EPA 904/9-77-029
Area Soyrce
Emission Inventory for
'or!* Couniy,South Carolina
A
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region IV
345 Courtland Street, N. £.
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA 904/9-77-029
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Area Source Emission Inventory for
York County, South Carolina
5. REPORT DATE
April 1978
S. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Glenn T. Reed
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Engineering-Science
7903 Westpark Drive
McLean, Virginia 22102
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
Task Order 12
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1380
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region IV, 425 Courtland Street
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOO COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
An area source emission inventory for York County, South Carolina was developed.
All five criteria pollutants were inventoried: particulate, sulfur dioxide, hydro-
carbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen. Estimates were made for the
baseline year, 1976, and projected to two future years: 1980 and 1985.
In developing the inventory, fuel usage, solvent usage and petroleum marketing
were surveyed. Procedures outlined in EPA's Guidelines for Air Quality Maintenance
Planning and Analysis were used. In addition, Mobile i, the new EPA computer
program for calculating the motor vehicle emission factors for carbon dioxide,
hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen, was used.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Air Pollution
Air Quality Maintenance
Area Sources
Photochemical Oxidents
Hydrocarbons
Puel Survey
South Carolina
York County
Emission Inventory
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
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Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
97
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (R»». 4-77) previous edition 15 OBSOLETE
i
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EPA Form 2220-1 (R«v. 4—77) (R«v«r»»)
ii
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AREA SOURCE EMISSION
INVENTORY FOR YORK COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA
BOA CONTRACT 68-02-1380
TASK ORDER NO. 12
FINAL REPORT
Submitted to
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region IV
345 Courtland Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
and
South Carolina Department of Health
and Environmental Control
Bureau of Air Quality Control
Submitted by
Engineering-Science, Inc.
7903 Westpark Drive
McLean, Virginia 22101
April, 1978
ill
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This air pollution report is issued by Region IV,
Environmental Protection Agency to assist state
and local air pollution control agencies in carrying
out their program activities. Copies of this report
may be obtained, for a nominal cost, from the National
Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road,
Springfield, Virginia 22151.
This report was furnished to the Environmental
Protection Agency by Engineering-Science, McLean,
Virginia in fulfillment of EPA Contract No. 68-02-1380,
Task Order No. 12. This report has been reviewed by
Region IV, EPA and approved for publication. Approval
does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the views and policies of the Environmental Protection
Agency, or does mention of trade names or commercial
products constitute endorsement or recommendation for
use.
Region IV Publication No. 904/9-77-029.
iv
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1-1
Review of Air Quality 1-1
Methodology 1-4
CHAPTER II PLANNING DATA II-l
Population II-l
Employment II-6
Landuse II-7
Grid System II-8
CHAPTER III FUEL COMBUSTION III-l
Fuel Survey III-l
Residential Fuel Usage III-4
Commercial/Institional Fuel Usage III-8
Allocation of Projected Emissions 111-12
CHAPTER IV TRANSPORTATION IV-1
Motor Vehicles IV-1
Aircraft IV-22
Vessels IV-24
Railroads IV-27
CHAPTER V FUGITIVE DUST SOURCES V-l
Unpaved Roads V-l
Tilling Activity V-2
Construction Activity V-4
Re-entrained Dust "V-5
CHAPTER VI EVAPORATIVE LOSSES VI-1
Petroleum Marketing VI-1
Surface Coating VI-5
Dry Cleaning VI-7
v
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
Page
CHAPTER VII MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES VII-1
Solid Waste Disposal VII-1
Internal Combustion VII-2
Wildfires VII-6
Structural Fires VII-8
CHAPTER VIII EMISSIONS SUMMARY VIII-1
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1-1 1976 AIR QUALITY IN YORK COUNTY 1-2
TABLE II-l POPULATION PROJECTIONS FOR YORK COUNTY
BY CENSUS DIVISIONS AND ENUMERATION
DISTRICTS II-2
TABLE II-2 COMPARISON OF YORK COUNTY POPULATION
PROJECTIONS II-6
TABLE II-3 YORK COUNTY EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS II-7
TABLE II-4 MODIFIED YORK COUNTY EMPLOYMENT
PROJECTIONS II-8
TABLE II-5 YORK COUNTY, SC MASTER GRID SYSTEM II-9
TABLE II-6 BASELINE AND PROJECTED POPULATION FOR
EACH GRID 11-11
TABLE III-l SUMMARY OF FUEL SURVEY RESULTS III-l
TABLE III-2 TOTAL POINT SOURCE FUEL USAGE III-3
TABLE III-3 THEORETICAL RESIDENTIAL FUEL USAGE III-4
TABLE III-4 EMISSION FACTORS FOR RESIDENTIAL FUEL USAGE III-4
TABLE III-5 TOTAL COUNTY-WIDE EMISSIONS FROM RESIDENTIAL
FUEL USAGE III-5
TABLE III-6 PROJECTED RESIDENTIAL FUEL USAGE III-7
TABLE III-7 TOTAL 1980 COUNTY-WIDE EMISSIONS FROM
RESIDENTIAL FUEL USAGE III-7
vi
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
Page
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
III-8
III-9
111-10
III-ll
II I-12
111-13
III-14
IV-1
IV-2
IV-3
IV-4
IV-5
TABLE IV-6
TABLE IV-7
TABLE IV-8
TABLE IV-9
TABLE IV-10
TABLE IV-11
TOTAL 1985 COUNTY-WIDE EMISSIONS FROM RESIDENTIAL
FUEL USAGE III-7
EMISSION FACTORS FOR COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL
FUEL USAGE III-9
TOTAL COUNTY-WIDE EMISSIONS FROM COMMERCIAL/
INSTITUTIONAL FUEL USAGE III-9
COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS 111-10
PROJECTED COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL FUEL USAGE III-ll
TOTAL 1980 COUNTY-WIDE EMISSIONS FROM COMMERCIAL/
INSTITUTIONAL FUEL USAGE III-ll
TOTAL 1985 COUNTY-WIDE EMISSIONS FROM COMMERCIAL/
INSTITUTIONAL FUEL USAGE 111-12
PARTICULATE AND SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSION FACTORS
FOR MOTOR VEHICLES IV-2
CALCULATION OF LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE PARTICULATE
EMISSION FACTORS IV-2
CALCULATION OF MEAN NUMBER OF TIRES ;HGV IV-4
CALCULATION OF MEAN NUMBER OF TIRES HDV IV-4
ASSUMPTIONS OF VEHICLE DISTRIBUTION, SPEED
AND OPERATING CONDITIONS BY GENERAL ROAD
CLASSIFICATION IV-6
HYDROCARBON MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION FACTORS
FOR 1976 IV-9
CARBON MONOXIDE MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION
FACTORS FOR 1976 IV-10
OXIDES OF NITROGEN MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION
FACTORS FOR 1976 IV-11
HYDROCARBON MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION FACTORS
FOR 1980 IV-12
CARBON MONOXIDE MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION FACTORS
FOR 1980 IV-13
OXIDES OF NITROGEN MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION FACTORS
FOR 1980 IV-14
vii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
Page
TABLE
IV-12
HYDROCARBON MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION FACTORS
FOR 1985
IV-15
TABLE
IV-13
CARBON MONOXIDE MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS FACTORS
IV-16
TABLE
IV-14
OXIDES OF NITROGEN MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION FACTORS
FOR 1985
IV-17
TABLE
IV-15
COUNTY-WIDE DAILY VMT BY ROAD CLASSIFICATION
IV-18
TABLE
IV-16
TOTAL COUNTY-WIDE MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS
IV-19
TABLE
IV-17
PROJECTED COUNTY-WIDE DAILY VMT
IV-20
TABLE
IV-18
TOTAL COUNTY-WIDE MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS
FOR 1980
IV-21
TABLE
IV-19
TOTAL COUNTY-WIDE MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS
FOR 1985
IV-21
TABLE
IV-20
EMISSION FACTORS FOR AIRCRAFT
IV-23
TABLE
IV-21
TOTAL 1976 COUNTY-WIDE EMISSIONS FROM AIRCRAFT
IV-23
TABLE
IV-2 2
PROJECTED EMISSIONS FROM AIRCRAFT
IV-24
TABLE
IV-23
EMISSION FACTORS FOR RECREATIONAL BOATS
IV-25
TABLE
IV-2 4
BOAT REGISTRATION DATA AND USAGE. ASSUMPTIONS
IV-25
TABLE
IV-2 5
1976 EMISSIONS FROM RECREATIONAL BOATS
IV-26
TABLE
IV-26
PROJECTED EMISSIONS FROM RECREATIONAL BOATS
IV-26
TABLE
IV-27
AVERAGE LOCOMOTIVE EMISSION FACTORS
IV-27
TABLE
IV-2 8
BASELINE AND PROJECTED EMISSIONS FROM RAILROADS
IV-28
TABLE
V-l
ACRES TILLED IN YORK COUNTY
V-3
TABLE
V-2
CALCULATION OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY EMISSIONS
V-6
TABLE
VI-1
EMISSION FACTORS FOR GASOLINE MARKETING
VI-1
TABLE
VI-2
HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FROM AUTOMOTIVE PAINTING
VI-6
TABLE
VI-3
DRY CLEANING SOLVENT USAGE
VI-7
TABLE
VII-1
ESTIMATES OF REFUSE OPEN BURNED
VII-2
viii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
Page
TABLE VI1-2
TABLE VII-3
TABLE VII-4
TABLE VII-5
TABLE VII-6
TABLE VII-7
TABLE VII-8
TABLE VII-9
TABKE VIII-1
TABLE VIII-2
TABLE VIII-3
FIGURE I-I
FIGURE II-1
FIGURE III-l
FIGURE VI-1
FIGURE VI-2
FIGURE VI-3
COUNTY-WIDE TOTAL EMISSIONS FOR OPEN BURNING VII-2
TOTAL COUNTY-WIDE EMISSIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT VII-3
TOTAL COUNTY-WIDE EMISSIONS FROM GASOLINE
FARM TRACTORS VI1-4
TOTAL COUNTY-WIDE EMISSIONS FROM DIESEL FARM
TRACTORS VII-5
TOTAL COUNTY-WIDE EMISSIONS FROM SMALL
GASOLINE ENGINES VII-6
TOTAL COUNTY-WIDE EMISSIONS FROM FOREST FIRES VII-7
TOTAL COUNTY-WIDE EMISSIONS FROM PRESCRIBED
BURNING VII-8
BASELINE AND PROJECTED EMISSIONS FROM STRUCTURAL
FIRES VII-9
SUMMARY OF AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS FOR 1976 VIII-2
SUMMARY OF AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS FOR 1980 VIII-4
SUMMARY OF AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS FOR 1985 VIII-6
LIST OF FIGURES
PARTICULATE AIR QUALITY TRENDS IN YORK COUNTY 1-3
YORK COUNTY CENSUS BOUNDARIES II-5
CONFIDENTIAL FUEL SURVEY FORM III-2
CONFIDENTIAL PETROLEUM MARKETING SURVEY FORM VI-2
CONFIDENTIAL DRY CLEANING SOLVENT USAGE
SURVEY FORM VI-3
CONFIDENTIAL AUTOMOTIVE PAINT USAGE SURVEY FORM VI-4
ix
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Engineering-Science is under a continuing contract to the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), Region IV, to assist the South Carolina Department
of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC) to analyze air quality maintenance.
There are two designated air quality maintenance areas (AQMAs) in South
Carolina consisting of portions of Greenville County (The Greenville urban
area) and Berkeley and Charleston Counties (the Charleston urban area),
respectively. Earlier reports under this contract discussed the analyses
for these AQMAs. A lat$r report covered the analysis for Georgetown County
which although not an AQMA has a particulare ambient air quality standard
attainment problem. This report documents the analysis for York County.
York County has not been designated an AQMA. The State of North Carolina,
however, has designated Mecklenburg County (Charlotte) which is in the same
air quality control region (AQCR) as York. Moreover, York County because
of its proximity and accessibility to the Charlotte metropolitan area is
likely to experience substantial growth during the next decade. After dis-
cussion with DHEC and EPA, it was decided that air quality maintenance in
York County should be analyzed. In response to the requirements of the 1977
Amendments to the Clean Air Act, York County was designated as a non-attain-
ment area for photochemical oxidants. In addition, the city of Rock Hill
was designated as a non-attainment area for carbon monoxide.
REVIEW OF AIR QUALITY
Air quality data for 1976 are presented in Table 1-1. As can be seen
from this table, no primary ambient air quality standards for particulate, sulfur
dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen are currently being violated at any of the
four monitoring sites in York County. Figure 1-1 presents the trend in
particulate concentrations for the 1971-75 period. In general, air quality
1-1
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TABLE 1-1
1976 AIR QUALITY IN YORK COUNTY
(MICROGRAMS/CUBIC METER)
PARTICULATE
S°2
NITROGEN OXIDES
STATION
SECOND
HIGHEST i
24-HR MAX
2
ANNUAL AVG
SECOND
HIGHEST 3
24-HR MAX
4
ANNUAL AVG
5
ANNUAL AVERAGE
Bethel Fire Station
131
51
28
6
15
Rock Hill Water
Treatment Plant
188
54
34
15
42
Rock Hill City Hall
90
47
54
10
35
York
114
45
41
8
18
Not to exceed 260 pg/m more than once per year.
3
Annual geometric mean not to exceed 80 pg/m .
3
Not to exceed 365 pg/m more than once per year.
3
Annual arithmetic mean not to exceed 80 pg/m .
3
Annual arithmetic mean not to exceed 100 pg/m .
-------
Figure 1-1. Particulate air quality trends in York County.
80 r
CT>
3.
O
1—4
cc
o
LU
CJ
<
=>
40 -
30
LEGEND
Rock Hill City Hall
Rock Hill Water
Treatment Plant
York
• Bethel Fire Station
— Primary NAAQS
• - Secondary NAAQS
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
YEAR
1-3
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at most sites, with the possible exception of the Rock Hill Water Treatment
Plant, has been improving over this period. However, the oxidant standard
3
(160 ug/m not to be exceeded more than once a year) was exceeded 79 times
during 1976 and 24 times during 1975 at the Rock Hill Water Treatment Plant
site. The carbon monoxide 8-hr. standard (10 milligrams per cubic meter
not to be exceeded more than once a year) was exceeded once during 1976
at the Water Treatment Plant.
METHODOLOGY
After considering the results of the DHEC monitoring program, it was
decided that for those pollutants amenable to dispersion modeling, parti-
culates and sulfur dioxide, and hydrocarbons to group area source categories
into general classes in accordance with methodology of treatment and type of
category. These classes of area source categories are fuel combustion,
transportation, fugitive dust sources, evaporative losses, and miscellaneous
sources. Those source categories included in the miscellaneous class were
estimated in a more expeditious manner than the categories in the other
classes. These categories include on-site incineration, open burning,
agricultural burning, slash burning, frost control, construction equipment,
agricultural equipment, small gasoline engines, structural fires, forest
fires, and prescrubed burning. If data to estimate the emissions were
available, they were used. If not, a lower level of estimation was used.
Throughout the project, wherever possible and to the degree possible, the
instructions contained in EPA documents and publications were followed.
The basic EPA documents and publications used were the following:
0 C°mP^atl0n °f Air Pollutant Emission Factors. AP-42 (Supplement
° Gulde for Compiling a Comprehensive Emission Inventory. APTD-1135.
VUld?U"eS f?' ,Quality and Analysis.
Volume 7. Projecting county Emissions.
1-4
-------
o Guidelines for Air Quality Maintenance Planning and Analysis,
Volume 13: Allocating Projected Emissions to Sub-County Areas,
o 40 CFR 51. Maintenance of National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
1-5
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CHAPTER II
PLANNING DATA
Planning data, especially population, employment and land use data,
are used to estimate county-wide emissions from certain area source categories,
to allocate county-wide emissions to sub-county areas and to project baseline
estimates to the planning years. Because of the importance of these data and
of the need to coordinate with the various planning agencies in York County
to ensure that the most recent, accurate and adequate data available were
used, this chapter discusses population, employment and land use data. The
chapter, also, contains a description of the grid system because the planning
data determine to a large extent the grid system adopted. In succeeding
chapters, the use of the planning data presented here, is duscussed separately
for each area source category.
POPULATION
Baseline year and projected population estimates were provided by the
York County Planning and Building Department (YCPBD). These data are given
in Table II-l. Figure II-l shows the county census divisions and the
enumeration districts for which data were provided. The Division of Research
and Statistical Services (DRSS) in A Forecast to 1985: The York Economy
presented population projections. The two sets of projections are compared
in Table II-2. As can be seen by this comparison, YCPBD projects a slower
growth rate than DRSS until the late 1970's when the rate increases. The
1975 provisional population estimate for York County from the South Carolina
Statistical Abstract is 92,800. The YCPBD projections are more conservative,
i.e., the emission estimates will be larger if they are used, than those
of the DRSS.
II-l
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TABLE II-l
POPULATION PROJECTIONS FOR YORK COUNTY
BY CENSUS DIVISIONS AND ENUMERATION DISTRICTS
CENSUS
ENUMERATION
DIVISION
DISTRICT
1970
1976
1980
Catawba-Leslie
ED
38
2,187
2,361
2,475
ED
39
2,043
2,205
2,312
ED
40
1,073
1,155
1,213
TOTAL
5,303
5,721
6,000
1985
Clover East
TOTAL
Clover West
TOTAL
Clover
TOTAL
Fort Mill
TOTAL
Hickory Grove
ED
ED
ED
ED
1
2
3
4
ED 8
ED 9
ED
ED
ED
5
6
7
TOTAL
ED 25
ED 26
ED 27
ED 28
ED 29
ED 30
ED 31
ED 32
ED 33
ED 34
ED 35
ED 36
ED 37
ED 88
ED 89
ED 90
ED 91
ED 92
856
360
688
1,792
3,696
1,449
974
2,423
1,187
1,102
1,217
3,506
754
1,158
485
643
582
74
653
156
569
1,019
987
1,291
586
8,957
85
377
268
918
1,348
2,996
1,010
424
812
2,112
4,358
1,514
1,016
2,530
1,206
1,120
1,236
3,562
782
1,203
504
667
603
77
678
163
987
1,766
1,710
2,240
1,014
12,394
94
391
287
870
1,311
2,953
1,112
468
894
2,326
4,800
1,557
1,043
2,600
1,219
1,132
1,249
3,600
802
1,234
517
684
619
80
695
168
1,265
2,265
2,193
2,874
1,301
14,700
100
400
300
846
1,254
2,900
2,640
2,466
1.294
6,400
1,308
548
1,051
2,743
5,650
1,617
1,083
2.700
1,270
1,179
1.301
3,750
961
1,479
619
820
742
95
833
201
1,419
2,543
2.458
3,221
1.459
16,850
100
400
300
806
1,194
2,800
II-2
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TABLE II-l (Continued)
POPULATION PROJECTIONS FOR YORK COUNTY
BY CENSUS DIVISIONS AND ENUMERATION DISTRICTS
CENSUS ENUMERATION
DIVISION DISTRICT 1970 1976 1980 1985
McConnels ED 86 213 205 200 200
ED 87 1,030 952 900 850
TOTAL 1,243 1,157 1,100 1,050
Rock Hill ED 41 0 0 0 0
ED 42 105 108 113 120
ED 43 1,799 1,948 2,047 2,166
ED 44 2,135 2,312 2,429 2,570
ED 45 1,334 1,445 1,517 1,605
ED 46 686 742 780 825
ED 47 1,588 1,719 1,807 1,912
ED 48 253 274 287 304
ED 49 453 490 515 545
ED 50 1,136 1,230 1,294 1,369
ED 51 381 412 433 453
ED 52 1,360 1,473 1,547 1,637
ED 53 606 655 688 728
ED 54 1,526 1,652 1,736 1,837
ED 55 302 326 343 363
ED 56 2,437 2,640 2,774 2,935
ED 57 1,213 1,314 1,380 1,460
ED 58 507 548 576 609
ED 59 828 897 942 997
ED 60 744 805 846 896
ED 61 294 318 334 354
ED 62 787 851 895 948
En 1,704 1,790 1'895
Fn fiS 1,521 1,599 1,693
S II SSJ 653 686 727
ED 66 872 944 992 i,051
925 972 1 029
ED 69 "HI 1'7U 1,801 I.I06
5 ™ 918 965 1,022
1,147 1,243 1,307 1 384
S« xi% 1>398 1 ™ ^
ED 72 915 991 1,041 1,102
II-3
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TABLE II-l (Continued)
POPULATION PROJECTIONS FOR YORK COUNTY
BY CENSUS DIVISIONS AND ENUMERATION DISTRICTS
CENSUS
DIVISION
ENUMERATION
DISTRICT
1970
1976
1980
1985
Rock Hill
ED 73
2,021
2,189
2,301
2,435
(Cont.)
ED 74
254
274
288
306
ED 75
0
0
0
0
ED 76
6
6
6
7
TOTAL
33,846
36,639
38,500
40,750
Rock Hill North
ED 18
222
265
294
315
ED 19
949
1,135
1,259
1,347
ED 20
1,212
1,447
1,605
1,718
ED 21
301
360
400
428
ED 22
2,158
2,579
2,859
3,059
ED 23
1,621
1,936
2,148
2,298
TOTAL
ED 24
1,083
1,294
1,435
1,535
7,546
9,016
10,000
10,700
Rock Hill South
ED 77
286
307
322
345
ED 78
1,252
1,347
1,411
1,513
ED 79
278
299
314
336
ED 80
500
538
564
604
ED 81
1,292
1,389
1,453
1,556
ED 82
120
130
136
146
TOTAL
3,728
4,010
4,200
4,500
Rock Hill West
ED 83
875
960
1,016
1,088
ED 84
860
942
998
1,069
TOTAL
ED 85
74
81
86
93
1,809
1,983
2,100
2,250
York
ED 10
1,456
1,530
1,578
1,678
ED 11
1,325
1,389
1,433
1,524
ED 12
1,438
1,509
1,556
1,655
ED 13
862
905
933
993
ED 14
1,330
1,317
1,309
1,375
ED 15
1,236
1,224
1,216
1,277
ED 16
1,298
1,286
1,286
1,350
TOTAL
ED 17
1,218
1,205
1,189
1,248
10,163
10,365
10,500
11,100
COUNTY TOTAL
82,216
94,688
101,000
108,500
II-4
-------
Figure II-l
YORK COUNTY
CENSUS BOUNDARIES
THIS MAP WAS PREPARED BY THE
CATAWBA REGIONAL PLANNING COUNCl
JUT 1974
J
LEGEND
CENSUS COUNTY DIVISION
ENUMERATION MSIWCr
EDM ENUMERATION DISTRICT NUMBER
jwu CENSUS TRACT
® CENSUS TRACT NUMBER
I
Ul
-------
TABLE II-2
COMPARISON OF YORK COUNTY
POPULATION PROJECTIONS
YEAR
YORK COUNTY PLANNING AND
BUILDING DEPARTMENT
DIVISION OF RESEARCH
AND STATISTICAL SERVICES
1975
93,154
96,300
1976
94,688
96,900
1980
101,000
99,000
1985
108,500
102,800
EMPLOYMENT
Because many source categories can be best correlated with the number of
employees, employment data are the best indicators of economic growth.
A Forecast to 1985: The York Economy provides projections of employment for
the seven common categories of employees: Government; Contract Construction;
Manufacturing; Wholesale-Retail Trade; Finance, Insurance and Real Estate;
Service; and Transportation, Communication and Public Utilities. Table II-3
summarizes these projections.
These employment projections were discussed with the DRSS. Because of
changes due to the 1975 recession, DRSS suggested a number of adjustments
which should be made to these projections. The following assumptions were
used to adjust the employment projections:
o The growth rate in total non-agricultural employment for 1976-1977
was assumed to be 4.0%.
o For 1977-1978 the growth in total non-agricultural employment was
assumed to be 3.0%.
o The same growth rate in total non-agricultural employment as pre-
dicted by the econometric model was assumed from 1978 through 1985.
II-6
-------
o The growth in manufacturing employment was assumed to be the same
as that predicted by the model,
o For new non-manufacturing employees, the same percentage of the total
non-agricultural employment as predicted by the model was used.
Based upon these assumptions, the York County employment projections were
modified. The modified employment projections are shown in Table II-4.
TABLE II-3
YORK COUNTY EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS
EMPLOYMENT
CATEGORY
1976
1980
1985
Government
5,050
5,600
6,650
Contract Construction
1,200
1,900
2,300
Manufacturing
15,600
16,750
17,050
Wholesale-Retail Trade
4,950
5,650
5,850
Finance, Insurance
and Real Estate
900
1,250
1,600
Service
2,700
3,750
4,950
Transportation, Communication
and Public Utilities
500
500
500
TOTAL
30,900
35,400
38,900
LANDUSE
The YCPBD provided a copy of the pertinent portions of the County's
land development plan. The plan is currently under review and will be re-
vised. The Rock Hill Planning Commission provided a copy of the Rock Hill
Land Development Plan. Each of these plans included existing landuse as well
as proposed future landuse.
II-7
-------
TABLE II-4
MODIFIED YORK COUNTY EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS
EMPLOYMENT
CATEGORY
1976
1980
1985
Government
5,860
6,606
7,759
Contract Construction
1,360
2,309
2,748
Manufacturing
15,600
16,750
17,050
Wholesale-Retail Trade
5,050
5,999
6,219
Finance, Insurance
and Real Estate
1,150
1,624
2,008
Service
3,550
4,973
6,291
Transportation, Communication
and Public Utilities
1,520
1,520
1,520
TOTAL
34,090
39,781
43,595
GRID SYSTEM
If the particulate and sulfur dioxide emissions inventory is to be modeled
using the Air Quality Display Model (AQDM) or other dispersion model, the
area source emissions must be allocated to a grid system. In general, the
grids in such a system should be square. However, the AQDM can successfully
handle non-square grids if the grids are not too different from a square,
i.e., problems can arise if grids are elongated or otherwise mishappened.
An advantage of using a non-square grid system is that the system can be based
upon political, social, and economic jurisdictions. Because many allocation
schemes use population as an allocation parameter, census divisions are a
logical basis for a gridding system. Using census divisions reduces the mani-
pulation of data that may be necessary. Based upon these considerations, a
grid system was established for York County with census divisions as the
fundamental unit. Table II-5 gives a list of grids with a description of each
grid. In Table II-6 the population for the baseline year and for each pro-
jection year is given.
II-8
-------
TABLE I1-5
YORK COUNTY. SC MASTER GRID SYSTEM
GRID
NO. COMPOSITION
001 ED 86 (Town of McConnells)
002 Eastern Part of ED 87
003 Northern Part of ED 87
004 Southern Part of ED 87
005 ED 90 (Town of Sharon)
006 ED 89 (Town of Hickory Grove)
007 Eastern Part of ED 91
008 Western Part of ED 91
009 Northern Part of ED 92
010 Southern Part of ED 92
011 Clover Division (Town of Clover)
012 ED 9
013 ED 8
014 ED 4
015 ED 3
016 ED 2
017 ED 1
018 ED 10A, 10B, 11, 12, & 13 (Town of York)
019 ED 14
020 ED 15
021 ED 16
022 ED 17
023 ED 25, 26, 67, 28, 29, 30, 31, & 32
(Town of Fort Mill)
024 ED 33
025 ED 34
II-9
-------
TABLE II-5 (Continued)
YORK. COUNTY, SC MASTER GRID SYSTEM
GRID
NO. COMPOSITION
026 ED 35
027 ED 36
028 ED 37
029 ED 38
030 ED 39
031 ED 40
032 ED 61
033 ED 56
034 ED 62 (minus Block 209), 63, 64, & 65
035 ED 62 (Block 209), 66, 67, 68, 69, & 77
036 ED 46, 47, 48, & 49
037 ED 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, & 85
038 ED 70, 71, 72, 73', & 82
039 ED 42, 43, 44, 45, 23, & 24
040 ED 18, 19, & 41
041 ED 74 (Block 101), 75, & 78
042 ED 74 (Except Block 101), & 79
043 ED 84, 76
044 ED 83
045 ED 22
046 ED 20
047 ED 21
048 ED 80
049 ED 81
050 ED 57, 58, 59, & 60
11-10
-------
GRID
NO.
001
002
003
004
005
006
007
008
009
010
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
TABLE II-6
BASELINE AND PROJECTED POPULATION
FOR EACH GRID
POPULATION
1970 1976 1980 1985
213
205
200
200
359
332
314
297
358
331
313
296
313
289
273
257
268
287
300
300
377
391
400
400
514
487
474
451
489
477
472
455
573
557
533
507
3,506
3,562
3,600
3,750
974
1,016
1,043
1,083
1,449
1,514
1,557
1,617
1,792
2,112
2.326
2,743
688
812
894
1,051
360
424
468
548
856
1,010
1,112
1,308
5,081
5,333
5,500
5,850
1,330
1,317
1,309
1,375
1,236
1,224
1,216
1.277
1,298
1,286
1,286
1,350
1,218
1,205
1,189
1,248
4,505
4,677
4,800
5,750
569
987
1,265
1,419
1,019
1,766
2,267
2,543
11-11
-------
TABLE II-6 (Continued)
BASELINE AND PROJECTED POPULATION
FOR EACH GRID
GRID
POPULATION
NO.
1970
1976
1980
1985
026
987
1,710
2,193
2,458
027
1,291
2,240
2,874
3,221
028
586
1,014
1,301
1,459
029
2,187
2,361
2,465
2,640
030
2,043
2,205
2,321
2,466
031
1,073
1,155
1,213
1,294
032
294
318
334
354
033
2,437
2,640
2,774
2,935
034
4,293
4,649
4,886
5,174
035
4,517
4,888
5,136
5,442
036
2,980
3,225
3,389
3,586
037
5,385
5,829
6,127
6,485
038
5,495
5,951
6,254
6,622
039
8,077
9,043
9,689
10,294
040
1,171
1,400
1,553
1,662
041
1,258
1,353
1,418
1,520
042
526
567
595
635
043
866
948
1,004
1,076
044
875
960
1,016
1,088
045
2,158
2,579
2,859
3,059
046
1,212
1,447
1,605
1,718
047
301
360
400
428
048
500
538
564
604
049
1,292
1,389
1,453
1,556
050
3,292
3,564
3,744
3,962
TOTAL
85,216
94,688
101,000
108,500
II-12
-------
CHAPTER III
FUEL COMBUSTION
The combustion of fuel contributes substantially tc the total emissions
for each pollutant in York County. Most of these emissions are included in the
point source inventory. However, there are significant emissions from area
sources which burn fuel. Area source fuel combustion can be divided into three
categories: residential, commercial/institutional, and light industrial. Light
industrial sources are those which are so small that they are not normally
included in a point source emission inventory.
FUEL SURVEY
A comprehensive fuel survey was made of all fuel dealers in York County
to provide a basis for determining fuel usage by each category. A copy of
the form used in the survey is shown in Figure III-l. The results of the survey
are summarized in Table III-l.
TABLE III-l
SUMMARY OF FUEL SURVEY RESULTS
FUEL CATEGORY
UNIT
RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL/
INSTITUTIONAL
INDUSTRIAL
Coal
tons
400
80
-
Residual Oil
1000 gals
-
-
-
Distillate Oil
1000 gals
9,499
1,058
466
Natural Gas
106ft3
448
1,321
1,291
Liquified
Petroleum Gas
1000 gals
1,412
170
187
TOTAL(Btu)
19.4 x 1011
14.9 x 1C1*
13.7 x 10 11
Annual fuel sales for gas, oil, and coal are reported by states in U.S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys (MIS)
series. After first removing fuel sales from the state total, which are included
under specific source categories, e.g., railroad, vessel bunkering, and aircraft
fuel, the remaining fuel sales were disaggregated from the state total using
three disaggregation factors: population, commercial employees, and fuel
III-l
-------
Figure III-1. Confidential fuel survey form.
THIS DATA SHEET IS FOR COUNTY. STATE OF CALENDER YEAR
COMPANY NAME: NAME OF PERSON
ADDRESS: COMPLETING THIS FORM:
DATE:
TELEPHONE NO:
(SEE REVERSE SIDE FOR INSTRUCTIONS AND TERM DEFINITIONS.)
TYPE OF
FUEL SOLD
UNITS
TYPE OF CUSTOMER
RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
INSTITUTIONAL
INDUSTRIAL
OTHER
(SPECIFY)
FUELS FOR
MOTOR VEHICLES
COKE
tons
ANTHRACITE COAL
tons
BITUMINOUS COAL
tons
RESIDUAL OIL
gals.
DISTILLATE OIL
gals.
NATURAL GAS
106 ft3
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM
GAS (LPG)
gals.
RESIDENTIAL ..
COMMERCIAL
INSTITUTIONAL
INDUSTRIAL
OTHER
(SPECIFY)
ENTER THE- % ASH
S SULFUR CONTENT FOR:
X ASH
% SULFUR
X ASH
X SULFUR
X ASH
X SULFUR
X ASH
X SULFUR
ANTHRACITE COAL
BITUMINOUS COAL
RESIDUAL OIL
DISTILLATE OIL
IMPORTANT: PLEASE INCLUDE ONLY FUEL SOLD TO THE FINAL USER - NOT FUEL SOLD TO
OTHER FUEL DEALERS WHICH WOULD BE REPORTED AGAIN BY THAT DEALER
COMMENTS:
-------
intensive industrial employees. The industrial employees were adjusted using
fuel intensity factors from Volume 7 of the Guidelines. The 1975 MIS data were
used because the 1976 data were not available. The disaggregated MIS totals,
then, were adjusted to account for increases in population, industrial employ-
ment, commercial/institutional employment, as well as the difference in degree
heating days between the two years. The total heat value of the fuels dis-
aggregated from the MIS was 102.6 x 1011 Btu.
The point source fuel usage was obtained from the point source inventory.
It is summarized in Table III-2. The total heat value of the fuel used by the
point sources is 155.4 x lO^Btu.
An Engineering-Science program, which calculates residential fuel usage
using the methodology of Volume 13 of the Guidelines. was used to obtain theoreti-
cal residential fuel usage. These results are presented in Table III-3. As
can be seen from these results, the fuel survey uncovered a greater residential
fuel usage than the model.
TABLE III-2
TOTAL POINT SOURCE FUEL USAGE
FUEL TYPE
UNITS
QUANTITY
Coal
tons
300,900
35,329
1,279
2,348
Distillate Oil
Natural Gas
Liquified
Petroleum Gas
Residual Oil
1000 gals
1000 gals
106ft3
1000 gals
5,177
155.4 x 1011 Btu
TOTAL (Btu)
III-3
-------
TABLE III-3
THEORETICAL RESIDENTIAL FUEL USAGE
FUEL TYPE
UNITS
QUANTITY
Coal
tons
3,973
Oil
1000 gals
8,789
Natural Gas
106ft3
552
Wood
tons
3,662
TOTAL1(Btu)
18.9 x 1011 Btu
1 Does not include wood
On the basis of these analyses, it was decided to use the fuel survey
results for residential and commercial/institutional fuel usage with the excep-
tion that the wood from the Volume 13 model was included with the fuel survey
residential. It was, further, decided not to use a light industrial fuel usage.
It is impossible to determine whether the industrial fuel reported in the survey
is included in the point source usage or not.
RESIDENTIAL FUEL USAGE
The emission factors for residential fuel usage are shown in Table III-4.
TABLE III-4
EMISSION FACTORS FOR RESIDENTIAL FUEL USAGE
POLLUTANT
DISTILLATE NATURAL GAS LPG WOOD
(LBS/TON) (LBS/1000 GALS) (LBS/103FT) (LBS/1000 GALS) (LBS/TON)
20 2.5
1141 712
20 i
90 5
3
particulate
Sulfur Dioxide
Hydrocarbons
Carbon Monoxide
Oxides of
Nitrogen
18
10
0.6
8
20
80
1.9
0.014
0.7
1.9
20
5
120
* Assume 3% sulfur content
2 Assume 0.5% sulfur content
III-4
-------
Baseline Year Emission Inventory
The total county-wide
emissions from
residential
fuel
usage are
shown in
Table III-5.
TABLE III-
5
TOTAL COUNTY
-WIDE
EMISSIONS FROM
RESIDENTIAL
FUEL
USAGE
(TONS/YEAR)
POLLUTANT
COAL
DISTILLATE
OIL
NATURAL
GAS
LPG
WOOD
TOTAL
Particulate
4.0
11.87
2.24
1.34
36.62
56.07
Sulfur Dioxide
22.8
337.22
0.13
0.01
-
360.16
Hydrocarbons
4.0
4.75
1.79
0.49
9.16
20.19
Carbon Monoxide
18.0
23.75
4.48
1.34
219.72
267.29
Oxides of
Nitrogen
0.6
85.49
17.92
4.94
1.83
110.78
Allocation of the Baseline Year Inventory
Emissions from residential fuel usage were allocated using the procedures
described in Volume 13 of the Guidelines. Engineering-Science has programmed
these calculations for the computer. The Volume 13 procedure assumes total
fuel usage to depend upon three input parameters: heating degree days, dwelling
size distribution, and fuel type distribution.
The number of heating degree days was available from the Charlotte
airport. Dwelling size distribution was given in the 1970 Census of Popula-
tion and Housing. The assumption was made that dwelling size distribution was
unchanged between 1970 and 1976. Fuel type distribution by number of dwelling
units was available from the Bureau of the Census. All of these census data
were for County Census Divisions (CCDs) which consist of a number of grids.
Using these data and the appropriate emission factors, fuel usage by CCD
were calculated for each fuel type. The Volume 13 output by fuel type was
factored to obtain the desired county totals. The result was allocation to
CCD by the Volume 13 distribution among CCDs, county totals equalling the
fuel survey totals. Within a CCD, the emissions were allocated among grids
by population.
III-5
-------
County-Wide Emission Projections
The projections of emissions from residential fuel usage depends upon
population increase and future fuel type and dwelling size distribution. There
has been a definite decrease nationwide in the use of coal for residential
heating. The National Petroleum Council estimates that coal usage will decline
by two-thirds between 1970 and 1985 on a national basis. There is little
hope for increased availability of natural gas or LPG. Since South Carolina
has an excess in electrical generating capacity, the use of electricity for home
heating should increase somewhat faster than the use of oil. Consequently, the
following assumptions concerning projected fuel type distribution were made.
o Natural and LP gas usage will remain constant;
o Of the new dwelling units and dwelling units switching
from coal, 60% will be heated by electricity and 40% by
distillate oil;
o Residual oil usage will remain constant; and
o The use of wood as a residential fuel will remain constant.
The reasonableness of these assumptions has been confirmed by the South Caro-
lina Office of Energy Management.
Because information is not available on changes in building size distri-
bution, this parameter and the heating efficiency which is calculated from
it were assumed to be constant. The trend seems to be toward more multi-family
dwellings and increased heating efficiency. Because predicted emissions
calculated using the assumption of a constant building size distribution
would tend to be larger than actual emissions, errors in the emission pro-
jections caused by ignoring this trend should be conservative.
Projected emissions from burning IPG, natural gas, residual oil, coal
and wood are easily calculated from the above assumptions. The projection
of emissions from burning distillate oil is more complicated. The resulting
projected fuel usage is shown in Table III-6. Tables III-7 and III-8 show the
projected emissions.
III-6
-------
TABLE III-6
PROJECTED RESIDENTIAL FUEL USAGE
FUEL TYPE
UNITS
1980
QUANTITY
1985
Coal
tons
328
238
Distillate Oil
1000 gals
10,255
11,143
Natural Gas
10 ft
4A8
448
Liquified
Petroleum Gas
1000 gals
1,412
1,412
Wood
tons
3,662
3,662
TABLE III-7
TOTAL 1980 COUNTY-WIDE EMISSIONS FROM RESIDENTIAL FUEL USAGE
(TONS/YEAR)
POLLUTANT
COAL
DISTILLATE
OIL
NATURAL
GAS
LPG
WOOD
TOTAL
Particulate
3.28
12.82
2-.24
1.
34
36.
62
56.30
Sulfur Dioxide
18.70
364.06
0.13
0.
01
382.90
Hydrocarbons
3.28
5.13
1.79
0.
49
9.
16
19.85
Carbon Monoxide
14.76
25.64
4.48
1.
34
219.
72
265.94
Oxides of Nitrogen
0.49
92.30
17.92
4.
94
1.
83
117.48
TABLE III-8
TOTAL 1985 COUNTY-WIDE EMISSIONS FROM RESIDENTTAT. FUEL USAGE
(TONS/YEAR)
POLLUTANT
COAL
DISTILLATE
OIL
NATURAL
GAS
LPG
WOOD
TOTAL
Particulate
2.38
13.93
2.24
1.34
36.62
56.51
Sulfur Dioxide
13.57
395.57
0.13
0.01
-
409.28
Hydrocarbons
2.38
5.57
1.79
0.49
9.16
19.39
Carbon Monoxide
10.71
27.86
4.48
1.34
219.72
264.11
Oxides of Nitrogen
0.36
100.29
17.92
4.94
1.83
125.34
III-7
-------
Allocation of Projected Emissions
The following factors affect the allocation of residential fuel usage
emissions to grids:
o Changes in population distribution; and
o Changes in fuel type distribution.
Changes in population distribution were determined from the projections of
population'by grid. (See Table II-6). Changes in fuel type distribution were
calculated on the basis of the fuel switch assumptions discussed above. The
following calculations were made for each grid tract:
1. The total number of dwelling units was increased in accordance
with the population increase for the grid. The assumption was
made that the number of persons per dwelling unit within grids
would remain constant.
2. The number of new dwelling units was determined by subtracting
the number of dwelling units in the baseline year from the projected
number of dwelling units.
3. The total of new dwelling units was distributed between electricity
and oil on the basis of the assumed 60-40 split. The new electric-
heated and oil-heated units were added to the old.
After performing these calculations for each grid, a new fuel type distri-
bution was obtained and the effects of differential population growth included.
It was assumed that there would be no change in dwelling size distribution
or degree heating days. The data thus developed for each projection year
were £nput to the computerized Volume 13 method. The output was then factored
to obtain the desired county totals.
COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL FUEL USAGE
The emission factors for commercial/institutional fuel usage are shown
in Table III-9.
III-8
-------
TABLE III-9
EMISSION FACTORS FOR COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL FUEL USAGE
POLLUTANT
COAL
(LBS/TON)
DISTILLATE
(LBS/1000 GALS)
NATURAL GAS
(LBS/10 CU.FT.)
LPG
(LBS/1000 GALS)
Particulate
201
2
10
1.9
Sulfur
Dioxide
1142
713
0.6
0.014
Hydrocarbons
3
1
8
0.8
Carbon
Monoxide
10
5
20
2
Oxides of
Nitrogen
6
22
120
12
1 Assume an ash content of 10%
2 Assume a sulfur content of 3%
3 Assume a sulfur content of 0.5%
v
Baseline Year Emission Inventory
The baseline emissions are given in Table 111-10.
TABLE III-10
TOTAL COUNTY-WIDE EMISSIONS FROM COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL
FUEL USAGE
(TONS/YEAR)
POLLUTANT
COAL
DISTILLATE OIL
NATURAL GAS
LPG
TOTAL
Particulate
0.8
1.06
6.60
0.16
8.62
Sulfur Dioxide
4.56
37.56
0.40
-
42.52
Hydrocarbons
0.12
0.53
5.28
0.07
6.00
Carbon Monoxide
0.40
2.64
13.21
0.17
16.42
Oxides of Nitrogen
0.24
11.64
79.26
1.02
92.16
III-9
-------
Allocation of the Baseline Inventory
The baseline emissions were allocated to grids based upon existing land
use maps obtained from the planning agencies.
County-Wide Emission Projections
County-wide emissions from commercial/institutional fuel usage were
projected in accordance with commercial/institutional growth factors, derived
from the projected earnings for trade, finance, insurance, and real estate,
services and government. (See Table III-ll for the derivation of the C/I growth
factors.) The projected fuel usage, calculated by applying the C/I growth
factors, were adjusted to reflect the following assumptions concerning future
fuel availability:
o No growth in coal usage.
o No growth in natural or LP gas usage; and
o No change in the ratio of residual to distillate oil (not a significant
factor in York County because there was no residual oil usage.)
Calculations to adjust the fuel usage projections in accordance with the fuel
switch assumptions were similar to those used for residential fuel usage. The
projected commercial/institutional fuel usage is shown in Table 111-12 and the
projected emissions in Tables III-13 and III-14.
TABLE III-ll
COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS
CATEGORY
1976
1980
1985
Trade
5,050
5,999
6,219
FIREl
1,150
1.624
2,008
Services
3,550
4,973
6,291
Government
5,860
6,606
7,759
C/I TOTAL
15,610
19,202
22,277
C/I GROWTH FACTOR
1.230
1.427
1 FIRE - Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate
111-10
-------
TABLE I11-12
PROJECTED COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL FUEL USAGE
FUEL TYPE
UNITS
OUANTITY
1980 1985
Coal
Distillate Oil
Natural Gas
Liquefied Petroleum
Gas
tons
1000 gals
106ft3
1000 gals
80
3471
1321
170
80
5536
1231
170
TABLE III-13
TOTAL 1980 COUNTY-WIDE EMISSIONS FROM COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL FUEL USAGE
(TONS/YEAR)
POLLUTANT
COAL
DISTILLATE
OIL
NATURAL
GAS
LPG
TOTAL
Particulate
0.8
3.47
6.60
0.16
11.03
Sulfur Dioxide
4.56
123.22
0.40
-
128.18
Hydrocarbons
0.12
1.74
5.28
0.07
7.21
Carbon Monoxide
0.40
8.68
13.21
0.17
22.46
Oxides of Nitrogen
0.24
38.18
79.26
1.02
118.70
III-U
-------
TABLE 111-14
TOTAL 1985 COUNTY-WIDE EMISSIONS FROM COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL FUEL USAGE
(TONS/YEAR)
POLLUTANT
COAL
DISTILLATE
OIL
NATURAL
GAS
LPG
TOTAL
Particulate
0.8
5.54
6.60
0.16
13.10
Sulfur Dioxide
4.56
196.53
0.40
-
201.49
Hydrocarbons
0.12
2.77
5.28
0.07
8.24
Carbon Monoxide
0.40
13.84
13.21
0.17
27.62
Oxides of Nitrogen
0.24
60.90
79.26
1.02
141.42
ALLOCATION OF PROJECTED EMISSIONS
The projected emissions were allocated using projected land use maps
obtained from the local planning agencies.
111-12
-------
CHAPTER IV
TRANSPORTATION
Transportation sources are major contributors of all of the five criteria
pollutants. In particular, transportation sources contribute a substantial
portion of the emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of ni-
trogen. Transportation source categories include motor vehicles, aircraft,
vessels, and railroads.
MOTOR VEHICLES
Motor vehicles can be classified according to the following classes:
1. Light-duty, gasoline-powered vehicles (automobiles) (LDV);
2. Gasoline-powered, light-duty trucks (LDT);
3. Heavy-duty, gasoline-powered vehicles (HGV);
4. Heavy-duty, diesel-powered vehicles (HDV); and
5. Motorcycles (MC).
Each class has unique emission characteristics.
The emission factors for particulate and sulfur dioxide are shown in Table
IV-1. Table IV-2 shows the calculations for determining the particulate emis-
sion factors for LDV and LDT. The introduction of catalytic converters on 1975
model vehicles resulted in a decrease in the particulate emission factors for
LDV and LDT. Post-1975 catalyst-equipped vehicles do not emit lead which was
a major constituent of the exhaust omissions from pre-1975 LDV and LDT. The
equation for calculating the emission factors for these vehicles is
EF - [EFCC x F] + [EFncc x (l-F) ] + EF^
where:
EFCC » the exhaust emission factor for the 1975 model year and
later cars (0.05 g/mile),
EFjjcc " the exhaust emission factor for 1974 model and earlier
cars (0.34 g/mile),
EF,^ ¦ the tire wear emission factor (0.20 g/mile), and
F ¦ the fraction of annual miles traveled by model year.
IV-1
-------
F was calculated using national average data. Tables IV-3 and IV-4 show the
calculations of average number of tires for HGV and HDV. The data used in
these calculations were taken from the 1972 Census of Transportation for
South Carolina.
TABLE IV-1
PARTICULATE AND SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSION FACTORS
FOR MOTOR VEHICLES
(GRAMS/MILE)
VEHICLE
CLASS
PARTICULATE
SULFUR DIOXIDE
1976
1980
1985
1976
1980
1985
LDV1
0.48
0.33
0.27
0.18
0.18
0.18
LDT1
0.48
0.33
0.27
0.18
0.18
0.18
HGV1
1.29
1.29
1.29
0.36
0.36
0.36
HDV1
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.80
2.80
2.80
MC2
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.028
0.028
0.028
Includes exhaust and tire wear emissions.
2 An average of 2-stroke (38%) and 4-stroke (62%) engine emissions based
upon national averages.
TABLE IV-2
CALCULATION OF LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE PARTICULATE
EMISSION FACTORS
MODEL YEAR AGE (YEARS) F
For 1973; 1976 1 0.108
1975 2 0.112
TOTAL 0.220
EF - (0.05)(0.220) + (0.34)(1-0.220) + 0.20 - 0.48 grams/mile
IV-2
-------
TABLE IV-2 (Continued)
CALCULATION OF LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE PARTICULATE
EMISSION FACTORS
MODEL YEAR AGE (YEARS) F
For 1980: 1980 1 0.112
1979 2 0.143
1978 3 0.130
1977 4 0.121
1976 5 0.108
1975 6 0.094
TOTAL 0.708
EF - (0.05)(0.708) + (0.34)(1-0.708) + 0.20 - 0.33 grams/mile
1985
1
0.112
1984
2
0.143
1983
3
0.130
1982
4
0.121
1981
5
0.108
1980
6
0.094
1979
7
0.079
1978
8
0.063
1977
9
0.047
1976
10
0.032
1975
11
0.019
TOTAL
0.948
EF - (0.05)(0.948) + (0.34)(1-0.948) + 0.20 - 0.27 grams/mile
IV-3
-------
TABLE IV-3
CALCULATION OF MEAN NUMBER OF TIRES HGV
VEHICLE TYPE 106 HDGVMT NO. TIRES I06 TIRE-MILES
Single Unit 2-axle 537.6 6 3,225.6
Single Unit 3-axle 48.9 10 489.0
Combination 3-axle 16.7 10 167.0
Combination 4-axle 64.6 14 904.4
Combination 5-axle 29.6 18 532.8
TOTAL 697.4 5,318.8
Mean No. Tires = = 7.63
697.4
TABLE IV-4
CALCULATION OF MEM NUMBER OF TIRES HDV
VEHICLE TYPE 106 HDDVMT NO. TIRES 106 TIRE-MILES
Single Unit 2-axle 5.4 6 32.4
Single Unit 3-axle 16.1 10 161.0
Combination 3-axle 6.3 10 63.0
Combination 4-axle 87.4 14 1,223.6
Combination 5-axle 275.4 18 4,957.2
TOTAL 390.6 6,437.2
Mean No. Tires « ^390^6^ ™ 16.48
On June 24, 1977, EPA issued new emission factors for motor vehicles
which replace the emission factors for carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and
oxides of nitrogen in Supplement 5 of Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors (AP-42). Eventually, these factors will be published as Supplement
8 to AP-42. The changes in the emission factors and methodology are rather
substantial.
IV-4
-------
The revised equation for LDV is given by
n
E - Z CMRALUH
1
where: C - the 1975 Federal Test Procedure (FTP) mean emission factor
for each model year
M ¦ fraction of total mileage travelled by model year
R « temperature, speed and hot/cold correction factor
A = air-conditioning correction factor
L » vehicle load correction factor
U • trailer towing correction factor
H • humidity correction factor
The humidity correction factor is only used to calculate NO^ emissions
because the FTP specifies a standard condition of 75 grains of water per
pound of dry air. For York County, the average humidity recorded at the
Charlotte, North Arolina Airport was used to determine this correction
factor.
EPA's Interim Document gives a number of tables with the national age
distribution of automobiles and the average miles per year travelled by cars
at a particular age. The national average distribution was used to deter-
mine fraction of miles travelled by a particular age class;
The R correction factor incorporates the old correction factors for
temperature, speed, and fraction of hot and cold starts. The average annual
temperature recorded at Charlotte Airport was used. In the FTP, the "cold"
start condition is defined as the first 505 seconds of operation after the
vehicle has been allowed to "soak" for the previous 12 hours. "Hot" start
is the condition in which the car is turned off after 1375 seconds of
operation (505 seconds in the cold start condition and 870 in the stabilized
condition), "soaked" for 10 minutes and restarted and operated for another
505 seconds. There are presently no data available to relate the FTP con-
ditions to actual local conditions. After discussing the problem with Mr.
Len Fleckenstein of EPA's Office of Transportation and Land Use Policy
(0TLUP), the assumptions incorporated in Table IV-5 were developed to
estimate the operating conditions on specific road classes. The South
IV-5
-------
TABLE IV-5
ASSUMPTIONS OF VEHICLE DISTRIBUTION, SPEED, AND OPERATING
CONDITIONS BY GENERAL ROAD CLASSIFICATION
% DISTRIBUTION
BY VEHICLE CLASS1
AVERAGE
TYPE OF
OPERATION
ROAD
CLASSIFICATION
LDV
LDT2
HGV
HDV
SPEED
% COLD
X HOT
Urban -
Freeways
73.1
19.9
4.6
2.4
50
10
10
Major Arterials
76.3
20.7
2.0
1.0
30
15
20
Collectors
76.3
20.7
2.0
1.0
25
20
20
Local
77.1
20.9
1.3
0.7
20
40
30
Rural -
Freeways
71.6
19.4
5.9
3.1
55
10
10
Arterials and
Collectors
74.7
20.3
3.3
1.7
45
20
20
Local
77.1
20.9
1.3
0.7
25
40
20
* - This table does not include motorcycles because their emissions were determined by
another method.
2 - LDT includes two sub-classes LDT, which are LDT with a Gross Vehicular Weight (GVW) greater
than 6000 lb. but less than 8500 lb.
-------
Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SCDHPT) data from
Columbia for percent truck distribution by road class were also incorporated
into Table IV-5.
The national average of vehicles equipped with air conditioning systems
by model year is given by
It is likely that the local percentage of A/C-equipped vehicles in York County
will be somewhat higher than these national data. Because there was no local
data upon which to base an adjustment to the national averages, the national
averages were used to determine the air conditioning correction factor. It was
assumed that 100% of air conditioning systems will be operating on days with
temperature greater than 80°F.
The composite emission factor from the FTP is based upon a single
occupant of the car with a complete load of automotive fluids. Several
studies by the SCDHPT indicate an average occupancy of 1.35 persons per car.
The emission factors were corrected to account for an additional 45 lbs.
(based upon a potential load of 500 lbs. for 4 additional passengers).
There were no data upon which to base a correction for trailer towing.
Therefore, no attempt was made to correct for this variable.
The emission factor equations for light-duty trucks are similar to those
for automobiles. Most of the assumptions for automobiles were also used for
light-duty trucks. EPA has distinguished, however, between two weight
classes: less than 6000 lbs. GVW and 6001—8500 lbs. GVW. National sales
data were used to calculate emission factors for light-duty trucks, taking
into account the differences between these two weight classes.
The emission factors for HGV are given by
MODEL YEAR
Pre-1966
1966-68
1969-1972
1973-1975
% EQUIPPED WITH A/C
54
66
75
81
n
E » E CMVP
i
IV-7
-------
where:
C ¦ the mean emission factor determined by FTP and San Antonio
Road Route methods by model year
M = the fraction of total mileage travelled by model year
V - speed correction factor
P = truck characteristic correction factor for truck weight and
weight/power ratio
The nationwide fraction of gasoline-powered, HDV annual travel by model
year given in the Interim Document was used.
The average speeds given in Table IV-5 were used to determine the speed
correction factors.
The truck characteristic correction factor requires data on vehicle
weight (actual, not registered) and the engine's cubic inch displacement. In
the absence of any data upon which to make this correction, no correction for
truck characteristics was made.
The methodology outlined for heavy-duty, gasoline-powered vehicles was
used for HDV. The distribution of VMT between gasoline and diesel heavy-duty
vehicles for South Carolina from the 1972 Census of Transportation was used.
The emission factor equation for motorcycles is comparable to that for
light-duty vehicles except that no A, L, U, and H factors are included. The
total number of motorcycles in York County was obtained from the State.
Total VMT was the product of the number of motorcycles and 2000 miles/year/cycl8
(the nationwide average). The same assumptions for LDV in Table IV-5 were used
to calculate the R correction factor.
A computer program was obtained from OTLUP. This program was used to
calculate the emission factors for each vehicle class and each road class.
Emission factors were determined for 1976 and the two projection years, 1980
and 1985. These emission factors are given in Tables IV-6 through IV-14.
IV-8
-------
TABLE IV-6
HYDROCARBON MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION FACTORS FOR 19761
(GRAMS/MILE)
VEHICLE CLASS
ROAD CLASS LDV LDTj3 LDT23 HGV HDV MC COMPOSITE2
Urban
- Freeway
4.89
7.62
10.60
14.81
2.30
9.22
6.10
Arterial
8.33
9.18
12.65
21.09
3.23
11.35
9.03
Collector
9.26
10.18
13.95
25.44
3.72
12.68
10.07
Local
11.57
12.66
17.17
31.39
4.39
15.81
12.43
Rural
- Freeway
6.77
7.49
10.43
14.70
2.25
9.08
7.49
Arterial and
7.45
8.21
11.36
15.39
2.42
9.92
8.08
Collector
Local
10.34
11.33
15.44
25.44
3.72
14.03
11.08
1
2
3
- Includes exhaust and evaporative and crankcase emissions.
- Does not include motorcycles.
- The national sales data were used to split LDT into its sub-classes.
-------
TABLE IV-7
CARBON MONOXIDE MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION FACTORS FOR 1976
(GRAMS/MILE)
VEHICLE CLASS
ROAD CLASS LDV LDTj2 LDT22 HGV HDV MC COMPOSITE1
Urban - Freeway
29.23
31.37
37.75
151.56
14.93
19.08
35.51
- Arterial
47.06
49.82
59.04
177.87
20.68
27.49
50.84
- Collector
59.42
62.56
73.69
214.12
24.98
33.08
63.86
- Local
89.35
93.19
108.74
272.80
31.47
46.29
93.59
Rural - Freeway 27.54 29.62 35.71 170.07 15.39 18.32 36.50
- Arterial and 36.16 38.40 45.71 144.10 15.17 21.88 40.49
Collector
- Local 74.49 77.83 91.03 214.12 24.98 39.33 77.89
1 - Does not Include motorcycles.
2 - The national sales data were used to split LDT into its sub-classes.
-------
TABLE IV-8
OXIDES OF NITROGEN MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION FACTORS FOR 1976
(GRAMS/MILE)
VEHICLE CLASS
ROAD CLASS
LDV
ldt22
ldt22
HGV
HDV
MC
COMPOSITE1
Urban - Freeway
4.78
4.73
7.40
13.58
23.26
0.16
5.86
- Arterial
4.38
4.34
6.79
11.73
18.60
0.15
4.89
- Collector
4.19
4.14
6.48
11.27
19.32
0.14
4.69
- Local
4.25
4.21
6.59
10.80
20.82
0.14
4.67
Rural - Freeway
5.11
5.05
7.91
14.04
27.11
0.17
6.55
- Arterial and
Collector
4.91
4.85
7.60
13.12
20.77
0.17
5.69
- Local
4.41
4.36
6.83
11.27
19.32
0.15
4.83
1 - Does not include motorcycles.
2 - The national sales data were used to split LDT into its sub-classes.
-------
TABLE IV-9
HYDROCARBON1 MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION FACTORS FOR 1980
(GRAMS/MILE)
VEHICLE CLASS
ROAD CLASS
LDV
LDTj 3
LDT23
HGV
HDV
MC
COMPOSITE2
Urban - Freeway
4.39
5.23
7.89
12.83
2.38
4.14
5.14
- Arterial
5.47
6.61
9.80
18.52
3.26
5.88
6.24
- Collector
6.19
7.53
11.07
22.38
3.76
6.98
7.10
- Local
8.07
9.92
14.35
28.41
4.47
9.64
9.11
Rural - Freeway
4.29
5.11
7.72
12.70
2.35
4.00
5.11
- Arterial and
Collector
4.86
5.83
8.69
13.36
2.48
4.78
5.56
- Local
7.10
8.70
12.65
22.38
3.76
8.18
7.98
1 - Includes exhaust and evaporative and crankcase emissions
2 - Does not include motorcycles
3 - The national sales data were used to split LDT into its sub-classes
-------
TABLE IV-10
CARBON MONOXIDE MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION FACTORS FOR 1980
(GRAMS/MILE)
VEHICLE CLASS
ROAD CLASS LDV LDTj2 LDT22 HGV HDV MC COMPOSITE1
Urban
- Freeway
21.81
27.33
34.48
149.06
11.91
13.02
29.17
- Arterial
35.32
43.49
54.42
183.33
18.27
20.08
40.82
- Collector
45.50
55.68
69.32
216.09
22.31
24.97
52.06
- Local
71.11
86.39
106.42
266.72
28.25
36.70
78.43
Rural
- Freeway
20.36
25.58
32.31
159.19
11.76
12.35
29.89
- Arterial and
27.62
34.23
42.76
146.58
12.53
15.64
33.40
Collector
- Local 59.31 72.26 89.08 216.09 22.31 30.77 65.37
1
2
- Does not Include motorcycles.
- The nation sales data were used to split LDT Into Its sub-classes
-------
TABLE IV-11
OXIDES OF NITROGEN MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION FACTORS FOR 1980
(GRAMS/MILE)
VEHICLE
CLASS
ROAD CLASS
LDV
LDTi2
ldt22
HGV
HDV
MC
COMPOSITE1
Urban - Freeway
4.05
3.95
6.60
13.15
25.62
0.29
5.20
- Arterial
3.62
3.54
5.94
11.29
18.14
0.27
4.12
- Collector
3.42
3.35
5.63
10.82
18.72
0.26
3.92
- Local
3.43
3.36
5.67
10.36
20.25
0.26
3.84
Rural - Freeway
4.35
4.24
7.08
13.62
31.53
0.31
5.96
- Arterial and
Collector
4.10
4.01
6.72
12.68
21.87
0.30
4.92
- Local
3.64
3.55
5.98
10.82
18.72
0.27
4.05
1 - Does not Include motorcycles
2 - The national sales data were used to split LDT into its sub-classes
-------
TABLE IV-12
HYDROCARBON MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION FACTORS FOR 1985
(GRAMS/MILE)
ROAD CLASS
LDV
LDT!3
ldt23
HGV
HDV
MC
COMPOSITE2
Urban - Freeway
1.78
2.70
3.99
7.76
1.65
1.07
2.35
- Arterial
2.43
3.82
5.45
11.81
2.54
1.70
3.06
- Collector
2.87
4.58
6.42
14.48
3.04
2.11
3.63
- Local
4.12
6.73
9.08
18.56
3.75
3.08
5.07
Rural - Freeway
1.73
2.60
3.86
7.58
1.59
1.01
2.35
- Arterial and
Collector
2.11
3.25
4.67
8.18
1.76
1.31
2.66
- Local
3.50
5.65
7.71
14.48
3.04
2.54
4.28
1 - Includes exhaust and evaporative and crankcase emissions
2 - Does not Include motorcycles
3 - The national sales data were used to split LDT Into its sub-classes
-------
TABLE IV-13
CARBON MONOXIDE MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS FACTORS FOR 1985
(GRAMS/MILE)
ROAD CLASS
LDV
2
LDT!
2
LDT2
VEHICLE
HGV
CLASS
HDV
MC
1
COMPOSITE
Urban - Freeway
10.99
20.86
25.60
128.69
10.67
4.80
18.79
- Arterial
17.83
33.93
41.30
153.84
17.04
7.82
24.56
- Collector
23.38
44.43
53.71
174.34
21.13
9.95
31.60
- Local
38.45
73.12
86.58
204.62
27.26
15.02
49.04
Rural - Freeway
10.21
19.41
23.83
133.40
10.47
4.51
19.65
- Arterial and
Collector
14.41
27.42
33.06
128.33
11.30
5.96
21.27
- Local
24.22
46.16
57.40
204.62
27.26
11.09
32.23
1 - Does not Include motorcycles
2 - The national sales data were used to split LDT into its sub-classes
-------
TABLE IV-14
OXIDES OF NITROGEN MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION FACTORS FOR 1985
(GRAMS/MILE)
VEHICLE
CLASS
ROAD CLASS
LDV
LD^ 2
LDT22
HGV
HDV
MC
COMPOSITE1
Urban - Freeway
3.04
3.47
4.62
12.30
24.60
0.53
4.17
- Arterial
2.68
3.07
4.11
10.31
16.19
0.49
3.15
- Collector
2.53
2.89
3.89
9.81
16.82
0.47
2.99
- Local
2.53
2.89
3.92
9.31
18.49
0.48
2.90
Rural - Freeway
3.28
3.73
4.96
12.80
31.55
0.57
4.91
- Arterial and
Collector
3.07
3.50
4.68
11.81
20.33
0.55
3.85
- Local
2.72
3.09
4.17
9.81
16.82
0.50
3.09
1 - Does not include motorcycles'
2 - The national sales data were used to split LDT into its sub-classes
-------
Baseline Year Emission Inventory
The SCDHPT provided traffic flow maps for Rock Hill and the town of
Clover, Fort Mill, and York. In addition, SCDHPT provided a map of York
County with the traffic count data which was available. These maps contained
data obtained for 1971 for the county and 1975 for the city of Rock Hill. No
county-wide vehicle-miles travelled (VMT) data were available.
To obtain VMT data, the link specific VMT was determined for each road
for which annual daily traffic (ADT) was available. Information from the
Rock Hill Area Transportation Study (RHATS) was used to classify the roads
into the classification system for which the emission factors were calculated.
The 1975 RHATS update indicated that traffic volume on selected major streets
had increased 77% between 1965 and 1975 or an average of 7.7% per year.
This growth rate was used to adjust the measured VMT data to account for the
age of the basic ADT data. Little ADT information was available from the
maps for 1-77 because the maps were prepared while it was being built. It
was assumed that the ADT was 15,500 for the entire length of 1-77. (The 1975
Rock Hill traffic flow map gave an ADT of 14,700 for a small portion of 1-77.)
Urban and rural areas were differentiated by classifying all roads outside of
the RHATS study area as rural. Table IV-15 gives the. county-wide adjusted
VMT by road classification.
TABLE IV-15
COUNTY-WIDE DAILY VMT BY ROAD CLASSIFICATION
ROAD CLASSIFICATION
VEHICLE MILES TRAVELLED
Urban - Freeways
- Arterials
- Collectors
- Local
80,600
313,735
76,340
38,677
Rural - Freeways
- Arterial and
Collectors
- Local
TOTAL
513,681
1,605,605
120,900
461,672
IV-18
-------
In 1976, 1666 motorcycles were registered in York County. It was assumed
that each motorcycle would travel 2000 miles per year or that the total annual
county-wide motorcycle VMT would be 3,332,000 vehicle-miles. This VMT was
assumed to have the same distribution as the total daily VMT given in Table
IV-15.
Using the VMT data in Table 17-15 and the emission factors in Table IV-1
and Tables IV-6 through IV-8, the county-wide emissions were calculated. The
county-wide baseline emisssions are shown in Table IV-16.
TABLE IV-16
totat rOTTNTY-WIDE MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS
FOR 1976
(TONS/YEAR)
ROAD CLASSIFICATION
TSP
so2
EMISSIONS
HC
CO
NO
X
18.17
8.11
199.34
1,154.03
189.89
64.43
26.50
1146.97
6,431.44
616,82
15.68
6.44
311,23
1,965.46
143.94
7.78
3.11
194.66
1,459.18
72.62
28.23
13.13
366.52
1,778.95
318.38
98.52
42.71
1509.99
7,537.39
1056.15
103.43
41.33
2304.39
16,129.73
997.53
336.24
141.33
6033.10
36,456.18
3395.33
Urban - Freeways
- Arterials
- Collectors
- Local
Rural - Freeways
- Arterials and
Collectors
- Local
TOTAL
¦n i Year Emission Inventor
nf the BaselinejSH-jga
Tnrp was determined for each grid. The county-wide
The link specific vru.
_ -nnested to each grid in accordance with that grid's
emission estimates were
* u vmt for a particular road class,
proportion of the VMT
County-Wide Emission Prolectio
^ ....Hue vear was projected to the planning years of 1980
tua ttmt €qt the d«s®j,aw J
The Veil h data from the 1975 update> 11% per
and 1985 using the histories
IV-19
-------
year. The projected VMT values are shown in Table IV-17. The motorcycle VMT
was projected in the same fashion. Using the projected VMT data and the
emission factors from Table IV-1 and Tables IV-9 through IV-14, the county-
wide emissions for the projection years were determined. These estimates are
shown in Tables IV-18 and IV-19.
TABLE IV-17
PROJECTED COUNTY-WIDE DAILY VMT
VEHICLE MILES
TRAVELLED
ROAD CLASSIFICATION
1980
1985
Urban - Freeways
105,425
136,456
- Arterials
410,365
531,153
- Collectors
99,853
129,244
- Local
50,590
65,480
Rural - Freeways
158,137
204,684
- Arterials and
Collectors
603,867
781,611
- Local
671,895
869,662
TOTAL
2,100,132 2
,718,290
IV-20
-------
TABLE IV-
-18
TOTAL COUNTY-
-WIDE MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS
i FOR 1980
(TONS/YEAR)
EMISSIONS
ROAD
CLASSIFICATION
TSP
so2
HC
CO
NO
X
Urban
- Freeways
17.72
10.65
218.83
1,239.34
220.44
- Arterials
60.70
34.64
1034.86
6,752.48
679.88
- Collectors
14.78
8.42
286.58
2,095.34
157.41
- Local
7.23
4.08
186.37
1,599.22
78.12
Rural
- Freeways
28.16
17.29
326.28
1,904.52
378.98
- Arterials and
95.39
55.99
1356.26
8,129.24
1194.71
Collectors
- Local
96.12
54.24
2167.88
17,703.03
1094.27
TOTAL
320.10
185.31
5577.06
39,423.17
3803.81
TABLE IV-19
TOTAL COUNTT-MT"E MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS FOR 1985
(TONS/YEAR)
ROAD CLASSIFICATION TSP
SO,
EMISSIONS
HC
CO
Urban -
Rural -
NO
- Freeways
19.87
13.79
129.23
1,032.19
228.90
- Arterials
66.13
44.84
655.41
5,253.40
673.16
- Collectors
16.10
10.90
189.21
1,644.68
155.48
- Local
7.81
5.28
133.91
1,293.07
76.40
- Freeways
31.95
22.38
193.83
1,618.90
404.26
- Arterials and
105.56
72.47
838.10
6,693.55
1210.63
Collectors
- Local
103.86
70.21
1501.29
11,289.29
1081.22
TOTAL
351.28
239.87
3640.98
28,825.08
3830.05
IV-21
-------
Allocation of the Projected Emissions
The projected emissions were allocated to grids using the assumption
that the distribution of VMT by road classes will be the same as in the
baseline year. This assumption is equivalent to in situ VMT growth. Al-
though this assumption is rather gross, it should provide conservative
emissions estimates for hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. For these two
pollutants, the emission factors for lower type roads, i.e., locals, are
generally higher than the emission factors for higher type roads, i.e.,
freeways. It is likely that the VMT for higher type roads will grow faster
than that for the lower type. Likewise, the historical growth rate of
7.7% per year may be much too high in light of the on-going national energy
crisis.
There is only one airport of significance in York County. The airport
manager estimated that the York County airport has an average of 50 takeoffs
and landings each day or 9125 landing-takeoff operations (LTOs) per year.
All operations at York County airport are general aviation and can be
divided into the following types of airplanes:
The emission factors for each of these types of airplanes are given in
Table 17-20.
AIRCRAFT
Single-engine piston
Twin-engine piston
Business jet (two engines)
8212.5
730
182.5
IV- 22
-------
TABLE IV-20
EMISSION FACTORS FOR AIRCRAFT
EMISSION FACTOR (POUNDS/LTO)
POLLUTANT
SINGLE-ENGINE TWIN-ENGINE BUSINESS JET1
Particulate
0.02
0.04
0.11
Sulfur Dioxide
0.014
0.028
0.37
Hydrocarbons
0.40
0.80
3.6
Carbon Monoxide
12.2
24.4
15.8
Oxides of Nitrogen
0.047
0.094
1.6
1 The business jets have two engines.
Baseline Year Emission Inventory
Using the emission factors in Table IV-20 and the data supplied by the
airport manager, total county-wide emissions from aircraft were calculated.
These emission estimates are shown in Table IV-21.
TABLE IV-21
TOTAL 197fi rnUNTY-WTDE EMISSIONS FROM AIRCRAFT
EMISSION
POLLUTANT (TONS/YEAR)
Particulate
Sulfur Dioxide
Hydrocarbons
Carbon Monoxide
Oxides of Nitrogen
0.11
0.14
2.59
61.88
0.51
IV-23
-------
Allocation of the Baseline Year Emission Inventory
The emissions from aircraft were assigned to the grid in which the airport
is located.
County-Wide Emission Projections
The airport manager estimated that operations at the airport would increase
by 75% by 1980 and 150% by 1985. Based upon these projections and assuming
that the mix of general aviation aircraft would be the same, the projected
emissions from aircraft for 1980 and 1985 were calculated. These emission
estimates are shown in Table IV-22.
TABLE IV-22
PROJECTED EMISSIONS FROM AIRCRAFT
POLLUTANT
EMISSIONS
(TONS/YEAR)
1980
1985
Particulate
0.19
0.48
Sulfur Dioxide
0.24
0.35
Hydrocarbons
4.53
6.48
Carbon Monoxide
108.29
154.70
Oxides of Nitrogen
0.89
1.28
Allocation of the Projected Emissions
The projected emissions were assigned to the grid in which the airport is
located.
VESSELS
Lake Wylie, which borders northeastern York County, is a major recrea-
tional center for boating activity. The emission factors for gasoline-powered
boats from Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (EPA Publication
No. AP-42) are shown in Table IV-23.
IV-24
-------
TABLE IV-23
EMISSION FACTORS FOR RECREATIONAL BOATS
EMISSION FACTOR
POLLUTANT (POUNDS/1000 GALLONS)
Particulate
Sulfur Dioxide
Hydrocarbons
Carbon Monoxide
Oxides of Nitrogen
Negligible
6.4
1100
3300
6.6
Baseline Year Emi,°a''nn Inventory,
itsaae bv boats of Lake Wylie were available. The South
No data on the exact usage Dy
c ,«unfe and Marine Resources provided boat registration
Carolina Department of wiiaiiie
data for York County and surrounding counties. The assumption was made that
90% of the boats In York and 65% of those registered in Union, Chester, and
^ =« take Wylie. Table IV-24 shows these data.
Lancaster would use Lake wy
TABLE IV-24
rn|1T ^TcrEATTnw DATA AND USAGE ASSUMPTIONS
York
Union
Chester
Lancaster
TOTAL
3,351
916
999
1,374
90
65
65
65
3,016
595
649
893
5,153
Assuming that each boat consumes 160 gallons/year, then 824,480 gallons of fuel
used by boats in York County during 1976. Based upon this fuel consumption
were
IV-25
-------
estimate and the emission factors in Table IV-24, total baseline year emissions
were calculated. These estimates are shown in Table IV-25.
TABLE IV-25
1976 EMISSIONS FROM RECREATIONAL BOATS
POLLUTANT
EMISSIONS
(TONS/YEAR)
Particulate
Sulfur Dioxide
Hydrocarbons
Carbon Monoxide
Oxides of Nitrogen
453.46
1,360.39
2.72
2.64
Allocation of the Baseline Year Emission Inventory
The emissions from vessels were allocated to those grids bordering Lake
Wylie in proportion to each grid's share of the shoreline.
County-Wide Emission Projections
Emissions from vessels were projected to increase in accordance with the
population increase. The projected emissions are given in Table IV-26.
TABLE IV-26
PROJECTED EMISSIONS FROM RECREATIONAL BOATS
POLLUTANT
EMISSIONS (TONS/YEAR)
1980
1985
Particulate
Sulfur Dioxide
Hydrocarbons
Carbon Monoxide
Oxides of Nitrogen
2.82
483.69
1,451.08
2.90
3.03
519.61
1,558.83
3.12
IV-26
-------
Allocation of the Projected Emissions
The projected emissions were allocated in the same manner as the baseline
emissions were.
RAILROADS
The emission factors for locomotives are given in Table IV-27. These
factors are taken from AP-42.
TABLE IV-27
AVERAGE locomotive EMISSION FACTORS
POLLUTANT EMISSION FACTOR (LBS/1000 GALS)
Particulate 25
Sulfur Dioxide 57
Hydrocarbons 94
Carbon Monoxide 130
Oxides of Nitrogen 370
Baseline Ye*^ EUaaion Inventor.
fuel for use by railroads. Data for 1976 were not
MIS reports sales railroads for 1975 was lower than any other
available. that this decrease was due to the 1975 eco-
year since 19 • distillate oil usage for South Carolina
nomic recession. Theref ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ County. If
(479 x 10 bbls) was use ' t0 the totai track mileage in the state
this track mileage is p P ^ County WOuld be 638 x 103 gallons. Using
(.3034 miles), the fuel usage ^ ^ estimated. (See Table IV-28)
this value, total baseline year em
Allocation if fin"1""* Year TnveotorX
j orids in accordance with the track mileage
Emissions were allied to gt
measured in each grid.
IV-27
-------
County-Wide Emission Projections
Data on growth in intercity rail freight traffic were provided by the
Economics and Finance Department of the Association of American Railroads.
The average annual growth rate for such traffic, for the period 1954 to 1974,
was 2.2% for railroad ton-miles. Growth for all modes of intercity freight
traffic during the same period was 3.5%. During the past two decades, the
rail share of traffic decreased from 49.6% to 38.6%. This tendency toward
a decreasing share of the market is expected to halt. Consequently, an annual
growth rate of 3.5% was used to project emissions for York County. These pro-
jections as well as the baseline year estimates are shown in Table IV-28.
TABLE IV-28
BASELINE AND PROJECTED EMISSIONS FROM RAILROADS
POLLUTANT
EMISSIONS (TONS/YEAR)
1976 1980 1
1985
Particulate
Sulfur Dioxide
Hydrocarbons
Carbon Monoxide
Oxides of Nitrogen
8.58
19.55
32.24
9.78
22.29
36.75
11.28
25.71
42.40
44.59
50.83
58.64
126.91
144.68
166.89
Allocation of Projected Emissions
The projected emissions were allocated in the same manner as the
baseline year emissions.
IV-28
-------
CHAPTER V
FUGITIVE DUST SOURCES
A significant portion of the total York County particulate emissions
results from fugitive dust sources. Fugitive dust sources include unpaved roads,
tilling operations, construction activity, and re—entrained dust from paved
roads. Another source category, windblown dust from aggregate storage piles,
is included in the point source inventory.
UNPAVED ROADS
The AP-42 emission factor (in pounds/vehicle-mile traveled) for unpaved
roads is given by the formula:
K - «>•«•> (^X^lr)
whsrs*
s - the silt content of the road surface material in percent.
S ¦ the average vehicle speed, and
W - the number of "wet" days, i.e., days with greater than 0.01 inches
of precipitation
Substituting into this equation the following parameters appropriate to York
County:
s • 20% (assumed based upon Soil Survey data)
S - 30 mph (assumed)
W ¦ 108 (from climstological data)
E - 0.81 x 20(|§)(363~3°8) - 11.41 lbs/VMT
Of the total particulate emitted, only 60% is less than 30ym, i.e., would remain
suspended. Thus, the emission factor for total suspended particulate matter is
6.85 lbs/VMT.
Baseline Year Emission Inventory
Using a county road map, 357 miles of unpaved roads were measured. The
county road supervisor recommended an average value of 25 cars per day for these
unpaved roads. Using these values, the total 1976 county-wide emissions were
estimated to be 11,157.37 tons/year.
V-l
-------
Allocation of the Baseline Year Inventory
The total unpaved road mileage for each grid was measured on a county road
map. Emissions were allocated in accordance with the distribution of unpaved
road mileage.
County-Wide Emission Projections
Although it is accepted that some of the 1976 unpaved roads will be paved
by 1980 and 1985 and that little unpaved road mileage may be added to the network
over this period, it is impossible at this time to estimate the decrease in
unpaved road mileage. Because of the importance of this source category and the
inability to make a rational judgement as to its future contribution to air
quality, it is suggested that emissions be projected as unchanging and that the
effect of paving specific road sections be considered during the development
of control strategies.
Allocation of Projected Emissions
As discussed above, emissions from this source category were not changed
from the baseline year allocation.
TILLING ACTIVITY
The emission factor (in pounds/acre tilled) for tilling activity from AP-42
is given by the equation:
T? » 1>4s
(PE/50)2
where
s • the silt content in percent, and
PE ¦ the Thornthwaite Precipitation-Evaporation Index
Using the parameters appropriate to York County:
s • 27% (based upon an analysis of data from the Soil Survey)
PE - 97 (from AP-42)
E - (97/5o^'2 " 10.04 pounds/acre
Of the total particulate emitted, only 80% will remain suspended. Thus, the
emission factor for total suspended particualte matter is 8.03 lbs/acre.
V-2
-------
Baseline Year Emission Inventory
The county extension agent provided data on cropland harvested and the
number of times per year each crop is tilled. These data are presented in
Table V-l.
TABLE V-l
ArBES TILLED IN YORK COUNTY
CROPLAND (ACRES)
Corn
Sorghums
Wheat
Soybeans
Hay
Cotton
Irish Potatoes
Vegetables
Orchards
TOTAL
TIMES TILLED
5
3
3
5
3
8
5
5
1
22,849
TILLED ACRES
13,985
3,183
3,522
26,165
20,136
39,648
50
915
723
108,327
„ ausnended particulate emissions from tilling
Based upon these data,
activity for 1976 was 434.95 tona/year.
nw.M.«n of
ctivity emissions were allocated in accordance with agricultural
Tilling ac a88igned subjectively using USGS maps and observed
allocation factors w activity. A value of 100 was assigned to the
concentrations of agr cu gieategt activity. Values from 0 to 100 were
grid considered to have comparing their activity with the grid having the
assigned to all other grids by c
maximum activity*
"-mry-T-"^ Emissi°JLlE°i3££jgSa
ntinuing decline in agricultural landuse in the United
There has been a provide projections of land used for crops
States. The 1972 0BERS projections
V-3
-------
in South Carolina. These projections were used to project emissions from tilling
activity. The projected emissions for 1980 were 424.35 tons/year and for 1985,
267.81 tons/year.
Allocation of Projected Emissions
Emissions from tilling activity were projected to decrease. It is antici-
pated that this decrease will be due to the encroachment of urban landuse
upon farmland. The RHATS area defines the urbanized area of York County.
Therefore, the emissions from tilling activity in those grids within the RHATS
area were decreased in proportion to the baseline emissions in those grids
until the projected emissions in the grids within the RHATS area were zero.
Then, the emissions in the rural grids were decreased in proportion to their
baseline emissions.
CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY
AP-42 suggests an emission factor of 1.2 tons/acre/month for fugitive dust
emissions from construction activity. AP-42 also gives guidance as to how
this emission factor can be modified to reflect local conditions. The resulting
emission factor can be expressed as:
where
m « number of months
e « control efficiency
s ¦ silt content
PE ¦ Thornthwaite Precipitation-Evaporation Index
Using parameters appropriate to York County:
m » 3 months (an average time a site is disturbed)
e ¦ 50% (assumes an efficient watering program)
s ¦ 27% (from Soil Survey)
PE - 97 (from AP-42)
E - 1.2m(l-e)(^)(|f)2
E ¦ 860.88 lbs/acre
V-4
-------
Baseline Yaar Emias^n Inventory
Table V-2 shows the method for calculating total acres of construction.
Based upon this acreage, the total 1976 county-wide particulate emissions from
construction activity were 105.56 tons/year.
Allocation ^ BaseJIw Year Inventory
The planning agencies for York County and Rock Hill provided data from
TV,*** data were used to allocate the emissions to the individ-
building permits. These aata
ual grids.
Countv-Wid^ Passion Projections
The emissions from construction activity were projected using the projec-
f ntract construction employees for York County. In 1980, the emissions
^ ^ v- 170 22 tons/year, and in 1985, 213.29 tons/year,
were projected to be !/».<"¦
Aii^Hon of thP Projected Emissions
Th ojected emissions were allocated to grids in accordance with the
anticlpate^growth in population within each grid.
RE-ENTRAINED DUST
^-une for fii—1 o£ Control Strategies in Areas With Fugitive
?l1 ! Publication OAQPS No. 1.2-071) gives an emission factor
Dust Problems *uu
iiHa^ J ^•lesions from dust re-entrained from paved roads. This
formula for estimating emissions
u* u 1* based upon preliminary data, is.
formula, which is /365-W\
E * kLS\ 365 /
Where:f . dust emission rate (grama/vehicle-Mle).
15 x 10"5, an empirical proportionality factor,
surface dust load in grams per curbed mile of road,
^ of surface dust, and
e « ailt content oi
* ^V9 with 0.01 inches of rainfall or more.
W - number o£ days wi»
rhe following typical values which can be used
„„Mieation suggests w
The same publican*"4
in the formula:
V-5
-------
TABLE V-2
CALCULATION OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY EMISSIONS
SC YORK
Contract Construction Employment1 66,834 1436
CONTRACT VALUE
(10 DOLLARS)
SC2
YORK3
Residential
Non-Residential
Non-Building
TOTAL
675
495
187
1,356
14.50
10.64
4.02
29.16
ACRES OF CONSTRUCTION
FACTOR1*
YORK
Residential
Non-Residential
Non-Building
TOTAL
8A/106$
2.7A/106$
25A/106$
116.00
28.73
100.50
245.23
1 Source: Bureau of Census, 1973
2 Source: Bureau of Census, unpublished 1976 data compiled bv the
McGraw-Hill Co.
3 Apportioned from state totals in accordance with contract construction
employment
** Source: Development of Emisison Factors for FufliM.ro tw- c~.tr.ri
7-6
-------
L » 1000 lb/curbed mile (from a study of street dust loadings in
selected cities),
S ¦ 10%, and
W - 108 (from climatological data for York County).
Using these values in the formula,
E - (15 x lO"5) (1000) (453.6 gm/lb) (0.10)(36*~*?3)
E » 4.79 grams/vehicle mile
Baseline Year Emission Inventory
Using this emission factor and the total VMT for 1976 from Table IV-15,
the baseline emissions were 3094.31 tons/year.
Allocation of Baseline Year Inventory
The baseline emissions were allocated to grids in accordance with each
grid's motor vehicle exhaust and tire wear emissions allocation. This method
approximates an allocation based upon tire-miles.
County-Wide Emissj"" Projections
The projected VMT from Table IV-17 were used to project re-entrained dust
emissions for 1980 and 1985. The projected emissions for 1980 were 4047.36 tons/
year, and for 1985, 5238.67 tons/year.
Allocation of Prolec^ Emissions
The projected emissions were allocated in the same manner as the baseline
emissions.
-------
CHAPTER VI
EVAPORATIVE LOSSES
The clas3 of evaporative losses includes emissions from petroleum
marketing, surface coating, dry cleaning, and cut-back asphalt paving.
To determine the amount of gasoline marketed, paint used, and solvent
used in dry cleaning, surveys were taken in York County. Copies of the
survey forms used are included as Figures VI—1 through VI—3.
PETROLEUM MARKETING
Emission factors, based on the annual throughput and the tank filling
method, are found in AP-42. These factors were combined as shown in Table
VI-1 to obtain a single factor.
TABLE VI-1
EMISSION FACTORS FOR GASOLINE MARKETING
EMISSION SOURCE
EMISSION FACTOR (LBS/1000 GALS)
SPLASH LOADING SUBMERGED LOADING
Storage: 11>5 7.3
Underground tank loading
1.0 1.0
Tank breathing
Vehicle refueling:
Vapor displacement 11,0 11
0,67 °-67
Spillage
24.17 19.97
TOTAL
„ , 103 g»ls. Of gasoline vere reared in th. survey. The
Only 9,15* x ® ^ total gasoline consumption rate for South
1974 Highway. Statistics g ^ ^ factoring this figure by the rate of in-
Carolina as 1,604,112 x 10 8 estimate of the 1976 rate is
crease in state gas° allocation to the counties of
3 11 nn
-------
Figure VI-1. Confidential petroleum marketing survey form.
THIS INFORMATION IS FOR COUNTY, STATE OF , YEAR
COMPANY NAME NAME OF PERSON
MAILING ADORESS COMPLETING THIS FORM
TELEPHONE NO. DATE
PLEASE COMPLETE - INCLUDE ALL STATIONS TO WHICH YOUR COMPANY SUPPLIES GASOLINE.
NO.
STATION LOCATION
TANK
CAPACITY
(Gallons)
THROUGHPUT
(Gal Ions)
(To Nearest
1000)
NUMBER
OF
PUMPS
METHOD OF FILLING
STORAGE TANKS
Splash
Submerged
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
COMMENTS
NOTE: Please Indicate in your comments the name and address of any jobbers you have In this county.
-------
Figure VI—2- Confidential dry cleaning solvent usage survey form.
THIS INFORMATION IS FOR
COUNTY, STATE OF
YEAR
COMPANY NAME
LOCATION
NAME OF PERSON
COMPLETING THIS FORM.
MAILING ADDRESS
TELEPHONE NO._
DATE
AVERAGE AMOUNT OF CLOTHES CLEANED PER WEEK
POUNDS
TYPE OF
SOLVENT
TOTAL AMOUNT
PURCHASED IN YEAR
NAME & ADDRESS
OF SUPPLIER
OII-SITE STORAGE
CAPACITY
Perchloro-
ethylene
(Gallons)
Stoddard
(Gallons)
Other
(Specify)
(Gallons)
TYPE OF VAPOR
RECOVERY SYSTEM:
(Please Check One)
Water-cooled Condenser
Activated-carbon Adsorber
Other (Specify)
None
COMMENTS:.
NOTE: Please Indicate in your comments If you do no dry cleaning.
-------
Figure VI-3. Confidential automotive paint usage survey form.
THIS INFORMATION IS FOR COUNT*. STATE OF , YEAR
COMPANY NAME NAME OF PERSON
LOCATION COMPLETING THIS FORM
MAILING ADDRESS
DATE
TELEPHONE NO
COATING
PRIMER
REDUCER OR THINNER
TYPE
AMOUNT USEO
(Gallons/Meek)
TYPE
AMOUNT USEO
(Gallons/Week)
TYPE
AMOUNT USED
(Gallons/Week)
Acrylic
Enamel
Enamel
Primer
Enamel
Reducer
Synthetic
Enamel
-
Lacquer
Primer
Lacquer
Thinner
Acrylic
Lacquer
Other
(Please Specify)
Other
(Please Specify)
Other
(Please Specify)
COMMENTS
NOTE; If you do not paint every week, please Indicate in your comments your operating schedule.
-------
gasoline tax revenue is used to disaggregate the state tof*i -i.
> the SflsolinA
usage rate for York County would be 45,694 x 103 sal* ru<
® This value was used
to estimate hydrocarbon emissions with the assumption that the split betwe
loading types would be the same as that determined in the st & ***"
survey. Thus, 1976
county-wide emissions from gasoline marketing were j
8 were estimated to be 536.71 tons/
year. tuns/
The growth in evaporative losses from gasoline market
seeing was projected
to increase with growth in TOT. The projected 1980 emissions .rare 702.02
tons/year. The 1985 emissions were projected to be 908 65 tons/y
The baseline and projected emissions were allocated ,
co grids in accordance
with the data provided in the survey. It was assumed
cnat the sources which
did not respond would be located near those which did.
SURFACE COATING
This source category considers hydrocarbon emissions from solvent
poration resulting from surface coating operations. Two «
cypes of operation
were considered: (1) automotive painting in garages and body shops and (2)
trade paint application (oil-based and water-borne). Emission factors f
oil-based paints are found in AP-42. Emission factors for u
, . cor water-bome paints
can be estimated from the quantity of organic volatiles in the paint
Manufacturing applications of surface coatings, can coatino ~ +
UAU®» automobile
assembly, etc. were not considered. These sources should be Included in th
point source inventory.
Automotive Painting
The quantity of automotive paint used in York County was determined from
the survey of body shops and garages. These data and the resulting hydrocarbo
emissions are shown in Table VI-2.
VI-5
-------
TABLE VI-2
HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FROM AUTOMOTIVE PAINTING
TYPE OF COATING
AMOUNT1
EMISSION FACTOR
EMISSIONS
(GALS/YR)
(LBS/TON)
(TONS/YR)
Enamel
449
840
0.76
Lacquer
391
1540
1.29
Primer
392
1320
1.28
Thinner/Reducer
1036
2000
3.73
TOTAL
7.06
In converting these volume units to weight units, the following density-
factors were used:
Enamel 8.1 lbs/gal
Lacquer 8.6 lbs/gal
Enamel primer 11.0 lbs/gal
Lacquer primer 9.2 lbs/gal
Thinner and reducer 7.2 lbs/gal
Trade-Pa^t Application
Trade-paint application refers to paint, enamel, varnish, etc., used by
individuals and contractors for exterior and interior surface coating. The
National Paint and Coating Association estimated that 2.1 gallons per capita
(45% water-borne and 55% oil-based) are used on a national basis.
An emission factor of 1120 lbs/ton of paint from AP-42 was used to est!
mate emissions from oil-based paints. The volatile section of water-borne
paint is 25 to 50% (35% weighted average) by weight of the paint. Of this,
5 to 20% (15% weighted average) are volatile organics. An emission factor
of 5.25% by weight of water-borne paint was used.
VI-6
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Using these data and a density of 8.5 lbs/gal for water-borne paint
and 13 0 lbs/gal for oil-based pain, 1976 hydrocarbon emissions from trade-
paint application were estimated to be 418.05 tons/year.
The total hydrocarbon emissions from surface coating (automotive and
trade paint) were projected in accordance with population growth. The total
emissions for 1980 were 453.45 tons/year and for 1985, 487.12 tons/year.
Baseline and projected emissions were allocated in accordance with the popula'
tion distribution.
DRY CLEANING
of the dry cleaning establishments in York County were contacted dur-
fuo failed to respond. These data are shown in Table
ing the survey. Only two
47 hvdrocarbon emissions can be estimated by assuming
VI-3. According to AP-
-------
Baseline and projected emissions were assigned to grids in accordance
with the location and solvent usage of the dry cleaners who reported in the
survey.
CUT-BACK ASPHALT PAVING
DHEC obtained data on the usage of cut-back asphalt paving in York County.
In 1977, 45,903 gallons were used. Usage for 1979 and 1981 were projected to
be 50,493 gallons and 55,084 gallons respectively. Using straight-line inter-
polation and extrapolation, the usage rates for 1976, 1980, and 1985 are 43,608
gallons, 52,788 gallons, and 73,444 gallons respectively. The percentage of
volatiles in the cut-back was estimated to be 30% and the density is 8.75 lbs/
gal. Thus, hydrocarbon emissions for 1976 were 57.24 tons/year. The projected
hydrocarbon emissions for 1980 and 1985 are 69.28 tons/year and 96.40 tons/year.
Baseline and projected emissions were allocated in accordance with the number
of miles of paved roads in each grid.
VI-8
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CHAPTER VII
MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES
Miscellaneous sources include solid waste disposal (on-site i
open burning, agricultural burning, slash burning, and frost c
combustion (construction equipment, agricultural equioment , ' nternal
t ^wcui., ana small tasoi -r no
engines), and wildfires (forest fires, prescribed burnins an* *
*uj.n.g, ana structural fir*«^
Because the emissions from miscellaneous sources are ,
generally less significant
than those from other classes of sources, the level of m,*
j. or the estimates of the
emissions for these sources is generally lower than that for other
categories•
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
Solid waste disposal consists of the area source cate^H
gorxes of on-site
incineration, open burning, agricultural burning, slash burning, and frost
control. The South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Cont 1
maintains files on incinerators. These can be handled
er point or area
sources. They have not been included as area sources for York County Th
York County extension agent confirmed that agricultural bum¦!»,«. •.
™g, slash burning,
and frost control are not practiced in York County, it is nn«- -
y not expected that
agricultural practice will change in the future.
Open Burning
Volume 7 of the Guidelines gives the following factors for
estimating the
amount of refuse open burned:
1. Residential - 122 tons/1000 population/year
2. Commercial/Institutional - 12 tons/1000 population/year.
3. Industrial - 160 tons/1000 manufacturing employees/year.
Using these factors, the total quantities of solid waste which were open
burned in 1976 were estimated. Using population and manufacturing employment
projection data from Chapter II* the total quantities of refuse opea
burned in 1980 and 1985 were estimated. These estimates are given in Tafaie ^
VII-1
-------
TABLE VII-1
ESTIMATES OF REFUSE OPEN BURNED
TYPE OF REFUSE SOURCE
REFUSE
1976
BURNED
1980
(TONS)
1985
Residential
11,552
12,322
13,237
Commercial/Institutional
1,136
1,212
1,302
Industrial
2,590
2,781
2,830
TOTAL
15,278
16,315
17,369
Using the emission factors from AP-42 for open burning of municipal
refuse, the county-wide emissions for open burning for 1976 and the projection
years were calculated. These estimates are given in Table VII-2.
TABLE VII-2
COUNTY-WIDE TOTAL EMISSIONS FOR OPEN BURNING
POLLUTANT
EMISSION FACTOR MISSIONS (TONS/YEAR)
(POUHDS/TON) 19?6 1980 198J
Particulate
16
122.22
130.51
138.95
Sulfur Dioxide
1
7.64
8.16
8.69
Hydrocarbons
30
229.17
244.72
260.54
Carbon Monoxide
85
649.31
693.37
738.20
Oxides of Nitrogen
6
45.83
48.94
52.10
County-wide emissions for the baseline year and for the projection years
were allocated to grids in accordance with the population distribution.
INTERNAL COMBUSTION
This class of miscellaneous sources includes those source categories which
encompass off-highway vehicles and small gasoline engines. The three categories
VII-2
-------
included are construction equipment, agricultural equipment, and small saaclin.
engines.
Construction Equipment
According to the 1974 Census of Agriculture, there were 45,312 farm
in South Carolina. Assuming that 20% of these burn diesei »nA -u ^ J* traCt°rs
aei ana that the average
tractor consumes 1,000 gallons per year, the total diesel consumption by farm
tractors would be 9,062.4 * 103 gallons. MIS for 1974 reported 17,388 x lo"
gallons consumed in the state by off-highway vehicles rh,,* v
s' J-nus, by subtraction,
8,325.6 x 103 gallons were consumed in the state by conatmpH^
j i-viuscruction equipment. If
this state-wide total is disaggregated to York County based upon York's
tion of heavy construction employment, 105,627 gallons of die«*i
uiesei were consumed
in York for construction equipment. Proportioning this 1
-------
These total county-wide emissions estimates were allocated to grids in
the same manner as emissions from construction activity (Chapter V).
Agricultural Equipment
According to the 1974 Census of Agriculture, there were 945 tractors in York
County. The county extension agent confirmed this number and estimated that 80%
were gasoline and that average annual fuel consumption by tractor would be 650
gallons. Based upon these data and the emission factors in AP-42, total county-
wide emissions from gasoline and diesel farm tractors were estimated for 1976.
The 1972 OBERS Series E projections provide projections of total state cropland.
These projections were used to project emissions from farm tractors to 1980 and
1985. The emissions estimates for all three years are shown in Tables VII-4
and VII-5.
TABLE VII-4
TOTAL COUNTY-WIDE EMISSIONS FROM GASOLINE FARM TRACTOR
EMISSION FACTOR
(LBS/1000 GALS)
EMISSIONS (TONS/YEAR)
POLLUTANT
1976
1980
1985
Particulate
Sulfur Dioxide
Hydrocarbons
Carbon Monoxide
Oxides of Nitrogen
8.00
1.97
1.30
49.88
800.98
37.10
1.92
1.27
48.66
781.45
36.20
1.21
5.31
203.02
3,260
151
30.71
493.19
22.84
0.80
VII-4
-------
TABLE VII-5
TOTAL COUNTY-WIDE EMISSIONS FROM DIESEL FABM TRACTORS
POLLUTANT
EMISSION FACTOR
(LBS/1000 GALS)
EMISSIONS (TONS/YEAR
1976 1980 1985
Particulate
Sulfur Dioxide
Hydrocarbons
Carbon Monoxide
Oxides of Nitrogen
45.7
31.2
60.7
119
335
2.81
1.92
3.73
7.31
20.58
2.74
1.87
3.64
7.13
20.08
1.73
1.18
2.30
4.50
12.67
Emissions from agricultural equipment were allocated to grids using the
t-har used to allocate emissions from tilling operations
same procedure as tnat
(Chapter V).
Small Ga°nHnfi Engines
Moats a oer capita usage rate of 13 gallons per year of
APTD-1135 suggests a pet r
aneines. AP-42 presents emission factors for these
gasoline for small gasolin 8
j emission factors, a usage rate can be determined
engines. By comparing these
for each type o! engine, as follows:
1. 2-stroke engine - 20.6 gals/year
2 4-stroke lawn and garden engines - 10.7 gals/year
3! 4-stroke Miscellaneous engines - 12.3 gals/year
data that the value of 13 gallons per year from APTD-1135
It appears from thes ^ ^ engine rather than per capita. If that is the
may be an average vn-rk. County would be 258.5 x 10^ gals based upon
io7fi fuel usage for iorK j
case, the 17/0 million such engines in the United States.
~•Hat ax©
the AP-42 estimate logical than using 13 gals/person/year. AP-42
This approach appears ._aa flre used for lawn and garden purposes.
*ua+ 90% of the engin
also states tnat 7 ^„„flt-ions can be solved to determine the per-
simultaneous equation
Given these facts,
centage o£ each type of
VII-5
-------
Based upon these assumptions, average emission factors were calculated for
small gasoline engines. The total 1976 emissions were calculated. The emissions
for 1980 and 1985 were determined based upon the assumption that growth in
emissions will be proportional to population growth. These emission estimates
are shown in Table VII-6.
TABLE VII-6
TOTAL COUNTY-WIDE EMISSIONS FROM SMALL GASOLINE ENGINES
POLLUTANT
EMISSION FACTOR
(LBS/1000 GALS)
EMISSIONS (TONS/YEAR)
1976 1980 1985
Particulate
16.27
o
r—1
CM
2.24
2.41
Sulfur Dioxide
4.96
0.64
0.68
0.73
Hydrocarbons
613.44
79.29
84.58
90.86
Carbon Monoxide
3,811.15
492.59
525.43
564.44
Oxides of Nitrogen
39.83
5.15
5.49
5.90
The baseline year and projected emissions were allocated to the grids
based upon the population distribution.
WILDFIRES
This class of miscellaneous sources includes forest fires, prescribed
burning, and structural fires.
Forest Fires
The South Carolina State Commission of Forestry reported 45 forest fires
in'York County in 1976 with 81.8 acres burned and 24 brush fires with 77.7 acres
of fields burned. AP-42 presents emission factors in terms of pounds per ton of
fuel consumed. For the Southeast, a typical value for fuel availability (from
AP-42) is nine tons per acre. It was assumed that half of this amount would be
available on brushland. Thus, 120.65 acres of equivalent forest land were burned.
Using these assumptions, the total 1976 county-wide emissions from forest fires
were estimated.
VII-6
-------
Forest fires by their nature are difficult to predict. The incidence of
forest fires should be proportional, however, to the amount of forest land. The
1972 Series E OBERS provided projections of commercial forest area for South
Carolina. These projections were used to estimate forest fire emissions for 1980
and 1985. The total county-wide emissions estimates for 1976, 1980, and 1985
are given in Table VII-7.
TABLE VII-7
TOTAL COUNTY-WIDE EMISSIONS FROM FOREST FIRES
POLLUTANT
EMISSION FACTOR
(LBS/ACRE)
Particulate
Sulfur Dioxide
Hydrocarbons
Carbon Monoxide
Oxides of Nitrogen
153
Negligible
216
1,260
36
EMISSIONS (TONS/YEAR)
1980 1985
8.19
13.03
76.01
2.17
11.57
67.46
1.93
7.92
11.18
65.23
1.86
for the baseline and projection years were allocated
Forest fire emissions
^ land allocation factors assigned subjectively using
in accordance with forest
rved concentrations of forest land. Values from 0 to 100 were
USGS maps and bt±as by comparing their forest land area with that of
assigned to all other gnu
the grid assigned the -1- value'
Proarribed Bunting.
. is a common practice in much of South Carolina. In 1976,
Prescribed burning i®
during two bums. Prescribed burning is used to limit the
in Ar*r0)3 ygtfi burneo **
ju 8cie» . ig t0 control damage from any subsequent wildfires,
, avaiiable forest r»eAS
amount or brownspots, and to control hardwoods in pine stands,
to control diseases sucti
t specifically address the problem of estimating emissions
Ap-42 does n assumed that only one-third of the normally
from prescr e kti«ied. Using this assumption and the AP-42 emission
availaDie j- total 1976 county-wide emissions from prescribed
factors for forest fires,
VII-7
-------
.burning were estimated. The same projection procedure outlined for forest fires
was used for prescribed burning. The emission estimates for all three years
are given in Table VII-8.
TABLE VII-8
TOTAL COUNTY-WIDE EMISSIONS FROM PRESCRIBED BURNING
POLLUTANT
EMISSION FACTOR
(LBS/ACRE)
EMISSIONS (TONS/YEAR)
1976 1980 1985
Particulate
Sulfur Dioxide
Hydrocarbons
Carbon Monoxide
Oxides of Nitrogen
51
72
420
12
0.76
1.08
6.30
0.18
0.67
0.96
5.59
0.16
0.65
0.93
5.41
0.15
These emissions were allocated to grids using the same procedure outlined
above for forest fires.
STRUCTURAL FIRES
The average per capita loss from fire in 1974 was 15.09 dollars. The
median value of a house in 1974 was $27,200. Using these data, an estimate
was made of the number of equivalent houses in York County in 1974 that were
burned, i.e., 51 houses. An average 1500 sq.ft. dwelling contains 16.8 tons
of wood. If four tons are added for furnishings, the total amount of fuel
burned by structural fires in 1974 was 1060.8 tons. To obtain a value for
1976, this value was projected to increase with population. The estimate
for 1976 was 1097.4 tons. Using this value and the emission factors from
AP-42, the baseline year emissions were calculated. The emissions for 1980
and 1985 were obtained by projecting the baseline emissions in accordance
with population. Baseline and projected emissions are shown in Table VIII-9.
VII-8
-------
TABLE VI1-9
BASELINE AND PROJECTED EMISSIONS FROM STRUCTURAL FIKES
POLLUTANT
EMISSION FACTOR
EMISSIONS (TON/YEAR)
(LBS/TON)
1976
1980
1985
Particulate
17
9.33
9.95
10.69
Sulfur Dioxide
neglible
-
-
-
Hydrocarbons
4
2.19
2.34
2.51
Carbon Monoxide
50
27.44
29.27
31.44
Oxides of Nitrogen
2
1.10
1.17
1.26
The baseline and projected emissions were allocated tn ^
co grids in accordance
with the population distribution.
VII-9
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CHAPTER VIII
EMISSIONS SUMMARY
The emissions estimates for all area source categories are summarized In
Tables VIII-1 through VIII-3. Jased upon the projection methodology used, area
source emissions of particulates, sulfur dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen will
increase between 1976 and 1985 13.8?, 54.3Z, and 14.0%, respectively. ?et,
area source emissions of hydrocarbons are projected to decrease by 22.5% aid
emissions of carbon monoxide by 18.6%.
VIII-1
-------
TABLE VIII-1
SUMMARY OF AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS FOR 1976
(TONS/YEAR)
30 NO
SOURCE CATEGORY TSP 2 HC CO x
Fuel Combustion
Residential 56.07 360.16 20.19 267.29 110.78
Commercial/Institutional 8.62 42.52 6.00 16.42 92.16
Transportation
Motor Vehicles 336.24 141.33 6,033.10 36,456.18 3,395.33
Aircraft 0.11 0.14 2.59 61.88 0.51
Vessels - 2.64 453.46 1,360.39 2.72
Railroads 8.58 19.55 32.24 44.59 126.91
Fugitive Dust Sources
Unpaved Roads 11,157.37
Tilling Activity 434.95 - -
Construction Activity 105.56 - -
Re-Entrained Dust 3,094.31 - - -
Evaporative Losses
Petroleum Marketing - - 536.71
Surface Coating - _ 425.11
Dry Cleaning - _ 68.71
Asphalt Paving - _ 57.24
Miscellaneous
Solid Waste
Open Burning 122.22 7.64 229.17 649.31 45.83
Internal Combustion
Construction Equipment 0.83 1.07 1.00 3.12 14.36
Agricultural Equipment 4.78 3.22 53.61 808.29 57.68
Small Gasoline Engines 2.10 0.64 79.29 492.59 5.15
VIII-2
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TABLE VIII-1 (CONTINUED')
SUMMARY OF AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS FOR 1976
(TONS/YEAR)
SO
SOURCE CATEGORY TSP 2 HC CO N0
x
Wildfires
Forest Fires 9.23 - 13.03 76.01 2.17
Prescribed Burning 0.76 - 1.08 6.30 0,18
Structural Fires 9.33 - 2.19 27.44 1.10
TOTAL 15,351.06 578.91 8,014. 72 40,269.81 3,854.88
VIII-3
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TABLE VIII-2
SUMMARY OF AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS FOR 1980
(TONS/YEAR)
SOURCE CATEGORY TSP S°2 HC CO N°x
Fuel Combustion
Residential 56.30 382.90 19.85 265.94 117.48
Commercial/Institutional 11.03 128.18 7.21 22.46 118.70
Transportation
Motor Vehicles 320.10 185.31 5,577.06 39,423.17 3,803.81
Aircraft 0.19 0.24 4.53 108.29 0.89
Vessels - 2.82 483.69 1,451.08 2.90
Railroads 9.78 22.29 36.75 50.83 144.68
Fugitive Dust Sources
Unpaved Roads 11,157.37 - - -
Tilling Activity 424.35 - - -
Construction Activity 179.22 - -
Re-Entrained Dust 4,047.36 -
Evaporative Losses
Petroleum Marketing - - 702.02
Surface Coating - - 453.45
Dry Cleaning - - 73.29
Asphalt Paving - - 69.28
Miscellaneous
Solid Waste
Open Burning 130.51 8.16 244.72 693.37
48.94
Internal Combustion
Construction Equipment 1.41 1.82 1.70 5 30 24 38
Agricultural Equipment 4.66 3.14 52.30 788.58 56 28
Small Gasoline Engines 2.24 0.68 84.58 525,43 5 49
VIII-4
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TABLE VIII-2 (CONTINUED')
SUMMARY OF AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS FOR 1980
(TONS /YEAR)
SOURCE CATEGORY
Wildfires
Forest Fires
Prescribed Burning
Structural Fires
TOTAL
8.19
0.67
9.95
16,363.33
735.54
11.57
0.96
2.34
7,825.30
67.46
5.59
29.27
43,436.77
1.93
0.16
1.17
4,326.81
VIII-5
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TABLE VIII-3
SUMMARY OF AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS FOR 1985
(TONS/YEAR)
SOURCE CATEGORY TSP 2 HC CO
nr nr\ NOx
Fuel Combustion
Residential 56.51 409.28 19.39 264.11 125.34
Commercial/Institutional 13.10 201.49 8.24 27.62 141.42
Transportation
Motor Vehicles 351.28 239.87 3,640.98 28,825.08 3,830.05
Aircraft 0.48 0.35 6.48 154.70 1.28
Vessels - 3.03 519.61 1,558.83 3.12
Railroads 11.28 25.71 42.40 58.64 166.89
Fugitive Dust Sources
Unpaved Roads 11,157.37
Tilling Activity 267.81 -
Construction Activity 213.29
Re-Entrained Dust 5,238.67
Evaporative Losses
Petroleum Marketing - - ggg ^
Surface Coating - _ ^ ^
Dry Cleaning - _ 78 73
Asphalt Paving - _ 96.40
Miscellaneous Sources
Solid Waste
Open Burning 138.95 8.69
°'a* 260.54 738.20 52.10
Internal Combustion
Construction Equipment 1.68 5 u
a , 1* 1 , 2'16 2-02 6.30 29.02
Agricultural Equipment 2.94 1 qq
. l"98 33"°1 "7.69 35.51
Small Gasoline Engines 2 41 n t?
! °-73 90.86 564.44
5.90
VIII-6
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TABLE VIII-3 (CONTINUED^
SUMMARY OF AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS FOR 1Q85
(TONS/YEAR)
SOURCE CATEGORY TSP S°2 HC CO N0
x
Wildfires
Forest Fires 7.92 - 11.18 65.23 1.86
Prescribed Burning 0.65 - 0.93 5.41 0.15
Structural Fires 10.69 - 2.51 31.44 1.26
TOTAL 17,475.03 893.29 6,209-05 32,797.69 4,393.90
VIII-7
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