%
15002
0
500
0
111.9
76.7
298.8
140.0
95 6
291.5
169.1
09.8
59.0%
15002
0
4999
0
242.9
192.3
1507.2
702.0
284.6
1755.7
780.8
687.8
88.1%
15002
0
0
0
7.1
2.8
0.2
0.2
1.6
0.5
2.1
2.7
128.5%
15002
0
0
0
6.4
2.5
0.2
0.2
1.3
0.4
1.8
2.4
132-0%
15002
0
0
0
6.2
2.4
0.1
0.2
1.2
0.4
1.8
2.3
133J%
15002
0
0
0
6.1
' 2.4
0.1
02
1.2
0.4
1.71 2J
133J%
15002
0
0
1000
913.0
962.3
1114 5
1135.4
924.4
955.7
1000.91 #8.1
9.8%
1S002
0
0
100
90.4
84.2
52.8
66.3
78.0
63.6
72.61 14.1
19.4%
15002
0
0
1000
943.2
978.7
1127.7
1178.01 1019.8
953.4
1033.51 07.5
8.4%
15002
0
0
0
24.2
116
08
101 5 9
13
7.51 8 J2
123.6%
-46-
-------
Table 4: Figaro 812 Measurements i |
! ! i I
OALIdKA
tU hUH A
TLfcNfc 100.1000 |
1 :
CflHIO
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10 1
C8H10 1
CSHIO
H20
CH4
C4H10
C8H10
812 *13
612 (14
812 #15
812 416 1
00
KJ
•*
*¦4
812 #18
% D«v
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
1
i 1 1
B
0.88
0.89
0.89
1.04 1
0.69 1
1.08
0 91 1 fl 14
15 3%
Ro
4.4E*05
3.7E+05
1.0E*05
2.5E*0SI
3.2E*04I
3.4E*05I 2.6F.OSI 1 fiF^ns
62 6%
1
1 1
|
15002
0
0
0
2.6
2.2
11
2.41
0.21
2.8
1
1.91 in
54 6%
15002
50
0
0
6 8
5 2
2.8
6 01
0.51
6 71 4.71 ?<
53 4%
15002
150
0
0
10.8
8 2
4 5
9 01
0 91
>0 01 7.2
1 fi
52-2*4
15002
500
0
0
18.5
13.9
78
14.41
91
I S.6I 12.01 R1
15002
1500
0
0
29.9
21.9
12.4
21.7|
3.6|
22.9
18.71 9 3
15002
4999
0
0
49.5
35.7
20.4
33.31
7.11
34 7
30.11 14 6
15002
0
0
0
2.4
2.1
10
2.41
0.2!
2.7
1.81 1 0
15002
0
0
0
2 3
2.0
0.9
2.31
Oil
26
1.71 i n
15002
0
0
0
2 3
1.9
0.9
2.21
0.11
26
1.7
0 0
15002
0
0
0
2.3
19
0.9
2.21
0.1|
2.5
1.7
0 9
150021 0
50
0
39.7
32.0
18.9
30.01
6.7|
30 1
26.2
117
150021 0
150
0
81.2
63.6
37.1
55.71
15.4|
S4 5
51.2
22.7
44 2%
150021 0
500
0
119.9
91.7
54.8
76.01
24 91
7561 74.1
32.3
43 6%
15002
0
1500
0
192.1
143.3
91.4
123.01
47.41
116 3
118.9
4A 7
15002
0
4999
0
327.9
238.5
165.6
218.21
103.31
189 0
207.11 75 6
36 S%
15002
0
0
0
2.41 2.1
1.0
2.81
0 2|
29
1-61 1 1
56 6%
150021 0
0
0
2.01 1.7
0.8
2.31
Oil
2 5
1.6| Ofi
57 5V.
150021 0
0
0
1.91 1.6
0,8
2.11
Oil
23
1.51 0.8
57 6®/.
150021 0
0
0
191 1.5
0 8
2.01
0.11
2 3
1.41 0.8
57.5%
15002
0
0
10
18.81 16.0
14.1
17.81
7.71
20 01 15.71 44
28 2%
15002
0
0
30
47.31 43.5
41.3
44 31
30.51
46 8| 42.31 6 2
14.6%
150021 0
0
100
100.01 100.0
100.0
100.01
100.01
100.01 100.01 0 0
0 0%
15002
0
0
300
232.51 276.8
322.1
391.81
526.81
35781 351.31 103.01
29 3%
15002
0
0
1000
1000.01 1000.0
1000.0
1000.01
1000.01
1000.01 1000.01 0 0
0.0%
15002
0
0
0
441 4.1
2.7
6.81
0.81
64| 4.21 99
53 5%
0
0
0
0
0 61 0.4
0.2
0.61
0 01
0 8
0.4
0 3
63 2%
0
50
0
0
3.01 18
1.1
2.51
0 21
3 1
2.0
1 0
59 1%
0
150
0
0
52
3.2
2.0
4.11
0.31
49
3.31 10
57.1%
0
500
0
0
98
6.1
3.7
7.11
0.71
83
5.9
3.3
55 4%
0
1500
0
0
17 4
11.0
6.4
11.51
1.61
13.1
10.2
5 5
54 1%
0
4999
0
0
32.4
20.9
11.8
19.31
3.61
21.5
18.2
8.7
53.4%
0
0
0
0
0 6
0.4
0.2
0.71
001
08
0.5
0.3
62.7%
0
0
0
0
0 6
0.4
0.2
0.61
0.01
0 8
0.4
0 3
63.2%
0
0
0
0
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.61
0.01
0 8
0.4
0 3
63 2%
0
0
0
0
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.61
0.01
08
0.4
0.3
63 1%
0
0
50
0
11 5
8.6
5.4
9.51
1.41
10.2
7.7
3.7
48.2%
0
0
150
0
26.0
19.1
11.5
18.61
3 61
195
16.4
7 8
47 3%
0
0
500
0
55.81 39.7
23.1
34.3!
8 71
35 1
32.8
15.8
48.4%
0
0
1500
0
110 01 76.7
44.71
60.51
20.41
- 60.5
62.1
30 2
48 6%
0
0
4999
0
237.21 162.4
102.4
124.5 i
57.61
121 8
134.3
fin q
45.3%
0
0
' 0
0
0.81 0.6
0.3
0.91
0.01
1 21 0.61 o t
64 3%
0
0
0
0
0 7
0.5
0.3
0.7l
0 01
0 9
0.5
0 3
0
0
0
0
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.7!
0.01
09
0.5
0 3
64 6%
0
0
0
0
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.71
0.01
0.8
0.5
0 3
64 5%
0
0
0
10
2.8
2.3
1.7
2.61
0.51
35
Z2
1.0
46.3%
0
0
0
30
9 3
8.9
7.9
9.71
4 It
12.1
8.7
2.7
30 6%
0
0
0
100
2S.8
30.9
26.5
32.11
21.61
33 5
28.4
4 5
16 0%
0
0
0
300
86 4
139.7
113.5
152.61
120.11
148.7
126.8
25.2
19 8%
0
0
0
1000
533.1
506.2
395.2
432.9;
227.41
487 0
430.3
111.3
25 9%
0
0
0
0
1 4
1.2
0.8
2.61
0.21
2.7
1.5
1 0
67 6%
15002
0
0
0
26
2.1
1.2
2.41
0.21
2 7
1.S
1 0
52.2%
15002
500
0
0
20.9
14.9
89
15.91
¦ 2.31
172
13.4
6 7
50 0%
15002
0
0
0
321 2.5
14
30l
0 31
33
2.3
1 2
53 2%
15002
0
500
0
139.11 103.4
64.8
87 9:
31 21
850
85.2
36 3
42 5%
15002
0
0
0
2.81 2.3
1.2
2.8l
021
3 1
2.1
1.1
54 7%
15002
0
0
100
127 91 122.3
121.4
117.9'
123.91
1166
121.7
4 1
3 4%
15002
0
0
0
351 3.0
1.7
4 Of
0 41
4 2
2.8
1 5
52.1%
150021 500
500
100
213 61 178.3
159.6
184 8:
149 41
167 7
175.6
22 5
12 8%
150021 500
500
100
21121 177.8
158.5
187.8:
148 71
1686
175.4
22 3
12 7%
15002
500
500
100
208 91 176.3
1S5.6
187.2
14581
1682
173.7
7
13 0%
15002
500
500
100
207 91 174.7
153.4
18S.S.
-.42 3!
1664
171.71 93 d
13 6%
15002
4999
500
100
216 41 179.8
156.2
189.0>
144 41
169.9
175.9
25 5
14 5%
15002
500
500
100
205 6I 173.0
149.2
182.6'
136 41
1635
168.4
24 6
14 6%
15002
500
4999
100
.J154I 3170
253.8
309 6
224 6
253 8
297.4
67.5
22.7%
-47-
-------
Table 4: Figaro 812 Measurements Con't
1
1
i 1 i
C8H10
G8H10 I
CSH10
G8H10 I
C8H10
G8H10 I 1
n^u 1
Un4
Wn 1 U
CBH10
812 *13
812 *14 I
812 *15
812 *16 I
812*17
812 *18
Average iS
-------
Table Figaro 813 Measure
¦ CALIBRATED FOR Methane 50<
i ! 1
H20 1 CH4 1 C4H10 1 C8H10
ppm 1 ppm | ppm I ppm
i | IB
1 I i Ro
ments
D/SOOO
CH4
813 #10
0.46
1.6E+05
t
CH4 1 CH4
813 *20 I 813 *21
I
0.4 7 I 0.43
1.9E*05I 1 6E.05
1
1
CH4 | CH4
813 #22 1 813 #23
!
0.50 1 0.52
CH4
813 #24
0.47
Averago ,s4/8 /1 J536.£ ¦ / / /1 81 5726 51 6082 6i 141191 23 2V
-49-
-------
Table 5: Fiqaro 813 Measure
ments (
Jo n't
1 1
• 1
i 1
CH4
CH4
CH4
CH4 i
CH4
CH4
i i
H20
CH4 |
C4H10
C8H10
813 «1Q
813 #20
813 *21
813 *22 1
813 #23
813 #24
Avers as iS*d
Dav.
ppm
ppm 1
ppm
ppm
1
1
15002
5001
=001 100
820.4
8868
707.0
787 61
1079.4
899.3
863.41
126.81
14.7%
15002
S00I
5001 1000
1487.9
1639.7
1584 7
1340 01
2111.3
1888.7
1675.41
280J2|
16.7 V.
15002
5001
5001 100
839.0
927.0
755.2
869 71
1142.6
946.4
913.31
131.41
14.4%
15002
500|
500| 100
813.9
914.7
735.6
860.31
1133.1
904.1
803.61
134.41
15.0%
15002
01
0
0
61.9
74 7
46 4
94 21
64.3
84.6
71.01
17.21
24.2%
15002
5001
500
100
958.4
879,6
684 8
824.71
1145.0
833.6
887.71
154.SI
17.4%
4999
5001
500
100
508.4
478.5
401.7
407.41
659.9
450.8
484.51
05.21
10.6%
1667
5001
500
100
357.9
338.9
302.5
272.91
492.6
317.8
347.11
77.11
77 7%
0
5001
500
100
274.9
264.5
251.1
199.21
398.0
243.5
271.01
67.1|
24.7%
15002
5001
500
100
886.3
909.8
776.4
853.91
1214.7
797.2
906.41
150.41
17.6%
15002
01
0
0
58.0
90.9
64.5
92.51
66.0
111.6
80.61
21.01
26.0%
15002
•19991
0
0
5298.7
6348.7
6614 5
7565 01
4600.9
7011.3
6273.21
1044.31
16.6%
1S002
5001
0
0
407.4
539.8
408.1
617.41
431.9
529.6
480.01
86.21
17.6%
15002
49991
0
0
4238.5
5639.2
4957.0
6209.51
4506.5
5954.4
5250.81
803.71
15.3%
15002
Ol
0
0
56.4
89.1
59.9
90.51
64.4
97.7
76.31
18.11
23.7%
15002
01
0
0
56.2
87.9
59.2
90.31
63.8
96.1
75.61
17.71
23.5%
15002
01
0
0
55.9
86.9
59.0
90.11
63.5
94.9
75.01
17.41
23.2%
150021
01
0
0
56.0
86.5
59.0
89.61
63.3
94.4
74.81
17.21
23.0%
15002
°l
4999
0
S352.5
52458
5343.7
2290.21
5520.1
4130.7
4647.21
1250.01
27.1%
15002
01
500
0
332.4
422.9
301.8
283.31
379.1
337.9
342.01
51.il
14.0%
15002
01
4999
0
4616.2
4636.9
4534.4
2064 61
5055.9
3703.9
4102.01
1001.51
26.6%
15002
01
0
0
53.8
79.1
49.2
84.21
63.6
85.2
60.21
15.81
22.8%
15002
01
0
0
53.7
78.2
47.21 84 61
62.9
84 5
68.51
16-21
23.6%
15002
01
0
0
53.7
78.0
46.0
84,71
62.7
84 5
68.31
16.51
24.2%
15002
01
0
0
53.8
77.6
45.2
84 61
62.1
84,2
67.91
16.71
24.5%
15002
01
0
1000
331.3
427.2
323.8
34931
455.0
519.0
400.61
78.81
10.6%
15002
01
0
100
91.4
123.6
80.4
130.51
136.8
156.9
110.8i
28.81
24.0%
15002
01
0
1000
323.8
415.7
330.7
341.61
467.1
531.2
401.71
84.81
21.1%
15002
01
0
0
54 7
77.0
51.0
87 11
67.4
90.5
71.3;
16.51
23.1%
-50-
~ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: MM . 7S0-M]/«0Dt
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