RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION MEASUREMENT SURVEY HONOLULU, HAWAII MAY 14-25, 1984 Nonionizing Radiation Branch Office of Radiation Programs U.S. Environmental Protection Agency P.O. Box 18416 Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 January 1985 ------- RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION SURVEY - HONOLULU, HAWAII NONIONIZING RADIATION BRANCH OFFICE OF RADIATION PROGRAMS U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Background During the period May 14-25, 1984, members of the Nonionizing Radiation Branch, Office of Radiation Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, with cooperation from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the Hawaii State Department of Health, conducted a survey of radiofrequency (RF) radiation exposure levels throughout the Honolulu, Hawaii metropolitan area. The purpose of this study wa9 to measure and document the RF exposure levels caused by broadcast stations in Honolulu. The stations included AM radio, FM radio, and television (TV) stations having frequencies within the range of 550 kHz to 512 MHz. Measurements of RF radiation exposures were performed at 21 different locations in and near Honolulu. The data are given under "Survey Results" and in Appendix 1. Measurement sites were selected on the basis of trans- mitting antenna locations and proximate areas which were judged, prior to the study, to present the possibility of public exposure to relatively intense RF fields. The measurement locations selected by no means represent an exhaustive collection of all possible high intensity areas but, in our judgment, are representative of areas where public exposure levels of RF fields in Honolulu may be highest. Instrumentation and Measurement Measurements of RF field intensities were performed using a variety of instruments including both broadband isotropic field survey meters and narrowband tuneable field strength meters in conjunction with calibrated antennas. A list of equipment used during the study is given in Appendix 2, and some of the units and terms used in this report are listed in Appendix 3. The equipment used in these measurements has been calibrated by the Nonionizing Radiation Branch by referencing to fundamental power standards of the National Bureau of Standards. The measurements reported here are believed to be accurate within an absolute tolerance of about +2 decibel. This corresponds to a possible uncertainty of +58% and -37% in the stated power densities and a possible uncertainty of +26% and -21% in the stated electric or magnetic field strengths. For example, a stated power density of 500 iiW/cm^ could in reality be as low as 315 pW/cm^ or as high as 790 uW/cm^. ------- 2 In general, care was given to measurements of the resultant field vectors through the use of isotropic probes or mutually orthogonal measure- ment of all field components. In certain instances, a combination of equipment was used to best define the exposure fields, i.e., a single instrument was insufficient to fully characterize the exposure fields in some cases. In some instances, exposures are expressed in terms of broadband RF intensity values; in others, a distinction is made between medium-wave fields (those due to AM radio stations) and very-high-frequency (VHF) fields (those due to FM radio and TV stations). In general, when broadband fields were observed to be less than an equivalent plane-wave power density of approximately 100 microwatts per square centimeter (pW/cm^), efforts were not made to determine the contributions made by individual stations or bands of frequencies. Survey Results The Honolulu measurement data follow. An asterisk (*) means that the indicated location is normally only accessible by maintenance personnel. All other locations are accessible to the general public, e.g., residents, office workers, tourists, and transient passers-by. 1. Ala Moana Americana Hotel 410 Atkinson Drive Site of KITV (TV, Ch.4) and KPOI-FM. Observation deck (outside): 311 yW/cm^ (254 yW/cm^ from KITV (TV, Ch.4) and 57 yW/cm-4 from KPOI-FM). Restaurant (inside): 40 yW/cm^ maximum; less than 2.6 yW/cm^ typically. *Rooftop near KPOI-FM antenna mast: 20,000 yW/cm^ maximum; greater than 1,000 yW/cm^ within 6 meters of antenna mast. 2. Pan Am Building 1600 Kapiolani Boulevard Inside 14th floor suite facing KGMB tower and Ala Moana Hotel: range of 1.5-50 yW/cm^ with highest values near corners of windows. *Rooftop (outside): 60 yW/cm^ maximum near corner of roof. 3. Iliki Hotel 1777 Ala Moana Boulevard Inside restaurant (Top of the I): typically 1 yW/cm2. *Rooftop (outside): 7-26 yW/cm^. ------- 3 4. Coty Tower Across from Che KGMB tower that supports KGMB (TV, Ch.9), KHET (TV, Ch.ll), and KQMQ-FM. Ground level; typically 265-530 yW/cm2 from VHF band; maximum of 663 yW/cra^ (VHF) in parking lot. Typically 133-186 yW/cm2 (VHF) on sidewalk; maximum of 318 yW/cm2 (VHF). Rooftop (outside): 375 yW/cm2 (VHF); root-sum-squared (RSS) AM electric fields of 8.3 yW/cm2 at central roof location; RSS AM value of 383 yW/cm2 at corner of roof showing an electric field enhancement factor of 6.8 or a power density enhancement of 46. Apartment 1003 (10th floor): 27-60 yW/cm2 on balcony. 5. Hilton Hawaiian Village Hotel 2005 Kalia Road Site of KUMU-FM and KHNL (TV, Ch.13), formerly, KIKU-TV. *Roof of Tappa Tower: maximum of 1,300 yW/cm2 (VHF); maximum of 2,650 yW/cm (VHF) on top of elevator shaft near antenna mast. Oceanside Tower (12th floor balcony): 2.7 yW/cm2. Rainbow {Tower (29th floor balcony): typically 3.2 yW/cm2, maximum 13 yW/cm^. Diamond Head Tower (balcony): 2.4 yW/cm2. 6. KGU and KKUA: AM Tower Ahui Street Near fence at base of tower: maximum of 608 mA/m magnetic field strength (plane-wave equivalent power density of 14,000 yW/cm2); up to 300 V/m electric field at fence (plane-wave equivalent power density of 24,000 yW/cm2) with a value of 100 V/m (plane-wave equivalent power density of 2,650 yW/cm2) at 10 meters from the fence. 7. KWAI (formerly KZHI), KNDI, KCCN, KISA: AM Tower Nimitz Highway Near fence at base of tower: maximum of 741 mA/m magnetic field strength (plane-wave equivalent power density of 20,700 yW/cm2); up to 300 V/m electric field at fence (plane-wave equivalent power density of 24,000 yW/cm2) with a value of 100 V/m (plane-wave equivalent power density of 2,650 yW/cm2) at distance of 6-10 meters from the fence. Normally only accessible by maintenance personnel. ------- 4 8. The Villa on Eaton Square 400 Hobron Lane Rooftop (outside): typically 100-200 V/m (AM) (plane-wave equivalent power density range of 2,650 to 10,600 pW/cm^) in open areas; greater than 300 V/m (plane-wave equivalent power density of 24,000 pW/cm^) over walls at edge of roof and/or near metal objects. RSS AM magnetic field of 123 mA/m (plane-wave equivalent power density of 570 pW/cm^). Maximum VHF field of 2.5 V/m (plane-wave equivalent power density of 1.7 pW/cm^). Ground level cable experiment: Maximum induced RSS RF current in cable dropped from top of building of 0.51 amps. Ground level field strength of 1-2 V/m. Open-circuit voltage unknown and could not be measured without arcing occurring. 9. Kaimuki; KAIM-FM, KAIM (AM, auxiliary transmitter), KOHO (AM), KUMU (AM) 3555 Harding Avenue Vicinity of tower in parking lot: FM maximum 830 pW/cm^ with associated AM field at same location of 44.9 V/m (plane-wave equivalent power density of 535 pW/cm^). Maximum AM electric fields of 102 V/m (plane-wave equivalent power density of 2,760 pW/cm^) over car roof and 60-70 V/m (plane-wave equivalent power density of 955 to 1,300 uW/cm^) near fence. Maximum AM magnetic fields of 9.0 A/m (plane-wave equivalent power density of 3,054,000 pW/cm^) at fence. 10. Kapiolani Manor 1655 Makaloa Rooftop (outside): typically 60 pW/cm^. Roof pool area: 20-30 pW/cm^. 11. Ala Moana Pacific Center 1585 Kapiolani Boulevard 18th floor interior corner office area facing the KGMB tower and Ala Moana Hotel": 4 pW/cm^ maximum. 12. KGMB Tower Area 1534 Kapiolani Boulevard Site of KGMB (TV, Ch.9), KHET (TV, Ch.ll), and KQMQ-FM. Parking lot: 27-40 pW/cm^ VHF. Sidewalk adjacent to tower: typically up to 100 pW/cm^ VHF. ------- 5 13. Ala Moana Shopping Center 1450 Ala Moana Boulevard Parking lot adjacent to Ala Moana Hotel: typically 50-60 yW/cm^ VHF, maximum 110 yW/cm^ VHF. 14. 1350 Ala Moana *Rooftop: 25-60 yW/cm^. 15. Discovery Bay 1889 Ala Moana Boulevard Resolution Tower apartment 4113 (41st floor) facing Hilton Hawaiian Village Hotel complex:typical interior value of 1.7 yW/cmz, maximum of 26 yW/cm^ on balcony. *Rooftop: 25-166 yW/cm^ (largely AM). 16. La Ronde Restaurant 1441 Kapiolani Boulevard, 23rd Floor Inside: typically 9-13 yW/cm^, minimum 1.1 yW/cm^, maximum 26 yW/cm^ without KHAI-TV (Ch.20) on the air. Located nearby, Channel 20 field approximately 8 yW/cm^. 17. KMAI (FM), KIKI (AM), KHVH (AM), KZ00 (AM) 331 Kamani Parking lot: up to 212 yW/cm^ due to FM, 27 yW/cm^ due to AM at resultant maximum field location. Inside, Graphic Pictures: typically 4-10 V/m, 48 V/m at top of stairs, 200 V/m at surface of wall (all values probably largely due to AM fields). Inside, Bartley's Town and Country Shop: typically 2-5 V/m, 25-30 V/m near shelves, up to 300 V/m near floor fan and label machine. RF burns caused by label machine. Inside, Superior Travel: typically 5-8 V/m. *At tower base: 9.3 A/m magnetic field (plane-wave equivalent power density of 3,261,000 yW/cm*) ; 100 V/m electric field (plane-wave equivalent power density of 2,650 yW/cm^). *Upstairs in transmitter room: 100 V/m electric field (plane-wave equivalent power density of 2,650 yW/cm^). *Normally only accessible by maintenance personnel. ------- 6 18. 1717 Ala Wai Inside 30th floor, corner apartment closest to AM radio tower; typically 2-3 V/m (plane-wave equivalent power density of 1-2 liW/cm^) ; RSS magnetic field strength of 240 mA/m (plane-wave equivalent power density of 2,170 jiW/cm^). All fields due to AM stations. *Rooftop: magnetic fields in range of 130-171 mA/ra^ (plane-wave equivalent power density of 637 to 1,100 pW/cm^) . 19. Ala Wai Tower; KSSK (AM), KORL (AM), KIFH (AM) Outside fence at base of tower: 30-100 V/m electric field in parking lot toward Villa at Eaton Square (plane-wave equivalent power density of 239 to 2,650 pW/cm^); 150-250 V/m (plane-wave equivalent power density of 5,970 to 16,600 pW/cm^) at waist height at 3 feet from fence; 15 V/m (plane-wave equivalent power density of 59.7 pW/cm^) outside Health Club; 10 V/m (plane-wave equivalent power density of 26.5 pW/cm^) inside Health Club. Up to 2.85 A/m magnetic field strength at fence (plane-wave equivalent power density of 306,000 pW/cm^). 20. KULA-FM (Not in Honolulu proper) Outside fence surrounding tower: 100-212 pW/cm^ (VHF) at field maxima. 21. Century Center Building Site of KHON-TV (Ch.2) *Rooftop: maximum of 240 pW/cm^ near central area. Also, strong AM at edge of roof. The above data are also tabulated in Appendix 1. To aid readers, this table also provides estimated specific absorption rates (SARs) since most standards are now based on the concept that whole-body average SARs depend on frequency.* The SAR can be determined theoretically or experimentally, and is proportional to the intensity of the incident field which can be measured, as was done in this survey. The whole-body average SAR for man or laboratory animals depends primarily upon the frequency of the applied RF field and the size, shape, and orientation of the absorbing Normally only accessible by maintenance personnel. 1 The approach taken here has been to assume whole-body exposures, but some high level magnetic fields are very localized and so values for these may not represent whole-body averages. ------- 7 body. These three factors determine the frequency at which the whole-body average SAR of an absorbing object reaches its maximum value. This phenomenon is called resonance and the frequency for the maximum whole-body average SAR value is called the resonant frequency. The resonance frequency range associated with human absorption is approximately 30 to 300 MHz (includes the VHF band), and, as an example, the whole-body average SARs may be as large as approximately 0.4 W/kg for an incident power density of 1 raW/cm^ (lOOOyW/cm^) for these frequencies. "Hie dependence of the SAR on frequency is illustrated by the fact that the whole-body SAR in the AM band is about 10,000 times less than the SAR in the FM band at equivalent field intensities. In Appendix 1, we have assumed resonance, therefore, the SAR estimates for the VHF band are the limiting maximum case, i.e., the actual SARs should be at the calculated values or less. A similar approach was used to estimate SARs for AM frequencies; SARs were calculated for the h igh end of the AM band. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has not yet proposed Federal Guidance for radiofrequency radiation exposure levels. However, to help place these measured exposures in perspective, it should be noted that, in some instances, the public exposure levels are above values that have either been recommended or adopted by various organizations and/or regulatory bodies, i.e., the values recommended for continuous exposure of the general public by the International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA), the State of Massachusetts, Multnomah County, Oregon, and the City of Portland, Oregon, as well as the draft proposed recommendations of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP).^ For example, exposures measured at nine locations exceed the proposed NCRP recommendations and these plus one additional location also exceed the IRPA guidelines.^ In addition, public exposures at two locations exceed the current American National Standards Institute (ANSI) C95.1-1982 radiation protection guide. These two locations are: (1) the tower in Kairauki, location 9 (2) the Ala Wai tower, location 19 The potential for occupational exposures in excess of the ANSI C95.1-1982 and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recommended continuous exposure limits was identified at five of the study locations, including the two mentioned above. These five locations are: (1) rooftop of the Ala Moana Hotel, location 1 (2) rooftop of Tappa Tower, Hilton Hawaiian Village Hotel, location 5 (3) the tower in Kaimuki, location 9 (4) tower at 331 Kamani, location 17 (5) the Ala Wai tower, location 19 2 Given in Appendix 4 ^ The proposed NCRP and IRPA guidelines are different in the AM frequency band ------- 8 The survey locations where measurements were found to exceed selected standards are listed in Appendix 5. The FCC requested EPA assistance in investigating accounts of window washers at high-rise buildings receiving RF burns from the long metal cables used to support window washing platforms. Radiofrequency currents can be induced in long metal conductors that are in radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. It is just this phenomenon that makes an antenna work. An experiment was arranged in which a cable was extended from the roof of the Villa at Eaton Square to ground-level to attempt to measure the currents induced in the cable. We were able to measure almost one-half ampere of current in the cable even though the ground-level electric field strengths were only 1-2 V/m. It was not possible to measure the open-circuit voltage on the cable, but the voltage was sufficient in strength to produce electrical arcs from the cable to grounded objects. Under these particular conditions (the presence of conductors such as metal cables in low frequency fields), the RF burn phenomena is difficult to control even with different grounding methods, and shocks and burns present a real hazard for window washers using metal cables. Depending on whether metal cables are hung in close proximity to flammable materials (cloth awnings, grass, brush) or close to street level, fire hazards and/or shocks or burns to passersby inadvertently touching cables might be possible. But, since this is primarily an occupational problem related to work practices, it was brought to the attention of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) which is working to address this matter. Resolution of work practice problems should obviate any potential hazard. ------- APPENDIX 1 RF RADIATION EXPOSURE MEASUREMENTS IN HONOLULU, HAWAII May 14 - May 25, 1984 LOCATION 1. Ala Moana Hotel 2. Pan Am Bldg. 3. Iliki Hotel 4. Coty Tower SITE Observation Deck Restaurant Rooftop** 14th Floor Suite Rooftop** Restaurant Rooftop** Ground Level Rooftop Apartment 1003 FREQ. BAND VHF VHF VHF VHF AM,VHF VHF VHF VHF VHF VHF VHF VHF AM AM VHF TOTAL POWER DENSITY* pW/cm^ 311 40 max. <2.6 typ. 20,000 max. >1,000 1.5-50 60 1 7-26 265-530 typ. 663 max. 133-186 typ. 318 max. 375 8.3 383 27-60 SAR* 0.124 0.016 0.001 8.00 0.4 0.0006-0.020 0.024 0.0004 0.0028-0.010 0.106-0.212 0.265 0.053-0.074 0.127 0.150 3.32xl0-7 1.53xl0-5 0.011-0.024 Comments Outside Inside Near mast Within 6m of mast Inside-facing KGMB & Ala Moana Outside near corner of roof Inside Top of the I Outside Parking lot Parking lot Sidewalk Sidewalk Outside Center Corner 10th floor *Power Density for AM frequencies is the plane wave equivalent power density derived from measurements of either electric or magnetic field intensity. Resonance is assumed, therefore, SAR estimates for the VHF band are the limiting maximum case. Using a similar approach for AM frequencies, SARs were calculated for the high end of the AM band. Also, typ. ¦ typically and max. = maximum. **Normally accessible only by maintenance personnel. ------- LOCATION SITE FREQ. BAND 5. Hilton Hawaiian Village Hotel 6. KGU and KKUA AM Tower Ahui Street 7. KWAI (formerly KZHI), KNDI, KCCN, KISA AM Tower - Nimitz Hwy. 8. Villa on Eaton Square Tappa Tower** VHF Oceanside Tower VHF Rainbow Tower VHF Diamond Head Tower VHF Near Fence-Tower Base AM At Fence AM 10 Meters from Fence AM Near Fence-Tower Base AM At Fence AM 6-10 Meters from Fence AM Rooftop AM AM AM VHF Ground Level AM Page 2 TOTAL POWER DENSITY yW/cm^ SAR W/kK Comment s 1,300 max. 2,650 max. 0.520 1.060 Roof Top of elevator shaft near antenna mast 2.7 0.0011 12th Fir. balcony 3.2 typ. 13 max. 0.0013 0.0052 29th Fir. balcony 29th Fir. balcony 2.A 0.001 Balcony 14,000 max. 0.00056 Magnetic field 24,000 max. 0.00096 Electric field 2,650 0.000106 Electric field 20,700 max. 0.000828 Magnetic field 24,000 max. 0.000960 Electric field 2,650 0.000106 Electric field 2,650-10,600 0.000106-0.000424 Outside, open at-eas, electric field >24,000 0.00096 Edge of roof near metal object, electric fields 570 2.28x10-5 Magnetic fields 1.7 max. 0.00068 0.265-1.06 1.06x10-8 - 4x10-8 ------- LOCATION 9. Kaimuki;KAIM-FM,KAIM(AM), KOHO(AM), KUMU(AM) (Near Tower-Ground Level) 10. Kapiolani Manor 11. Ala Moana Pacific Center 12. KGMB Tower Area 1534 Kapiolani Blvd. Site of KGMB (TV), KHET (TV), and KCJ1Q-FM 13. Ala Moana Shopping Center 14. 1350 Ala Moana 15. Discovery Bay FREQ. SITE BAND Parking Lot VHF Parking Lot AM Over Car Roof AM Near Fence AM At Fence AM Rooftop AM,VHF Roof Pool Area AM,VHF 18th Floor Office AM,VHF Parking Lot VHF Sidewalk VHF Parking lot VHF VHF Rooftop** VHF Resolution Tower AM,VHF on 41st Floor Facing Hilton Village Hotel Resolution Tower** AM,VHF TOTAL POWER DENSITY gW/cm^ 830 535 2,760 1,300 max. 3,054,000 max. 60 20-30 4 max. 27-40 100 typ. 50-60 typ. 110 max. 25-60 1.7 typ. 26 max. SAR W/kg 0.332 2.14xl0-5 0.00011 5.2xlO-5 0.122 0.024 0.008-0.012 0.0016 0.0108-0.016 0.0400 0.020-0.024 0.044 0.010-0.024 0.00068 0.0104 Page 3 Comments Electric fields Electric fields Electric fields Electric fields Magnetic fields, localized to tower tuning circuits Outside Interior corner facing KGMB tower Adjacent to tower Adjacent to Ala Moana Hote 1 Apt. 4113 interior Apt. 4113 balcony 25-166 0.010-0.0664 Rooftop ------- LOCATION 16. La Ronde Restaurant SITE 23rd Fir. (Inside) FREQ. BAND VHF 17. KMAI(FM),KIKl(AM), Parking lot VHF khvh(am),kzoo(am) am 331 Kamani Graphic Pictures- AM Inside AM AM Bartley's Town & AM Country Shop-Inside AM AM Superior Travel-Inside AM Tower Base** AM Transmitter Room- AM Upstairs** 18. 1717 Ala Wai Inside Corner Apt. AM 30th Floor AM Rooftop** AM Page 4 TOTAL POWER DENSITY pW/cm^ 9-13 typ. 1.1 min. 26 max. 8 212 max 27 max 4.24-26.5 typ. 611 10,610 1.06-6.63 typ. 166-239 23,873 6.63-17.0 2,650 3,261,000 2,650 1-2 typ. 2,170 637-1,100 SAR W/kg 0.0036-0.0052 0.00044 0.010 0.0032 0.0848 1.08x10-6 1.7xl0-7 - 1.06xl0"6 1.24x10-5 0.000424 4.2x10"® - 2.65x10"7 6.64x10"® - 9.56xl0"6 0.000955 2.65x10"7 - 6.8xl0"7 0.000106 0.013 0.000106 4xl0"8 - 8xl0"8 8.68x10-5 2.55xlO"5 - 4.40x10"5 Comments Without Ch.20 0i.20 field Top of stairs Surface of wall Near shelves Near floor fan and and label machine Electric field Magnetic field, localized to tower tuning circuits Electric field Closest to AM Tower.magnetic field Magnetic field ------- LOCATION SITE FREQ. BAND 19. Ala Wai Tower; KSSK(AM) KORL(AM), KIFH(AM) Outside Fence at AM Base of Tower 3 Ft. from Fence AM Outside Health Club AM Inside Health Club AM At Fence AM 20. KULA-FM 21. Century Center Bldg. Outside Fence VHF Surrounding Tower Rooftop** VHF Page 5 TOTAL POWER DENSITY pW/crn^ 239-2,650 5,970-16,600 59.7 26.5 306,000 SAR W/kg Comments 9.56xl0~6 - 0.000106 Parking lot at Eaton Square 0.000239-0.000664 2.39x10-^ 1.06xl0-6 0.0122 Measured at waist height Magnetic field, localized to tower tuning circuits 100-212 max. 0.040-0.0848 240 max. 0.0960 Central area. Strong AM also at edge of roof ------- APPENDIX 2 LIST OF EQUIPMENT USED IN HONOLULU FIELD STUDY Instruments for Industry Model EFS-1 broadband electric field strength meter. Instruments for Industry Model RHM-2 isotropic, broadband electric field strength meter. Holaday Industries Model 3001 isotropic, broadband electric field strength meter. Narda Microwave Model 8616 isotropic, broadband radiation monitor with model 8631 magnetic field probe. Nanofast Model EFS-500 fiber optic electric field sensor with model EFR-500 E-field sensor receiver. Singer Model DM-105A dipole antenna kit. Singer Model 92200-3 loop antenna. Singer Model 91550-1 RF current probe. Potomac Model FIM-21 AM Band field strength meter with 50 ohm feed through. Potomac Model FIM-71 VHF field strength meter. Potomac Model FIM-72 UHF field strength meter. Hewlett-Packard Model 141T spectrum analyzer mainframe with model 8554L RF plug-in and model 8552B IF plug-in. ------- APPENDIX 3 UNITS/TERMS Hertz (Hz): A unit for expressing frequency equivalent to cycles per second, ie., one Hertz is defined as one cycle per second kHz: Kilohertz; 1 kHz equals 1000 Hz MHz: Megahertz; 1 MHz equals 1000 kHz mA/m: milliampere per meter; an expression for the strength of a magnetic field mW/cm^: Milliwatts per square centimeter; an expression for the power density of an electromagnetic field, 1 mW/cm^ => 1000 yW/cm^ yW/cm^: Microwatt per square centimeter; an expression for the power density of an electromagnetic field, 1000 yW/cm^ ° 1 mW/cm^ VHF Very-high-frequency; that part of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum between 30 and 300 MHz, i.e., includes the frequencies for FM radio and television broadcast transmission (channels 2-13) V/m: Volts per meter; an expression for the strength of an electric field Power density: A term to describe the intensity of incident electromagnetic radiation fields ------- APPENDIX 4 SUMMARY OF VARIOUS RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION EXPOSURE STANDARDS VHF AM Standard SAR(W/kg) S(uW/cro2)* SAR(W/kg) S(yW/cm2)* ANSI, ACGIH 0.4 1,000 ** 100,000 Massachusetts, Multnomah 0.08 200 ** 20,000 County, NCRP (in draft)*** IRPA 0.08 200 ** 2,000 Portland 0.04 100 ** 500 * S is the plane-wave equivalent power density expressed in units of microwatts per square centimeter. ** These standards are not based on limiting the whole-body SAR to specific values in the AM band frequency range but rather simply specify maximum permissible power densities. *** Reported at the 1984 Annual Meeting of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, D.C., April 5, 1984. ------- APPENDIX 5 LOCATIONS WHERE RF RADIATION MEASUREMENTS EXCEED SELECTED GENERAL POPULATION EXPOSURE GUIDELINES1 1 IRPA 11 Draft NCRP, Massachusetts I ANSI SURVEY LOCATION I AM 1 VHF II AM | VHF I AM 1 VHF j 1 E* | H* I S* 1 1 E* 1 H* | S* 1 E* | H* | S* 1 168.8-87 |. 18-.23 I 200 11 275 1 0.73 | 200 I 614 | 1.63 I 1000 | #1 Ala Moana Hotel • Observation Deck • Rooftop** 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 X X II II II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x 1 x 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x 1 u Coty Tower • Ground Level • Rooftop 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 X X II II II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x 1 x 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 #5 Hilton Hawaiian Village Hotel • Tappa Tower Rooftop** 1 1 1 1 1 1 X II II 1 1 1 1 1 x 1 1 1 1 1 X 1 #6 - KGU and KKUA AM Tower - Ahui St. 1 x 1 X 1 1 1 X 1 1 1 1 1 #7 KWAI (formerly KZHI), KNDI, KCCN, KISA AM Tower - Nimitz Hwy. 1 1 1 1 1 x I 1 1 x 1 II II 11 x 1 1 1 1 1 x I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 #8 - Villa on Eaton Square (Rooftop) 1 x 1 1 1 1 x 1 1 1 1 1 #9 - Kaimuki: KAIM-FM, KAIM(AM), 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 KOHO(AM), KUMU(AM) 1 x I x 1 X II 1 x I x I 1 X 1 #17 KMAI(FM), KIKI(AM), KHVH(AM), KZOO(AM) - 331 Kamani • Parking lot • Graphic Pictures - Inside • Bart ley's Shop - Inside • Tower Base** 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x I 1 x 1 1 x I 1 1 1 1 1 x 1 X II II II II I 1 x II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x I 1 1 x I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x 1 #18 - 1717 Ala Wai (Inside) 1 1 X 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 #19 Ala Wai Tower: KSSK(AM) KORL(AM), KIFH(AM) 1 1 1 x I 1 x 1 II II 1 1 1 x I 1 1 1 1 1 x 1 #20 - KULA-FM 1 1 1 X II 1 1 x I 1 1 #21 Century Center Bldg. • Rooftop** 1 1 1 1 1 1 X II II 1 1 1 1 1 x 1 1 1 1 1 '-For comparison, note that 12 locations exceed the IRPA interim guidelines, II locations exceed the NCRP draft proposed guideline, and 5 locations exceed the ANSI standard. *E ¦= Electric field strength, Volts/meter; H ° magnetic field strength, Amperes/meter; S = the plane-wave equivalent power density expressed in units of microwatts per square centimeter. For the IRPA guideline, actual limits for electric and magnetic field strength depend on frequency. ~~Normally accessible only by maintenance personnel. ------- |