The Flint
Watershed
FLINT
QREE
POLLUTANT LOADING ESTIMATES
FINAL REPORT
AUGUST 1995
Cullman, Lawrence & Morgan Counties
Morgan County Soil & Water
Conservation District
302 West Chestnut Street
Hartselle, Alabama 35640
205-773-6541
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Flint Creek Watershed Project (FCWP) was initiated in 1992 as
a cooperative effort among several Federal, State and local
organizations to improve and protect the water quality of Flint
Creek. In June 1994, the Flint Creek Watershed Conservancy
District (FCWCD) was formed by the Morgan, Lawrence and Cullman
County Soil and Water Conservation Districts. The FCWCD has
oversight responsibility for the project and will decide what
water quality initiatives will be implemented to reduce the
pollution that enters Flint Creek. To assist the FCWCD with
these decisions, the Alabama Department of Environmental
Management (ADEM), Alabama Geological Survey (AGS), Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), Natural Resources Conservation Service
(NRCS), and Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) estimated the
pollutant loadings for total suspended solids, five-day
biochemical oxygen demand, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, phosphorous,
and nitrite-nitrate nitrogen. Pollutant loading estimates were
developed for six point source discharges and the following
nonpoint sources: residential, industrial and commercial,
cropland, pasture, beef cattle, dairy, swine, and poultry.
The pollutant loadings for the point sources were estimated based
on data reported to ADEM under the National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES). The pollutant loading estimates for
the nonpoint sources were based on data from an inventory of the
major land use activities and nonpoint pollution sources within
the Flint Creek Watershed conducted by TVA using aerial remote
sensing techniques. TVA has used these techniques over the past
ten years to obtain land use information in several watersheds,
and the process has evolved to provide reliable, high-resolution
land use and NPS information. The photographs used in the
interpretation process were taken on October 10, 1989; however,
the inventory data were updated based on field observations to
more accurately reflect conditions in 1994. The pollutant
loading estimates are based on best professional judgment and are
to be used for planning purposes only.
The estimated annual total suspended solids loading to the
Tennessee River from the Flint Creek Watershed is 30,165 tons per
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year. The primary sources of total suspended solids are runoff
from cropland, industrial and commercial land, pasture and
residential land.
The estimated annual five-day biochemical oxygen demand loading
to the Tennessee River from the Flint Creek Watershed is 935 tons
per year. The primary sources of five-day biochemical oxygen
demand are runoff from industrial and commercial land, cattle,
residential land, dairies and 2 point source discharges
(Falkville Lagoon and Hartselle Sewage Treatment Plant). Other
contributing sources of B0D5 are pasture, poultry and swine.
The estimated annual total Kjeldahl nitrogen loading to the
Tennessee River from the Flint Creek Watershed is estimated to be
431,651 pounds per year assuming no conversions and no losses
along the way. The primary sources of total Kjeldahl nitrogen
are cattle, runoff from industrial, commercial and residential
lands, cropland, dairies, poultry, and 2 point source discharges
(Falkville Lagoon and Hartselle Sewage Treatment Plant). Other
contributing sources of TKN are pasture and swine.
The estimated annual phosphorus loading to the Tennessee River
from the Flint Creek Watershed is 104,822 pounds per year. The
primary sources of phosphorus are cattle, runoff from industrial,
commercial and residential lands, 2 point sources (Hartselle
Sewage Treatment Plant and Falkville Lagoon), cropland, and
dairies. Other contributing sources of phosphorus are poultry,
swine and pasture.
The estimated annual nitrite-nitrate nitrogen loading to the
Tennessee River from the Flint Creek Watershed is 120,315 pounds
per year. The primary sources of nitrite-nitrate nitrogen are
the Hartselle Sewage Treatment Plant and runoff from industrial,
commercial and residential lands.
ii
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CONTENTS
Executive Summary i
Tables v
Figures vii
Introduction 1
Study Area 3
Methods for Estimating Pollutant Loadings 7
Pollutant Loading Estimates 41
Application of Pollutant Loading Estimates 137
References 139
iii
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TABLES
Number page
1. General Land Use/Land Cover 11
2. Soil Loss Estimates for Cropland 13
3. Type and Number of Livestock Sites and Poultry Houses.. 19
4. Pollutant Coefficients for Beef Cattle Sites 20
5. Pollutant Coefficients for Dairy Cattle Sites 27
6. Pollutant Coefficients for Swine Sites 31
7. Pollutant Coefficients for Poultry Houses 36
8. Major Tributaries and Receiving Streams in the Flint
Creek Watershed 43
9. Total Suspended Solids Loadings to Tributary Streams
by Source 45
10. Total Suspended Solids Loading from Tributary Streams.. 57
11. Biochemical Oxygen Demand Loadings to Tributary
Streams by Source 64
12. Biochemical Oxygen Demand Loading from Tributary
Streams 76
13. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Loadings to Tributary Streams
by Source 83
14. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Loading from Tributary Streams. 95
15. Total Phosphorus Loadings to Tributary Streams
by Source 102
16. Total Phosphorus Loading from Tributary Streams 114
17. Nitrate-Nitrite Nitrogen Loadings to Tributary
Streams by Source 120
18. Nitrate-Nitrite Nitrogen Loading from Tributary
Streams 132
v
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FIGURES
Number page
1. Location of Flint Creek Watershed 4
2. Alabama Water Quality Stream Classifications for
Flint Creek and West Flint Creek 5
3. Types of Pollutant Loadings 8
4. Principal Stream Segments and Tributaries Within
the Flint Creek Watershed 42
5. Total Suspended Solids Loadings to Tributary Streams
by Source 52
6. Total Suspended Solids Loading from Tributary Streams.. 59
7. Total Suspended Solids Loadings to Three Segments
of Flint Creek by Source 61
8. Total Suspended Solids Loadings From Flint Creek
Watershed by Source 62
9. Total Biochemical Oxygen Demand Loadings to Tributary
Streams by Source 71
10. Biochemical Oxygen Demand Loading from Tributary
Streams 77
11. Biochemical Oxygen Demand Loadings to Three Segments
of Flint Creek by Source 79
12. Biochemical Oxygen Demand Loadings From Flint Creek
Watershed by Source 80
13. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Loadings to Tributary Streams
by Source 90
14. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Loading from Tributary Streams. 97
15. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Loadings to Three Segments
of Flint Creek by Source 99
16. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Loadings From Flint Creek
Watershed by Source 100
17. Total Phosphorus Loadings to Tributary Streams
by Source 109
18. Total Phosphorus Loading from Tributary Streams 115
19. Total Phosphorus Loadings to Three Segments
of Flint Creek by Source 117
20. Total Phosphorus Loadings From Flint Creek Watershed
by Source 118
21. Nitrate-Nitrite Nitrogen Loadings to Tributary
Streams by Source 127
22. Nitrate-Nitrite Nitrogen Loading from Tributary
Streams 133
23. Nitrate-Nitrite Nitrogen Loadings to Three Segments
of Flint Creek by Source 135
24. Nitrate-Nitrite Nitrogen Loadings From Flint Creek
Watershed by Source 136
vii
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INTRODUCTION
The Flint Creek Watershed Project (FCWP) was initiated in 1992 as
a cooperative effort among Federal, State and local organizations
to improve and protect the water quality of Flint Creek. The
FCWP is one of two watershed projects selected in the southeast
United States to demonstrate the Environmental Protection
Agency's (EPA) Watershed Protection Approach (WPA). The strategy
of the WPA is to focus cooperative actions to solve specific
water quality problems.
The objective of the FCWP is to improve and protect the waters of
perennial streams in the Flint Creek Watershed to meet or exceed
State of Alabama Water Quality Standards for Fish and Wildlife.
This includes:
Improving water quality within the segment of Flint Creek
classified as Agricultural and Industrial Water Supply, so
that all segments can be reclassified to Fish and Wildlife.
Reducing waste loading in the Flint Creek Watershed, as
determined by the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) process,
so that desired uses are not impaired and economic
development is not restricted.
In June 1994, the Flint Creek Watershed Conservancy District
(FCWCD) was formed by the Morgan, Lawrence and Cullman County
Soil and Water Conservation Districts. The FCWCD will act as a
local representative for the project and will decide what water
quality initiatives will be implemented to reduce the pollution
that enters Flint Creek. To assist the FCWCD with these
decisions, pollutant loadings for five day biochemical oxygen
demand (B0D5), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total suspended
solids (TSS), phosphorous (P), and nitrite-nitrate nitrogen (N02
& N03) were estimated. This report presents the methodology used
to make the estimates and summarizes the results. These
estimates were compiled by the Alabama Department of
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Environmental Management (ADEM), Alabama Geological Survey (AGS)/
EPA, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), and Tennessee
Valley Authority (TVA). These estimates are based on best
professional judgment and are to be used for planning purposes
only.
2
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STUDY AREA
The Flint Creek Watershed contains approximately 350 miles of
perennial streams and over 650 miles of intermittent streams
draining approximately 290,000 acres. The majority of the
watershed is in Morgan County with portions in Cullman and
Lawrence Counties/ all in Northwest Alabama (See Figure 1). The
primary land use within the watershed is agriculture with the
overwhelming majority being pasture and forest. Morgan County is
a leading agricultural producer in the State. The urban areas
within the watershed are the south east corner of Decatur,
Hartselle, Falkville and Danville.
Flint Creek is a major tributary to Wheeler Reservoir on the
Tennessee River. The ADEM has classified Flint Creek for use
either as Public Water Supply or Fish and Wildlife except for one
segment which remains classified for Agricultural and Industrial
Water Supply because it fails to meet the water quality criteria
for Fish and Wildlife (See Figure 2). Although Flint Creek is
not classified for swimming, there is a public beach at Point
Mallard Park which is located on the embayment.
Water quality impairments to Flint Creek due to both point and
nonpoint sources have been documented in recent years. Flint
Creek is listed in Alabama's Nonpoint Source Assessment Report
as having 25 miles impaired due to nutrients, organic enrichment
and pathogens originating from animal holding and management
areas, feedlots and dairies1. Upper Flint Creek and West Flint
Creek were listed in Alabama's Nonpoint Source Management Plan as
priority waterbodies for agricultural nonpoint source control2.
A recent waste load allocation evaluation performed by ADEM
suggests that the Agricultural and Industrial portion of Flint
Creek could not meet the water quality criteria for Fish and
Wildlife even if the municipal point source discharges were
eliminated3. Turbidity and bacteria are high during periods of
high runoff associated with wet weather seasons and
thunderstorms. High temperatures occur during low flow periods.
3
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Decatur*
AVhcclcr Lake
£ • Hartselle
Falkville
• Birming
Alabama
OMontgomi
Tennessee River
Figure 1. Location of Flint Creek Watershed
4
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Tennessee River
Decatur •
if feeler Lake
Stream Classifications
• Falkville
r\j Fish & Wildlife
Agriculture & Industry
i Public Water Supply <8
^ Fish & Wildlife
Figure 2. Alabama Water Quality
Stream Classifications for Flint Creek and West Flint Creek
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METHODS FOR ESTIMATING POLLUTANT LOADINGS
Pollutant loading is defined as the amount of a particular
pollutant delivered to a stream over a specific time period from
a specific source. The pollutant can come from a pipe (point
source pollution), from runoff from the land (nonpoint source
pollution)or from one stream (tributary stream) into another
stream (receiving stream). See Figure 3. The point source and
nonpoint source pollutant loadings to each tributary stream to
Flint Creek, West Flint Creek and the Flint Creek Embayment were
calculated. The loadings to each tributary were then summed to
estimate the tributary's pollutant loading to Flint Creek, West
Flint Creek, or the Flint Creek Embayment.
The data and methods used to calculate the pollutant loadings
from the point and nonpoint sources within the Flint Creek
Watershed are summarized here. Pollutant loading estimates were
developed for the following nonpoint sources: residential,
industrial and commercial, cropland, pasture, beef cattle, dairy,
swine, and poultry. Pollutant loading estimates were developed
for the following parameters: B0D5, TKN, TSS, P, and N02 & N03.
All pollutant loadings are on an annual basis. Pollutant loading
estimates from the following nonpoint sources are not included in
this report: illegal dumps, failing septic tanks, silviculture,
rural road bank erosion, horses, sheep, goats, geese, ducks, and
poultry mortality. Preliminary investigation by various agencies
found that, considering the entire watershed, the relative
contributions of these sources are minor.
The pollutant loadings for the point sources were estimated based
on data reported to ADEM under the National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES). The pollutant loading estimates for
the nonpoint sources were based on data from an landuse inventory
conducted by TVA of the major land use activities and nonpoint
pollution sources (NPS) within the Flint Creek Watershed
7
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Watershed with
Various Landuses
\
Figure 3. Types of Pollutant Loadings
8
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using aerial remote sensing techniques. TVA has used these
techniques over the past ten years to obtain land use information
in several watersheds, and the process has evolved to provide
reliable, high-resolution land use and NPS information. The
remote sensing techniques used to produce this NPS inventory are
summarized in a June 1993 report entitled "Aerial Inventory of
Land Uses and Nonpoint Pollution Sources"4. The photographs used
in the interpretation process were taken on October 10, 1989;
however, the inventory data were updated based on field
observations to more accurately reflect conditions in 1994.
Point Source Loadings
Six point source discharges within the Flint Creek Watershed are
required under Alabama law to have a NPDES permit. This permit
establishes specific discharge limitations and monitoring
requirements that the permittee must comply with. The monitoring
data are periodically reported to ADEM in a Discharge Monitoring
Report (DMR). The data from these DMRs were used to estimate the
pollutant loadings on an annual basis for each of the point
source discharges. The loadings were calculated by multiplying
the reported discharge concentration times the corresponding
discharge flowrate and extrapolating to an annual load.
Nonpoint Source Loadings - Residential
The pollutant loading from the residential areas within the Flint
Creek Watershed was estimated using a procedure described by
EPA5. The pollutant loading was computed by:
M = RainV x Rv x Area x Cone x 0.227 Equation (1)
Where:
M = pollutant loading (pounds/year)
RainV = annual rainfall amount (inches/year)
9
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Rv = runoff coefficient (unitless)
Area = drainage area (acres)
Cone = average concentration in runoff (mg/L)
0.277 = unit conversion factor
The annual rainfall for the Flint Creek Watershed was estimated
to be 54 inches per year. The runoff coefficient is a function
of housing density. The following runoff coefficients were used
based on EPA5 recommendations for low and medium housing density:
Tributaries to Flint Creek Embayment 0.5
Tributaries to Flint Creek 0.2
Tributaries to West Flint Creek 0.2
The residential areas, by tributary, used in the calculation are
shown in column 2 of Table 1. These areas were determined by TVA
using aerial remote sensing techniques4. The following average
concentrations in the runoff were used:
Total Suspended Solids 180 mg/L
Five day Biochemical Oxygen Demand 12 mg/L
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen 1.90 mg/L
Total Phosphorus 0.42 mg/L
Nitrate-Nitrite Nitrogen 0.86 mg/L
These values were taken from Table 6-25 of the EPA report "NURP
Priority Pollution Monitoring Program-Volume 1: Findings" . EPA
recommends these values for planning level purposes as the best
description of the characteristics of urban runoff.
Nonpoint Source Loadings - Commercial and Industrial
The pollutant loading from the commercial and industrial areas
within the Flint Creek Watershed was estimated using the same
procedure described for the residential area.
10
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Table 1. General Land Use/Land Cover
Tributary Watershed
Residential
Industrial /
Commercial
Forest
Row Crop
Without Residue
Row Crop
With Residue
Pasture
Other
Water
Embayment DR
523
509
1.630
33
1,129
41
-
1,729
Crabtree Slough
1.835
1.032
1.031
13
567
1.403
228
308
Hickory Hills
252
101
799
176
1,030
363
-
130
Dinsmore Slough
489
417
902
75
336
1,288
-
130
Blue Hole Branch
160
15
508
-
-
756
-
53
Village Branch
524
269
4,296
41
55
2.768
19
170
West Flint Creek DR
557
10
25.505
413
3,821
17,197
85
517
Mud Tavern Creek
185
-
5,544
13
148
4.014
23
59
Flat Creek
-
17
1,714
35
117
4,257
8
66
Big Shoal Creek
118
-
3,163
57
127
9,208
15
56
McDaniel Creek
55
-
2,818
140
733
5,015
-
8
Elam Creek
84
17
7.529
550
3,931
7,613
-
120
Lower Flint Creek DR
1,446
52
4,448
187
622
6,513
34
319
No Business Creek
448
76
6.422
491
4.206
11.081
15
133
Crowdabout Creek
121
3
11,557
324
3,599
15,534
3
39
Mack Creek
-
-
1.785
110
1,418
1,601
-
1
Shoal Creek
1.411
704
3.627
132
101
4,270
118
25
Middle Flint Creek DR
103
254
3,465
52
964
5,283
7
40
Cedar Creek
79
183
5,698
90
620
7,434
68
21
Robinson Creek
89
90
2.430
-
598
2,555
39
21
Mike Creek
•
-
3.573
5
77
1,684
29
Indian Creek
86
73
1,687
41
109
1,164
3
Upper Flint Creek DR
256
96
3.714
43
49
2.248
70
Mill Creek
106
-
8,448
17
382
4,234
38
Rock Creek
136
87
1,442
41
-
2.287
24
Lick Creek
23
-
1,442
27
19
1,053
11
East Fork Creek
70
13
3,926
94
184
3,835
46
Grand Total
9,155
4,017
119,102
3,200
24,942
124,698
661
4,164
DR: Direct Runoff
Reference 4. (With updates to row crop and pasture as described in Methodology Section)
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The annual rainfall for the Flint Creek Watershed'was estimated
to be 54 inches per year. . The runoff coefficient is a functio^
of building density. The following runoff coefficients were use^
based on EPA5 recommendations for building density:
Tributaries to Flint Creek Embayment 0.95
Tributaries to Flint Creek 0.80
Tributaries to West Flint Creek 0.70
The commercial and industrial areas, by tributary, used in the
calculation are shown in column 3 of Table 1. These areas were
determined by TVA using aerial remote sensing techniques4. The
average concentrations in the runoff were the same as those used
for the residential loading as recommended by EPA6.
Nonpoint Source Loadings - Cropland
The pollutant loading from the cropland within the Flint Creek
Watershed was computed by:
M = SL x DR x PC Equation (2)
Where:
M = pollutant loading (pounds/year)
SL = soil loss (tons soil/year)
DR = stream delivery ratio (unitless)
PC = pollutant coefficient (pound pollutant/ton soil)
The cropland soil losses by tributary used in the calculation are
shown in Table 2. These soil loss values were obtained by
revising the estimates made by TVA using aerial remote sensing
techniques4. During the TVA inventory, approximately 14,000
acres of cropland (late soybeans and grain sorghum) were
incorrectly classified as pasture. This happened because of the
time of year the photographs were taken (October). To correct for
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Table 2. Soil Loss Estimates for Cropland
Soil Loss (T/Y)
Row Crop
Row Crop
Tributary Watershed
Without Residue
With Residue
Embayment DR
748
6,148
Crabtree Slough
290
7,130
Hickory Hills
3,812
10,800
Dinsmore Slough
1.339
2,530
Blue Hole Branch
-
-
Village Branch
766
492
West Flint Creek DR
7,698
38,132
Mud Tavern Creek
370
2,888
Flat Creek
736
1,532
Big Shoal Creek
1,384
2,238
McDaniel Creek
2,652
6,028
Elam Creek
10,171
38,902
Lower Flint Creek DR
4,609
7,052
No Business Creek
10,129
41,116
Crowdabout Creek
3,800
33,602
Mack Creek
587
8,846
Shoal Creek
3,814
1,134
Middle Flint Creek DR
1,310
6,342
Cedar Creek
1,537
5,042
Robinson Creek
-
4,302
Mike Creek
165
4,132
Indian Creek
1,792
6,376
Upper Flint Creek DR
3,698
2,512
Mill Creek
440
4,484
Rock Creek
824
-
Lick Creek
1,004
446
East Fork Creek
3,507
2,256
Grand Total
67,182
244,462
DR: Direct Runoff
Reference 4. (With updates to row crop and pasture as described in Methodology Section)
13
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this the cropland with residue identified by the TVA inventory
{12,471 acres) was doubled and estimated to be distributed the
same as the original 12,471 acres. The inventory identified 320 O
acres of cropland without residue and these acres were not
revised. As part of the inventory process the soil loss for eachi
field was calculated using the universal soil loss equation.
The following stream delivery ratios were used:
Tributaries to Flint Creek Embayment 0.15
Tributaries to Flint Creek 0.06
Tributaries to West Flint Creek 0.10
Delivery ratios were estimated from SCS National Engineering
Handbook7, Section 3 - Sedimentation, Chapter 6 - Sediment
Sources, Yields and Delivery ratios, Figure 6-2. A rough
estimate of sediment delivery ratio can be made from Figure 6-2
based on drainage area. .More refined estimates would also
consider soil texture, relief, type of erosion, sediment
transport system, and areas of deposition within the drainage
area.
The following pollutant coefficients were used for those
tributaries to Flint and West Flint Creeks:
Organic Nitrogen 2.180 pounds/ton soil
Ammonia 0.017 pounds/ton soil
Nitrate-Nitrite Nitrogen 0.001 pounds/ton soil
Phosphorus 0.160 pounds/ton soil
Total Suspended Solids 0.70 tons/ton soil
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 0.004 tons/ton soil
A 4% slope was used for cropland in Flint and West Flint
Watersheds. Nutrient characteristics were based on measurement^
of Decatur silty clay soils, 4% slope according to Hall et al.8
The Decatur soil is representative of soils in the Flint Creek
Watershed. Total phosphorus (P) was estimated to be four times
the extractable phosphorus (soil test phosphorus) reported by
Hall et al.8 NRCS recognizes this general relationship to
estimate P from a soil test. TSS were estimated to be 70% of t*x,
eroded soil that reached the stream. Suspended solids are
14
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generally less than 0.062 mm in "diameter". Particles within
this size range are primarily silts and clays (also includes some
very fine sands). The soils in the Flint Creek region have high
silt and clay contents, ranging from 55-85% silt and clay (SCS
Soil Survey Reports9) . As an average, a 70% silt and clay
content was used for soil that reached the streams. The BOD5 was
based on the amount of organic carbon in the top inches of soil.
The following pollutant coefficients were used for those
tributaries to Flint Creek Embayment:
Organic Nitrogen 2.381 pounds/ton soil
Ammonia 0.015 pounds/ton soil
Nitrate-Nitrite Nitrogen 0.0017 pounds/ton soil
Phosphorus 0.160 pounds/ton soil
Total Suspended Solids 0.70 tons/ton soil
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 0.004 tons/ton soil
A 2% slope was used for cropland in the Flint Creek Embayment,
otherwise the same estimates used for the 4% slope cropland
apply.
Nonpoint. Source Loadings - Pasture
The pollutant loading from the pasture within the Flint Creek
Watershed was computed by:
M = L x A x DR x PC Equation (3)
Where:
M = pollutant loading (pounds/year)
L = soil loss rate (tons soil/acre/year)
A = pasture area (acres)
DR = stream delivery ratio (unitless)
PC = pollutant coefficient (pound pollutant/ton soil)
15
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The pasture areas, by tributary, used in the calculation are
shown in column 6 of Table 1. These areas were obtained by
revising the estimates for pasture made by TVA using aerial
remote sensing techniques". As discussed in the section on
cropland approximately 14,000 acres of cropland (late soybeans
and grain sorghum) were incorrectly classified as pasture. To
correct for this an amount equal to the area of cropland with
residue identified by the TVA inventory (12,471 acres) was
subtracted from the amount of pasture identified by the TVA
inventory. These lands were estimated to be distributed the same
as the original 12,471 acres.
The inventory revealed that over 99% of the pasture throughout
the watershed was in good condition, no evidence of gullies or
excessive erosion. Therefore, the soil loss rate for all pasture
was estimated to be 0.5 tons/acre/year. This value is based on
the Universal Soil Loss Equation calculation for an average
pasture situation:
A=RxKxLSxCxP Equation (4)
Where:
A = soil loss (tons/acre/year)
R = rainfall energy factor
K = soil erodibility factor
LS = slope-length factor
C = cropping management factor
P = erosion control practice factor
The following values were used for an average pasture: R = 300,
K = 0.24, LS = 0.951, C = 0.008 and P = 1.
The following stream delivery ratios were used:
Tributaries to Flint Creek Embayment 0.15
Tributaries to Flint Creek 0.06
Tributaries to West Flint Creek 0.10
The sediment delivery ratios for pasture were determined the same
way as the cropland ratios (based on drainage area).
16
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Loadings from pasture include only pollution from soil erosion.
Generally, for a pasture in good condition, there is little
erosion. The pollutant loading from animal manure is addressed
separately under Beef Cattle. The following pollutant
coefficients were used for all tributaries to Flint Creek, West
Flint Creek and Flint Creek Embayment:
Organic Nitrogen 1.980 pounds/ton soil
Ammonia 0.015 pounds/ton soil
Nitrate-Nitrite Nitrogen 0.003 pounds/ton soil
Phosphorus 0.160 pounds/ton soil
Total Suspended Solids 0.70 tons/ton soil
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 0.004 tons/ton soil
Nutrient characteristics were based on measurements of soils on
twelve pasture sites in the Sand Mountain region of Alabama by
Kingery et al10. Ammonia was not reported in this study, so the
cropland value of 0.015 pounds/ton was used. Total phosphorus
was estimated to be four times the extractable phosphorus (soil
test phosphorus). NRCS recognizes this general relationship to
estimate total phosphorus from a soil test. TSS were estimated
to be 70% of the eroded soil that reached the stream. Suspended
solids are generally less than 0.062 mm in "diameter". Particles
within this size range are primarily silts and clays (also
includes some very fine sands). The soils in the Flint Creek
region have high silt and clay contents, ranging from 55-85% silt
and clay (SCS Soil Survey Reports9) . As an average, a 70% silt
and clay content was used for soil that reached the streams (0.7
tons TSS/ton of eroded soil). The BOD5 was based on the amount
of organic carbon in the top inches of soil.
17
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Nonpoint Source Loadings - Beef Cattle
The pollutant loading from beef cattle within the Flint Creek
Watershed was computed by:
M = (CStl x PCI) + ... + (CStn x PCn) Equation (5)
Where:
M = pollutant loading (tons/year)
CStl = no. of cattle sites of type 1 (type)
CStn = no. of cattle sites of type n (type)
PCI = pollutant coefficient type 1
(ton pollutant/year/type)
PCn = pollutant coefficient type n
(ton pollutant/year/type)
The number and type of cattle sites by tributary used in the
calculation are shown in columns 2 and 3 of Table 3. These
values were obtained by TVA using aerial remote sensing
techniques4. The cattle sites were identified as small, medium
or large and adjacent to or non-adjacent to the stream.
The pollutant coefficient used for each type cattle site is shown
in Table 4. Analyzing cattle behavior and producer management
was critical in estimating pollutant loading coefficients for
beef cattle. Estimates were based on observation by SCS
employees, discussions with cattle operators and discussion with
Dr. Keith Cummins, Animal Behavior Specialist, Auburn University.
The pollutant coefficients in Table 4 were computed using the
following equation:
PCn = NA x PPR x DR Equation (6)
18
-------
Table 3. Type and Number of Livestock Sites and Poultry Houses
Cattle
Dairy
Poultry
Swine
Adjacent
Nonadjacent
Adj
Non
Houses
Adjacent
Nonadjacent
T ributary Watersheds
S
M
L
S
M
L
Number of Cows
Sites
Number of Cows
Sites
Broiler
Breeder
S
M
L
S
M
L
Embay me nt OR
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Crabtree Slough
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hickory HWs
0
0
0
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dinsmore Slough
0
1
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
BIim Hole Branch
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Village Branch
0
1
0
3
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I/Vest FUnt Creek
1
6
0
87
29
0
Unknown (large)
1
0
62
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
Mud Tavern Creek
1
1
0
16
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Flat Creak
3
3
0
30
15
0
0
0
5
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
Bio Shoal Creek
3
7
0
66
46
0
0
0
18
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
McDaniel Creak
2
7
0
9
6
0
0
0
18
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Elam Creak
0
7
0
29
27
0
0
150. 100. 30
3
21
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Lower Flint Creek DR
2
1
0
35
8
0
225
1
0
27
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
No Business Creek
3
6
0
34
37
0
0
50
1
44
0
0
2
0
1
1
0
Crowdabout Creek
4
10
1
33
47
1
100, 700 replacement
1
0
66
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mack Creek
0
3
0
3
2
1
0
225
1
4
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
Shoal Creek
1
3
0
14
7
0
0
Unknown (small)
1
5
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Middle Flint Creek DR
0
2
0
10
15
1
0
100
1
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cedar Creek
1
5
0
37
19
1
0
375
1
12
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
Robinson Creek
2
0
0
4
9
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mike Creek
0
0
0
6
6
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Indian Creek
0
1
0
6
4
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Upper Flint Creek
0
0
0
5
6
0
0
0
13
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mill Creek
1
2
0
20
8
0
0
0
39
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
Rock Creek
0
1
0
8
8
0
0
0
41
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Lick Creek
1
0
0
4
3
1
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
East Fork Creek
1
1
0
26
7
1
0
100
1
34
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
-------
Table 4. Pollutant Coefficients for Beef Cattle
Sites
tons/site/vr
Type
TSS
BOD5
ON
NH3-N
TKN
P
N03-N
waste
Embayment
Small
0.248
0.068
0.019
0.005
0.024
0.009
0.00007
2.5
Small Adj.
0.400
0.147
0.039
0.009
0.048
0.014
0.00011
5.7
Medium
0.829
0.226
0.066
0.019
0.085
0.028
0.00022
8.4
Medium Adj.
1.350
0.500
0.104
0.031
0.135
0.044
0.00038
18.9
Large
1.824
0.500
0.148
0.039
0.186
0.059
0.00084
18.5
Large Adj.
2.975
1.103
0.246
0.069
0.315
0.096
0.00081
41.5
Flint Creek
Small
0.390
0.128
0.029
0.006
0.035
0.013
0.00010
2.7
& West Flint Creek
Small Adj.
0.400
0.147
0.039
0.009
0.048
0.014
0.00011
5.7
Medium
1.299
0.432
0.094
0.025
0.119
0.043
0.00033
9.0
Medium Adj.
1.350
0.500
0.104
0.031
0.135
0.044
0.00038
18.9
Large
2.860
0.951
0.211
0.058
0.269
0.094
0.00094
19.7
2.975
1.103
0.246
0.069
0.315
0.096
0.00081
41.5
-------
Where:
PCn = pollutant coefficient {tons/site/year)
(n = TSS, B0D5, TKN etc.)
NA = number of animals (number/site)
PPR = pollutant production rate (tons/animal/year)
DR = delivery ratio (unitless)
The estimates for the number of animals per site are shown below:
Small site = 15 cattle
Medium site = 50 cattle
Large site = 110 cattle
These numbers were based on cattle density estimates from NRCS
field personnel. NRCS field personnel estimated that there were
27,340 cattle in the Flint Creek Watershed. Data from the
Alabama Agricultural Statistics Report11 indicate there are
approximately 24,000 cattle in the watershed. Based on the
animal number estimates above and the number of small, medium and
large sites identified by the TVA inventory, there would be
27,800 cattle in the watershed. These values closely correspond
to the expected number of cattle, therefore validating the above
estimates.
The pollutant production rate, PPR was computed by:
PPR = WT x PR x 0.1825 Equation (7)
The average beef cow was estimated to weigh 1000 pounds.
The following (as excreted) production rates (PR) for manure
produced, BOD5, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total
Where:
PPR
WT
PR
0.1825
pollutant production rate (tons/animal/yr)
animal weight (pounds)
production rate (lb/day/1000 lb live wt)
unit conversion factor
21
-------
solids, obtained from SCS Animal Waste Management Field
Handbook11, were used:
Manure production
59.1
lb/day/1000
lb
live
weight
B0D5
1.6
lb/day/1000
lb
live
weight
Total Nitrogen
0.31
lb/day/1000
lb
live
weight
Phosphorus
0.11
lb/day/1000
lb
live
weight
Total solids
6.78
lb/day/1000
lb
live
weight
The following production rates were used based on values derived
from "Livestock Manure Characterization Values from the North
Carolina Database"13:
Organic Nitrogen 0.23 lb/day/1000 lb live weight
(74.78% of total nitrogen)
Ammonia 0.077 lb/day/1000 lb live weight
(24.93% of total nitrogen)
Nitrate-Nitrite N 0.0009 lb/day/1000 lb live weight
(0.29% of total nitrogen)
Total Suspended Solids 3.39 lb/day/1000 lb live weight
(50% of total solids)
The following delivery ratios were used for those sites adjacent
to the stream:
Total Nitrogen 0.0444
Ammonia 0.0444
Organic Nitrogen 0.0469
Total Phosphorus 0.0437
B0D5 0.0342
Total Suspended Solids 0.0437
Nitrate-Nitrite 0.0486
The following delivery ratios
non-adjacent to the stream:
for tributaries to Flint
Total Nitrogen
Ammonia
were used for those sites
and West Flint Creeks:
0.0351
0.0351
22
-------
Organic Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
B0D5
0.0411
0.0415
0.0286
0.0415
0.0451
Total Suspended Solids
Nitrate-Nitrite
and
for tributaries to Flint creek Embayment
Total Nitrogen
Ammonia
Organic Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
BOD5
Total Suspended Solids
Nitrate-Nitrite
0.0251
0.0251
0.0289
0.0269
0.0158
0.0269
0.0314
Pollutant delivery to the stream depends on: (1) where the cattle
are in the watershed and (2) the fate of the pollutant once it is
introduced into the environment (i.e. , movement, adsorption,
volatilization, etc). For those sites adjacent to the stream it
was estimated that the cattle spent time in one of three general
areas as follows:
2.5% of the time in the perennial stream
16.7% of the time near the perennial stream
80.8% of the time in the pasture away from the perennial
stream
For those sites non-adjacent to the stream the following
estimates were made for time spent:
for tributaries to Flint and West Flint Creek:
0% of the time in the perennial stream
40% of the time near intermittent drain
60% of the time in the pasture away from intermittent drain
and
23
-------
for tributaries to Flint Creek Embayment:
0% of the time in the perennial stream
25% of the time near intermittent drain
75% of the time in the pasture away from intermittent drain
These times were derived based on the following estimates about
cattle behavior:
1. The time spent in the stream is primarily in June
through September.
2. Minimal time spent in stream at night and essentially
no waste is deposited.
3. Potential stream access occurs 12 hours per day June
through September.
4. One third of 12 hours is spent in stream or near stream
(4 hours per day).
5. One sixth of 12 hours is spent in stream (2 hours per
day June through September).
6. For April, May, October, and November 0.5 hours per day
spent in stream.
7. For December, January, February and March minimal time
spent in stream and essentially no waste deposited.
8. Estimate half of the cattle are not environmentally
sensitive (Brahmin mix, etc.) and are 50% less likely
to be in the stream than stated in the above estimates.
9. Percent of time spent in stream is averaged over the
year (0.833 hours per day for environmentally sensitive
animals and "0.417 hours per day for not sensitive
animals). This gives average for all animals of 0.625
hours per day or 2.6%. For delivery ratio calculation
assume 2.5% for time spent in stream.
24
-------
The following estimates were made about the fate of the pollutant
once it was introduced into the environment:
1. When the animal is in the stream 100% of all pollutants
enters the stream with no losses.
2. When the animal is near the stream 10% of BOD5,
nitrogen, and phosphorus enters the stream. In
addition, 25% of the ammonia is lost due to
volatilization prior to it entering the stream and 10%
of the organic nitrogen is converted to ammonia prior
to entering the stream. A portion of the B0D5 is
consumed before it reaches the stream. The following
losses of BOD5 were applied: for sites defined as
adjacent, 50%; for non-adjacent sites draining to Flint
and West Flint Creeks, 30%; and for non-adjacent sites
draining to the Embayment, 40%.
3. When the animal is in the pasture 0.1% of BOD5, 0.85%
of the nitrogen and 0.25% of the phosphorus enters the
stream (these numbers are based on values for land
applied poultry litter7) .
4. The delivery ratio used for TSS was 0.6%.
The delivery ratio was calculated by summing the products of the
time spent in the general areas (in %) and the respective fates
(in %) and dividing by 100.
25
-------
Nonpoint Source Loadings - Dairy
The pollutant loading from dairy cattle within the Flint Creek
Watershed was computed by:
M = (DStl x PCI) + ... + (DStn x PCn) Equation (8)
Where:
M = pollutant loading (tons/year)
DStl = no. of cattle sites of type 1 (type)
DStn = no. of cattle sites of type n (type)
PCI = pollutant coefficient type 1
(ton .pollutant/year/type)
PCn = pollutant coefficient type n
(ton pollutant/year/type)
The number and type of dairy sites by tributary used in the
calculation are shown in Table 3. These sites were identified by
TVA using aerial remote sensing techniques4 and then confirmed by
NRCS field staff that the dairy was still in operation. NRCS
staff also determined the number of cows at each site. These
sites were also identified as adjacent to or non-adjacent to the
stream.
The pollutant coefficient used for each type dairy site is shown
in Table 5. Pollution loadings from dairy operations vary
greatly from operation to operation. Factors which influence
delivery of pollutants to the stream include type and amount of
confinement, management of lagoons or waste storage ponds,
proximity of cows to streams, and timing and amount of land
application of wastes. Management factors were not evaluated for
each individual dairy. As mentioned above, only an estimate of
the number of cows and identification of adjacent or non-adjacent
sites were specified for each operation. All sites are
considered to be unconfined.
The pollution coefficients in Table 5 consist of two components:
a management component and a stream access component. A certain
26
-------
Table 5. Pollutant Coefficients for Dairy Cattle Sites
Type
tons/site/yr
TSS
BOD5
ON
NH3-N
TKN
P
N03-N
waste
30
1.642
0.130
0.055
0.035
0.090
0.011
0.00013
13.1
50
2.737
0.218
0.091
0.059
0.150
0.019
0.00022
21.9
75
4.106
0.328
0.137
0.088
0.225
0.029
0.00033
32.9
100
5.475
0.438
0.183
0.118
0.301
0.038
0.00044
43.8
150
8.212
0.655
0.275
0.176
0.451
0.057
0.00066
65.7
225
12.310
0.985
0.413
0.265
0.678
0.086
0.00100
98.6
225 adj
36.950
4.922
1.331
1.021
2.352
0.259
0.00299
295.6
357
20.530
1.643
0.688
0.441
1.129
0.144
0.00166
164.2
375 adj
61.590
8.204
2.218
1.701
3.919
0.431
0.00498
492.7
1100 milking, 700 replacement
98.550
20.148
3.447
2.470
5.917
0.690
0.00797
788.4
-------
amount of waste enters streams from inadequate waste management
systems {overflowing lagoons, runoff from land application,
runoff loafing areas). Only those sites specified as adjacent
sites have a stream component. Equation 9 was used to compute
the pollutant coefficients given in Table 5.
PCn = (NA x PPR x DR)mngt + (NA x PPR x DR)str Equation (9)
Where:
PCn = pollutant coefficient (tons/site/year)
(n = TSS, B0D5, TKN etc.)
NA = number of animals (number/site)
PPR = pollutant production rate (tons/animal/year)
DR = delivery ratio (unitless)
The pollutant production rate, PPR was computed by:
PPR = WT x PR x 0.1825 Equation (10)
Where:
PPR = pollutant production rate (tons/animal/yr)
WT = animal weight (pounds)
PR =s production rate (lb/day/1000 lb live wt)
0.1825 = unit conversion factor
The average dairy cow was estimated to weigh 1200 pounds.
The following (as excreted) production rates (PR) for manure
produced, BOD5, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total
solids, obtained from SCS Animal Waste Management Field
Handbook11, were used:
Manure production 80.0 lb/day/1000 lb live weight
BOD5 1.60 lb/day/1000 lb live weight
Total Nitrogen 0.45 lb/day/1000 lb live weight
Phosphorus 0.07 lb/day/1000 lb live weight
Total solids 10.00 lb/day/1000 lb live weight
28
-------
The following production rates were used based on values derived
from "Livestock Manure Characterization Values from the North
Carolina Database"12:
Organic Nitrogen 0.37 lb/day/1000 lb live weight
(82.85% of total nitrogen)
Ammonia 0.076 lb/day/1000 lb live weight
(16.97% of total nitrogen)
Nitrate-Nitrite N 0.0008 lb/day/1000 lb live weight
(0.18% of total nitrogen)
Total Suspended Solids 5.0 lb/day/1000 lb live weight
(50% of total solids)
The following delivery ratios were used for the management
component:
Total Nitrogen 0.025
Ammonia 0.0175
Organic Nitrogen 0.0225
Total Phosphorus 0.025
BOD5 0.0125
Total Suspended Solids 0.025
Nitrate-Nitrite 0.025
A closer look at the individual operations would be needed to
refine these values. For example distance to the stream and
management style would need to be considered. The deliver ratio
for ammonia includes an allowance for a 30% loss of ammonia due
to volatilization. The delivery ratio for organic nitrogen
includes an allowance for a 10% loss of organic nitrogen due to
conversion to ammonia, which is susceptible to volatilization.
The delivery ratio for the stream access component for all
pollutants was estimated to be 0.05. This is based on the
assumption that dairy cows with stream access spend 5% of their
time in the stream. See rationale for this assumption under beef
cattle, assuming dairy cows are "environmentally sensitive."
29
-------
Nonpoint Source Loadings - Swine
The pollutant loading from swine within the Flint Creek Watershed
was computed by:
M = (SStl x PCI) + ... + (SStn x PCn) Equation (11)
Where:
M = pollutant loading (tons/year)
SStl = no. of swine sites of type 1 (type)
SStn = no. of swine sites of type n (type)
PCI = pollutant coefficient type 1
(ton pollutant/year/type)
PCn = pollutant coefficient type n
(ton pollutant/year/type)
The number and type of swine sites by tributary used in the
calculation are shown in Table 3. These values were obtained by
TVA using aerial remote sensing techniques4. The swine sites
were identified as small, medium or large and adjacent to or non-
adjacent to the stream.
The pollutant coefficient used for each type swine site is shown
in Table 6. Pollutant loadings from swine operations vary
greatly from operation to operation. Factors which influence
delivery of pollutants to the stream include type and amount of
confinement, management of lagoons or waste storage ponds,
proximity of hogs to the stream, and timing and amount of land
application of wastes. A certain amount of waste enters streams
from inadequate waste management systems (overflowing lagoons,
runoff from land application, runoff from uncovered confinement
areas). Management factors were not evaluated for each
individual operation. As mentioned above, only an estimate of
the operation size and identification of adjacent or non-adjacent
sites, were specified for each operation.
30
-------
Table 6. Pollutant Coefficients for Swine Sites
Type
tons/site/yr
TSS
BOD5
ON
NH3-N
TKN
P
N03-N
waste
Embayment
Small
0.173
0.057
0.008
0.009
0.017
0.009
0.00004
3.5
Small Adj.
0.347
0.091
0.017
0.019
0.036
0.018
0.00007
6.9
Medium
0.347
0.114
0.017
0.019
0.036
0.018
0.00007
6.9
Medium Adj.
0.694
0.182
0.034
0.038
0.072
0.035
0.00002
13.9
Large
0.520
0.171
0.025
0.028
0.053
0.026
0.00010
10.4
Large Adj.
1.041
0.273
0.051
0.057
0.108
0.053
0.00021
20.8
Flint Creek
& West Flint Creek
Small
0.173
0.057
0.008
0.009
0.017
0.009
0.00004
3.5
Small Adj.
0.347
0.091
0.017
0.019
0.036
0.018
0.00007
6.9
Medium
0.347
0.114
0.017
0.019
0.036
0.018
0.00007
6.9
Medium Adj.
0.694
0.182
0.034
0.038
0.072
0.035
0.00002
13.9
Large
0.520
0.171
0.025
0.028
0.053
0.026
0.00010
10.4
Large Adj.
1.041
0.273
0.051
0.057
0.108
0.053
0.00021
20.8
-------
The pollutant coefficients in Table 6 were computed by the
following equation:
PCn = NA x PPR x DR
Equation (12)
Where:
PCn = pollutant coefficient (tons/site/year)
(n = TSS, BOD5/ TKN etc.)
NA = number of animals (number/site)
PPR = pollutant production rate (tons/animal/year)
DR = delivery ratio (unitless)
The estimates for the number of animals per site are shown below:
Small site = 30 hogs
Medium site = 60 hogs
Large site = 90 hogs
These numbers were based on swine density estimates from NRCS
field personnel.
The pollutant production rate, PPR, was computed by:
PPR = WT x PR x 0.1825 Equation (13)
The average swine weight was estimated to be 200 pounds. The
average swine weight for Alabama is approximately 105 pounds
based on Alabama Agricultural Statistics11. However,
observations of swine facilities by NRCS employees indicated that
the 105 pound weight was too low for hogs in the Flint Creek
Watershed.
Where:
WT
PR
0.1825 =
animal weight (pounds)
production rate (lb/day/1000 lb live wt)
unit conversion factor
32
-------
The following production rates (PR) for manure produced, BOD5,
total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total solids, obtained from
SCS Animal Waste Management Field Handbook12, were used:
Manure production 63.4
B0D5 2.08
Total Nitrogen 0.42
Phosphorus 0.16
Total solids 6.34
lb/day/1000 lb live weight
lb/day/1000 lb live weight
lb/day/1000 lb live weight
lb/day/1000 lb live weight
lb/day/1000 lb live weight
The following production rates were used based on values derived
from "Livestock Manure Characterization Values from the North
Carolina Database"13:
Organic Nitrogen 0.17 lb/day/1000 lb live weight
(40.91% of total nitrogen)
Ammonia 0.25 lb/day/1000 lb live weight
(58.94% of total nitrogen)
Nitrate-Nitrite N 0.0006 lb/day/1000 lb live weight
(0.15% of total nitrogen)
Total Suspended Solids 3.17 lb/day/1000 lb live weight
(50% of total solids)
The following delivery ratios were used for the sites adjacent to
the stream:
Total Nitrogen 0.09
Ammonia 0.07
Organic Nitrogen 0.09
Total Phosphorus 0.10
B0D5 0.04
Total Suspended Solids 0.10
Nitrate-Nitrite 0.10
The following delivery ratios
adjacent to the stream:
Total Nitrogen
Ammonia
Organic Nitrogen
were used for the sites non-
0.05
0.035
0.045
33
-------
Total Phosphorus 0.05
BOD5 0.025
Total Suspended Solids 0.05
Nitrate-Nitrite 0.05
The delivery ratio for ammonia includes a 30% loss due to
volatilization prior to the ammonia entering the stream. The
delivery ratio for organic nitrogen includes a 10% loss due to
conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonia prior to entering the
stream. The delivery ratio for BOD5 includes a 50% loss due to
decay prior to entering the stream.
Delivery ratios were based on general knowledge of the swine
production facilities in the watershed. These ratios represent
average conditions. A closer look at individual operations would
be needed to refine these values. For example the distance to
the stream and management style would have to be considered.
Nonpoint Source Loadings - Poultry
The pollutant loading from poultry within the Flint Creek
Watershed was computed by:
M = (PHtl x PCI) + ... + (PHtn x PCn) Equation (14)
Where:
M = pollutant loading (tons/year)
PHtl = no. of poultry houses of type 1 (type)
PHtn = no. of poultry houses of type n (type)
PCI = pollutant coefficient type 1
(ton pollutant/year/type)
PCn = pollutant coefficient type n
(ton pollutant/year/type)
The number and type of poultry houses by tributary used in the
calculation are shown in of Table 3. The sites were identified
34
-------
by TVA using aerial remote sensing techniques4 and NRCS staff
determined the type of operation. The poultry sites were not
identified as adjacent to or non-adjacent to the stream since
each operation is confined.
The pollutant coefficient used for each type poultry house is
shown in Table 7. These values were computed using the following
equation:
PCn = NA
Where:
PCn
(n
NA
PPR
DR
The estimates
below:
West Flint (Broiler) = 16,000 birds/house
Flint (Broiler) = 16,000 birds/house
Flint (Breeder) = 7,570 birds/house
These numbers are based on a survey of 136 houses in the project
area by NRCS employees. Numbers for broiler houses appear low
because they take into account inoperable houses. Only two large
breeder operations (28 houses) were identified. All other
poultry houses identified from the aerial inventory were assumed
to be broiler houses.
x PPR x DR Equation (15)
= pollutant coefficient (tons/house/yr)
= TSS, BOD5, TKN, etc.)
= number of animals (animals/house)
= pollutant production rate (tons/animal/yr)
= delivery ratio (unitless)
for the number of animals per house are shown
35
-------
Table 7. Pollutant Coefficients for Poultry Houses
Type
tons/site/yr
TSS
BODS
ON
NH3-N
TKN
P
N03-N
waste
Embayment
Broilers
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Breeders
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
West Flint Creek
Broilers
0.090
0.032
0.021
0.009
0.030
0.003
0.00030
0.2
Breeders
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Flint Creek
Broilers
0.078
0.032
0.015
0.006
0.026
0.002
0.00026
0.2
Breeders
0.081
0.042
0.011
0.005
0.016
0.003
0.00014
0.3
-------
The pollutant production rate (PPR) was computed by:
PPR = PR x 0.0005 Equation (16)
Where:
PPR = pollutant production rate (tons/animal/yr)
PR = production rate (lb/yr/bird)
0.0005 = unit conversion factor
The average weight for broilers was estimated to be 2.5 pounds.
The average weight for breeders was estimated to be 7.0 pounds.
The following broiler production rates (PR) for manure produced,
total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total solids were obtained
from Payne and Donald14. Breeder values for manure produced were
obtained from unpublished NRCS data. Breeder values for total
nitrogen and total phosphorus were based on the North Carolina
Database13. Total solids for breeders and BOD5 for all birds
were based on data in the Soil Conservation Service Agriculture
Waste Management Field Handbook12.
For broilers:
Litter production 13.0
Total nitrogen 0.403
Total phosphorus 0.1703
Total solids 10.4
BOD5 4.0
lb litter/yr/bird
lb N/yr/bird
lb P/yr/bird
lb TS/yr/bird
lb BOD5/yr/bird
The litter production value estimates 6 flocks per year and
litter that has a 20% moisture content. The nutrient content of
the litter is 62 lbs/ton litter for nitrogen and 26.2 lbs/ton
litter for phosphorus.
37
-------
The following production rates were used based on values derived
from "Livestock Manure Characterization Values from the North
Carolina Database13":
Organic Nitrogen
(70% of total nitrogen)
Ammonia
(29% of total nitrogen)
Nitrate-Nitrite N
(1% of total nitrogen
Total Suspended Solids
(46.8% of total solids)
0.2821 lb/yr/bird
0.1169 lb/yr/bird
0.0004 lb/yr/bird
4.875 lb/yr/bird
For breeders:
Litter production
Total nitrogen
Total phosphorus
Total solids
B0D5
33.0 lb litter/yr/bird
0.5115 lb N/yr/bird
0.3795 lb P/yr/bird
21.45 lb TS/yr/bird
11.2 lb BOD5/yr/bird
The litter production value estimates 1.1 flocks per year and
litter that has a 35% moisture content. The nutrient content of
the litter is 31 lbs/ton litter for nitrogen and 23 lbs/ton
litter for phosphorus.
The following production rates were used based on values derived
from: "Livestock Manure Characterization Values from the North
Carolina Database13":
Organic Nitrogen
(70% of total nitrogen)
Ammonia
(29% of total nitrogen)
Nitrate-Nitrite N
(1% of total nitrogen)
Total Suspended Solids
(50% of total solids)
0.3581 lb/yr/bird
0.1483 lb/yr/bird
0.0005 lb/yr/bird
10.725 lb/yr/bird
38
-------
The following delivery ratios were used:
for tributaries to Flint Creek:
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
B0D5
0.008
0.002
0.001
0.002
0.002
manure
TSS
and
for tributaries to West Flint Creek:
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
BOD5
manure
TSS
0.0093
0.0023
0.001
0.0023
0.0023
Delivery ratios were determined by dividing the expected amounts
of pollutant in the pasture runoff by the total pollutant.
Litter was estimated to be applied at 4 tons per acre on a 4%
slope pasture. Nutrient runoff from pasture is based on studies
by Hall et al7. The edge of field runoff of N-P-K is 3.3-0.8-9.6
pounds per acre for pasture. For tributaries to Flint Creek 60%
was estimated to reach the stream and for West Flint Creek 70%
was estimated to reach the stream.
Estimate 0.1% of total BOD5 reaches stream, approximately 0.20%
of phosphorus reaches stream and 0.8% of nitrogen reaches stream.
Phosphorus rate is used to estimate amount of manure reaching
stream.
39
-------
POLLUTANT LOADING ESTIMATES
For the purpose of presenting and discussing the results, the
Flint Creek System was divided into three segments (See Figure 4
and Table 8). The first segment is that part up to Flint Creek
Mile 12.4 and the five tributary streams that flow directly into
the embayment. This segment is referred to as the Embayment.
Water quality in the Embayment is affected by runoff from the
surrounding lands, inflows from Flint Creek and West Flint Creek
and by the water quality in Wheeler Reservoir. The second
segment is West Flint Creek from its mouth to its headwaters and
the five tributary streams that flow into West Flint Creek. This
segment is referred to as West Flint Creek. Water quality in
West Flint Creek is affected by runoff from the surrounding lands
and point sources. The third segment is that part of Flint Creek
from Flint Creek Mile 12.4 to its headwaters and the twelve
tributary streams that flow into Flint Creek. This portion is
referred to as Flint Creek. Runoff that directly enters Flint
Creek (not via an identified tributary) was subdivided into
three portions: Upper Flint Creek, Middle Flint Creek and Lower
Flint Creek. Water quality in Flint Creek is affected by runoff
from the surrounding lands and point source discharges.
Annual Total Suspended Solids Loading
The TSS loadings to each tributary stream from point and nonpoint
sources are shown in Table 9. For each tributary stream the TSS
loading by source has been sorted from the highest to lowest.
These data are shown graphically in Figure 5. Cropland was most
often the primary source of TSS to the tributary streams and
pasture was most often the second leading source of TSS. Runoff
from industrial and commercial land contributed 25 % or more of
the TSS loading to 7 tributary streams. Runoff from residential
land contributed 25% or more of the TSS loadftig to 5 tributary
41
-------
Flint Creek Embayment
Ttmtstttkivtr
West Flint Creek
Flint Creek
Figure 4* Principal Stream Segments and
Tributaries Within the Flint Creek Watershed
-------
Table 8. Major Tributaries and Receiving Streams
in the Flint Creek Watershed
Receiving Stream
Major Tributary
Embayment
Embayment DR
Crabtree Slough
Hickory Hills
Dinsmore Slough
Blue Hole Branch
Village Branch
West Flint Creek
West Flint Creek DR
Mud Tavern Creek
Flat Creek
Big Shoal Creek
McDaniel Creek
Elam Creek
Flint Creek
Lower Flint Creek DR
No Business Creek
Crowdabout Creek
Mack Creek
Shoal Creek
Middle Flint Creek DR
Cedar Creek
Robinson CFeek
Mike Creek
Indian Creek
Upper Flint Creek DR
Mill Creek
Rock Creek
Lick Creek
East Fork Creek
43
-------
streams. The annual TSS loading from each tributary stream to
its respective receiving stream (i.e. Embayment, West Flint Creek
or Flint Creek) is shown in Table 10. For each receiving
stream, the loading by tributary stream has been ranked from
highest to lowest. These data are shown graphically in Figure 6.
The estimated total annual TSS loading to West Flint Creek is
10,194 tons per year; while, the combined annual TSS loading to
Flint Creek is estimated to be 11,495 tons per year. Excluding
the TSS loading from West Flint and Flint Creeks, the Embayment
receives a TSS loading of 8,476 tons per year. The contribution
of TSS by source for each of these receiving streams is shown in
Figure 7. The estimated annual TSS loading to the Tennessee
River from the Flint Creek Watershed is 30,165 tons per year.
The contribution of TSS by source for the entire Flint Creek
Watershed is shown in Figure 8. The primary sources of TSS are
runoff from cropland, industrial and commercial land, pasture and
residential land.
44
-------
Table 9. Total Suspended Solids Loadings to Tributary Streams by Source
TSS Loading
Tributary
Source
(tons/yr)
Embayment DR
Row Crops
724
Ind/Comm
534
Residential
288
Pasture
2
Point Source
<1
Cattle
<1
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Embayment DR Total
1,548
Crabtree Slough
Ind/Comm
1,081
Residential
1,012
Row Crops
779
Pasture
74
Cattle
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Crabtree Slough Total
2.946
Hickory Hills
Row Crops
1,534
Residential
139
Ind/Comm
106
Pasture
19
Cattle
3
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Hickory Hills Total
1.801
Dinsmore Slough
Ind/Comm
437
Row Crops
406
Residential
270
Pasture
68
Cattle
3
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Dinsmore Slough Total
1,183
45
-------
Table 9. (Continued)
T ributary
Source
TSS Loading
(tons/yrt
Blue Hole Branch
Residential
Pasture
Ind/Comm
Point Source
Cattle
Dairy
Poultry
Swine
Row CroDS
88
40
15
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
~ 143
Village Branch
Residential
Ind/Comm
Pasture
Row Crops
Cattle
Point Source
Dairy
Poultry
Swine
289
282
145
132
6
<1
<1
<1
<1
Village Branch Total
854
West Flint Creek DR
Row Crops
Pasture
Residential
Cattle
Dairy
Ind/Comm
Poultry
Point Source
Swine
3,208
602
123
72
62
8
6
4
West Flint Creek DR Total
4.085
Mud Tavern Creek
Row Crops
Pasture
Residential
Cattle
Point Source
Daily
Poultry
Swine
Ind/Comm
228
140
41
16
. Mud Tavern Creek Total
425
46
-------
Table 9. (Continued)
Tributary
TSS Loading
Source
(tons/yr)
Flat Creek
Row Crops
159
Pasture
149
Cattle
36
Ind/Comm
13
Swine
1
Poultry
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Residential
<1
Flat Creek Total
359
Big Shoal Creek
Pasture
322
Row Crops
254
Cattle
96
Residential
26
Poultry
2
Swine
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
Big Shoal Creek Total
700
McDaniel Creek
Row Crops
608
Pasture
176
Cattle
22
Residential
12
Poultry
2
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Swine
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
McDaniel Creek Total
818
Elam Creek
Row Crops
3,435
Pasture
266
Cattle
56
Residential
19
Dairy
15
Ind/Comm
13
Poultry
2
Swine
<1
Point Source
<1
Elam Creek Total
3.807
47
-------
Tables. (Continued)
TSS Loading
Source
I (tons/vrt 1
¦Lower Flint Creek DR
I
Row Crops
Residential
Pasture
I 490}
319
137
Ind/Comm
Dairy
Cattle
I
37
26
Poultry
Swine
2
|
-------
Tabled. (Continued)
TSS Loading
Tributary
Source
(tons/yr)
Shoal Creek
Ind/Comm
622
Residential
311
Row Crops
208
Pasture
90
Cattle
19
Point Source
13
Dairy
4
Swine
<1
Poultry
<1
Shoal Creek Total
1,268
Middle Flint Creek DR
Row Crops
321
Ind/Comm
224
Pasture
111
Point Source
37
Cattle
29
Residential
23
Dairy
5
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
MirirllP Flint Creek DR Total
751
Cedar Creek
Row Crops
276
Ind/Comm
162
Pasture
156
Cattle
49
Dairy
21
Residential
17
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Point Source
<1
Cedar Creek Total
683
Robinson Creek
Row Crops
181
Ind/Comm
80
Pasture
54
Residential
20
Cattle
14
Poultry
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Swine
<1
49
-------
Table 9. (Continued)
Tributary
Source
TSS Loading
(tons/yr)
Mike Creek
Row Crops
Pasture
180
35
Cattle
10
Poultry
Swine
<1
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
Residential
<1
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
Mike Creek Total
227
Indian Creek
Row Crops
Ind/Comm
343
64
Pasture
24
Residential
19
Cattle
9
Poultry
Point Source
Dairy
Swine
<1
<1
<1
<1
Indian Creek Total
460
Upper Flint Creek DR
Row Crops
Ind/Comm
261
85
57
47
10
1
<1
<1
<1
Residential
Pasture
Cattle
Poultry
Point Source
Dairy
Swine
UDDer Flint Creek DR Total
460
Mill Creek
Row Crops
Pasture
207
89
23
21
3
Residential
Cattle
Poultry
Swine
Point Source
2
<1
<1
Dairy
Ind/Comm
Mill ureeK i oiai
345
50
-------
Table 9. (Continued)
TSS Loading
Tributary
Source
(tons/yr)
Rock Creek
Ind/Comm
76
Pasture
48
Row Crops
35
Residential
30
Cattle
15
Poultry
3
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Swine
<1
Rock Creek Total
207
Lick Creek
Row Crops
61
Pasture
22
Cattle
9
Residential
5
Poultry
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Swine
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
Lick Creek Total
97
East Fork Creek
Row Crops
242
Pasture
81
Cattle
24
Residential
15
Ind/Comm
11
Dairy
5
Poultry
4
Point Source
<1
Swine
<1
East Fork Creek Total
382
51
-------
Figure 5. Total Suspended Solids Loading to Tributary Streams by Source
Embayment DR
Row Crops
47%
Hickory Hills
Pasture Residential
1* 8%
Row Crops
85%
Blue Hole Branch
Ind/Comm
11%
Residential
82%
Crabtree Slough
Pasture
Row Crops
28%
Residential
34%
Dinsmore Slough
Row Crops
34%
Residential
23%
Ind/Comm
37%
Village Branch
Cattle
1% Pasture
15%
17%
Ind/Comm
33%
Residential
34%
52
-------
Figure 5. (Continued)
West Flint Creek DR
Cattle Dairy
2% 2% Pasture
15%
Row Crops
79%
Residential
3%
Mud Tavern Creek
Cattle
4%
Rem Crops
54%
Pasture
33%
Residential
10%
Flat Creek
Cattle
10%
Row Crops
44%
Pasture
42%
Big Shoal Creek
Cattle
14%
Row Crops
36%
Residential
Pasture
46%
McDaniel Creek
Cattle
3%
Row Crops
74%
Pasture
21%
Residential
1%
Elam Creek
03,1,8 Pasture
1% 8%
Row Crops
91%
53
-------
Figure 5. (Continued)
Lower Flint Creek DR
Cattle Dairy
2% 3%
13%
Row Crops
46%
Crowdabout Creek
Cottle
Row Crops
74%
Dairy
Residential
1%
Shoal Creek
Point
Source
Row Crops 1% Cattle
16% 1% Pasture
7%
Ind/Comm
50%
No Business Creek
Cattle
Pasture
Row Crops
82%
Mack Creek
Cattle
Dairy
Pasture
Row Crops
87%
Middle Flint Creek DR
Point
Source cattle
4% Dairy
1%
Row Crops
43%
Residential
3%
Ind/Comm
30%
54
-------
Figure 5. (Continued)
Cedar Creek
Row Crop*
40%
Mike Creek
Cattle
4%
Row Crops
79%
Pasture
16%
Upper Flint Creek DR
Cattle
2%
Pasture
10%
Row Crops
57%
Ind/Comm
18%
Robinson Creek
Row Crops
52%
Indian Creek
Cattle Pa*lur«
oa/ 5%
Residential
4%
Row Crops
75%
Mill Creek
Cattle
6% Poultry
Swine
Row Crops
60%
Pasture
26%
Residential
55
-------
Figure 5. (Continued)
Rock Creek
Cattle
Row Crop* 7% poultry
1?* ——^ 2%
Ind/Comm
36%
Lick Creek
Poultry
Pasture
23%
I ' " ' J
Row Crops
63%
Residential
East Fork Creek
CatU® Daily
Poultry
Pasture
21%
_ Residential
Row Crops 4%
63% Ind/Comm
3%
56
-------
Table 10. Total Suspended Solids Loading from Tributary Streams
TSS Loading
Receiving Stream
Tributary
(tons/yr)
Embayment
Crabtree Slough
2,946
Hickory Hills
1,801
Embayment DR
1,548
Dinsmore Slough
1,183
Village Branch
854
Blue Hole Branch
143
Embayment Total
8,476
West Flint Creek
West Flint Creek DR
4,085
Elam Creek
3,807
McDaniel Creek
818
Big Shoal Creek
700
Mud Tavern Creek
425
Flat Creek
359
West Flint Creek Total
10,194
Flint Creek
No Business Creek
2,630
Crowdabout Creek
2,125
Shoal Creek
1,268
Lower Flint Creek DR
1,057
Middle Flint Creek DR
751
Cedar Creek
683
Upper Flint Creek DR
460
Indian Creek
460
Mack Creek
454
East Fork Creek
382
Robinson Creek
348
Mill Creek
345
Mike Creek
227
Rock Creek
207
Lick Creek
97
Flint Creek Total
11,495
Watershed Total
30,165
57
-------
LAWRENCE
N
i
SCALE-1:250,000
FLINT CREEK WATERSHED
LOADING (TONS/YEAR/SUBWATERSHED)
< 250
250 - 499.999
500 - 999.999
1000 - 1999.999
2000 - 2999.999
>= 3000
CULLMAN
Figure 6. Total Suspended Solids Loading from Tributary Streams
-------
Figure 7. Total Suspended Soilids Loadings to Three Segments of Flint Creek by Source
Embayment
8,000
7,000 •-
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
Point
Source
Cattle
Daily
Poultry
Swine
Pasture
Row Crap* Residential Ind/Comm
Wast Flint Creek
8,000 -
7,000 ¦
8,000 -
5,000-
4,000 -
3,000 ¦ -
2,000
1,000 - -
0
Point
Source
Cattle
Oaliy
Poultry
Swine
Paature
Row Crop* Residential Ind/Comm
Flint Creak
61
-------
Figure 8. Total Suspended Solids Loading from Flint Creek Watershed by Source
20,000
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000 -
6,000
4,000
2,000
Point Source Cattle
Dairy Poultry Swine Pasture Row Crops Residential Ind/Comm
-------
Annual Five~Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand Loading
The annual B0D5 loadings to each tributary stream from point and
nonpoint sources are shown in Table 11. For each tributary-
stream/ the B0D5 loading by source has been sorted from the
highest to lowest. These data are shown graphically in Figure 9.
Cattle were the number one source of B0D5 to 13 tributary
streams; while, runoff from industrial and commercial land was
the number one source to 9 tributary streams. Runoff from
cropland was most often the second leading source of B0D5 to the
tributaries followed closely by residential land. Dairies
contributed 25% or more of the B0D5 loading to 1 tributary
stream. Poultry contributed 10% or more of the BOD5 loading to 1
tributary stream. Point source discharges contributed 20% or
more of the B0D5 loading to 2 tributary streams.
The annual BOD5 loading from each tributary stream to its
respective receiving stream (i.e. Embayment, West Flint Creek or
Flint Creek) is shown in Table 12. For each receiving stream
the loading by tributary stream has been ranked from highest to
lowest. These data are shown graphically in Figure 10.
The estimated total annual BOD5 loading to West Flint Creek is
187 tons per year; while, the estimated total annual BOD5 loading
to Flint Creek is 419 tons per year. Excluding the B0D5 loading
from West Flint and Flint Creeks, the Embayment receives a BOD5
loading of 329 tons per year. The contribution of B0D5 by source
for each of these receiving streams is shown in Figure 11. The
contribution of BOD5 by source for the entire Flint Creek
Watershed is shown in Figure 12. The estimated annual B0D5
loading to the Tennessee River from the Flint Creek Watershed is
935 tons per year. The primary sources of B0D5 are runoff from
industrial and commercial land, cattle, residential land, dairies
and 2 point source discharges (Falkville Lagoon and Hartselle
Sewage Treatment Plant). Other contributing sources of BOD5 are
pasture, poultry and swine.
63
-------
Table 11. Biochemical Oxygen Demand Loadings to Tributary Streams by Source
BOD Loading
Tributary
Source
(tons/yr)
Embayment DR
Ind/Comm
36
Residential
19
Row Crops
4
Pasture
<1
Point Source
<1
Cattle
<1
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Embavment DR Total
59
Crabtree Slough
Ind/Comm
72
Residential
67
Row Crops
4
Pasture
<1
Cattle
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Crabtree Slough Total
144
Hickory Hills
Residential
9
Row Crops
9
Ind/Comm
7
Cattle
<1
Pasture
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Hickory Hills Total
26
Dinsmore Slough
Ind/Comm
29
Residential
18
2
Row Crops
Cattle
<1
Pasture
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Dmsmore Slough lotal
51
64
-------
Table 11. (Continued)
BOD Loading
Tributary
Source
(tons/yr)
Blue Hole Branch
Residential
6
Ind/Comm
1
Pasture
<1
Point Source
Cattle
<1
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Row Crops
<1
Blue Hole Branch Total
7
Village Branch
Residential
19
Ind/Comm
19
Cattle
2
Pasture
<1
Row Crops
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Village Branch Total
41
West Flint Creek DR
Cattle
24
Row Crops
18
Dairy
8
Residential
8
Pasture
3
Poultry
2
Point Source
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
Swine
<1
Wpst Flint Creek DR Total
66
Mud Tavern Creek
Cattle
5
Residential
3
Row Crops
1
Pasture
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
Mud Tavern Creek Total
10
65
-------
Table 11. (Continued)
ributary
Source
BOD Loading
(tons/yr)
at Creek
Cattle
Row Crops
Ind/Comm
Pasture
Swine
Poultry
Point Source
Dairy
Residential
12
lat Creek Total
15
"32|
2
21
Jig Shoal Creek
Cattle
Pasture
Residential
Row Crops
Poultry
Swine
Point Source
Dairy
Ind/Comm
tio Shoal Creek Total
McDaniel Creek
Cattle
Row Crops
Pasture
Residential
Poultry
Point Source
Daily
Swine
Ind/Comm
38
-a
3
1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
dcDaniel Creek Total
Elam Creek
Row Crops
Cattle
Pasture
Residential
Dairy
Ind/Comm
Poultry
Swine
Point Source
Elam Creek Total
66
-------
Table 11. (Continued)
BOD Loading
Tributary
Source
(tons/yr)
Lower Flint Creek DR
Residential
21
Cattle
9
Dairy
5
Ind/Comm
3
Row Crops
3
Poultry
<1
Pasture
<1
Swine
<1
Point Source
<1
Lower Flint Creek DR Total
43
No Business Creek
Cattle
24
Row Crops
12
Residential
7
Ind/Comm
4
Poultry
1
Pasture
1
Swine
<1
Dairy
<1
Point Source
<1
No Business Creek Total
51
Crowdabout Creek
Cattle
32
Dairy
20
Row Crops
9
Poultry
2
Pasture
2
Residential
2
Ind/Comm
<1
Point Source
<1
Swine
<1
Crowdabout Creek Total
67
Mack Creek
Cattle
4
Row Crops
2
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Pasture
<1
Point Source
<1
Swine
<1
Residential
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
Mack Creek Total
8
67
-------
Table 11. (Continued)
Tributary
Source
BOD Loading
(tonsyy)
Shoal Creek
Ind/Comm
Residential
Point Source
Cattle
Row Crops
Pasture
Dairy
Swine
Poultry
41
21
17
6
1
<1
<1
<1
<1
Shoal Creek Total
Middle Flint Creek DR
88
Ind/Comm
Point Source
Cattle
Row Crops
Residential
Pasture
Dairy
Poultry
Swine
15
12
10
2
2
<1
<1
<1
<1
Middle Flint Creek DR Total
Cedar Creek
42
Cattle
Ind/Comm
Dairy
Row Crops
Residential
Pasture
Poultry
Swine
Point Source
17
11
2
2
1
<1
<1
<1
<1
Ind/Comm
Cattle
Residential
Row Crops
Pasture
Poultiy
Point Source
Dairy
Swine
5
5
1
1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
13
68
-------
Table 11. (Continued)
BOD Loading
Tributary
Source
(tons/yr)
Mike Creek
Cattle
3
Row Crops
1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Pasture
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Residential
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
Mike Creek Total
5
Indian Creek
Ind/Comm
4
Cattle
3
Row Crops
2
Residential
1
Pasture
<1
Poultry
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Swine
<1
Indian Creek Total
11
Upper Flint Creek DR
Ind/Comm
6
Residential
4
Cattle
3
Row Crops
1
Poultry
<1
Pasture
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Swine
<1
UnDer Flint Creek DR Total
15
Mill Creek
Cattle
7
Residential
2
Poultry
1
Row Crops
1
Pasture
<1
Swine
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
Mill Creek Total .
12
69
-------
Table 11. (Continued)
Tributary
Source
BOD Loading
(tons/vr)
Rock Creek
Ind/Comm
5
Cattle
5
Residential
Poultry
Pasture
2
1
<1
Row Crops
Point Source
Dairy
Swine
<1
<1
<1
<1
Rock Creek Total
14
Lick Creek
Cattle
Row Crops
Residential
Poultry
Pasture
Point Source
Dairy
Swine
Ind/Comm
o
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
Lick Creek Total
4
East Fork Creek
uattie
8
2
1
1
<1
<1
<1
<1
Poultry
Row Crops
Residential
Ind/Comm
Pasture
Dairy
Point Source
Swine
easi rorn ureen i oiai
14
70
-------
Figure 9. Biochemical Oxygen Demand Loading to Tributary Streams by Source
Embayment DR
Row Crops
7%
Crabtree Slough
Row Crop*
Ind/Comm
50%
Residential
47%
Hickory Hills
Row Crops
34%
Residential
36%
Blue Hole Branch
Ind/Comm
14%
Pasture
Residential
82%
Dinsmore Slough
Cattle Pasture
Row Crops 2% 1%
5%
Village Branch
Cattle
Row Crops 4% PaEture
Ind/Comm
45%
Residential
46%
71
-------
Figure 9. (Continued)
Residential Cattle
27'K 52%
West Flint Creek DR
Mud Tavern Creek
Point
Source
1%
Row Crop*
13%
Flat Creek
Poultry
1%
Cattle
79%
Pasture
6%
Ind/Comm
6%
Row Crops
6%
Swine
2%
Pasture
8%
Cattle
84%
Big Shoal Creek
Residential
5% Row Crops
Pasture |M| 4%
5%
Poultry
2%
McDaniel Creek
Elam Creek
Row Crops
44%
Row Crops
26%
Point
Source
0%
Residential
6%
Cattle
57%
Pasture
Poultry
72
-------
Figure 9. (Continued)
Lower Flint Creek DR
Row Crops
Ind/Comm 7%
7%
No Business Creek
Row Crops
24%
Residential H 1— Poultry
13% Pasture Swine 3%
3% 1%
Crowdabout Creek
Row Crops
13%
3% sdMM
Pasture
3%
\ Cattle
Poultry I I
I 48%
3% V
Dairy
30%
Mack Creek
Row Crops
29%
Pasture |||
2% P
1;
\ Cattle
I 48%
Poultry
8%
Dairy
13%
Shoal Creek
Row Crops
1%
Residential
23%
Middle Flint Creek DR
Row Crops
4%
Residential
4%
73
-------
Figure 9. (Continued)
Cedar Creek
Row Crops
5*
Ind/Comm cp|l||§|||
33% ptey'-vij
1 Cattle
1 49%
Residential^^^Kny
3% ^Br/n
Pasture
3% „ .
Swine
1% Poultry
1%
5%
Robinson Creek
Row Crops
Ind/Comm
42%
Cattle
37%
Poultry
1%
Pasture
Residential 2%
10%
Mike Creek
Row Crops
20% rT1—-
Pasture
*<*¦
Swine \
4%
Poultry \.
6%
Cattle
66%
Indian Creek
Row Crops
18%
Ind/Comm
40%
Upper Flint Creek DR
Row Crops
10%
Cattle
22%
Ind/Comm
38%
Pasture
2%
Poultry
3%
Residential
25%
Mill Creek
Row Crops
10%
Residential
13%
74
-------
Figure 9. (Continued)
Rock Creek
Row Crops
1%
1 Cattie
Am
Ind/Comm
X *%
38% mm. \
k)
llixftr
Pasture
2%
Residential
14%
Lick Creek
Row Crops
_ . 8%
Residential
East Fork Creek
Row Crops
Ind/Comm
75
-------
Table 12. Biochemical Oxygen Demand Loading from Tributary Streams
BOD Loading
Receiving Stream
Tributary
(tons/yr)
Embayment
Crabtree Slough
144
Embayment DR
59
Dinsmore Slough
51
Village Branch
41
Hickory Hills
26
Blue Hole Branch
7
Embayment Total
329
West Flint Creek
West Flint Creek OR
66
Elam Creek
44
Big Shoal Creek
38
Flat Creek
15
McDaniel Creek
13
Mud Tavern Creek
10
West Flint Creek Total
187
Flint Creek
Shoal Creek
88
Crowdabout Creek
67
No Business Creek
51
Lower Flint Creek DR
43
Middle Flint Creek DR
42
Cedar Creek
33
Upper Flint Creek DR
15
Rock Creek
14
East Fork Creek
14
Robinson Creek
13
Mill Creek
12
Indian Creek
11
Mack Creek
8
Mike Creek
5
Lick Creek
4
Flint Creek Total
419
Watershed Total
935
76
-------
N
t
SCALE-1:250,000
LAWRENCE
1
i
I
i
i
I
i
i
l
i
i
FLINT CREEK WATERSHED
CULLMAN
LOADING (TONS/YEAR/SUBWATERSHED)
< 10
10 - 19.999
20 - 39.999
40 - 59.999
60 - 79.999
>=80
Figure
10. Biochemical Oxygen
Demand Loading from Tributary Streams
-------
Figure 11. Biochemical Oxygen Demand Loadings
To Three Segments of Flint Creek by Source
Wsst Flint Creek
180 ¦
160 •
140 -
120 -
Dairy
Poultry
Swine
Pasture Row Crops Residential tnd/Comm
79
-------
Figure 12. Biochemical Oxygen Demand Loading from Flint Creek Watershed by Source
-------
Annual Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Loading
The annual TKN loadings to each tributary stream from point and
nonpoint sources are shown in Table 13. For each tributary
stream, the TKN loading by source has been sorted from the
highest to lowest. These data are shown graphically in
Figure 13. Cattle were the number one source of TKN to 16
tributary streams; while, runoff from industrial and commercial
land was the number one source to 5 tributary streams. Runoff
from residential land was the number one source of TKN to 3
tributaries. Runoff from residential land was the second leading
source of TKN to 6 tributary streams; while, industrial and
commercial and poultry were the second leading source to 5
tributaries each. Dairies contributed 20% or more of the TKN
loading to 4 tributary streams. Point source discharges
contributed 20% or more of the TKN loading to 2 tributary
streams.
The annual TKN loading from each tributary stream to its
respective receiving stream (i.e. Embayment, West Flint Creek or
Flint Creek) is shown in Table 14. For each receiving stream,
the loading by tributary stream has been ranked from highest to
lowest. These data are shown graphically in Figure 14.
The estimated total annual TKN loading to West Flint Creek is
107,684 pounds per year; while, the combined annual TKN loading
to Flint Creek is estimated to be 212,382 pounds per year.
Excluding the TKN loading from West Flint and Flint Creeks, the
Embayment receives a TKN loading of 111,585 pounds per year
assuming no conversions or losses along the way. The
contribution of TKN by source for each receiving stream is shown
in Figure 15. The annual TKN loading to the Tennessee River from
the Flint Creek Watershed is estimated to be 431,651 pounds per
year assuming no conversions and no losses along the way. The
contribution of TKN by source for the entire Flint Creek
Watershed is shown in Figure 16. The primary sources of TKN are
cattle, runoff from industrial, commercial and residential lands,
cropland, dairies, poultry, and 2 point source discharges
81
-------
(Falkville Lagoon and Hartselle Sewage Treatment Plant). Other
contributing sources of TKN are pasture and swine.
82
-------
Table 13. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Loadings to Tributary Streams by Source
Tributary
Source
TKN Loading
(Ibs/yr)
Embayment OR
Ind/Comm
11,271
Residential
6,087
Row Crops
2,478
Pasture
6
Point Source
<1
Cattle
<1
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Embayment OR Total
19.842
Crabtree Slough
Ind/Comm
22,823
Residential
21,369
Row Crops
2,667
Pasture
210
Cattle
48
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Crabtree Slough Total
47.116
Hickory Hills
Row Crops
5,252
Residential
2,936
Ind/Comm
2,228
Cattle
605
Pasture
54
Point Source
40
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Hickory Hills Total
11,115
Dinsmore Slough
Ind/Comm
9,220
Residential
5,697
Row Crops
1,391
Cattle
535
Pasture
193
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Dinsmore Slough Total
17,035
83
-------
Table 13. (Continued)
TKN Loading
Tributary
Source
(Ibs/yr)
Blue Hole Branch
Residential
1,861
Ind/Comm
325
Pasture
113
Swine
<1
Row Crops
<1
Poultry
<1
Point Source
Dairy
<1
Cattle
<1
Blue Hole Branch Total
2,299
Village Branch
Residential
6,096
Ind/Comm
5,954
Cattle
1,263
Row Crops
452
Pasture
414
Swine
<1
Poultry
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Village Branch Total
14.179
West Flint Creek DR
Cattle
13,293
Row Crops
10,069
Dairy
7,838
Poultry
3,720
Residential
2,596
Pasture
1,715
Swine
212
Ind/Comm
166
Point Source
40
West Flint Creek DR Total
39.649
Mud Tavern Creek
Cattle
2,910
Residential
862
Row Crops
716
Pasture
400
Swine
<1
Poultry
<1
Point Source
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
Dairy
<1
Mud Tavern Creek Total
4.888
84
-------
Table 13. (Continued)
TKN Loading
Tributary
Source
(Ibs/yr)
Flat Creek
Cattle
6,758
Row Crops
498
Pasture
425
Poultry
300
Ind/Comm
280
Swine
216
Residential
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Flat Creek Total
8,477
Big Shoal Creek
Cattle
17,720
Poultry
1,080
Pasture
918
Row Crops
796
Residential
551
Swine
68
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
Bia Shoal Creek Total
21,133
McDaniel Creek
Cattle
4,135
Row Crops
1,907
Poultry
1,080
Pasture
500
Residential
255
Point Source
<1
Daily
<1
Swine
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
McDaniel Creek Total
7,877
Elam Creek
Row Crops
10,781
Cattle
10,333
Dairy
1,684
Poultry
1,260
Pasture
759
Residential
393
Ind/Comm
271
Swine
178
Point Source
<1
Elam Creek Total
25,659
85
-------
Table 13. (Continued)
TKN Loading
Tributary
Source
(Ibs/yr)
Lower Flint Creek DR
Residential
6,735
Cattle
4,810
Dairy
4,704
Row Crops
1,537
Poultry
1,383
Ind/Comm
961
Pasture
390
Swine
72
Point Source
<1
Lower Flint Creek DR Total
20,593
No Business Creek
Cattle
13,073
Row Crops
6,755
Poultry
2,255
Residential
2,086
Ind/Comm
1,420
Pasture
663
Swine
394
Dairy
300
Point Source
40
No Business Creek Total
26.985
Crowdabout Creek
Cattle
17,720
Dairy
11,834
Row Crops
4,930
Poultry
3,382
Pasture
930
Residential
562
Ind/Comm
61
Point Source
<1
Swine
<1
Crowdabout Creek Total
39.419
Mack Creek
Cattle
2,033
Dairy
1,356
Row Crops
1,243
Poultry
589
Pasture
96
Point Source
<1
Swine
<1
Residential
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
Mack Creek Total
5.317
86
-------
Table 13. (Continued)
TKN Loading
Tributary
Source
(Ibs/yr)
Shoal Creek
nd/Comm
13,124
Residential
6,572
3oint Source
6,560
battle
3,548
Row Crops
652
~airy
450
Poultry
256
Pasture
256
Swine
144
Shoal Creek Total
31,562
Middle Flint Creek DR
Point Source
12,400
Cattle
5,340
Ind/Comm
4,731
Row Crops
1,009
Dairy
602
Poultry
512
Residential
477
Pasture
316
Swine
<1
Middle Flint Creek DR 1 otai
25,387
Cedar Creek
Cattle
9,085
Ind/Comm
3,415
Dairy
2,258
Row Crops
867
Poultiy
615
Pasture
445
Residential
367
Swine
106
Point Source
<1
C-AHur Rrfiftk Total
17.158
Robinson Creek
Cattle
2,608
Ind/Comm
1,681
Row Crops
567
Residential
415
Poultry
154
Pasture
153
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Swine
<1
Robinson Creek Total
5,577
87
-------
Table 13. (Continued)
TKN Loading
Tributary
Source
(Ibs/yr)
Mike Creek
Cattle
1,845
Row Crops
566
Poultry
461
Swine
140
Pasture
101
Residential
<1
Point Source
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
Dairy
<1
Mike Creek Total
3.113
Indian Creek
Cattle
1,640
Ind/Comm
1,351
Row Crops
1,077
Residential
399
Poultry
205
Pasture
70
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Swine
<1
Indian Creek Total
4.741
Upper Flint Creek DR
Ind/Comm
1,792
Cattle
1,775
Residential
1,194
Row Crops
819
Poultry
666
Pasture
135
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Swine
<1
Upper Flint Creek DR Total
6.381
Mill Creek
Cattle
3,935
Poultry
1,998
Row Crops
649
Residential
493
Swine
360
Pasture
253
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
Mill Creek Total
7.689
88
-------
Table 13. (Continued)
TKN Loading
Tributary
Source
(Ibs/yr)
Rock Creek
Cattle
2,730
Poultry
2,101
Ind/Comm
1,614
Residential
634
Pasture
137
Row Crops
109
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Swine
<1
Rock Creek Total
7,324
Lick Creek
Cattle
1,625
Poultry
359
Row Crops
191
Residential
106
Pasture
63
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Swine
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
Lick Creek Total
2,344
East Fork Creek
Cattle
4,385
Poultry
2,254
Row Crops
760
Dairy
602
Residential
327
Ind/Comm
235
Pasture
230
Point Source
<1
Swine
<1
East Fork Creek Total
8,792
89
-------
Figure 13. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Loading to Tributary Streams by Source
Embayment DR
Row Crops
12%
Ind/Comm
57%
Residential
31%
Hickory Hills
Row Crops
47%
Residential
26%
Ind/Comm
20%
Blue Hole Branch
Ind/Comm
14%
Pasture
Residential
81%
Crabtree Slough
Row Crops
6%
Ind/Comm
49%
Residential
45%
Dinsmore Slough
Cattle
Row Crops 3% Pasture
8% ... ¦ 1%
Ind/Comm
55%
Village Branch
Row Crops Cattle
3% 9%
Pasture
Ind/Comm
42%
Residential
43%
90
-------
Figure 13. (Continued)
West Flint Creek DR
Row Crop*
25%
Dairy
20%
Mud Tavern Creek
Row Crops
15%
Flat Creek
Row Crops
6%
Big Shoal Creek
Residential RowCrop,
McDaniel Creek
Row Crops
24%
Elam Creek
Row Crops
42%
Residential
2%
Ind/Comm
Cattle
40%
Dairy
Poultry
Pasture Swine 5%
3% 1%
91
-------
Figure 13. (Continued)
Lower Flint Creek DR
Ind/Comm
5%
Residential
33%
Pasture Poultry
2* 7%
No Business Creek
Row Crops
26%
Crowdabout Creek
Row Crops
Residential 13%
1%
Pasture
2% / ^
\ Cattle
1 45%
Poultry J"
9% V
Dairy
30%
Mack Creek
Row Crops
23%
Pasture j§|
i
_
\ Cattle
\ 38%
2% f—
\ )
Poultry\
11%
y
Dairy
26%
Shoal Creek
Row Crop*
2%
Ind/Comm
42%
Dairy
1%
Residential pasture
21* 1%
Middle Flint Creek DR
Row Crops
Ind/Comm 4%
19%
Residential
2%
92
-------
Figure 13. (Continued)
Cedar Creek
Row Crop*
Irvd/Comm 5%
20%
Robinson Creek
Row Crops
10%
Residential p . Poultry
7% 3%We 3%
Mike Creek
Row Crops
18%
Pasture >S|||||
3% /
Swine
4%
j Cattle
J 60%
Poultry
15%
Indian Creek
Row Crops
23%
Residential p<»,ure
8% 1%
Upper Flint Creek DR
Row Crops
13%
Poultry
10%
Pasture
Residential 2%
19%
Mill Creek
Row Crops
Residential g<^
6%
93
-------
Figure 13. (Continued)
Rock Creek
Lick Creek
Cattle
49%
East Fork Creek
Row Crops
Ind/Comm 9%
3%
Residential
4%
Pasture
3%
Poultry
25%
94
-------
Table 14. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Loading from Tributary Streams
TKN Loading
Receiving Stream
Tributary
(Ibs/yr)
Embayment
Crabtree Slough
47,116
Embayment DR
19,842
Dinsmore Slough
17,035
Village Branch
14,179
Hickory Hills
11,115
Blue Hole Branch
2.299
Embayment Total
111.585
West Flint Creek
West Flint Creek DR
39,649
Elam Creek
25,659
Big Shoal Creek
21,133
Flat Creek
8,477
McDaniel Creek
7,877
Mud Tavern Creek
4.888
West Flint Creek Total
107.684
Flint Creek
Crowdabout Creek
39,419
Shoal Creek
31,562
No Business Creek
26,985
Middle Flint Creek DR
25,387
Lower Flint Creek DR
20,593
Cedar Creek
17,158
East Fork Creek
8,792
Mill Creek
7,689
Rock Creek
7,324
Upper Flint Creek DR
6,381
Robinson Creek
5,577
Mack Creek
5,317
Indian Creek
4,741
Mike Creek
3,113
Lick Creek
2,344
Flint Creek Total
212.382
Watershed Total
431,651
95
-------
N
f
SCALE-1:250,000
FLINT CREEK WATERSHED
LAWRENCE
i
¦
j
i
i
¦
¦
LOADING (TONS/YEAR/SUBWATERSHED)
< 2
2 - 3.999
4 - 5.999
6 - 9.999
10 - 14.999
CULLMAN
Figure
14.
Total
Kjeldahl Nitrogen Loading from Tributary Streams
-------
Figure 15. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Loadings to Three Segments of Flint Creek by Source
Emboyment
80.000
SO,(XX)
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
Point
Source
Cattle
Dairy
Poultry
Pasture Row Crops Residential Ind/Comm
WMt Flint Creak
80,000 -r
70,000 -
80,000
50,000
^ 40,000
30,000 •
20,000 ¦
10,000 ¦
0 -I- . • ¦ . . . .
Point Cattle Dairy Poultry Swine Pasture Row Crop* Residential Ind/Comm
Source
Flint Creak
80,000
Souro*
99
-------
Figure 16. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Loading from Flint Creek Watershed by Source
140,000
120.000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000 -
0 J ,
Point Source Cattle Dairy Poultry Swine Pasture Row Crops Residential Ind/Comm
-------
Annual Total Phosphorus Loading
The annual P loadings to each tributary stream from point and
nonpomt sources are shown in Table 15. For each tributary
stream, the P loading by source has been sorted from the highest
to lowest. These data are shown graphically in Figure 17.
Cattle was the number one source of P to 20 tributary streams;
while, runoff from industrial and commercial land and runoff from
residential land were the number one source to 3 tributaries
each. Runoff from industrial and commercial land was the second
leading source of P to 9 tributaries; while, residential land was
the second leading source to 6 tributaries. Point source
discharges contributed 30% or more of the P loading to 2
tributary streams.
The annual P loading from each tributary stream to its respective
receiving stream (i.e. Embayment, West Flint Creek or Flint
Creek) is shown in Table 16. For each receiving stream the
loading by tributary stream has been ranked from highest to
lowest. These data are shown graphically in Figure 18.
The estimated total annual P loading to West Flint Creek is
24,902 pounds per year; while, the estimated total annual P
loading to Flint Creek is 57,022 pounds per year. Excluding the
P loading from West Flint and Flint Creeks, the Embayment
receives a P loading of 22,898 pounds per year. The contribution
of P by source for each of these receiving streams is shown in
Figure 19. The estimated annual P loading to the Tennessee River
from the Flint Creek Watershed is 104,822 pounds per year. The
contribution of P by source for the entire Flint Creek Watershed
is shown in Figure 20. The primary sources of P are cattle,
runoff from industrial, commercial and residential lands, 2 point
sources (Hartselle Sewage Treatment Plant and Falkville Lagoon),
cropland, and dairies. Other contributing sources of P are
poultry, swine and pasture.
101
-------
Table 15. Total Phosphorus Loading to Tributary Streams by Source
Total P Loading
Tributary
Source
(Ibs/yr)
Embayment DR
ind/Comm
2,491
Residential
1,346
Row Crops
166
Pasture
<1
Point Source
<1
Cattle
<1
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Embayment DR Total
4,003
Crabtree Slough
Ind/Comm
5,045
Residential
4,724
Row Crops
178
Cattle
18
Pasture
17
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Crabtree Slouah Total
9.981
Hickory Hills
Residential
649
Ind/Comm
493
Row Crops
351
Cattle
200
Pasture
4
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Hickory Hills Total
1.697
Dinsmore Slough
Ind/Comm
2,038
Residential
1,259
Cattle
178
Row Crops
93
Pasture
15
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Poultiy
<1
Swine
<1
Dinsmore Slough Total
3,583
102
-------
Table 15. (Continued)
Total P Loading
Tributary
Source
(Ibs/yr)
Blue Hole Branch
Residential
411
Ind/Comm
72
Pasture
9
Point Source
<1
Cattle
<1
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Row Crops
<1
Blue Hole Branch Total
492
Village Branch
Residential
1,348
Ind/Comm
1,316
Cattle
415
Pasture
33
Row Crops
30
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Villaae Branch Total
3,142
West Flint Creek DR
Cattle
4,693
Dairy
862
Row Crops
733
Residential
574
Poultry
372
Pasture
138
Swine
106
Ind/Comm
37
Point Source
<1
West Flint Creek DR Total
7,514
Mud Tavern Creek
Cattle
1,025
Residential
191
Row Crops
52
Pasture
32
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
Mud Tavern Creek Total
1,300
103
-------
Table 15. (Continued)
Total P Loading
Tributary
Source
(Ibs/yr)
Flat Creek
Cattle
2,370
Swine
106
Ind/Comm
62
Row Crops
36
Pasture
34
Poultry
30
Point Source
<1
Daiiy
<1
Residential
<1
Flat Creek Total
2,638
Big Shoal Creek
Cattle
6,255
Residential
122
Poultry
108
Pasture
74
Row Crops
58
Swine
36
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
Big Shoal Creek Total
6.652
McDaniel Creek
Cattle
1,403
Row Crops
139
Poultry
108
Residential
56
Pasture
40
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Swine
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
McDaniel Creek Total
1.746
Elam Creek
Cattle
3,633
Row Crops
785
Dairy
212
Poultry
126
Swine
88
Residential
87
Pasture
61
Ind/Comm
60
Point Source
<1
Elam Creek Total
5,051
104
-------
Table 15. (Continued)
Tributary
Total P Loading
Source
(Ibs/yr)
Lower Flint Creek OR
Cattle
1,698
Residential
1,489
Dairy
518
Ind/Comm
213
Poultry
132
Row Crops
112
Swine
36
Pasture
31
Point Source
<1
Lower Flint Creek DR Total
4.228
No Business Creek
Cattle
4,603
Row Crops
492
Residential
461
Ind/Comm
314
Poultry
215
Swine
194
Pasture
53
Dairy
38
Point Source
<1
No Business Creek Total
6.369
Crowdabout Creek
Cattle
6,185
Dairy
1,380
Row Crops
359
Poultry
322
Residential
124
Pasture
75
Ind/Comm
14
Point Source
<1
Swine
<1
Crowdabout Creek Total
8.458
Mack Creek
Cattle
695
Dairy
172
Poultry
92
Row Crops
91
Pasture
8
Point Source
<1
Swine
<1
Residential
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
Mack Creek Total
1,057
105
-------
Table 15. (Continued)
Total P Loading
Tributary
Source
(Ibs/yr)
Shoal Creek
Point Source
10,600
Ind/Comm
2,901
Residential
1,453
Cattle
1,235
Swine
70
Dairy
58
Row Crops
48
Poultry
24
Pasture
20
Shoal Creek Total
16,409
Middle Flint Creek DR
Cattle
1,888
Point Source
1,600
Ind/Comm
1,046
Residential
106
Dairy
76
Row Crops
73
Poultry
49
Pasture
25
Swine
<1
Middle Flint Creek DR Total
4.862
Cedar Creek
Cattle
3,193
Ind/Comm
755
Dairy
288
Residential
81
Row Crops
63
Poultry
59
Swine
54
Pasture
36
Point Source
<1
Cedar Creek Total
4.528
Robinson Creek
Cattle
920
Ind/Comm
372
Residential
92
Row Crops
41
Poultry
15
Pasture
12
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Swine
<1
Robinson Creek Total
1,451
106
-------
Table 15. (Continued)
Total P Loading
Tributary
Source
(Ibs/yr)
Mike Creek
Cattle
660
Swine
70
Poultry
44
Row Crops
41
Pasture
8
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Residential
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
Mike Creek Total
823
Indian Creek
Cattle
578
Ind/Comm
299
Residential
88
Row Crops
78
Poultry
20
Pasture
6
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Swine
<1
Indian Creek Total
1.068
Upper Flint Creek DR
Cattle
635
Ind/Comm
396
Residential
264
Poultry
63
Row Crops
60
Pasture
11
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Swine
<1
UDDer Flint Creek DR Total
1.429
Mill Creek
Cattle
1,383
Poultry
190
Swine
176
Residential
109
Row Crops
47
Pasture
20
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
Mill Creek Total
1,925
107
-------
Table 15. (Continued)
Total P Loading
Tributary
Source
(Ibs/yr)
Rock Creek
Cattle
968
Ind/Comm
357
Poultry
200
Residential
140
Pasture
11
Row Crops
8
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Swine
<1
Rock Creek Total
1,683
Lick Creek
Cattle
570
Poultry
34
Residential
23
Row Crops
14
Pasture
5
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Swine
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
Lick Creek Total
647
East Fork Creek
Cattle
1,548
Poultry
262
Dairy
76
Residential
72
Row Crops
55
Ind/Comm
52
Pasture
18
Point Source
<1
Swine
<1
East Fork Creek Total
2,083
108
-------
Figure 17. Total Phosphorus Loading to Tributary Streams by Source
Embayment DR
Row Crops
Ind/Comm
62%
Residential
34%
Hickory Hills
Row Crops
21%
Blue Hole Branch
Ind/Comm
15%
Pasture
Crabtree Slough
Row Crops
Ind/Comm
51%
Residential
47%
Dinsmore Slough
Row Crops Canle
3% 5%
Ind/Comm
57%
Village Branch
Row Crops Cattk}
Ind/Comm
42%
Pasture
1%
Residential
43%
109
-------
Figure 17. (Continued)
West Flint Creek DR
Row Crops
Residential
8%
Pasture
2%
Swine
1*
PouHry V /
5% \ /
J Cattle
/ 63%
Dairy
11%
Mud Tavern Creek
Row Crops
Residential 4*
15%
Flat Creek
Ind/Comm
Pastura 2% Crops
Swine 1*,
4%
Big Shoal Creek
Pasturi
Poultry
2%
e
Row Crops
— Residential
2%
McDaniel Creek
Row Crops
Residential 8%
3%
Pasture
2%
Poultry |
6% I
Cattle
81%
Elam Creek
2% 16%
Ind/Comm
1% /
\
Pasture
\
1% P§§|
]
2% \
J
Swine \
2% V _
Dairy
4%
Cattle
— 72%
110
-------
Figure 17. (Continued)
Lower Flint Creek DR
Row Crops
3%
Residential
35%
Pasture
1% * -"Dairy
Swine Poultr^2%
1% 3%
No Business Creek
Ind/Comm
5%
Residential
Row Crops
—-4%
7%
Swine /A
3% fc*
Pasture
1% \
Poultry
3%
Dairy
Cattle
72%
1%
Crowdabout Creek
Residential
Row Crops
1%
4%
Pasture
1% /x vl
Poultry /
4% [ J
Dairy \
16% \
Cattle
74%
Mack Creek
Row Crops
Pasture 9%
1%
Poultry
9% I
DairA/'
16% \
y Cattle
||P^ 65%
Shoal Creek
Ind/Comm
18%
Middle Flint Creek DR
Row Crops
2%
111
-------
Figure 17. (Continued)
Cedar Creek
tnd/Comm
17%
Residential Row Crops
2%
\1%
Swine
1% ^111111
Pasture I
1%
J
Poultry
1% _
Dairy
Cattle
^ 71%
6%
Robinson Creek
Row Crop*
3%
Mike Creek
Row Crops
Pasture 5%
1%
Swine >||8|||
9% /^|||||
Poultry 1
5% I
Cattle
80%
Indian Creek
Row Crops
7%
Ind/Comm JHMj
1
28%
\
\
mm
I Cattle
V
i
I 54%
Residential
I
y
8% ™
^
T p—
1%
Upper Flint Creek DR
Row Crop*
4%
Residential
18%
Pasture
Poultry 1%
4%
Mill Creek
Residential Row Crops
6% 2%
Pasture
1%
Swine
9%
Poultry
10%
112
-------
Figure 17. (Continued)
Rock Creek
Ind/Comm
Residential 11 [lla 1
8%
I Cattle
I 58%
Pasture ,
1 <¥.
Poultry
12%
Lick Creek
Residential
Row Crops
Pasture 2%
1% sw
Poultry /\ V
5% /
Cattle
88%
East Fork Creek
Ind/Comm
2% Residential
Row Crops
3%
Pasture 3%>
-------
Table 16. Total Phosphorus Loading from Tributary Streams
Receiving Stream
Tributary
Total P Loading
(Ibs/yr)
Embayment
Crabtree Slough
Embayment DR
Dinsmore Slough
Village Branch
Hickory Hills
Blue Hole Branch
9,981
4,003
3,583
3,142
1,697
492
Embayment Total
22,898
West Flint Creek
West Flint Creek DR
Big Shoal Creek
Elam Creek
Flat Creek
McDaniel Creek
Mud Tavern Creek
7,514
6,652
5,051
2,638
1,746
1,300
West Flint Creek Total
24,902
Flint Creek
Shoal Creek
Crowdabout Creek
No Business Creek
Middle Flint Creek DR
Cedar Creek
Lower Flint Creek DR
East Fork Creek
Mill Creek
Rock Creek
Robinson Creek
Upper Flint Creek DR
Indian Creek
Mack Creek
Mike Creek
Lick Creek
16,409
8,458
6,369
4,862
4,528
4,228
2,083
1,925
1,683
1,451
1,429
1,068
1,057
823
647
Flint Creek Total
57.022
Watershed Total
104.822
114
-------
LAWRENCE
SCALE-1:250,000
CREEK WATERSHED
CULLMAN
FLINT
LOADING (TONS/YEAR/SUBWATERSHED)
in < 0.5
¦ 05 - °-9"
l | 1 - 1.999
Figure 18. Total Phosphorus Loading from Tributary Streams
-------
Figure 19. Total Phosphorus Loadings to Three Segments of Flint Creek by Source
West Flint Creak
30,000
25,000
20,000
| 15''
15,000
10,000
5,000
Point CM Deity Poultry Swine Pertura Row Crop* Residential Ind/Comm
Souioe
Flint Creak
HHB
"H H
Cette Deify Poultry Swine Peituie RowOopi Residential Ind/Comm
117
-------
Figure 20. Total Phosphorus Loadings from Flint Creek Watershed by Source
50,000
45,000
40,000
35,000 -
30,000
I" 25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
Point Source Cattle Dairy Poultry Swine Pasture Row Crops Residential Ind/Comm
-------
Annual Nitrite-Nitrate Nitrogen Loading
The annual N02 & N03 loadings to each tributary stream from both
point and nonpoint sources are shown in Table 17. For each
tributary stream the N02 & N03 loading by source has been sorted
from the highest to lowest. These data are shown graphically in
Figure 21. Runoff from industrial, commercial and residential
lands contributed almost all the N02 & N03 to every tributary
stream except Shoal Creek. The Hartselle Sewage Treatment Plant
contributed 85% of the N02 & N03 loading to Shoal Creek.
The annual N02 & N03 loading from each tributary stream to its
respective receiving stream (i.e. Embayment, West Flint Creek or
Flint Creek) is shown in Table 18. For each receiving stream the
loading by tributary stream has been ranked from highest to
lowest. These data are shown graphically in Figure 22. Shoal
Creek contributes 50% of the N02 & N03 loading from the entire
Flint Creek Watershed.
The estimated total annual N02 & N03 loading to West Flint Creek
is 2,692 pounds per year; while, the estimated total annual N02 &
N03 loading to Flint Creek is 74,214 pounds per year. Excluding
the N02 & N03 loading from West Flint and Flint Creeks, the
Embayment receives a N02 & N03 loading of 43,409 pounds per year.
The contribution of N02 & N03 by source for each of these
receiving streams is shown in Figure 23. The estimated annual
N02 & N03 loading to the Tennessee River from the Flint Creek
Watershed is 120,315 pounds per year. The contribution of N02 &
N03 by source for the entire Flint Creek Watershed is shown in
Figure 24. The primary sources of N02 & N03 are Hartselle Sewage
Treatment Plant and runoff from industrial, commercial and
residential lands. The Hartselle Sewage Treatment Plants
contributes about 42% of the N02 & N03 loading from the entire
Flint Creek Watershed.
119
-------
Table 17. Nitrate-Nitrite Nitrogen Loading to Tributary Streams by
Source
ITributary
Source
NO3-NO2-N
(Ibs/yr)
lEmbayment DR
Ind/Comm
Residential
Row Crops
Pasture
Point Source
Cattle
Dairy
Poultry
Swine
5,102
2,755]
2
<
<
<
<
<
<
lEmbavrnent DR Total
7,8581
ICrabtree Slough
Ind/Comm
Residential
Row Crops
Pasture
Cattle
Point Source
Dairy
Poultry
Swine
10,330
9,672
2
<
<
<
<
<
<
ICrabtree Slough Total
20.0051
¦Hickory Hills
Residential
Ind/Comm
Row Crops
Cattle
Pasture
Point Source
Dairy
Poultiy
Swine
1,3291
1,0081
4l
21
<1
<1
<1
<1|
<1
iHickorv Hills Total
2j343|
IDinsmore Slough
Ind/Comm
Residential
Cattle
Row Crops
Pasture
Point Source
Dairy
Poultry
Swine
4,1731
2,579
1
<1
<11
<1I
<11
-------
Table 17. (Continued)
NOrNOrN
Tributary
Source
(Ibs/yr)
Blue Hole Branch
Residential
842
Ind/Comm
147
Pasture
<1
Point Source
<1
Cattle
<1
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Row Crops
<1
Blue Hole Branch Total
990
Village Branch
Residential
2,759
Ind/Comm
2,695
Cattle
3
Pasture
<1
Row Crops
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Villaae Branch Total
5,459
West Flint Creek DR
Residential
1,175
Ind/Comm
75
Poultry
37
Cattle
37
Dairy
10
Row Crops
5
Pasture
3
Swine
<1
Point Source
<1
w«st Flint Creek DR Total
1.342
Mud Tavern Creek
Residential
390
Cattle
8
Pasture
<1
Row Crops
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Poultry
<1
Swine
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
Mud Tavern Creek Total
399
121
-------
Table 17. (Continued)
N03-NOrN
Tributary
Source
(Ibs/yr)
Flat Creek
nd/Comm
127
Cattle
19
Poultry
3
Pasture
<1
Row Crops
<1
Swine
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Residential
<1
Flat Creek Total
150
Big Shoal Creek
Residential
249
Cattle
49
Poultry
11
Pasture
1
Row Crops
<1
Swine
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
Bia Shoal Creek Total
311
McDaniel Creek
Residential
115
Cattle
11
Poultry
11
Row Crops
<1
Pasture
Point Source
<1
Dairy
Swine
<1
Ind/Comm
McDaniel Creek Total
139
Elam Creek
Residential
178
Ind/Comm
122
Cattle
29
Poultry
13
Row Crops
5
Dairy
2
Pasture
1
Swine
<1
Point Source
<1
Elam Creek Total
351
122
-------
Table 17. (Continued)
NOrNOrN
Tributary
Source
(Ibs/yr)
Lower Flint Creek DR
Residential
3,049
Ind/Comm
435
Poultry
14
Cattle
13
Dairy
6
Row Crops
<1
Pasture
<1
Swine
<1
Point Source
<1
Lower Flint Creek DR Total
3.518
No Business Creek
Residential
944
Ind/Comm
643
Cattle
36
Poultry
23
Row Crops
3
Pasture
<1
Dairy
<1
Swine
<1
Point Source
<1
No Business Creek Total
1,651
Crowdabout Creek
Residential
254
Cattle
49
Poultry
34
Ind/Comm
28
Dairy
16
Row Crops
2
Pasture
1
Point Source
<1
Swine
<1
Crowdabout Creek Total
385
Mack Creek
Cattle
6
Poultry
5
Dairy
2
Row Crops
<1
Pasture
<1
Point Source
<1
Swine
<1
Residential
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
14
123
-------
Table 17. (Continued)
NOrNOrN 1
Tributary
Source
(lbs/vr) I
Shoal Creek
Point Source
50,8001
nd/Comm
5,941
Residential
2,975
Cattle
1°
Poultry
3
Dairy
<1
Pasture
<1
Row Crops
<1
Swine
<1
Shoal Creek Total
59.729
Middle Flint Creek DR
Ind/Comm
2,141
Residential
216
Cattle
15
Point Source
8
Poultry
51
Dairy
<1l
Pasture
<1
Row Crops
<11
Swine
<1
Middle Flint Creek DR Total
2,388
Cedar Creek
Ind/Comm
1,546
Residential
1661
Cattle
26
Poultry
6
Dairy
3
Pasture
<1l
Row Crops
<1
Swine
<11
Point Source
<11
Cedar Creek Total
1.7481
Robinson Creek
Ind/Comm
761
Residential
188
Cattle
7
Poultry
2
Row Crops
<1
Pasture
<1l
Point Source
<11
Dairy
<1|
Swine
<11
Robinson Creek Total
9581
124
-------
Table 17. (Continued)
Tributary
NOa-NOrN
Source
flbs/yr)
Mike Creek
Cattle
5
Poultry
5
Swine
<1
Row Crops
Pasture
Point Source
<¦)
Dairy
Residential
Ind/Comm
<1
Mike Creek Total
10
Indian Creek
Ind/Comm
611
Residential
181
Cattle
5
Poultry
2
Row Crops
<1
Pasture
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Swine
<1
Indian Creek Total
799
Upper Flint Creek DR
Ind/Comm
811
Residential
541
Poultry
7
Cattle
5
Row Crops
<1
Pasture
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Swine
<1
Upper Flint Creek DR Total
1,364
Mill Creek
Residential
223
Poultry
20
Cattle
11
Swine
<1
Pasture
<1
Row Crops
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
nd/Comm
<1
Mill Creek Total
255
125
-------
Table 17. (Continued)
NO3-NO2-N
Tributary
Source
(Ibs/yr)
Rock Creek
Ind/Comm
730
Residential
287
Poultry
21
Cattle
8
Pasture
<1
Row Crops
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Swine
<1
Rock Creek Total
1.047
Lick Creek
Residential
48
Cattle
5
Poultry
4
Pasture
<1
Row Crops
<1
Point Source
<1
Dairy
<1
Swine
<1
Ind/Comm
<1
Lick Creek Total
57
East Fork Creek
Residential
148
Ind/Comm
106
Poultry
22
Cattle
13
Dairy
<1
Row Crops
<1
Pasture
Point Source
Swine
<1
East Fork Creek Total
290
126
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Figure 21. Nitrate-Nitrite Nitrogen Loading to Tributary Streams by Source
Blue Hole Branch
Ind/Comm
Village Branch
Ind/Comm
49%
Residential
51%
127
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Figure 21. (Continued)
West Flint Creek DR
Irtd/Comm
Cattle Dairy
3* 1*
Poultry
Flat Creek
Ind/Comm
86%
McDaniel Creek
Row Crops Cartle
1% 8% Poultry
8%
Residential
83%
Mud Tavern Creek
Residential
08%
Big Shoal Creek
Residential
80%
Elam Creek
Row Crops Cattle
1% 8% Dairy
Ind/Comm
35%
Poultry
Residential
51%
128
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Figure 21. (Continued)
Lower Flint Creek DR
Residential
87%
Crowdabout Creek
Ind/CommRow Cropsc,,^
7% 1* 13%.
Shoal Creek
Ind/Comm
10%
Residential
5%
No Business Creek
Cattle Poultry
2% 1%
Ind/Comm
39%
Mack Creek
Pasture R™ Crops
1%
4%
V Cattle
Poultry
\ 42%
39%
1 /
Dairy
14%
Middle Flint Creek DR
Cattle Residential
1% 9%
Ind/Comm
90%
129
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Figure 21. (Continued)
Cedar Creek
Robinson Creek
Cattle
Residential
Mm
Ind/Comm
89%
Cattle
Residential
^^WUfHrtTtN. 20%
Ind/Comm
70%
Mike Creek
Indian Creek
Cattle
50%
Ind/Comm
76%
Residential
23%
Upper Flint Creek DR
Ind/Comm
60%
Residential
40%
Mill Creek
Cattle
4% Poultry
8%
J
Residential
87%
130
Swine
3%
Pasture
1* Row Crops
2%
Poultry
44%
-------
Figure 21. (Continued)
Rock Creek
Cattle Poultry
1% 2%
Ind/Comm
70%
Residential
27%
Lick Creek
Cattle
9% Poultry
6%
East Fork Creek
Cattle
4% Poultry
8%
Ind/Comm
37%
Residential
51%
131
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Table 18. Nitrate-Nitrite Nitrogen from Tributary Streams
NOrNOrN Loading
Recievinq Stream
Tributary
(Ibs/yr)
Embayment
Crabtree Slough
20,005
Embayment DR
7,858
Oinsmore Slough
6,754
Village Branch
5,459
Hickory Hills
2,343
Blue Hole Branch
990
Embayment Total
43.409
West Flint Creek
West Flint Creek DR
1,342
Mud Tavern Creek
399
Elam Creek
351
Big Shoal Creek
311
Flat Creek
150
McDaniel Creek
139
West Flint Creek Total
2.692
Flint Creek
Shoal Creek
59,729
Lower Flint Creek DR
3,518
Middle Flint Creek DR
2,388
Cedar Creek
1,748
No Business Creek
1,651
Upper Flint Creek DR
1,364
Rock Creek
1,047
Robinson Creek
958
Indian Creek
799
Crowdabout Creek
385
East Fork Creek
290
Mill Creek
255
Lick Creek
57
Mack Creek
14
Mike Creek
10
Flint Creek Total
74.214
Watershed Total
120.315
132
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FLINT CREEK WATERSHED
LOADING (TONS/YEAR/SUBWATERSHED)
< 0.5
SCALE-1:250,000
Figure 22. Nitrate-Nitrite Nitrogen Loading from Tributary Streams
-------
Figure 23. Nitrate-Nitrite Nitrogen Loadings to Three Segments of Flint Creek by Source
Embaymant
80,000
Iba/yr
20,000-
Sourc*
Daily Poultry
Row Crops RHxtontial Ind/Comm
lb*/yr
20,000
Flint Craak
Daily Poultry Swina Pactum RowCrop« RatMantial Ind/Comm
135
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Figure 24. Nitrate-Nitrite Nitrogen Loadings from Flint Creek Watershed by Source
60,000
50,000
40,000
I* 30,000
20,000
10,000
Point Source Cattle Dairy Poultry Swine Pasture Row Crops Residential Ind/Comm
-------
APPLICATION OF POLLUTANT LOADING ESTIMATES
The pollutant loading estimates contained in this report were
development based on best professional judgment and should be
used for planning purposes only. The major sources of pollution
within the Flint Creek Watershed are cattle, runoff from
industrial, commercial, residential and crop lands, dairies, the
Hartselle Sewage Treatment Plant, and Falkville Lagoon. Minor
sources are poultry and swine. Each major pollutant source
represents a significant portion of the total pollutant load
within the watershed. The source contributing the most load for
a given pollutant varies from tributary to tributary. Therefore,
specific water quality goals have to be established before
conclusions about which and how much of a pollutant source needs
to be controlled. These water quality goals need to specify the
stream or stream segment of interest, the desired uses and water
quality of that stream, and the acceptable level of pollutant
that the stream can assimilate and still meet it desired uses and
quality.
As stated in the introduction some specific water quality goals
for the Flint Creek Watershed have already been established and
the Flint Creek Watershed Conservancy District Board may wish to
set additional goals. For these goals the acceptable levels of
TSS, B0D5, TKN, P and N02 & N03 need to be defined before goals
are set for reducing the pollutant loadings identified in this
report. Once this is done, the Flint Creek Watershed
Conservancy District Board and the various committees supporting
the Board should develop programs and strategies to reduce the
pollutant loadings to acceptable limits. In addition, options
for providing instream and side-stream treatment should be
considered.
137
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138
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REFERENCES
1. Alabama Department of Environmental Management. Nonpoint
Source Assessment Report
2. Alabama Department of Environmental Management. Nonpoint
Source Management Plan.
3. ADEM Personal Communication
4. The Flint Creek Watershed Project. "Aerial Inventory of Land
Uses and Nonpoint Pollution Sources." June 1993.
5. Environmental Protection Agency. "Urban Targeting and BMP
Selection." November 1990.
6. Environmental Protection Agency. "NURP Priority Pollution
Monitoring Program-Volume 1: Findings." 1982.
7. U.S. Department of Agriculture - Soil Conservation Service.
1978. National Engineering Handbook
8. Hall, B. M. 1993. Broiler Litter Effects on Crop Production,
Soil Properties, and Water Quality. Masters thesis. Auburn
University.
9. U.S. Department of Agriculture - Soil Conservation Service.
1959. Lawrence County Soil Survey Report. GPO.
Washington D.C. and U.S. Department of Agriculture - Soil
Conservation Service. 1958. Morgan County Soil Survey
Report. GPO. Washington D.C.
10. Kingery, W. L., C. W. Wood, D. P. Delaney, J. C. Williams,
and G. L. Mullins. 1994. Impact of Long-Term Land
Application of Broiler Litter on Environmentally Related
Soil Properties. Journal of Environmental Quality.
23:139-147.
139
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11. U. S. Department of Agriculture - National Agricultural
Statistics Service. 1993. Alabama Agricultural Statistics.
Montgomery, AL.
12. U. S. Department of Agriculture - Soil Conservation Service.
1992. Agricultural Waste Management Handbook. USDA,
Washington, D.C.
13. Barker, J. C., J. P. Zublena, and C. R. Campbell. 1990.
Livestock Manure Characterization Values from the North
Carolina Database. North Carolina Cooperative Extension
Service.
14. Payne, V. W. E. and J. 0. Donald. 1990. Poultry Waste
Management and Environmental Protection Manual. Alabama
Cooperative Extension Service Circular ANR-580
140
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