RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION MEASUREMENT SURVEY
HONOLULU, HAWAII
MAY 14-25, 1984
Nonionizing Radiation Branch
Office of Radiation Programs
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 18416
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
January 1985
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RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION SURVEY - HONOLULU, HAWAII
NONIONIZING RADIATION BRANCH
OFFICE OF RADIATION PROGRAMS
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Background
During the period May 14-25, 1984, members of the Nonionizing Radiation
Branch, Office of Radiation Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
with cooperation from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the
Hawaii State Department of Health, conducted a survey of radiofrequency (RF)
radiation exposure levels throughout the Honolulu, Hawaii metropolitan
area. The purpose of this study wa9 to measure and document the RF exposure
levels caused by broadcast stations in Honolulu. The stations included AM
radio, FM radio, and television (TV) stations having frequencies within the
range of 550 kHz to 512 MHz.
Measurements of RF radiation exposures were performed at 21 different
locations in and near Honolulu. The data are given under "Survey Results"
and in Appendix 1. Measurement sites were selected on the basis of trans-
mitting antenna locations and proximate areas which were judged, prior to
the study, to present the possibility of public exposure to relatively
intense RF fields. The measurement locations selected by no means represent
an exhaustive collection of all possible high intensity areas but, in our
judgment, are representative of areas where public exposure levels of RF
fields in Honolulu may be highest.
Instrumentation and Measurement
Measurements of RF field intensities were performed using a variety
of instruments including both broadband isotropic field survey meters and
narrowband tuneable field strength meters in conjunction with calibrated
antennas. A list of equipment used during the study is given in Appendix 2,
and some of the units and terms used in this report are listed in Appendix 3.
The equipment used in these measurements has been calibrated by the
Nonionizing Radiation Branch by referencing to fundamental power standards
of the National Bureau of Standards. The measurements reported here are
believed to be accurate within an absolute tolerance of about +2 decibel.
This corresponds to a possible uncertainty of +58% and -37% in the stated
power densities and a possible uncertainty of +26% and -21% in the stated
electric or magnetic field strengths. For example, a stated power density
of 500 iiW/cm^ could in reality be as low as 315 pW/cm^ or as high as
790 uW/cm^.
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2
In general, care was given to measurements of the resultant field
vectors through the use of isotropic probes or mutually orthogonal measure-
ment of all field components. In certain instances, a combination of
equipment was used to best define the exposure fields, i.e., a single
instrument was insufficient to fully characterize the exposure fields in
some cases.
In some instances, exposures are expressed in terms of broadband RF
intensity values; in others, a distinction is made between medium-wave
fields (those due to AM radio stations) and very-high-frequency (VHF) fields
(those due to FM radio and TV stations). In general, when broadband fields
were observed to be less than an equivalent plane-wave power density of
approximately 100 microwatts per square centimeter (pW/cm^), efforts
were not made to determine the contributions made by individual stations or
bands of frequencies.
Survey Results
The Honolulu measurement data follow. An asterisk (*) means that the
indicated location is normally only accessible by maintenance personnel.
All other locations are accessible to the general public, e.g., residents,
office workers, tourists, and transient passers-by.
1. Ala Moana Americana Hotel
410 Atkinson Drive
Site of KITV (TV, Ch.4) and KPOI-FM.
Observation deck (outside): 311 yW/cm^ (254 yW/cm^ from KITV
(TV, Ch.4) and 57 yW/cm-4 from KPOI-FM).
Restaurant (inside): 40 yW/cm^ maximum; less than 2.6 yW/cm^
typically.
*Rooftop near KPOI-FM antenna mast: 20,000 yW/cm^ maximum;
greater than 1,000 yW/cm^ within 6 meters of antenna mast.
2. Pan Am Building
1600 Kapiolani Boulevard
Inside 14th floor suite facing KGMB tower and Ala Moana Hotel: range of
1.5-50 yW/cm^ with highest values near corners of windows.
*Rooftop (outside): 60 yW/cm^ maximum near corner of roof.
3. Iliki Hotel
1777 Ala Moana Boulevard
Inside restaurant (Top of the I): typically 1 yW/cm2.
*Rooftop (outside): 7-26 yW/cm^.
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3
4. Coty Tower
Across from Che KGMB tower that supports KGMB (TV, Ch.9), KHET
(TV, Ch.ll), and KQMQ-FM.
Ground level; typically 265-530 yW/cm2 from VHF band; maximum of
663 yW/cra^ (VHF) in parking lot. Typically 133-186 yW/cm2 (VHF)
on sidewalk; maximum of 318 yW/cm2 (VHF).
Rooftop (outside): 375 yW/cm2 (VHF); root-sum-squared (RSS) AM
electric fields of 8.3 yW/cm2 at central roof location; RSS AM
value of 383 yW/cm2 at corner of roof showing an electric field
enhancement factor of 6.8 or a power density enhancement of 46.
Apartment 1003 (10th floor): 27-60 yW/cm2 on balcony.
5. Hilton Hawaiian Village Hotel
2005 Kalia Road
Site of KUMU-FM and KHNL (TV, Ch.13), formerly, KIKU-TV.
*Roof of Tappa Tower: maximum of 1,300 yW/cm2 (VHF); maximum of
2,650 yW/cm (VHF) on top of elevator shaft near antenna mast.
Oceanside Tower (12th floor balcony): 2.7 yW/cm2.
Rainbow {Tower (29th floor balcony): typically 3.2 yW/cm2, maximum
13 yW/cm^.
Diamond Head Tower (balcony): 2.4 yW/cm2.
6. KGU and KKUA: AM Tower
Ahui Street
Near fence at base of tower: maximum of 608 mA/m magnetic field
strength (plane-wave equivalent power density of 14,000 yW/cm2); up
to 300 V/m electric field at fence (plane-wave equivalent power density
of 24,000 yW/cm2) with a value of 100 V/m (plane-wave equivalent
power density of 2,650 yW/cm2) at 10 meters from the fence.
7. KWAI (formerly KZHI), KNDI, KCCN, KISA: AM Tower
Nimitz Highway
Near fence at base of tower: maximum of 741 mA/m magnetic field
strength (plane-wave equivalent power density of 20,700 yW/cm2); up
to 300 V/m electric field at fence (plane-wave equivalent power density
of 24,000 yW/cm2) with a value of 100 V/m (plane-wave equivalent
power density of 2,650 yW/cm2) at distance of 6-10 meters from the
fence.
Normally only accessible by maintenance personnel.
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4
8. The Villa on Eaton Square
400 Hobron Lane
Rooftop (outside): typically 100-200 V/m (AM) (plane-wave equivalent
power density range of 2,650 to 10,600 pW/cm^) in open areas;
greater than 300 V/m (plane-wave equivalent power density of
24,000 pW/cm^) over walls at edge of roof and/or near metal
objects. RSS AM magnetic field of 123 mA/m (plane-wave equivalent
power density of 570 pW/cm^). Maximum VHF field of 2.5 V/m
(plane-wave equivalent power density of 1.7 pW/cm^).
Ground level cable experiment: Maximum induced RSS RF current in cable
dropped from top of building of 0.51 amps. Ground level field strength
of 1-2 V/m. Open-circuit voltage unknown and could not be measured
without arcing occurring.
9. Kaimuki; KAIM-FM, KAIM (AM, auxiliary transmitter), KOHO (AM), KUMU (AM)
3555 Harding Avenue
Vicinity of tower in parking lot: FM maximum 830 pW/cm^ with
associated AM field at same location of 44.9 V/m (plane-wave equivalent
power density of 535 pW/cm^). Maximum AM electric fields of
102 V/m (plane-wave equivalent power density of 2,760 pW/cm^) over
car roof and 60-70 V/m (plane-wave equivalent power density of 955 to
1,300 uW/cm^) near fence. Maximum AM magnetic fields of 9.0 A/m
(plane-wave equivalent power density of 3,054,000 pW/cm^) at fence.
10. Kapiolani Manor
1655 Makaloa
Rooftop (outside): typically 60 pW/cm^.
Roof pool area: 20-30 pW/cm^.
11. Ala Moana Pacific Center
1585 Kapiolani Boulevard
18th floor interior corner office area facing the KGMB tower and
Ala Moana Hotel": 4 pW/cm^ maximum.
12. KGMB Tower Area
1534 Kapiolani Boulevard
Site of KGMB (TV, Ch.9), KHET (TV, Ch.ll), and KQMQ-FM.
Parking lot: 27-40 pW/cm^ VHF.
Sidewalk adjacent to tower: typically up to 100 pW/cm^ VHF.
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5
13. Ala Moana Shopping Center
1450 Ala Moana Boulevard
Parking lot adjacent to Ala Moana Hotel: typically 50-60 yW/cm^
VHF, maximum 110 yW/cm^ VHF.
14. 1350 Ala Moana
*Rooftop: 25-60 yW/cm^.
15. Discovery Bay
1889 Ala Moana Boulevard
Resolution Tower apartment 4113 (41st floor) facing Hilton Hawaiian
Village Hotel complex:typical interior value of 1.7 yW/cmz,
maximum of 26 yW/cm^ on balcony.
*Rooftop: 25-166 yW/cm^ (largely AM).
16. La Ronde Restaurant
1441 Kapiolani Boulevard, 23rd Floor
Inside: typically 9-13 yW/cm^, minimum 1.1 yW/cm^, maximum
26 yW/cm^ without KHAI-TV (Ch.20) on the air. Located nearby,
Channel 20 field approximately 8 yW/cm^.
17. KMAI (FM), KIKI (AM), KHVH (AM), KZ00 (AM)
331 Kamani
Parking lot: up to 212 yW/cm^ due to FM, 27 yW/cm^ due to AM
at resultant maximum field location.
Inside, Graphic Pictures: typically 4-10 V/m, 48 V/m at top of stairs,
200 V/m at surface of wall (all values probably largely due to AM
fields).
Inside, Bartley's Town and Country Shop: typically 2-5 V/m, 25-30 V/m
near shelves, up to 300 V/m near floor fan and label machine. RF burns
caused by label machine.
Inside, Superior Travel: typically 5-8 V/m.
*At tower base: 9.3 A/m magnetic field (plane-wave equivalent power
density of 3,261,000 yW/cm*) ; 100 V/m electric field (plane-wave
equivalent power density of 2,650 yW/cm^).
*Upstairs in transmitter room: 100 V/m electric field (plane-wave
equivalent power density of 2,650 yW/cm^).
*Normally only accessible by maintenance personnel.
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6
18. 1717 Ala Wai
Inside 30th floor, corner apartment closest to AM radio tower;
typically 2-3 V/m (plane-wave equivalent power density of
1-2 liW/cm^) ; RSS magnetic field strength of 240 mA/m (plane-wave
equivalent power density of 2,170 jiW/cm^). All fields due to AM
stations.
*Rooftop: magnetic fields in range of 130-171 mA/ra^ (plane-wave
equivalent power density of 637 to 1,100 pW/cm^) .
19. Ala Wai Tower; KSSK (AM), KORL (AM), KIFH (AM)
Outside fence at base of tower: 30-100 V/m electric field in parking
lot toward Villa at Eaton Square (plane-wave equivalent power density
of 239 to 2,650 pW/cm^); 150-250 V/m (plane-wave equivalent power
density of 5,970 to 16,600 pW/cm^) at waist height at 3 feet from
fence; 15 V/m (plane-wave equivalent power density of 59.7 pW/cm^)
outside Health Club; 10 V/m (plane-wave equivalent power density of
26.5 pW/cm^) inside Health Club. Up to 2.85 A/m magnetic field
strength at fence (plane-wave equivalent power density of
306,000 pW/cm^).
20. KULA-FM (Not in Honolulu proper)
Outside fence surrounding tower: 100-212 pW/cm^ (VHF) at field
maxima.
21. Century Center Building
Site of KHON-TV (Ch.2)
*Rooftop: maximum of 240 pW/cm^ near central area. Also, strong
AM at edge of roof.
The above data are also tabulated in Appendix 1. To aid readers,
this table also provides estimated specific absorption rates (SARs) since
most standards are now based on the concept that whole-body average SARs
depend on frequency.* The SAR can be determined theoretically or
experimentally, and is proportional to the intensity of the incident field
which can be measured, as was done in this survey. The whole-body average
SAR for man or laboratory animals depends primarily upon the frequency of
the applied RF field and the size, shape, and orientation of the absorbing
Normally only accessible by maintenance personnel.
1 The approach taken here has been to assume whole-body exposures, but
some high level magnetic fields are very localized and so values for these
may not represent whole-body averages.
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7
body. These three factors determine the frequency at which the whole-body
average SAR of an absorbing object reaches its maximum value. This
phenomenon is called resonance and the frequency for the maximum whole-body
average SAR value is called the resonant frequency. The resonance frequency
range associated with human absorption is approximately 30 to 300 MHz
(includes the VHF band), and, as an example, the whole-body average SARs may
be as large as approximately 0.4 W/kg for an incident power density of
1 raW/cm^ (lOOOyW/cm^) for these frequencies. "Hie dependence of the
SAR on frequency is illustrated by the fact that the whole-body SAR in the
AM band is about 10,000 times less than the SAR in the FM band at equivalent
field intensities. In Appendix 1, we have assumed resonance, therefore, the
SAR estimates for the VHF band are the limiting maximum case, i.e., the
actual SARs should be at the calculated values or less. A similar approach
was used to estimate SARs for AM frequencies; SARs were calculated for the
h igh end of the AM band.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has not yet proposed Federal
Guidance for radiofrequency radiation exposure levels. However, to help
place these measured exposures in perspective, it should be noted that, in
some instances, the public exposure levels are above values that have either
been recommended or adopted by various organizations and/or regulatory
bodies, i.e., the values recommended for continuous exposure of the general
public by the International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA), the
State of Massachusetts, Multnomah County, Oregon, and the City of Portland,
Oregon, as well as the draft proposed recommendations of the National
Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP).^ For example,
exposures measured at nine locations exceed the proposed NCRP recommendations
and these plus one additional location also exceed the IRPA guidelines.^
In addition, public exposures at two locations exceed the current American
National Standards Institute (ANSI) C95.1-1982 radiation protection guide.
These two locations are:
(1) the tower in Kairauki, location 9
(2) the Ala Wai tower, location 19
The potential for occupational exposures in excess of the ANSI
C95.1-1982 and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH) recommended continuous exposure limits was identified at five of the
study locations, including the two mentioned above. These five locations
are:
(1) rooftop of the Ala Moana Hotel, location 1
(2) rooftop of Tappa Tower, Hilton Hawaiian Village Hotel,
location 5
(3) the tower in Kaimuki, location 9
(4) tower at 331 Kamani, location 17
(5) the Ala Wai tower, location 19
2 Given in Appendix 4
^ The proposed NCRP and IRPA guidelines are different in the
AM frequency band
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8
The survey locations where measurements were found to exceed selected
standards are listed in Appendix 5.
The FCC requested EPA assistance in investigating accounts of window
washers at high-rise buildings receiving RF burns from the long metal cables
used to support window washing platforms. Radiofrequency currents can be
induced in long metal conductors that are in radiofrequency electromagnetic
fields. It is just this phenomenon that makes an antenna work. An experiment
was arranged in which a cable was extended from the roof of the Villa at Eaton
Square to ground-level to attempt to measure the currents induced in the
cable. We were able to measure almost one-half ampere of current in the cable
even though the ground-level electric field strengths were only 1-2 V/m. It
was not possible to measure the open-circuit voltage on the cable, but the
voltage was sufficient in strength to produce electrical arcs from the cable
to grounded objects. Under these particular conditions (the presence of
conductors such as metal cables in low frequency fields), the RF burn
phenomena is difficult to control even with different grounding methods, and
shocks and burns present a real hazard for window washers using metal cables.
Depending on whether metal cables are hung in close proximity to flammable
materials (cloth awnings, grass, brush) or close to street level, fire hazards
and/or shocks or burns to passersby inadvertently touching cables might be
possible. But, since this is primarily an occupational problem related to
work practices, it was brought to the attention of the Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA) which is working to address this matter.
Resolution of work practice problems should obviate any potential hazard.
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APPENDIX 1
RF RADIATION EXPOSURE MEASUREMENTS IN HONOLULU, HAWAII
May 14 - May 25, 1984
LOCATION
1. Ala Moana Hotel
2. Pan Am Bldg.
3. Iliki Hotel
4. Coty Tower
SITE
Observation Deck
Restaurant
Rooftop**
14th Floor Suite
Rooftop**
Restaurant
Rooftop**
Ground Level
Rooftop
Apartment 1003
FREQ.
BAND
VHF
VHF
VHF
VHF
AM,VHF
VHF
VHF
VHF
VHF
VHF
VHF
VHF
AM
AM
VHF
TOTAL
POWER
DENSITY*
pW/cm^
311
40 max.
<2.6 typ.
20,000 max.
>1,000
1.5-50
60
1
7-26
265-530 typ.
663 max.
133-186 typ.
318 max.
375
8.3
383
27-60
SAR*
0.124
0.016
0.001
8.00
0.4
0.0006-0.020
0.024
0.0004
0.0028-0.010
0.106-0.212
0.265
0.053-0.074
0.127
0.150
3.32xl0-7
1.53xl0-5
0.011-0.024
Comments
Outside
Inside
Near mast
Within 6m of mast
Inside-facing
KGMB & Ala Moana
Outside near
corner of roof
Inside Top of the I
Outside
Parking lot
Parking lot
Sidewalk
Sidewalk
Outside
Center
Corner
10th floor
*Power Density for AM frequencies is the plane wave equivalent power density derived from measurements of either electric
or magnetic field intensity. Resonance is assumed, therefore, SAR estimates for the VHF band are the limiting maximum
case. Using a similar approach for AM frequencies, SARs were calculated for the high end of the AM band. Also, typ. ¦
typically and max. = maximum.
**Normally accessible only by maintenance personnel.
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LOCATION
SITE
FREQ.
BAND
5. Hilton Hawaiian
Village Hotel
6. KGU and KKUA AM Tower
Ahui Street
7. KWAI (formerly KZHI),
KNDI, KCCN, KISA
AM Tower - Nimitz Hwy.
8. Villa on Eaton Square
Tappa Tower** VHF
Oceanside Tower VHF
Rainbow Tower VHF
Diamond Head Tower VHF
Near Fence-Tower Base AM
At Fence AM
10 Meters from Fence AM
Near Fence-Tower Base AM
At Fence AM
6-10 Meters from Fence AM
Rooftop AM
AM
AM
VHF
Ground Level
AM
Page 2
TOTAL
POWER
DENSITY
yW/cm^
SAR
W/kK
Comment s
1,300 max.
2,650 max.
0.520
1.060
Roof
Top of elevator
shaft near
antenna mast
2.7
0.0011
12th Fir. balcony
3.2 typ.
13 max.
0.0013
0.0052
29th Fir. balcony
29th Fir. balcony
2.A
0.001
Balcony
14,000 max.
0.00056
Magnetic field
24,000 max.
0.00096
Electric field
2,650
0.000106
Electric field
20,700 max.
0.000828
Magnetic field
24,000 max.
0.000960
Electric field
2,650
0.000106
Electric field
2,650-10,600
0.000106-0.000424
Outside, open
at-eas, electric
field
>24,000
0.00096
Edge of roof near
metal object,
electric fields
570
2.28x10-5
Magnetic fields
1.7 max.
0.00068
0.265-1.06
1.06x10-8 - 4x10-8
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LOCATION
9. Kaimuki;KAIM-FM,KAIM(AM),
KOHO(AM), KUMU(AM)
(Near Tower-Ground Level)
10. Kapiolani Manor
11. Ala Moana Pacific Center
12. KGMB Tower Area
1534 Kapiolani Blvd.
Site of KGMB (TV), KHET
(TV), and KCJ1Q-FM
13. Ala Moana Shopping Center
14. 1350 Ala Moana
15. Discovery Bay
FREQ.
SITE BAND
Parking Lot VHF
Parking Lot AM
Over Car Roof AM
Near Fence AM
At Fence AM
Rooftop AM,VHF
Roof Pool Area AM,VHF
18th Floor Office AM,VHF
Parking Lot VHF
Sidewalk VHF
Parking lot VHF
VHF
Rooftop** VHF
Resolution Tower AM,VHF
on 41st Floor Facing
Hilton Village Hotel
Resolution Tower**
AM,VHF
TOTAL
POWER
DENSITY
gW/cm^
830
535
2,760
1,300 max.
3,054,000 max.
60
20-30
4 max.
27-40
100 typ.
50-60 typ.
110 max.
25-60
1.7 typ.
26 max.
SAR
W/kg
0.332
2.14xl0-5
0.00011
5.2xlO-5
0.122
0.024
0.008-0.012
0.0016
0.0108-0.016
0.0400
0.020-0.024
0.044
0.010-0.024
0.00068
0.0104
Page 3
Comments
Electric fields
Electric fields
Electric fields
Electric fields
Magnetic fields,
localized to tower
tuning circuits
Outside
Interior corner
facing KGMB tower
Adjacent to tower
Adjacent to
Ala Moana
Hote 1
Apt. 4113 interior
Apt. 4113 balcony
25-166
0.010-0.0664
Rooftop
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LOCATION
16. La Ronde Restaurant
SITE
23rd Fir. (Inside)
FREQ.
BAND
VHF
17. KMAI(FM),KIKl(AM), Parking lot VHF
khvh(am),kzoo(am) am
331 Kamani
Graphic Pictures- AM
Inside AM
AM
Bartley's Town & AM
Country Shop-Inside AM
AM
Superior Travel-Inside AM
Tower Base** AM
Transmitter Room- AM
Upstairs**
18. 1717 Ala Wai Inside Corner Apt. AM
30th Floor
AM
Rooftop**
AM
Page 4
TOTAL
POWER
DENSITY
pW/cm^
9-13 typ.
1.1 min.
26 max.
8
212 max
27 max
4.24-26.5 typ.
611
10,610
1.06-6.63 typ.
166-239
23,873
6.63-17.0
2,650
3,261,000
2,650
1-2 typ.
2,170
637-1,100
SAR
W/kg
0.0036-0.0052
0.00044
0.010
0.0032
0.0848
1.08x10-6
1.7xl0-7 - 1.06xl0"6
1.24x10-5
0.000424
4.2x10"® - 2.65x10"7
6.64x10"® - 9.56xl0"6
0.000955
2.65x10"7 - 6.8xl0"7
0.000106
0.013
0.000106
4xl0"8 - 8xl0"8
8.68x10-5
2.55xlO"5 - 4.40x10"5
Comments
Without Ch.20
0i.20 field
Top of stairs
Surface of wall
Near shelves
Near floor fan and
and label machine
Electric field
Magnetic field,
localized to tower
tuning circuits
Electric field
Closest to AM
Tower.magnetic field
Magnetic field
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LOCATION
SITE
FREQ.
BAND
19. Ala Wai Tower; KSSK(AM)
KORL(AM), KIFH(AM)
Outside Fence at AM
Base of Tower
3 Ft. from Fence AM
Outside Health Club AM
Inside Health Club AM
At Fence AM
20. KULA-FM
21. Century Center Bldg.
Outside Fence VHF
Surrounding Tower
Rooftop** VHF
Page 5
TOTAL
POWER
DENSITY
pW/crn^
239-2,650
5,970-16,600
59.7
26.5
306,000
SAR
W/kg
Comments
9.56xl0~6 - 0.000106 Parking lot at
Eaton Square
0.000239-0.000664
2.39x10-^
1.06xl0-6
0.0122
Measured at
waist height
Magnetic field,
localized to tower
tuning circuits
100-212 max. 0.040-0.0848
240 max.
0.0960
Central area.
Strong AM also at
edge of roof
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APPENDIX 2
LIST OF EQUIPMENT USED IN HONOLULU FIELD STUDY
Instruments for Industry Model EFS-1 broadband electric field strength meter.
Instruments for Industry Model RHM-2 isotropic, broadband electric field
strength meter.
Holaday Industries Model 3001 isotropic, broadband electric field strength
meter.
Narda Microwave Model 8616 isotropic, broadband radiation monitor with model
8631 magnetic field probe.
Nanofast Model EFS-500 fiber optic electric field sensor with model EFR-500
E-field sensor receiver.
Singer Model DM-105A dipole antenna kit.
Singer Model 92200-3 loop antenna.
Singer Model 91550-1 RF current probe.
Potomac Model FIM-21 AM Band field strength meter with 50 ohm feed through.
Potomac Model FIM-71 VHF field strength meter.
Potomac Model FIM-72 UHF field strength meter.
Hewlett-Packard Model 141T spectrum analyzer mainframe with model 8554L RF
plug-in and model 8552B IF plug-in.
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APPENDIX 3
UNITS/TERMS
Hertz (Hz): A unit for expressing frequency equivalent to cycles per
second, ie., one Hertz is defined as one cycle per second
kHz: Kilohertz; 1 kHz equals 1000 Hz
MHz: Megahertz; 1 MHz equals 1000 kHz
mA/m: milliampere per meter; an expression for the strength of a
magnetic field
mW/cm^: Milliwatts per square centimeter; an expression for the
power density of an electromagnetic field, 1 mW/cm^ =>
1000 yW/cm^
yW/cm^: Microwatt per square centimeter; an expression for the
power density of an electromagnetic field, 1000 yW/cm^
° 1 mW/cm^
VHF Very-high-frequency; that part of the electromagnetic
radiation spectrum between 30 and 300 MHz, i.e., includes
the frequencies for FM radio and television broadcast
transmission (channels 2-13)
V/m: Volts per meter; an expression for the strength of an
electric field
Power density: A term to describe the intensity of incident
electromagnetic radiation fields
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APPENDIX 4
SUMMARY OF VARIOUS RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION
EXPOSURE STANDARDS
VHF AM
Standard SAR(W/kg) S(uW/cro2)* SAR(W/kg) S(yW/cm2)*
ANSI, ACGIH 0.4 1,000 ** 100,000
Massachusetts, Multnomah 0.08 200 ** 20,000
County, NCRP (in draft)***
IRPA 0.08 200 ** 2,000
Portland 0.04 100 ** 500
* S is the plane-wave equivalent power density expressed in units of
microwatts per square centimeter.
** These standards are not based on limiting the whole-body SAR to specific
values in the AM band frequency range but rather simply specify maximum
permissible power densities.
*** Reported at the 1984 Annual Meeting of the National Council on Radiation
Protection and Measurements, Washington, D.C., April 5, 1984.
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APPENDIX 5
LOCATIONS WHERE RF RADIATION MEASUREMENTS EXCEED SELECTED GENERAL POPULATION EXPOSURE GUIDELINES1
1
IRPA
11 Draft
NCRP, Massachusetts I
ANSI
SURVEY LOCATION
I AM
1
VHF
II
AM |
VHF I
AM
1
VHF j
1 E* |
H* I
S*
1 1 E*
1 H* |
S* 1
E* |
H* |
S* 1
168.8-87 |.
18-.23 I
200
11 275
1 0.73 |
200 I
614 |
1.63 I
1000 |
#1
Ala Moana Hotel
• Observation Deck
• Rooftop**
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
X
X
II
II
II
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
x 1
x 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
x 1
u
Coty Tower
• Ground Level
• Rooftop
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
X
X
II
II
II
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
x 1
x 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
#5
Hilton Hawaiian Village Hotel
• Tappa Tower Rooftop**
1 1
1 1
1
1
X
II
II
1 1
1 1
1
x 1
1
1
1
1
X 1
#6
-
KGU and KKUA AM Tower - Ahui St.
1 x 1
X 1
1 1 X
1 1
1
1
1
#7
KWAI (formerly KZHI), KNDI,
KCCN, KISA
AM Tower - Nimitz Hwy.
1 1
1 1
1 x I
1
1
x 1
II
II
11 x
1 1
1 1
1 x I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
#8
-
Villa on Eaton Square (Rooftop)
1 x 1
1
1 1 x
1 1
1
1
1
#9
-
Kaimuki: KAIM-FM, KAIM(AM),
1 1
1
II
1 1
1
1
1
KOHO(AM), KUMU(AM)
1 x I
x 1
X
II
1 x I
x I
1
X 1
#17
KMAI(FM), KIKI(AM), KHVH(AM),
KZOO(AM) - 331 Kamani
• Parking lot
• Graphic Pictures - Inside
• Bart ley's Shop - Inside
• Tower Base**
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 x I
1 x 1
1 x I
1
1
1
1
1
x 1
X
II
II
II
II
I 1 x
II
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 x I
1
1
x I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
x 1
#18
-
1717 Ala Wai (Inside)
1 1
X 1
II
1 1
1
1
1
#19
Ala Wai Tower: KSSK(AM)
KORL(AM), KIFH(AM)
1 1
1 x I
1
x 1
II
II
1 1
1 x I
1
1
1
1
1
x 1
#20
-
KULA-FM
1 1
1
X
II
1 1
x I
1
1
#21
Century Center Bldg.
• Rooftop**
1 1
1 1
1
1
X
II
II
1 1
1 1
1
x 1
1
1
1
1
'-For comparison, note that 12 locations exceed the IRPA interim guidelines, II locations exceed the NCRP draft proposed
guideline, and 5 locations exceed the ANSI standard.
*E ¦= Electric field strength, Volts/meter; H ° magnetic field strength, Amperes/meter; S = the plane-wave equivalent power
density expressed in units of microwatts per square centimeter. For the IRPA guideline, actual limits for electric and
magnetic field strength depend on frequency.
~~Normally accessible only by maintenance personnel.
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