FINAL REPORT
APPENDIX A - K
Field Testing and Adaptation of a Methodology
to Measure "In-Stream" Values in the Tongue River,
Northern Great Plains (NGP) Region
by
Ken Bovee
James Gore
Dr. Arnold Silverman
University of Montana
Missoula, Montana
for the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Rocky Mountain-Prairie Region
Office of Energy Activities
Contract No. 68-01-2653
OEA Coordinator: Denis Nelson
Project Officer: Loys Parrish
March, 1977
-------
APPENDIX A
HYDROLOGIC CONTOUR MAPS
REARING AREAS
1. Direction of flow is from top of page to bottom
2. For easier interpretation, depth contours are
indicated by vertical typeface. Velocity con-
tours are indicated by slanting typeface.
3. Hatchered areas on contour maps indicate isolated
areas of reduced depth or velocity, depending on
the type of map.
4. Dashed lines indicate edge of water, either at
banks or on exposed bars.
U.S-EPA REGION 8
999 inm^'brary 80C"L
n 8 Street, Suite 50(1
Denver, CO 80202
-------
5 Meters
Figure A-1: Depth Contour Map from the V i a "I 1 Mapping Section. . Depths in cm.
Discharge = 19.4 cms.
-------
5 Meters
Fi gure A-2:
Velocity Contour Map from the Viall
cm,/sec. Discharge = 19.4 cms.
Mapping Section. Velocities in
-------
5 M e t e rs
Figure A-3: Depth Contour Map from the Vial 1 Mapping Section, Depths in cm.
Discharae = 12.0 cms.
-------
5 Meters
Figure A-4: Velocity Contour Map from the V i a 11 Mapping Section. Velocities in
cm,/sec. Discharge = 12.0 cms.
-------
5 Meters
Figure A-5: Depth Contour Map from the Viall Mapoing Section. Depths in cm.
Discharge = 10.2 cms.
-------
5 Meters
Fiaure A-6: Velocity Contour Map from the Viall Mapping Section. Velocities in
cm./sec. Discharge = 10.2 cms.
-------
5 Meters
Fiaure A- 7: Depth Contour Map from the Viall Mappinq Section. Depths in cm.
Discharge = 6.3 cms.
-------
45
5 Meters
Figure A-8: Velocity Contour Map from the Vial 1 Mapping Section. Velocities in
cm./sec. Discharge = 6.3 cms.
-------
5 Meters
Figure A-9: Depth Contour Map from the V i a 1 1 Mapping Section. Depths in cm.
Discharge = 5.6 cms.
-------
5 Meters
Figure A -10: Velocity Contour Map from the V i a 11 Mapping Section. Velocities in
cm./sec. Discharge = 5.6 cms.
-------
5 Meters
Figure A-11: Depth Contour Map from the Vi a 11 Mapping Section. Depths in en-
Discharge = 4.0 cms.
-------
5 Me ters
Figure A -12: Velocity Contour Map from the V i a 11 Mapping Section. Velocities in
cm./sec. Discharge = 4.0 cms.
-------
5 Meters
Figure A -13: Depth Contour Map from the Viall Mapping Section. Depths in cm.
Discharge = 2.83 cms.
-------
o Meters
Figure A - 14 : Velocity Contour Map from the Viall Mapping Section. Velocities in
cm./sec. Discharge = 2.83 cms.
-------
5 Meters
Figure A-15: Depth Contour Map from the Orcutt Mapping Section. Depths in cm.
Discharge = 18.63 cms.
-------
5 Meters
Figure A -16: Velocity Contour Map from the Orcutt Mapping Section. Velocities in
cm./sec. Discharge = 18.63 cms.
-------
5 Meters
Figure A -17: Depth Contour Map from the Orcutt Mapping Section, Depths in cm.
Di scharqe = 11.14 cms.
-------
5 Meters
Figure A-1S: Velocity Contour Map from the Orcutt Mapping Section. Velocities in
cm./sec. Discharge = 11.14 cms.
-------
5 Meters
Figure A-19: Depth Contour Map from the Orcutt Mapping Section. Depths
in cm. Discharge = 7.58 cms.
-------
5 M eters
Figure A -20: Velocity Contour Map from the Orcutt Mapping Section. Velocities in
cm./sec, Discharge = 7.58 cms.
-------
5 Me te rs
Figure A-21: Depth Contour Map from the Orcutt MaDDina Section. DeDths in cm.
Di scharqe = 5.43 cms.
-------
5 Meters
Figure A - 2 2: Velocity Contour Map from the Orcutt Mapping Section. Velocities in
cm./sec. Discharge = 5.43 cms.
-------
5 Meters
Figure A-23: Depth Contour Map from the Orcutt Mapping Section. Depths in cm.
Discharge = 3.85 cms.
-------
5 Meters
Figure A-24: Velocity Contour Map from the Orcutt Mapping Section. Velocities in
cm./sec. Discharge = 3.85 cms.
-------
APPENDIX B
COMPOSITE MAPS
REARING AREAS
1. Direction of flow is from top of page to bottom.
2. These maps indicate areas meeting preferred con-
ditions of depth, velocity, and substrate, for
the stonecat.
3. For easier interpretation, depth contours are
indicated by vertical typeface. Velocity con-
tours are indicated by slanting typeface.
4. Cross-hatched areas on composite maps indicate
areas which do not meet flow criteria for the
stonecat. Only those stream areas without
cross-hatching meet flow criteria.
5. Dashed lines indicate water's edge, either at
stream banks or on exposed bars.
-------
Figure B-l:
Composite Map for the Vial 1
Mapping Section, Showing Areas
Meeting Flow Criteria for the
Stonecat. Discharge: 19.4 cms.
Area Meeting Criteria: 116 m ^
5 Mete rs
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
-------
Figure B-2: Composite Map for the Viall
Mapping Section, Showing Areas
Meeting Flow Criteria for the
Stonecat. Discharge: 12.0 cms.
Area Meeting Criteria: 425 m ^
5 Meters
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
-------
Figure B-3
Composite Map for the Vial 1
Mapping Section, Showing Areas
Meeting Flow Criteria for the
Stonecat. Discharge: 10.2 cms
Area Meeting Criteria: 401 m ^
5 Meters
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
-------
Figure B-4: Composite Map for the Vial 1
Mapping Section, Showing Areas
Meeting Flow Criteria for the
Stonecat. Discharge: 6.30 cms
2
Area Meeting Criteria: 335 m
5 Meters
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
-------
Figure B-5: Composite Map for the Vial!
Mapping Section, Showing
Areas Meeting Flow Criteria
for the Stonecat.
Discharge: 5,58 cms.
2
Area Meeting Criteria: 264 m
5 Meters
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
-------
Figure B-6: Composite Map for the Vial 1
Mapping Section, Showing
Areas Meeting Flow Criteria
for the Stonecat.
Discharge: 4.02 cms. Area not meetin9 dePth criteria
p
Area Meeting Criteria: 171 m
Area not meeting velocity criteria
5 Meters
-------
Figure B-7: Composite Map for the Viall
Mapping Section, Showing
Areas Meeting Flow Criteria
for the Stonecat.
Area not meetino depth criteria
Discharge: 2.83 cms.
2
Area Meeting Criteria: 54 m
Area not meeting velocity criteria
5 Meters
-------
Figure B-8: Composite Map for the Orcutt 5 Meters
Mapping Section, Showing
Areas Meeting Flow Criteria
for the Stonecat.
Discharge: 18.63 cms. Area not meeting depth criteria
2
Area Meeting Criteria: 197 m
Area not meeting velocity criteria
-------
Figure B-9: Composite Map for the Orcutt
Mapping Section, Showing
Areas Meeting Flow Criteria
for the Stonecat.
Discharge: 11.14 cms.
Area Meeting Criteria: 499 m
5 MetsTo
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
-------
Figure B-10: Composite Map for the Orcutt
Mapping Section, Showing
Areas Meeting Flow Criteria
for the Stonecat.
Discharge: 7.58 cms.
2
Area Meeting Criteria: 113 m
5 Meters
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
-------
Figure B-11: Composite Map for the Orcutt
Mapping Section, Showing Areas
Meeting Flow Criteria for
the Stonecat.
Di scharge: 5.43 cms,
2
Area Meeting Criteria: 59 m
5 Meters
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
-------
Figure B-12: Composite Map for the Orcutt
Mapping Section, Showing Areas
Meeting Flow Criteria for
the Stonecat.
Discharge: 3.85 cms.
2
Area Meeting Criteria: 36 m
5 Meters
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
-------
APPENDIX C
COMPOSITE MAPS
INSECT PRODUCTIVITY AREAS
1. Direction of flow is from top of page to bottom.
2. These maps indicate areas meeting preferred con-
ditions of depth, velocity, and substrate, for
optimum diversity and productivity of aquatic
insects, as determined using Rhithroqena hageni
as the indicator species.
3. For easier interpretation, depth contours are
indicated by vertical typeface. Velocity con-
tours are indicated by slanting typeface.
4. Cross-hatched areas on composite maps indicate
areas which do not meet flow criteria for
Rhithrogena hageni. Only those areas withcut
cross-hatching meet flow criteria.
5. Dashed lines indicate water's edge, either at
banks or on exposed bars.
-------
Figure C-l: Composite Map of the Viall Mapping Section
Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria, Using 5 Meters
khithrogena hageni.as the Indicator Species.
Di scharge: 19.4 cms.
Area Meeting Criteria: 9Z m2 Area not meeting depth criteria
Area
not meeting velocity criteria
-------
0
1
rv;
Figure C-^: Composite Map of the Viall Mapping Section,
Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria, Using
rtnithrogena hageni as the Indicator Species
Discharge: cms.
Area Meeting Criteria: 163 m
i
5 Meters
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
-------
0
1
CO
Figure C-3: Composite Hap of the Viall Mapping Section,
Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria, Using
Rhitnrogena nageni as the Indicator Species.
Discharge: lU.k! cms.
Area Meeting Criteria: 73 m
2
5 Meters
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
-------
Figure C-4: Composite Map of the Viall Mapping Section,
Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria, Using
Rhithrogena hageni as the Indicator Species.
Discharge: 6.3 cms.
Area Meeting Criteria: 60 ni Area nQt meet^ng depth criteria
5 Meters
Area not meeting velocity criteria
-------
0
1
cr.
Figure C-5: Composite Map of the Viall Mapping Section.
Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria, Using
Rhithrogena hageni as the Indicator Species,
Di scharqe: s.ba cms .
Area Meeting Criteria: 23
5 Meters
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
-------
0
1
cr.
Figure C-t>: Composite Hap of the Viall Mapping Section,
Snowing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria, Using
Rhithrogena nageni as the Indicator Species-
Discharge: cms.
Area Meeting Criteria: 3 m
I
5 Meters
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
-------
Figure C-7: Composite Map of the Vial 1 Mapping Section,
Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria, Using
Rhitnrogena hageni as tne Indicator Species
Di scharge : 1.83 cms.
Area Meeting Criteria: 0
5 Meters
V
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
-------
Figure C-8: Composite Map of the Orcutt Mapping Section,
Snowing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria, Using
Rhithrogena hageni as the Indicator Species.
Ui scnarge: lb.b3 cms.
Area Meeting Criteria: 147 n/
5 Meters
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
-------
Figure C-9: Composite Map of the Orcutt Mapping Section
Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria, Using
Rhitnrogena hageni as the Indicator Species,
Discharge : 11.14 cms.
Area Meeting Criteria: 177 m
I
5 Meters
Area not meeting deptn criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
-------
Figure C-10:
Composite Map of the Orcutt Mapping Section
Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria, Using
Rhithrogena hageni as tne Indicator Species.
Di scharge: 7.58 cms.
2
Area Meeting Criteria: 72 m
5 Meters
Area net meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
-------
-11: Composite Map of the Orcutt Mapping Section,
Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria, Using
Rhithrogena hageni as the Indicator Species.
Discharge: 5.43 cms.
Area Meeting Criteria: 20 cms. Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
-------
Figure C-12: Composite Map of the Urcutt Mapping Section,
Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria, Using
Rhithrogena hageni as the Indicator Species.
5 Meters
Discharge: 3.85 cms.
Area Meeting Criteria: 0 m'
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
-------
APPENDIX D
MACROINVERTEBRATE ECOLOGY
-------
APPENDIX D: MACROINVERTEBRATE¦ECOLOGY
Microprofile Measuring Device
Measurement of the exact composition of the substrate would be an ex-
tremely long and time consuming process for each of 175 samples collected
in this study. However, the nature of the substrate material determines
the profile of the substrate, and it is this profile to which the inverte-
brates must adapt in order to obtain habitable conditions of current vel-
ocity. The index of the profile can provide, with proper interpretation,
information on the roughness of the substrate and surface area availability.
The method used allows the investigator to measure the substrate profile,
before sampling benthic organisms, without having to map the position of
the substrate particles or physically remove portions of the substrate for
measurement. In this manner, a given piece of substrate can be rapidly
recolonized so that samples on the same substrate can be taken again, if
necessary.
The prototypic device is designed to fit within a Hess Bottom sampler.
The micro-profile sampler is constructed using a circular sheet of plexi-
glass (about 1 cm. thick) with-a diameter of 35.68 cm., to give a tenth-
square-meter surface area (see Figure D1). The sheet is prepared by drill-
ing holes in a grid pattern such that 21 holes are placed at 5 cm. intervals
in the grid pattern. The holes are drilled large enough to accept 21 thread-
ed steel rods of about 8 mm. diameter (rods of smaller diameter cause too
much free play on the plexiglass sheet to be effective). Three of the steel
rods are fixed to the sheet at a standard distance of 17.5 cm. from the bot-
tom surface of the sheet with a system of washers, lock washer, and nuts to
fit the threaded rods. These three supportive legs are placed to form a
uniform triangle in three outer grid holes.
D-l
-------
D-2
-------
This device is then placed within the Hess sampler, which has been pre-
viously placed in the water upon the substrate area to be sampled. The fixed
legs, which provide a "zero" reference point, should be maneuvered to be as
close to the base substrate as possible; that is, not upon any large objects
protruding from the substrate surface. The remaining 18 rods, each 30 cm.
long, are allowed to fall vertically within their respective grid holes.
As the rods make contact with various objects on the substrate the rods are
clamped (a standard barrel-type pinch clamp is suitable) at the upper sur-
faces of the plexigless sheet to prevent further movement.
When all rods have been placed, the device can be removed from the Hess
sampler (using the fixed legs as handles) and invertebrate sampling can con-
tinue by normal procedure. Once the device is removed, the length of the
18 "free" rods are measured from the plexiglass surface to the tip of the
rod. If the grid is numbered and the rods are measured and recorded, a
three-dimensional schematic drawing of the substrate can be made. The dis-
tances to be schematically represented are the lengths of the 18 "free" rods
minus the length of a "standard" rod which has been allowed to fall to a flat
surface upon which the device is also sitting. The standard deviation of
the mean length of the 21 rods (where the three fixed rods are "standard"
length) provides a single descriptive index (I) which is useful in habitat
description. The index numbers are defined below:
PROFILE TYPE
0 - 0.5
0.5 - 1.0
1 .0 - 1 .5
1.5 - 2.0
2.0 - 2.5
2.5 - 3.0
3.0 - 4.0
Smooth
Moderately smooth (gravel)
Small cobbled
Smooth, medium cobbled
Rough, medium cobbled
Large cobbled
Bouldered
Critical (angular boulders)
4.0
D-3
-------
Velocity, depth, micro-profile, and turbulence (by Froude number, F),
where:
F = V (Eq. D-l)
v/ycr-
and; V = current velocity in cm./sec.
D = depth in centimeters
g = acceleration due to gravity (980 cm./sec^.)
were compared with diversity of insects in the sample and number of
individuals of a given species per sample, in order to determine op-
timum flow related conditions.
Flow Related Requirements For Macroinvertebrates
The following figures and tables illustrate the optimum conditions of
depth, velocity, turbulence, and microprofile for the invertebrates examined.
The large square on the velocity and depth Figures (D1 - D31) is the area
representing conditions of maximum diversity (also Table D-l). The calcula-
tions for this area, the COCD, and the optimum centroids for the individual
macroinvertebrates, are described in Chapter 5 of the report. In addition,
the area where at least 80% of the macroinvertebrates occurred is also shown
on each of the figures (D2 - D31). The centroids, like the COCD, describe
the optimum point on the surface for either velocity, depth, and number of
individuals, or turbulence, microprofile, and number of individuals. A de-
finite area of maximum diversity was not defined in the relation between
microprofile and turbulence (Table D-2). It can be assumed that the maximum
diversity area will be generally located in close proximity to the COCD for
microprofile and turbulence.
D-4
-------
V
0 - 15
16-30
31 - 45
46 - 60
61 - 75
76 - 90
91 - 105
105-120
>120
II - III
.667
1.112
1 .405
1.530
1 .371
1.348
1 .218
1.957
1.054
1 .505
1.628
1.893
1 .977
1 .933
1 .845
1.440
1.721
i
1.605 | .1.958
1 .812
1 .523
1 .703
1.728
2.034
1 .612
1 .652
1 .809
2.319
2.190
2.156
1.203
1 .983
2.211
i
1.844
2.072
1.386
1 .661
' 2.612
2.027
1 .724
.541
1 .802
2.131
2.301
1 .817
Table D1. Average Diversities for Depth and Velocity. Average diversity
for all samples that occured within the block represented by the
increments of depth and current velocity. Current velocity in
cm./sec. Depth in cm.
D-5
-------
F \ I
l ^ ...I ,I_V
1.399
1.327
1 .744
1.609
1.356
1.400
1 .995
2.119
2.099
2.000
1.657
1.310
1.871
1.589
1 .978
2.064
1.946
2.080
1 .745
2.017
1 .959
2.366
'2.763
2.040
1.560
1.072
2.111
1.875
2.6000
1.476
2.025
1.750
Table D2. Average Diversities for Microprofile and Turbulence. Average
diversity for all samples that occured within the blocks
represented by the increments of microprofile anc turbulence.
D-6
-------
Table D-3: Centroids of optimum velocity (C ), depth (C^), microprofile
index (C^), and Froude Number (C^) for 38 species of macro-
invertebrates in the Tongue River. Depths and velocities
have been rounded to the nearest cm. and cm./sec., respectively.
Speci es
C
V
cd
C.
l
cf
DIVERSITY
76.
28.
2.01
.401
Ephoron
al bum
97.
30.
2.03
.557
Baitis
tri caudatus
74.
28.
2.01
.411
Baetis
alexanderi
55.
23.
1 .80
.392
Ephemerella
margari ta
84.
25.
1 .99
.502
Ephemerel1 a
hystrix
82.
29.
2.05
.526
Tricorythodes
mi nutus
68.
33.
2.00
.356
Choroterpes
albiannulata
62.
27.
2.07
.425
T raverel1 a
albertana
80.
32.
2.14
.499
Stenonema
reesi
60.
27.
1 .73
.336
Rhi throgena
hageni
82.
32.
2.07
.454
Strophopteryx
fasciata
73.
19.
1 .97
.478
Paraleuctra
sara
74.
15.
2.10
.500
Capni a
1imata
56.
23.
2.19
.348
Isogenoides
frontal is
71 .
36.
2.24
.402
Acroneuria
abnormi s
81 .
27.
1 .99
.505
Ophiogomphus
morri soni
73.
28.
2.24
.376
Hydroptila sp.
63.
30.
2.09
.343
Cheumatopsyche
sp.
74.
33.
2.16
.396
Hydropsyche
bi fida
76.
33.
2.10
.450
Hydropsyche
occidental is
66.
26.
1.95
.417
D-7
-------
Table D-3 (Con't)
Speci es
cv
Cd
Ci
Cf
Hydropsyche
.462
sp. a
83.
34.
2.07
Hydropsyche
sp. b
83.
35.
1 .87
.390
Hydropsyche
sp. c
61.
31.
2.03
.321
Brachycentrus
americanus
68.
28.
1.94
.357
Leptocella sp.
52.
29.
1.74
.274
Athri psodes
sp.
79.
27.
1.97
.404
Rhagovelia sp.
22.
31.
2.21
.155
Stenelmi s
sp. a (1)
72.
30.
2.05
.405
Stenelmis
sp. a (a)
73.
29.
2.26
.403
Stenelmis
sp. b (1)
62.
25.
1.89
.385
Stenelmi s
sp. b (a)
70.
33.
1.96
.358
Dubiraphia sp.
57.
28.
1.55
.347
Simulium sp.
78.
27.
2.23
.495
Metriocnemus
sp.
78.
31.
1.83
.443
Sphaeri urn
si mile
92.
34.
2.00
.500
Physa
gyrina
93.
39.
1.82
.421
Dugesia
tigrina
48.
23.
1.80
.309
D-8
-------
]?0-
90
en/ r;c:c]
bO
50 .[
./
\
io ?o ;>o
Depth
( cn.)
Figure D2. Optimum Depth and Current Velocities. Ephemeroptera.
Ephoron album (1 and solid line), Baetis tricaudatus (2 and dashed
line), and Baetis alexanderi (3 and alternating dashed and dotted
1i ne).
D-9
-------
?0 ;>0
D op tli
(en.)
Figure D3. Optimum Depth and Current Velocities. Ephemeroptera.
Ephemerella margarita (4 and solid line), Ephemerella hystrix
(5 and dashed line), Tricorythodes minutus (6 and alternating dashed
and dotted line), and Choroterpes albiannulata (7 and dotted line).
D-l 0
-------
10 ?o ?o to
Depth
( ci'I.)
Figure D4. Optimum Depth and Current Velocities. Ephemeroptera.
Traverella albertana (8 and solid line), Stenonema reesi (9 and
dashed line), and Rhithrogena hageni (10 and alternating dashed
and dotted line).
D-ll
-------
1?
\
1.0
y.. l3
'.0
?-.5
I
3.0
Figure D5. Optimum Turbulence and Microprofile. Ephemeroptera.
Ephoron album (1 and solid line), Baetis tricaudatus (2 and
dashed line), and Baetis alexanderi (3 and alternating dashed
and dotted line).
D-12
-------
.4
] .0
/
0
V
¦&
/
3..5
?.0
?.5
I
2.0
Figure D6. Optimum Turbulence and Microprofile. Ephemeroptera.
Ephemerella margarita (4 and solid line), Ephemerella hystrix
(5 and dashed line), Tricorythodes minutus (6 and alternating
dashed and dotted line), and Choroterpes albiannulata (7 and
dotted line).
D-l 3
-------
—I 1 1 1 b-
i.o 1.5 ' ?.o TV5 5.0
I
Figure D7. Optimum Turbulence and Microprofile. Ephemeroptera.
Traverella albertana (8 and solid line), Stenoneira reesi (9 and
dashed line), and Rhithrogena hageni (10 and alternating dashed
and dotted 1ine).
D-l 4
-------
Figure D8. Optimum Depths and Current Velocities. Plecoptera.
Strophopteryx fasciata (1 and solid line), Paraleuctra sara
(2 and dashed line), and Capnia limata (3 and alternating dashed
and dotted line).
D-15
-------
] 70
90 .
V
( cn/r.cc.
-60
;30
—t—
3.0
AO
Den uh
( c-'i. )
Figure D9. Optimum Depths and Current Velocities. P'ecoptera.
Isogenoides frontalis (4 and solid line) and Acroneuria abnormis
(5 and dashed 1ine).
D-16
-------
1.0
1.5
?.0
o i;
5.0
Figure D10. Optimum Turbulence and Microprofile. Plecoptera.
Strophopteryx fasciata (1 and solid lines), Paralejctra sara
(2 and dashed line), and Capnia limata (3 and alternating dashed
and dotted line).
D-17
-------
/
\
A.
v
.?
(s)
1.0
l.!3
?.0
1.5 3.0
Figure Dll. Optimum Turbulence and Microprofile. Plecoptera.
Isogenoides frontalis (4 and solid line) and Acroneuria abnormis
(5 and dashed line).
D-18
-------
IPO-
-I I 1 (-
10 20 30 40
Depth
(cm.)
Figure D12. Optimum Depth and Current Velocity. Odonata.
Ophiogomphus morrisoni (1 and solid line).
D-l 9
-------
4 1 1 f—
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 5.0
I
Figure D13. Optimum Turbulence and Microprofile. Odonata.
Ophiogomphus morrisoni. (1 and solid line).
D-20
-------
1?0-
90
V
( en/nec
60
50 ..
10
20
Depth
(cm.)
50
40
Figure D14. Optimum Depth and Current Velocity. Trichoptera.
Hydroptila sp. (1 and solid line), Cheumatopsyche spp. (2 and
dashed line), and Hydropsyche bifida (3 and alternating dashed
and dotted line).
D-21
-------
Figure D15. Optimum Depth and Current Velocity. Trichoptera.
Hydropsyche occidental is (4 and solid line), Hydropsyche sp.a
(5 and dashed line), and Hydropsyche sp. b (6 and alternating
dashed and dotted line).
D-22
-------
10 20 50 40
DepJch
(cm.)
Figure D16. Optimum Depth and Current Velocity. Trichoptera.
Hydropsyche sp. c (7 and solid line), Brachycentrus americanus
(8 and dashed line), Leptocella sp. (9 and alternating dashed and
clotted line), and Athripsodes sp. (10 and dotted line).
D-23
-------
1 1 1 J 1—
l.o 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
I
Figure D17. Optimum Turbulence and Microprofile. Trichoptera.
Hydroptila sp. (1 and solid line), Cheumatopsyche spp. (2 and
dashed line), and Hydropsyche bifida (3 and alternating dashed
and dotted 1ine).
D-24
-------
A.
.2
\
J
/ I
/ •
/ V
r'
A
(5)
/
/
\
\
\
/
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Figure D18. Optimum Turbulence and Microprofile. Trichoptera.
Hydropsyche occidental is (4 and solid line), Hydropsyche sp. a
(5 and dashed line), and Hydropsyche sp. b (6 and alternating
dashed and dotted line).
D-25
-------
,C\.
.4
.?
/
\
\
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
5.0
Figure D19. Optimum Turbulence and Microprofile. Trichoptera.
Hydropsyche sp. c (7 and solid line), Brachycentrus americanus
(8 and dashed line), Leptocella sp. (9 and alternating dashed
and dotted line), and Athripsodes sp. (10 and dotted line).
D-26
-------
Rhagovelia sp. (1 and solid line).
D-27
-------
Figure D21. Optimum Turbulence and Microprofile. Hemiptera.
Rhagovelia sp. (1 and solid line).
D-28
-------
Figure D22. Optimum Depth and Current Velocity. Coleoptera.
Stenelmis sp. a (adult) (1 and solid line) and Stenelmis sp. b
(adult) (2 and dashed line).
D-29
-------
120
10
20
Depth
(cm.)
50
40
Figure D23. Optimum Depth and Current Velocity. Coleoptera.
Stenelmis sp. a (larvae) (1 and solid line), Stenelmis sp. b
(larvae) (2 and dashed line), and Dubiraphia sp. (3 and
alternating dashed and dotted line).
D-30
-------
.6
_l 1 1 1 1—
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
I
Figure D24. Optimum Turbulence and Microprofile. Coleoptera.
Stenelmis sp. a (adult) (1 and solid line) and Stenelmis sp. b
(adult) (2 and dashed line).
D-31
-------
1 1 1 1 h-
i*0 1.5 2.0 2.5 5.0
I
Figure D25. Optimum Turbulence and Microprofile. Coleoptera.
Stenelmis sp. a (larvae)(l and solid line), Stenelmis sp. b
(larvae)(2 and dashed line), and Dubiraphia sp. (3 and
alternating dashed and dotted line).
D-32
-------
1?0—
90
V
(on /cec]
60
50 ..
10 20 50 40
Depth
(cm.)
Figure D26, Optimum Depth and Current Velocity. Diptera.
Simulium spp. (1 and solid.line) and Metriocnemus sp. (2 and
dashed line).
D-33
-------
^ 1 1 1_
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 5.0
I
Figure D27. Optimum Turbulence and Microprofile. Diptera.
Simulium spp. (1 and solid line) and Metriocnemus sp. (2 and
dashed line).
D-34
-------
50 ..
—i 1 1 h-
10 20 30 40
Depth
(cm.)
Figure D28. Optimum Depth and Current Velocity. Mollusca.
Sphaerium simile (1 and solid line) and Physa gyrina (2 and
dashed line).
D-35
-------
.6.
.?
\s
©
N
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5 3.0
Figure'D29. Optimum Turbulence and Microprofile. Mollusca.
Sphaerium simile (1 and solid line) and Physa gyrina (2 and
dashed line).
D-36
-------
Figure D30. Optimum Depth and Current Velocity. Turbellaria.
Dugesia tigrina (1 and solid line).
D-37
-------
.6
.4
.2
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5 3.0
Figure D31. Optimum Turbulence and Microprofile. Turbellaria,
Dugesia tigrina (1 and solid line).
D-38
-------
Distribution and Abundance
Kite-diagrams (Figures D34 and D35) are presented showing relative abun-
dance and longitudinal distribution along the Tongue River (Figure D32, Table
D4). Dashed lines indicate the presence of the organism in that section of
the river, as determined by kick samples, for which relative abundances have
not been determined.
Analysis of the kite-diagrams to determine community associations can
be accomplished through the use of clustering techniques. A modified Jaccard
association coefficient (Church, 1976) is used to compare community structures,
as determined by Hess samples for distributional information. An association
matrix is constructed where the association values are determined as follows:
J-ij = Pi x Pj (Eq. D2)
where P. = (a + b)/(a + b + c) (Eq. D3)
and P. = (a + c)/(a + b + c) (Eq. D4)
J
when a is the sum of the relative abundances of those species which occur in
both samples i and j, b is the sum of the relative abundances of those species
which occur only in sample i, and c is the sum of the relative abundances of
species which occur only in sample j.
Dendrograms (Figures D33) are constructed by using the WPGMA (weighted
pair-group using mathematical averages) clustering method (Sneath and Sokal,
1974). The dendrogram indicates those samples which are most closely related
(that is, most similar) by connecting them together at the highest possible
association coefficient. Coefficients range from 0 to 1 , where 1 is identity.
Thus, for example, in the fall-winter distribution, samples III' and III are
virtually identical with an association coefficient of .974. . It is for this
reason that sample site III' was eliminated from further consideration in
subsequent logitudinal sampling. The high degree of similarity of community
D -39
-------
structure indicates that the effects of the sewage effluent in the town of
Birney is small enough so that samples taken at site III would be represen-
tative of the aquatic community of the general area.
From the dendrogram of the fall-winter distribution (Figure D33), it
can be seen that three distinct communities exist along the length of the
Tongue River. Sites I and II are in the cold water section and association
with cormiunities in the warm water section is very small (.475). In the
upper warm water area a distinct community exists, as shown by samples III1
and III, and IV. Sample V seems transitional between the upper and lower
warm water communities, and as such, is not closely associated with either.
It does, however, seem to be most closely associated with the upper warm .
water community. The lower river shows a third distinct community. In this
area, the close association between sites VI and VII, with such different
substrates (Table D4) indicates the preference of the insects in these areas
for a distinct profile (tending to be smooth) rather than a substrate material
type. Turbidity and algal cover seem to be variables which may also cause
close association of these two communities.
It can be seen that the transition zone between cold water and warm water
habitats (as delineated in Figures D33 and D34, and by sample. Ill') serves as
the border for the upstream distribution of many organisms. Only a few insect
genera (Baetis, Strophopteryx, Hydropsyche, Simulium, and Metriocnemus) extend
the entire length of the river, through both cold and warm water environments.
The Effect of Hypolimnial Pischarge:
Neel (1963) states that if a reservoir is deep enough to become thermally
stratified and has a hypolimnial drain, the discharge of cold water has a
stabilizing effect on the thermal regime of the river below the dam, such that
temperatures are considerably colder in the summer and warmer in the winter.
Hubbs (1972) has found that the reduction of 24-hour temperature fluctuations
D-40
-------
D-41
-------
TABLE
D4
Col lection
Area
Characteristics
AREA
TURBIDITY
SUBSTRATE
PERIPHYTON
I
II
Low
Medium to
1 arge
cobble
Cladophora,
Spi rogyra,
dense mats
III'
III
Low to
moderate
Medium to
large
cobble
CIadophora,
Spirogyra,
sparse mats
IV
Low
Medium to
small cobble
Mostoc,
sparse
Cladophora
V
Moderate
Medi um
cobble
Mostoc,
sparse
Cladophora
VI
Moderate
Heavy
to
Bedrock with
medium cobble
Heavy
Nostoc
VII
Heavy
Medium cobble
and sand
Heavy
Nostoc
D-42
-------
0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
r .6
u
re
1 -7
cn
.8
.9
I I
III III IV V VI VII
Fall - Winter
Figure D33. Association Dendrograms.
I II III IV V VI VII
Summer
I II I
I IV V VI VII
After Ocwatei ing
See text for details.
-------
Figure D34. Fall-Winter Benthic Macroinvertebrate Abundances.
| || 111' III IV V VI VII
Choroterpes albiannulata
Paraleptophlebia debilis
Leptophlebia sp.
Baetis tricaudatus
Stenonema reesi
Rhithrogena hageni
Ephemerella margarita
Tricorythodes sp.
Tricorythodes minutus
Ophiogomphus morrisoni
Argia vivida
Strophopteryx fasciata
D-44
-------
Figure D34 (cont.)
Paraleuctra sara
Capnia limata
Isogenoides modestus
Isogenoides frontalis
Acroneuria abnormis
Cataclysta sp.
Cheumatopsyche sp.
Hydropsyche bifida
Hydropsyche sp. a
Hydropsyche occidental is
—««aaBESS®S8SH
D-45
-------
Figure D34 (cont.)
Hydropsyche sp. b
| II in III IV V' VI VII
Hydropsyche sp. c
Brachycentrus numerosus
Brachycentrus americanus
Athripsodes sp.
Leptocella sp.
Laccobius sp.
Stenelmis sp. a
Stenelmis sp. b
Simulium sp.
Metriocnemus sp.
Atherix sp.
D-46
-------
Figure D34 (cont.)
Ferrisia rivularis
Physa gyrina
El 1iptio sp.
Sphaerium simile
-------
Figure D35. Summer Benthic Macroinvertebrate Abundances.
I II III IV v
Baetis tricaudatus
Baetis sp. b
Baetis alexanderi
Lachlania powelli
Rhithrogena hageni
Stenonema reesi
Heptagenia solitaria
Choroterpes albiannulata
Traverella albertana
Ephemerella hystrix
Tricorythodes minutus
-------
Figure D35 (cont.)
Ephoron album
Argia vivida
Ophiogomphus morrisoni
Isogenoides frontalis
Acroneuria abnormis
Graptocorixa sp.
Cheumatopsyche sp.
Hydropsyche sp. a
Hydropsyche occidentalis
Hydropsyche sp. b
Hydropsyche sp. c
Hydropsyche bifida
Hydroptila sp.
Athripsodes sp.
| || ill IV V VI VII
D-49
-------
Figure D35 (cont.)
Leptocella sp.
Brachycentrus americanus
Simulium sp.
Metriocnemus sp,
Stenelmis sp. a
(adult)
(larvae)
Stenelmis sp. b
(adult)
(larvae)
Dubiraphia sp.
Dugesia tigrina
Lumbricus sp.
Ferrisia rivularis
D-50
-------
Figure D35 (cont.)
Physa gyrina
Lymnea sp.
Sphaerium simile
Pisidium compressum
Lampsilis radiata
(si 1iquoidea)
D-51
-------
causes a marked decrease in the number of invertebrate species. Most organ-
isms live best in a situation of thermal flux which synchronizes the life
cycle and stimulates growth of insect instars. This information is supported
by work on the mayflies by Ide (1935) and more recently by Trottier (1971) on
the effects of temperature on the life-cycle of dragonflies.
. Ward (1974) found that the South Platte River, in Colorado, was typical
in its responses to hypolimnion srain from the Cheesman Dam. Benthic algae
increased in the cold water section through a combination of decreased tur-
bidity, increased nutrients, increased flow constancy, and decreased bank
and bed erosion. Filamentous chlorophytes were especially enhanced. Although
densities of some invertebrates may increase below a reservoir, diversity is
markedly decreased and increases slowly downstream. Ward also predicted that
those species able to survive and mate under low temperature condition, and
adjusted to depend on photoperiod and endogenous rhythms to avoid winter emer-
gence, are those species most likely to be dominant in this area. In addition,
Ward suggests that these are unstable communities within which a relatively
minor biotic or abiotic change would produce great changes in community struc-
ture .
Lemkuhl (1972), in studies of the Saskatchewan River, has found that dia-
pause eggs, which require temperature fluctuations to hatch, will hot hatch
in areas influenced by hypolimnial release. Fifteen species of mayflies
were found above the reservoir, and none in the thermally altered area below
the hypolimnial release. Due to constant temperature, four criteria were not
met: 1.) the necessity of freezing temperatures to break egg diapause; 2.)
a rapid fluctuation from freezing to higher temperatures to induce hatching
in some species; 3.) the requirement of a minimum termperature over a given
period of time to stimulate nymph maturation; and 4.) a certain number of
degree days at high temperatures for emergence to take place. The inference
D-52
-------
is made that non-mayfly aquatic insects, which often have similar requirements,
are eliminated from these areas for the same reasons. Spence and Hynes (1971)
have also found that lowered temperatures cause the increase in growth and
abundance of periphyton (by reduing the number of grazers), which leads to a
radical alteration of the substrate. This eliminates many substrate specific
organisms and increases the number of available microhabitats for those spe-
cies which would be less abundant under normal conditions. Spence and Hynes
argue that the effects of a hypolimnial release changes the benthos in the
same way as mild organic pollution.
Pearson, Kramer, and Franklin (1968) and Ward (1974) found that with
increasing distance from the dam, atmospheric conditions and tributary waters
combine to return the river to its pre-impoundment state and the numbers of
invertebrate species increase. Depending on the discharge rate, the depth of
the hypolimnion, and the hydraulic geometry of the river, the hypolimnial ef-
fects Can extend to a distance of 150 km. below the reservoir.
Radford and Hartland-Rowe (1971), from their work on the Kananaskis River
in Alberta, found that areas affected by hypolimnial release show low diversity
and densities of invertebrates. This situation continues into the uneffected
portions of the river where densities and diversity of invertebrates increases,
but is still substantially lower than in similar unimpounded rivers.
Hilsenhoff (1971), working on Mill Creek in Wisconsin, has found that
preimpoundment surveys showed diverse fauna of Ephemeroptera, Trivhoptera, Dip-
tera, and Coleoptera. After impoundment the community was almost completely
eliminated and replaced with Simuliidae and Chironomidae. Increases in total
phosphorus and nitrogen, as well as altered thermal regime, were the implied
causes for the change in community structure.
Isom (1969) and Bates (1962), in separate investigations on influences
of mainstream impoundments in the Tennessee Valley, have found a decline in
D-53
-------
mollusc diversity as a result of hypolimnial releases. Although the union-
icean clams were greatly reduced, the Lampsilinae and other smaller clams
persist and often make up the entire community in the area directly below
a hypolimnial drain reservoir. Trotzky and Gregory (1974) found the same
effects of hypolimnial discharge dams on woodland streams in Maine.
The Tongue River Reservoir dam has a hypolimnial discharge and the
biological situations described above are distinctly exhibited on the Tongue
River. In the area of the river affected by the hypolimnial discharge the
insect fauna is diminished and the dominant forms are the molluscs Physa gy-
rina and Sphaerium simile, along with the riffle beetle Stenelmis sp. b_.
Based on the collection point data (Table D4), the cold water area is also
an area of low turbidity and increased periphyton, as exemplified by the
dense mats of Cladophora. Stolier (1963) observed similar relationships be-
tween a hypolimnial dam release and Cladophora on the Marias River in Montana.
These dense mats of Cladophora apparently provide a tremendous increase in
the availability of suitable habitats for the riffle beetles, as large numbers
o
(up to 2250 individuals/m ) have been found inhabiting the dense mats of fil-
amentous algae. Open areas of small and medium cobble are, likewise, inhabited
by large numbers of Sphaerium and Physa (400 individuals/m^).
Elliott (1967) and Hynes (1970) have shown that there is a definite trend
for adults of the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera to fly upstream
for the purposes of oviposition. Although this event has not been investigated
on the Tongue River, it is a likely occurence. However, assuming that Lemkuhl's
hypotheses for the temperature requirements of diapause eggs is correct, the
eggs deposited in the cold water section of the river do not undergo sufficient
temperature fluctuations to break diapause. Thus, the insect larvae and nymphs,
except in the few cases mentioned previously, do not occur in the cold water
section and the insect eggs in this area probably remain in diapause until their
D-54
-------
death. Where the original temperature regime is re-established (at III1 and
downstream) the increase of the insect species is quite pronounced.
Van der Schalie (1973) has determined the temperature tolerances of many
pulmonate snails, in particular Physa gyrina. The animals fail to feed and
grow in areas where the mean water temperature is less than 4° C. In addition,
although growth is faster at temperatures above 24° C., this advantage is off-
set by greater survival and reproductive abilities at lower temperatures.
Although growth is possible at temperatures above 30° C., the organism will
not reproduce. Thus, the physid snails seem to thrive best in waters where
cool temperatures exist in the winter. These river conditions are reproduced
in the area of the Tongue River influenced by the hypolimnial discharge. Be-
cause the higher summer temperatures of the middle river are not conducive to
molluscan growth and reproduction and these greater temperature fluctuations
are conducive to proper insect development as well, Physa and Sphaerium are
diminished or eliminated and the dominant invertebrates are the hydropsychids
and Strophopter.yx fasciata. In addition, the algal cover of Cladophora is
reduced (through increased grazing and chemical changes) and Nostoc is present.
Even though diversity has increased, due to a return to warm water condit-
ions of thermal flux and increased suspended and organic matter in the water
from tributary and irrigation flow, the communtiy may still be considered im-
poverished. Compared to- invertebrate communities in a similar unimpounded
river, the Middle and Lower Yellowstone (Newell, 1975), the number of species
of invertebrates at any station on the Tongue River is considerably lower.
Although the environments are similar, the influence of the hypolimnion dis-
charge is dominant.
Finally, as the river nears its junction with the Yellowstone River, a
third community is present. Increased turbidity causes the amount of avail-
able light to be reduced, and the abrasive action of suspended particles fouls
D-55
-------
many insect gills or causes alteration of the substrate to other than optimum
conditions (Hynes, 1970).' Thus, in the area of the lower river, where turbid-
ity is high, the benthic fauna is dominated by Cheumatopsyche, which can take
advantage of the suspended matter in its feeding habits. The dominant algal
form in this area is Nostoc.
The Effect of Flow Reduction:
In order to reduce pressure on the Tongue River dan during a six week
period, the control gates were left open during the greater part of the spring
and summer of 1975 to drain the reservoir as much as possible. This continual
release of water from the reservoir did not allow complete formation of a hypo-
limnion layer. Water released during this period was observed to have temper-
atures only 1° or 2° C. cooler than at the mouth of the river at Miles City
(Figure D36). The release of water at these elevated temperatures eliminated
the cold water environment associated with the stretch of river below the dam.
The alteration of community structures can be seen in the dendrogram
(Figure D33) and kite-diagram (Figure D37). Warming of this section of the
river has apparently made it habitable to most of the insect species which are
commonly found in the upper warm water section. The dendrogram shows that site
III has become more closely associated with sites I and II. No clear dominant
can be discerned in the "cold" water area; however, the hydropsychids and
Stenelmis sp. b^ are most abundant and the formerly dominant Physa and Sphaerium
are considerably reduced.
There are two possible explanations for the new community composition in
the area. If the ideas of Lemkuhl (1972) are accepted end one assumes that
adults fly upstream to lay eggs, the change in thermal regime to that of greater
temperature fluctuations has probably allowed the hatching of diapause eggs,
and nymphal and larval development of many insects, which the formerly cooler
waters would not have allowed. The presence of individuals (in some samples)
D-56
-------
25
20
15
i 1
o
o
I I
0> O
$ 10
91
a
E
0)
o Hypolimnion
/
Normal Conditions
I II III IV V VI VII
Figure D36. Summer Temperatures. Tongue River.
D-57
-------
which are obviously not first or second instar (that is, some individuals
close to emergence) precludes this idea as being the sole explanation.
Madsen, Bengtson, and Butz (1973) and Bishop and Hynes (1969) have
shown the evidence of positive rheotaxis in aquatic insects, through the up-
stream migration of virtually all larval and nymphal stages of all the major
groups of aquatic insects. Upstream migration is quite pronounced in the
Ephemeroptera (particularly Baetis), the Trichoptera, the Coleoptera, and
Diptera. Thus, the presence of many aquatic insects in this community seems
to be due to the hatching of diapause eggs, influenced by thermal changes in
the section, and the upstream migration of larval and nymphal forms to an
area which had been formerly uninhabitable, and acted as an apparent barrier
to upstream migration.
The lower part of the river, as shown by dendrogram (Figure D33), is no
longer divided into two distinct communities. The dominance and great abun-
dance of the two mayflies, Traverella albertana and Rhithrogena hageni, from
sample point IV downstream dampens the effect of changes in number or occurence
of the rarer species of aquatic insects. It should be noted as well, that the
lower part of the river is dominated almost exclusively by short-lived summer
species of mayflies which do not occur in the fall and winter samples.
D-58
-------
Figure D37. Distribution and Relative Abundance. Macroinvertebrates.
After Massive Flow Reduction.
Choroterpes albiannulata
Baetis tricaudatus
Baetis alexanderi
II
III IV
VI VII
Tricorythodes minutus
Rhithrogena hageni
Ephemerella margarita
Stenonema reesi
Ophiogomphus morrisoni
Argia vivida
Strophopteryx fasciata
Paraleuctra sara
Capnia limata
D-59
-------
Figure D37 (cont.)
Isogenoides frontalis
Acroneuria abnormis
Cataclysta sp.
I ii 111 iy
VI VII
flllfrll—JHU
Hydroptila sp.
Cheumatopsyche sp.
Hydropsyche bifida
BBBBBBBXa
Hydropsyche sp. a
Hydropsyche occidental is
Hydropsyche sp. b
Hydropsyche sp. c
Brachycentrus americanus
Athripsodes sp.
Leptocella sp.
Stenelmis sp. a
Stenelmis sp. b
Dubiraphia sp.
taast
D-60
-------
Figure D37 (cont.)
Simulium sp.
Metriocnemus sp.
Atherix sp.
Physa gyrina
Pisidium compressum
Lampsilis radiata
(si 1iquoidea)
Dugesia tigrina
-------
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Elliott, J.M. 1967, The life histories and drifting of the Plecoptera and
Ephemeroptera in a Dartmoor stream. «J. Anim. Ecol. 36(2): 343-362.
Ellis, M.M. 1941, Fresh-water impoundments. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 71:
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Elser, A.A. 1975, Fish distribution and diversity of a Montana prairie
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Emlen, J.M. 1973, Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach,Addison Wesly, Reading,
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Eriksen, C.H. 1964, Benthic invertebrates and some substrate-current-oxygen
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Gordon, A.E. and J.B. Wallace. 1975, Distribution of the family Hydropsyche
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Harrod, J.J. 1965, Effect of current speed on the cephalic fans of the larva
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Heiman, D.R. and A.W. Knight. 1975, The influence of temperature on the
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Hilsenhoff, W.L. 1971, Changes in the downstream insect and amphipod fauna
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Hubbs, C. 1972, Some thermal consequences of environmental manipulations
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Hughes, D.A. 1966a, On the dorsal light response in a mayfly nymph. Anim.
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. 1966b, The role of responses to light in the selection and
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. 1976, The Biology of Plecoptera. Ann. Rev. Ent. 21: 1 35-153.
D-63
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Isom, B.G. 1969, Effects of storage and mainstream reservoirs on benthic
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D-64
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Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 68(1): 167-173.
. 1975b, Food partitioning in net-spinning Trichoptera larvae:
Hydropsyche venularis, Cheumatopsyche etrona, and Macronema zebratum
(Hydropsychidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 68(3): 463-472.
D-65
-------
Ward, J.V. 1974, A temperature-stressed stream ecosystem below a hypolimnial
release mountain reservoir. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie. 74(2): 247-275.
Waters, T.F. 1962, A method to estimate the production rate of a stream
invertebrate. Tran. Am. Fish Soc. 91(3): 243-250.
. 1964, Recolonization of denuded stream bottom areas by drift.
Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 93(3): 311-315.
. 1965, Interpretation of invertebrate drift in streams.
Ecology. 49(1): 75-81.
. 1966, Production rate, population density, and drift of a
stream invertebrate. Ecology. 47(4): 595-604.
. 1972, The drift of stream insects. Ann. Rev. Ent. 17: 253-
272.
, and R.J. Knapp. 1961, An improved bottom fauna sampler. Trans.
Am. Fish. Soc. 90: 225-238.
Wene, G. and F.I. Wickliff. 1940, Modification of a stream bottom and its
effect on the insect fauna. Can. Ent. 72: 131-135.
D-66
-------
APPENDIX E
HYDROLOGIC CONTOUR MAPS
SPAWNING CRITICAL AREA
1. Flow direction is from left to right.
2. For easier interpretation, depth contours are
indicated by vertical typeface. Velocity con-
tours are indicated by slanting typeface.
3. Hatchere.d areas on contour maps indicate isolated
areas of reduced depth or velocity, depending on
the type of map.
4. Dashed lines indicate edge of water, either at
stream banks or on exposed bars.
-------
Figure E-l : Substrate Map of the Ft. Keogh Spawning Section.
-------
^ c
H.6 % f
U Otis" Of"
the
Ft.
%
°9h
sPa
<*/??•
in,
'9 $
ect
I'Of)
0i/L 0W
Cr'o
N
-------
Depth Contour Map for the Ft. Keogh Spawning Section, with Depths in on. Discharge: 11.0 cms
> 1
I 0
Meters
FLOW
DIRECTION
-------
Figure.E-4: Velocity Contour Map for the Ft. Keogh Spawning Section, with Velocities in cm./sec.
Discharge: 13.0 cms.
FLOW
DIRECTION
-------
m
t
cn
Figure E-5: Depth Contour Map for the Ft. Keogh Spawning Section, with Depths in cm.
Discharge: 13.0 cms.
¦45
&
.t>0;
10
Meters
rN ^0*7
> J \ 15
FLOW
DIRECTION
-------
Figure E-6: Velocity Contour Map for the Ft. Keogh Spawning Section, with Velocities in cm./sec.
Discharge: 16.1 cms.
-------
Figure E-7: Depth Contour Map for the Ft. Keogh Spawning Section, with Depths in cm.
Discharge: 16.1 cms.
-------
Figure E-8: Velocity Contour Map for the Ft. Keogh Spawning Section, with Velocities in cm /sec
Discharge: 13.1 cms.
FLOW
DIRECTION
-------
Figure E-9: Depth Contour Map for the Ft. Keogh Spawning Section, with Depths in cm.
Discharge: la.l cms.
-------
Figure E-10: Velocity Contour Map for the Ft. Keogh Spawning Section, with Velocities in cm./sec
Discharge: 2U.2 cms.
-------
Figure
£-11:
fo, «. ft.
cms. c- Keogh SpdWn.
"9 Section,
uith Depths i
FLOW
Directioh'
-------
Figure E-12: Velocity Contour Map for the Ft.
Discharge: 22.5 cms.
Keogh Spawning Section, with Velocities in cm./sec.
i 1
10
Meters
FLOW
DIRECTION
-------
Figure E-13: Depth Contour Map for the Ft. Keogh Spawning Section, with Depths in cm.
Discharge: 22.5 cms.
-------
E-14: Velocity Contour Map for the Ft. Keogh Spawning Section, with Velocities in cm./sec.
Discharge: 25.5 cms.
-------
Figure E-15: Depth Contour Map for the Ft. Keogh Spawning Section, with Depths in cm.
Discharge: 25.5 cms.
-------
Figure E-)6:
the Ft- Keogh Spawn*
"9 Section' with Velocities
in cm./sec.
J05-
kO-
90
\Z°
vO-
f5
75
45
90
'O*
yOs.
YOs
SO.
90
15
10
Meters
FLOW
direction
-------
Figure E-17: Depth Contour Hap for the Ft. Keogn Spawning Section, with Depths in cm.
Discharge: i!8.3 cms.
-------
APPENDIX F
COMPOSITE MAPS
SPAWNING CRITICAL AREA
1. Flow direction is from left to right.
2. These maps indicate areas meeting preferred con-
ditions of depth, velocity, and substrate, for
spawning shovelnose sturgeon.
3. For easier interpretation, depth contours are
indicated by vertical typeface. Velocity con-
tours are indicated by slanting typeface.
4. Cross-hatched areas on composite maps indicate
areas which do not meet flow criteria for spawn-
ing shovelnose sturgeon. Only those stream
areas without cross-hatching meet flow criteria.
5. Dashed lines indicate water's edge, either at stream
banks or on exposed bars.
-------
Figure F-l: Composite Map of the Ft. Keogh Spawning Section,
for Spawning Shovelnose Sturgeon.
Discharge: 11.0 cms.
Area Meeting Criteria: 290 m^
Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria
10 Meters
Criteria not met in outlined area
Substrate
Depth
Veloci ty
-------
Figure F-2:
I
ro
Composite Map of the Ft. Keogh Spawning Section, Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria
for Spawning Shovel nose Sturgeon.
Discharge: 13.0 cms.
p
Area Meeting Criteria: 330 m
Criteria not met in outlined area
Substrate
-------
Figure F-3: Composite Map of the Ft. Keogh Spawning Section, Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria
for Spawning Shovelnose Sturgeon.
Discharge: 16.1 cms.
Area Meeting Criteria: 570 »
I
U>
Criteria not met in outlined area
Substrate
Depth
Veloci ty
-------
Figure F-4:
I
Composite Map of the Ft. Keogh Spawning Section, Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria
for Spawning Shovel nose Sturgeon.
Discharge: 18.1 cms.
Area Meeting Criteria: 710 m
10 Meters
Criteria not met in outlined area
Substrate
Depth
Velocity
-------
Figure F-5:
~n
I
cn
Composite Map of the Ft. Keogh Spawning Section, Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria
for Spawning Shovel nose Sturgeon.
Discharge: 20.2 cms
Area Meeting Criteria: 870 m.._
Criteria not met in outlined area
Substrate
Depth
Velocity
-------
Figure F-6: Composite Map of the Ft. Keogh Spawning Section, Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria
for Spawning Shovel nose Sturgeon.
Discharge: 22.5 cms.
Area Meeting Criteria: 1320
Veloci ty
-------
Figure F-7: Composite Map of the Ft. Keogh Spawning Section, Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria
for Spawning Shovelnose Sturgeon.
I
Discharge: 25.5 cms.
Area Meeting Criteria: 1940 m(
Veloci ty
-------
Figure F-8: Composite Map of the Ft. Keogh Spawning Section, Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria
for Spawning Shovel nose Sturgeon.
Discharge: 28.3 cms.
Area Meeting Criteria: 2470 m
I
CC
Criteria not met in outlined area
Substrate
Depth
\ \ M
Veloci ty
-------
APPENDIX G
HYDROLOGIC CONTOUR MAPS
EXPERIMENTAL CHANNEL SECTION
1. This experimental channel was located in a side
channel around a large island in the Vial 1 Ranch
section. Flow was manipulated by a diversion
structure at the head of the island.
2. Direction of flow is from top of page to bottom.
3. For easier interpretation, depth contours are
indicated by vertical typeface. Velocity con-
tours are indicated by slanting typeface.
4. Hatchered areas on contour maps indicate isolated
areas of reduced depth of velocity, depending on
the type of map.
5. Dashed lines indicate edge of water, either at
stream banks or on exposed bars.
-------
I 1
5 Meters
Figure G-l : Depth Contour Map for riiffle #1 of tne Experimental Channel Section. Depths in cm.
txperimental Uiscnarge: 4.70 cms.
-------
,
5 Meters
Figure G-2: Velocity Contour Map for Riffle #1 of the Experimental Channel Section. Velocities
in cm./sec. Experimental Discharge: 4.70 cms.
-------
I
5 meters
Figure G-3: Depth Contour Map for Riffle #1 of the Experimental Channel Section. Depths in
cm. Experimental Discharge: 2.12 cms.
-------
I 1
5 Meters
Figure G-4: Velocity Contour Hap for Riffle #1 of tne Experimental Channel Section. Velocities
in cm./sec. txperimental Discharge: Z.l'i cms.
-------
I 1
5 Meters
Figure G-5: Depth Contour Map for Riffle #1 of the Experimental Channel Section. Depths in
cm. Experimental Discharge: 1.58 cms.
-------
5 Meters
Figure G-6: Velocity Contour Map for Riffle #1 of trie Experimental Channel Section. Velocities
in cm./sec. Experimental Discharge: 1.58 cms.
-------
0
1
5 Meters
Figure G-7: Depth Contour Map for Riffle #1 of the Experimental Channel Section, Depths in
cm. Experimental Discharge: 1.27 cms.
-------
5 Meters
Figure G-3: Velocity Contour Map for Riffle #1 of the Experimental Channel Section. Velocities
in cm./sec. Experimental Discharge: l.k?7 cms.
-------
I
5 Meters
Figure G-9: Depth Contour Hap for Riffle #1 of the Experimental Channel Section. Depths
in cm. Experimental Discharge: 1.07 cms.
-------
5 Meters
Figure G-10: Velocity Contour Map for Riffle #1 of the Experimental Channel Section. Velocities
in cm./sec. Experimental Discharge: 1.07 cms.
-------
I :
5 Meters
Figure G-ll: Depth Contour Map for Riffle fl of the Experimental
Channel Section. Depths in cm. Experimental Dis-
charge: 2AZ cms.
G-ll
-------
5 Meters
Figure G-12: Velocity Contour Map for Riffle HI of the Experimental
Channel Section. Velocities in cm./sec. Experimental
Discharge: 2.XI cms.
G-12
-------
Figure G-13: Depth Contour Map
Channel Section,
charge: 1.47 cms
for Riffle HZ of the Experimental
Depths in cm. Experimental Dis-
G-13
-------
5 Meters
Fiyure G-14: Velocity Contour Map for Riffle HZ of the Experimental
Channel Section. Velocities in cm./sec. Experimental
Discharge: 1.47 cms.
G-14
-------
I 1
5 Meters
Figure G-15: Depth Contour Hap
Channel Section,
charge: 1.33 cms
for Riffle HI of the Experimental
Depths iu cm. Experimental Dis-
G-lb
-------
Figure G-16: Velocity Contour Map for Riffle #2 of the Experimental
Channel Section. Velocities in cm./sec. txperiinenta.1
Discharge: 1.33 cms.
G-16
-------
I
5 Meters
Figure G-17: Depth Contour Map
Channel Section,
charge: 1.08 cms
for Riffle H'd of the Experimental
Depths in cm. Experimental Dis-
G -17
-------
5 Meters
Figure G-18: Velocity Contour Map for Riffle HZ of the Experimental
Channel Section. Velocities in cm./sec. Experimental
Discharge: 1.08 cms.
G-18
-------
APPENDIX H
COMPOSITE MAPS
EXPERIMENTAL CHANNEL SECTION
1. This experimental channel was located in a side
channel around a large island in the Vial 1 Ranch
section. Flow was minipulated by a diversion
structure at the head of the island.
2. Direction of flow is from top of page to bottom.
3. For easier interpretation, depth contours are
indicated by vertical typeface. Velocity con-
tours are indicated by slanting typeface.
4. Cross-hatched areas on composite maps indicate
areas which do not meet flow criteria for the
stonecat., Only those stream areas without
cross-hatching meet flow criteria.
5. Dashed lines indicate water's edge, either at
banks or on exposed bars.
-------
I 1
i) Meters
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
Figure H-l: Composite Hap for Riffle HI of the Experiments I Channel
Section, Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria for the
Stonecat. Experimental Discharge: 4.70 cms. Area
Meeting Criteria: 163 square_meters.
H-l
-------
1
5 Meters
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
Figure H-Z: Composite Map for Riffle #1 of the Experimental Channel
Section, Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria for the
Stonecat. txperimental Discharge: 2.YI cms. Area
Meeting Criteria: 1'i square meters.
H-2
-------
5 Meters
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
Figure H-3: Composite Map for Riffle #1 of the Experimental Channel
Section, Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria for the
Stonecat. Experimental Discharge: 1.58 cms. Area
Meeting Criteria: 59 square meters.
H-3
-------
5 Meters
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
Figure H-4: Composite Map for kiffle #1 of the Experimental Channel
Section, Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria for the
Stonecat. Experimental Discharge: 1.27 cms. Area
Meeting Criteria: 39 square meters.
H-4
-------
5 Meters
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
Figure H-5: Composite Map for Riffle #1 of the Experimental Channel
Section, Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria for the
Stonecat. Experimental Discharge: 1.07 cms. Area
Meeting Criteria: 27 square meters.
H-5
-------
1
5 Meters
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
Figure H-6: Composite Map for Riffle HZ of the txperimental Channel
Section, Showing Areas meeting Flow Criteria for the
Stonecat. Experimental Discharge: 2.12 cms. Area
Meeting Criteria: 36 square meters.
H-6
-------
1
5 Meters
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
Figure H-7: Composite Map for Riffle #2 of the Experimental Channel
Section, Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria for the
Stonecat. Experimental Discharge: 1.58 cms. Area
Meeting Criteria: 53 square meters.
H-7
-------
5 Meters
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
Figure H-tf: Composite Map for Riffle Wl of the Experimental Channel
Section, Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria for the
Stonecat. Experimental Discharge: 1.33 cms. Area
Meeting Criteria: 60 square meters.
H-8
-------
I
5 Meters
Area not meeting depth criteria
Area not meeting velocity criteria
Figure H-9: Composite Map for Riffle #2 of the txperimental Channel
Section, Showing Areas Meeting Flow Criteria for the
Stonecat. Experimental Discharge: 1.U7 cms. Area
Meeting Criteria: 11 square meters.
H-9
-------
APPENDIX I
ICE FORMATION CROSS SECTIONAL DIAGRAMS
1. Cross hatched areas indicate surface
ice sheet
-------
Mfdi rrery
s.nce Line
Figure I-la: Cross-sectional view of channel and surface ice sheet at transect 1, Orcutt Ranch Section,
11/20/75. Vertical scale in cm. below arbitrary datum.
Figure I- lb: Velocities^, in cm./sec., at corresponding ice measurement locations on above transect.
-------
Arbiirary
rence Line
Figure I-2a: Cross-sectional view of channel and surface ice sheet at transect 1, Orcutt Ranch Section,
11/26/75. Vertical scale in cm. below arbitrary datum.
Figure I-2b: Velocities, in cm./sec., at corresponding ice measurement locations on above transect.
-------
Arbitrary Reference Line
Figure I-3a: Cross-sectional view of channel and surface ice sheet at transect 1, Orcutt Ranch Section,
12/4/75. Vertical scale in cm. below arbitrary datum.
Figure I-3b: Velocities, in cm./sec., at corresponding ice measurement locations on above transect.
-------
Arbitrary T^PP^ence Line
Figure I-4a: Cross-sectional view of channel and surface ice sheet at transect 1, Orcutt Ranch Section,
12/23/75. Vertical scale in cm. below arbitrary datum.
-------
Figure I-5a: Cross-sectiorial view of channel and surface ice sheet at transect 1, Orcutt Ranch Section,
1/9/76. Vertical scale in cm. below arbitrary datum.
Figure I - 5b: Velocities, in cm./sec., at corresponding ice measurement locations on above transect.
-------
0
Arbitral^^Wference Line
Figure I-6a: Cross-sectional view of channel and surface ice sheet at transect 2, Orcutt Ranch Section,
11/20/75. Vertical scale in cm. below arbitrary datum.
-------
Arbitrar
ence Line
Figure I-7a:
Cross-sectional view of channel and surface ice sheet at transect 2, Orcutt Ranch Section,
11/26/75. Vertical scale in cm. below arbitrary datum.
-------
Figure I-8a: Cross-sectional view of channel and surface ice sheet at transect 2, Orcutt Ranch Section,
12/4/75. Vertical scale in cm. below arbitrary datum.
Figure I-8b: Velocities, in cm./sec., at corresponding ice measurement locations on above transect.
-------
0
Arbitrary'
rence Line
12/23/75. Vertical scale in cm. below arbitrary datum.
Figure I-9b: Velocities, in cm./sec., at corresponding ice measurement locations on above transect.
-------
Figure I-10a: Cross-sectional view of channel and surface ice sheet at transect 2, Orcutt Ranch Section,
1/9/76. Vertical scale in cm. below arbitrary datum.
-------
Figure I-1la: Cross-sectional view of channel and surface ice sheet at transect 3, Orcutt Ranch Section,
11/20/75. Vertical scale in cm. below arbitrary datum.
Figure I- lib: Velocities, in cm./sec., at corresponding ice measurement locations on above transect.
-------
igure I-12a: Cross-sectional view of channel and surface ice sheet at transect 3, Orcutt Ranch Section,
11/26/75. Vertical scale in cm. belov; arbitrary datum.
-------
Figure I-13a: Cross-sectional view of channel and surface ice sheet at transect 3, Orcutt Ranch Section,
12/10/75. Vertical scale in cm. below arbitrary datum.
I
Figure I-13b: Velocities, in cm./sec., at corresponding ice measurement locations on above transect.
-------
Figure I- 14a: Cross-sectional view of channel and surface ice sheet at transect 3, Orcutt Ranch Section,
12/23/75. Vertical scale in cm. below arbitrary datum.
-------
Figure I-15a: Cross-sectional view of channel and surface ice sheet at transect 3, Orcutt Ranch Section,
1/9/76. Vertical scale in cm. below arbitrary datum.
-------
APPENDIX J
VEGETATION MAPS OF TONGUE RIVER FLOODPLAIN
LEGEND
100% Cover
90% Cover
75% Cover
50% Cover
25% Cover
10% Cover
0% Cover
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-------
25
-------
26
-------
27
-------
28
-------
29
J - 2 9
-------
30
\b
-t
J-30
-------
31
22
-------
UJ
cr
32
3
J - 32
-------
33
T2S
J - 3 3
-------
w
T 2 S
-------
35
-------
36
-------
3 7
J - 3 7
-------
38
-------
39
-------
40
-------
APPENDIX K
SEDIMENT-DISCHARGE RATING CURVES
-------
10000
5000
2000
1000
«=c
or
LxJ
c_>
o
C_>
2 5 10 20 50
DISCHARGE IN CUBIC METERS PER SECOND
Figure K-l: Total Suspended Sediment Concentration Curve for the Ft.
Keogh Section, Tongue River, Montana.
K-l
-------
DISCHARGE IN CUBIC METERS PER SECOND
Figure K-2: Concentration of Particles Smaller than 62 Microns (Silt-
Clay Fraction) as Suspended Load, Ft. Keogh Section, Tongue River, Mon-
tana .
K-2
-------
DISCHARGE IN CUBIC METERS PER SECOND
Figure K-3: Concentration of Particles Larger than 62 Microns (Sand Frac-
tion) as Suspended Load, Ft. Keogh Section, Tongue River, Montana.
K-3
-------
10000
>-
c
o
C£
LU
D_
00
O
I—
o
t—I
Qtl
I—
UJ
Q
<
O
Q
LU
Q
O-
OO
=3
00
5000
2000
1000
2 5 10 20 50
DISCHARGE IN CUBIC METERS PER SECOND
100
Figure K-4: Total Suspended Sediment Load Curve for the Ft. Keogh Sec-
tion, Tongue River, Montana.
K-4
-------
DISCHARGE IN CUBIC METERS PER SECOND
Figure K-5: Total Suspended Load Curve for Particles Smaller than 62
Microns (Silt-Clay Fraction) for the Ft. Keogh Section, Tongue River,
Montana.
K-5
-------
DISCHARGE IN CUBIC METERS PER SECOND
Figure K-6: Suspended Load Curve for Particles Larger than 62 Microns
(Sand Fraction) for the Ft. Keogh Section, Tongue River, Montana.
K-6
-------
>-
«=t
Q
OH
UJ
Q_
00
o
I—
o
f—I
Od
Q
<
o
CO
1000
500
2 5 10 20
DISCHARGE IN CUBIC METERS PER SECOND
Figure K-7: Total Sediment Bedload Curve for the Ft. Keogh Section,
Tongue River, Montana.
100
K-7
-------
1000
500
200
100
50
20
10
10
20
50
100
DISCHARGE IN CUBIC METERS PER SECOND
Figure K-8 ; Movement of Fine Sand (125 to 250 Microns) as Bedload in
the Ft. Keogh Section, Tongue River, Montana
K-8
-------
1000
DISCHARGE IN CUBIC METERS PER SECOND
Figure K-9: Movement of Medium Sand (250 to 500 Microns) as Bedload in
the Ft. Keogh Section, Tongue River, Montana.
K-9
-------
>-
<
Q
C£
UJ
CL
00
z:
o
i—
o
M
ct:
o
<
cc
u_
<
00
DC
c
o
o
Q
<
o
_J
Q
LU
CD
100
50
20
10
TTT
_.l.i
-r
i-l h
:i J : i
I |-l
7^
/
I 1
I. .
I ' !
Jc
ll i
Ml
I i
I i :
i:
-I-
2 5 10 20 50
DISCHARGE IN CUBIC METERS PER SECOND
100
Figure K-10: Movement of Coarse Sand (500 to 1000 Microns) as Bedload
in the Ft. Keogh Section, Tongue River, Montana.
K-10
-------
DISCHARGE IN CUBIC METERS PER SECOND
Figure K-ll: Movement of Fine Gravel (1 to 2 mm) as Bedload in the Ft.
Keogh Section, Tongue River, Montana.
K-ll
-------
DISCHARGE IN CUBIC METERS PER SECOND
Figure K-12: Movement of Medium Gravel (2 to 4 mm) as Bedload in the
Ft. Keogh Section, Tongue River, Montana.
K-12
-------
10
>-
/
- ' , •
• i; i
•1 - •
. .
/
i
---
--
—
-
-iri'j
I. i
/
/
-i
i::
i
1
i.i:
Til
I". '
:i..
r
/•
-i
I
';:
¦
—
, i
___
!
-
-
--
t
i
; ;
i
>:
i i:
Jjij
-1
i"
i
j
i
¦
' i I
! ¦ h
¦ : r;
—%
l'ij
i [ i
;; i •
i i1
i i I.
i :
. i.
' 1 1
11 1
1 , '
2 5 10 20 50 100
DISCHARGE IN CUBIC METERS PER SECOND
Figure K-13: Movement of Coarse Gravel (4 to 8 mm) as Bedload in the
Ft. Keogh Section, Tongue River, Montana.
K-13
------- |