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U.S. Public Health Service
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Oak Ridge-Pollution s\
Report on historic uranium releases from current
DOE, Oak Ridge operations office facilities.
June 24, 1985.
REPORT ON HISTORIC URANIUM RELEASES FROM CURRENT
DOE# OAK RIDGE OPERATIONS OFFICE FACILITIES
June 24, 1985
US EPA REGION 4 LIBRARY
AFC-TOWER 9™ FLOOR
61 FORSYTH STREET SW
ATLANTA, GA. 30303
OAK RIDGE ROOM
OAK RIDGE PUBLIC LIBRARY
-------
REPORT ON HISTORIC URANIUM RELEASES FROM CURRENT
DOE, OAK RIDGE OPERATIONS OFFICE FACILITIES
INTRODUCTION
Since 1947 large quantities of uranium have been processed 1n production
facilities that support the cverall mission of the Department of Energy* Oak
Ridge Operations (DOE/ORO). The principal programs under DOE/ORO that involve
the processing of uranium are:
1. Production of enriched uranium for fueling nuclear powerplants
1n the United States and abroad.
2. Production of nuclear weapons components in support of National
defense programs.
3. Processing of uranium feed materials and related production of
uranium fuel cores for U.S. plutonlum production reactors.
These activities are accomplished through the efforts of staff located at six
DOE/ORO plants. Three of these plants are gaseous diffusion plants involved
1n the enrichment of uranium fuel. The Y-12 Plant 1s a metallurgical and
machining facility for the production of nuclear weapons components. The Feed
Materials Production Center (FMPC) and the RMI" Extrusion Plant each perform
different steps in the processing of uranium feed materials. A seventh
DOE/ORO fac11 ity, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), has handled relatively
small quantities of uranium in nuclear research and development programs.
-------
uranium to the environment and have generated varying quantities of uranium
waste as a by-product of ongoing operations.
This report discusses radiation dose to the public resulting from the release
of uranium only. More detailed data, from which this report was prepared,
are available. Future reports will be prepared to address other radionuclides
1f information on the releases proves to be significant.
MOOES OF URANIUM RELEASE
Gaseous Diffusion Plants
The largest single activity under DOE/ORO in terms of both budget and
personnel 1s the production of enriched uranium at the three gaseous diffusion
plants. Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., operates the Oak Ridge,
Tennessee, and Paducah, Kentucky, plants, and Goodyear Atomic Corporation
operates the Portsmouth, Ohio, facility.
Uranium is released to the air through vents in the gaseous diffusion process
buildings. Vents release light gases (mostly a1 r) that would otherwise
accumulate rapidly at the enriched end of the gaseous diffusion processes
and interfere with operations. Releases also occur from buildings in which
uranium in one form 1s converted to another form—for instance, when uranium
hexafluoride is converted to uraniuto tetraf Tuorl'de.
The primary source of waterborne uranium at the gaseous diffusion plants
is the equipment cleaning process. Liquid effluents are treated to renove
|urani urn and then discharged to streams adjacent to the plants. Wastewater
containing enriched uranium is routed through a recovery and recycle process
-------
to renove as much uranium as possible. The uranium that is removed is
retained on site and, where feasi bl e, 1s recycled for further use.
The uranium handling and processing activities at the tnree gaseous diffusion
plants have resulted 1n burial of uranium-contaminated solid wastes as well
as uranium releases to the a1 r and to water. Buried wastes containing uranium
generally Include:
1. Waste paper, rags, and floor sweepings from general cleanup
operati ons.
2. Wastewater treatment sludges.
3. Residuals, such as filters, trapping media, and scrubber solids
from air pollutant control devices.
4. Scrap metals.
Quantities and types of solid wastes generated, and subsequently burled, have
varied through the years in relation to fluctuating production levels.
Y-12 Plant
Current activities at the Y-12 Plant* located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee,
i nclude:
1. Production of nuclear weapons components.
2. Fabrication assistance to DOE's weapons design laboratories.
-------
4. Support to ORNL facilities located at the Y-12 Plant.
5. Support to other government agencies.
The production of components for nuclear weapons systems involves the
conversion of uranium compounds to metal and the appropriate casting, rolling,
forming, and machining operations required to produce a finished product.
Assistance to ORNL and other Government agencies generally consists of
precision machining and/or assembly of many varied items, most not involving
urani urn.
Both airborne and waterborne uranium releases from the Y-12 Plant emanate
from the uranium metal machining and chemical processing operations. In
addition, waterborne uranium includes uranium contained in the runoff caused
by natural precipitation onto and around outside storage facilities. This
runoff also includes airborne uranium that has been deposited on site. The
Y-12 Plant uranium waste streams, like those at the gaseous diffusion plants,
are processed through recovery and recycle or treatment before the liquid
wastes, containing very small amounts of uranium in solution, are released
to nearby streams.
The manufacturing and machining operations at the Y-12 Plant result in solid
wastes similar to those produced at the gaseous 'di ffusi on plants plus depleted
uranium metal turnings from machining operations. After treating wastes to
ranove depleted uranium or to recover enriched uranium, the renaining uranium-
bearing solids have been buried on site in shallow land burial trenches.
-------
the early years of the Y-12 Plant operations, some solid waste was also buried
at the ORNL site.
Feed Materials Production Center
Located outside Cincinnati* Ohio, FMPC is Involved 1n the processing of
uranium feed materials into uranium metal forms for use in the National
defense program and 1n the production of electricity. At one time FMPC
also converted uranium ore and recycle materials to uranium oxide for use at
gaseous diffusion plants.
Following Initial conversion operations, uranium metal 1s refined and purified"
and then cast into metal forms of various sizes and shapes. Depleted uranium
metal 1s shipped to DOE's Y-12 site 1n Tennessee and Rocky Flats site in
Colorado. Other metal forms are center-drilled, surface-machined, and then
sent to RMI to be extruded Into tubes. Those tubes for use at DOE's Savannah
River site 1n South Carolina are returned to FMPC for final machining to form
hollow cores. These fuel cores are used 1n pi utoni um production reactors as
part of our National defense program.
Airborne uranium releases at FMPC have resulted from many plant operations.
At all major release points, however, emission control devices are used to
reduce the plant emissions. Radioactive dust generated by manufacturing
processes at FMPC are captured by bag-type dust collectors. Collector
failures, however, have resulted in large releases of uranium to the air.
Liquid effluent releases have originated from the use of water to quench hot
uranium metal forms and to clean plant equipment. The plant treats wastewater
-------
releases have, nevertheless* occurred. Information on these releases has been
previously disseminated to the public and 1s summarized 1n this report.
The production activities at FMPC result 1n uranium-contaminated solid wastes.
Where economically feasible# the uranium 1n the waste 1s recovered and
recycled back Into the process. Where recovery is not feasible* the waste
1s stored 1n drums on site, awaiting final off-site disposal. In the pasti
radioactive solid waste was disposed of on site.
RMI Extrusion Plant
The RMI Extrusion Plant is a privately owned facility located in Ashtabula,
Ohio. DOE's Involvement at RMI is limited to the operation of a large press
and associated support services, which are required for the extrusion and
handling of uranium metal. At RMI the uranium metal forms received from
FMPC are extruded into tubes. Some of these tubes are returned to FMPC for
finishing before being sent to DOE's Savannah River site for use in production
reactors. Other uranium tubes are fabricated into final products at RMI
and are then shipped to DOE's Richland, Washington, site where they are co-
extruded to form fuel elements for DOE's nuclear reactors.
Airborne uranium releases at RMI occur from six plant operations, but the two
primary release points are an abrasive saw and,a pyrophorlc scrap incinerator.
Although these release points are equipped with emission control devices, a
small percentage of uranium can be released.
Liquid effluents originate from the use of water to quench hot uranium
extrusions. RMI treats wastewater to remove uranium before it 1s discharged
-------
to nearby waterways. To further treat plant liquid releases* RMI 1s
proceeding with the design of an improved wastewater treatment system.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
ORNL programs focus on the development of efficient* economical* safe» and
environmentally acceptable technology for the production and use of energy
from various sources. Relative to other DOE sites, these activities involve
very little uranium. As a result, uranium releases to the air and water at
ORNL have been and continue to be negligible and are not addressed in this
report. As mentioned earlier, a small portion of the solid wastes containing
enriched uranium generated at the Y-12 Plant are buried on the ORNL site.
URANIUM RELEASE DATA
Figures 1 through 6 illustrate historic trends in uranium released to the air
and water for each of DOE/ORO's plants. Where possible, notes are provided on
the graphs to explain significant increases and decreases in uranium releases.
Note that for most facilities data are available only through 1983 since this
report is drawn from source material prepared in late 1984. In addition,
no graphs are included for ORNL because uranium releases at the ORNL site
have been minor.
Generally, all the plants show. a. decreasing trend, in uranium, releases
1n recent years. Increased levels of uranium release indicate either an
accidental release, an increase 1n production levels, or initiation of a
different type of operation.
-------
As the graphs show* all D0E/0R0 plants began monitoring and recording uranium
releases to the air and water by the mid-1950s* except for RMI, which did
not become operational until 1962. Over the years* most plants have Installed
newer and more advanced pollutant control devices to decrease air releases.
In addition* air and water monitoring and sampling programs have been and
continue to be Implemented 1n order to better characterize how and when
uranium releases occur.
Table 1 shows total uranium releases to the air and water and uranium buried
with solid wastes for each plant and for all D0E/0R0 facilities combined.
A quick glance at the numbers will show that* although large quantities
(kilograms) of uranium have been released to the environment or buried on
site, the level of radioactivity (curies) associated with the uranium released
or buried is low. Most releases to the environment have been depleted
uranium.
COMPARISON OF RISK WITH NATURAL SOURCES
The data presented in Table 1 and Figures 1 through 6 present releases of
uranium by mass, measured in kilograms* or by radioactivity* measured in
curies. A curie 1s the rate at which a radioactive material decays Into other
isotopes and* 1n the process, emits particles or energy (e..g.* alpha or beta
particles and gamma rays). Uranium has a relatively low number of curies per
kilogram because the half-life of each of its Isotopes is very long. Neither
kilograms nor curies can be easily related to the degree of radiation dose
or health effects experienced by an individual. The unit that is most often
used to measure and discuss radiation dose to humans is a rem. Rems measure
the amount of energy absorbed by a person who has been exposed to radiation.
-------
Dose to Individuals 1s usually discussed in terms of millirems—1/1000 of a
rem—because the amounts of radiation are normally very small.
It should be noted that in Figures 1 through 6 different scales are used to
illustrate the trends of uranium release. To put the information presented
in these figures and 1n Table 1 into perspective* consider that the average
U.S. resident receives about 200 millirems of radiation each year from natural
and manmade sources. Sources of natural radiation include the sun» rocks>
soil# food# air# and water. Because the sun is a major source of radiation#
the elevation at which a person lives affects the level of radiation to which
a person is exposed. Manmade sources Include medical procedures such as x ray
examinations# television, weapons fallout# and the nuclear fuel cycle.
When the average dose to a single Individual 1s multiplied by the population
within a specified area (within a 50-mile radius of a particular plant)# the
total amount of radiation received by the entire population is measured in
person-rems.
Table 2 shows the cumulative person-rems of radiation dose within a 50-mile
radius of each D0E/0R0 facility. For example# over the 28 years for which
uranium releases have been monitored at the Y-12 Plant# the dose to the total
estimated population of 863#000 (1980 population) has been 5420 person-rems.
By comparison# the same population oyer the same 28 years has received a dose
of 4#000#000 person-rems of radiation from natural sources—cosmic rays from
the sun# naturally radioactive elements contained in rocks and soil# building
materials# air# water# and potassium in food. Thus# the additional radiation
dose experienced due to operation of the Y-12 Plant# or any D0E/0R0 facility#
1s minor when compared with natural sources of radiation.
-------
Table 3 presents dose data in a different form. Based on available uranium
release data* the table presents the effective total body dose, 1n mlllirems
per year* to the member of the public having the highest calculated dose
(the maximally exposed person) at each plant site. It also shows the maximum
dose to a single organ of maximally exposed persons. Table 4 gives radiation
doses from various natural and manmade sources with which to compare the
dose from D0E/0R0 facilities presented in Table 3. On January 17, 1985, the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published final standards for limiting
airborne radionuclide releases from DOE facilities to an amount that results
in a total body dose of 25 millirems per year or a maximum organ dose of
75 mlllirems per year. As shown 1n Table 3, the highest dose for any of
the DOE/ORO facilities 1s well below the 1985 EPA standard.
COMPLIANCE WITH DOE REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS
DOE standards are based on the assumption that any amount of radiation can
cause an increased chance of harmful health effects. Thus, the levels of
uranium released from DOE/ORO facilities have always been regulated—first
under the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), then under the Energy Research and
Development Administration (ERDA), and finally under DOE. All annual releases
at all DOE/ORO facilities have been in compliance with the DOE standards and
regulations that were applicable at the time of release. In addition, work
that RMI does for the private sector (i.e., non-DOE work) is regulated by the
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). RMI's commercial operations have also
been in compliance with NRC standards.
-------
SUMMARY
In summary* the uranium release data for the D0E/0R0 facilities show:
1. Large mass/small curie releases of uranium* primarily during
the 1950s and 1960s.
2. Consistent compliance with DOE (AEC/ERDA) and NRC standards in
effect at the time of release.
3. Dose to maximally exposed person well within EPA dose standards
(see Table 3).
4. A decreasing trend 1n uranium release to air and water at most
facilities as a result of Improved effluent controls.
-------
FIGURE 1A. ANNUAL RELEASES OF URANIUM TO THE AIR AND WATER FROM
OAK RIDGE GASEOUS DIFFUSION PLANT
3000-
2500-
2000-
1 saa-
m 1000—
500-
0-
AIRBORNE RELEASES
1945 1950 1955 I960 1965 1970
R«porfcing Y«ar
1975 1980 1985
3000-
2S00-
K
i 2000—
I
o
9
r 1500—
1 000-
500-
0-
I 9
®
a
S. _ -G-
~ -G-G-G-0 D-Q
48
1 950
1 955
'-O-G-G-G-a
1 960
WATERBORNE RELEASES
t?
®
o
a-3-si
I 965
6-0
I 970
°-Era.
I 975
1 980
1 1 1 I
1 985
RapartIng Y«
® — Accidental Release
(§) — Declining Production Levels
© — Improved Control Technology
-------
FIGURE 1B. URANIUM BURIED ANNUALLY ON SITE AT
OAK RIDGE GASEOUS DIFFUSION PLANT
30000—
2S000-
20000-
© 1S000-
o
r
a
m I 0000—
5000-
0-
i ¦ '
1 955
¥
I
A i I
W ^1 "
..V
1 ' I '¦ '
I 960
1965 1970 1975
R«por t i rtQ Y «or
1 980
1 985
-------
FIGURE 2A. ANNUAL RELEASES OF URANIUM TO THE AIR AND WATER FROM
PADUCAH GASEOUS DIFFUSION PLANT
AIRBORNE RELEASES
K
i
I
10000-
6000-
6000-
m 4000—
:000-
0-
@
1950 1955 I960 1965 1970
R«port i ng Y«or
1975
1980
1 985
3000-
2500-
K
l 2000-
r 1500—
I 000-
500-
0-
0 I?
WATERBORNE RELEASES
©
Q--Q-t3
£-0--0
i-o-Q-o-n-a
3 T3 T
Q
T"
1 950
19SS 1960 1 I96S 1970
R «port i ng Y^ar
1 975
1 ' ' l 1 1
1 980
1 98S
® — Accidental Release (D — Unit Operations Reactivation
(D — Increased Production © — Operational Release
© — Improved Control Technology © — Equipment Decontamination
-------
FIGURE 2B. URANIUM BURIED ANNUALLY ON SITE AT
PADUCAH GASEOUS DIFFUSION PLANT
400000-
300000-
230000-
I00000-
0-
r
1955
! !\
W
A i' 1
/ \ I \! h
\ i i \
i
\
* ¦
I960 1965 1970 1975
R«port i ng Y«or
I 980
I 965
® — Annual Data Unavailable for 1955—1971
Graph Shows Total 1,700,000 Kilograms
Averaged Over Time Period
-------
FIGURE 3A. ANNUAL RELEASES OF URANIUM TO THE AIR AND WATER FROM
PORTSMOUTH GASEOUS DIFFUSION PLANT
6000-
5000-
4000-
AIRBORNE RELEASES
o 3000—
o
r
a
m 2000-
\ 000-
0-
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975
R«por t i r»Q Y «ar
-•—•
1 980
I 985
1800-
1 500-
i 1200-
I
o
S
r 900H
600-
300-
P--E3
9
WATERBORNE RELEASES
®
?
©a
sr'
p\
\
jn
0— 3
.-a
6.
•o-
o.^
19S5 I960 1965 1970 1975
Raport i ng Yaar
1 980
1 1 i
1 985
® — Accidental Release (§) — No Documentation Available
(§) — Operation of Feed Production Plant (E) — Increased Equipment Decontaminatio
-------
FIGURE 3B. URANIUM BURIED ANNUALLY ON SITE AT
PORTSMOUTH GASEOUS DIFFUSION PLANT
I2S0-
1000-
i 7S0-
i 1 1
I 955
1 ' 1 I 1 1
1 960
1 965
I
I I
i\
\
i
i
A I 1 ••
Aaai V
v v ^
1970
R«port Ing Y <
1 975
1 930
1 ' I
I 965
® — No Documentation Available
-------
FIGURE 4A. ANNUAL RELEASES OF URANIUM TO THE AIR AND WATER
FROM THE Y-12 PLANT
12.5-
10.0-
K
I 7 . 5*3
1
o
Q
a 5. 0-n
2.5-
0.0-
1 955
AIRBORNE RELEASES
i i i i i i i 'i
T
1 960
1965 1970 1975
RiperiIng Y«ar
1980
1 965
18000-
15000-
12000H
K
l
I
o 9000
Q
r
a
m 6333-
3000-
0-
1 950
® :
(3 I
/ ^
/
/
til
&-CJ
Gk
WATERBORNE RELEASES
ct-O.-
1 955
1 960
1 965
I 970
' 1 w 1 1
I 975
1 980
T-i-i-J-
1 985
R«porlIng Year
® - Increased Production
(!) — Improved Control Technology
-------
FIGURE 4B. URANIUM BURIED ANNUALLY ON SITE
AT THE Y-12 PLANT
2000000—
K
I
I
o
9
1 500000-
1 000000—
A
/
/ \/\
' V i
; 'i
A
1/
i /
t »
I
©
J
M
©
/
\ ^
v
1 * 1111
1950 1955 1960 I 965 1970 !975
Rttpor t i rtg Y«ar
1980
I 985
® — Majority of Uranium Disposed Off Site
(1) — Increased On Site Burial (Off Site
Burial Discontinued)
© — No Documentation Available
® — Increased Production
(D — Changes in Reporting Program
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FIGURE 5A. ANNUAL RELEASE OF URANIUM TO THE AIR AND WATER FROM
THE FEED MATERIALS PRODUCTION CENTER
AIRBORNE RELEASES
0-
T
1950 1955 I960 1965 1970 1975 i960 1965
10000-
8000-
K
I
1 6000-
©
s
r
a
m 4000-
2000-
WATERBORNE RELEASES
19
M
< o
' i * \
: \ i \
; (S \
\ /
\ I
a
6-q
® ci
t
I
d
Ts-o-a b-Q. n
° »-s-QT>r
-er
I 950
I 955
I 960
1965 1970
Reporting Y nor
1 975
I 980
I 965
(A) — Increased Production
(§) - Improved Control Technology
-------
FIGURE 5B. URANIUM BURIED ANNUALLY ON SITE AT
THE FEED MATERIALS PRODUCTION CENTER
i00000-
0-
i i
1 I
i i
< i
/ I
i i
¦ i
I I
A
I
J
A ®
© j\ j\
N \! \
1 H ¦
1 958
1955
t 960
1965
R«por t i (-19 Y «or
1 1 I I 1 1
1970 1975
A
1
I
V
1960 I 985
® — No Documentation Available
(§) — Decreased Production
© — Increased Production
-------
FIGURE 6A. ANNUAL RELEASES OF URANIUM TO THE AIR AND WATER FROM
THE RMI EXTRUSION PLANT
90-
88-^
1Q-
60-
k :
i
I 50-
o
9
r 40-
a
m
c 30-
ZQ—
I 0-^
0-
AIRBORNE RELEASES
®
1 960
1 965
1970 1975
R«por t i ng Ymar
1 980
I 98S
300-
250-
200H
K
I
I
o 150—
9
r
a
m 1 00—
50-
0-
t 960
i i
I I
I t
I \
\ i
a
®
t \
\
®ji
WATERBORNE RELEASES
®
®
®
q
0-
1 965
1970 1975
R«port ing Y aor
1 980
1 985
® — Increased Production
-------
TABLE 1
TOTAL URANIUM RELEASED TO AIR AND HATER AND BURIED AT DOE/ORO FACILITIES
SINCE REPORTING WAS INITIATED
Paducah Portsmouth
ORGDP GDP GDP Y-12 FMPC RMI ORNLa 7-Plant Total
iort1ng Period from: 1946- 1952- 1955- 1956- 1952- 1962- 1956-
to: 1983 1 983 1 984 1 983 1 984 1 984 1 983
lurles 15.60 33.27 7.9 8.3 31 .98 0.57
. 11 ograms 10,515 59,522 10,437 3,200 95,954 851 — 180,479
.er
)ur1es 14.34 1 4 . 95 1 3.16 85 . 2 1 24.7 7 2
.Hograms 16,227 27,740 7,531 127 ,000 7 4,3 08 2,982 -- 255,7 8 8
)und (burial)^
Juries 33.70 1,327 3.4 8,468 1,750.5 0
, 11 ograms 56,5 0 0 3 , 23 0,00 0 5,120 23 ,000,00 0 5 , 253 , 453 0 435,00 0 31,980 , 07 3
r and water releases of uranium from 0RNL have been very small. The uranium burled on the 0RNL site 1s uranlum-
iar1ng solid wastes from Y-12 operations.
ie large quantities of uranlum-bear1ng solid wastes burled at DOE/ORO facilities are contained on site 1n a restricted
-------
TABLE 2
COMPARISON OF TOTAL POPULATION DOSE RESULTING FROM OPERATION
OF DOE/ORO FACILITIES VS. NATURAL BACKGROUND RADIATION
ORGDP
Paducah
GDP
Portsmouth
GDP
Y-12
FMPC
RMI
ORNL
Reporting Period
Population within
50-m1le radius
(1980)
from:
to:
1946-
1983°
(37 yrs)
837,000
1952-
1983
(31 yrs)
454,000
1955-
1984
(29 yrs)
600,000
1956-
1983°
(27 yrs)
863,000
1962-
1984
(22 yrs)
1,600,000
Dose to total population
within 50-m1le radius,
accumulated over
reporting pgrlod,
person-rems
Natural background
within 50-mile
radius, accumulated
over reporting period,
person-rems
850
760
4,900,000 2,500,000
453
5,420
120,000/yr 4,000,000
340
200,000/yr -
Data are still being collected to allow comparable calculations for FMPC.
}No comparable calculations have been performed because the uranium releases at ORNL have been so small.
'1984 data for ORGDP, Paducah, and Portsmouth will be available 1n the annual Environmental Monitoring
Reports.
^Airborne release pathway only; waterborne pathway 1s a minor additional contributor to public radiation
exposure.
-------
TABLE 3
CURRENT* DOSES TO MAXIMALLY EXPOSED PERSONS
FROM URANIUM RELEASES AT DOE/ORO FACILITIES
Natural 1985
Paducah Portsmouth . Background EPA
ORGDP GDP GDP Y-12 FMPC RMI ORNL (U.S. Average) Standard
(1983) (1983) (1984) (1983) (1984) 70-25
iffectlve Total
3ody Dose, <1 <1 <1 4.4 — 3.8 -- 200 25
nil 11rems/year
Maximum Organ Dose,
n1111 rems/yeare <1 <1 <1 15 -- 13 -- — 75
3Doses are calculated from 1983 data for ORGDP, Paducah# and Y-12 and from 1984 data for Portsmouth and RMI.
°Data are still being collected to allow comparable calculations for FMPC.
"No comparable calculations haVe been performed because the uranium releases at ORNL have been minor.
dEPA standard 1s for uranium plus all other radionuclides released from facility.
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