February 1989

(Revised)

United States
Environmental Protection
Agency

Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711

c/EPA

TOOLS FOR
ESTIMATING
EMISSIONS
OF AIR TOXICS



- Inventory tp
Procedures

Emission ^	Source/

Factors 1^. I	Pollutant

Crosswalk

Profiles	Questionnaires

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INTRODUCTION

This brochure provides an overview of the US Environ-
mental Protection Agency's (EPA) air toxics emissions
estimating tools. EPA develops air toxics emissions
inventory tools to support many activities including
the Urban Air Toxics Program, New Source Review,
SARA 313 reporting requirements, and other emissions
estimating activities for both point and area sources.

Most of these tools are developed and maintained by the
Pollutant Characterization Section within EPA's Office
of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS). Other
related support tools are also noted for the reader's
information and convenience.

This pamphlet provides a description of the intended
use of each tool. User's should select the tools which
are best suited for their projects and obtain the necessary
reports or computer data base. Each tool in the pamphlet
has an EPA contact identified to call or write for
additional information. For general information, you
can contact:

Pollutant Characterization Section,

Noncriteria Pollutant Programs Branch (MD-15),
US Environmental Protection Agency,

Research Triangle Park, NC 27711,
or call (919) 541-5522.

The emissions estimating tools discussed in this brochure
should be used with discretion. Actual emissions from
individual sources may vary considerably from values
estimated using emission and speciation factors.

Source specific emissions data are generally preferred,
when available.

ORDERING REPORTS

Single copies of the reports mentioned in this brochure
are available to government agencies and nonprofit
organizations, free of charge, from:

US EPA Library
Mail Drop 35

Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919) 541-2777

or, for a fee, from:

NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE (or NTIS)

5285 Port Royal Road
SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161
(703) 487-4650

(For profit organizations should order from NTIS)

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EMISSIONS INVENTORY
PROCEDURES

COMPILING AIR TOXICS EMISSION INVENTORIES

This report (EPA-450/4-86-010, NTIS # PB 86-238086)
offers assistance to agencies getting started in
compiling inventories of air toxics emissions. Topics
discussed include:

-Anticipated uses of air toxics emission

inventories;

-Need for a screening study;

-Substances to cover;

-Source categories to cover;

-Point/area source distinctions;

-Geographic area of coverage; and
-Source location, data collection and emission
estimation procedures.

Several appendices are included which present examples,
case histories, and other data useful in compiling air
toxics inventories. These appendices present various
screening mechanisms and other techniques for identifying
pollutants of potential concern and for estimating
emissions. (Note: Some data in these appendicies are
superceded by other reports discussed in this brochure.)
Contact Tom Lahre at (919) 541-5668 if you have
comments or suggestions for improving the document.
For copies, contact the EPA Library or NTIS.

PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING AND ALLOCATING
AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS OF AIR TOXICS

This document, now in draft, offers procedures for
estimating air toxics emissions from area sources.
The described techniques generally yield county-wide
emissions estimates. Methodologies are also included
for allocating county-wide emissions to subcounty
grids. The document includes factors for air toxics
emissions from the most important or prevalent area
source categories found in urban areas, such as mobile
sources, heating, and gasoline service stations. Contact
Dallas Safriet at (919) 541-5371.

QUESTIONNAIRE
COMPILATION

Questionnaires are a commonly used tool for compiling
emissions inventory data. This report (EPA-450/4-88-008,
NTIS # PB 88-236237) contains a compilation of question-
naires used by various agencies to collect air toxics
emissions data from sources. Contact Jim Southerland at
(919) 541-5523.

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TOXIC AIR POLLUTANT/
SOURCE CROSSWALK

This tool is helpful in assessing the types of toxic compounds
that may be emitted from sources. Pollutant "crosswalk"
tables in the report indicate the potential for a substance
to be emitted by a source category. The crosswalk is a
qualitative pollutant/source association (based on literature
information, existing inventories, and other available data)
and does not include emission factors. The crosswalk is
updated periodically.

The crosswalk is contained in the report, Toxic Air
Pollutant/Source Crosswalk - A Screening Tool For
Locating Possible Sources Emitting Toxic Air
Pollutants, (EPA-450/4-87-023a, NTIS # PB 88-161146),
and in a data management system. The crosswalk
contains pollutant names, CAS numbers, industrial
source categories (SIC codes), and emitting source
classifications (SCC codes). The crosswalk tables are
sorted by pollutant, SIC codes, and SCC codes. A
system user's manual entitled Toxic Air Pollutant/

Source Crosswalk - Information Storage And Retrieval
System User's Manual, (EPA-450/4-87-023b, NTIS #
PB 88-163019), is also available to explain the use of
data management software. Contact Anne Pope at
(919) 541-5373.

COMPILATION OF
AIR TOXICS
EMISSION FACTORS

Emission factors, relating the quantity of a pollutant
released to the atmosphere with a source activity, are
the most commonly used tool to estimate air toxic
emissions. Emission factors for selected air toxics
are available in the report, Toxic Air Pollutant Emission
Factors For Selected Air Toxic Compounds and Sources
(EPA-450/2-88-006a, NTIS # PB 89-135644). The report
includes factors for more than 200 compounds. A data
management system has also been developed for easy
access to factors. Emission factors are identified by
pollutant names, CAS numbers, process descriptions, SIC
codes, emission source descriptions, and SCC's. Also
included are brief descriptions of factor derivations, notes
on any control measures associated with emission factors,
and references. The report contains emission factors
sorted by pollutant and source. A system user's manual,
Toxic Air Pollutant Emission Factors - Information
StoraRe And Retrieval System User's Manual,
(EPA-450/2-88-006b), is also available. Contact Anne
Pope at (919) 541-5373.

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91

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LOCATING AND
ESTIMATING
EMISSIONS OF...

EPA has underway a program to compile and publish
emission factors for various air toxics. To date, 17
reports have been published, each with the title Locating
and Estimating Air Emissions From (Source Category or
Sub.siance). These reports identify source categories
for which emissions of the substance have been
characterized. The reports include general process
descriptions of the emitting processes and identify
potential release points. For copies of these reports,
contact the EPA Library or NTIS.

Substance

EPA Publication #

NTIS Order #

Aery Ion itrile
Carbon
Tetrachloride
Chloroform
Ethylene Dichloride
Formaldehyde
Nickel
Chromium
Manganese
Phosgene
Epichlorohydrin
Vinylidene Chloride
Ethylene Oxide
Chlorobenzenes
Polychlorinated
Biphenyls (PCBs)
Polycyclic Organic
Matter (POM)
Benzene
Organic Liquid
Storage Tanks

EPA 450/4-84-007a PB 84-200609

EPA 450/4
EPA 450/4
EPA 450/4
EPA 450/4
EPA 450/4
EPA 450/4
EPA 450/4
EPA 450/4
EPA 450/4
EPA 450/4
EPA 450/4-
EPA 450/4-

-84-007b

-84-007C

84-007d

84-007e

84-007f

84-007g

84-007h

84-007i

84-007j

84-007k

84-0071

84-007m

PB 84
PB84-
PB 84
PB 84-
PB 84-
PB 85-
PB 86-
PB 86-
PB 86-
PB 86-
PB 87-
PB 87-

200625
200617
239193
200633
210988
106474
117587
117595
117603
117611
113973
189841

EPA 450/4-84-007n PB 87-209540

EPA 450/4-84-007p
EPA 450/4-84-007q

PB 88-149059
PB 88-196175

EPA 450/4-88-004 PB 89-129019

Future reports are planned to provide emission factors
for municipal waste combustion, sewage sludge
incineration, commercial boilers, styrene, and others.

For additional information on all these reports,
contact the Pollutant Characterization Section at
(919) 541-5522. Please refer to the specific compound
or source category of interest when inquiring.

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AIR EMISSIONS
SPECIES MANUAL

The Air Emissions Species Manual (EPA-450/2-8 8-003a
and b) is a two volume document that contains speciation
factors for both volatile organic compounds (VOC) and
particulate matter (PM). Speciation factors are used to
to estimate emissions of air toxics from emission factors
or estimates of total VOC's or PM. Both volumes are
similarly organized with speciation data presented by source
category and by SCC,

VOC DATA BASE (VOLUME I)

The VOC volume is a major revision of an earlier EPA
document entitled VOC Species Data Manual. About 75
percent of more than 300 profiles in the new document
are new or revised. In addition to the original VOC
profiles, this document contains VOC profiles for all
SCC's in the National Emissions Data System (NEDS) and
applicable NEDS area source codes. A simplified'example
VOC profile is presented below.

EXAMPLE VOC PROFILE

PROFILE NAME: Eaten Production - Acrylites - Ethyl Acrylate
SCC: 30113799

SAROAD

CAS

SPECIES

PERCENT

NUMBER

NUMBER

NAME

WEIGHT

43201

74-4S-8

mjsthane

4.88

433Q2

64-41-5

ETHYL ALCOHOL

7.88

43331

60-02-7

ETHYLETHER

37.88

43438

140-08-5

ETHYL ACRYLATE

20.19

99933

95-47-6

DENATURANT

29.16





SUM TOTAL

100.00

PM DATA BASE (VOLUME II)

The PM volume is a revision of an earlier EPA
document Receptor Model Source Composition Library.
Only minor changes have been made in data and report
format in the new document. There are 130 PM profiles
in this document, assigned for all NEDS SCC's and many
area sources. The format of the PM profiles are similar
to the VOC profile tables except for the presentation
of particle size distributions for each species.

A data base management system for use on IBM™
compatible personal computers is now available and
includes an additional .147 PM profiles. Contact Bill
Kuykendal at (919) 541-5372.

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AIR TOXICS

FROM ROAD VEHICLES

EPA's Office of Mobile Sources (OMS), Emissions Control
Division (ECD), has produced a report containing national
emissions estimates and factors for air toxics from motor
vehicles, Air Toxics Emissions From Motor Vehicles.
(EPA AA-TSS-PA-86-5). The report includes emission
factors for 1986 and 1995 for 13 air toxics, including diesel
particulate, gas phase organics, formaldehyde, benzene,
gasoline vapors, selected metals, and more. OMS has
published additional factors, including 1,3 - butadiene, in
a paper with the same title presented at the 1988 Annual
Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association in
Dallas, TX (paper # 88-128.1). Contact Penny Carey,
US EPA, OMS, ECD, 2565 Plymouth Road. Ann Arbor,
MI 48105, (313)668-4355.

OTHER URBAN AIR
TOXICS PROGRAM
SUPPORT

In addition to this brochure, several other brochures
are available summarizing EPA activities for air
toxics supported by the Pollutant Characterization
Section. Two brochures are summarized below and
another brochure is also available summarizing overall
activities to assess the nature and magnitude of the
urban air toxics problem.

DATA ANALYSIS AND
DISPLAY - PIPQUIC

PIPQUIC is a computerized data system which
allows analysis and graphical display of urban air
toxics emissions, exposure and risk data. This system
resides on EPA's National Computer Center (NCQ IBM™
computer and is accessible to government agencies with
proper equipment and NCC accounts. A brochure,
demonstration diskette, and user's guide are available
to government agencies. Contact Tom Lahre at
(919) 541-5668.

URBAN AIR TOXICS
MONITORING PROGRAM

EPA is coordinating a State and local agency funded program
to monitor air toxics in urban areas. Selected VOC's,
metals, and aldehydes are collected via evacuated, stainless
steel canisters, high volume filters, and 2,4 - dinitrophenyl-
hydrazine cartridges, respectively, and analyzed at EPA and
EPA contractor labs. A brochure is available describing the
program. Contact Stan Sleva at (919) 541-5652.

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Plewe note that die me of product nunc*
throughout (hit brochure does not constitute |
EPA endorsement

This brochure produced and edited by
Bill Lamason and the PCS staff.

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