United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Region 4
345 ilanrl Street, NE
Atlanta, GA 30308
EPA 904/9-79-043
September 1979
Clean Lakes
•&ERA Environmental Final
Impact Statement
Lake Apopka
Restoration Project
Lake & Orange Counties
Florida
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FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
FOR
LAKE APOPKA RESTORATION PROJECT
LAKE AND ORANGE COUNTIES, FLORIDA
iy
Prepared By
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region IV
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
With Technical Assistance By
Florida Department of Environmental Regulation
Bureau of Water Management
Water Resources Restoration and Preservation Section
RESPONSIBLE OFFICIAL
SEP im
Date
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY
PREFACE
ERRATA SHEET
INTRODUCTION
Lake History
State and Federal Action
Citizen and Agency Concerns
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Water Quality
Bottom Conditions
ALTERNATIVES AND THEIR EFFECTS
No Action
Enhanced Fluctuation
Aeration
Dredging
Other Alternatives
DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED ALTERNATIVE
Selection
Revised Engineering Design
Engineering Concerns
Biological and Chemical Concerns
Revised Recommendation
IMPACTS OF PROPOSED ALTERNATIVE
Biological Impacts
Socioeconomic Impacts
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
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SECTION 7
WRITTEN COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS ON THE
DRAFT EIS AND EPA RESPONSES
61
SECTION 8
SECTION 9
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
Written Comments and Questions 62
Responses to Comments Received 109
on Draft EIS
PUBLIC HEARING ON THE DRAFT EIS 127
Transcript of Public Hearing 128
Responses to Comments and Questions 192
LITERATURE CITED 197
SEDIMENT CONSOLIDATION STUDIES A-l
RSB&W ENGINEERING DESIGN B-l
Evaluation of Lake Restoration Impacts B-2
on Organic Soil Farms & Citrus Groves
Proposed Facilities to Implement Plan B-15
Estimated Cost of Project B-55
ALTERNATIVE RESTORATION PROPOSALS C-l
Aeration C-2
Hyacinths C-97
Sectioned Drawdown C-l13
Dredging C-135
Annelidic Conversion C-155
Island Building C-161
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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Table Number
2.1
2.2
2.3
Table
3.1
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
Water Quality Data
Statistical Summary of Nitrogen
and Phosphorus Concentrations
in Sediments of the Oklawaha Lakes
Average Values of Leachable and
Exchangeable Ammonium and
Orthophosphate in Sediments of the
Oklawaha Lakes
Nutrient Budgets for Lake Apopka
Sources of Refill Water at 65' MSL
Estimated Water Quality Under
Various Conditions
Productivity of Vegetation Expected
to.Invade Lake Apopka During Drawdown
Lake Apopka Water Quality for
Drawdown Stage Elevations
Estimated Removal Efficiency
Page Number
6
14
37
37
39
42
44
Figure Number
2.1
Figure
Turbidity, Ammonium, and Ortho-
Phosphate Levels in Lake Apopka
Over Time During Convective Storm
on 23 September, 1978.
Page Number
11
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iv
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SUMMARY
FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
LAKE APOPKA RESTORATION PROJECT
The purpose of this final Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is
to meet the objectives of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) .
NEPA directs federal agencies to prepare a statement which identifies
all reasonable alternatives and which evaluates the environmental impacts
of these alternatives. NEPA then directs federal decision makers to
incorporate this environmental evaluation into the decision making
process. This document has been prepared in accordance with these
directives.
The action for which this document has been prepared is the restora-
tion of Lake Apopka. The overall goal of the restoration project is to
stop the continuing degradation of the lake's water and to restore Lake
Apopka as a quality natural resource.
Four primary objectives have been identified in attaining this
goal. The first objective is to improve the water quality of Lake
Apopka to meet Class III standards as defined in Chapter 17-3, Florida
Administrative Code. Secondly, the project aims to improve water quality
in the entire Upper Oklawaha Chain of Lakes by restoring the headwaters
of this chain (Lake Apopka). The third objective is to provide aquatic
habitats which are capable of supporting game fish and wildlife, with a
subsequent reduction in rough fish. The final objective involves making
Lake Apopka suitable for water-contact recreational opportunities.
These four objectives are the criteria by which the success of the
restoration project will be judged.
Lake Apopka is a 12,500-hectare (31,000-acre) lake located in
Central Florida, approximately 25 km (15 mi) northwest of Orlando.
Although Apopka has a large surface area, it is a shallow lake, averaging
less than 2 m (6.6 ft) in depth. Throughout the first half of this
century Lake Apopka contained clear water and luxuriant vegetation and
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was noted for its excellent bass fishing. Today it is a highly eut p
lake and experiences continual algal blooms. About 90 percent o ^
lake bottom is covered with organic deposits; in some plac
is more than 15 m (50 ft) deep. These unconsolidated sediments are
easily suspended in the water column, thereby causing extreme turbidity
problems. Suitable habitats for game fish, rooted aquatic vegetation
and benthic invertebrates have been reduced to fractions of their
previous extent. Rough fish such as shad, gar, and catfish are
dominant species in Lake Apopka.
Massive nutrient overloading is the main cause of Lake Apopka s
demise as a quality resource. Sewage discharges from Winter Garden,
irrigation water pumped from the muck farms, and citrus processing p
wastes were major contributors of nutrients. A 1947 hurricane uprooted
much of the lake's vegetation, releasing more nutrients into the water,
and was followed shortly thereafter by the lake's first algal bloom.
Subsequent hyacinth spraying and selective rough fish poisonings adde
to the problem because the dead plants and fish were not removed from
the lake. These operations, in conjunction with the lake level stabili
zation program begun in 1952, stifled any chance of a natural recovery
of the lake's ecosystem.
Measures to improve water quality, restore the fisheries, and
provide recreational opportunities have been outlined in this Final E1S
DER is the primary project sponsor and has contracted numerous studies
through universities and other agencies to analyze specific problems
related to the restoration project. Frost/freeze, hydrological, limnological,
engineering, and legal studies have all been completed through DER
contracts. Furthermore, the engineering firm of Ross, Saarinen, Bolton,
and Wilder (RSB&W) was retained to study the feasibility and probability
of success of the recommended long—term restoration action.
Numerous restoration alternatives were considered and analyzed in
this Final EIS. The DEIS recommended a drastic drawdown of Lake Apopka.
This would consolidate the muck and improve water quality. However,
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significant questions have been raised concerning the success potential
of the drawdown alternative for Lake Apopka. Engineering concerns
include dike protection, shoreline consolidation and irrigation systems.
Biological and chemical concerns include water quality upon refill,
invasion of the exposed bottom by terrestrial vegetation, sediment
consolidation and nutrient release, and littoral zone expansion and game
fish propagation. These questions are addressed in the Final EIS, but
the responses are largely conjectural. Although drawdowns have been
successful on other Florida lakes, the size of Lake Apopka, the severe
time constraints imposed on the project schedule, and the characteristics
of the muck layer make it difficult to predict the actual effects of the
proposed drastic drawdown. In addition, the cost of a Lake Apopka drawdown
has risen to $19.8 million. Because of the remaining uncertainties and
the reduced cost effectiveness of the drawdown of Lake Apopka, a revised
recommendation is proposed in the Final EIS.
Instead of an immediate drawdown, a phased restoration program
using short-and long-term plans is recommended. The short-term plan
includes continued monitoring of water quality in Lake Apopka and downstream
lakes, and implementation of a test drawdown on Lake Mare Prairie, a
smaller lake having characteristics similar to Lake Apopka. The
monitoring will document the present condition of the upper Oklawaha
lakes and any improvement in water quality after completion in 1980
of the waste abatement programs for Lake Apopka. The water quality
parameters measured would be essentially those previously monitored by
Brezonik et al (1978) and Tuschall et al (1979). The estimated cost of
monitoring is $50,000. A test drawdown of Lake Mare Prairie would allow
detailed examination of the drawdown concerns previously discussed and
at a substantially lower cost ($70,000) than that of a Lake Apopka
drawdown. With the data obtained from the test drawdown, a more accurate
assessment of the effectiveness of a drastic drawdown for restoring Lake
Apopka under design constraints can be made.
The long-term plan for lake restoration includes continued explora-
tion of restoration alternatives and methods which would address the
lake's internal nutrient loading problem. If, following the test drawdown,
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it is determined that drastic drawdown has a high probability of ini
tiating recovery of the lake and the resulting benefits are ^eC
i 4-4 4t- will be recommended that the p P
be significant and long-lasting, drawdown.
drawdown be implemented. Two alternatives are suggested
First, the extreme drawdown as proposed by RSB&W could be imp emen ^ .
However, it is essential that the studies on shoreline consolidation a
the recommended'geotechnical work and soil sampling be completed befo
the drawdown. The other alternative is to revise the curre P
within the constraints set forth in the DEIS to Improve the probabil
of success while minimizing adverse impacts. Unfortunately, th s a
is likely to increase project costs. If it is determined that a dras
drawdown is not feasible for Lake Apopka, the possibility of dre g ng
the lake and marketing the muck as a useful product should be pursued
and perfected. Currently, no market for the muck has been identifie .
In addition, significant environmental problems must be overcome before
dredging can be implemented. If the dredging alternative cannot be
perfected, and the drawdown cannot be implemented, the "no action
alternative is the only remaining practical recommendation. Enhance
fluctuation and nutrient abatement are important secondary lake improve-
ment techniques and should be implemented regardless of the final restora
action.
The following Impacts can be expected when the revised reco-enda-
tion is implemented.
Adverse Impacts of Short-Term Plan
1. Algal blooms and unaesthetlc conditions are expected to
continue.
2. No immediate improvement in game fish populations is
expected.
3. Recreation will continue at low levels.
Adverse Impacts of Long-term Plan
1. If drawdown becomes the long-term plan then the adverse
impacts listed in the DEIS may be realized.
2. If some other alternative becomes the recommended plan,
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then its adverse impacts will have to be delineated prior to
implementation.
Beneficial Effects of the Short-term Plan
1. It will be possible to document whether water quality improves
due to the pollution abatement measures and natural recovery
processes.
2. Time will be available for further study of the problems
associated with a drawdown and for development of technology
to make dredging of Lake Apopka cost effective.
3. An in-depth study of the test drawdown will provide valuable
information needed to assess future drawdowns of Florida lakes.
4. Water quality in Lake Mare Prairie is expected to improve
following the test drawdown.
Beneficial Effects of the Long-term Plan
1. If the long-term plan is implementation of drawdown, then
the beneficial effects listed in the DEIS will be expected.
2. If an alternative lake restoration technique eventually
becomes the long-term plan, the specific benefits would
have to be re-assessed.
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PREFACE
In early March of 1979, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
published and distributed a Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS)
on the Lake Apopka Restoration Project. This DEIS was written pursuant
to the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 and was prepared jointly
by EPA and the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation (DER).
The DEIS was filed with the Office of Federal Activities and was circulated
to the appropriate federal and state agencies for comment and review.
Local governmental agencies and interested individuals also received
copies of the DEIS.
This Final EIS consists primarily of changes and revisions to the
DEIS. Most of these revisions resulted directly from input by commenting
agencies and individuals. This reflects favorably on the successful
public participation program associated with the project. Other significant
changes were the result of a revised engineering design of the proposed
restoration technique. These changes evolved during the final engineering
design phase subsequent to the printing of the DEIS.
The basic recommendation outlined in the DEIS is a drastic drawdown
of Lake Apopka over a nine month period to consolidate the lake's muck
bottom and enhance the growth of desirable aquatic vegetation. This
recommended technique continues to be supported in the Final EIS, but
further attention has been directed towards technical questions which
were raised concerning the success potential of the proposed drawdown.
Most of these questions are legitimate concerns and have been addressed
to the fullest possible extent in this document. This Final EIS also
recommends several studies which should be completed prior to implemen-
tation of the proposed drawdown. These studies would result in a better
understanding of the actual results of a drastic drawdown and would
improve the accuracy of the economic and environmental evaluation of
such a large-scale restoration technique.
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Rather than a reprinting of the entire DEIS, the Final EIS consists
only of changes and additions to the draft document and responses to
comments received by EPA. This format was adopted to save publication
costs and to more concisely present the additional information which has
become available since the distribution of the DEIS. Therefore, the
Final EIS should be read in conjunction with the DEIS to obtain a holistic
view of Lake Apopka's history and the restoration project.
A brief synopsis of the lake's condition and the conclusions and
recommendations of the EIS process are contained in the Summary of the
Final EIS. This is followed by Section 1, the Introduction, which
explains the lake's background, identifies citizen concerns, and out-
lines project objectives. Section 2 relates to existing conditions
which were not addressed in the DEIS, and Section 3 analyzes various
restoration alternatives. A description of the recommended alternative
and associated impacts are described in the next two sections. The
public participation program is addressed in Section 6, and the Final
EIS concludes with a listing of all comments received and responses to
each individual comment. A public hearing was held in Tavares on April
10, 1979, to present the proposed drawdown design to concerned citizens
and to receive comments and input on the project in general. A copy of
the transcript of this hearing is included in Section 8 along with
responses to comments and questions raised at the hearing.
Any person receiving a copy of this Final EIS who does not have
access to the DEIS may obtain a copy by writing to:
Environmental Protection Agency
EIS Branch
345 Courtland Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
xii
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ERRATA SHEET FOR DRAFT EIS
Page Paragraph and Line
yiii Paragraph 4, line 2
x Paragraph 2, line 8
1 Paragraph 2, line 4
30 Paragraph 3, lines 2-5
31 Paragraph 1, lines 1-3
32 Paragraph 1, lines 1-3
87 Paragraph 2, line 4
91 Paragraph 1, line 2
Correction
Change "avoid any" to "minimize"
Change "enhancing lake ecosystems"
to "enhancing the lake ecosystem"
Change "51" to "48"
Change sentence to read "The hypo-
thetical net input of water to
Lake Apopka, if the flow of water
out of the lake were blocked by a
cofferdam, is easily computed by
the formula: Hypothetical net input
with cofferdam in place ¦ actual out-
flow through Apopka-Beauclair Canal
plus any increase in lake storage
minus any decrease in lake storage."
Change title of Table 2.2 to read
"Mean Monthly Hypothetical Net Input
to Lake Apopka with Cofferdam in
Place Between 1959 and 1976."
Change title of Table 2.3 to read
"Yearly Hypothetical Net Input to
Lake Apopka with Cofferdam in. Place
Between 1959 and 1976."
Delete "primary"
Delete "primary"
xiii
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Paragraph 2, line 2
Paragraph 2, line 3
Paragraph 3, line 1
Paragraph 3, line 1
Change "19.6" to 19.2"
Change "(64 ft)" to "(63.0 ft)"
Change "19.6" to "19.2"
Change "17%" to "13%"
Change "17%" to "13%"
Change "10,400" to "10,900"
Change "eliminate" to "minimize"
xiv
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Lake History
Until the 1950's, Lake Apopka attracted national attention as a
bass fishing lake. Lake Apopka now attracts state-wide attention as an
example of the worst effects of cultural eutrophication. In less than a
generation the lake has changed from a resource of high economic and
aesthetic value into a problem requiring complex and expensive solutions.
The DEIS explains in great detail the successive stages of Lake Apopka's
degradation. The reader, therefore, is encouraged to refer to that
document for a complete background on the lake's history and current
status.
State and Federal Action
During the past decade, a $9 million nutrient abatement program for
Lake Apopka has been implemented and is nearly completed. An explanation
of this program is included in the draft document, but basically abatement
consists of three major actions:
1. An agricultural waste abatement program conducted by the
muck farmers at a cost to them of approximately $1 million;
2. A citrus processing waste abatement program at a cost to the
industry of about $3.5 million; and
3. A domestic waste abatement program for the City of Winter
Garden implemented by constructing a sewage treatment plant
at a total cost of nearly $4.5 million.
Although these actions have greatly reduced the nutrient input to
Lake Apopka, additional restoration efforts are necessary to obtain a
long-term improvement in the lake's water quality.
1
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In 1976, the Florida DER accepted responsibility for an EPA Clean
Lakes grant which had originally been awarded to the Florida Game and
Freshwater Fish Commission (FG&FWFC). This grant was used to fund
preliminary studies in the overall goal of restoring Lake Apopka.
Although many reports and studies had already been completed, and drawdown
appeared to be the most feasible restoration technique, noticeable gaps
in information still existed when DER undertook the project. The follow-
ing studies, therefore, were contracted by D.E.R.:
Frost/freeze study by the University of Florida;
Hydrological study by the U.S. Geological Survey;
Data updating by Bio-Engineering Services;
Study of the legal implications of drawdown by David
Gluckman; and
Limnological study of the.effects of drawdown by the
University of Florida.
In the spring of 1978, EPA and DER mutually agreed to prepare an
environmental impact statement. The EIS, therefore, was begun in
May 1978, and revisited the entire question of the most effective
method of restoring Lake Apopka. The alternatives considered included
no action, enhanced fluctuation, chemical sedimentation, dredging,
nutrient diversion, flushing, aeration, and drawdown. Of all these
alternatives, only dredging and drawdown would directly address the
problem of reducing nutrient releases from the highly flocculent muck
bottom to the water column. Retarding or reducing this release was and
still is considered essential to restoring Lake Apopka on a long-term
basis.
Several of the other alternatives, such as nutrient diversion and
enhanced fluctuation, were considered as secondary treatments, but
dredging and drawdown were definitely most effective. Further analysis
revealed that dredging would be prohibitively expensive for the 124
square kilometer (48 square mile) Lake Apopka. In addition, the disposal
of an estimated 222 million cubic meters of muck spoils would be an
overwhelming undertaking. Drawdown, on the other hand, has been imple-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2
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mented on other Florida lakes with varying degrees of success. Natural
and man-induced drawdowns resulted in more extensive littoral zone
vegetation, increased game fish populations, and improved lake bottom
conditions (FG&FWFC, 1978b). Although drawdown is not free of detrimental
side effects, the DEIS recommended it as the most feasible alternative
for the restoration of Lake Apopka.
The engineering firm of Ross, Saarinen, Bolton, and Wilder (RSB&W)
was contracted to perform the engineering design study for the proposed
drawdown. Numerous constraints were imposed on the design from the
beginning, most notably the requirement that the lake be at elevation
19.5 m (64 ft) msl during the winter months to provide frost/freeze
protection for adjacent citrus groves. Other constraints required the
protection of environmentally sensitive areas, minimal degradation of
downstream waters, and the provision of irrigation water to nearby muck
farms and citrus groves.
A detailed description of the preliminary drawdown design as
envisioned by RSB&W is contained in Appendix B of the DEIS. Adverse
impacts of the proposed drawdown were also discussed as well as measures
to mitigate such impacts. This analysis constitutes the most important
section of the DEIS. Final design of the proposed drawdown is included
in Appendix B of this document, and further recommendations are made as
to the optimal method of restoring the lake.
Citizen and Agency Concerns
During the early stages of the drawdown design and analysis of
environmental impacts, most citizens were highly in favor of the project.
A list of initial citizen concerns was identified by DER and local
officials, and these concerns were addressed both in the DEIS and in
RSB&W's engineering design. As the impact statement assessment and
engineering design continued, however, citizen support of the proposed
project began to waver.
3
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The vast majority of citizens still favor restoring Lake Apopka,
but many concerns have been raised over the side effects of the proposed
drawdown project. Downstream owners worry about their property being
flooded, lakeside residents are unsure of the effects of consolidation
on their property, and citrus grove owners fear that the decrease in the
amount of frost/freeze protection afforded by the lowered lake will be
significant.
Some state and local agencies have also raised questions about
several technical aspects of the proposed drastic drawdown. Specific
concerns relate to the quality of refill water, nutrient release rates
from decomposition of invading terrestrial vegetation, distribution and
spreading of unconsolidated bottom sediments, and successful establishment
of aquatic macrophytes upon refilling the lake. All of these issues
have been addressed to various degrees in the DEIS, but recent additional
information necessitates further analysis of the situation in this Final
EIS.
Finally, and possibly most importantly, the cost of implementing
the drawdown has increased substantially since the preliminary engineering
design phase. Because of problems with soil stability, changes in
irrigation systems, and other alterations in engineering facilities to
meet project constraints, the original $13.9 million cost estimate has
increased to $19.8 million. Thus, the cost effectiveness of the proposed
project has suffered a significant setback and must be re-examined in
light of this new situation.
Although it is realized that the cost of the proposed project will
continue to rise as further delays occur, the restoration should be
accomplished in the most cost effective manner possible, both environ-
mentally and economically. Further analysis, therefore, is warranted in
this situation so that a better understanding of the actual effects of
the project can be more accurately ascertained.
4
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SECTION 2
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Water Quality
Since preparation of the DEIS, DER has received water quality data
from the Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of
Florida (Brezonik et al, 1978; Tuschall et al, 1979). The University of
Florida was contracted by DER in March, 1977, to monitor the water
quality of the Oklawaha chain of lakes in order to obtain water quality
data prior to the proposed drawdown. These data will be used for com-
parative purposes during and subsequent to the proposed drawdown to
assess its effects on water quality. A summary of the results of this
monitoring program (see Table 2.1) are presented here to update the
DEIS.
An examination of the water quality data presented in the DEIS led
to the suggestion that the Oklawaha chain of lakes could be considered
in three groups. The data presented in Brezonik et al (1978) and
Tuschall et al (1979) confirm these groupings:
1. The Lake Harris, Little Lake Harris, and Lake Yale group
generally have better water quality than the other lakes in the basin.
This is probably because these lakes do not receive water from Lake
Apopka. Historical water quality comparisons could not be made between
the recent data and those that were obtained before 1977 because these
lakes were not investigated by Brezonik et al (1978) and Tuschall et al
(1979).
2. Lakes Griffin and Eustis form a second group with similar
water quality. They are the most distant group in the chain of lakes
receiving water from Lake Apopka and have better water quality than the
upstream lakesi Historical comparisons with data prior to 1977 suggest
that no substantial changes have occurred in 1977 and 1978. Dissolved
oxygen, total organic nitrogen, ammonia, inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus,
and chlorophyll-ja values were all within the ranges of values found
previous to 1977. In addition, water transparency was better and
5
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Table 2.1 Water Quality Data*
pH
Dissolved
Oxygen
,-1
Organic
Nitrogen
¦g 1
-1
NH--N
.V1
Inorganic
Nitrogen
.-1
Bg 1
Total P
.-1
mg 1
Ortho-P
.-1
mg 1
Chlorophyll-
,-1
ug 1
Lake Apopka
1973-1976
1973 S
1977 x
1978 x
7.2-9.5
9.22
8.87
8.41
6-12
9.5
10.9
11.5
2.7-5.7
3.2
3.4
4.7
.01-.24
.12
.04
.06
.01-.3
.26
.09
.11
.07-.3
.117
.221
.156
.01-.06
.022
.047
.039
18
47
33
51
Beauclalr
1973 x 9.15 10.2
1977 x 8.73 11.0
1978 x 8.56 12.0
3.68 .225 .098
3.4 .089 .33
4.3 .110 .12
.041 .020
.230 .058 70
.217 .034 150
Dora
1973 x 9.29 10.2
1977 x 8.69 10.2
1978 x 8.47 11.1
3.0 .112 .116
3.0 .135 .19
3.4 .120 .23
.095 .025 60
.160 .049 68
.110 .020 67
Eustls
1973 x 8.66 9.6
1977 x 8.62 10.1
1978 x 8.33 10.1
3.4 .112 .12
2.7 .044 .08
2.5 .076 .10
.112 .020
.133 .022 23
.075 .017 32
Griffin
1973 x 8.72 8.4
1977 x 8.51 9.7
1978 I 8.15 10.1
2.2 .144 .112
2.4 .038 .11
2.5 .06 .11
.184 .033 66
.143 .027
.092 .022 55
1. 1973 data froa STORET; 1977 data froa Brezonlk et al, 1978; 1978 data froa Tuschall et al, 1979.
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specific conductivity, turbidity, and total organic carbon were lower in
Lake Eustis and Lake Griffin than in upstream lakes.
3. Lakes Apopka, Beauclair, Carlton, and Dora exhibit the poorest
water quality of the lakes in the upper Oklawaha River Basin. Dissolved
oxygen levels are frequently supersaturated and pH levels often exceed
the upper standard of 8.5 for Class III waters. These conditions
result directly from excessive phytoplankton growth. Historical com-
parisons of recent data with pre-1977 data suggest that no significant
changes have occurred in dissolved oxygen, total organic nitrogen,
ammonia, inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus. Chlorophyll-^ concentra-
tions were also found to be within previous ranges for all of the lakes
except Lake Beauclair where a higher concentration was found in 1978
than in previous years. These lakes, as a group, are the most eutrophic
of the Oklawaha lakes and have the highest turbidity and specific conductivity
of any group of lakes.
Several trends in water quality were evident from the analysis of
the 1977-1978 annual mean parameter values. Total phosphorus, ortho-
phosphorus, and pH decreased in 1978 in all of the lakes. However,
total organic nitrogen increased in all the lakes except Lake Eustis.
In 1978, specific conductivity decreased in Lakes Apopka and Beauclair
but increased in the other lakes. Also, there was a slightly higher
concentration of chlorophyll-a in Lakes Apopka and Eustis and a signi-
ficantly greater chlorophyll-^ concentration in Lakes Beauclair and
Griffin. No concrete explanation can be given for these recent changes
in water quality parameters. Although it appears with respect to phos-
phorus that the lake system may be improving, a different conclusion may
be drawn from the nitrogen and chlorophyll data.
Bottom Conditions
Since preparation of the DEIS, DER has received data on the charac-
teristics of the muck associated with Lake Apopka and other Oklawaha
Lakes (Brezonik et al, 1978; Pollman and Brezonik, 1979). An under-
standing of the bottom conditions in these lakes is important in predicting
future trends in water quality and in assessing the impacts of the
7
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proposed restoration alternatives. The muck on the bottom
lakes can be described as loose and flocculent. It has a fair y
brown-black color and a relatively high water content. The muck covers
approximately 90% of the bottom of Lake Apopka to an average th
of 1.5 meters (5 feet). Only 5%'of the lake bottom is suitable for the
spawning of fish, the raising of fish food organisms, and the es
ment of aquatic macrophytes.
Brezonik et al (1978) investigated the characteristics of the muck
in the Oklawaha chain of lakes. The average water content of th
was high and ranged from 96% to 98% for all of the lakes except L
Griffin (92.8%). The average volatile solids content of the sediment,
which is an indication of the organic content of the sediment, ra g
from 55% to 63%. Lake Apopka sediments had the highest organic carbon
content, while Lake Griffin sediments had the lowest. For comparative
purposes, the volatile solids in sandy sediment are low and averag
about 0.3%.
Nutrients associated with the sediments and the interstitial water
in these lakes were also investigated by Brezonik et al (1978). The
mean total nitrogen content ranged from 21.1 to 27.2 mg/g dry weight
sediment (Table 2.2.). The mean total phosphorus content of the sediment
ranged between 0.53 and 1.45 mg/g dry weight sediment. Lake Dora sedi-
ments had the greatest amount of nitrogen and phosphorus; while Lake
Griffin sediments had the least. These sediment nitrogen and phosphorus
levels were high and are indicative of eutrophic conditions. The concentration
of nutrients present in the interstitial water and the levels of nutrients
leachable from the sediment are an estimate of the potential for nutrient
release from the sediment. Interstitial and leachable ammonia values
for Lake Apopka sediments (Table 2.3.) were similar to values obtained
in other studies on eutrophic lakes; however, the concentrations of
interstitial and leachable phosphorus were low and do not reflect the
hypereutrophic status of the lake.
The shallowness of Lake Apopka makes it important to consider the
effect of the sediment nutrient pool in the lake's nutrient budget.
8
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Table 2.2. Statistical Summary of Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Concentrations in Sediments of the Oklawaha Lakes.
TKN TOTAL P
Lake X S.D . X S .D.
Apopka 26.8 4.0 1.02 0.54
Beauclair 26.8 2.7 0.89 0.23
Dora 27.2 4.3 1.45 0.43
Eustis 26.9 4.6 0.93 0.40
Griffin 21.1 10.2 0.53 0.29
All concentrations in mg N or P/g (dry wt); X = average over
all dates and all stations in each lake; S.D. = standard
deviation over all dates and all stations in each lake.
2
Source: Brezonik et al, 1978.
Table 2.3. Average Values of Leachable and Exchangeable Ammonium and
Orthophosphate in Sediments of the Oklawaha Lakes.
LEACHABLE EXCHANGEABLE
NH^-N Ortho-P NH^-N Ortho-P
mg N/g-dry wt ug P/g-dry wt mg N/g-dry wt ug P/g-dry wt
Apopka 0.47 13.8 1.07 44.4
Beauclair 1.58 101.0 1.83 237.0
Dora1 0.40 36.6 0.50 84.0
Eustis 0.83 10.0 1.51 42.9
Griffin 0.61 11.5 0.87 44.7
^Includes one sand station.
^Source: Brezonik et al, 1978.
9
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Pollman and Brezonik (1979) investigated the exchange of nutrients
between the bottom and the overlying water in Lake Apopka. They found
two major mechanisms responsible for the exchange: diffusion and advection.
Diffusion of nutrients out of the sediment and interstitial water occurs
in response to concentration gradients. Using an equation developed by
Berner (1971), Pollman and Brezonik (1979) calculated the potential
diffusion of phosphorus to the overlying water to be 5.25 mg P/m -day.
Advective turbulent release represents another mechanism by which nutri-
ents are transported from the sediments to the overlying water. During
the passing of storms, the interface between muck and the overlying
water can be disturbed by wave action. This can lead to turbulent
release of nutrients in Lake Apopka. High winds associated with a
convective storm of September, 1978, brought about an immediate increase
in turbidity and inorganic nutrient concentrations in the lake (Figure
2.1). The concentration of phosphorus released during this storm was
estimated to be two times greater than the average annual mean phosphorus
concentration for Lake Apopka. Furthermore, a total of 38,000 Kg of
phosphorus are available for release by these two mechanisms. This
represents a large reservoir of nutrients available for continued algal
propagation in the lake.
Another characteristic of sediment important to the ecology of a
lake is the amount of oxygen required for decomposition of organic
matter in the sediment. High sediment oxygen demand can lead to anoxic
conditions in bottom lake waters, which may result in damaging fish
kills. Oxygen uptake by Lake Apopka sediments is primarily by bacterial
decomposition. However, the oxygen demand is relatively low (about 70
2
mg 02/m -hour) and suggests that much of the organic matter in Lake
Apopka is decomposed in the water column as a result of wind mixing and
resuspension. This supports Hargrave's (1973) views that during eutrophication,
decomposition at the sediment interface is progressively replaced by
decomposition and oxygen uptake in the water column.
The role of muck in Lake Apopka's future is of major concern. The
sediment is presently a net sink for nutrients; however, the frequent
wind-induced mixing and resuspension of the muck allows the release of
large amounts of nutrients. Even with the completion of the wastewater
10
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Figure 2.1.Turbidity, ammonium, and ortho-phosphate levels
in Lake Apopka over time during convective rain
storm on 23 September, 1978.
Source: Pollman & Brezonik, 1979
11
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abatement programs, this turbulent release of nutrients is likely to
continue for as long as the muck remains in a flocculent state. In
addition to algal bloom problems associated with nutrient release, the
mixing and suspension of the muck increases turbidity. This results in
the reduction of the amount of light reaching the bottom, which dis-
courages the growth of macrophytes. Macrophytes are also smothered by
the movement of the flocculent muck along the bottom of the lake.
12
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SECTION 3
ALTERNATIVES AND THEIR EFFECTS
No Action
The No Action alternative may be an inexpensive, simple means of
restoring Lake Apopka naturally. To determine the feasibility of this
alternative, the nutrient budgets and trends in water quality of Lake
Apopka and the downstream lakes were examined.
One of the contributing factors to the decline of Lake Apopka has
been the addition of nutrients to the lake by cultural (man-made)
sources. To help alleviate this problem, several nutrient abatement
programs are currently being implemented. The Winter Garden Citrus Co-
op has had an adequate waste treatment program for several years and
currently releases only cooling water and small amounts of condensation
by-products directly into the lake. The Winter Garden Advanced Waste-
water Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) will be fully operational in 1979,
entirely eliminating this source of nutrients to Lake Apopka. The muck
farms on the north shore of Lake Apopka contribute significant amounts
of nitrogen and phosphorus to Lake Apopka. The farms outside of Zellwood
Drainage District #2 are scheduled to have operational waste treatment
programs in 1979, which will reduce nutrient loadings by 65%. Inside
Zellwood Drainage District #2, the waste treatment program will be
complete by July, 1980. It will remove 50% of the suspended solids, 30%
of the nitrogen and 25% of the phosphorus formerly pumped to Lake
Apopka (see pages 39-45 the DEIS for more details).
Information on the input of nutrients to a lake is required before
predictions can be made concerning its future water quality. Three
nutrient budgets have been attempted for Lake Apopka. The former Florida
Department of Pollution Control (DPC) published such a budget in 1972.
However, compared to the subsequent budgets, nutrient values in the DPC
budget are extremely high and should not be considered reliable. In
1977, EPA published a report of the National Eutrophication Survey (NES)
13
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that included a nutrient budget for Lake Apopka, using data from 1971
and 1973 (Table 3.1). This budget revealed that the muck farms were the
major contributors of phosphorus (58%) followed by non-point sources
(16%) and the Winter Garden STP (12%). The nutrient budget listed the
non-point sources as the major contributor of nitrogen (45%) followed by
the muck farms (30%) and precipitation (17%). It should be noted, how-
ever, that the non-point source category in the NES nutrient budget also
includes contributions from tributaries draining the Winter Garden STP
and the muck farms.
TABLE 3.1. NUTRIENT BUDGETS FOR LAKE APOPKA
1. NITROGEN
National EutrophicAtion Survey Brezonik et al 1978
Kg
Kg %
rrecipNtafr i 7^730 -- 1596;38o 35i
Gourd Neck Springs ' n c
Lateral Inflow —
Septic Tank 2,920 1 "
Winter Garden STP 24,100 6 23,8/U o
Citrus Co-op 5,960 2 4,600 1
Muck Farms , 124,150 30 233,400 52
Other Non-point runoff^- 187,870 45
TOTAL 417,730 451,000
2. PHOSPHORUS
National Eutrophication Survey Brezonik et al 1978
Kg % Kg %
Precipitation 5,520 7 6,322 11
Gourd Neck Springs — 2,470 4
Lateral Inflow — 1,690 3
Septic Tank 80 1
Winter Garden STP 9,645 12 7,090 13
Citrus Co-op 5,395 7 1,300 2
Muck Farms . 45,870 58 36,886 66
Other Non-point runoff 12,300 16
TOTAL 78,810 55,750
*Includes Muck Farm and Winter Garden STP Tributaries and Runoff. Brezonik
et al (1978).
14
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Brezonik et al (1978) also developed a nutrient budget for Lake
Apopka using data collected in 1977 (Table 3.1.). They found the major
contributors of phosphorus to be the muck farms (66%) , the Winter
Garden STP (13/) and precipitation (11%). The major contributors of
nitrogen were the muck farms (52%), precipitation (35%) and the Winter
Garden STP (5/). If the non-point source category is excluded, then the
ranking of the contributors is the same for both the NES and the Brezonik
et al (1978) budget. To summarize, muck farms, the Winter Garden STP,
and precipitation are the principle sources of phosphorus, while muck
farms, precipitation, and the Winter Garden STP are the major contributors
of nitrogen.
Upon examination of the budgets, it becomes apparent that elimina-
tion of the cultural sources of nutrients should be a major objective in
any lake restoration program for Lake Apopka. The Winter Garden STP
contribution will be entirely eliminated in 1980. The muck farm contribution
will also be decreased significantly by 1980. The decrease in point
source loading should have a major effect on Lake Apopka. However,
internal nutrient loading from the lake sediments was not included in
either the NES or Brezonik et al (1978) budget. The flocculent muck has
high water, nutrient and organic matter content (see Section 2 - Bottom
Conditions for more detail). Even though the muck presently serves as a
net sink for nutrients, large amounts of nutrients are released whenever
wind action mixes the lake water and resuspends the sediment. Nutrients
also diffuse out of the sediment and affect water quality. A detailed
examination of Lake Apopka sediment structure and processes currently
underway at the University of Florida will increase the understanding of
these two phenomena. A more accurate estimate of the effects of nutrient
release on overall water quality will be possible when this research is
completed. This internal source of nutrients must be included in any
discussion of Lake Apopka's natural recovery.
Since some of the nutrient abatement programs are already in
effect, an examination of the trends in water quality in recent years
may be informative in evaluating the potential for Lake Apopka's natural
recovery (see Section 2 - Existing Water Quality for more detail). In
Lake Apopka, mean inorganic nitrogen and mean ammonia values have
15
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generally decreased from 1973-77, but have increased slightly since
1977. Mean phosphorus concentrations have also decreased since 1977.
The other parameters (dissolved oxygen, organic nitrogen, and chloro-
phyll-^) either increased or remained approximately the same since 1973.
While these trends do not indicate a significant improvement in Lake
Apopka s water quality, neither do they indicate an overall decline in
water quality since 1973.
In the downstream lakes, mean ammonia concentrations have decreased
since 1973 and phosphorus values have decreased since 1977. The other
parameters vary from lake to lake. Indications of improvement are more
difficult to see in the downstream lakes since there is a lag between
the water quality problems in Lake Apopka and their effects on these
lakes.
The restoration of Lake Apopka under the no-action alternative is
a long term proposal. Once pollution abatement has been completed, the
potential exists for improvement of lake water quality. The decrease in
xternal nutrient loading should be a major factor in limiting further
deterioration; however, it should be noted that internal loading will
remain a major source of nutrients. Wastes were first dumped into Lake
Apopka in the 1920 s. The lake's present condition is an accumulation
fifty years of abuse. Therefore, even with the implementation
of this extensive nutrient abatement program, recovery of a healthy lake
ecosystem could take decades at best.
The no action alternative Is inexpensive with no direct costs
beyond the current waste abatement program. However, economic and
aesthetic benefits normally associated with an unpolluted lake cannot be
realized while Apopka remains in a degraded condition. Commercial and
Pleasure fishing revenues will remain insignificant due to the small
populations of game fish, while recreational opportunities and aesthetic
pleasures will continue at their current extremely low levels.
Another important concern when considering the no-action alternative
effect on the lakes downstream from Lake Apopka. Since Lake
16
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Apopka is at the head of the Oklawaha chain of lakes, the quality of its
water has a direct effect on the quality of the water in the lakes
downstream. The water quality data from 1973 to 1978 do not indicate
any extreme deterioration of any of the lakes; in fact, many values
improved from 1973 to 1978. With completion of the nutrient abatement
program in mid-1980, water quality in the downstream lakes can be
expected to improve or at least be maintained at current levels for most
parameters. It should be noted, however, that downstream lake water
quality is not only affected by pollutant loading from Lake Apopka but
also by pollutant contributions from each of the individual lakes'
watersheds. Any improvement in the water quality of the downstream
lakes by the pollution abatement programs currently being implemented
for Lake Apopka could be negated by any increase in pollutant loading in
the individual lakes' watersheds. Therefore, land use practices which
accelerate the movement of potential pollutants into these lakes should
be discouraged in order to optimize benefits from the Lake Apopka pol-
lution abatement program.
Enhanced Fluctuation
The Oklawaha Chain of Lakes evolved under conditions of extreme
water surface fluctuation. Natural fluctuations in lake levels resulted
from variations in rainfall patterns, evapotranspiration, surface and
groundwater inflow and outflow and geological conditions. As man developed
the area, however, he altered this natural system of high and low water
levels to satisfy his needs and to protect property. These water level
stabilization efforts by the flood control districts and other agencies
have been a major contributing factor to the increasing degradation of
Florida lakes (Fox, Brezonik, and Keirn, 1977). Unregulated lakes have
withstood abuse better than regulated lakes. The organisms inhabiting
lake ecosystems in Florida have evolved under, and therefore are adapted
to, periodic and sometimes extreme fluctuations of water levels.
The importance of fluctuating lake levels is multi-faceted. During
the low flow period of the cycle, unconsolidated bottom sediments are
exposed to air and sunlight, which allows the sediments to oxidize, dry
out, and compact. If this cycle is repeated on a natural basis, uncon-
17
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ed flocculent sediments will not have a chance to accumulate and
accelerate the eutrophication process. Also, consolidated bottom
diments release fewer nutrients and suspended solids to the water
column, thereby retarding water quality degradation.
A consolidated lake bottom provides a suitable substrate for
desirable aquatic macrophytes, for game fish spawning, and
for a diverse assemblage of benthic invertebrates (Fox, Brezonik, and
Keirn, 1977; FG&FWFC, 1974b). Such a diversified, stable lake ecosystem
greater assimilative capacity for nutrients and pollutants than a
ake with few aquatic macrophytes (ECFRPC, 1972b). The low pool stage
fluctuation also allows light to penetrate to a greater
area of the lake bottom due to the shallower water. Aquatic plants can
established farther from the original shoreline, thereby
sing the lake s littoral zone. Studies by FG&FWFC personnel have
s own that "...the lakeward limit of perennial emergent plants is
historically low water elevations" (ECFRPC 1972b).
High stages of lak<= r,
-Level fluctuations occur during the period of
greatest rainfall. As i oi t
s volume of water increases, nutrients
uted and the lake experiences a flushing effect. When the lake
turning to a more normal or lower stage, many of these nutrients
are removed from the lake *
, " erefore, the greater the fluctuation of a
det m°re flUSh:Ln8 action wiH occur. This results in a shorter
detention time for the lak*> anA a
r decreases the opportunities for nutrients
to contribute to eutrophication.
entire ^ fluCtUation schedule of Lake Apopka and the
the lak w) a Chain' he lgnored the dynamic natural system under which
the lakes had evolved ^
led to undesirable ch' 23 ^ ^ "**** 1&V&1S h3S SinCS
1976x _ angeS ln the lakes? biological communities (SWFWMD,
—rud* ——- -
in littnr , sediments, nutrient enrichment due to a reduction
pip "T Ve8"atl
-------
A review of Lake Apopka's history indicates a trend toward reduced
fluctuation schedules. From 1942 to 1956, the lake varied in elevation
a total of 1.6 m (5.3 ft), from 19.5 to 21.1 m (64.0 to 69.3 ft) msl
(ECFRPC, 1972b). The surface elevation of Apopka is now maintained
between 20.3 and 20.6 m (66.5 and 67.5 ft) msl (SWFWMD, 1976), and the
lake would seem a likely candidate for enhanced fluctuation. The presently
allowed 0.3 m (1.0 ft) of fluctuation is insufficient to produce any
significant exposure of bottom sediments; no consolidation occurs and
the associated benefits of fluctuation cannot accrue.
The degree of fluctuation in Lake Apopka could easily be increased
since the sill depth of the tainter gates at the Apopka-Beauclair Canal
Lock and Dam is 19.2 m (63.0 ft) msl. A periodic drawdown to 19.2 m,
however, would expose only approximately 13% of Lake Apopka's bottom
(RSB&W, 1978). Although such exposure could result in some consolidation
of bottom sediments and expansion of the lake's littoral zone, these
benefits would likely be insignificant and temporary. The exposed muck
bottom must be at least 0.3 m (1.0 ft) above water level for significant
consolidation to occur (Crapps, RSB&W, personal communication). However,
even if the muck did consolidate and aquatic vegetation did expand when
the lake level increased, this new growth would be covered by the turbid,
phytoplankton-rich water. The resultant intense shading might adversely
affect much of the newly established vegetation in the littoral zone.
Where the Apopka—Beauclair Canal joins Lake Apopka, the design
altitude of the canal bottom is approximately 18.3 m (60.0 ft) msl
(RSB&W, 1978). Thus, it would be theoretically possible to gravity
drain the lake to 18.3 m, but this would require lowering the entire
downstream chain of lakes far below their average levels. This in turn
would entail modification and precise coordination of the various water
control structures and require an intensive public awareness campaign.
If the lake were drawn down to 18.3 m, 22% of the lake bottom would be
exposed. Although the long term benefits of this drawdown are not
quantifiable, substantial sediment consolidation and submerged macrophyte
establishment would probably occur. However, even if these fluctuations
were attempted in order to expose a segment of Lake Apopka's bottom, the
19
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time frame necessary for a successful schedule might be extensive. For
example, Anderson (1970) estimated that it would take more than seven
years to gravity drain Lake Apopka from 20.0 m (65.7 ft) to 18.9 m (62.0
ft) msl, without extensive downstream lake level modifications. Therefore,
this is not considered to be a feasible fluctuation alternative.
If pumps were used to enhance the drawdown to 18.9 m, the fluctuation
schedule would still require unreasonable periods of time due to the low
head differential between Lakes Apopka and Beauclair (unless Lake Beauclair
and other downstream lake levels were substantially lowered). In addition
to the necessity of dredging the Apopka-Beauclair Canal and installing
pump stations, the lake would have to be refilled before winter to
provide frost/freeze protection for the citrus groves. Assuming all
these conditions were met, and 22% of the lake bottom was exposed at
18.9 m msl, at least 9780 hectares (24,180 acres) of the lake would
still be covered with a deep layer of unconsolidated sediments. When
the lake was refilled, this material might be distributed over the
recently dried bottom, thereby negating the benefits of consolidation.
However, if Lake Apopka were allowed to undergo extreme fluctuation on
an annual or semi-annual basis, then substantial benefits would most
likely accrue.
Enhanced fluctuation has been increasingly recognized by State and
local agencies as an important natural function of Florida lakes. To
slow the eutrophication process of the Oklawaha Chain of Lakes, the
Southwest Florida Water Management District (SWFWMD) and the St. Johns
River Water Management District (SJRWMD) have worked on plans to enhance
the fluctuation of these lakes. The SJRWMD is now in charge of regulating
the lake stages and is evaluating the present operating levels. No
schedule changes have been proposed as yet, but a mathematical model to
simulate storm runoff in the Oklawaha Basin is being developed.
When the model is completed, it will be used as a tool to evaluate
current levels and recommend new regulatory stages (Winegardner, SJRWMD,
personal communication).
Many problems have been encountered in proposing new lake levels
for a greater fluctuation of the Oklawaha Chain of Lakes. Agricultural
20
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and urban development has occurred in the floodplains and shorelines of
the basin since the lake stabilization program was implemented. Such
cultural expansion makes it difficult to increase the fluctuation schedule
significantly without impinging upon these developments (ECFRPC, 1972b).
During low water elevations, the lakes are less accessible, and some
canals become non-navigable due to the shallower water. Thus, recreational
fishing and boating are adversely affected. When the lakes are at
maximum operating levels, many landowners fear that dikes will fail and
cause flooding of homes and important agricultural lands (VJinegardner,
personal communication). It is because of these constraints that the
current fluctuation schedule is so moderate in design. The lake's water
quality is not expected to improve under such a moderate fluctuation
schedule. However, any increase in fluctuation would be beneficial
(SWFWMD, 1976), even though improvement of the lake's degraded condition
may not be expected for many years.
Aeration
Aeration of a lake is the use of compressed air or pure oxygen or
mechanical pumping of air to increase the dissolved oxygen content of
the lake, especially of the bottom water (Fast, 1975). Many eutrophic
lakes experience semi—annual periods of oxygen depletion with microbial
decomposition of organic matter primarily responsible for this shortage
of oxygen. However, Lake Apopka is shallow and well-mixed by wind
action. Oxygen rich surface water constantly replaces oxygen—depleted
water near the bottom. In spite of tremendous amounts of decomposing
organic matter, no significant oxygen depletion has been documented in
Lake Apopka. From this standpoint, aeration of the lake would not be •
expected to significantly improve water quality or lead to the recovery
of any desirable species of plants or animals.
Bottom sediments may also be affected by aeration. Experimental
work tentatively suggests that release of compressed air at the water-
sediment interface of a lake may enhance the aerobic decomposition of
the organic sediments. However, this process is poorly understood, with
key questions remaining to be answered. Until these questions are
21
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investigated, the use of aeration to deal with problems associated with
flocculent sediments will remain a speculative possibility.
Since preparation of the DEIS, DER received a proposal from Clean-
Flo Laboratories, Inc., of Hopkins, Minnesota, to aerate and restore
Lake Apopka. A brief description of the proposal is presented here, for
more detail, see Appendix C. Two processes would be utilized in the
aeration proposal. Multiple inversion or mixing would be used to oxygenate
bottom water. Multiple inversion of Lake Apopka would require compressors,
Clean-Flo microporous ceramic diffusers and almost 1,000,000 m (3,000,000
ft) of tubing. In theory, the diffusers would be placed on the bottom
of Lake Apopka and would release bubbles which would rise to the surface
bringing bottom water with them to be oxygenated. The other process
would be to seed the bottom of Lake Apopka with "beneficial organic
sediment consuming micro-organisms". Over 100,000 liters of these
"sediment-consuming" bacteria would"be added to Lake Apopka in order to,
in theory, consume the flocculent muck and accelerate establishment of
the food web. The estimated cost of the project at 1978 prices is
$11,259,000 and the project would extend over ten (10) years.
The basic concepts in the Clean-Flo proposal are that aeration will
turbulently mix Lake Apopka and oxygenate the water and that this -
oxygenation along with the "sediment-consuming" bacteria will alleviate
some of the problems associated with the flocculent sediments. However,
the overriding premise in the Clean-Flo proposal is that Lake Apopka
requires aeration. Lake Apopka, due to its morphology, receives more
than adequate oxygenation through turbulent mixing by wind action.
Furthermore, the ability of the "mystery microbes" coupled with aeration
to alleviate sediment related water quality problems is still speculative.
Therefore, the Clean-Flo proposal was found not to be a cost effective
means of restoring Lake Apopka.
Dredging
The primary advantage of dredging as a lake restoration technique
is that it removes nutrient-rich sediments from the lake bottom, thereby
preventing nutrient recycling. Water quality is often improved due to
22
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this removal of a large nutrient source. Furthermore, dredging deepens
the lake, increasing the usable area of the lake for recreational purposes.
This deepening can also reduce wind and wave resuspension of the remaining
muck sediments, since wave induced turbulence decreases as lake depth
increases. Furthermore, if Lake Apopka were deeper, the increased lake
volume would be to the citrus growers' advantage by providing potentially
greater frost/freeze protection.
In northern lakes which are made deeper by dredging, the lake water
can become stratified with regard to water temperature. During the
summer when maximum phytoplankton growth occurs, nutrients from the
remaining sediments can be trapped in the cold water layer at the bottom,
thus limiting the amount of nutrients available for propagation of
phytoplankton blooms. However, this nutrient-restricting stratification
benefit does not occur in shallow, subtropical lakes, due to the relatively
limited temperature range of the water and the mixing caused by wind
action.
The disadvantages of dredging are numerous and in many instances
overshadow the benefits derived from this restoration technique. While
bottom sediments act as a source of nutrients, they also act as a nutrient
sink. A balanced equilibrium exists in lakes between the nutrients in
the sediments and the water column. Dredging may expose nutrient-poor
sediments which have a lower nutrient absorptive capacity, thus weakening
the ability of the lake to cope with new nutrient inputs (Sargent,
1976). However, Fox, Brezonik, and Keirn (1977) indicated that the muck
of Lake Apopka is saturated with nutrients and that any agitation releases,
rather than stores, phosphorus and nitrogen. Thus, while the newly
exposed bottom would cause no new problem, the process of.dredging could
release nutrients from the sediment through the agitation of the bottom
material, thus further degrading water quality in Lake Apopka and the
entire chain of lakes.
The agitation caused by the dredging process can adversely affect a
lake by making more nutrients available for phytoplankton growth. As
the phytoplankton increase in number, light transmission through the
23
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water is decreased. This could adversely affect littoral vegetation.
Furthermore, as the phytoplankton die, they sink to the lake bottom
adding to the accumulation of flocculent organic matter. The dredging
of lake bottoms also results in abnormally high turbidity levels in the
water column, further reducing light transmission and exerting a smothering
effect on aquatic plants and animals. This may be especially true for
Lake Apopka, since dredging such extensive deposits of muck would
require at least four to five years. A 1970 study at Seattle University
showed that this "suspension of the sediments can increase the oxygen
uptake rate by a factor of ten" (Dunst et al, 1974). This could cause
oxygen depletion and result in fish kills during the period of dredging.
In the process of removing the bottom material, benthic inverte-
brates would also be removed. Although Apopka currently has a limited
variety of bottom dwelling organisms, these animals serve as an important
food source for game fish. Long-term studies at the University of
Wisconsin Indicate that more than two years are required for re—estab-
lishment of the bottom fauna after dredging (Dunst et al, 1974). In a
similar manner, the dredging process would remove dormant seeds of
aquatic vegetation which are important for expansion of the littoral
zone in the restored lake. Thus, dredging would seriously delay the re-
establishment of a healthy and productive lake ecosystem. This delay
do&s not conform well with the project objective of providing aquatic
habitats capable of supporting substantial game fish and wildlife
populations.
It has been estimated that Lake Apopka contains 222,000,000 m3
(290,000,000 yd ) of flocculent organic material. To realize substantial
long-lasting benefits from the dredging alternative, a major portion of
this muck must be removed. Otherwise, the remaining material would be
distributed over the "restored" lake bottom, negating the potential
benefits in these areas. Various dredging methods are available to
remove the bottom sediments, but environmental damage and operational
costs are important considerations.
Using the dragline method to dredge Lake Apopka would cost approxi-
mately $127 million (FDPC, 1971; corrected to 1978 cost index from the
24
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U.S. Department of Commerce, 1978); however, this method would cause
extreme turbidity problems and environmental damage. The cost estimate
also does not include disposal costs for the muck that would be removed.
This is an important consideration in that the return waters from dredge
spoils are high in nutrient concentrations and, if not treated properly,
can cause further environmental damage (Dunst et al, 1974). Therefore,
this method of dredging is not environmentally acceptable at any cost
due to its potential for degrading Lake Apopka and the entire downstream
chain of lakes.
To ensure that water quality is not degraded to any great extent,
an airlift suction method of hydraulic dredging could be utilized at a
cost of approximately $3.90 - $4.50/m3 ($3.00-$3.50/yd3). At this unit
price it would cost $870 - $1,015 million to dredge all of Lake Apopka.
Again, this estimate does not include costs for disposal, handling,
transportation, and processing of the dredged spoils. Thus, the cost of
implementing dredging as the restoration technique for Lake Apopka
appears to be prohibitively expensive both economically and environ-
mentally .
Suggestions have been made to offset the high cost of dredging by
utilizing private capital to remove the muck and recycle it as a marketable
product. In theory, this recommendation has merit because it would
defray the cost of the restoration by using the private enterprise
system. Instead of the muck being discarded as a nuisance, it would be
processed and put to some beneficial use. However, certain problems
exist with this proposal which prohibit it from being implemented in the
near future.
The most logical use of the muck would seem to be spreading it on
the adjacent farms to the north of the lake. This seems especially
attractive since the poorly drained soils on which these farms are based
lose a layer of organic material each year due to oxidation. Unfor-
tunately, the muck dredged from the bottom of Lake Apopka is not equivalent
to soil used on the farms. The muck would have to be processed (spread
and dried while being continuously plowed so as not to consolidate)
25
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before it could be utilized. This process would be quite expensive and
most farmers are not willing to invest enough capital to make the dredging
and processing alternative financially feasible. Any attempt to place
dredged muck directly onto existing farm fields would ruin the present
irrigation systems.
Another proposal for utilizing Lake Apopka's bottom sediments
considered processing the muck to produce methane gas, which could be
sold as fuel. This commercial project is particularly desirable in
light of the present energy situation and would solve the problem of
where to discard the sediments. However, conversations with W. M.
Cauthen, of Florida Gas Corporation, indicated two major problem areas
with this proposal: (1) Additional technology is needed before this
gasification process is commercially feasible. Thus, it would be a
minimum of five years before dredging could begin. (2) In order to
reduce overhead, a company would only build facilities large enough to
process the available muck over a minimum 15-year period. Thus, dredg-
ing operations would last at least 15 years, probably longer.
Several other companies have expressed an interest in utilizing the
muck as a resource, but could not identify a market for a finished
product which would make the operation financially feasible. A California
based firm, Ventra-Vac, Inc., is considering dredging the muck and
processing it into a usable soil conditioner. The company utilizes a
method which combines removal of the muck with an in-line treatment
system to filter out sand and silt, oxidize out heavy metals, and treat
organic pollutants in a manner similar to sewage treatment. An air lift
suction dredge would be used to remove the bottom sediments and company
officials feel their process could meet the strict permitting standards
that would apply to any attempt at dredging Lake Apopka (Huntley,
Ventra-Vac, Inc., personal communication).
Financial consultants for the firm are presently analyzing samples
of the muck to determine a product that would offset the high costs of
dredging and processing, and still provide a margin for profit. If a
suitable market is identified, Ventra-Vac will then develop a detailed
26
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plan for dredging using a combination of equipment. Potential recycling
plans that have been considered include the following: (1) Process the
muck for horticultural uses. However, preliminary analyses show the
muck would not be fibrous enough to be competitive with current products.
(2) Blend the processed muck with organic matter from garbage to produce
a compost material. (3) Till the product into sandy ground on newly
developed residential lots to improve soil fertility. To date, this use
seems to have the best potential, but final market feasibility s.tudies
have not been completed.
Organic Recycling International, Inc., was also considering using
the Ventra-Vac technique to dredge Lake Apopka's bottom. Plans then
called for using an "annelidic conversion" method to process the muck
into a marketable product by culturing it with earthworms (Klauck,
President of ORI, Inc., personal communication). Worm castings produced
by this conversion method would then be used to enrich and improve soil.
(See Appendix C for more details). This "vermicomposting" process,
however, could require up to 200 years to treat Apopka's muck and is not
considered financially feasible. The original plan was submitted with
the idea of partially offseting the cost of a government financed dredging
operation.
Dredging is generally environmentally damaging to a lake ecosystem.
However, if extensive precautions were taken to minimize agitation of
the bottom sediments and provide adequate spoil disposal treatment
sites, private capital could be utilized to dredge, process, and market
Lake Apopka s muck. It should be stressed that these environmental pre-
cautions make this alternative extremely expensive. It is a commendable
idea to process the muck as a misplaced resource by supplementing our
energy supplies or producing a usable product; however, the technology
is not yet available to convert the muck into a marketable product.
Until such a product is identified which will generate enough revenue to
offset the high cost of dredging, disposal, handling, transportation,
and packaging, the dredging alternative cannot be considered an acceptable
restoration technique for Lake Apopka.
27
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Other Alternatives
During the EIS process, several alternative proposals for restoring
Lake Apopka were submitted to DER by interested individuals. The
technical staff of DER reviewed each of these proposals in detail and
communicated with the appropriate authors concerning specific problems
and constraints associated with each plan. Although these restoration
proposals were unsolicited and are sincere in their efforts to restore
the lake, none of the alternatives adequately addresses the problem of
bottom sediment stabilization. In addition, any restoration of a 124
square kilometer lake contains inherent design problems due to the sheer
magnitude of the project. These proposals, although preliminary in
design, could not adequately resolve many of these problems. For a
variety of reasons, therefore, none of these proposals was considered an
appropriate replacement for the proposed drawdown scheme. Appendix C
includes copies of all submitted proposals and correspondence related to
each.
28
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SECTION 4
DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED ALTERNATIVE
Selection
The Draft Environmental Impact Statement explained in detail why
drawdown was chosen as the recommended alternative for restoring Lake
Apopka. Of all the techniques examined, only dredging and drawdown were
capable of restricting the release of nutrients from the highly flocculent
bottom. Dredging has been reexamined in this document but is still
found to be prohibitively^expensive unless private capital can develop
a market for the muck. In light of this conclusion, drawdown is still
recommended as the most feasible restoration technique for Lake Apopka.
This section discusses changes in the drawdown design as proposed by
RSB&W, analyzes concerns raised over the project, and makes recommendations
for a more feasible implementation of the restoration plan.
It must be emphasized that nutrient abatement and enhanced fluctua-
tion remain important secondary restoration techniques to any proposed
alternative. Nutrient abatement around Lake Apopka has progressed con-
siderably and the completion of this program should be actively pursued.
Enhanced fluctuation of lake levels is also important to the recovery of
Lake Apopka because a return to a more natural system would prolong the
beneficial effects realized through restoration. A wider range of lake
level fluctuations simulates natural conditions and would provide bene-
ficial maintenance of the littoral zone. The SJRWMD is encouraged to
complete their analysis of the Oklawaha Chain and make new recommendations
based on a more natural hydroperiod. At the very least, the frequency
of Lake Apopka s fluctuation should be increased substantially.
Revised Engineering Design
Since the distribution of the Draft EIS, final engineering design
for the proposed drawdown of Lake Apopka has been conducted by RSB&W.
The preliminary design, as described in Appendix B of the Draft EIS, was
modified to reflect additional data gathered during the final design
29
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field work. The moat significant design changes resulted from a more
comprehensive understanding of the extremely poor soil conditions affecting
nearly every aspect of the project. These major changes are discussed
below, but the reader is encouraged to review the entire revised design
contained in Appendix B of this document for a better understanding of
the project.
The following list summarizes the most significant design revisions:
1. In-lake sedimentation basin. The shape of this basin was
elongated to approximately 1160 x 305 m (3800 x 1000 ft). This longer,
narrower design provides for a greater loading capacity and more efficient
removal of suspended sediments.
2. Pumping stations. Because of the poor soil conditions under-
lying the pumping stations along the Apopka-Beauclair Canal, cofferdams
had to be redesigned to provide an adequate foundation. Pumps are still
positioned on top of the cofferdams, but the drive units have been moved
to the side of the canal. Also, the cofferdams, which were originally
double sheeting filled with suitable material, are now of a cellular
design. This style is stronger and provides an extra measure of safety.
3. Dora Canal Bypass Pipeline. The 2.1 m (7 ft) diameter cor-
rugated metal pipe design now calls for a 1.1 cm (7/16 in.) thick steel
pipe with welded joints. Because of the high velocities and large
volumes of water the pipe will carry through Tavares, this change was
deemed necessary to provide maximum protection to the public. Welded
joints will maintain the pipeline*s Integrity, and the ductility of
steel pipe will mitigate settling effects caused by poor soils.
At the south end of the Dora Canal, poor soils and other problems
associated with a subaqueous crossing have enhanced the feasibility of
an aerial crossing. The pipeline will be routed over the canal with the
same vertical clearance as the railroad bridge. The route of the pipeline
has also been changed slightly to minimize any deleterious impact on the
cypress swamp which abuts the railroad easement.
30
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4. Dead River Cofferdam and Boat Lift. This cofferdam has been
changed from a double row of sheeting filled with suitable granular
material to a single row of steel sheet pile. Heavier weight sheet pile
sections, driven to greater depths than originally estimated, will
provide the required dam stability. The capacity of the Travel Crane
boat lift has been increased from 10 tons to 20 tons, and an extra fork
lift type boat lift will be used to more effectively handle the smaller
boat traffic. A removable section in the cofferdam has also been included
to permit passage of boats from Lake Harris to Lake Eustis during the
refill phase.
5. Lake Beauclalr restoration. The two cofferdams used during
this stage of the project have been changed from double sheeting with
fill to single row steel sheet pile.
6. Irrigation facilities. The Willow Dike plan for muck farm
irrigation has been replaced by a plan to irrigate through improved
interior canals. The previous plan was abandoned because reconstructing
parts of the Willow Dike would: (1) threaten the integrity of the
Farmers Dike, (2) damage existing vegetation along much of the north
shore of Lake Apopka, and (3) be severely complicated by the poor soil
conditions in the north shore area. Details of the revised design for
muck farm irrigation are contained in Appendix B.
7. Project cost. The preliminary engineering report estimated
the net cost of the drawdown at $13,925,310. Changes in project design,
as discussed above, have increased that cost estimate substantially.
Heavier sheet pile sections, revised cofferdam construction, modification
of irrigation systems, and additional dike protection, as well as the
engineering uncertainties outlined below, have resulted in a new net
cost estimate for a 1981 drawdown of $19,826,400.
Although the plan as envisioned by RSB&W represents the most
practical solution for restoring Lake Apopka to date, some problems
still have not been resolved. These concerns have been raised by three
major groups since distribution of the DEIS: (1) the engineers of
31
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RSB&W, through revision of the preliminary drawdown design, (2) concerned
individuals, and (3) government agencies. These questions and problems
are discussed below and should be more accurately understood before a
project of this magnitude is implemented.
Engineering Concerns
Preliminary engineering design work by RSB&W was completed in
August of 1978. The engineers concluded that all of the constraints
imposed on the project (DEIS, p. 116) had been satisfactorily resolved
and that the proposed drawdown was technically feasible. They also were
convinced that the project would consolidate or improve over 70% of the
lake bottom, that it could be implemented with minimal adverse environmental
impacts, and that the project design would adequately protect the interests
all affected parties. This included the muck farmers, citrus growers,
and downstream property owners.
As previously mentioned, however, final design work revealed a much
complex project than had originally been envisioned. The most
gnificant deterrent to successful completion of final design was the
fact that extremely unstable soils underlie nearly every construction
r the project. This finding necessitated revising the drawdown
sign, and the engineers were no longer as confident that the project
design would protect the interests of all affected parties. Therefore,
has recommended that further studies be conducted to determine the
effective method of resolving these engineering concerns.
three aspects of the drawdown design which require further
y 's are discussed below. These concerns are potential liabilities
which must be addressed to the satisfaction of any insurance company
would approve a bid bond or performance bond for the contractor
m charge of the project.
Dike protection, it is extremely important to protect the
more than 52 km (32 mi) of dikes (especially the Farmers Mke and thft
32
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Apopka-Beauclair Canal dikes) which would be affected in some way during
the course of the proposed project. The existing dikes were not designed
or constructed under any accepted engineering practices. Foundation
materials are weak soils, typically muck and calcareous clay. In the
past, sections of the dikes have failed and have been repaired with any
available materials, resulting in highly variable structures. When Lake
Apopka is drawn down, these dikes will be exposed and will consolidate
and crack to some extent. As the lake refills, the sheer forces exerted
on the dikes by the water could result in dike failure in some locations.
To prevent such failures, the dikes must be improved and strengthened.
However, because of the dynamic state of these dikes and the generally
poor structural properties of the soils used in their construction,
RSB&YJ cannot recommend "typical" improvement measures that would ensure
the integrity of all the dikes throughout the project.
To delineate specific areas of the dikes which must be improved,
the engineers have strongly recommended further geotechnical work.
Without this additional work, the proposed project cannot be considered
complete and ready for implementation. The best approach would be to
conduct extensive soil explorations of the dikes during the initial
construction phase of the project. The areas identified as needing
support could then be reinforced with steel sheeting or a soil stabili-
zation fabric. If necessary, inferior sections of the dikes could even
be removed and replaced with suitable granular fill. Further precautions
would be taken throughout the course of the project to monitor the
stability of the dikes and predict problems as early as possible to
institute improvement or repairs (See Appendix B). Nevertheless, the
Initial geotechnical work and soil exploration work must be implemented
prior to the project so that the dike failure liability concern can be
resolved to the satisfaction of all parties.
2. Shoreline consolidation. The engineers have also expressed
concern over the unknown effects of drawdown on upland soils surrounding
Lake Apopka. Approximately eighty-five to ninety structures are located
near enough to the lake to be potentially affected by the dewatering of
soils resulting from the proposed drawdown. Depending on the soil type,
33
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dewatering could cause significant consolidation and settling of shoreline
structures, with possible damage to walls, floors, and foundations.
Therefore, the engineers have recommended further geotechnical work and
soil sampling near these structures to resolve some of the unanswered
questions concerning shoreline consolidation.
This soil testing and analysis could be conducted during the initial
stages of construction, similar to the dike protection geotechnical
work. The results of these analyses would dictate where action must be
taken to prevent settlement damage. Such action would include the use
of fill, sheeting, and pilings to protect the structures. For those
structures which do not require preventative work, the engineers recommend
a monitoring system to determine any settlement of structures during the
drawdown. Should any of these structures show signs of settling, immediate
actions would be taken to minimize additional settling. Thus, uncertainties
about shoreline consolidation do exist, but further geotechnical work
can resolve many of these concerns.
3. Irrigation systems. Another important potential liability
associated with the project involves supplying adequate amounts of
irrigation water to the citrus groves and muck farms adjacent to Lake
Apopka. If these irrigation systems were designed incorrectly or for
some reason did not provide enough irrigation water at the correct time,
the citrus and vegetable crops could be damaged. To prevent such an
occurrance, RSB&W considered the demand for irrigation water at different
times of the year and conservatively estimated the area of agricultural
land affected by the proposed drawdown. However, the engineers now feel
that without more detailed information relating to citrus and muck farm
irrigation, the cost of supplying irrigation water could be very expensive.
The necessary information would be obtained through additional
studies, including monitoring the water table in citrus and muck farm
areas to better determine the relationship between drawdown and water
table decline. Such studies would increase the accuracy of determining
exactly which groves would be affected by the drawdown and to what
degree. Also, these studies would delineate more precisely when the
34
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grove, would need additional irrigation water and to what extent that
additional need is caused by the p-ped drawdown as opposed to natural
factors. Thus, a better understanding of water table reaction to draw-
down may reduce the risk and coat of irrigating agricultural lands
during the project and is strongly recommended by RSB&W.
Biological & Chemical Concema
Since preparation of the mis, several important Rations have
been raised concerning the effects of the proposed drawdown on the
biological, ecological and chemical integrity of Lake Apopka and the
Oklawaha Chain of Lakes. Since these nations relate to the proba-
bility of success of the project and the degree of
»ree 01 recovery of the lake
ecosystem, they should be answered satisfactory w
implemented. "«torily before any drawdo™ is
Water Quality
One of the most important concerns expressed ,-w «.v
to refill Lake Apopka would in essence be stored u 6
stored Lake Apopka water and
Mght reduce or negate the beneficial effects of . H I
the waters of Lake Beauclair and Dora are f drawdown' ^ addition,
than the water in Lake Apopka. Refilling I 8*Uerally poorer quality
——«•>» -—Jir: r~- -
certainly cause unwanted nutrients, algae ^ holddown will
remain in Lake Apopka upon completion of th SUSpended solids to
cne project.
Two major objectives of a Lake Apopka rest
water quality and to reestablish stands of aa °*ati°n t0 imProve
enhance nutrient assimilation and support fj.!!*! ° macrophytes to
condition of the refill water directly affects hly, °*8anisms* The
It is understood that the water quality of Lake I ! °bjectives-
some extent during refill, due to organic decompoluion^d"0"6" ^
o£ sediments by scouring. The important factor, however,
to wblch water quality will improve and a,uatic macrophytes wili expand
4jusr. refill. The refill water will be high ln numents ^ ^
This -HI '""It in poor water clarity (as measured by Secchi disc) and'
35
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could discourage restoration processes. Since the refill will begin
August and the water will be turbid and high in nutrients, algae gr
could be encouraged. It is possible, therefore, that these factors
could cause phytoplankton growth to outcompete macrophytes and delay
even preclude the establishment of these macrophytes, which are important
components of a healthy lake ecosystem. Thus, the blue-green algae,
which were to be suppressed by a drawdown, could possibly propagate at
the expense of desirable macrophytes.
Water used to refill Lake Apopka., however, will not be stored
Apopka water per se. During drawdown, Apopka water will flush the
downstream lakes, including Beauclair and Dora. Lakes Beauclair, Dora
and Eustis will be held at the lowest recommended levels to facilitate
drainage from Apopka and will be at their minimum levels when the down-
stream locks are closed at the end of drawdown. It is at this time that
the storage of refill water begins. Water used to refill Lake Apopka,
will come from the following sources:
1. Rainfall on Lake Apopka's exposed bottom and water surface;
2. Gourd Neck Springs; and
3. Water stored downstream: rainfall in downstream lakes;
water pumped from Apopka during the latter stages of drawdown
and holddown; and water stored in Lake Harris.
The hydrologist and engineers at RSB&W have estimated the contri-
butions of the various sources of refill water under design dry conditions,
average conditions, and design wet conditions (Table 4.1.). Using these
figures and knowing the water quality of the various sources, the quality
of refill water has been estimated (Table 4.2.). The proposed combination
of sources should provide refill water of equal or better quality than
that currently in Apopka. However, successful improvements in water
quality will depend on several project conditions including rainfall,
the extent of lake bottom consolidation, and the outcome of competition
between phytoplankton and aquatic macrophytes. As Tables 4.1. and 4.2.
illustrate, optimum conditions would occur under average rainfall condi-
tions, assuming considerable muck consolidation and successful establishment
36
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TABLE 4.1. SOURCES OF REFILL WATER AT 19.8 M MSL
Design Design Design
Dry Conditions Average__Conditions Wet Conditions
Source x - 1.96 sigma x x 4- 1.96 sigm«
Rainfall
Spring Flow
Runoff 1% 28% 45%
Lake Eustis
Lake Dora
Lake Beauclair 66% to 77% 48% to 56% 55%
Lake Harris
Little Lake Harris 22% to 33% 16% to 24% 0%
TABLE 4.2. ESTIMATED WATER QUALITY UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS1'2
Apopka Refill water Refill water Refill water
Annual mean Dry year Average year Wet year
1977 x - 1.96 sigma x x + 1.96 sigma
Ortho-P °-047 0.025 0.028 0.065
mg/1
Total-P 0.221 0.109 0.095 0.106
mg/1
Inorg-N 0.095 0.116 0.191 0.249
mg/l
Chl-»3
mg/1"
33 35 26 22
1 gcurce: Data for Lakes Apopka, Beauclair, Dora and Eustis and for rainfall
taken from Brezonik et al, 1978; data for Lake Harris from ST0RET.
2 por the purpose of these calculations it was assumed that:
n v quality of water from Gourd Neck Springs equals that of rainfall;
Chl-.a levels of Lake Harris equal those of Lake Eustis;
Under each of the three refill conditions, Lakes Beauclair, Dora,
d Eustis contribute water in proportion to their volume (7100, 41,700
a"d 79»800 acre feetJ or ,06» *32 and ,62» respectively).
37
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of a littoral zone. The actual improvement in water quality is not
quantifiable at this time and can only be calculated through scientific
conjecture based on sources of refill and present water quality. Further
testing is necessary to specifically document expected changes in water
quality.
Terrestrial Vegetation
During the drawdown of Lake Apopka, terrestrial weeds will invade
the newly exposed lake bottom. This growth may lead to shading of the
sediment, which could reduce or retard drying, although this effect may
be counterbalanced by transpiration. These weeds will take up nutrients
from the sediments and will stabilize the consolidating bottom. Thus,
the weeds will be beneficial for the restoration of Lake Apopka. A
potential problem exists, however, if the weeds remain in the lake upon
refill. Many plants would be expected to die, releasing nutrients and
decaying organic matter into the water, and depositing unconsolidated
organic material over the recently dried lake bottom. Other plants may
be uprooted, bringing sediment to the surface. Also, these floating
mats of dead plants will be blown toward the shoreline and may inhibit
growth of some new submergent vegetation due to shading.
As explained in the DEIS, terrestrial weed removal is very expensive
under the conditions expected during the Lake Apopka restoration. It
has been estimated that with current harvesting techniques it would cost
in excess of $10,000,000 to remove the invading weeds (RSB&W, personal
communication). In addition to its expense, harvesting the terrestrial
vegetation could damage the crust of the newly consolidated lake bottom
(for more detail, see page 142 - DEIS).
The productivity and nutrient content of the invading vegetation
have been estimated in order to gain a better idea of the potential
effect of these weeds. It is expected that the primary types of vegetation
invading Lake Apopka's exposed bottom will be similar to the macrophytes
which invaded Lake Carlton during its 1977-78 drawdown (viz., Typha
(cattails), Salix (willow), and Ludwigia (primrose willow) (Florida Game
and Fresh Water Fish Commission, 1978a). Freshwater emergent macrophytes
38
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(e.g., cattails) and semi-tropical vegetation (e.g., willows) have
2
production rates from 2 to 14 g dry weight/m /d (Florida Game and
Fresh Water Fish Commission, 1978a; Davis and Harris, 1978). Calcu-
lations of total biomass of the invading vegetation are based on the
estimated productivity value of 8 g dry weight/m /d, and the area of
exposed lake bottom available for macrophyte propagation at any given
time during the drawdown. Results of these calculations indicate that
approximately 100 million kg dry weight of vegetation will grow in
Lake Apopka (see Table 4.3.).
TABLE 4.3 PRODUCTIVITY OF VEGETATION
EXPECTED TO INVADE LAKE APOPKA DURING DRAWDOWN
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
m Exposed
18.6 million
74.4 million
105.4 million
105.4 million
74.4 million
24.8 million
18.6 million
g/m2/d d.
8 30
&
4.46 billion
17.85 billion
25.30 billion
25.30 billion
17.85 billion
5.95 billion
4.46 billion
101.17 billion
Typha can grow in water up to 8 ft in depth, while Salix and
Ludwigia usually inhabit areas where water depth is less than one foot.
Only a small portion of the lake will be less than 1 foot deep upon
completion of refill, resulting in the death of most of the invading
Salix and Ludwigia. However, most of the Typha is expected to survive
refill due to its tolerance of the maximum refill water levels. A 75
percent die-off represents a liberal estimate of the amount of invading
vegetation expected to die during refill. This represents about 76
million kg dry weight of vegetation. The average phosphorus content of
Typha and other emergent vegetation is approximately 0.07 percent dry
39
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weight (Wetzel, 1978). Therefore, the potential phosphorus content of
affected vegetation represents 53,000 kg P.
Macrophyte decomposition follows logarithmic decay where initial
nutrient release rates are more rapid than during later stages of
decomposition. Therefore, after refill, approximately half of the
invading terrestial vegetation phosphorus could be released into Lake
Apopka by the end of one year. This is on the same order of magnitude
as the phosphorus currently present in the readily available interstitial
water of the sediments (28,000 kg P) (Brezonik et al, 1978). The nutrient
release from invading macrophytes should be a temporary problem having
significant effects only during the first year following refill. The
long-term effects of terrestrial weed decomposition on water quality are
not known. If the nutrients from the decaying weeds recycle after the
lake is refilled, then the potential benefits of the drawdown restoration
may be jeopardized. However, the expected weed problems, in themselves,
are not expected to out-weigh the anticipated benefits of the proposed
lake drawdown. In conclusion, although the quantity of terrestrial weed
biomass can be estimated, the effect of this decaying material in combi-
nation with the other drawdown impacts is not known. More specific
studies or analyses of actual drawdowns are necessary to provide a more
complete understanding of the total effects of this decomposition.
Sediment Consolidation and Nutrient Release
Concern has been voiced that consolidation of Lake Apopka sediments
would not inhibit the release of nutrients into the water column following
refill. The potential for nutrient release from Lake Apopka sediment is
of critical interest in evaluating the likelihood of water quality
improvements resulting from the control of external nutrient sources and
from a lake drawdown. The most comprehensive nutrient budget for Lake
Apopka documents that the lake's sediments are presently a net sink for
nutrients (Brezonik et al, 1978). However, once the abatement of external
nutrient sources is finalized, the total influx of nutrients to Lake
Apopka will be substantially reduced and nutrient sedimentation will be
slower. Although the net flux of nutrients is into the sediments, a
tremendous amount of phosphorus (28,000 kg P) can readily be recycled
40
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into the water column and represents a major source of phosphorus for
phytoplankton propagation (Brezonik et al, 1978).
The mechanisms controlling sediment-water column nutrient cycling
in shallow aquatic environments are primarily advective and diffusive
processes. Currently, wind induced advective mixing of the flocculent
sediments is the primary process responsible for sediment-nutrient
recycling in Lake Apopka (see Section 2). Consolidation of sediments,
resulting from lake drawdown, is expected to alter recycling of nutrients,
from the sediments. The advective wind mixing process will be replaced
by the slower diffusive mechanisms, which should substantially reduce
sediment-water column nutrient recycling.
Pollman and Brezonik (1979) have examined fluxes of nutrients from
consolidated and unconsolidated Lake Apopka sediments. Since the
diffusional flux varies with porosity (Manheim, 1970), it follows that
the compaction and consolidation of Lake Apopka sediments resulting from
drawdown will produce a subsequent decline in diffusion. A 30% decline
in the diffusion of phosphorus was calculated for post-drawdown conditions
of consolidation of surficial sediments (Pollman and Brezonik, 1979).
In summary, the drawdown and accompanying sediment drying and consolidation
are expected to reduce both the diffusional and advectional nutrient
fluxes.
The proposed drawdown will expose approximately 85% of the lake
bottom. However, since the water must be drained to 0.3 m below the
muck for significant consolidation to occur, some 30% of the bottom will
remain unconsolidated. In addition, some muck will undoubtedly erode
from the gentle slopes of the lake bottom to the deep unconsolidated
holes during drawdown and holddown. Upon refill of the lake, the
unconsolidated muck will be in deeper regions of the lake. While the
water depth of these deep areas does not preclude the possibility of
muck resuspension and interstitial nutrient releases, the frequency of
wind induced sediment resuspension will be less following consolidation.
However, muck redistribution from the deeper regions of the lake is a
major concern because it could eventually blanket extensive areas of the
41
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TABLE 4.4. LAKE APOPKA WATER QUALITY FOR DRAWDOWN STAGE ELEVATIONS1
¦p*
to
Lake Stage
Ft (MSL)
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
Suspended Solids
(MG/L)
50-100
75-125
100-150
1300-4000
3000-6000
60004-
60004-
6000+
Turbidlty
(NTU)
10-12
10-30
15-100
260-700
600-2200+
1500-2200+
2200+
2200+
No. of Days of
Flow
26
24
22
20
20
12
Projected Influent
Water Quality
Surface Water
Surface and Mid-
Depth Water
Mid-Depth Water
Mid-Depth and/or Floe
Water 15:1 to 3:1 Water
to Muck Ratio
Floe Water 7:1 to 1:1
water to Muck Ratio
Floe Water/Muck Layer
5:1 to 1:1 Water to
Muck Ratio
Muck Layer
1:1 Water to Muck Ratio
Muck Layer
1:1 Water to Muck Ratio
58 6000+- 2200+ 2
1 Source: RSB&W, 1978
Muck Layer
1:1 Water to Muck Ratio
-------
consolidated bottom. Potential nutrient release from this redistributed
muck could be large, quite possibly on the same order as that released
from pre-drawdown muck. The establishment of a macrophyte (Typha)
community around the deep holes may mitigate the effects of wind action
on the redistribution of the deephole muck. However, if muck redistri-
bution does occur, the probability of long-term success of the drawdown
will be substantially reduced.
Concern has also been expressed over the possibility of degrading
the water quality of the lakes downstream of Apopka. As Lake Apopka is
drawn down, the decrease in water depth will allow the sediment to be
more easily resuspended. This will tend to release nutrients and
sediments to be transported downstream (Table 4.4.). However, one of
the design constraints of the project was to minimize both nutrient and
sediment transport. An in-lake sedimentation basin will be used to
alleviate downstream effects during drawdown. This basin has been
designed to handle 3:1 surface water to muck ratio such that nutrients
and sediments would be efficiently removed (Table 4.5.). After sedi-
mentation, water released downstream would have nutrient concentrations
similar to those currently being reported downstream. An adjustable
weir will minimize sediment carry over. However, any sediment that is
pumped out of Lake Apopka will settle out in Lake Beauclair. The
subsequent drawdown of Lake Beauclair which is included as part of the
proposed project, will consolidate these sediments. Although such an
event is not expected to occur, should effluent from Lake Beauclair
become unacceptable, pumping will cease until acceptable levels are
attained. In addition, there could be a pulse sediment discharge
downstream during a period of severely inclement weather. In such a
case there may be an initial increase in nutrient and sediment levels
followed by a return to pre-discharge condition. Nevertheless, the
impact of this low level suspended sediment should be minimal.
During the drawdown of Lake Apopka, there will be an increased
transport of Lake Apopka water downstream. The impact of this increased
transport on downstream lakes is difficult to evaluate since all of the
lakes are considered eutrophic, and since Lake Beauclair and Lake Dora
43
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have poorer water quality than Lake Apopka (Brezonik et al, 1978). In
any event, since the effects of Lake Apopka discharges are currently
felt in all of the downstream lakes, the water quality of downstream
lakes is not likely to improve until Lake Apopka improves.
TABLE 4.5. ESTIMATED REMOVAL EFFICIENCY1
Percent
Parameter Influent Effluent Removal
Turbidity (NTU)
3:1 water to muck ratio 260-700 25-55 90-92
3:1 water to muck ratio 600-2200 25-73 96-97
Suspended Solids (mg/1)
3:1 water to muck ratio 1300-4000 20-60 98
TKN (mg/1)
3:1 water to muck ratio 329 17.5 95
3:1 water to muck ratio 372 14.2 96
with 985N @ 2 mg/1
Total Phosphorus (mg/1)
3:1 water to muck ratio 12.8 0.80 94
3:1 water to muck ratio 12.7 0.53 96
with 985N @ 2 mg/1
"'"Source: RSB&W, 1978
Littoral Zone Expansion and Game Fish Propagation.
The reestablishment of rooted aquatic macrophytes would be of
great benefit to Lake Apopka. These plants would compete with phyto-
plankton for nutrients and provide forage and cover for gamefish.
Concern has been expressed that the water in Lake Apopka after the
proposed drawdown would not be sufficiently clear for reestablishment of
the rooted aquatic macrophytes. However, submerged macrophyte establishment
has occurred in past Elorida drawdowns. Macrophytes became established
in Lake Carlton even though it was refilled with turbid, nutrient-rich
Lake Beauclair water (Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission,
44
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1978a). The area of rooted macrophytes in Lake Tohopekaliga increased
16% after drawdown and refill. However, Lake Tohopekaliga, prior to its
drawdown, had a littoral zone of approximately 3642 hectares (9000
acres) (Holcomb and Wegener, 1974). The extent of littoral zone presently
established in Lake Apopka is insignificant (9.9 hectares). Therefore,
the extent to which Lake Apopka's much smaller littoral zone will expand
is another of the unquantified biological effects of the proposed project.
The drawdown of Lake Apopka will compact and consolidate a large
percentage of the lake's bottom sediments. Thus, less flocculent
material will be available for resuspension. In addition, refill water
for Lake Apopka is expected to be of equal or better quality than the
present Lake Apopka water. This, along with the reduction in nutrients
from consolidation, should lead to improved clarity. Therefore, the
firmer bottom presented by the consolidated sediment should aid in re-
establishment of rooted aquatic macrophytes. Aspects of the drawdown
which could adversely affect the growth of these plants are the possible
redistribution of the remaining unconsolidated muck and the decaying
terrestrial vegetation which will provide nutrients for phytoplankton
and some floating mats of vegetation. This undesirable plant life may
shade new rooted aquatic macrophyte growth. Thus, although the area of
aquatic macrophytes is expected to expand, the extent of such expansion
on Lake Apopka is not known.
The drawdown of Lake Apopka and subsequent improvement of water
quality and rooted macrophyte productivity should bring about an increase
in the lake's game fish population. The rooted macrophytes will provide
more forage and cover and the consolidated sediments will provide
spawning grounds for game fish and substrate for a greater population of
fish food organisms. All other Florida lakes subjected to drawdowns
have shown dramatic increases in game fish populations. A resurgence
and strong reproduction of gamefish occurred in Lake Griffin following
its drawdown in 1973. Gamefish in Lake Trafford increased from 20% to
76% of the total catch five years after a partial drawdown. The annual
large-mouth bass catch in Lake Tohopekaliga increased from 16,159 in
1970, before an artificial drawdown, to 61,523 in 1975 (FG&FWFC, 1978b).
45
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The extent of gamefish increases in Lake Apopka will depend on the
improvement in water quality, but populations should certainly stabilize
at levels higher than those currently existing in Lake Apopka.
In summary, legitimate concerns have been expressed over the bio-
logical impacts of the proposed Lake Apopka drawdown restoration.
Although other Florida lakes have experienced successful drawdowns and
beneficial results, none of these lakes was as degraded as Lake Apopka.
Thus, this project is unique. The quantity of water to be pumped, the
extent of unconsolidated muck, and the restrictive time schedule make
predictions for all these impacts quite difficult. Due to a lack of
pertinent data and the high cost of implementing the proposed drawdown,
the above mentioned concerns warrant a reassessment of the recommended
restoration alternative.
Revised Recommendation
Drawdown is still the most feasible method of addressing the
internal nutrient recycling problem in Lake Apopka. The internal
nutrient loading from the sediments will be greatly reduced through
compaction and consolidation of the muck. The resulting increased water
clarity would allow development of a vegetated littoral zone and improved
game fisheries. Drawdown is much less expensive than dredging and has
been shown to be at least partially successful in many Florida lakes.
Lake Tohopekaliga, Lake Jackson, Merritt's Mill Fond, Lake Trafford,
Lake Eola and Lake Griffin saw improved game fish populations after
drawdowns. Furthermore, water clarity and littoral vegetation increased
in Lake Tohopekaliga, Lake Trafford, Lake Hancock and Lake Griffin.
Although drawdown has been shown to be a valuable tool in lake
restoration efforts, the previously mentioned technical problems still
exist in the proposed Lake Apopka drawdown restoration. Potential
engineering problems such as dike failure, shoreline consolidation, and
irrigation system design, as well as biological-chemical problems
associated with refill water, terrestrial weeds, nutrient release from
46
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consolidated sediments, redistribution of unconsolidated muck, nutrient-
sediment release downstream, reestablishment of aquatic macrophytes and
long-term changes in fish populations have not been adequately addressed.
Discussion concerning these problems is still largely conjectural.
There would be benefits gained from the proposed drawdown, but the
extent and longevity of the benefits can only be estimated based on
numerous assumptions.
Since the probability and degree of success of the $19.8 million
Lake Apopka drawdown are unknown, the project cannot be considered cost
effective. Benefits from the proposed drawdown have been estimated
based on previous drawdown 'results. However, the biological and chemical
impacts of the project are atill not totally understood, and it is
virtually impossible to state when returns from the drawdown would
surpass total expenditures. Therefore, the recommendation is made to
phase the restoration program using short-and long-term plans. The
short-term plan includes continued monitoring of water quality in Lake
Apopka and downstream lakes, and implementation of a test drawdown of a
smaller lake having similar characteristics to Lake Apopka. The long-
term plan includes continued exnloraUnn ^
exploration of restoration alternatives and
methods which address the internal mif-r-for,*- i
xucemaj. nutrient loading problem. The draw-
down alternative will also be ourmipH f
pursued further, contingent upon the
results of the recommended studies.
Short-Term Plan: Monitoring
Monitoring of the water quality in Lake Apopka and in downstream
lakes should continue even though no direct action is being taken to
restore Lake Apopka at the present tine. The water quality in the
downstream lakes is apparently not degrading at this time (see Section
2), but monitoring would provide specific documentation of any water
quality trends. The waste abatement programs for Lake Apopka are scheduled
for completion In 1980. The effects of these programs and predictions
for natural recovery of the lake should be examined before an expensive
restoration project is implemented. Thus, monitoring would document the
present condition of the lake, while technical problems associated with
drawdown are examined in greater depth.
47
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The parameters to be monitored would be essentially the same as
those monitored by Brezonik et al (1978) and Tuschall et al (1979).
Monitoring of the following parameters is required by EPA when using
federal funds for lake restoration: nitrate-nitrogen; nitrite-nitrogen;
ammonia-nitrogen; Kjeldahl-nitrogen; organic nitrogen; ortho-phosphate;
total phosphate; temperature; Secchi disc (water transparency); dissolved
oxygen; chlorophyll-^; pH; and alkalinity. The following important
water quality parameters should be measured also: turbidity; specific
conductivity; dissolved silica; total organic carbon, dissolved organic
carbon, and dissolved inorganic carbon; benthic invertebrates; zoo-
plankton; phytoplankton; phaeophytin; and primary productivity. The
cost for twelve months of sampling, based on a current DER contract with
the University of Florida for monitoring Lake Apopka, is approximately
$50,000.
Short-Term Plan: Test Drawdown
In addition to monitoring Lake Apopka and downstream lakes, it is
proposed that a test drawdown be implemented on a smaller lake with
characteristics similar to Lake Apopka. This small scale drawdown would
permit observation of the specific biological impacts of drawdown and
would provide opportunities for intensive studying of problems facing
the Lake Apopka drawdown, but at a much lower cost. A more accurate
estimate of the probability of success of the proposed drawdown could be
made with the information gained from such a test drawdown. This would
permit a more reliable decision to be reached concerning actual imple-
mentation of the proposed project.
Names of potential test drawdown lakes were solicited from the
Directors of the Pollution Control Boards in Lake and Orange Counties.
Five of these lakes were examined by DER limnologists. Lake Mare Prairie
in Orange County was found to most resemble Lake Apopka biologically,
physically (muck conditions), and in water quality characteristics.
Lake Mare Prairie is a 52 hectare (129 acre) lake in southeast Orange
County, just north of the Orlando International Jetport. The lake has a
surface elevation of 26 m (84 ft) msl, and an average Secchi disc reading
of 0.3 m (1.0 ft), with an outflow to Boggy Creek. As a result of
48
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receiving storm drainage from approximately 21 km2 (8 mi2) of pasture
land, the lake has become hypertrophic. The primary source of enrich-
ment has been a dairyfarm (pasture, feedlot and making parlor) which
discharged directly into a canal discharging into the lake. Haste
abatement procedures have been implemented for Lake Mare Prairie. Legal
enforcement to halt and correct runoff from the sizable dairy acreage
located to the north of the lake, was initiated in March 1973 Cor- '
rective measures to retain all runoff were initiated in October 1973 and
completed in June 1974.
Like Lake Apopka, Lake Marp ,
' are Prairie currently experiences a continuous
algal bloom. Chlorophyll measurements are usually 100 mg/m3 with algal
counts in excess of 50,000 algae/ ml. Numerous fish kills have been
documented since 1970. Until recentlv t-v,„
Centiy' the Primary cause of these fish
kills was assumed to be oxygen n .
depletion resulting from the continuous
algal blooms. However, earlv 1977
, 7 ¦Lnvestigations have shown that fish
Dathosens (Aeromonas. sd.I a to -.•„
1 re, m part, a contributing factor (Orange
County Pollution Control Department Derem=i
menu, personal communication). More
detailed water quality data (1967-1977^ 3r-Q .,
. available from the Orange
County Pollution Control Department.
The following construction activities wo„1H k
would be required to facili-
tate a test drawdown of Lake Mare Prairie-
1. Bypassing the water control structure in, * ^
cture located on the Boggy
Creek outflow to allow for a erav^v a
a gravity drawdown to a signi-
ficantly lower surface elevation;
2. Dredging of channels connecting thp t-TT^ u
"ng trie two basins of the lake
to the outflow area; and
3. Installing facilities for a pump to be used during the latter
stages of drawdown.
Several unanswered problems associated with lake drawdowns can be
examined during this test drawdown. It is proposed that the following
aspects be specifically addressed;
49
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1. Degree and longevity of sediment consolidation;
2. Muck redistribution from unconsolidated areas of the lake
bottom after refill;
3. Invasion of terrestrial vegetation on exposed lake bottom,
including: succession, quantity, survival rate after refill,
nutrient release from decomposition, and muck formation by
decomposing vegetation;
4. Establishment of aquatic macrophytes after a successful
restoration, including: succession, quantity, possible aquatic
weed problems (hydrilla, hyacinths), effect on water quality,
and effect on phytoplankton population;
5. Changes in fish populations, including: succession, quantity,
breeding, and economic benefits (long-term); and
6. Effect of refill water on water quality, including: phyto-
plankton levels, nutrient levels, and clarity.
The cost of a test drawdown of Lake Mare Prairie, including the -
proposed drawdown studies, is substantially less than the full scale
Lake Apopka drawdown. A rough estimate of the construction costs comes
to $20,000: $5,000 to bypass the water control structure; $10,000 for
dredging; and $5,000 for pump facilities. The related studies should
cost approximately $50,000, bringing the total cost of a test drawdown
of Lake Mare Prairie to $70,000.
This short-term plan for water quality monitoring and a test drawdown
should answer many of the questions concerning the long-term success of
the Lake Apopka drawdown. This plan also appears to be the most cost-
effective lake management program at this time. Once this plan has been
implemented, an assessment of the future restoration potential of Lake
Apopka will become more feasible.
Long-Term Plan: Positive Test Results
The long-term phase of the recommended alternative will involve the
actual implementation of a restoration project for Lake Apopka. At
present, the lack of data concerning the effects of a nine month drawdown/
holddown/refill schedule makes it difficult to access the beneficial and
50
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adverse results of the project. Estimates and predictions have been
made, but these conjectures may not be reliable enough to justify a
i?19.8 million project. Therefore, the eventual restoration technique
for Lake Apopka will depend upon the findings of the test drawdown and
related studies recommended for the short—term restoration phase.
When these additional studies are completed, there should be a much
larger data base for the specific biological and physical effects of
drawdown on a lake with Apopka's muck and water quality characteristics.
The test results will indicate either that drawdown is a feasible restora-
tion technique for Lake Apopka, or that it is not practical. Additional
restoration plans will be formulated around this conclusion.
If recommended studies indicate that drawdown has a high probability
initiating recovery of the lake and the resulting benefits are expected
to be significant and long-lasting, it is recommended that the proposed
drawdown be implemented. However, this decision should consider not
only expected revenues from recreationists, fish camps and related
businesses, but the aesthetic importance and intrinsic values of a
restored lake as well. The significance of such a precedent setting
action to the future management of other natural resources is also an
important consideration. Thus, even if the dollar benefits generated by
the restored lake were not to equal total project costs, the restoration
might still be considered cost-effective
Assuming the drawdown proiect i <5
H Jecc ls approved, several courses of
action become possible. First, thp j
' cne extreme drawdown as proposed by
RSB&W could be implemented. The predicted effects of this project were
addressed in the DEIS; however, certain adverse impacts of this design,
such as possible dike failure, are significant and could affect many
local residents. The decision to implement this plan, therefore,
assumes that the engineers are assured that all such potential adverse
impacts are properly addressed and contingency plans have been designed.
Accordingly, it is recommended that if the drawdown is pursued, all the
geotechnical work and soil sampling recommended by RSB&W (see Section 3)
be completed. The Lake Mare Prairie test drawdown could be utilized to
51
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document some of these physical impacts, such as shoreline consolidation
and the effects of drawdown on the water table. This work is considered
essential to the project and would be coordinated with the biological
analyses conducted during the test drawdown.
A second alternative for implementing an extreme drawdown involves
revising the RSB&W engineering design to improve the probability of
success while reducing the adverse effects of such a project. This
revision could consist of minor changes to the current engineering plan
or could entail a significant departure from the original drawdown idea.
Unfortunately, as noted throughout the EIS process, each change in
design to minimize adverse effects raises the cost of the drawdown.
The most expensive mitigative step involves the very restrictive
time frame for the project to ensure that frost/freeze protection is
provided for the citrus growers adjacent to the lake. This constraint
would apply to any extreme drawdown of the lake; RSB&W devised the
original restoration schedule to permit a lake level of 19.5 m (64.0 ft)
msl during the winter season. Because of the economic value of these
groves (approximately $32 million), it is not possible to conduct a
drawdown without meeting this restriction. Any major revisions to the
proposed drawdown design must meet this and all other constraints
pertaining to a drawdown (page 116, DEIS). An example of a proposal to
draw down the lake in successive sections is contained in Appendix C.
Although this specific proposal is preliminary in nature and does not
adhere to all the project constraints, it represents the type of alterations
to drawdown that should be examined to possibly reduce adverse impacts.
Any changes in design would be analyzed for their effect on the overall
success of the restoration.
Long-Term Plan: Negative Test Results
If the test drawdown and related studies indicate that a drawdown
is not feasible for Lake Apopka, either because the lake would not be
restored or because the benefits would be short-lived, the proposed
drawdown would not be recommended. Other restoration techniques would
then be reconsidered for implementation on Apopka.
52
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Three alternative lake restoration methods that should be pursued
regardless of the results of the test drawdown are: enhanced fluctuation,
nutrient abatement and dredging. The importance of each of these alter-
natives is explained in Section 3. An enhanced fluctuation schedule for
the entire Oklawaha Chain of Lakes would improve water quality. Continuation
and enforcement of the nutrient abatement program will reduce the pollutant
stress on the lake and improve the chances for a successful lake recovery.
These two alternatives are not capable of restoring the lake by them-
selves, but would complement any direct restoration efforts.
Dredging could be a direct restorative undertaking or a comple-
mentary, secondary action. It theoretically could be the most cost-
effective method of restoring Lake Apopka because marketing the muck as
a product would permit a direct return on the money invested to dredge
the lake. However, significant environmental problems must be overcome
before dredging is considered more feasible than drawdown. Water quality
standards cannot be violated and storage of the muck for later processing
will require some innovative spoils disposal planning. Most importantly,
a market for the muck must be located to make the entire operation
financially feasible. To date, no such market has been identified.
Obviously, without a use for the murk ,
> dredging would not be recommended
as a feasible restoration alternative.
The dredging alternative should be analyzed further even if the
results indicate that drawdovn is still the most feasible alternative
for restoring Lake Apopka. if a market for ™ i • . ,
Kec ror the muck is identified
before the drawdown design is finalized t-h*
» the most cost-effective method
can be used. If a market is found affar u_ ¦* .
nQ arter the drawdown is implemented,
the deep holes in the lake could be dredeed •
eagea. This action would still
produce a significant amount of muck for processing and would also
reduce distribution of the remaining unconsolidated muck over the improved
lake bottom.
If neither drawdown nor dredging can be refined to the extent that
they become feasible for Lake Apopka, a "no action" alternative is
recommended. Naturally, enhanced fluctuation and nutrient abatement
53
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should still be pursued, but no major, direct action to restore the lake
would be advisable. In such a situation, the only hope for restoration
lies in some future breakthrough in technology that would improve the
probability of success for a new restoration technique or for one of the
alternatives described in Section 3 and Appendix C. In the interim
period the lake would be a grim monument to man's abuse of a natural
lake ecosystem.
In summary, a dual-phase restoration scheme is recommended for
restoring Lake Apopka. The first phase entails further biological and
engineering studies in conjunction with a test drawdown of a lake
similar to Apopka. Preliminary surveys indicate that Lake Mare Prairie
in Orange County is a likely candidate. The second phase would involve
implementation of a restoration project based on the results of the test
drawdown. If the studies are favorable, a drawdown should be implemented.
If the tests are not supportive of a large scale drawdown, the possibility
of dredging the lake and marketing the muck should be pursued and perfected.
If this alternative cannot be perfected, the "no-action" alternative is
the only remaining practical recommendation since no other restoration
technique is currently feasible. Enhanced fluctuation and nutrient
abatement are important secondary lake improvement techniques and should
be implemented regardless of the final chosen restorative action.
54
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SECTION 5
IMPACTS OF PROPOSED REVISED ALTERNATIVE
The effects of the proposed long-term restoration plan, which is
the actual implementation of the Lake Apopka drawdown, have been analyzed
to the fullest extent possible in the DEIS. Assuming the drawdown is
implemented in the near future, these impacts would be essentially
unchanged. However, if the drawdown is delayed for a long period or if
the dredging alternative becomes feasible to the point of implementation,
the impact analysis would require revision. The following impacts
pertain to the short-term restoration plan.
Water Quality and Biological Impacts
The short-term plan, which includes monitoring, a test drawdown,
and related studies, would have the same impacts on the water quality
and biology of Lake Apopka and the downstream lakes as the no-action
alternative described in Section 3. However, the proposed test drawdown
would, in addition, have an impact on water quality in Lake Mare Prairie.
Since the test drawdown of Lake Mare Prairie is designed to answer some
of the basic questions concerning the biological and water quality
impacts of the proposed Lake Apopka drawdown, many of the impacts of the
drawdown on Lake Mare Prairie are not known. Until the test drawdown is
implemented, no concrete predictions can be made about the impacts on
Lake Mare Prairie of terrestrial weed invasion, nutrient release from
consolidated muck, redistribution of unconsolidated muck, re-establishment
of aquatic macrophytes, and long-term changes in fish populations.
However, the anticipated benefits of the Lake Mare Prairie drawdown are
a consolidated bottom, reduced internal nutrient loadings, reduced
incidence of phytoplankton blooms, improved water transparency, and re-
establishment of aquatic macrophytes.
Lake Mare Prairie is connected to East Lake Tohopekaliga by Boggy
Creek However, the drawdown and anticipated restoration of Lake Mare
Prairie will have no significant impact on East Lake Tohopekaliga or
Boggy Creek. Currently, Boggy Creek receives runoff from dairy pastures
55
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and effluent from the City of Orlando Jetport STP. Water quality in
this creek is rather poor with high nutrient values and fecal coliform
counts. Any increased turbidity or nutrient loading to this creek due
to the Lake Mare Prairie drawdown will be overshadowed by these pollution
sources. Furthermore, because of the existing pollutant loadings, the
anticipated benefits of the restoration of Lake Mare Prairie will not be
felt downstream.
Socio-Economic Impacts
The short-term restoration plan is relatively inexpensive to imple-
ment, with no direct costs beyond the current waste abatement program
and the proposed test drawdown and associated studies. However, while
the financial outlays of this phase are not significant, neither are the
direct economic returns. In fact, until a restoration plan with a high
probability of success can be implemented, the lake will not produce
benefits any faster than at its current rate. The local economy has
adjusted to Lake Apopka's present low-key role, but the additional
revenues potentially associated with the lake cannot be realized while a
no-action approach is taken. Thus, by delaying the proposed restoration
until the plan is improved and refined, the lake will continue to contribute
only minimal revenues. Recreational opportunities, commercial and
pleasure fishing, revenues, aesthetic enjoyment, and numerous other
related amenities of a healthy lake cannot be increased above their
present low levels. In addition, the steadily climbing inflation rate
and increases in construction and material costs will result in a higher
project price tag when the restoration effort is implemented.
Lake Apopka's past and present condition is a perfect example of
how the economic benefits of an area are directly related to the condition
of that area's natural biological systems. A healthy ecosystem offers
potential for a stronger, more diversified local economic basic. Lake
Apopka was used, intentionally or not, to foster cultural beneficial
returns on such a scale that only short-term results were considered,
not long-term effects. Over a period of 50 years the lake produced
continually diminishing returns until it reached its present degraded
state of minimal benefits. To prevent this situation from occurring,
changes to one component of a system must be analyzed as to their effects
56
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Oil all other parts of that system. Applying this analysis to the Lake
Apopka experience in retrospect illustrates the importance of preserving
valuable ecosystems rather than trying to recreate what has been spoiled.
The proposed test drawdown on Lake Mare Prairie will result in some
beneficial impacts to that lake, which must be considered as part of the
short-term restoration plan. Boating and fishing on the lake will be
precluded during the drawdown period, but should increase following
refill as water quality improves and fish populations expand. In
addition, the Orange County Pollution Control Department has proposed
the development of a 65 hectare (160 acre) park adjacent to the lake.
Complete utilization of such a facility would not be realized until the
lake is restored. One of the main
ne mam transportation arteries leading to
the Disneyworld and Seaworld complexes -i<= j-
complexes is located adjacent to Lake Mare
Prairie and is heavily traveled by tourists. Since a majority of these
travelers use automobiles or recreation vehicles, Orange County anti-
cipates substantial utilization of the lake, particularly if the park
area is developed. Therefore, a restoration of Lake Mare Prairie and
subsequent development of the park would have a beneficial economic
impact on the local community.
Historical and Archeological Resources Tn,rg^
the short-term restoration p!an, which at a minimum entails a delay
in implementing the proposed drawdown, should have no adverse effects on
Lake Apopka's archeological resources. A preliminary time/cost estimate
for an archeological survey of Lake Apopka has been conducted by the
Florida Department of State, Division of Archives Tho
arcnives. The proposed survey
would include a visual inspection of each site which would be physically
affected or altered by the drawdown restoration plan. Archive officials
estimate that the entire survey could be completed in four to seven
weeks at a cost of $1600 to $2900, including field work and report
writing. The four week estimate refers to ideal conditions during the
survey. The seven week estimate includes time for poor weather conditions
access problems, and recovering any finds.
57
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In addition to the areas affected by the pumping facilities,
Archive officials indicate that the exposed lake bottom could reveal
important artifacts such as dug-out canoes. Several specific areas have
been identified as potential archeological sites, but these locales will
not become public information for fear they would be vandalized. A
formal survey plan will be designed prior to initial construction of the
proposed drawdown facilities. This plan will be a cooperative effort
between the Department of Environmental Regulation and the Department of
State and will consider specific problems associated with each site.
The recommended test drawdown of Lake Mare Prairie would also
involve an historical/archeological survey. Upon approval of the draw-
down, DER would coordinate with the Division of Archives to protect
Florida's cultural resources by examining the lake bottom during the
drawdown/holddown phase of the test. Although this experimental drawdown
would not involve the construction of substantial pumping facilities or
sedimentation basins, Archive officials may also propose a pre-drawdown
survey of the surrounding area. Such a request would not affect the
proposed drawdown in any manner. Therefore, no adverse impacts to
potential archeological artifacts are expected during the Mare Prairie
gravity drawdown.
58
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SECTION 6
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
The pubj-ic participation program for the Lake Apopka Restoration
Project EIS has been extensive and quite productive in soliciting
comments and constructive criticism of the proposed project. In addi-
tion to the meetings, workshops and speeches outlined in the DEIS, local
governmental agencies and concerned citizens have had numerous opportunities
to contribute to the EIS process.
Over 600 copies of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement were
distributed in early March of this year. Although most interested
individuals had already reviewed and commented on the preliminary DEIS,
many additional comments have since been received. These comments were
instrumental in the re-evaluation of the project and helped to formulate
the recommended restoration alternative as it is explained in this Final
EIS.
Since the November 2, 1978, publlc „orkshop/neeting in TavareSj
presentations and status reports on the Lake Apopka project have been
made before the following groups:
1. Florida House of Representatives Ton u
ves - Tallahassee January 9, 1979
Natural Resources Committee
2. Orlando Kiwanis Club
3. Florida Legislature - Lake and
Orange County delegates
Orlando
January 19, 1979
Tallahassee February 6, 1979
4. Lake County Department of
Pollution Control
Tavares
February 12, 1979
5. Orlando Area Chamber of Commerce - Orlando
Environmental Concerns Committee
February 26, 1979
59
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6. Orlando Area 208 Advisory Committee Altamonte April 18, 1979
Springs
7. West Orange Chamber of Commerce Winter Garden April 19, 1979
On April 10, 1979, the public hearing for the Draft EIS was held in
Tavares. This was one of the most important aspects of the entire
public participation program and gave all concerned individuals an
opportunity to present their comments directly to EPA and DER staff. A
copy of the transcript of the public hearing is included in Section 8 of
this document.
60
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SECTION 7
WRITTEN COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS ON DRAFT EIS
AND EPA RESPONSES
61
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United States Department of the Interior
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
WATER RESOURCES DIVISION
Suite 216, Federal Building
80 N. Hughey Avenue
Orlando, Florida 32801
IN REPLY REFER TO:
March 14, 1979
Mr. John E. Hagan.
Chief, E15 Branch
Environmental Protection Agency, Region 14
345 Courtland St., N. E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
Dear Mr. Hagan:
We have received a copy of the draft environmental impact statement
for Lake Apopka along with the covering letter from Mr. John C. White.
In accordance with the instructions in the covering letter, we are
submitting our comments directly to you.
This letter is intended primarily to advise you of changes in wording
deemed necessary to more explicitly express the meaning of the values
given in the text and tables of the 1977 addendum to the 1970 report,
"Hydrologic considerations in draining Lake Apopka - a preliminary
analysis, 1970."
It is recognized that the net input to the lake over a specific period
is represented purely by the change in storage over that period.
However, the object of this analysis was to determine the amount of
water that would have had to have been pumped if the drawdown had
been attempted in any of the years between 1959 and 76. It was
taken for granted that the cofferdam would have been in place and
that the lake level would have been brought to a starting elevation
of 64 feet by gravity flow by March 1st of each year as is planned
for the actual drawdown.
Thus, the change in storage or net input that would have hypotheti-
cally occurred in each of the years is represented by the algebraic
sum of the actual change in storage and the flow, which would have
been precluded by the cofferdam, that actually occurred in Apopka -
Beauclair Canal. These hypothetical net inputs are the values that
are given in table 2 and represent the amount of water that would
have had to have been pumped over the cofferdam in order to hold the
lake to a level of 64 feet or lower during the indicated month.
62
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Accordingly, the first sentence under Water Budget on page 30 should
read as follows: Hypothetical net input of water to Lake Apopka
if the flow of water out of the lake were blocked by a cofferdam
is easily computed by the formula: Hypothetical net input with coffer-
dam in place ¦ actual outflow through Apopka-Beauclair Canal plus
any increase in lake storage minus any decrease in lake storage.
The heading of Table 2.2 should read: Mean monthly hypothetical net
input to Lake Apopka with cofferdam in place between 1959 and 1976.
The heading for Table 2.3 should read: Yearly hypothetical net input
to Lake Apopka with cofferdam in place, 1959-76.
These hypothetical net inputs were used to compute the volumes and
rates of pumping given in table 3 of the Addendum without regard to
the facts that the drawdown would increase ground-water inflow and
preclude outflow to the muck farms. This disregard of increased
ground-water inflow and decreased flow to the muck farms is not
considered seriously detrimental to the analysis because the increase
in ground-water inflow would be small relative to pump capacity and
outflow to the muck farms normally occurs during dry spells when pump-
ing capacity is not a critical factor.
Incidentally, in the introduction of £he DEIS, the area of Lake
Apopka is given as 51 square miles." This figure should be 48.
Copy to: Frederick V. Ramsev. 2280 n c ^
Clearwater, FL 335I5 Hi8lwa" 19 "-/Suite 202,
Jean Tolman, DNR Tallahassee
DC, Tallahassee
Sincerely yours,
Subdistrict Chief
63
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DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
JACKSONVILLE DISTRICT. CORPS OF ENGINEERS
P. O. BOX 4970
JACKSONVILLE. FLORIDA 32201
SAJEN-EE
14 March 1979
Mr. John E. Hagan
Chief, EIS Branch
Environmental Protection Agency,
Region IV
345 Courtland Street Northeast
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
Dear Mr. Hagan:
This is in reference to the DEIS for the Lake Apopka Restoration
Project, Lake and Orange Counties, Florida.
My staff has reviewed the DEIS and offer the following comments:
a. Page viii. last paragraph, first sentence. This is in con-
flict with the adverse impacts and the wording, "avoid any damage"
should be changed to "minimize damage" or "avoid any long-term
damage."
b. Page 137 - Increased Nutrient Concentrations, paragraph 1.
The DEIS states that "the process of pumping during the drawdown
project is not expected to increase nutrient concentrations of
Lake Apopka water, thus the quality of water entering the downstream
lakes will be no worse than usual in this respect." This statement
is misleading for the following reasons:
The drawoff of surface water as stated on page 134 will leave the
unconsolidated ooze with its nutrient load in the lake. As the draw-
down continues, the nutrients particularly at the water-soil interface
will become more concentrated. Also, as a result of the increased
discharge of water from Lake Apopka there will be an increase in the
daily nutrient load to the downstream lakes.
64
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SAJEN-EE
14 March 1979
Mr. John E. Hagan
The above-mentioned nutrient load can be calculated. Also, the
assimilative capacity of the downstream lakes can be determined.
This should be done and the pumping rate be based upon this assimila-
tive capacity.
c. Page 137, paragraph 2. The DEIS states "Pumping, during
drawdown, will decrease tne time in which water flows through down-
stream lakes, thus reducing the interval for any time-dependent
water-cleansing processes that might normally occur en route." The
decreased time of flow through the lakes may result in the nutrients
being delivered to Lake Ocklawaka at a faster rate. This is particu-
larly true as the assimilative capacity of the upstream lakes are
exceeded. This should be discussed. Even though those nutrients are
diluted by water from Silver Springs the net load to Lake Ocklawaha
will be increased.
d. Section 3, Alternatives and Their Effects. Should inctude
an alternative to place a water level control structure across the
area separating Gourd Neck Springs from the lake and maintaining the
existing head so as not to overdrain the groundwater resources which
would result in a temperature change of the ground.
I
65
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0^k
United States Department of the Interior
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY
Southeast Region / 148 International Blvd.. N.E. / Atlanta. Ga. J0303
April 24, 1979
ER-79/286
Mr. John E. Hagari, EIS Branch Chief
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
345 Courtland Street
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
Dear Mr. Hagan:
We have reviewed the draft environmental impact statement for the
Lake Apopka Restoration project, Orange and Lake Counties, Florida, as
requested by your office. We offer the following comments.
General Comments
We believe the statement is well written and is very thorough in its
treatment of the environmental impacts of drawdown of Lake Apopka.
In discussion of the history of the lake and what caused the problem
of hypereutrophication to occur, we believe the statement does not
adequately consider or place enough emphasis on the diking by agricultural
interests which separated practically the entire marsh associated with
Lake Apopka to create mucfc farms in the 1940's. This fact had more to do
with the problems that occurred in the lake than any other factor, since
Florida lakes are dependent on their associated littoral zone and marsh-
lands in order to provide productive fishery habitat and wildlife
resources, as well as cleanse the waters by removing sediments in the
marshes and oxidizing organic materials as water fluctuates in and out
of the marshlands. A drawdown would be simple if the marsh were still
there and the muck farms had not been created. This interaction of the
lake and its marsh cannot be recreated under the drawdown proposed, which
will limit the beneficial effects of the project.
Bureau of Mines data for Lake and Orange Counties, Florida, lists
mineral production of peat and sand and gravel. According to the
Bureau of Mines Mineral Industry Location System (MILS), current mineral
production activity of peat and sand and gravel does occur in the immed-
iate area of the proposed project, but not within the boundaries of Lake
Apopka. We note the project does provide for continued mineral pro-
duction in the immediate area of the project.
66
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Specific Comments
Pages 68 and 69, Table 2.11
While the list of endangered, threatened, or rare species is very
thorough, we believe these species named on the Federal list should
be emphasized more. They should be discussed in some method other
than simply a footnote indicating they are on the Federal list.
Page 96, Historical/ArcheoloQical Resources
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has stated that a profes-
sional archeological and historical survey of the project area will
be conducted in accordance with the State Historic Preservation Of-
ficer s recommendation. We endorse this recommendation, but believe
such field investigations should not wait until approval of the
fr r®
-------
We appreciate the opportunity to review and comment on this draft
environmental impact statement.
68
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DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL
ATLANTA, GEORGIA 30333
TELEPHONE: (404) 633-3311
April 11, 1979
Mr. John E. Hagan
Chief, EIS Branch
Environmental Protection Agency
Region IV
345 Courtland Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
Dear Mr. Hagan:
We have reviewed the draft environmental impact statement for Lake Apopka
Restoration Project, Lake and Orange Counties, Florida. We are responding
on behalf of the Public Health Service.
We reviewed the subject report for potential vectorborne disease impacts.
Our analysis of the proposed work centered on the likelihood of increased
mosquito—producing habitats which would affect local mosquito control
problems and also the chances for St. Louis encephalitis transmission.
We have found that the foregoing adverse impacts have been considered and
that no serious mosquito control problems are foreseen. However, mosquito
surveillance at the lake site should be continued in order to be aware of
developing vector populations.
The selected alternative appears to be the most practical solution for
a e P°P ' an potential health impacts have been adequately addressed.
an
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DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
REGION IV
101 MARIETTA TOWER Suite 1503
ATLANTA. QEORQIA 30323
OFFICE OF THE
Principal Regional Official
April 10, 1979
HEW-917-3-79
Mr. John E. Hagan, Chief
EIS Branch
Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
345 Courtland Street, N. E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
Subject: DEIS, Lake Apopka Restoration Project, Lake and Orange
Counties, Florida
Dear Mr. Hagan:
We have reviewed the subject draft Environmental Impact Statement.
Based upon the data contained in the draft, it is our opinion that
the proposed action will have only a minor impact upon the human
environment within the scope of this Department's review. The
impact statement has been adequately addressed for our comments.
Sincerely yours
James E. Yarbrough
Regional Environmental Officer
cc: A. McGee
R. Goldberg
1 i 1979
70
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
State Office, P. 0. Box 1208, Gainesville, FL 32602
April 5, 1979
• Mr. John E. Hagan
Chief, EIS Branch
Environmental Protection Agency,
Region IV
345 Courtland Street, Northeast
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
Dear Mr. Hagan:
RE: Draft Environmental Impact Statement
Lake Apopka Restoration Project
We have reviewed the subject draft environmental impact statement and
have no substantial comments to offer.
Sincerely,
Lju.
William E. Austin
State Conservationist
71
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
UNITED STATES COAST GUARD
Address rtply to:
COMMANDER (dpi)
S«v«nth Coast Guard Dtetrtet
51 S.W. lit Avtnua
Miami, Fla. 33130
Phone (308)350-5502
16475
5 April 1979
Environmental Protection Agency,
E1S Branch
345 Courtland Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
Re: Draft EIS, Lake Apopka
Restoration Project, Lake and
Orange Counties, Florida.
Dear Sir:
The U. S. Coast Guard's Seventh District Office has reviewed the above
referenced project and finds no conflicts within our agency's jurisdiction.
Thank you for the opportunity to register our comments. If we may be of
further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact us.
Sincerely,
e. Mccarty/
Commander, U.S. Coast Guard
District Planning Officer
By direction of the Commander,
Seventh Coast Guard District
Copy to:
C0MDT (G-WEP-7/73)
72
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
P.O. Box 1079
Tallahassee, Florida 32302
March 12, 1979
In Raply Ratar To:
Mr. John E. Hagan
Chief, EIS Branch
Environmental Protection Agency
345 Courtland St. N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia
Dear Mr. Hagan:
Subject: Florida - Draft Environmental impact Statement
Lake Apopka Restoration Project
We received your letter dated March 1, 1979 and enclosed
draft environmental statement for the Lake Apopka Restora-
tion Project, Lake and Orange Counties.
We have reviewed your environmental submission and have
considered the proposed project in relation to responsi-
bilities of this office in administering the Federal-aid
highway program in Florida. Since the proposed work
should not have any effect on highway transportation
facilities, we have no comments concerning the proposed
project.
The above finding does not in any way commit our cooper-
ating State agency, the Florida Department of Transporta-
tion (FDOT). We assume that comments will be solicited
from FDOT through Clearinghouse procedures required by
Bureau of the Budget Circular A-95.
Sincerely yours,
J:
P. E. Carpenter
Division Administrator
73
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Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
REGIONAL OFFICE
730 Peachtree Street, N. E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
May 3, 1979
Mr. Jotm E. Hagan
Chief, EIS Branch
Environmental Protection Agency
Region IV
345 Courtland Street, N. E.
Atlanta, GA 30308
Dear Mr. Hagan:
This is in response to your letter dated March 1, 1979,
with attachment, requesting our cements on the Draft Environ-
mental Impact Statement for Lake Apopka Restoration Pro3ect,
lake and Orange Counties, Florida.
The Commission's principal concern in regard to develop-
ments affecting land and water resources is the possible im-
pacts of such projects on the construction and operation of
bulk electric power facilities and interstate natural gas
systems.
In reviewing the study area we noted nothing that should
interfere with any of the Ccxmission' s licensed hydroelectric
projects. However, provision should be made to protect elec-
trical transmission lines and natural gas pipelines in the
construction area.
We appreciate the opportunity to canment on your prqposed
project.
Very truly yours,
MAY 4 1979
74
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R. G. Whittle, Jr.
STATE PLANNING DIRECTOR
STATE OF FLORIDA
Bepartmmt of gtomtmsftration
Division of State Planning
ROOM 530 CARLTON BUILDING
TALLAHASSEE
32304
(904)488-1115
Bob Graham
,*.?*¦« GOVfftHO*'
Jim Tait
SCCRfTAftV Of ADMINISTRATION
April 26, 1979'
Mr. John C. White
Regional Administrator
U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Region IV
345 Courtland Street
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
RECEIVED
.MAY 11 1979
DEPT. OF
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION
Dear Mr. White:
Functioning as the state planning and development
clearinghouse in U. S. Office of Management and Budget Circular
A-95, we have reviewed the following draft environmental impact
statement: Lake Apopka Restoration Project, Lake and Orange
Counties, Florida, SAI 79-1511E. This document presents
various alternative actions for improving the waters of Lake
Apopka in order to meet Class III water standards.
During our review we referred the environmental impact
statement to the following agencies, which we identified as
interested: Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services,
Department of Community Affairs, Department of Commerce, Depart-
ment of Environmental Regulation, Department of Legal Affairs,
Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services, Department of
Natural Resources, Department of State, Department of Transporta-
tion, Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission, St. Johns River Water
Management District, and Bureau of Land and Water Management.
Agencies were requested to review the statement and comment on
possible effects that actions contemplated could have on
matters of their concern. Letters of comment on the statement
are enclosed from: Department of Health and Rehabilitative
Services, Department of Commerce, Department of Environmental
Regulation, Department of Natural Resources, Game and Fresh
Water Fish Commission, Bureau of Land and Water Management: the
Department of Community Affairs reported by telephone with no
adverse comments.
We have reviewed this document and the state agency
comments thereon. Based upon this review, we support the over-
all concept of improving the lake's water quality by the
75
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Letter: John C. White
Page 2
April 26, 1979
recommended drawdown method, although a project of this mag-
nitude has never been attempted. We suggest that if the
14 million dollars is not appropriated during the next fiscal
year to implement the selected project alternative, limited
drawdowns be made by the responsible agencies within their
financial capabilities.
In accordance with the Council on Environmental Quality
guidelines concerning statement on proposed federal actions
affecting the environment, as required by the National Environ-
mental Policy Act of 1969, and U. S. Office of Management and
Budget Circular A-95, this letter, with attachments, should
be appended to the final environmental impact statement on
this project. Comments regarding this statement and project
contained herein or attached hereto should be addressed in the
statement*
environm^?^™™^ £°U f?rward «« copies of the final
environmental impact statement prepared on this project.
Sincerely,
R- G. Whittle, Jr.
Director s
RGWjr:WKmb
Enclosures
cc: Mr. Charles Blair
Mr. James J. Cooney
Ms. Joan M. Heggen
Mr. Joseph w. Landers, Jr.
Mr. W. N. Lofroos
Mr. David Swafford
Mr. H. E. Wallace
Mr. Robert Williams
Mr. Jacob D. Vam
76
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Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission
R. BERNARO PARRISH JR.
Chairman. Tallahassee
GEORGE 6. MATTHEWS
Vice Chairman, Palm Beach
ROBERT M. BRANTLY, Executive Director
H. E. WALLACE, Assistant Executive Director
DONALD G. RHODES, D.D.S.
West Eau Gallie
NELSON A. ITAUANO
Tampa
April 23, 1979
CECIL C. BAILEY
Jacksonville
Mr. Loring Lovell, Chief
Bureau of Intergovernmental Relations
Department of Administrati6n
660 Apalachee Parkway
Tallahassee, Florida
Re; SAI 79-15HE, Lake Apopka
Restoration Project, Lake &
Orange Counties, Florida
Dear Mr, Lovell:
The Office of Environmental Services of the Florida
Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission has reviewed the
referenced Draft Environmental Impact Statement, and offers
the following comments.
We support the concept of enhancing Lakes Apopka and Beauclair
through severe drawdowns, and are confident that the plan could
significantly improve the water quality and habitat conditions
within these lakes. We have reservations, however, regarding
the degree of habitat restoration, increased recreational
opportunities, and economic benefits to be derived from the
project as proposed. This aquatic ecosystem has been abused for
many years through destruction of the natural floodplain;
agricultural, industrial, and domestic pollution; sudden,
massive nutrient pulses resulting from forage fish and water
hyacinth control efforts; and lake-level stabilization. The
drawdowns as proposed are necessary steps toward restoration of
the Oklawaha headwaters, but they will probably not provide
substantial long-term benefits unless additional measures-are
implemented.
Water level stabilization has been a significant factor
in the decline of many Florida lakes. Provision of suitable
habitat for fish and wildlife,' and water quality enhancement
are major objectives of the restoration plan. Both of these
77
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Mr. Loring Lovell
Page 2
goals are dependent on growth and maintenanceoflittoralvegetation.
Among the benefits derived from a vegetate i
are the provision of insects, snails, and'other
egg-deposition and tf£ fir fishes; feeding areas for wading
invertebrates,- spawning habitat fo:c sediments,- vegetative
assimilation of nutrients; and physical filtration^of^flocculents
and other pollutants. Fluctuating for thre0 major
to maintain healthy vegetated ^^ tes £acilitates anchoring
reasons: first, stabilization of s ^ distribution of lake
of rooted species; =ec°"^' £?Ted by water levels prevailing during
vegetation is largely the primary factor determining
the growing season; and finally, P t water stage durlng
lakewara emergent plant rangers £1 discusses the need
for Ieiels?°and. recommendsjhat^uc^a^lan be
adopted. We wish to stress the ti of the propoSed draw-
fluctuation, and feel that annual lake
downs without concurrently effecting ~ y. . t best
fluctuation program would be a shor ~ unoer Oklawaha
essentially ignoring the long-term needs of the Upper Oklawaha
Chain of Lakes.
Nutrient abatement is another area of major concern. The
Statement discusses existing abatement programs on AP°P£®' and
we fully recognize the improvements which have been made in the
nutrient budglt of these lakes. There are several areas, however,
where we feel additional measures are necessary if habitat and
water quality are to be restored within this lake system. The muck
farms adjacent to Lake Apopka include over 7,000 hectares, and have
been a major nutrient source in the past. Nutrient abatement
plans approved by the Florida Department of Environmental
Regulation have, or will have by July, 1980, reduced the nutrient
load from these farms by 25 to 65 percent, depending on the
specific farm and nutrient component in question. When the
pre-abatement quantity of water pumped from muck farms into Lake
Apopka is considered (142.9 million cubic meters per year, or
approximately 42% of the lake's annual water input), the impact
of such discharge is apparent. Unfortunately, no nutrient budget
data are presented in the Statement, although a Department of
Pollution Control document prepared in 1972 is referenced.
Because of this deficiency, we cannot comment on the adequacy
of the existing nutrient abatement program, except to encourage
further reduction of nutrient loading by the muck farms and other
major controllable sources.
78
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Mr. Loring Loveil
Page 3
Another difficulty with the proposed plan is the rigid
time schedule necessitated by a committment to provide f?eeze
occu^durina thp^aS groves near the lake. The holddown would
sianificantlv affer^n^hSeaSOI^f 3nd frec*uent heavy rainfall could
. . j.uweai we recommend develoDment of a
IouSCL?chn an/^"0^ the laks to " feet m?s?l. until the
following March, and then drawdown to 58 feet m.s.l. the following
for certain losses, orVTCr£ittinont£UdS comP®nsatin9 grove owners
methods normally banned^cause of ^-"I'Luon's^SSr^Snder
appreciably become resuspended uvna sediments will not
Plan would substantially increase the project°costsitemay be
unusually^et s^el." milli°n ofa^
wouldAbrdisMntledhandt"tu?!!ed construction sites
following the drawdowns Tn thoca their original stature
be used as work facilities arefs, where these sifces could
or investigations, as monitorLf e.management ?rVects
habitat improvement studies °r Water quality or
suitable substrate than the'*^™ £ey would Provide a more
not object to leaving Such siS ff? they rePlaced' would
n sites at least partially unreclaimed.
The growth of terrestn'ai ^ ^.
effect of binding sediment^ ann h9? * °n wil1 have the beneficial
resuspension upon flooding a! prevent their
this same vegetation mav ®tated in the document, however,
sediments by shading the lake» lon and Vesication of
vegetation will die and could caiica"1' • refl°odin9' this
would inhibit growth of emergen^ s^ger^e?"^?0"3^MhlCh
plantsecouldeoccur5upon1?lfioodiMC°ntrrtlled growth of a»*> fishes
sDecies should ul ^pop!5a* Plans to harvest such un-
d"rie" re^va?? " be d
-------
Mr. Loring Lovell
Page 4
Because a project of this magnitude has never been
attempted, there are insufficient data to accurately predict
the outcome of its implementation. The proposed plan, however,
would undoubtably improve the habitat and water quality within
these lakes, and would provide an invaluable opportunity for
future investigation and expansion of the scientific literature
related to drawdowns and lake restoration. Unfortunately, the
flexibility needed to realize maximum benefits from the project
is limited by financial constraints and the necessity for citrus
grove protection. Within these restrictions, we feel the
proposed plan offers the most reasonable method for enhancement of
Lakes Apopka and Beauclair, arid ultimately, the entire Upper
Oklawaha Chain of Lakes. We appreciate the opportunity to review
this E.I.S., and look forward to working with the Department
of Environmental Regulation on this project.
Please call me if I can be of further assistance.
Sincerely,
H. E. Wallace
Assistant Executive Director
HEW/RF/rs
80
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1
STATE OF FLORIDA
DEPARTMENT OP'HEALTH AND REHABILITATIVE SERVICES
PROJECT NOTIFICATION AND REVIEW SYSTEM
RECOMMENDATION
Offidfe^ofath^ Date: March 30, 1979
Secretary"' isr t* 3
ji, » J
I < ~
MEMORANDUM 8
¦ ¦ i — . m i.«^t wij ¦ Qg
* X '
SU3JEtff: h NOT-IF ICAtt
iii ~ Jf
TO: 1 "Chief., B«i!
ON OF INTENT TO APPLY. FOR FEDERAL FUNDS
eau of Intergovernmental Relations, State Planning
and Development Clearinghouse
FROM: Director, Office of Health and Social Services Policy
Development
Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services
BY: Harold L. Davidson, Department Coordinator for PNRS
REF. NO: DIIRS SPDC (SAI) 79-1511E
TITLE- Lake Apopka Restoration Project
APPLICANT u-s< Environmental Protection Agency
~The project is consistent with the goals and objectives of the
Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services. Favorable
action is recommended.
~Substantive comments have been received and are summarized in
the attached.
Full application is requested
Conference with applicant is requested.
~
~
~
the D^artme" v"5 ' °bjectivos of
is not reconmandod ior
Attachment(s)
81
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iitseyaraneut til £ amstration
le ^^""^'-'^TiTDiivlsion of State Planning
j ij{ i
trte^ovir^r.^-j! Re ? Rfioip 530 Car!ton Building
I,'AS 23 1279
G.Whlt«l».Jf.
ME KANNINS OIAfCTO«\ RECEIVED
i HO. .
[TALLAHASSEE
32304
(904)488-2371
fUubin O'D. A«k«w
COVtKHOR
Wltlsc* V/. H«nd«ra»n
sccncTAKr of aouinistioh
DATE:
TO: SECRET!®
Department of Commerce
510 Collins Building
Tallahassee, Florida 32304
ATT: , SUBJECT SA1 :nF\-\5H E
FROM: Bureau of Intergovernmental Relations
IP'UE DATE^35Z01.
818 <5*
The attached "424 Preapplication" serving as notification of intent to
apply for federal assistance is being referred to your agency for review and
comment. Your review and comments should.address themselves to the extent to
verify that the project(s) is/are consistent with or contributed to the fulfill-
ment of your agency's plans or the achievement of your projects, programs and
objectives.
If further information is required, you are urged to telephone the contact
person named on the preapplication form. If a conference seems necessary, or if
you'wish to review the entire application, contact this office by telephone as
soon as possible. Please check the appropriate box, attach any comments on your
agency's stationery and return to BIGR or telephone by the above due date. If we
do not receive a response by the'due date, we will assume your agency has no adverse
comments. -In both telephone conversation and written correspondence, please refer
to the SAI Number4
Sincerely.,
Loring Lovell, Chief
Bureau of Intergovernmental Relations
enclosure
***********•«************************************************•*-***********************
CO: Bureab of Intergovernmental Relations
ROM: Department of Commerce
•UBJECT SAI: 79-1511E
Ho Comment
Comments Attached
ivision/Bureau of
Economic Analysis
3/21/79
82
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TWIN TOWERS OFFICE BUILDING
2600 BLAIR STONE ROAO
TALLAHASSEE. FLORIDA 32301
... ¦ \
. - ' \ STATE OF FLORIDA
J . f DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION
t . t\yk i.'*
»6C®|tS
BOB GRAHAM
GOVERNOR
JACOB 0. VARN
SECRETARY
April 19, 1979
i&^ng^tovell, Chief
Bureau of Intergovernmental
Relations
Department of Administration.
Division of State Planning
Room 530, Carlton Building
Tallahassee, Florida 32301
Dear Mr. Lovell:
Lake Apopka Restoration Project,
Environmental Impact Statement,
Lake and Orange Counties, Florida,
SAI No. 79-1511E
As you may know the Department of Environmental Regulation has
been extensively involved in the development of the proposed restora-
tion program for Lake Apopka as it is outlined in the above referenced
nvironmental Impact Statement. Following comprehensive investigation
it has become apparent that lake restoration efforts would necessitate
an£?m? n prograra effort if any degree of success is to be
anticipated. The Department is pursuing the completion of the final
the near future ever' commencement of work is not forseen in
We appreciate the opportunity to comment on this advance notification.
Harry A. Dail
Environmental Specialist
Intergovernmental Programs
Review Section
HAD/mk
cc: Suzanne Walker
83
-------
State of Fj.oiuoa
'/•¦'¦^p.fVision of State Planning
''v.'/ z. , / iqM Puildinfl
^.•,y /
i* pn /660 Apafache* Paricway - IBM Building
I
' Tallahassee
Reubln O'D. A«k«w
(OVltlC
,G. Whittle1
it running oiwctc"-
32304
(904) 488-2371
t,, GOV. J. wl",,m,p
** ffCUtM* f
DATE'
iRFOSWlSpuZS.
ir
MAR 141979
DEPARTMENT OF
NATURAL RESOURCES
TO: Mr. Harmon Shields
Department of Natural Resources
202 Blount Street, Crown Building
Tallahassee, Florida 32304
FROM: Bureau of Intergovernmental Relations
SUBJECT: SAIs
. unification" of intent to apply for federal
The attached Advance Not^f^ f reView and comments. Your
assistance is being referred to your g J ^ eJttent to which the
review eoments should tto fulfillment of your a9=ney's
pSr^r'^S^VyeS Projects, pro^ .« o^ectives.
„ further
™rs sr^•sr,rIsiS,s"
as soon as possible. If you have no adverse comments, you mayw«htorepor
such by telephone. Please check the appropriate box, attach any
your agency's stationery, and return to tins office or telephone by the above
due date. If we do not receive a response by the due date, *e will assume
your agency has no adverse comments. In both telephone conversation and
written correspondence, please refer to the SAI number.
Sincerely
Coring Lovell, Chief
Bureau of Intergovernmental Relations
Enclosure
TO: Bureau of Intergovernmental Relations
FROM: Department of Natural Resources
SUBJECT: Project Review and Comments, SAIj
No Comments
GO
Signature: -
Title: Administrative Assistant
JLzZtL
79-1511E
a Comments Attached
Date: • March 27, J.979
84
-------
I • *
'¦Pi
:*.b. J*".'
; CKCiOft
Oi
Pit
Division of Swtc Planning
CCO Apilachcc Parl-.v/oy • iriM^-Duil'Jfns
» Taltj».iia£SI3i: .u;^'
3700V
\ *¦''
rtaubln O'D. Ankpw
Ll.Gov. J. m" Willing.'
tttuiMT tr 4cimitinivi
O'irt Kay ,
Burecu of - Land and Water
Management
Carlton Building
Tallahassee, Florida . 32304
<904) 4C8r2375«^ .A
\ DArE: •
. 4<^i?77 .
vr$t1 ? ^ & ir*\
ivj." v?y I
*0>J:
Bureau of Intergovernmental Relations .
•BJECT: SM: ^P\-1^5! f £ ¦
MAR Id ia/g
& V.V\"icH hiAX^'CtiMENT'
Tho attached notification of intent to apply for federal assistance is
¦iny referred to your agency for review, and consents. Your revj.c-v ar4d corru-entr.
tould address themselves to Ibc extent to which the project is consistent with
¦ contributes to the fulfillment of your agency's plans or the achicvcaient of
ur projects, programs and objectives.
. If further information is required, you are urgec! to telephone the contact
rson n«*.Tr.ed on the notification.foro. if a conference se&as necessary, or if
u wish to review tka entire application, contact this office by telephone as
an as possible. If you have no adverse ccn-.r.c-nts, you way wish to report such
telephone. Plcnsc check the appropriate box, attach any consents on your
-ncy1c stationery, and return to DIGS or telephone by Ui«j al»wvy uotu. If we
not receive a response by the due date, v/e will assume your agency has no
.'crse coaraents. In both telephone conversation and written correspondence,
;aoe refer to the SAI number.
Sincerely
Xoring Lovell, Chief
Bureau of Intergovernmental Relations
looure
«*£<¦*<:* tact**********-************************ *********** ***** *****«*«¦< ********
Bureau of Intcx'sovenwaenfcal Relations*
JECT; Project P.cv-cw and Consents, SAI: ^( ( EL-
C2^°
Coiiwnents
Coiroents Attached
0^) Date. •VIS-7'7
85
-------
I
City of Leesburg
COMMISSIONER-MANAGER FORM OF GOVERNMENT
P.O. BOX 630
LEESBURG, FLORIDA 32748
MAYOR-COMMISSIONER
CHARLES C. STRICKLAND
COMMISSIONERS
JACK K. BRAOLEY
BURTON BROWN
CHARLES W. GREGG
JOE H.SELLERS
CALVIN E. GLIDEWELL. CITY MANAGER
JAMES C. SCHUSTER. CITY CLERK/PIN. CHR.
April 9, 1979
U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency
Region IV
245 Courtland Street
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
Re: Comments concerning Environmental ist Stafement
for the Lake Apopka Restoration Project Lafce ana
Orange Counties, Florida. —
Dear Sir:
The City of Leesburg would like to take this .t0
comment on the above draft concerning the Lake P P find that
After review of the Environmental^Impact Statem Griffin and Lake
contradictions exist concerning the effects to L
Harris.
Contained within the summary of the Statement, three adverse
effects are outlined to downstream lakes, which a
1. Phytoplankton populations in downstream lakes may increase
during drawdown and holddown.
2. Fish will die as they become extremely possible
remaining pools of water. Downstream
but not expected.
3. The water quality of downstream lakes may
degraded due to increased nutrient levels and reduced ais
solved oxygen concentrations.
•We have found the contradictions existing on
under Section 4, the subsection titled Constrain these number 6
constraints will be enforced upon the drawdown a ^ d number 5 con-
requires that no backflow from Lake "-^L^rlffin is not ^ntloneS
cerns water quality, yet the effect to Lake urii-
86
-------
U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency
April 9, 1979
Page II
We contend that Lake Griffin must be protected by the constraints to
prevent further degradation.
We hope that you will address these points and adjust your
program accordingly. Thank you for the opportunity to review the
Environmental Impact Statement.
¦Calvin E. Glidewell
City Manager
lmh
87
-------
April 24, 1979
David C. Baldwin
811 Cascade Avenue
Leesburg, FL 32748
John E. Hagan
Chief, BIS Branch
Environmental Protection Agency-
Region IV
345 Courtland Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
Dear Mr. Hagan:
This letter is in reference to the proposed Lake Apopka Restoration
Project. I am presently employed as an Environmental Chemist and hold a
B.S. in Microbiology and shortly will have a M.S. in Microbiology. The
following are my comments and questions on the proposed project:
% first concern is the quality of the water that is to be pumped from
Lake Apopka into Lake Beauclair, to Lake Dora, Lake Eustis, Little Lake
Harris and subsequently to all the lower lakes of the chain. It is apparent
that the quality of Lake Apopka water is poor, as is. It is marginal if the
receiving waters can handle the load of nutrients existing now in Lake Apopka.
During the draw down process, the muck layer will be disturbed releasing more
of these nutrients in the water. The disturbance will come not only from
hydrnlic movement, but as the level is lower, the muck layer becomes closer
to surface and subject to disturbance from wind movement. Consequently, the
nutrient levels in the later stages of draw down will be considerably higher.
The mere fact of the incorporation of a sedimentation basin displays concern
for the disturbance of the muck bottom. It is my opinion that the receiving
lakes cannot handle that load. Are you (at EPA) under the impression that
they can?
After reading the impact study draft and attending the last two meetings
(hearing) on the project, there has been the complete avoidance mentioning
the percent chance of success of the project. The differences in the muck
in Lake Apopka does not lend itself to complete crust formation on the ex-
posed bottom. Unless the crust is formed on a major percentage of the bottom,
there isn't much hope for 'success. It has also been brought to my attention
that the plants that will grow and become rooted during draw down. When the
refill process occurs, they will tend to float and bring with them the crust.
88
-------
John E. Hagan
April 24, 1979
Page Two
Without the crust formation, Lake Apopka will soon "be back in the
same condition. With the risks involved to the surrounding environment
and the cost of the project, there should be almost absolute success in
the project. No one wants to give any guarantees. If this project fails,
any future lake restoration projects haven't much hope for approval.
Much effort has thus far been spent on this project and the desire to
restore Lake Apopka is sound. But I believe that the proposed draw down
is dangerous to the surrounding environment (receiving waters) and the
chances of success poor. Time should be invested into further research
and investigation of this and the other alternatives. The project is too
important to proceed with such a shaky solution.
Thank you for listening and I am looking forward to your comments.
Sincerely,
David C. Baldwin
DCB:dlw
89
-------
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-------
ERIC M. HOOPER
11 K. L.AT7RBL STREET
tfOFXA, FLORIDA. S9708
April 2*f, 1979
John E. Hag an
EPA Region IV
3*4-3 Courtland Street N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
Bear Sirt
On April 10, 1979 . I attended a hearing on the drainage plan
for Lake Apopka. I was told to address any remarks concerning
this plan to you.
I have owned land on the north shore of Lake Apopka for thirty
years. During this time I have seen governmental experiments
such as hyacinth control, fish kills, partial drainage and
others tried. I believe all these experiments have been wasted
tax payer monies with nothing^but adverse effects on the
condition of the lake.
Without lengthy details to you I would, like to express my
desire that no Federal money be spent on this huge experiment
of draining this large lake. I believe the money could be
used much more wisely on smaller experiments. At this time
of expressed governmental concern over inflation control I
do not think my tax money, both State and Federal, should be
wasted on a project with no known positive results to be
realized. I meintion one example of this type experiment,
Lake Tohopekaliga in Osceola County. This lake was drained
and is now ready to be drained again.
As a land owner and tax payer I request that this project not
be funded in any part by your agency.
EMH/ch
91
-------
kCWm 6. FARNCR f*HONC (904) 343-3131
TAVARES MOBILE HOME PARK
113 DONNA STREET
TAVARCa, tt.ORIOA 33771
April 19. 1979
Rei Lake Apopka Hestoratlon
project
Mr. John E. Hagen
Chief, EIS Branch
EPA., ttegion IV
3^5 Courtland St. NE
Atlanta, 'Georgia 30308
Dear Mr. Hagan»
A3 own^r of Tavares Mobile Home park, located on Lake Dora and
at the entrance of the Dora Canal, I am very much interested m, ana
concerned about the L&ke Apopka Restoration project.
We have attended several of the hearings and have read the
draft of the Environmental Impact Statement. Both have not addressed
*hat, I think will be a serious problem for me. That Is the erosion
caused by increased water flow on the approximately 1800 reet of
shoreline just prior to entering the canal .
Any problems caused by the electric pumps Just across the canal,
and the pipeline running parellel to the rear of our park can be
overcome and will be temporary. The loss of more property to erosion
*111 be permanent and costly.
My only other oomment would be that I agree with the spokeswoman
who recently commented to the Sentinel newspaperthat "If the project
Is not funded, the best thing to do would be to close the Apppka
Canal." it makes sense, if the muck farmers and grove owners don't
completely stop from dumping effluent In the lake. What they do , is
the only explanation for the drastic changes in the water qualities
of Lake Dora, For weeks it will be clearing and the bottom visible
many feet rom shore, but overnight it changes to a filthy, murky,
mess.
Thank you for the opportunity to comment.
Sincerely,
Lewis C. pamer
92
-------
CLONTS FARMS, INC.
P. O. BOX 490 • OVIEDO, FLORIDA 32765
PHONE: 305-365-3351
J ohn 3. Hagan
Chief, SIS Branch
EPA, Region IV
3^5 Courtland Street, NE
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
Dear *ir. Haganj
I am a muck farmer and a member of the Citizens'
Review Committee and would like to comment on the
EPA Environmental Impact Statement on the Lake
Apopka Restoration Project. The authors have at-
tempted to address the needs of the muck farms
that border Lake Apopka on pages 13, 116, 159, and
126, stating that they must have irrigation water
and dike protection during the draw-down.
Actually if adequate dike protection is given
during draw-down, the farms will have adequate
irrigation water.
I do not think the authors have properly assessed
the need to hold the water level at near low normal
during draw-down to hold the pressure against the
dike and at the same time provide moisture so that
it will not dry out. Drying out would make it vul-
nerable to cracking and a tendency to float when the
lake pressure is re-applied.
Ln pace 126 under "E. Muck Farm Irrigation" is stated
"The plan calls for cleaning and enlarging some of the
existing canals and repairing breaks and low spots in
the .villows Dike to an elevation of not more than iy.8 m
(65 ft) msl." No mention is made of the height of the
water retained between the two structures. I maintain
that to be on the safe side the water should be held
against the muck farm dike at not less than 66 ft. msl.
Then the dike would have to be built higher and stronger
than is specified in this report. There is no rfillows
Dike. They refer instead to that section of the origi-
nal muck bed between the bar pit that was dug outside of
the muck dike.
GROWERS AND SHIPPERS
FLORIDA VEGETABLES
93
-------
CLONTS FARMS, INC
P. 0. BOX 490 • OVIEDO, FLORIDA 32765 . PHONE: 305-365-3351
No mention is made about the disastrous breaks that
occurred in the different dikes adjacent to the lake
in the spring of 1957 following a period of low water
and after the lake had risen to 68 ft. following the
closing of the locks at Beauclair. At one time 26
dredge lines were busy repairing numerous breaks in
at least four different sections of the dike. These
involved Duda, Frank's farm and drainage district 2
dikes.
I would like assurance that the second dike outside
of the present dike be built to an elevation of on it.
above msl and that a level of water between the xw
dikes be maintained at 66 ft. msl.
I would also like to be assured that the
would be immediately discontinued H
second dike occurs. Loss of
spring would be disastrous to the muck la
Yours truly,
W. Rex Clonts
president
WRC/tc
GROWERS AND SHIPPERS
FLORIDA VEGETABLES
94
-------
BROMWELL'ENGINEERING
April 19, 1979
Mr. John Hagan
Chief, EIS Branch
EPA, Region IV
345 Courtland St. NE
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
Dear Mr. Hagan:
The public hearing on the draft EIS for Lake Apopka
Restoration brought out some interesting comments which have
a bearing on my suggested alternative approach to the project.
The opposition voiced at the hearing came from:
1. The citrus owners who felt that they were not being
sufficiently protected.
2. Land owners on downstream lakes who don't want any water
quality degradation.
3. Taxpayers who feel that the cost is too high.
These people question whether the predicted results make the
project worthwhile.
By constructing dikes to permit a drawdown on one section
of the lake at a time, not only are all of the above problems
dealt with, but improved restoration should be attained. The
dikes would permit normal levels to be maintained in major
portions of the lake during sectional drawdown. The most critical
lake areas for citrus could be scheduled during warmer months.
There would not be the need to pump the entire lake down
rapidly. This would relieve the flood of water into downstream
lakes and eliminate the dams, pipeline and pumps in the other
lakes. Only during drawdown of the first section would the
discharge flow increase and the rate and timing of this could
be made to accommodate canal capacity.
95
APR 2 3 19/9
-------
Mr. John Hagan
April 19, 1979
Page two
The earthen dikes could be constructed by dredging
suitable material from the lake bottom below the muck. Although
a detailed engineering design would be required, initial estimates
indicate the dikes might cost $2,000,000. This cost could increase
by a factor of 2 or 3 and still result in savings of $12,000,000
to $15,000,000 over the recommended action. The other costs
such as pumping, engineering, and maintenance are estimated to
be in the $1-2 million range for the sectional dike concept,
leading to a total cost in the range of $3-4 million.
The other big advantage of this alternative approach is
the likelihood of doing a better job of muck consolidation. It
is felt that there is a good chance of lowering the water
level in the section being treated below elevation 58 teet sl.
This would result in producing a strong bottom ^rus °n more
than 30% of the lake bottom. It would reduce the 30% area tnat
would be unimproved with the procedure recommef^i-ranefor
EIS. It may even be possible to use the dredge
heavy muck from the deep holes to the muck farm
the soil.
Vegetation is expected to grow on th^con-^"1*
Although this may create debris andnot possible with
solidated muck upon refilling, harves, This alfer-nat-itra
the soft bottom S.ft with the original sche^ Th,^alternative
proposal should provide enough firm xaKe f y
with vegetation prior to refilling.
The initial limited drawdown that would result from this
alternative would provide many of the answers on p~cedures
and schedules to use to optimize restor information tr>
constraints will not permit such additional information to be
developed with the EIS project format.
As was mentioned in the hearing, this is not the time
and place to criticize, but to offer
The environmental studies and restoration analyses in the EIS
are very good. I feel that if this background information can
be used to engineer a better job for less money and less potential
impacts on the area, the restoration project will be worth
undertaking.
Sincerely,
Neil R. Greenwood, P. E.
NRG:se
c.c. State of Florida
DER
Tallahassee, Florida
96
-------
A1 Stewart
2603 N. Indian River Drive
Cocoa, Florida 32922
April 12, 1979 RECEIVED
•A p« APR*61973
John E. Hagan 1 ca-4?'®r N
Chief, EIS Branch rMVlRCN!^TAL REGULATION
EPA, Region IV ENV1RC.
345 Courtland Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
Lake Apopka Restoration
Dear Mr. Hagan: ' ~
As an Environmental Engineer registered as a Professional Engineer in
the State of Florida and as a consultant who has been actively involved
in water resource management and environmental planning for almost five
years, I feel that I may be classified as somewhat more than a layman
in the field of lake restoration. Working for Dawkins & Associates, Inc.
in Orlando, I was the project manager for a lake restoration study on
Lake Holden. I have been ihvolved in water quality studies around the
middle St. John's River and estuarine areas around Tampa Bay, Pasco
County and Duval County. I have also done hydrological studies and
ground water quality evaluations in Hillsborough and Polk Counties.
1 have been intensively involved for over two years with the use of
water hyacinths for nutrient removal in wastewater and hypereutrophic
natural waters. Presently I am project manager for a hyacinth demon-
stration project for the City of Lakeland and Polk County Florida.
You may obtain a detailed Jiistory of this project and the events leading
to it from Mr. Jim Wang or Mr. Gary Lubin, who are with the Florida
201 Branch of Region IV, EPA.
I might add that I have been a contributing author in two books recently
published by Ann Arbor Science (Stormv/ater Management and Biological
Nutrient Removal). In addition I have presented papers to a joint
AWWA-WPCF journal on phosphorus dynamics in sediments of Florida lakes,
to the Florida Association for Water Quality Control, Inc. on the use of
vascular plant for water resource management, and recently to a professional
seminar at the University of Central Florida on the progress of the
Lakeland Hyacinth Demonstration Project.
I do not present all of this to you for the purpose of building my own
ego, but rather to show you that what I present might have some cred-
ability. Up till now my suggestions have been subjected to ridicule
and apparent bias. This suggestion has been basically to approach the
Lake Apopka restoration in terms of natural energetics, using water
hyacinths for removal and recovery of stored nutrients in the lake
rather than expending energy by pumping or "fixing" these stored nutrients
by drawdown, recovering nothing in return, and at the same time jeopardizing
the water quality of down stream lakes.
97 ^ APR 26 197?
ocrourr
-------
-2-
Any slight familiarity of Cybernetics, especially as related to the
trophic dynamic concept as discussed by Lindeman (1942), Patten
(1959), Odum (1957), Odum (1964), Strumm and Strumra-Zollinger (1971)
and many others, should lead one to the logical conclusion that the
concept of stabilization of a lake ecosystem through the controlled use
of aquatic vascular plants is worth consideration. Upon presenting
so.r.e of my ideas to FDER, I came to learn how naive I really was in
expecting any form of objectivity or genuine competency to emerge from
their review. Enclosed herein is a set of communications I have had
with FDER relating to the Lake Apopka restoration. Please understand
that I have worked on this concept as a private citizen and not as a
representative of Dawkins & Associates, Inc. All of the data is extre-
mely preliminary, as I have worked strictly on a volunteer basis.
1 do not suggest that EPA anH rnFR immediately put 15,000 acres of
nyacmtnr~on Lake Apopka. However, a demonstration project appears
"Eore warranted and reasonable"! I must ask that this approach be eval-
uated as a concept not as a detailed plan, and that the evaluation be
node by such experts as H. T. Odum (Univ. of FVa.)> D. P. Larsen or
someone of equal stature connected with your Corvalns, Oregon NES
Branch, Dr. L. Bagr^ll (Univ. of Fla.), or C. F. Musil and C M. Breen
(Univ. of Natil, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa). Not only will these
people be capable of objectively reviewing the concept, but they will
undoubtedly be able to contribute greatly to the overall project.
There is a possible opportunity here to move the clean lakes program away
from the beauracratic ploy which it appears to be at this time into
a viable, useful program that has some bearing upon the nation's water
fj!j.ility and upon the quality of life of the American people. Thank you
for the attention given this matter.
Sincerely,
' . . Stewart III
•': Jake yarn (FDER, Tallahassee)
'• ;rev.
: .^an, R. L. "The Trophic-Dynamic Aspect of Ecoloqy
" ''1y 23(1942); 399=418
98
-------
-3-
Odum, E. P. "The Study of Ecosystem Development" Science
164 (1969): 262-270
Odum, H. T. "Trophic Structure and Productivity of Silver
Springs, Florida" Ecological Monographs 27 (1957): 55-112
Patten, B. C. "An Introduction to the Cybernetics of the
Ecosystem: The Trophic-Dynamic Concept" Ecology 40 (1959):
221-235
Strumm, W. and Strumm-Zollinger, E. "Chemostasis and
Homeostasis in Aquatic Ecosystems; Principles in Water
Pollution Control" in Nonequilibrium Systems in Natural
Water Chemistry, pp. 1-29 Edited by R. F. Gould", Washington
D. C.; American Chemical Society, 1971.•
99
-------
R. F. MAGUIRE (I09O-I9SO)
H. M. VOORHI3 (1669-1973)
J. R.WELLS 09O3-I969)
R. F. MAGUIRE. JR.
C. W. ABBOTT
G. H. GOOBOUO
T. R. ALLEN
R. N. BLACKFORD
T. R. BROWN
R. T. WILSON
J. L. BUILDER* JR.
W. B. WILSON
J. E. SLATER
J. M. CORRIOAN
L. O. YATES, JR.
S. J. JOHNSON
Maguire .Vooriiis & Wells, P. A.
ATTORNEYS AT LAW
I3S WALL STREET SUITE 2A.ISO PARK AVENUE NORTH
Obuhtdo, Florida ozaoi WnrrEB Pam, Florida 3«re©
(SOB) S*3-*4-*2l
MAILING AOORESa:
P. O. BOX «33
OlUNlX), FlOBISA 3280B
April 24, 1979
C. O. MOTES
B. D. HILL
W. L. BROWN
P. J. FIDES, II
W. M. CLIFFORD
J. M. TARASKA
A. G. NEFF
A.L.CAMP
C. J. WEISS
L-JnTOW NSENO
J..R.'SIMPSON. JR.
LLIAMSON
J- R. 'SI *
M. G. W'
M. W. WELLS
OP COUNSCL
Mr. John E. Hagan ?
Chief, EIS Branch
EPA Region IV
345 Courtland Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 3030 8
&
RE: Lake Apopka Restoration Project, Lake and Orange Counties,
Florida - Additional Comments to Environmental Impact
Statement
Dear Mr. Hagan:
A substantial fish kill will occur with draw d^munlJJ"
fish are removed from the lake at or prior to draw <30W"* .
place in the EIS report (couldn't locate page in.P?;eP?7f
this letter) it is noted that during one prior to*-ai
pollution of the lake occurred from the fish kill ni-n+.
pollution caused by the City of Winter Garden s sewe P all
of its years of operation. The report s^ests harvesting of fish_
during draw down but no plan of harvest of rough fi rporated
in the proposed budget. There is reference to commercial fish harvest
on page C-8.
Terrestrial vegetation will grow on the lakeJ®"®™ ^hi^9
the period of draw down (page 112 EIS) and „0£5i"d in
vegetation is suggested (page 113 EIS) but as
the proposed budget. No facts are incorporated i P
to toe difficulty of operating a harvesting machine on the solidified
muck bottom of the lake.
The EIS report fails to address the fuJd^e"^a?s®S^°n ,
whether or not the draw down plan is 9uara?te^j£ Jl q i y
of water in Lake Apopka to meStClass III shards. 'If no guaranty
is to be made by the governmental agencies, th _or>r,Jl+. should
clearly set out in the summary and in the body the percentage chance
of success of draw down being successful in restoring the lake.
The final report should incorporate in its summary and in the
body of the report a more adequate explanation of why there will
not be "adverse agricultural effects" of freeze damage because
the "engineering firm has manipulated the draw down schedule to an
100
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Mr. John E. Hagan
April 24, 1979
Page 2
agreeable format" (quotation from page 159). The citrus grove
owners do not agree that a 64' level for two winters will afford
them the warming effect of the lake.
The final report should incorporate in the summary and the
body of the report why the additional study proposed by Dr. Bartholic
was not performed (see first paragraph, page 169).
It was my understanding at the hearing on April 10, 1979,
that a representative of DER stated that the DER had telephonic
communications with Dr. Bartholic after Dr. Bartholic made a
proposal to the DER for a "hurry up" computer model study of
the effect of the 64' level and a proposal to conduct further
studies during another winter season. It was my understanding
at the hearing that the substance of the telephone conversation
with Dr. Bartholic was to the effect that Dr. Bartholic did not
consider the two proposals as important or in the alternative,
would not provide valuable data upon which a decision could be
made. My information from Dr. Bartholic conflicts with the fore-
going. He considers that the studies, if made, would produce
valuable knowledge on the freeze protection question.
This letter is intended to supplement the letter of Dr.
Edward E. Clark dated April 10, 1979, addressed to the undersigned
which was delivered to you at the public hearing in Tavares,
Florida, on April 10, 1979. it also supplements an oral.presentation
made by the undersigned at that hearing and the report of "Effects
of Lowering,.Lake Apopka on Citrus Groves" by Edward E. Clark, a copy
of which was given to you at the hearing on April 10, 1979.
rFM: ms
101
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. 1
; j
? :3WASO £. CIARX
-iriGINEERS-SCIENTISTS INC.
April 10, 1979
Raymer F. Maguire, Jr., Esquire
Maguire, Voorhis & Wells, P.A.
135 Wall Street
Post Office Box 633
Orlando, Florida 32802
Re: Lake Apopka Restoration Project
Draft EIS
Dear Mr. Maguire:
In accordance with our professional agreement, our
firm has reviewed the Draft Environmental Impact statement,
Lake Apopka Restoration Project, Lake & Orange Coun ^es, Flori-
da. Our review was limited to items concerning freeze/frost
protection to the citrus groves in the proximity ake Apopka.
The following comments are numbered for reference and
appropriate page numbers of the Draft EIS are given m paren-
thesis.
1. Frost/freeze studies are mentioned in the Summary section
although the concerns of loss of freeze protection to
citrus groves is not referenced (vn) •
2. Loss of freeze protection to citrus is omitted as an ad-
verse impact (ix) although it is discusse under the sec-
tion Drawdown and Sediment Consolidation (111). Number 18
lists increased frost/breeze protection as a beneficial
effect due to the increased volume of the lake following
muck consolidation. The freeze protection of a restored
lake is not necessarily proportional to the 13% increase
expected in lake volume since the present unconsolidated
muck contains water available for the storage of thermal
energy. Some of this water can be demonstrated as being
available since present sediments are constantly being
reentrained by lake water currents. Since this is restor-
ing a benefit previously taken away during drawdown, it
should be omitted from the discussion (xi) .
3. Item 2 acknowledges that frost or freeze damage to citrus
groves is a major item troubling the public. However,
this concern is not thoroughly addressed throughout the
report (8).
J
~520 icuthwest 57th Avenue-Suite A
Miami, ricrida 33143
665-5736
102
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Raymer F. Maguire, Jr., Esquire
April 10, 1979
Page Two
4. The section on Meteorology and Climatology recognizes that
lakes have a buffering effect on cold temperatures. The
report is concerned with 29-year averages of maximum and
minimum temperatures. However, the report fails to rec-
ognize that hardly a year passes without at least one
freeze in the area. The report should state the average
number of nights per winter during the 29-year period with
a minimum temperature below 32°F, and 28°F.
5. The great magnitude of the citrus groves in the area is in-
dicated by the acreage in Table 2.15 and the Land Use Map,
Figure 2.14 (74, 76), yet citrus interests are still treated
lightly.
6. Mention of maintenance of freeze protection for citrus was
omitted from the discussion of the "No Action" alternative
(100) .
7. No mention is made of studies or correlation of freeze data
with the ten artificial drawdowns referenced (111).
8. Under the subsection of Constraints, the lake level is to
be maintained at 64 ft. msl for citrus protection against
frost/freeze (116). The normal level is reported to be
66.5 to 67.5 ft. msl (p. 101). This represents a substan-
tial drawdown of the lake during the critical months of
December, January, and February.
9. The Draft EIS omits reference of the study conducted at the
request of the citrus growers which is entitled "Effects of
Lowering Lake Apopka on Citrus Groves", E.E. Clark Engineers-
Scientists, July 14, 1976.
10. The Draft EIS states that the engineering firm has manipu-
lated the drawdown schedule to an agreeable format. The
citrus growers are not in agreement with the drawdown format
(159) .
11. Again, there is no reference of the Clark report in the sub-
section entitled Meterological Impacts and Mitigative Steps
(167). The report by Bartholic and Bill (1977) left certain
important questions unresolved. Specific suggestions on how
to strengthen this study were made to the DER (see Clark
letter to Maguire dated February 14, 1978, and Hiser letter
to Clark dated February 9, 1978 - copies attached).
12. The loss of freeze protection to citrus was omitted in the
section on "Economic Trade-Offs Analysis" (C-l).
103
EDWARD E. CLARK ENGINEERS-SCIENTISTS. INC.
-------
Raymer F. Maguire, Esquire
April 10, 1979
Page Three
13. Increased frost/freeze protection after restoration was
included as a benefit (C-17, C-24). See comment number 2.
I trust this review will be helpful in your monitor-
ing of this project.
Edward E. Clark Ph.D.,P.E
President
EEC:pr
attachments
104
EDWARD E. CLARK ENGINEERS-SCIENTISTS, INC.
-------
20 Souih*57th Av«nu»
iio A
uth Miami, fioribo 33143
l3C5i 66S - 5736
February 14, 1978
Raymer F. Maguire, Jr., Esquire
Maguire, Voorhis & Wells, P.A.
135 Wall Street
Post Office Box 633
Orlando, Florida 328 02
Dear Mr. Maguire:
Pursuant?to your request, Dr. Hiser and 1 have pre-
pared the following thoughts on additional studies that would
help answer some of the questions recently raised about the
Lake Apopka Restoration project.
The goal, or end-point of this work is to know the
estimated dollar value of heat protection afforded to the
area's groves for various freeze conditions, and the associated
probability of occurence of that freeze condition, all based on
various water levels in the lake. Furthermore, in the last two
or three years, the area has experienced freezes of two and
three days duration followed by short periods of non-freezing
weather and then another series of freezing dates. Any pre-
dictive model should be capable of examining this situation.
Dr. Bartholic indicated that additional field measurements would
be necessary in order to make major improvements in the accuracy
of his model. Obviously, this would take considerable time and
may eventually be desirable. However, the basic computer model
could be strengthened immediately by making more computer runs
and incorporating the suggestions given in the attached letter
by Dr. Hiser.
Since Dr. Bartholic's work is restricted to a one-
dimensional prediction model, some additional work is necessary
—to expand this -model to a-two-=dimensional model in order to get
an estimate of the area of citrus groves influenced by the lake.
By shifting the direction of the wind, various area coverages
(with associated probabilities) could be predicted with an en-
velope of coverage produced. By using the major factors involved
(elevation, ground cover, etc.), a temperature map of "afforded
coverage" could be constructed.
105
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Raymer F. Maguire, Jr., Esquire
February 14, 1978
Page Two
The next step might be to use the available informa-
tion on citrus failure - freeze relationships and using the
available acreage and dollar worth for groves, a final "bottom
line" dollar amount could be predicted. This dollar amount
would be associated with the pre-established wind conditions
and freeze probabilities. Finally, the process would be re-
peated for different conditions until a reasonable number of
data points were established. An analysis of the entire study
should be made to assess the study's limitations, assumptions
and reliability.
This suggested study outline should produce informa-
tion which would aid in better understanding the quantitative
effect the lake has on citrus grove protection. It would pro-
vide one more aid to judgment in assessing the overall project
feasibility. The above are suggestions only and the team as-
signed to the study will want to expand and modify as detail
conditions dictate. This firm, its employees and subcontractors,
assume no responsibility for the study or its outcome.
Edward E. Clark, Ph.D.,P.E.
EEC:pr
attachment
cc: Suzanne P. Walker, DER
106
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9 February 1978
Dr. Edward E. Clark
Clartr Engineers-Scientists
7520 S.W. 57th Avenuri, Suite A
South Miami, Florida 33143
Ref: Your letter of 27 January 1978
Dear Dr. Clark:
I have studied the August 1977 Final Report by J.F. Bartholic
and R.G. Dill, entitlftd "Freeze Study for Lake Apopka Vicinity, Phase
I and II," and have the following questions and cosnoents regarding it:
1. Page 9. First sentence in last paragraph cay be an over-
statement. Relation™!ips in Figure 11.1.2. appear to agree
veil with average temperature differences found in colder
situations as stated later in the paragraph.
2. Page 10. Probabilities for stations 8 and 12 should be com-
puted and added to Tabic 11.1.3.
3. Pages 13 and 1A. Text on page 9 indicates that five freeze
episodes are presented in these Figures, but they appear to
be one prolonged case in February 1958 and two other episodes
in 1957 and 1962 respectively. February 1958 appears to be
a good example of a four-day episode in which the lake* was
most beneficial. Note in Figure 1.2. that the lake level
was near 68 ft. m.s.l. at this tine. I believe that the
statistical probability for a prolonged episode of this type
should be investigated, and, if necessary, the lake effects
should be recomputed for the 100 cm water depth in such event.
A. Page 21. This illustration of preferred wind directions for
freeze episodes and Figure III.5, paj*e A6, both suggest a
maxltnura heating benefit considerably west of station 12 where
there are no long-term records. Sc-.e footnote on page 10,
regarding station 18. This preferred trajectory must be taken
into account in evaluating any historical records.
5. Page 3A, Figure II.A.A. Along which trajectory from the lake
is this plot made?
6. Page A3. Lemon, 1965, reference missing from list at end of
report. Also, in Table III-l, where was the Lake Apopka
data taken, over water or oh south side of "lake, and at vhat
height above surface?
107
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- 2 -
7. Page 45. Statement at top of page appears to be in *rror.
Specific humidity and wind direction remained relatively
constant throughout most of the night, but wind speed and
2 m air temperature began significant decreases after
0330 EST. Times at beginning of second paragraph should
be 3:30 - 5:30 EST instead of 9:00 - 6:00, see Figure III.A.
Also, where at lake were data for Figure III.4. collected?
In last paragraph, I assume temperature data for Figures III.5.
and III.6. were collected in East-West transverse along High-
way 50. How and at what height were these data taken?
8. Pages 57 and 58. Discussion of results for d ¦ 100 and 50 co.
The relation of surface area to depth of the lake is mentioned
on pages 3 and 77. However, it would be more apparent if an
area versus depth plot were Included to show the exposed sur-
face area for water deaths of 150, 100, and 50 cm.
9. Page 5". Are there any observed lake temperatures that can
be listed at certain times along with the computed lake tem-
perature in Table III-2? Only the 0600 EST observed temper-
ature of 5.6*C for the second day is mentioned on page 56. .
10* Pages 68 and 69. Is x ¦ 0 several kilometers upwind of the
lake in Figures IV.1 and IV.2, is so, how far upwind?
11. Page 74. Sentences at top of page mentions competing mech-
anisms of available heat energy and decreasing vertical
ascent of air, partially through the reduction of water
vapor, as water temperature is lowered. Water vapor is an
Important parameter since it acts as a radiation blanket
to capture and return some outgoing radiation. A statement
on page 45 indicates that water vapor effects of the lake,
are still present 20 km. downwind where temperature effects
have been eliminated by diffusion.
12. Pages 75 and 76. It would be helpful to have the effects of
a wind speed of about 7m/sec or one near 4m/sec computed
and plotted on Figures IV.4. and IV.5. The relationships
are non-linear so that you cannot interpolate or extrapolate
values on these plots. Three or more wind wpeeds would
depict this non-linearity.
I will continue to review the report and let you know if I find
that I have overlooked an item of importance".
Sincerely,
Dr. 1I.W. Hiser,
Environmental Engineer
4705 University Drive
Coral Gables, FL. 33146
HWH/Jd
108
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Responses to Comments Received on Draft EIS
Federal Agencies
1. Response to Department of Interior - U.S. Geological Survey:
The changes in text necessary to more precisely explain your
conclusions are acknowledged. The errata sheet (pages xiii-xiv)
for the Draft EIS notes these corrections.
2. Responses to Department of the Army - Corps of Engineers:
a. The errata sheet for the Draft EIS notes this clarification.
b. The corrections noting an increase in the daily nutrient load
to the downstream lakes are reasonable. Nutrient loading
downstream of Lake Apopka may increase temporarily during
drawdown (DEIS, p. 137). However, during the partial draw-
down of Lake Apopka in 1971, the high discharge rates did
not adversely affect the water quality of downstream areas
(Hahn, 1977) . Increased flushing may actually lower the
concentrations of solids and nutrients. In addition, the
in-lake sedimentation basin will be designed to remove over
90% of the suspended solids before the water leaves Lake
Apopka (see Section 4 for details). Lake Beauclair will
also be used for suspended solids removal. If at any time
the standards for water leaving Lake Beauclair are violated,
pumping from Lake Apopka will cease until levels are acceptable.
There are not enough data to calculate the assimilative
capacity of all of the downstream lakes. At any rate,
due to the time constraints placed on the project by the
necessity to protect the citrus groves from frost/freeze
damage, the pumping schedule is inflexible.
Although concerns for downstream lakes are legitimate, it
is believed these temporary fluxes in nutrient loadings
should have no lasting consequences. In addition, normal
flushing will occur once Lake Apopka is refilled.
109
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c. Lake Ocklawaha should not receive greatly increased nutrient
loading during the proposed drawdown. Furthermore, as
mentioned above, any temporary increases should not have
a permanent effect and water quality should improve as
Lake Apopka improves.
d. Placing a water control structure across Gourd Neck Springs
would reduce the flow of groundwater, but this could also
have deleterious impacts. As mentioned above, nutrient
loadings may increase during drawdown and holddown of Lake
Apopka. The flow from Gourd Neck Springs would be a major
source of freshwater to dilute these nutrients. Also, con-
structing and maintaining such a structure would not be
cost-effective. The area would require considerable muck
removal, and a water control structure would only be in place
during drawdown and holddown (5 months). Gourd Neck Springs
will be an important source of refill water for the lake.
Thus, although some benefits could be realized through such
action, the benefits of letting the springs flow are more
favorable to the overall success of the project.
3. Response to Department of the Interior - Office of the Secretary:
General Comments
Removal of the lake's marsh system to create the muck farms was
indeed a major contributor to Lake Apopka's degradation. The
filtration and assimilative functions of the marsh were important
in preventing eutrophication. Prior to 1940, Lake Apopka had
12,400 hectares (30,000 acres) of marsh associated with it. The
removal of this important natural filtering system in conjunction
with the lake level stabilization program has hindered all attempts
at restoring the lake. Much of the energy for and cost of the
treatment facilities for the nutrient abatement program could have
been provided by the associated marsh if it had remained in its
natural state. Of course, the muck farms would not have been
developed. In essence the short-term economic benefits of marsh
removal have been realized at the expense of the lake ecosystem.
110
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Specific Comments
Pages 68-69, Table 2.11
Although it is realized that the Federal list of endangered species
indicates those of national significance, it was felt that all
endangered species should be grouped together. By including all
classifications of endangered species in one list the importance of
protecting these species is noted at all levels - local, state, and
federal. This in no way suggests that the significance of federally
listed endangered species should be downplayed or underestimated.
It simply means that state as well as federal endangered species
are recognized for the vital function they play in the area's
ecosystem, and should all be protected from any harmful actions
associated with the project.
Page 96
The DEIS recommends waiting for project approval before conducting
the professional archeological survey mainly to prevent the
disclosure of important sites should the project not be imple-
mented. Correspondence with the Florida Department of State,
Division of Archives, indicates that the field work for such
a survey could be completed in approximately two to four weeks.
Report writing would take another two to three weeks, and the
entire survey would cost between $1600 and $2900. This is only
a preliminary estimate and does not include time spent on removing
potential artifacts. Archive officials would inspect all con-
struction sites of the proposed project including dredging of
the Apopka-Beauclair Canal and the Deep Hole Channel/Sedimenta-
tion Basin. Thus, it would be only practical for the professional
survey to take place several months before initial construction so
that the project schedule would not be delayed.
If significant archeological artifacts are affected by the project,
it would be most desirable to relocate the facility responsible
for the conflict of interests. Some facilities could not be
relocated and these sites would be examined in greater detail. If
the artifacts are significant in quantity or quality and in good
condition, they would be excavated. However, archive officials
111
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indicate that actual construction sites for the project are small
in area and the exposed lake bottom is likely of more significance.
The surveyors would examine the exposed shoreline as the lake was
drawn down and record any significant findings. These sites would
most likely not be affected by the project unless dredging were
called for in the area. However, there is no feasible method of
examining the lake bottom before drawdown. Extreme turbidity
levels and the flocculent muck make the survey impossible.
Therefore, officials would observe the dredging and react accordingly
to any newly discovered artifacts.
The archeological survey would be conducted several months prior to
initial construction and any necessary changes in engineering
design could be incorporated. This time frame would also permit
the excavation and removal of any significant historical/archeo-
logical artifacts. If the project is not implemented, the locations
of these sites would be protected from any damage and no survey
costs would be charged. Since the State of Florida has plans and
specific ideas for conducting the survey, this contingency approach
appears to be most feasible.
Page 112
Suggestion acknowledged.
Page 131
Analysis of the restoration plan and constraints imposed on the
project indicate that restoration measures should not be necessary
for any lakes other than Apopka and Beauclair. The quality of
water leaving Lake Beauclair will be monitored and pumping will be
delayed if problems do occur. However, since Beauclair will have
a detention time of 5.5 days during drawdown and 8.2 days during
holddown, the engineers are confident that any muck pumped from
Apopka will not pass any further downstream. Although nutrient
loads may increase temporarily in all downstream lakes, it is the
increased sediment load in Lake Beauclair that necessitates its
restoration (See Response #2 for additional details).
112
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4. Response to Department of Health, Education and Welfare -
Public Health Service:
Mosquito surveillance will be conducted at all lake sites by the
local Pollution Control Departments.
5. Response to Department of Health, Education, and Walfare -
Region IV:
No response necessary.
6. Response to U.S. Department of Agriculture -
Soil Conservation Service:
No response necessary.
7. Response to U.S. Coast Guard:
No response necessary.
8. Response to Department of Transportation:
No response necessary.
9. Response to Federal Energy Regulatory Commission:
Appropriate precautions will be taken by the contractor to protect
all existing electrical transmission lines and natural gas pipe-
lines in the construction area.
state Agencies Through A-95 Clearinghouse Process
10. Response to Department of Administration:
If the necessary $19.8 million is not appropriated by the EPA and
the State of Florida, limited drawdowns would be an acceptable
secondary effort. However, as explained in Section 3 under En-
hanced Fluctuation, these limited drawdowns may not improve Lake
Apopka to any great extent. The frost/freeze constraint is most
restrictive and the resulting time schedule does not allow a great
degree of time for an effective drawdown before the lake must be
refilled to 19.5 m msl for winter. As previously stated, however,
113
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it is felt that any enhanced fluctuation would improve water quality
to some extent and such actions are encouraged.
Response to Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission:
Your synopsis of the project and its expected benefits and short-
comings is quite comprehensive and accurate. As Section 4 of this
document explains, many concerns have been raised over the time
frame of the proposed project. The drawdown schedule is restricted
by the numerous constraints imposed upon it (page 116 — DEIS). For
maximum consolidation of bottom materials and significant improve-
ment of the lake ecosystem, a nine month drawdown, holddown, and
refill is not the optimal situation. Without this constraint the
proposed drawdown would allow better consolidation of the lake
bottom and would cost much less.
As previously mentioned, enhanced fluctuation and nutrient abate-
ment are considered important secondary restoration efforts. An
enhanced fluctuation schedule following the proposed drawdown would
be extremely beneficial in maintaining the littoral zone and is
strongly recommended. In a similar manner, continued enforcement
of the nutrient abatement program is considered an essential aspect
of the overall lake restoration project. Nutrient budget data are
contained in Section 2 under Water Quality which includes explanations
of current inputs to the lake.
The rigid time schedule imposed on the project does produce many
undesirable problems as explained in Section 4 of this document.
A contingency plan to draw down the lake several years in a row
would undoubtedly increase the benefits of the project, but costs
would increase substantially. The cofferdams used for refill would
have to be removed for the subsequent drawdown, and pumping stations
would have to be reconstructed. It is difficult to estimate the
cost of this additional work plus another year's operational costs,
but with a present cost estimate of nearly $20 million, substantial
cost increases can only diminish chances for implementation. Under
114
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worst case conditions (heavy rain during drawdown and low rain
during refill) the present design provides only two months for
holddown. Decreasing the drawdown and refill periods by increasing
the pumping rate is not feasible because the pumping rate already
approaches the flow capacities of some downstream channels. Thus,
the time schedule does not allow much flexibility from the current
design.
Alternative methods of citrus protection have been studied by DER.
Purchasing heaters for the affected citrus groves is estimated to
cost $4 million, excluding freight, fuel and labor costs. In
addition, on windy nights when Apopka provides the most protection,
heaters are not efficient protectors. Federally funded insurance
protection is currently available, but only crop losses are covered,
not damage to trees. Therefore, this is not an acceptable means of
compensation. A state funded escrow could be established to cover
any frost/freeze damage, but the cost would depend on the amount of
damage occurring from the project. This alternative could cost
more than ^32 million if all the trees in the protected area were
damaged. It should be noted that the cost of any of these alternatives
would be in addition to the cost of draining and refilling the
lake. In an effort to provide protection to all parties who may
possibly be adversely affected by the drawdown implementation costs
have skyrocketed.
It is possible that sections of construction sites could remain as
work facilities following drawdown. This would depend on the
individual landowner's preference and permitting considerations.
Problems with terrestrial vegetation are further discussed in this
document under Section 4.
Concerning the removal of rough fish during drawdown, DER and the
FG&FWFC are encouraged to work together in developing a feasible
plan. Preliminary discussions on netting and seining have already
occurred. Although haul seines are not permitted on Lake Apopka,
115
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it is possible that the FG&FWFC would issue a variance of this
restriction during the proposed drawdown. This action would provide
incentive for commercial fishermen to remove the rough fish.
Conflicts may arise between fishermen if haul seines are permitted,
since commercial catfishermen use bottom traps and trotlines which
may entangle haul seines. Therefore, the FG&FWFC would have to
limit permits and oversee such operations. It should be noted that
fish harvesting is not an extremely effective means of removing
nutrients from the lake. For every 454 kg (1,000 pounds) of fish
harvested, only 6.4 kg (14 pounds) of nitrogen and 3.2 kg (7
pounds) of phosphorus are removed. This amounts to 2% of the
average daily total phosphorus input to the lake and only 0.4% of
the average daily total nitrogen input. Nevertheless, removal of
these nutrients can only help the restoration effort and may
provide a source of income for fishermen around the lake. It would
also help to reduce odor problems that may occur during drawdown
due to decaying fish. The fish removal plan should not only address
the issuance of permits, but should also make sure that all seined
fish, not just marketable ones, are removed from the lake.
The exposed muck bottom could indeed be a public hazard. Terrestrial
weed growth should prohibit some trespassing on the muck, but local
health departments are encouraged to post the lake and notify
residents of the associated dangers. DER would also post the lake
and could consider alerting nearby residents through the news
media.
12. Response to All Other State Agencies:
No response necessary.
Local Governments
13. Response to Calvin Glidewell, Leesburg City Manager:
The Constraints listed on pages 114-116 in the DEIS are restrictions
by which any restoration project for Lake Apopka must abide.
Constraint number 5 on page 116 states, "Water quality must not be
degraded below standards set in Chapter 17-3, Florida Administrative
116
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Code, or below existing conditions." All the downstream lakes
including Lake Griffin, are included under this constraint. Therefore,
there is no contradiction, and Lake Griffin will be protected.
Individuals
14. Response to David C. Baldwin:
As previously stated in the DEIS, nutrient loadings to downstream
lakes may increase during drawdown and holddown. However, this
effect will be temporary, and when Lake Apopka is restored the
entire chain of lakes will receive, through flushing, water of
improved quality. Water quality in these lakes will be monitored
during the project, and if standards are exceeded, pumping will be
halted until the problem can be corrected. Other biologists have
expressed concerns about excessive nutrient loadings to the downstream
lakes during the project. Therefore, although it is felt these
effects will be insignificant, the Final EIS recommends further
studies to quantify these impacts. Further discussion of this
concern can be found in the responses to the Army Corps of En-
gineers and the Department of the Interior.
No probability of success for the project has been given to date.
This topic has not been omitted through oversight. Rather, the
current data on lake drawdowns vary considerably, and success rate
is dependent on numerous factors such as degree of muck consoli-
dation, weather conditions, and construction schedules. In addition,
because of the unknowns involved in this project, the ultimate
benefits of this drawdown are not absolutely predictable. A lake
restoration of this magnitude has never been attempted and as
studies continue, an increasing number of inherent problems are
recognized. A test drawdown of Lake Mare Prairie has been proposed
to answer some of these questions. It is anticipated that the
studies recommended in this Final EIS will eventually produce data
which will permit the calculation of a probability of success.
117
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Crust formation of the exposed lake bottom will occur over 70<£
of the 124 km^ lake bed. Of this amount, 30% will form a firm
crust and 40% will show improved firmness. The remaining 30% of
the lake bottom will not be consolidated. It is this unconsolidated
portion that has caused great concern over the success of the
project (see Section 4 for further details). Some terrestrial
vegetation will uproot as the lake is refilled, but the amount of
muck disturbed in this manner is insignificant compared to the 30%
that may not be consolidated at all through drawdown.
Your suggestion for further research into the specific effects
of lake drawdowns is well received. The Final EIS recognizes the
deficiencies in available data and recommends implementation of the
drawdown only after these biological and chemical concerns have
been more thoroughly analyzed. Such studies will permit a more
accurate prediction of the adverse effects of the drawdown on Lake
Apopka and the downstream lakes.
Response to June and Bill Ley:
As Lake Apopka is lowered during drawdown, Gourd Neck Springs will
increase its flow rate, which will cause a drawdown of the Floridan
Aquifer's potentiometric surface. As explained on page 158 of the
DEIS, RSB&W estimates that the maximum decline in the potentiometric
surface will be 2.7 m (9.0 ft) at the springs and 1.1 m (3.6. ft)
approximately 1.6 km (1 mi) from the springs. Also, as the lake
level declines, the differential in heads between the lake and the
Floridan Aquifer will cause an upward flow into the lake. This
leakage effect will be smaller than that from the increased flow of
the springs. In other words, Gourd Neck Springs will have a heavier
flow during drawdown which will lead to a slight decrease in the
water level in the Floridan Aquifer. When the lake is refilled,
the water level in the aquifer will return to normal as it is
recharged or filled from other sources, such as rainfall. When the
water level in the aquifer reaches pre-drawdown levels, Gourd Neck
Springs will again have its original flow rate. Therefore, the
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hydrological effects caused by the project would be temporary and
relatively insignificant. No additional plans for "protecting" the
springs are necessary. The response to the Corp of Engineers further
explains the benefits of not restricting flow from the springs.
Response to E. M. Hooper:
It is true that a lake of this size has never been restored before,
nor has any attempt been made to draw down and refill such enormous
quantities of water within such a restricted time frame. However,
even though some effects of the drawdown have not been specifically
quantified, benefits will be realized from the drawdown. Analyses
of natural and man-induced drawdown have shown that such actions
increase littoral vegetation, improve water quality, and enhance
game fish populations (see letter from. FG&FWFC, pages 77-80).
The Lake Tohopekaliga experiment to which you refer was conducted
in 1971 mainly to reverse environmental degradation of the lake.
Following this drawdown, the littoral zone vegetation increased by
16% from 3642 hectares to 4249 hectares (9,000 acres to 10,500
acres), game fish values increased by 37%, and benthic macroinver-
tebrates increased 3 or 4 fold in both littoral and limnetic zones.
Drawdowns have shown that proper management levels can reestablish
a healthy lake ecosystem. Nutrients are "channeled into more
stable organic energy forms, leading to increased sportfish production
and longer maintenance of high water quality "(FG&FWFC, 1974).
The major problem with the drawdown restoration of Lake Tohopekaliga
was that no nutrient abatement program was implemented. In fact,
all five of the sewage treatment plants discharging into the lake
increased their flows after the drawdown. These effluents were
extremely nutrient-rich and were in a form immediately available
for biological assimilation. Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish
Commission (1974) records indicate that from 1971 to 1974, sewage
plant discharges to Lake Toho increased 51.9%, to nearly 5 billion
gallons annually. This increase in nutrients has degraded water
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quality in the lake to the extent that another major fluctuation in
water level is necessary.
The drawdown technique does yield positive results, and it is
expected that these improvements will occur in Lake Apopka following
the proposed project. However, since Apopka has such extensive
deposits of muck and nutrients, it is not known whether this one-
time extreme drawdown is sufficient to permanently restore the
lake. Certain aspects of the drawdown should be more thoroughly
investigated prior to any implementation. To obtain a more detailed
analysis of the effects of a drawdown of this magnitude, a drawdown
of a smaller lake similar to Lake Apopka has been proposed in this
document. These additional studies should produce information that
could quantify the various effects of the project. Thus, although
your opinion on expected benefits from the drawdown does not concur
with the findings of this report, your opposition to funding the
project is acknowledged.
Response to Lewis C. Farner:
Protection for the environmentally sensitive Dora Canal is provided
by constraints number 3 and 4 on page 116 of the DEIS. Since the
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Dora Canal can only handle up to 757 m /min (200,000 gpm), the
design includes the bypass transmission main through Tavares. This
pipeline will shunt the additional flow around the Dora Canal,
protecting it from damaging flows.
The engineers, in their final design, have calculated that maximum
velocities of approximately 36.6 m/min (2.0 ft/sec) will occur in
the Dora Canal. More specifically, during drawdown the flow will
be about 33.7 m/min (1.84 ft/sec) and during holddown approximately
23.6 m/min (1.29 ft/sec). These velocities are comparable with
those achieved during the 1971 partial drawdown of Lake Apopka
(Hahn, 1977). If the property in question was not eroded at that
time, there is no reason to believe it will be adversely affected
during this proposed project. The engineers are confident these
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velocities will not erode the Dora Canal because any velocities
less than 45.7 m/min (2.5 ft/sec) are considered nonerodible for
channels carrying colloidal silts.
Therefore, if these velocities will not erode the canals where
velocity is greatest, there is even less chance of your property
being eroded. Although your concern is understandable, the design
velocities are quite appropriate. In addition, the contractor
selected for the project will be required to place rip-rap where
necessary to prevent scouring and sediment transport during the
drawdown.
Closing the Apopka-Beauclair Canal would not be an acceptable
water management scheme for the Oklawaha Chain of Lakes. Outflow
from Lake Apopka averages 85.9 million m3/year (94 ft3/sec). This
is an important part of the water budget to downstream lakes. If
Lake Apopka were blocked off, the entire hydroperiod of the chain
of lakes would be significantly altered, which could cause extreme
environmental damage. Levels of downstream lakes would decrease,
the diluting effect of the normal flow would be negated and water
quality of the downstream lakes would actually become poorer.
Lake Apopka would also suffer from such action. The net input to
the lake varies considerably throughout the year (page 31, DEIS).
If outflow through the Apopka-Beauclair Canal were restricted,
water levels would rise, causing local flooding. Eventually,
water would begin to sheet flow through Double Run Swamp to Lake
Harris as it did before the Apopka-Beauclair Canal was constructed.
This would degrade the water quality in Lake Harris and adjoining
lakes, thus compounding the problem. Also, allowing no outlet
through the Apopka-Beauclair Canal may increase the detention time
of Lake Apopka, which could lead to an increase in nutrient levels,
more algal blooms and increasing rates of organic sediment accumulation.
This would minimize the potential success of any further lake
restoration programs and is strongly discouraged.
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It should also be realized that Lake Apopka is not the only contri-
butor of pollutants and nutrients to downstream lakes. Each of
these lakes is subject to urban runoff and other nonpoint source
pollution from its own watershed. Damming the Apopka-Beauclair
Canal would reduce flow through the lakes from upstream while the
surrounding watershed continues to contribute pollutants at the
current rate. Eventually this could lead to a greater concentration
of pollutants and nutrients in these lakes and increased detention
times. Thus, noxious algae and undesirable aquatic weeds may
become more predominant. Finally, Lakes Dora and Beauclair presently
have poorer water quality than Lake Apopka for many parameters.
Therefore, the complete shut off of input water from Apopka is an
ill-advised and environmentally unacceptable management scheme for
these lakes.
Response to N. Rex Clonts, President of Clonts Farms, Inc.:
As described in Appendix B of this report, the irrigation plan for
the muck farms has been altered significantly. The original plan
called for restoring sections of the Willows Dike so that water
could be channeled between it and the Farmers Dike to provide
irrigation. As stated in your letter, "There is no Willows Dike"
or at least there is little possibility of restoring the Willows
Dike to a usable form. In addition, the poor soil conditions in
the area have caused much concern on the part of the engineers (see
Section 4 for more details). Since the overwhelming problems of
the original plan have led to a new irrigation scheme, there is no
possibility of rebuilding the Willows Dike to 20.7 m (68 ft) msl.
Instead, irrigation water will be routed through existing interior
canals, and plans call for emergency preparedness to handle any
leaks in the Farmer's Dike.
As explained under Engineering Concerns in Section 4, RSB&W is
quite aware of the problems involved when the existing dikes are
exposed. The revised engineering design strongly recommends further
geotechnical work and stockpiling of adequate materials and equipment
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to handle potential dike problems. Prior to the drawdown, soil
borings and geotechnical analyses will be conducted on all affected
dikes, and improvements will be made to sections of the dikes which
are structurally inadequate to safely handle the drawdown. During
the entire project, a geotechnical engineer will constantly monitor
the dikes and note any changes or damages which must be repaired.
Equipment and materials will be used as necessary to maintain the
integrity of these dikes to the maximum extent possible. This
equipment will remain on site for an appropriate period following
refill, since sheer forces on the dikes will be greatest when the
lake level reaches its normal elevations.
This project has numerous problems and inherent risks due to its
magnitude and the number of individuals affected by the fluctuating
lake levels. The importance of maintaining the dikes and meeting
the drawdown/refill schedule is recognized by the consulting
engineers. All necessary actions will be taken to accomplish those
objectives. Under the proposed project design, the possibility of
losing irrigation water during the Spring is low since this period
coincides with the drawdown phase when it is advantageous for the
farmers to use water which will have to be drained from the lake
anyway. During the Fall, which is the refill period of the project,
the dikes will be most subject to structural damage; hence, the
appropriate precautions are being taken by RSB&W in their final
design.
19. Responses to Neil R. Greenwood of Bromwell Engineering and A1
Stewart:
Although the proposals outlined in your respective letters appear
at first examination to be acceptable alternatives to the RSB&W
design, further analyses reveal many problems. These problems are
inherent in any design to restore Lake Apopka and must be satis-
factorily addressed to ensure the success of the project. A
review of the Greenwood and Stewart proposals by DER staff and
comments specifically explaining associated problems are contained
in Appendix C of this report. The reader is encouraged to refer
to that section for more complete responses to the related proposals.
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Response to Raymer Maguire:
The first comment, concerning contributions of nutrients to Lake
Apopka from fish kills, incorrectly paraphrases the DEIS. It was
not just one fish kill that contributed more pollutants than the
Winter Garden Sewage Treatment Plant; it was all fish kills and
hyacinth sprayings. Page 6 of the DEIS states, "FG&FWFC personnel
estimate that the nitrogen and phosphorus available in deliberately
killed shad and hyacinths exceeded by 1.5 times the total nitrogen
and phosphorus added by the Winter Garden Sewage Treatment Plant
during the past 37 years."
Concerning the removal of rough fish prior to drawdown, the DEIS
recommends harvesting but would develop a plan for such action only
if and when the proposed drawdown is funded. Any fish removal plan
would have to be closely coordinated with the Florida Game & Freshwater
Fish Commission. It should be noted, however, that fish harvesting
is not a very effective means of removing nutrients from the lake.
(See response to FG&FWFC in this section for more details).
The DEIS favors the harvesting of terrestrial vegetation which
would grow on the lake's exposed bottom, but also explains the
difficulties involved in such action (pages 140-142 DEIS). The
cost of weed removal, logistical problems of working on the newly
consolidated bottom, and the difficulty of finding adequate disposal
sites make the harvesting of terrestrial vegetation infeasible.
Therefore, it is not included in the proposed budget. Page 142 of
the DEIS contains an informative discussion of the advantages and
disadvantages of vegetation removal.
A percentage chance of success for the proposed drawdown is not
given during the EIS process because it would be extremely difficult
to quantify such probabilities. Many benefits and results of
drawdown have been documented through analyses of previous natural
and man-induced drawdowns, but lake restoration, especially by
drawdown, is still in its preliminary stages. Therefore, some of
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the effects of this restoration technique can only be identified
through scientific conjecture. As Section 4 of this document
explains, many of the expected results of drawdown can only be
specifically quantified through further studies or through the
implementation of a scaled down version of the proposed project.
The overall success potential of the Lake Apopka drawdown depends
upon many factors, including the degree of muck consolidation, the
extent of terrestrial vegetation growth, favorable weather conditions
and construction schedules, and numerous other associated factors.
Thus, it would be misleading and inappropriate to calculate a
probability of success figure at this time. When and if other
studies are completed or a test drawdown is funded, an estimated
guarantee of success may become more feasible.
Further explanation of why the DEIS stated there should be no
significant adverse effects to citrus groves is contained in the
Bartholic and Bill (1977) study (Appendix D, DEIS). In their
investigations, Drs. Bartholic and Bill analyzed data on the following
subjects:
1. Minimum temperature of freeze episodes and approximate duration;
2. Seasonal accumulation of hours at temperatures of -3 degrees
C (26 degrees F);
3. Wind speed, direction, and duration for freeze periods occurring
over a 20 year period;
4. Air temperature minimums for all nights and for all cold
nights (less than 2 degrees C); and
5. Probabilities for air temperature being lower than a certain
temperature range (-9 to 0 degrees C) at least once in any
season for several stations in the Lake Apopka region.
The model developed by Bartholic and Bill using the above mentioned
data showed that at 19.5 m (64.0 ft) msl, air and water surface
temperatures decreased only 0.5 degrees C from temperatures expected
with the lake at normal levels.
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The surface area of Lake Apopka at 19.5 m msl is 98% of that at
normal levels; consequently, land surface area protected by the
lake's warming effect should remain basically the same. Furthermore,
the lake will be maintained at 19.5 m msl by pumping facilities,
which should give citrus growers further insurance against the
natural fluctuations in lake levels that have occurred during the
past winters.
The work done by Dr. Clark (1976) was studied by Bartholic and Bill
and is referenced in their report contained in the DEIS. It should
be noted also that Clark did not address the effects of partial
drawdown conditions to 19.5m (64.0 ft) msl. His report analyzes
the effects of the drawdown as it was originally envisioned in
1976. At that time, plans called for draining and refilling the
lake over an 18 to 30 month period, with refill occurring by natural
means. Therefore, Clark (1976) assumed that during the critical
winter period, "...thousands of acres of bare lake bottom would be
exposed." Although this assumption was correct in 1976, the draw-
down schedule has been subsequently altered so that Lake Apopka
will be at 19.5 m msl during the winter months.
It is acknowledged that the citrus growers still do not agree that
a 19.5 m msl lake level for two winters will afford them the warming
effect of the lake. Drs. Bartholic and Bill have estimated that
further in-depth research during the winter months, as requested by
the citrus growers, would cost approximately $50,000. After careful
consideration, EPA and DER staff (including meteorologists, hydrologists,
and atmospheric specialists) concluded that further investigations
would not be likely to produce additional pertinent information on
frost/freeze protection. It is accepted that Lake Apopka has a
beneficial warming effect on the groves south and southeast of the
lake. However, a drawdown to 19.5 m msl, exposing only 2% of the
lake bottom, is not expected to significantly reduce this effect.
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SECTION 8
TRANSCRIPT OF PUBLIC HEARING ON DRAFT EIS
AND RESPONSES TO COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION IV
A Public Hearing in the Matter of:
IAK3 APOPKA RESTORATION PROJECT
LAKE AND ORANGE COUNTIES
TAVARES, FLORIDA
C
Date: April 10,
1979
Time: 7:30 p.m.
Location: Agriculture Center Auditorium
State Road 19 South
Tavares, Florida
-oOo-
BAY PARK REPORTING COMPANY
COURT REPORTING
33 FOURTH STREET NORTH
ST. PETERSBURG. FLORIDA 33701
(813) 823- 8388
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THE PANEL:
ALEC LITTLE
Deputy Regional Administrator
EPA, Region IV
JIM JOWETT
Clean Lakes Program Staff
EPA, Headquarters
GENE RAYBUCK
Project Officer
EPA, Region IV
JEAN TOLMAN, ADMINISTRATOR
Water Resources and Preservation
State of Florida
ROBERT HOWARD
EPA, Region IV
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SPEAKERS PAGE
Charles F. Beaver 35
Neil R. Greenwood 36
David Crepp8 38
Herbert H. Zebuth 40
Edward W. Scheer 45
Kenneth C. Sedlak 46
C.E. Heppberger 48
Raymond F. Haguire 50
R.W. Sherman 61
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PROCEEDIN G S
(Whereupon, at 7:35 p.m. the
hearing was called to order)
MR. LITTLE:
I'd like to call the meeting to order and welcome
each of you tonight to the public hearing that we're
having on the Draft Environmental Impact Statement for
the Lake Apopka Restoration Project.
I'm Alec Little, Deptuy Regional Administrator,
EPA, Region IV, in Atlanta, Georgia, and I've been des-
ignated by the Regional Administrator, Mr. John C. Whit:
to chair the hearing tonight.
I have a statement of a few minutes' duration thii
will help outline the procedure that we'll be using,
introduce to you some of the people up here at the froti
if you'll bear with me for a few minutes; then we'll g«t
right to the purpose of the hearing, and that is to he«i
from you.
The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 re-
quires an agency of the federal government to prepare t\
Environmental Impact Statement whenever that agency pro
poses to take a federal action significantly affecting
the quality of the human environment.
The Lake Apopka Restoration Project's Environment
Impact Statement is a joint effort of the Florida '
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Department of Environmental Regulations and the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, EPA.
This project is the culmination of the efforts
for more than a decade of many individuals and organiza-
tions. Since the restoration of Lake Apopka constitutes
a major federal action significantly affecting the qual-
ity of the human environment, an Environmental Impact
Statement has been prepared.
The federal government is involved in this "majoif
federal action" in two ways. The EPA is considering
partially funding the restoration under the provision (if
the Clean Lakes Section of the Clean Water Act. Various
permits will also be required from the Corps of Engin-
eers before the required construction can be accomplisted.
By mutual agreement, EPA is functioning as the lead
agency in preparing the EIS.
The EPA, responding to the mandate of the National
Environmental Policy Act, issued a notice of intent on
February 24, 1978, to prepare an Environmental Impact
Statement. This public hearing is being held pursuant
to the guidelines of the Council of Environmental QualLty
and the regulations of the Environmental Protection Agency
with regard to the preparation of Environmental Impact
Statements.
The purpose of the public hearing is to receive
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comments from the public on the draft EIS. This draft
is being discussed in a public forum to:
1) Encourage full participation of the
public in the EPA decision making I
process,
2) To develop greater responsiveness of
governmental action to the public's
concerns and priorities and,
3) To develop improved public under-
standing of federally funded projects.
An official report of these proceedings is being
made and will become a part of the record. Notice of
the public hearing was published in the Lake Region,
Lake County Citizens, Sentinel Star and the Leesburg
newspapers, March 28 and April 4.
At this time I'd like to introduce the other per-
sons that are on the panel here with me. Ms. Jean
Tolman —-
A VOICE:
Would you turn that up a little, please?
MR. LITTLE:
I don't have the control.
A VOICE:
I thought you had a mike there.
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MR. LITTLE:
I have a mike, but I don't have the controls.
Let's try this. Is i:Laat a little better:
A VOICE:
Better, a little better, yeah.
MR. LITTLE:
Okay. You wave your hand in the back now if you
can't hear, and we'll try to adjust as best we can.
A VOICE:
Thank you.
MR. LITTLE:
Okay. Again, Ms. JTean Tolman, the administrator
of the Water Resources Restoration and Preservation of
the State of Florida Department of Environmental Regu-
lations, on my right. Mr. Tom Furman, Vice President,
Department of Environmental Regulations' consulting en-
gineering firm of Ross, Saarinen Bolton and Wilder. Thp
pretty good for an amateur.
On my left, far left, is Mr. Jim Jowett of the
Clean Lakes Program in Washington of EPA. Mr. Bob Howajr
on my left, who is chief of our EIS Preparation group in.
Atlanta, and that constitutes those that are up here.
You'll hear from some of these people a3 we go on
and at this time I would like for Mr. Jim Jowett to spea
on the Clean Lakes Program, that program that brought u
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here together, the funding part of what we're talking
about here at Lake Apopka. Mr. Jim Jowett.
MR. JOWETT:
Thank you. Well, I certainly appreciate the time
everybody's taken to come out tonight, and the Clean
Lakes Program is very interested in all of your comment^.
The Clean Lakes Program is authorized
MR. LITTLE:
Speak up, Jim.
MR. JOWETT:
I'm sorry. The Clean Lakes Program is authorized
under Section 314 of the Clean Water Act. The program
provides financial and technical assistance to states t
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lake of this size.
Significant progress has already been made towards
controlling pollution sources in the surrounding water
shed, and EPA is very interested in complimenting this
effort by implementing a lake restoration project in
Lake Apopka.
Thank you.
MR. LITTLE:
Thank you, Mr. Jowett.
I'd like now for Mr. Gene Raybuck of our EIS Prep
aration section in Atlanta to speak on EPA's involvemen
with the National Environmental Policy Act.
MR. RAYBUCK:
Thank you, Mr. Little. Good evening.
First of all, I would like to thank Ms. Jean Tolm|a
and her staff for the work that they have done in assis
ing EPA in preparing this draft EIS. I would also like
to thank Ms. Suzanne Walker, field Project Officer —
Ma. Walker's also with the DER — for coordinating the
Citizen Review Committee meetings.
I also wish to thank the Citizen Review Committee
for their time and their effort and their input in the
preparation of this draft Environmental Impact Statement
I'm going to reiterate here a little bit here whajt
Mr. Little just said. As Project Officer, I'm
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responsible for assuring that EPA meets its obligation
under the National Environmental Policy Act. This is
known as NEPA. NEPA requires all agencies of the federal
government to prepare detailed statements on major en-
vironmental impacts, proposals for legislation, and majt>r
federal actions significantly affecting the quality of
the human environment.
Further, NEPA requires that agencies include, in
their decision-making process, an appropriate and carefji]
consideration of all aspects of a proposed action. In
order to meet these requirements, EPA has prepared the
draft Apopka restoration EIS. As Mr. Little has said,
the major federal actions considered in this EIS is the
issuance of funds for 50 percent of the project costs b|y
EPA in obtaining the necessary permits from the Corps
of Engineers.
The EIS is broken down into four major sections.
The first section is the existing environmental condit-
ions within the study area. It covers meteorology, clip
atology, topography, geology, soils, hydrology, water
quality, biology, air quality, land use, population
projections and characteristics, and economic forecasts
The second section addresses the alternatives and|
their effects. The alternatives considered here were
no action, enhanced fluctuation, chemical sedimentation
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dredging, nutrient diversion, flushing, aeration, draw-
down and sediment consolidation. The thiid section
gives a description of the selected alternatives. The
selected alternative in this draft EIS being considered
by EPA is drawdown.
The last major section addresses the impacts of
the proposed alternative and mitigative steps for iden-
tifying adverse impacts.
This section covers water quality impacts and
mitigative steps, bioligical impacts and mitigative step
meterological impacts and mitigative steps, and also
impacts of increased Lake Beauclair sedimentation and
subsequent drawdown. Following the hearing, at the
closing of the comment period, the Environmental Protect
Agency, along with the State of Florida, will respond
to all written and oral comments. The responses will
be included in the final EIS. The written comments
should be sent to Mr. John E. Hagan, III, Chief, EIS
Branch, EPA, Region IV, 345 Courtland Street Northeast,
Atlanta, Georgia. The zip code is 30308. This address
is given in your agenda for the evening's program. Than
you for coming and thank you, Mr. Little.
MR. LITTLE:
Thank you, Gene. At this point, I'd like to ask
Jean Tolman to present the State of Florida's role in tli
project.
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MS. TOIMAN:
I would also like to thank you for coming this
evening. I see a lot of familiar faces here, anc I thin!
that my staff and I have become pretty well acquainted
with a number of you over the last year.
I'll try to make my remarks very brief, because
we've covered a lot of this ground before.
As you probably know, the Lake Apopka Restoration
Project goes back a number of years with the State* It
was initially a project of the Department of Environment
Pollution -- pardon me -- Department of Pollution Contijo
for the state of Florida. Then subsequently the Game ajn
Freshwater Fish Commission took over the project, and
they received a Clean Lakes grant in 1976, and shortly
thereafter, in 1976, the legislature assigned this proje
to the Department of Environmental Regulation.
So our involvement x^ith it starts in July of 1S76
and at that time the Clean Lakes program grant was tran
ferred to our department.
As Mr. Jowett explains, we receive 50 percent
federal funding for continuation of the project from th|e
Clean Lakes program.
We began in 1976 some studies. Although quite a
bit of work had been done on investigating the problem,
felt there were some gaps existing in information, and v
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began some studies, including the frost/freeze study tfc
many of you are familiar with in this audience.
And in December of 1977, we entered into an agree
ment with the firm of Ross, Saarinen, Bolton and Wilder
to do engineer and environmental studies for the propos
lake drawdown.
Although the earlier agencies had concluded that
a drawdown was the restoration method of choice, the
engineering work, the actual studies to perform such a
project had never been performed, so this work was begt;
under contract in December of 1977.
Shortly thereafter, we felt that the magnitude an
the potential controversial nature of the project requi
the entire question of what should be done to restore
Lake Apopka, what techniques should be used, that entir
question should be revisited, and we mutually agreed wl
EPA in the spring of 1978 that an Environmental Impact
Statement was called for, and so some of you may recall
we had our first public meeting in March of 1978, just
over a year ago.
The EIS process was begun at that time with the
department providing technical assistance to the Enviro
mental Protection Agency for performance of the writing
of the draft, so you can probably see, our involvement
with EPA in this process has been on two fronts. Two
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totally separate parts of the Environmental Protection
Agency have been involved, the Clean Lakes program fund-
ing the project, and the SIS branch participating with
us in the writing of the Environmental Impact Statement^.
The reason we're here tonight is that the Draft
Environmental Impact Statement did reach the conclusion
that the drawdown restoration method was the method of
choice for the restoration of Apopka, and we do have with
us tonight our consulting engineers to describe the pro-
ject, which is also described as the recommended alter-
native in the Environmental Impact Statement.
Thank you very much.
MR. LITTLE:
We'll now turn to Tom Furman to present the project
for his firm as consulting engineer to the Florida DER.
MR. FURMAN:
Thank you very much, Mr. Little. I've got some
slides, which I would like to show you tonight. I find
it very difficult to walk and chew gum at the same time,
so I'm --- It's difficult.
Fred, we'll need the lights off. Thank you very
much.
(Slide)
My purpose in the program is simply to run over tlhe
project, so if you'll like to ask questions later on, at
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least you'll know what has been proposed and have kind of
a quick background of what the overall project is.
As Jean Tolman said, we started in December of 19^7
working on the project —
A VOICE:
Can't hear you.
MR. FURMAN:
Can you hear me now?
A VOICE:
Better.
MR. FURMAN:
Okay. You might have to come up here if you're
having a little difficulty.
A VOICE:
Talk into the mike.
MR. FURMAN:
Thank you. Harassment already.
The purpose of the project was, of course, to take
Lake Apopka, which is highly eutrophic right now and re-
store it as best we can, something that will resemble
this.
(Slide)
Lake Apopka is a lake some 31,000 acres. You all
know where it is, so I won't go through this.
(Slide)
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The preceding studies that have been conducted by
DER are listed here. They consist mainly of the frost/
freeze study, a hydrological study conducted by the U.S
Geological Survey, a data update, a legal study, and
various limnological investigations. Once those were al
conducted, the State decided to proceed with all haste
in getting the engineering design done, and that was ou::
part.
(Slide)
Basically what we're talking about is drawing dowi
Lake Apopka in a three month period starting in March,
holding it down for two months, and then filling the las
by the end of November, and this series of slides right
here shows you what we're talking about when we're re-
ferring to the Lake Apopka Restoration Project.
It would begin in September, and the lake might,
let's say, would be at 66.5, 67 feet, whatever it is,
and then by gravity --
(Slide)
-- would be drawn down to 64 feet mean sea level on
February 1st. Now, during all this time, there would t
significant construction taking place, constructing th«;
coffer dams and all the other facilities that we will h
describing later.
At 64 feet mean sea level, the gravity drawdown
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would stop.
(Slide)
On March 1st the pumped drawdown would begin, and
we would start pumping at the rate of about 500 million
gallons a day for three months. On March 1, the lake
would look something like that, elevation 64 feet, prac-
tically no bottom exposed, and the lake would be about
3 feet lower than it normally is. Okay.
On April 11th, the elevation would be 62.5 feet,
and the bottom shown here in brown, that's how much bott:i
would be exposed.
(Slide)
On May 2nd, it would be at an elevation of 61.5 f«n
and that much bottom would be exposed.
(Slide)
On May 17th, she would be down to 60.5 feet.
(Slide)
On May 27th, at 59.5 —
(Slide)
— and on June 1st, if everything holds, as we predicted
we would reach an elevation of 58, and that's where we
would stop drawing down the lake any further. It doesn'
mean we'd stop pumping. We just would not draw the lake
down any more than that, and that would be about how muc
bottom^. Some of those little pockets of water you see m
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or may not remain, but that's probably a pretty good icje
of what the bottom of the lake would look like.
Now, you're talking about roughly 49 square milesj
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of lake bottom, so that's a tremendous amount of land
area exposed right there.
Okay. June 1, we start what we call the holddownj
and what we're trying to do during this period is simpljy
pump the water out of the lake fast enough so that we
can maintain that elevation of 58 feet. We will hold
it down at that elevation for two months —
(Slide)
— all of June and all of July.
(Slide)
Okay. On August 1st, we would start refilling thje
lake, and we call that the refill period. Okay. We've
got four months to get it filled up before December 1st
(Slide)
And so August 8th, the lake would be back at 59.5
(Slide)
— August 20th, 60.5 —
(Slide)
— September 8th, 61.5 —
(Slide)
— October 6th, 62.5 —
(Slide)
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— and November 30th, it would be at 64 feet mean sea
level. Now, the reason we talk about starting on March
1 and ending on November 30th, that's a nine month period,
is so that we will have water in the lake during the
preceding drawdown year, the year preceding the drawdowji,
so that the citrus farmers or the citrus groves on the
south side of the lake will have some type of thermal
protection from the cold winds that blow during the winjter
months.
When we get it back to 64 feet mean sea level on
November the 30th, we will again have provided them wit^i
what DER feels like is adequate thermal protection.
That's the reason the project is designed to begin and
pretty much end within nine months.
(Slide)
The big question is will the muck consolidate.
conducted a study. It was done by Dr. Schmertmann and
Dr. David Crepp —
(Slide)
— to determine whether it would consolidate, because iJ:
it does not, from our standpoint, the project, of coursci,
would be a failure.
A significant amount of geotechnical work was don^
in the lake.
(Slide)
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Maps were prepared indicating the amount of muck
and the way it would be, and it was judged firm enough
not to flow during the drawdown. Muck samples were takoi
and tested to determine would the muck consolidate and
would it re-suspend upon refill.
(Slide)
And various maps were drawn.
(Slide)
This one shows right here the areas of the lake
that we think that would be significant consolidation,
no consolidation, etcetera. And based upon their study,
they concluded, or it was their opinion, that drawdown
would be most beneficial in getting the most of the muck
bottom to consolidate. Okay.
(Slide)
Once that was done, we then looked at the hydro-
logic and hydrological aspects of the project. We want€<
to find out could we store enough water in the downstreai
lakes so that we could fill Lake Apooka back up within
a four month period.
(Slide)
We developed a probability analysis of the rainfal
(Slide)
— and concluded, during the drawdown and holddown perio
we would be most concerned about rain. If it was a very
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very wet year, then we would have a lot more water to
pump than we would normally have, but we found out that
no matter how hard it rains, we could install enough
pumps and design them into our project to remove all the
water that could possibly fall during the drawdown and
holddown periods.
(Slide)
Now, when we start to fill the lake back up, we
want it to be wet, because we need a lot of water, so we
looked at the worst possible condition again, and that
is what if we have an incredibly dry year, and we found
that it was about a 97 percent chance that any rain that
we have — about a 2.5 percent probability that we won't
have enough rain to refill the lake without having to
drop some of the downstream lakes a little bit below theL
regulatory level, so for all practical -- from a practica
standpoint, there is enough water in the downstream lakes
to be able to fill Lake Apopka back up.
(Slide)
Okay. We developed a lake regulation schedule,
which I won't explain here; it's pretty complicated. It
Just shows the condition or the elevation of every lake
during every month of the drawdown period.
(Slide)
Then we looked at sediment and nutrients to determ:
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could we get the sediment, the muck, out of Lake Apopka -
(Slide)
— and keep it from going downstream. We did an incredj
ible amount of field work.
(Slide)
We looked at the stratification of the lake. We
did all kinds of jar tests to determine what would be tfye
best settling characteristics and facilities to remove
the muck.
(Slide)
And we finally concluded, even though it was very
tough to design a sedimentation basin for a 500 million
gallon per day flow that an in*-lake sedimentation basin
would be the thing to construct, and we thought that it
would remove onough of the muck so that we could meet
the water quality standards downstream. Okay.
(Slide)
We also realized that we could not capture all the
muck that might leave the lake, and what we did not cap-
ture would probably end up in Lake Beauclair. After a
little bit of investigation, we realized, for not a grea
deal of money, we could also restore Lake Beauclair, and
any mack that got out and was captured in that lake coulc
be taken care of during the restoration of that lake at
the conclusion of the Lake Apopka Restoration Project.
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(Slide)
Okay. We looked at the ecological impacts --
(Slide)
— and both the impacts of the canals, what would be thje
impact of moving huge quantities of water down some ver
narrow canals --
(S lide)
— what would it do to some of the sensitive areas down
stream, like the Dora Canal, and of course in the varioi
lakes, and we concluded there that though there would bs
short-term environmental impacts, some kind of adverse,
that nothing's so significant to stop the project could
be anticipated, and consequently we proceeded on.
(Slide)
We then began to design facilities to accomplish
the total Lake Apopka Restoration Project, and I'll run
through this real quickly.
(Slide)
The first thing that we needed to construct would
be what we call a depot channel in the lake to connect a
of these little low spots, so that when we pull the lakj
down, the lake will drain as a unit. This is a channel
some 14,300 feet long.
(Slide)
Its cross section is shown here. We'd have a
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bottom elevation of about 48 feet, and it's designed to
have a velocity of about one half a foot per second,
very, very slow, because..we're hoping -we can settle out
most of the muck in that channel prior to getting to th^
basin.
(Slide)
Next the basin is shown here, and this is a very,
very large facility. I believe it's about 1,000 feet by
4,300 feet, a hold in the lake where the water would re-
ceive quiescent settling, and most of the muck would
settle out.
(Slide)
At that point, at the south end of the Apopka/
Beauclair Canal, which I'll refer to as ABC from now on,
we will construct a pumping station with about ten --
(Slide)
— pumps, which will move water at the rate of about 50C
million gallons a day over a coffer dam constructed of
sheet pile filled with sand, and the water would then
flow downstream or kind of north up the ABC into Beaucla|L
(Slide)
The pumps that we would use are shown up here.
They would be double stage pumps driven by a 460 horse-
power diesel engine.
(Slide)
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We took a long and hard look at the ABC. We
did some soli work to determine are the dikes high
enough, will they stand up under this kind of loading,
and is there silt and muck in these canals, which must
be removed prior to starting the project.
We found there were places that there was quite
a bit of muck, and this would have to be removed*
Otherwise, it would be washed in the downstream lakes,
and we don't want that to occur,
(Slide)
When we get to the Dora Canal, we have a very
interesting problem, because we need to move about
twice as much water through the canal as the canal can
handle, so we were faced with a dilemma, and that is
how to move out about 200 million gallons a day of
water around the Dora Canal.
(Slide)
We proposed a pumping station, which is shown
here, on the south end of the Dora Canal. It will have
seven pumps, each pumping at the rate of about 300 — i
beg your pardon — 30,000 gallons per minute.
Each one will be driven by two 200 horsepower
electric engines. We selected electric motors — I beg
your pardon -- electric motors to keep the noise as low
as possible in that area.
*
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We've got to pump that water into something, and
we are talking about an 84-inch diameter stael pipe.
It will make an above-the-water crossing of the Dora
Canal and then run pretty much through the City of
Tavares, along the railroad right of way, all the way
down to Lake Sustis.
Now, this pipe is 84 inches in diameter; that's
a big pipe. It will be steel. It's 7 and 7/16 inch
thick with welded joints and will be about half buried
and half not burled.
Most of it will be directly in the railroad right[
of way. We'd remove some of the abandoned tracks and
put the pipe right there, because it provides excellent^
bedd ing.
(Slide)
Of course, if you live in this area, you know
how devastating it would be to have the water of Lake
Apopka back up into Lake Harris and Little Lake Harris
We plan to take care of that problem by con-
structing a dam across the Dead River, right about wher|
that arrow is.
(Slide)
The dam will look something like this* It will
prevent water from backing up, and also it will be a
water control structure, so that as we start refilling
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the lake, we can get water from Lake Harris to flow
over the weir, which is shown by the red lines there.
Of course, you want to maintain boat traffic
during this tine, so we're proposing two facilities;
one will be a fork, you know, a travel -- I beg your
pardon — a fork lift with the marine devices that can
pick up those very quickly and maneuver them around
and drop diem from one lake to the other, and also
a very large travel lift, which can pick up the oc-
casional gigantic boats that come through the lake.
Now, these facilities will all be in operation
from March all the way through the end of June. When
we get into the refill period, we'll have to pump the
lake back full of water, so the pumps that were down
on the south end of the Dora Canal waild be moved to
the' north end of the Dora Canal and installed in a
pumping station up there, which will look very similar
to the one at the south end of the Dora Canal.
(Slide)
The water will be back-pumped through that pipe-
line and empty into Lake Dora. From there it will
flow around to Lake Beauclair. We will construct
another pumping station at the mouth of the ABC, puttii
in five pumps.
The pumping station that was at the south end of
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the ABC will be broken up into two parts; half the
pumps placed right there where that arrow is and will
be pumping at the rate of about 300 billion gallons
a day over a cofferdam into the ABC canal*
(Slide)
Okay. We'll have to lift the water twice. When
we get to the Apopka/Beauclair Canal lock and dam, we
will construct another cofferdam across that channel,
put in the additional five pumps and pick the water
up again and put it in the canal and have it run due
south, all the way into Lake Apopka and fill it back
up.
(Slide)
Now, on November 30th of the drawdown year,
Lake Apopka will theoretically be full. We will wait
until March of the next year to begin the restoration
of Lake Beauclair. It will be very simple. We will
construct, shown by the orange tape up here, two little
sheetpila cofferdams across the entrance between Lake
Dora and Lake Beauclair and between Lake Carlton and
Lake Beauclair, and then using the pumps that still
remain, shown by the yellow piece of tape there, we
can pump Lake Beauclair down. It'll only take about
fifteen days of pumping, let it remain down for about
two months during which time the sun, we believe, will
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consolidate the material, which is on the bottom of
Lake Beauclair, and then after a two-month holddown
period, we will allow the lake to fill back up, remove
the cofferdams, and that will complete the project.
(Slide)
The organic soil farms use water. As you know,
the farms are below the level of the lake --
(Slide)
-- and we had to look into the possibility of providing
them water during the entire project.
We looked at the Willow Dike. We looked at many
possible alternatives, and after a great deal of fluc-
tuation back and forth, we finally concluded that
probably the safest way to handle the problem would be 1
(Slide)
-- to enlarge the Farmers Dike Canal system along the
East-West McDonald Canal and the North-South McDonald
Canal, as you see there kind of as the blue tape.
This is a very complex problem, because as the
lake drops, the amount of water which seeps into the
muck farms will be reduced, and we've got to provide
them with enough water to maintain their operations
as if the lake was full.
(Slide)
Citrus groves to the south end of the lake —
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(Slide)
« also have a problem. They need the lake for water
supply. A lot of tham punp directly frczn the lake,
as you see here.
(Slide)
Some o£ the other citru3 farms, shown by this
aerial photograph, use no watar at all from the lake.
In fact, they don't irrigate at all. The rest of the
citrus groves irrigate from the Florida Aquifer or fron
deep wells.
Okay. We plotted, shown by the purple line, the
approximate elevation --
(Slide)
— of the water surface in Lake Apopka a3 we draw the
lake down, and we believe that the ground water table,
very close to the lake shore, will pretty much reflect
what the level of the lake is.
Now, it's very difficult to determine, but after
scratching our heads and putting in some monitoring
wells, it was our conclusion that the area of citrus
groves, approximately 1,000 feet back of the lake, may
be impacted by the restoration project and consequent!
we would have to make provisions to provide them with
water during the drawdown project.
It will probably be worse during April and May
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when, of course, that's the dry season here in this
part of the state, the citrus trees are apparently
deciding.how much fruit they want to bear that year,
so it's not a good time not to have water to provide
them.
(Slide)
So after looking at many systems, we figured that
probably the most flexible system was to use a high-
rise travel or a rain gun or something like this that
could be quite mobile.
We would have to construct about 29 water supply
wells to provide all of the citrus groves with water
even those groves that are not currently irrigated.
(Slide)
And this, of course, was quite a problem. Total
cost of the project, when we did our preliminary en-
gineering report, we estimated the net cost, or, the
total cost of the project would be about $16 million
or about $15 and a half million with about a million
and a half of salvage, ending up with a net cost to the
State of about $14 million, and that was for a drawdown
in 1980.
After doing the final design and doing an awful
lot more soil exploration work, we have realized that
because of the incredibly, bad soils that we have in the
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area forcing us to go over to the steel pipe, forcing
us to go to heavier sections of sheetpile, forcing us
to take extra precautions on the Farmers Dike to keep
it from failing, because you can imagine the devasta-
tion that would occur if we lost the Farmers Dike after
refilling the lake, the total cost now, we're estimatin;
is going to be in the neighborhood of about $22.1 mil-
lion.
And we're talking about a drawdown, now, in 1981,,
not 1980, as we originally talked about.
The salvage value, though, was increased, and
we're looking at a net cost to the State of approximate:
$19.8 million.
As you know, that's an awful lot of money, but
then this is an awful lot of project.
(Slide)
Again, what, of 9ourse, the State is trying to
do is to restore a body of water which is almost 50
square miles, is used by citrus groves, it's used by
the muck farmers, it's used by the people for recreatici
purposes, as well as all of the downstream lakes, so
it's a very, very enormous project, and we're trying to
restore it from something that looks like that —
(Slide)
— to something that is much more attractive and can
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be used for recreation.
That concludes ray remarks. I hope that I
I know it's an awful lot to throw at you, but I tried
to do the best I could with twenty minutes.
Thank you.
MR. LITTLE:
Thank you, Tom. I think that was a good job of
explaining in a short period of time what is a complex]
project.
At this point I'd like to describe the procedures
for you for receiving public comment. Everyone who is
registered to speak will be given an opportunity to be
heard.
At this point in time we have approximately ten
people who have registered. I will call for the speakej
in the order of registration.. I'm going to ask you to
limit your remarks to ten minutes.
You may have additional time after everyone desirij
to speak has had an opportunity to be heard, and we'll
work it like this, that at the end of eight minutes, if
you're still talking, I'll ask Gene Saybuck to stand
up in the front, and you'll have a signal you got two
minutes left, and at the end of ten minutes, we have
some bouncers in the back that will forcefully remove
you from the building but no, (Laughter), not really.
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We have plenty of time, I think, for your comments
this evening, so we will use that signal. When you seel
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Mr. Raybuck stand up, you'll know you've got about two
minutes left.
Another procedure that we use, we're trying to hea
from you and what you think about the project. We ask
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that questions not be directed to the panel unless per-
haps there's some aspect of the project that you would
like to have described to you in a little more detail,
and for that purpose, Tom Furman and some of his assoc-
iates are here to help answer those kinds of questions
that are clarification type.
We reserve the right to ask you to limit your re-
marks to relevant issues. I'd like to ask you to submi:
your statements in writing. That's a great help to us,
but if you don't have them, we are taking a record.
Formal rules of evidence will not apply here. Th<»
will be no oath of witnesses. There will be no cross-
examination or direct questions to the speakers.
Again, if there's a point that needs clarifying or
data submitted that needs further documentation, some oJ:
those of us on the panel may ask questions also, and I
would ask members of the panel to address any question o
that type directly to his speaker. There will be no
questions by the audience of any persons who make
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statements.
If you wish to rebut any remark made, please re-
gister to speak again. When you're called on to speak,
please present a copy of your written statement, if you
have it, to the court reporter down front and another
copy to me.
If you'll stand at the speaker's podium, give you^:
name and address, and the title or group that you're
representing or that you are associated with ---
I think we're ready to begin, and the first persoij
that we had signed to speak this evening is Charles F.
Beaver.
MR. BEAVER:
Good evening. My name is Charles F. Beaver. I'm
the Secretary and Promotional Director of Florida Bio-
dynamics, Incorporated, St. Augustine, Florida. The
address is Route 4, Box 273, U.S. 1 South, four miles irj
St. Augustine. Our telephone number is (904)794-0222.
My business here was to make an announcement, and
before the meeting I asked if I could make it. On
April 30th at the Lake Shores Acres Restaurant at 9:30
in the morning, Monday, there will be a meeting of the
citizens who wish to come. All of you are invited to
hear how we are going to control some of the pollution
problems in Lake County.
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Some of the runoff that is taking place in filling
these lakes can be considered part of that discussion. '
I'm sure you'd be interested to find out that we're
planning to take and use the trash, the sludge, and the
waste products of the county, and develop a plant which
would process these products and deliver you something
that you can put on the land that'll give you the finest^
tasting tomatoes and celery and lettuce, whatever have
you, good oranges, and so forth, that makes it available}
That's all I have to say. ThaAk you very ouch,
gentlemen.
MR. LITTLE:
Thank you, Mr. Beaver.
Our next speaker is Mr. John A. Carlin.
MR. CARLIN:
Yes. I've decided I'll —
MR. LITTLE:
Mr. Carlin, could you come down front?
MR. CARLIN:
I'll submit my comments to Mr. Hagan's office in
writing. Thank you.
MR. LITTLE:
Thank you very much.
Mr. Neil R. Greenwood.
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MR. GREENWOOD:
My name is Neil R. Greenwood. I'm a consultant
and a professional engineer from Lakeland, and I'm very
much in favor of lake restoration, and I've reviewed this
data and find it very complete and thorough, and I agree
with the method that was selected — that is, lake draw-
down — as the most effective way to do this.
But I don't really feel the project itself is
cost-effective, and I know I haven't put as much time oh
it as some of these other people have. This is an awful
ly high cost, and it just went up about $6 million tonijtfi
from what I've seen.
It's very high cost for something that's only a
partial degree of success. The amount of lake bottom
which is going to be exposed, according to the EIS, is
about 30 percent.
Another 30 percent won't be touched, and the other
40 percent is only partially exposed, meaning that the
surface will be exposed, and the bottom won't*
The decrease in stuck volume is only about 10 per-
cent. The inconvenience to other lakes and canals is
exten sive.
I'd like to suggest that there might be another waj]
to do this for a lot less money. This might involve
putting in some dikes and doing sections of the lake, onlc
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section at a time, maybe quartering the lake. j
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These dikes could be done with dredges or drag |
lines. I think the cost would be somewhere in the orde::
of $3 or 4 million.
The effectiveness of the first phase, and this wa^
it could be proven before you commit any further funds.
It won't be, as is now, with everything in one basket,
and you won't have the critical schedule to meet, where
you've got the citrus crops that need protection, and i^
you have project problems, lightning strikes, anything
that happens wonlt louse up the project in the middle.
I have my written report her^rthat says it a
better.
(Whereupon, a document was
presented to Mr. Little)
MR. LITTUE:
Thank you, Mr. Greenwood.
I think perhaps there is one item of clarification
that we might make with respect to one of your comments,
and I would ask Mr. Furman to make that comment.
MR. CREPPS:
My name is David Crepps, and I'm a consultant fron
Gainesville. I've worked with Ross, Saarinen Bolton and
Wilder on the Apopka Restoration Project. I was direct!
involved in the muck consolidation study, and I just
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wanted to apply it to some of the facts that he gave.
First he said there was only a 10 percent decrease
in the muck. What the 10 percent figure was was actual!,
that much Increase in volume in the lake.
The other figure that he mentioned or that he said
there was only 30 percent of the lake exposed, that is
not true. As Mr. Furman pointed out, most all of the
lake bottom is exposed.
The thing, the 30 percent figure that was referred
to in the Environmental Impact Statement is that there'ft
30 percent of the lake bottom that will have a very def-
inite hard crust.
There's another 30 percent that will have a lesser
degree of consolidation, and then there would be a port],
that will have essentially no change in characteristics
So there are various degrees of consolidation, and
all the figures that are in the Environmental Impact
Statement or in their earlier report are conservative
figures.
MR. LITTLE:
Thank you.
Mr. Greenwood, if you would like to rebut any of
those comments that were just made, please feel free to
do so at the end of the speaking period.
The next speaker is Mr. Herbert H. Zebuth. Is thii
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close?
MR. ZEBUTH:
That's excellent. You surprised me.
My name is Herb Zebuth. 1 live in Orange City,
and I'm representing myself.
A review of the above referenced draft document
indicates several areas of concern that are not fully
covered or adequately addressed.
One major area of concern, especially to local
residents, is the effect the rapid drawdown will have oh
the water quality of downstream water bodies. Presently
water quality downstream Improves as distance from Lake
Apopka increases.
The best water quality is in Lakes Yale, Harris,
and Little Lake Harris which do not receive Lake Apopka
effluent, the worst in Lakes Carlton, Beauclair, and Do^
the closest to Lake Apopka. A large majority of the
nutrient loading to Lake Griffin, last in Che Lake Apopk
chain, is received from upstream sources (pages 39,40).
This data tends to indicate two trends. First,
there already is an existing expoct of nutrients from
Lake Apopka. Secondly, the storage of a portion of thol
nutrients in downstream lakes is presently occurring, as
evidenced by the improvement in water quality with dis-
tance from lake Apopka.
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Most lakes appear to have a limit to quantity of
nutrients that can be absorbed. Often a continuous algja!
bloom results when this limit is exceeded. Such a bloom
may be self-sustaining due to the rapid recycling of
nutrients such as now occurs in Lake Apopka. Periodic
algal blooms already occur in the downstream lakes
(page 39).
An important question to be answered is whether tlu
drawdown will result in an increased nutrient load to tlu
downstream lakes. The draft document states no nutrienl:
load to downstream lakes —- Excuse me. The draft docu-
ment states no increase in the nutrient concentration oi:
Lake Apopka water is expected (page 137), but later stat:<
that increased nutrient concentrations could lead to
algal blooms in downstream lakes (page 153). Logic wou]|<
lead one to accept the latter statement.
An increase during drawdown of nutrient concentre* j
tions in Lake Apopka effluent will result from several
factors. At present, wind action, which causes prolongejt
resuspension of bottom sediment (page 135), is the major
factor releasing and recycling nutrients to sustain the
continuous algal bloom (page 133).
As the water level increases during drawdown, the
wind will exert an increasing force on the sediments re-
sulting in deeper mixing and greater nutrient release.
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Secondly, the dredging uhich will be necessary to con-
struct the various channels and the large sediment basi|ci
within the lake and the dredging to keep the channels
and basin open will release additional nutrients (page jl:
Finally, as the lake level recedes to the deeper
hole, the interstitial water in the flocculent sediment|
will also drain to the remaining lake water. In some
lakes, the interstitial sediment water has been found
to contain nutrients, concentrations fifty times higher
than the overlying lake water. Due to the retention tijn
of the water in downstream lakes, this additional nu-
trient load will alter the existing ecosystem and remaijn
"long after drawdown" (page 137).
Terrestrial weeds are expected to invade the lake
bottom during holddown (page 140). Many of the factors
associated with such an invasion were adequately dis-
cussed.
One possibility which has occurred in drawdown of|
a lake with sediment similar to Lake Apopka was not
discussed. After refill, terrestrial weeds floated to
the surface, carrying with them the consolidated sedimejc
held by the entangled root systems.
The seriousness of such an occurance would depend
on several factors, such as the depth to which the sed-
iment had consolidated and the effect of the gradual
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release of the root bound sediment on water quality anf
sediment consistency.
The possibility of a hydrilla invasion of Lake
Apopka was discussed and ended with the statement that
hydrilla performs all the biological functions of macro-
phytes (page 139). Although thi3 is true, the effect of
the biological functions of one species can differ great-
ly when compared to the effect of such funtions of a
different species.
Zero dissolved oxygen level3 have been recorded
beneath dense hydrilla mats caused by the decomposition
of dead plant material and the restriction of natural
mixing. Although hydrilla can absorb large quantities
of nutrients from the water as its biomass rapidly expands
once space becomes limiting, these nutrients can be quick-
ly recycled.
As a submersed species, buoyed by the water colustn,
the plant has little need for a large quantity of cellu-
lose for structural strength. As a result, its rapid
decomposition does not allow for the trapping of nutrients
in the sediment as do more fiberous emergent plants.
The most important factor involved in this project
is the consolidation of Lake Apopka's sediment. Although
many lake drawdowns have been accomplished in Florida,
few had sediments similar to Lake Apopka, and all were)
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helddown for a much more extended period than is current
planned.
The question of how successful the project might 1><
in accomplishing its primary goal, sediment consolidatioi
was not adequately addressed or discussed. This questioi
is of such paramount importance to the success of the
project, that it deserves to be discussed in some detai!.
in the document.
We had a section in the appendix that dealt exten-
sively with the freeze study. I would think that the
question of the experiment to determine the success of
sediment consolidation would have been at least as impoi'
ant as the freese study.
The failure of this project could have a substantia
negative impact on future lake restoration projects in
Florida.
(Applause)
(Whereupon, a document was pre-
sented to Mr. Little)
MR. LITTLE:
Thank you.
The next speaker is Mr. Bert Roper.
MR. ROPER:
I'll defer to Mr. Maguire who has since arrived.
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MR. LITTLE:
Edward W. Scheer. j
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MR. SCHEER:
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My name is Edward W. Scheer, 301 Partridge Lane, j
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Longwood. I'm an Associate Professor of Biology at
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Rollins College, and I m representing myself. |
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At a prior public meeting here some months ago, I;
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spoke to the issue that the no-action alternative did no
fairly represent the spirit of IIEPA. While it does the
letter of the law, I submit that page 100 of the draft
statement and one-third at the most of page 101 does nol:
do justice to the no-action alternative.
A benefit of the no-action alternative would be to
save, depending upon the figures, from $15 to over $20
million, and I would consider that a considerable benefl
In Section C, toward the end of the report on, I
believe it was C-21, the draft statement refused to givo
a cost-benefit ratio for the project. I can understand
that refusal. It's difficult to spot all of the costs.
It's easy to overlook many of the costs.
I think our experience in projects of the past haii
been to underestimate them rather systematically. I su$,
gest that that might be the case here.
As far as the benefits are concerned, the tendency
in projects of this sort, and I suspect this one, is to
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overestimate the benefits.
In terms of the fishing to be realized from a re-
stored lake, one must realize that the people who would
benefit from the restoration are otherwise employed; thjay
have moved elsewhere. They are presumably most of them
in the job market. Those who fish, many of them are
fishing other places.
These are benefits that are passed more widely to
the area, and if one takes the myopic view of just the
confines of Lake Apopka, I think one has only a partial
solution to the economics of the problem.
A restored lake would have a lag phase for the
fishing to recover, a lag phase for the education to finh
ermen, particularly those afar, to be drawn to the area,
Meanwhile, the lake declines toward a higher stage of
vitrification.
Where the crossing point of these two occurs is
anybody's guess, so 1 suggest that the supposed benefit^
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accruing to the area by way of fishing are overestimate^.
Many of these benefits are now realized in the greater
central Florida area accruing to other lakes around her«
I'm very leery about high engineering approaches t
complex ecological problems. They tend to oversimplify
the biological systems. I worry about the water quality
downstream in Beauclair, for instance.
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We know ecologically that everything is connected
to everything else. There is no away. The boundaries
of the system clearly go beyond Lake Apopka now or durin
the stages of restoration or afterwards. It is not a
closed system. We don't know what the limits of toler-
ance of downstream lakes receiving eutrophic waters wou:.
be. We don't know what the limits of those systems are
arid how fragile these systems might be.
Prior to Ms. Tolman coming on board, I had contact:
with one of the prior members of the team responsible it;
the State of Florida for getting together material for
the draft EIS statement, and that person said in no un-
certain terms that it was viewed by that prior team as
a very large experiment.
I would submit to you that it is still that and a
very, very expensive one at that. I oppose it. Thank
you.
(Applause)
MR* LITTLE:
Thank you. The next speaker, Kenneth C. Sedlak.
MR. SEDLAK:
Well, my name's Ken Sedlak. I live in Oakland,
Florida, on the shores of Lake Apopka. I have an office
in Winter Park. My address is P.O. Box 98, Oakland,
Florida.
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I'm like the gentleman that was here before, Z lijv
on the lake, and unlike many of you here that applaud
the idea of not restoring the lake or not doing anything
for it, I can't see it. I live there. It is polluted.
It is in terrible shape. It has been getting worse sinj:
1950, and we've all seen the reports and records.
All these lakes that are here trying to protect
themselves about the drawdown, what's going to happen at
you get closer to Lake Apopka by having the pollution o::
these lakes coming more closer to you? You're going to
be polluted. You're going to be as bad as Lake Apopka.
If you have no way — What is the — It's been recog-
nized here that for a clear water lake, even the federajl
government would okay it and will try to help the place
be restored.
You're not interested in restoring this if you're
not interested for the drawdown or for some method of
correcting this.
We talk about the cost. Well, I don't know if yoi^
want to leave your children or your grandchildren with
a debt, or if you want to leave them with a cesspool.
It's up to you.
(Applause)
MR. LITTLE:
C.E. Heppberger.
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MR. HEPPBERGER:
It's a shame to be old, but it's a pleasure to be
alive.
There seems to be some different --- My name is
Heppberger. I live — I'm a taxpayer in Leesburg, and
I've been President the last five years of the Lake Im-
provement Association. It's an input group interested
in the abatement of abuses to our lakes, the whble seine
of rough fish, the fluctuation of water level in the lal:<
and stocking them with black bass, which the State has
had a big history.
But there seems to be some difference of opinion o|a
this compaction. If this water is drawn down and the
muck that is there is exposed for three months, it would
make a mild cake, the best opinion I've picked up. A mail
that's been in the fish business in Tavares for over
thirty years --- I just left him, just left his presence^
and he said that it would take a year and a half to get
any kind of solid compaction, but when you flush the wate
back on it with the mild crust, then you have the probleiji
of disposing of the crust as it floats downstream.
I might say this man suggested for consideration
I'll leave it before my personal comments — that he saicji
don't pass the opportunity or the consideration of fill-
ing the lake up maybe one foot, two feet, maybe three fee
A
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more than the MSL, and then let it slush and take all '
that They spell it c-r-a-p or crud downstream. We'd
have to suffer with it.
Now, as a taxpayer, I wrote a letter to the editor
on a personal opinion, and we have just heard the Presi-
dent make a deal with two folks, that the treaty price
for the U.S. is reported to be millions now and billiont
later. The restoration of Lake Apopka is estimated to t<
$15 million — I heard it's a little more now; inflation
is each day — with no reference to cost overruns, whicli
has been referred to. Now, how long will taxpayers,
bureaucratic agencies, and legislative personnel, toler^t
mortgaging future generations with projects funded by
deficit spending.
Somewhere along the line we must contest the wisd
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of our area lakes.
Now, if you're going to challenge this and criti-
cize somebody, you must also come up with something in
the way of a suggestion. The writer, and others, recom-
mend no drawdown of Lake Apopka be initiated until, one,
all abuses to the lake are abated; number two, allow one
year to elapse for lake stabilization; three, hau3-selat-
ing the rough fish at the current water level; four,
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periodically fluctuate all lake levels, plus or minus one
point, five feet periodically; and five, more fully ex-
plore the dredging of a reported 222 million cubic meteri
of much with private capital.
Now, 6 cubic feet of peat reportedly retails at
$12.00. A copy of this went to Jake Vam or Mr. Vam.
Do you want it? Do you want this? You got it. I:
up there now, okay?
MS. TOIMAN:
Sure. Thank you.
MR. HEPPBERGER:
Thank you very much for your attention* Let's do
the right thing. Don't put our heads in the sand.
MR. LITTLE:
Thank you, Mr. Heppberger,
MR. HEPFBERGER:
Thank you.
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MR. LITTLE:
Sounds like young thoughts to me.
The next speaker, Mr. Mac Bleakleyr
(No response)
MR, LITTLE:
Is he present, or did I mispronounce it?
(No response)
MR. LITTLE:
The last speaker that we have registered this
evening is Raymond P. Maguire, Jr.
MR, MAGUIRE:
I'm Raymond Maguire„ I'm an attorney from the
law firm of Maguire,. Flores and Wells in Orlando. I
represent, the citrus growers who have citrus groves on
the south side of the lake; that is, Lake Apopka.
And I am speaking to your report and limit it to
that.. In our judgment, your report does not adequately
address the question of what is the probability of suc-
cess in establishing Lafce Apopka as a Class III lake,
and it1s staying that* way for a modest expenditure of
some $20 million.
The report, as far as I can see, doesn't say it's
a 100 percent chance, it's a 90 percent chance, or a 10
percent chance. We think that is an Important element
to contain within the report.
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If X have not been ablo to r?ad the language -hat
that is encompassed in, I'd love to be corrected, but I
can't find is.
The second thin^ that we would like to point out
to you concerning the fact that your report does not
adequately address is the freeze damage.
Dr. Bartholic in a conference with the DER and
myself and my weather consultants pointed out that if his
were authorized to make an additional study, and I'm ge:
ting into computers, which I don't understand, he said
that he could make a computer model and analyze what
would happen when the lake had been half drawn down to
64 feet — I aay it's half drawn down at 64 feet — and
what that effect would have on the water being a gener-
ator of heat.
The DER has determined, ss I can read your report,
that that's not a very important fact. The DER apparent:
ly doesn't understand the difference between mean tem-
perature and daily loads in the citrus belt of Florida.
In Florida, 26 or 27 degrees for tw> or three hour
is probably very similar to what 10 degrees below for
ten hours in Atlanta would be.
Atlanta, I assume, is not built for severe temper*
ature3. Twenty-six degrees to Florida is a severe tem-
perature in the citrus belt. It may not be in Tallahasti
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and it may not be in Jacksonville. 1
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The report refused to consider the report that
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Dr. Eartholic felt was critical aiter he learned that the
lake was to be dravn down 64 cegrees by Fabruary 2Sth.
There is no discussion in the report of hi3 recomf
mendation that the temperatures in the groves be moni-
tored. The report does not adequately address the prob}
lem of inverse condemnation by the government of the
United States and the State of Florida, taking away froij*
a property owner a God-given right, temperature, warming
temperature from the lake during a freeze.
The report refers to the fact that there's some
type of thermal protection at 64 feet. This goes back
to the fact that the DEIv did not choose to perform the
second Bartholic report which was estimated originally
at *10,000 but would spend $173,000 on other engineering)
studies.
It's my understanding that the engineering studies-
The engineering firm was given a fixed, inviolate 64 feet
by February 28th and a 64 feet by November 30th, and not
asked to make any further investigation as to whether 64
feet was reasonable or unreasonable.
I have several technical references to your report|
that I will submit in written form together with a copy
of the effects of lowering Lake Apopka on citrus groves,
lbi $
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which was made available by Dr. Clark, an engineer and
consultant, which was made available to the D£R and to
the consulting engineers, but is not referenced in the
report.
I would like to know who was the chief author of
this report, if I can be given that fact?
MR. LITTLE:
Could you show us the report?
MR. MAGU1RE:
Yes, sir.
MR. LITTLE:
We're not sure which one you're talking about.
MR. MAGUIRE:
Yes, sir.
(Whereupon, a document was
presented to Mr. Little)
MR. MAGUIRE:
We submitted this to the DER about two years ago.
Dr. Clark, he's a professional engineer, and we've had
him involved in practically every conference with the DIS
for the last two and a half years.
MR. LITTLE:
I thought your question was who was the author of
this report.
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MR. MAGUIRE:
No, no. I'm asking who was the author of the —-
Who is the actual author of your report, is what I'm
asking. Who wrote the thingi Did y'all commission it
to be done by an engineering firm, or did your own stafj;
do it? I'd just like to know who the author is, if that:
not improper to snow*
MR. HOWARD:
It was a combined effort of the Environmental Pro--
tection Agency and;the State of Florida Department of
Environmental Regulation, and in fact a large amount of
Che work vas, in fact, prepared by the State. It was
worked — The preparation was coordinated with the En-
vironmental Protection Agency.
MR, MAGUIRE:
But no one person ox group of persons had the
writing duties? It's just a combination of everybody,
is that what y'all are saying?
MR. HOWARD:
No.
MR. MAGUIRE:
I'm just curious.
MR. LITTLE:
I think the way the process worked in this partic-
ular EIS is that primarily the basis for the factual
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material and at least the draft preparation was in the
hands of the Florida Department of Environmental Regula
tion.
This information was reviewed by EPA in Atlanta.
I'm sure adjustments were made. A lot of people were
involved in the writing of any of these reports; no sin}
gle author.
MR. HOWARD:
There were a number of other studies, too, that
were used in the preparation of this document, some of
the engineering reports that had been performed, some
previous studies that had been done, but basically the
State of Florida Department of Environmental Regulation
did the majority of the writing in cooperation with the
Environmental Protection Agency.
MR. MAGUIRE:
What is the time limit on submitting additional —I
MR. LITTLE:
I'll speak to that in just a moment.
MR. MAGUIRE:
Thanks.
MR. LITTLE:
Thank you, Mr. Maguire. We have, of course, your
report now, and this is part of the record. It is re-
quired that we consider the information in this report
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in our review In preparation of the final impact state-j
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meat. J
ME. MAGUIR2:
Well, one of the important things that I want to
find out, sir, is --
i
Let me have my copy of the report. !
i
(Whereupon, a document was
presented to Mr. Maguire by a member of the audience)
-- is who and under what circumstances it was determined
that —
On page 169 of your report, "Representatives of
the citrus Industry in the Lake Apopka area reveiwed
Bartholic and Bill's findings and requested that furthe::
studies of the frost/freeze problem be done."
This is what I'm interested in finding out.
"DER and EPA's carefully considered this request
and concluded that further investigations would not liku
produce additional benefits."
Ultimately, I'm going to need to know who were thi
bodies that went through the mental process that arrived
at that conclusion, and what were their technical bases
for deciding there wasn't any further need, because un-
less they're better qualified than Dr. Bartholic, we're
going to get into a factual confrontation at some level
over who can make those kind of determinations.
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MR. HOWARD:
In all cases of a technical nature, you can have
differences of opinion and
A VOICE:
Can't hear you.
MR. HOWARD:
In all cases where you have very technical kinds
of questions, such as this one, you can have difference*
of positions, and in this particular case, the statement
that you have read represents both the Environmental Pro
tection Agency18 position, which the study was reviewed
by our Air Brograms group — who has meteorologists; we
have our own experts -- and were reviewed by the Depart^
ment of Environmental Regulation, and that statement dor
represent the opinion of the EPA and DER.
MR. MAGUIRE:
I recognize that that would be the answer I would
get, and I don't want to argue with you. I just want tc
know whether those men or women, whichever the case may
be, comprehend Florida agriculture and Florida temper-
atures and meteorology as it pertains to that very nar-
row geographical subject area. Thank you, sir.
MR. LITTLE:
Those questions will be answered, along with any
others that were asked tonight.
5
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I would call the name again of Mr. Mac Bleakley.
Has he returned to the room, and would he like to speakj
(No response)
MR. LITTLE:
Would any of the previous speakers like to make
further comment?
(No response)
MR. LITTLE:
In that event, ladies and gentlemen, I think we
have reached the end of the public hearing aspect of th
Draft Environmental Impact Statement.
A few words on what happens now. You have until
April 26th to submit any further comments in writing to
the address previously given you of Mr. John Hagan. Th|
address is listed on your agenda if you didn't happen
to write it down. We have additional copies in the bacl
We will be spending a lot of time between now and
the time that a final impact statement is prepared re-
viewing your comments tonight. I know that there has
been a lot of public meetings, perhaps as much input fro
the public in this particular project as any that I'm
aware of, and I would again commend the Department of
Environmental Regulation and Jean and the consulting fi:n
for the work that they have done.
The information that is in the Draft Environmenta
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Impact Statement in this particular project is similar
to that in other impact statements that are prepared.
There is a design considered, presented and discussed.
Rarely does it turn out to be a final design, if a pro-
ject is approved, and adjustments certainly can be made
if the approval is forthcoming, to move ahead with this
alternative that has been discussed tonight or any othef
so I would ask you that have additional comments, and
perhaps you do, please submit them to us.
1 see one hand raised, and perhaps there's a quest
tion. Would you --- Excuse me?
MR. SHERMAN:
I'd like just about a minute, if I could, before
you close.
MR. LITTLE:
Yes, sir. Come right down and identify yourself.
MR. SHERMAN:
I'm R.W. Sherman from Killarny Court on Lake Apoplu
Killarny Florida, and my only comment is that I hope thin
the people that have been -- nay I use the word detract"
ors to the proposed drawdown -- that rather than they
Just forget
I have lived on Lake Apopka for thirty years, thirl
one years plus. Back in 1952, I would guarantee anybody
a linJLt of bass in four hours. I don't ever expect to
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see that again in my lifetime. I don't plan on living
on Lake Apopka that much longer, but I certainly hope
that those of you that have been detractors to the pro-
gram, remember that the heritage of a 50 square mile
lake that was nationally known as a fishing source will
try to, not Just detract, but add to some means by whici[
improvement can be brought to the lake.
And furthermore, I would like to comment that eve^
though the price has gone up some $6 million, you must
not forget that the taxpayers and the people who live
around Lake Apopka have already spent in the vicinity ojE
$9.5 million in clearing up this pollution situation, s\>
that the lake might be inproved.
And it would be a crying shame not to finish the
job when you have an opportunity. Maybe this is the wrjy
way, but it'8 the best looking way we've seen so far,
and don't just cross Lake Apopka off for whatever part-
icular reason you have. Our pollutants are going to kee]
on going downstream, getting to those other lakes, be-
cause they are still in Lake Apopka unless something's
dene to reverse the situation; they're going to continu|e
and continue, and I thank you.
(Applause)
MR. LITTLE:
Thank you. A comment was made a minute ago, or
6:
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rather a question, on whether or not we were aware of
the temperatures in Florida, and those of us that are u£
here with our coats on and otherwise, I think are all
aware of it. It's a little warm this evening.
I'd like to thank you very much for coming, Agai
please submit your comments. That's why we're holding
the hearing. If you don't think that you know enough
technically about what's happening, submit it anyway.
That's the kind of question that we're required to an-
swer when we prepare the final statement. Thank you veiy
much and good evening.
(Whereupon, at 9:05 p.m. the
hearing was concluded)
lib
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the attached proceedings
before THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, REGION IV
in the matter of:
Lake Apopka Restoration Project
Lake and Orange Counties
Tavares, Florida
Agriculture Center Auditorium
Tavares, Florida
7:30 p.m.
April 10, 1975
were held as herein appears and that this is the
original transcript for the file of the Agency.
Official Reporter
-oOo
191
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Responses to Comments and Questions Raised at Public Hearing
1. Response to Charles F. Beaver:
No response necessary.
2. Response to John A. Carlin:
No response necessary.
3. Response to Nell R. Greenwood:
Mr. Greenwood's proposal to divide Lake Apopka into four sections
with earthen dikes and draw down each section independently was
seriously considered by DER. However, many of the concerns and
adverse impacts of the RSB&W drawdown design also apply to the
Greenwood proposal. A detailed analysis of the sectioned drawdown
technique is included in Appendix C - Alternative proposals. The
reader should refer to that appendix for further information.
4. Response to Herbert Zebuth:
The drawdown of Lake Apopka has been designed to minimize the
discharge of highly nutrient-rich, sediment-laden water to downstream
lakes. The in-lake sedimentation basin is designed to remove over
90% of the suspended solids before the water leaves Lake Apopka.
In addition, Lake Beauclalr will act as a secondary basin to trap
any sediments that do leave Lake Apopka. This topic is addressed
in great detail in Section 4 - under Biological and Chemical Concerns.
Further information can also be found in Section 7 - under Responses
2, 3, and 14. Basically, the adverse effects of nutrients and
sediments on downstream lakes is expected to be temporary and
insignificant.
The problem of terrestrial weed growth and uprooting has been
addressed in this Final EIS. These weeds will benefit the consolidation
of the exposed lake bottom but are expected to die and decompose'
upon refill. The contribution of nutrients from these plants and
expected effects on water quality and reestablishment of aquatic
macrophytes are discussed in Section 4 - under Biological and
192
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Chemical Concerns. Further research is needed to more accurately
estimate the effect of these decomposing plants. Removal of the
terrestrial weeds with current harvesting techniques would cost
more than $10,000,000 and could damage the newly consolidated lake
bottom. Therefore, weed removal is not deemed feasible.
Hydrilla is not expected to present a major problem in Lake Apopka
if the drawdown is implemented. This aquatic plant is not found in
Lake Apopka now and is not a problem species in any of the lakes in
the Oklawaha Chain. The possibility does remain, however, that it
could become established after refill. The proposed test drawdown
would study the reestablishment of aquatic macrophytes after
refill, including hydrilla. These studies could analyze the potential
for hydrilla infestation following drawdown, as well as expected
growth rates for all other aquatic macrophytes.
Sediment consolidation is essential to the success of the proposed
drawdown and was studied in detail by the consulting engineers.
The results of these studies indicate that consolidation causes
primarily physical, irreversible changes in the muck; these changes
are expected to last for at least seven years, if not indefinite!"
(RSB&W, 1978). Therefore, the engineers are confident that con-
solidation will be successful and long-lasting and will improve the
lake bottom significantly. The major problem encountered in this
aspect of the project relates to the 30% of the lake bottom that
will not be consolidated. Soils engineers have estimated that the
water level must be at least 0.3 m (1.0 ft) below the muck for
significant consolidation to occur. Thus, although approximately
85% of the lake bottom will be exposed, only 70% will experience
consolidation. The remaining 30% may eventually become redistributed
over the lake bottom due to wind and wave action. The effect of
such redistribution on the success of the project is unknown and is
a major reason for the recommended test drawdown.
Appendix A contains a detailed discussion of the muck consolidation
studies performed by the consulting engineers. The reader should
193
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refer to this appendix for more information on the results of those
studies.
Response to Bert Roper:
No response necessary.
Response to Edward Scheer:
The "no action" alternative has been readdressed in this Final EIS
and given substantially more consideration. A discussion of this
alternative and its advantages and disadvantages is contained in
Section 3 - Alternatives. A specific benefit-cost ratio was not
identified in the Draft EIS because the impacts of the drawdown are
not fully understood. It is impossible to predict a dollar value
for beneficial effects of a project when the extent and longevity
of those benefits are unknown. Therefore, a range of values was
calculated for a variety of post—drawdown conditions. This method
was the only reasonable way to estimate the benefits and costs of
the project. No overestimation of benefits or underestimation of
costs was deliberately contrived by any staff member in the writing
of the benefit-cost analysis. As stated in the Final EIS, further
documentation of the specific effects of the drawdown on Lake
Apopka is necessary before a more accurate comparison of benefits
and costs can be completed.
The effect of the proposed drawdown on downstream lakes has been
discussed previously in this document under Sections 4 and 7. The
drawdown method of lake restoration is still experimental in that
results vary from lake to lake. Since the impacts of drawdown on
Lake Apopka were based on a limited data base, the Final EIS
recommends further studies and a test drawdown. The results of
these studies should produce enough information that, if and when
a drawdown is performed on Lake Apopka, it will not be experimental.
Response to Kenneth C. Sedlak:
Further study of the various problems associated with extreme
drawdown of Lake Apopka is needed. While this research progresses,
194
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however, monitoring of water quality in Lake Apopka and the down-
stream lakes should continue. Such monitoring will further document
the condition of these lakes and will identify any important trends
in water quality. In this manner scientists can determine what
effects Lake Apopka has on the condition of the downstream lakes.
8. Response to C. E. Heppberger:
As previously discussed, the consulting engineers have conducted
extensive muck consolidation studies which indicate that the muck
will undergo an irreversible change and that the lake bottom will
be -improved through consolidation. The proposed drawdown would
produce a firm crust over 30% of the lake bottom and an improved
crust over another 40% of the lake bottom. Thus, it is not the
consolidation process that is of greatest concern to project analysts.
It is the restrictive time frame, adverse biological effects, and
the unconsolidated muck^remaining after refill that need further
study. These concerns have been expressed in detail in Section 4.
Mr. Heppburger's recommendations for nutrient abatement, enhanced
fluctuation, haul seining of rough fish, and perfection of the
dredging alternative have also been addressed in this report under
the S'elected Alternative. Specific consideration of the dredging
alternative is contained in Section 3 and Appendix C.
9. Response to Raymer F. Maguire, Jr.:
No probability of success for the project has been calculated
because current data on lake drawdowns vary considerably. The
success rate of this project will depend on numerous factors,
including the degree of muck consolidation, weather conditions, and
construction schedules. In addition, because of the unknowns
involved in this project, the ultimate benefits of this drawdown
are not currently predictable. It is hoped that the results of the
recommended test drawdown will eventually permit the calculation of
a probability of success.
Mr. Maguire's concern over the frost/freeze protection dilemma of
the proposed project was included in a written comment to EPA. A
195
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response to this comment and a detailed explanation of the citrus
protection aspect are included in Section 7 - under Response 20.
196
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SECTION 9
LITERATURE CITED
Anderson, W. 1970. Hydrologic considerations in draining Lake
Apopka: A preliminary analysis. U.S. Geological Survey (Mimeo).
Bartholic, J. F., and Bill, R. G. 1977. Freeze study for Lake Apopka
vicinity, Phase I and II (Report to Florida DER and EPA). IFAS,
University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Berner, R. A., 1971. Principles of Chemical Sedimentology. McGraw-
Hill.
Biederman, C. A., 1978. Phytoplankton Identification in the Upper
Ocklawaha Lakes. Abstracts to Florida Academy of Sci. meetings,
Orlando, April 14, 1978. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.): 24.
Brezonik, P. L., C. D. Pollman, T. L. Crisman, J. N. Allison, and
J. L. Fox, 1978. Limnological studies on Lake Apopka and the
Oklawaha Chain of Lakes: 1. Water Quality in 1977. Report No.,
ENV-07-78-01. Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences,
University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Clark, E. E., 1976. Effects of lowering Lake Apopka on citrus groves.
Report of Edward E. Clark Engineers - Scientists Consulting Firm,
South Miami, Florida
Davis, S. M. and L. A. Harriss. 1978. Marsh plant production and
phosphorous flux in Everglades Conservation Area 2. In: Environ-
mental Quality through Wetlands Utilization, M. Drew, ed.
Tallahassee, Florida.
Dunst, R. C. et al. 1974. Survey of lake rehabilitation techniques
and experiences. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
Bulletin No. 75, Madison, Wisconsin.
197
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East Central Florida Regional Planning Council. 1972b. Water Management.
Winter Park, Florida
Fast, A. W. 1975. Artificial aeration and oxygenation of lakes as a
restoration technique. In: Recovery and restoration of damaged
ecosystems, J. Cairns, Jr., K. L. Dickson, and E. E. Herricks,
eds. University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
Florida Department of Pollution Control. 1971. Lake Apopka water
quality improvement program. Florida DPC, Tallahassee, Florida.
Florida Department of Pollution Control. 1972. Lake Apopka restoration
project, project plan. Florida DPC, Tallahassee, Florida.
Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission. 1974. Lake Tohopekaliga
drawdown study. Completion report, F-29.
Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission. 1978a. Lake Carlton
Rehabilitation Evaluation July 1, 1977 to June 30, 1978.
Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission. 1978b. Lake Tohopekeliga
drawdown and long—term fishery management proposal; Kissimmee,
Florida.
Fox, J. L., P. L. Brezonik, and M. A. Keirn. 1977. Lake drawdown
as a method of improving water quality. EPA Ecological Research
Series. EPA-600/3-77-005. Washington, D. C.
Hahn, 1977. Ecological study of the proposed Lake Apopka drawdown
and restoration (Draft). Camp. Dresser and McKee Environmental
Sci. Div., Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Hargrave, B. T. 1973. Coupling carbon flow through some pelagic
and benthic communities. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 30:1317-1326.
198
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Holcomb, D. E. and W. L. Wegener. 1974. Response of floodplain
vegetation to lake fluctuation. Fla. Sci., Quart. J. Fla.
Acad. Sci. 36pp.
Manheim, F. T. 1970. The diffusion of ions in unconsolidated sediments.
Earth Plan. Sci. Letters, 9^:307-309.
National Eutrophication Survey. 1976. Preliminary report on Lake
Apopka, Orange and Lake Counties, Florida. EPA Region IV.
PNERL, Corvallis, Oregon and NERC, Las Vegas, Nevada.
Patriquin, D. G. and C. Keddy. 1978. Nitrogenase activity (acetylene
reduction) in a Nova Scotian salt marsh: Its association with
angiosperms and the influence of some edaphic factors. Aquatic
Botany, j4:227-244.
Patriquin, D. G. and R. Knowles. 1975. Effects of oxygen, mannitol,
and ammonium concentrations on nitrogenase (C^H^) activity in a
marine skeletal carbonate sand. Marine Biology, 32:49-62.
Pollman, C. D. and D. L. Brezonik. 1979. Nutrient characterists and
nutrient exchange dynamics of Lake Apopka sediments. Progress
report to Florida Department of Environmental Regulation. Depart-
ment of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida,
Gainesville.
Ross, Saarinen, Bolton, and Wilder; Environmental Engineers. 1978.
Lake Apopka restoration project, preliminary final engineering
report. Clearwater, Florida
Sargent, F. 0. 1976. Land use patterns, eutrophication, and pollution
in selected lakes. Vermont Water Resources Research Center and
U.S. Department of Interior.
Southwest Florida Water Management District. 1976. Report on the
streamflow and fluctuation of the Oklawaha River and Oklawaha
Chain of Lakes.
199
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Stewart, W. D. P., G. P. Fitzgerald, and R. H. Burris. 1967. In
situ studies on Fixation using the acetylene reduction
technique. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 58:2071-2078.
Tuschall, J. R., T. L. Crisman, P. L. Brezonik, J. N. Allinson. 1979.
Limnological studies on Lake Apopka and the Oklawaha Chain of
Lakes: 2. Water Quality in 1978. Report No. ENV-07-79-02. Depart-
ment of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida.
United States Department of Commerce. 1978. Survey of current business.
Bureau of Economic Analysis, J>8(4): 5-10.
Wetzel, R. G. 1978. Limnology. Sanders, Inc. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
?00
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APPENDIX A
SEDIMENT CONSOLIDATION STUDIES
A-l
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SECTION 4
CONSOLIDATION OF EXPOSED LAKE BOTTOM
4.01 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the entire drawdown project is to
expose the lake bottom so that consolidation of the muck
deposits can be achieved. The viability of the total
restoration project is directly dependent upon (1) the
extent to which the exposed lake bottom will consolidate
during the drawdown and holddown and (2) the length of
time the bottom will remain consolidated after refill.
Therefore, a study was performed to:
(1) predict what portion of the lake bottom will
consolidate,
(2) predict the degree of consolidation,
(3) estimate the length of time the sediment will
remain consolidated,
(4) estimate the influence the growth of vegeta-
tion will have on the lake bottom consolida-
tion,
(5) recommend whether the drawdown will have a
significant beneficial effect on the sediments
and Lake Apopka.
This section presents the findings, conclusions and
recommendations of that study. Detailed technical discussion
is included in Appendices A, B, C and D.
4.02 LITERATURE REVIEW
Available literature on the condition and testing of
Lake Apopka muck, the results and effects of lake draw-
downs in Florida, and information on other weak soil de-
posits (i.e., phosphate slimes) were reviewed. This led
to the following conclusions:
(1) Lake drawdown has proven a successful method for
improving soft-bottom conditions in other lakes,
both in Florida and elsewhere.
A-2
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(2) Exposure to the sun and atmosphere can dramatic-
ally consolidate the Lake Apopka muck; this con-
solidation appears to be irreversible upon re-
submergence .
(3) Muck and peat behave differently, with the peat
much less likely to derive a permanent benefit
from consolidation after drawdown.
(4) Consolidation causes primarily physical, rather
than chemical and biological, changes in the muck.
(5) As yet, geotechnical engineers have not become
involved in evaluating the Lake Apopka muck con-
solidation problem.
(6) No large-scale muck consolidation field tests
have been performed, and no tests of any kind
have been performed on muck that retained its
natural structure. While the many previous dry-
ing tests of Lake Apopka muck did produce use-
ful information, all had serious flaws when
attempting to extrapolate them to a behavior of
a 50 square'mile lake.
(7) virtually no quantitative information exists
concerning the engineering strength, permeability
and compressibility properties of the Lake Apopka
muck.
4.03 CONSOLIDATION STUDY
A. Lake Apopka Field Work
During the course of this stnrtw k
muck penetration tests were performJ in'¦ static cone
Because of the muck's extremely low st?Sn§7Tr °n Lake AP°Pka.
required the use of a special, 2-ro buov£n£ °°?e test^9
trometer which could be accurately loaSe* weight pene-
tions. The objective of this tjstinattt "nd?Vield condi-
face elevation, strength and thickness tk defl?e muck sur-
a quantitative basis for comparino muck rJ™ r®?ults provide
Lake Apopka with other lakesf and aUn Pftles within
comparing undisturbed samples. Sample dates in bJ?1S for
force depth logs can be found in Appendices A and^
To preserve the fraoii^
muck, an adapted Swedish 50 millimeter fived °£ the
was used to obtain undisturbed truck samples P£f samPler
solidated samples were obtained nZi E SVen Uncon"
were high; samples appeared in excellent co^mo^ ""°S
subsequently used for laboratory analysis DetaUs pert"n-
A-3
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ing to the dates and locations of undisturbed samples can be
found in Appendices A and B.
3. Comparative Field Work
Comparative field work was performed at several
nearby lakes which have been previously drawndown. This
field work is summarized below.
1. Lake Tohopekaliga
A significant muck thickness was found in
Friar's Cove; and four static cone soundings and two undis-
turbed samples were obtained. Muck at these locations should
have been exposed as much as 2.0 feet above the lake draw-
down level. The sounding-logs (Appendix B) appear to show
a definite crust formation at three of the four sounding loca-
tions. However/ muck found at the Friar's Cove site appears
denser and stronger than the Lake Apopka muck, and it is
possible that the apparent crust formation may result from
a sandier muck at the "crust" level. No more than six inches
of muck was found in the rest of Lake Tohopekaliga.
2. Lake Kissimmee
No more than six inches of muck was found in
Lake Kissimmee. This small thickness was not sounded or
sampled.
3. Lake Carlton
Thick muck was found under much of Lake Carlton.
Part of Lake Carlton was cross-sectioned with 23 cone sound-
ings. Details of the profile can be found in Appendix B.
C. Laboratory Consolidation Tests
Ordinary consolidation testing would not have been
suitable for this extreme material. As a result, an elec-
tronically instrumented, constant rate of strain consolida-
tion test was developed. This permitted accurate measurement
of small pressures, and the larger deformations involved when
testing this material. In addition, this test utilized un-
disturbed samples obtained with the fixed piston sampler.
Further details pertaining to the consolidation test can be
found in Appendices C and D.
Figure 4-1 presents the final, conventional effect-
ive stress-void ratio results from nine consolidation tests.
Table 4-1 summarized the permeability and coefficient of
consolidation results as computed from these test data.
A-4
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TABLE 4-1
SUMMARY
OF CONSTANT
RATE
OF STRAIN
CONSOLIDATION
TESTS
Test
Number
Lake
Effective
Stress
(psi)
Void
Ratio
(e)
Percent
Solids
(%)
Permeability
k
(in/sec)
Coefficient of
Consolidation
c
(in^ Vsec)
CSC-1
Apopka
1.09
16.1
10.0
3.3
X
10 6
2.1 x
10 4
CSC-2
•1
0.96
13.4
11.8
r
1.1
X
10~5
8.6 x
10~4
CSC-3
M
1.04
18.9
8.7
1.8
X
lO"6
9.4 x
IO"5
CSC-4
••
1.08
25. 2
6.7
5.3
X
10"5
3.5 x
10"3
CSC-5
M
1.05
17.2
9.5
2.0
X
10-6
2.1 x
10*4
CSC-6
Carlton
1.21
12.4
12.7
4.0
X
10"7
3.6 x
10~5
CSC-7
Apopka
1.00
15.6
10.4
1.3
X
io"6
8.7 x
10~5
CSC-8
M
1.13
11.8
13. 3
2.4
X
10-6
3.5 x
io-4
CSC-9
•I
0.99
15.0
10.7
2.8
X
io"7
10~4
2.5 x
10~5
10~3
Assumed
average
0.2
25.0
6.7
2
X
8 x
Values used in
calculations
0.9
18. 3
9.0
5
X
10~6
3.3 x
10~4
-------
90
tt
o
C
•9
e '•
14
10
• 0 s 29 78
•ol 27 64
• • •#
•0 * 27 26
CSC-4
L>q>nd
CSC-I ———
C3C-2 — — -
rar.s
0.1
'* Vertical Eff«ctl*« Strw» (ptif
10
• o * 28.50
»> h—-•£_»_2T60
•o« 26.64
•o « 24.28
L»gnd
CSC-6
CSC-7
CSC-8
CSC -9
0.1
'* Vtrticol Effactiv* Stress (p»l)#
10
Partial summary of prossurs vs. void rotio diagrams
from constant raf of strain consolidation tests
A-6
FIGURE 4 - I
-------
It should be noted that these data do not show a
large vacation between consolidation properties of the
various muck samples. This allows an idealized consolida-
tion behavior, representative of all the muck, to be used
in muck consolidation calculations.
D. Special Drying Tests
Although other drying tests have been performed
on Lake Apopka muck, results have been biased and flawed.
For drying tests to be meaningful, the test must be design-
ed to:
(1) test the muck with its natural structure,
(2) test the muck under one-dimensional drying
conditions,
(3) keep the muck surface at the container
surface during the test,
test at the two extreme conditions of moist-
ure access at the bottom of the sample,
test at various sample heights above the
ambient water table, and most importantly,
allow sample and surface cracks to experience
the effects of rainfall.
A special drying out test was designed with these
restrictions in mind, and four samples of undisturbed muck
were tested. To help insure one-dimensional drying, all
parts of the samples above water were surrounded with styro-
foajn for insulation, and aluminum foil for radiation pro-
tection. Only the top plane of the sample could accept
solar radiation energy and rainfall, a moveable plug sup-
ported the bottom of the sample; the plug was adjustable
so that as drying and shrinkage occurred, the surface of
the sample could be kept at the top of the liner. Bottom
drainage was permitted in two of the four samples. Further
details can be found in Appendix C.
Figure 4-2 and Table 4-2 summarize the results
of these drying experiments. It was found that (1) solar
radiation falling on a horizontal surface controls the
drying rate, (2) rainfall interrupts this drying until
water stored in the muck cracks can be evaporated, (3)
the dried muck shows only a minor tendency to disintegrate
when re-submerged, and (4) the muck dries to a final volume
of about eight percent of its initial volume.
(4)
(5)
(6)
A-7
-------
TABLE 4-2
SUMMARY OF RESULTS FROM SIMULATED
ONE-DIMENSIONAL, SOLAR DRYING EXPERIMENTS
ON LAKE APOPKA MUCK
Apopka
Test Sample
Initial Sample Initial
Length Bottom Top Elev. Percentage
(cm) Drainage? (Feet MSL) of Solids
Water Loss/Water in Muck
percentage in
5
daVs
10
days
23
days
(1)
41
days
(2)
Percentage
of Volume
Loss
A
B
C4-2U
B1-6U
30.0
31-8
Yes
No
60.1
59.8
8.0
6.8
46
22
56
32
84
63
91
72
80 +
94 (in
oven)
00
DCO-13U
D2-10U
14 .8
14.8
No
Yes
60.0
59.8
7.0
8.1
29
34
44
45
93
83
100
100
93
92
(1) End of daily data readings. Only approx.
1 cm rain during 1st 20 days.
(2) End of test. Approx. 8 cm rain in final
18 days.
Notes: All samples in 5.0 cm diameter plastic
liners taken directly from undisturbed
sampler.
-------
On* -dim«r»ioncl muck drying experiments
A-9
FIGURE 4-2
-------
E. Other Laboratory Tests
Twenty-five water content tests were performed on
the Lake Apopka muck samples. Values ranged from about 2600
percent to 1000 percent on a dry weight basis. In terms of
percent solids, this range equals about 4 percent to 9 percent.
Five specific gravity tests (four on undried sam-
ples and one after ignition at about 600 C) were performed.
The pre-ignition test results ranged from about 1.7 to 1.9,
and average 1.80v The one post-ignition specific gravity
test was 2.62.
Seventeen post-ignition tests for weight loss were
also performed. Results varied from about 53 percent to 73
percent of solids.
4.04 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the previously described studies, the follow-
ing conclusions and recommendations are offered for the Lake
Apopka restoration project:
(1) Lake Apopka muck will consolidate with 30 percent
of the bottom forming a hard crust, 4 0 percent
showing improved firmness and 30 percent remaining
unchanged. These various areas of muck consolid-
ation and their characteristics are shown in Fig-
ure 4-3.
(2) Total muck consolidation will increase Lake Apopka's
volume by approximately 13 percent. Eight percent
of the volume increase is weather independent; five
percent is weather dependent.
(3) Similar muck sediments at Lake Tohopekaliga have
remained consolidated for seven years (1971 to pre-
sent) and currently show little or no signs of weak-
ening or resuspension. Consolidation causes prim-
arily physical changes in the muck; these physical
changes appear to be irreversible. Therefore, it
is reasonable to expect Lake Apopka muck to remain
consolidated for at least seven years, if not in-
definitely. Whereas, accumulation of new muck on
top of the hardened crust might diminish the effec-
tiveness or longevity of the restoration project,
previously discussed abatement of all point source
pollution discharges will help to substantially
minimize this possibility.
A-10
-------
(4) Any new bottom vegetation will improve consolida-
tion and reduce subsequent scout.
(5) The drawdown should have a definite beneficial
effect on muck sediments.
These conclusions and recommendations are discussed
in detail in Appendix C.
A-ll
-------
Symbol in
obovi
Consolidation
condition*
Aroo
ml.*
Mock consolidation Mttloowot, avorooo,foot
Orylna ~ MtOf Mimn • tAtAJ
~
Mock ariui
loo* Ikon
• ¦0
000
bottoi
0.00
• still toft
0.00
11
Muck wrfoeo
botwoon
»9» • ~se'/a
4.*
ooo
bottoi
01
•till oo(t
040
¦
Mack tblcknooo
1* or looo,
¦urfooo *kovo>80
• 2
0.75
(trow
0 00
bottom sroot
¦ n
P
a
¦
Orontfoan
bo low bottom
Of mock
5.4
o.e
otroa
0.28
1 bottom oroot
o-w
m
Muak tkicknooo
loot thon
• rt.
r.i
0.4 | 0 8
firm .bottom croot
0»0
m
Muck nor*
tkoo • ft
12.7
413
0.16 | 1*5
oll«bt bottom ml
•
14
Estimated muck consolidation behavior
A-12
FIGURE 4-3
-------
APPENDIX B
RSB&W ENGINEERING DESIGN
B-l
-------
SECTION 6
EVALUATION OF LAKE RESTORATION
IMPACTS ON ORGANIC SOIL
FARMS AND CITRUS GROVES
6.01 GENERAL
Agriculture and Lake Apopka are intimately related.
These relationships and the proposed methods of protecting
these relationships during the Lake Apopka Restoration Pro-
ject are described in this section.
6.02 FROST/FREEZE PROTECTION
The "Freeze Study for Lake Apopka Vicinity, Phase I
and II", commissioned by DER, concluded that one meter
(approximately 3 feet) average depth in Lake Apopka will
not significantly diminish the frost/freeze protection af-
forded to citrus growers south of Lake Apopka. With the
results of this study, the following design constraints
were prepared to insure adequate frost/freeze protection
to the citrus groves.
(1) The lake level must be no lower than 64 feet MSL
during December, January and February preceeding
the drawdown.
(2) The lake level must be returned to 64 feet MSL
by November 30th of the same year the drawdown
is initiated.
These two constraints effectively require that the entire
drawdown, holddown and refill be accomplished within a 9-
month period. To achieve this goal, over $3,000,000 in add-
itional facilities are required to accommodate higher flow
rates.
Frost/freeze protection of citrus groves bordering on
downstream lakes has also been considered. During the draw-
down, holddown and refill of Lake Apopka, water levels in
downstream lakes will- remain within-the regulatory limits as
determined by the Water Management District. As such, the
Lake Apopka Restoration Project will affect the frost/freeze
protection offered by these lakes no more than what might
result from any regulated lake fluctuation. However, it must
be pointed out that during the winter months following the
refill of Lake Apopka, the water levels in Lake Harris, Little
Lake Harris, Beauclair, Dora and Eustis are projected to be at
minimum desired elevations.
B-2
-------
6.03 CITRUS IRRIGATION
The two objectives of this portion of the study were to:
(1) evaluate the extent to which the restoration project
would impact irrigation needs of the citrus grower
bordering the southern half of Lake Apopka, and
(2) determine what special provisions need be made to
meet the demand for water.
A. Irrigational Needs
The drawdown of Lake Apopka will have the following
impacts on the irrigation requirements of bordering citrus
groves:
(1) The water table in the vicinity of the lake
will be reduced, possibly, under certain con-
ditions, increasing the need for irrigation
of the groves.
(2) Groves irrigated directly from the lake will
"lose" their water source for much of the
restoration period.
(3) Water levels in deep wells (utilized for ir-
rigation) will be slightly reduced as a result
of the drawdown of the lake.
To determine the extent of the water table decline
produced by the lake drawdown, the analysis discussed in Sec-
tion 5 08 B was conducted. This evaluation concluded that the
areas in which the water table aquifer would be measurably im-
pacted ^greater than 0.1 feet decline from the "natural" water
table surface) were estimated to extend landward from the lake
about 2 miles to the south and about 1.5 miles to the east and
wesf Therefore, groves more landward of these limits will not
be impacted and groves between the lake and the 1.5-2 mile
limit will realize a lowered water table. The extent to which
th^irrioation needs of the groves will increase as a result
of the water table decline is dependent upon (1) the degree to
which the water table provides water to the trees; (2) the depth
of the^)ater table below the surface of the ground; (3) the.
the amount of water table decline induced
£ L All of these factors are extremely difficult
to Slew ^sScially when studying such a large area. However,
to assess, esp * oroiected profile of water table decline,
the6elev2tion of the land surface, the time required to dewater
the elevation or tne d ^ relationship between the
Snd^rof^efaSfwftei table, it was concluded that
B-3
-------
SECTION 6
EVALUATION OF LAKE RESTORATION
IMPACTS ON ORGANIC SOIL
FARMS AND CITRUS GROVES
6.01 GENERAL
Agriculture and Lake Apopka are intimately related.
These relationships and the proposed methods of protecting
these relationships during the Lake Apopka Restoration Pro-
ject are described in this section.
6.02 FROST/FREEZE PROTECTION
The "Freeze Study for Lake Apopka Vicinity# Phase I
and II", commissioned by DER, concluded that one meter
(approximately 3 feet) average depth in Lake Apopka will
not significantly diminish the frost/freeze protection af-
forded to citrus growers south of Lake Apopka. With the
results of this study, the following design constraints
were prepared to insure adequate frost/freeze protection
to the citrus groves.
(1) The lake level must be no lower than 64 feet MSL
during December, January and February preceeding
the drawdown.
(2) The lake level must be returned to 64 feet MSL
by November 30th of the same year the drawdown
is initiated.
These two constraints effectively require that the entire
drawdown, holddown and refill be accomplished within a 9-
month period. To achieve this goal, over $3,000,000 in add-
itional facilities are required to accommodate higher flow
rates.
Frost/freeze protection of citrus groves bordering on
downstream lakes has also been considered. During the draw-
down, holddown and refill of Lake Apopka, water levels in
downstream - lakes will - remain within -the regulatory limits as
determined by the Water Management District. As such, the
Lake Apopka Restoration Project will affect the frost/freeze
protection offered by these lakes no more than what might
result from any regulated lake fluctuation. However, it must
be pointed out that during the winter months following the
refill of Lake Apopka, the water levels in Lake Harris, Little
Lake Harris, Beauclair, Dora and Eustis are projected to be at
minimum desired elevations.
B-2
-------
6.03 CITRUS IRRIGATION
The two objectives of this portion of the study were to:
(1) evaluate the extent to which the restoration project
would impact irrigation needs of the citrus grower
bordering the southern half of Lake Apopka, and
(2) determine what special provisions need be made to
meet the demand for water.
A. Irrigational Needs
The drawdown of Lake Apopka will have the following
impacts on the irrigation requirements of bordering citrus
groves:
(1) The water table in the vicinity of the lake
will be reduced, possibly, under certain con-
ditions, increasing the need for irrigation
of the groves.
(2) Groves irrigated directly from the lake will
"lose" their water source for much of the
restoration period.
(3) Water levels in deep wells (utilized for ir-
rigation) will be slightly reduced as a result
of the drawdown of the lake.
To determine the extent of the water table decline
produced by the lake drawdown, the analysis discussed in Sec-
tion 5.08 B was conducted. This evaluation concluded that the
areas in which the water table aquifer would be measurably im-
pacted (greater than 0.1 feet decline from the "natural" water
table surface) were estimated to extend landward from the lake
about 2 miles to the south and about 1.5 miles to the east and
west. Therefore, groves more landward of these limits will not
be impacted and groves between the lake and the 1.5-2 mile
limit will realize a lowered water table. The extent to which
the irrigation needs of the groves will increase as a result
of the water table decline is dependent upon (1) the degree to'
which the water table provides water to the trees; (2) the depth
of the water table below the surface of the ground; (3) the.
soil type; and (4) the amount of water table decline induced
by the drawdown. All of these factors are extremely difficult
to assess, especially when studying such a large area. However,
after considering the projected profile of water table decline,
the elevation of the land surface, the time required to dewater
the unconsolidated aquifer, and the relationship between the
conditon of trees and water table, it was concluded that
B-3
-------
the groves within approximately 1000 feet of the lake would
be impacted, and those more landward than 1000 feet would
not, as a result of the drawdown, require additional irri-
gation water.
To evaluate the irrigation needs within the 1000
foot area, aerial photographs of Lake Apopka and vicinity were
procured and the groves identified. Ownership of the groves
was determined from Orange and Lake County tax rolls.
Grove owners were mailed questionnaires pertaining
to their irrigation and management practices. A copy of this
questionnaire is included in Appendix E. If after one month
there was no response to the questionnaire, a duplicate was
mailed. If the grove had been recently sold, a copy of the
questionnaire was sent to the new owner.
Based on the responses to these questionnaires,
field work, and confirmation visitations to many of the groves,
citrus groves near Lake Apopka can be classified with regard to
their irrigation practices as:
(1) groves which are irrigated from a deep well,
(2) groves which are irrigated from the lake, and
(3) groves which are not irrigated.
The location of citrus groves near Lake Apopka and
the respective irrigation practices are shown in Figure 6-1.
A detailed discussion of the provisions necessary for each cate-
gory follows.
B. Provisions to Provide Irrigation Water
1. Groves Irrigated from a Deep Well Tapping
the Floridan Aquifer
The impacts of the Lake Apopka drawdown on the
Floridan Aquifer have been previously discussed in Section 5.08.
This analysis indicated that decline in the potentiometric
surface would be so slight that the production capability of
the wells would not be adversely impacted.
Groves within the 1000 foot band around the lake
may experience increased irrigation needs, however, the existing
irrigation -systems could be used to supply the additional
water.
2. Groves Irrigated from Lake Apopka
Many acres of groves are irrigated directly from
the lake. Suction lines extend into the lake to supply water
to irrigation pumps. Location of these pumps was determined
B-4
-------
from the questionnaires, field visits and a boat survey of the
shoreline.
As the lake is drawn down, the suction lift on
these pumps increases to the point that the pump can no
longer lift the water into the pump. The critical lift is de-
pendent upon type of pump, condition of pump and other factors.
However, it may be assumed that during the restoration period,
the pumps withdrawing water directly from the lake will fail due
to either (1) increased suction lift, or (2) complete dewatering
of the lake in the area of the pump.
Many techniques were evaluated to supply a water
source to these pumps, so that the grove owner could irrigate
per standard practices. The more promising approaches involved:
(1) Dredging a channel from deep holes or rim
channels to the pump suction to provide a
water source to the pump. This was judged
unsatisfactory due to potential water qual-
ity and suction lift problems.
(2) Utilizing a water truck to irrigate the
grdves. This technique was deemed impract-
ical due to cost and time-to-irrigate consi-
derations.
To provide water to the irrigation pumps, a well
tapping the Floridan Aquifer is proposed for construction. The
well will be furnished with a deep well turbine pump and right
angle gear drive. A portable trailer-mounted gasoline engine
will provide power to the pump. The deep well pump will dis-
charge directly into the existing irrigation systems. If, as
a result of the drawdown of the lake, the groves require more
water than would normally be required (due to a lowered water
table), the irrigation systems only need to be used for a
longer time.
C. Groves Not Currently Irrigated
The groves that are not irrigated (see Figure 6-1)
are of the greatest concern because of (1) the potential impacts
associated with the lowering of the water table near the lake
(as a result of the lake drawdown) and (2) the absence of an
irrigational system to provide any additional water that may be
needed.
Due to the excessive cost of installing, as a portion
of the restoration project, an irrigational system in groves
within the 1000 foot area directly landward from the lake, many
alternatives were evaluated.
B-5
-------
I
03
I
On
Currant irrigation practical ot citrus grows withui KXX) fwt of Lake Apopka
FIGURE 6-1
LAKE APOPKA
-------
First, a re-analysis was made of the probability
that the lake drawdown would actually lower the water table
enough to adversly impact the groves. The estimated lake
stage (which is also the estimated water table level in the
area most seriously impacted, i.e. directly landward of the
lake) is shown in Figure 6-2. Also shown is the four month
wet season (June-September) and the estimated water table lev-
el in the area most seriously impacted, i.e. directly land-
ward from the lake. Several things can be noted. First,
lowering of the lake will begin in September and, therefore,
the water table will have six months to decline prior to act-
ual pumped drawdown. Second, the wet season should provide
sufficient water during the time the lake is at the lowest
stage. Third, following the end of the wet season, the lake
should be close to 64 feet MSL. Finally, the most critical
period appears to be in late April and May. Unfortunately,
this is when the size of the citrus crop is determined and
irrigational needs are the greatest.
To confirm the distance to the water table, eight
water table wells were constructed at the three sites shown
on Figure 6-1. Results of this field program indicated that:
(1) groves very close to the lake had a water table within
four feet of the ground surface and (2) the water table was
more than four feet below land surface under groves located
more landward. As citrus typically grows on well drained soils
and fulfills 90 percent of its moisture needs from the upper
four feet of soil2, the field observations in some near shore
citrus groves indicated that the water table was close enough
to the soil surface to be of concern.
Also, meetings were arranged with grove owners to
discuss the impact of the Lake Carlton drawdown of 1977 on
citrus groves. Grove owners stated that the citrus trees
around Lake Carlton dropped about one half of their fruit.
However, they noticed little or no decrease in fruit loss
with increased distance from the lake. Due to the previous
severe winter and a concurrent drought, it is impossible to
estimate what portion of the crop loss was attributable to the
Lake Carlton drawdown and what portion was due to stress caused
by naturally occurring events (severe winter and severe drought).
In light of the meteorological conditions and the
drawdown, the Lake Carlton drawdown probably represents a worst
case situation with respect to the citrus groves. If the groves
bordering Lake Carlton did not suffer disastrous loss as a re-
sult of the combined effects of the drawdown, drought and pre-
vious severe winter, there is little reason to believe groves
bordering Lake Apopka will fare much worse. However, there is
a significant probability that those groves close to the lake
may be stressed due to water table decline. Although this
B-7
-------
probability may be very low, provisions must be made for
irrigation water.
To minimize the impact of the lowered water table
on the fruit yield and, more importantly, to assure the sur-
vival of the unirrigated groves during an extreme drought
concurrent with the drawdown of Lake Apopka, several irrigation
systems were evaluated:
(1) Velocity guns mounted on portable risers
(2) Towed water tank truck system
(3) Permanent irrigation systems
(4) Land application via perforated pipe
(5) Self propelled traveler system
The analysis indicated that the most reliable and
cost effective irrigation system was the velocity gun mounted
on a portable riser. Such velocity guns on portable risers
will be located and relocated by truck as necessary. Wells
will be drilled to supply water. The risers will be connected
to the well pumps by aluminum pipe with bayonet type quick
couplers and flexible, non-*stretch hose. This system will be
capable of providing sufficient water to existing unirrigated
groves to mitigate the impacts of the drawdown.
Because ownership and irrigation practice of a
given grove is subject to change any time, many specifics,
(such as riser location, well location, etc.), must be
determined immediately prior to drawdown. During the initial
construction phase, the contractor will designate where the
velocity guns on portable risers will be located, taking into
consideration factors such as soil type, topography, grove
condition and age, depth to water table, etc. Exact well
locations will be based on accessibility, grove practice
at the time of the project, irrigation status of adjoining
groves, etc. For specifics on citrus irrigation, check the
Drawings and Specifications.
6.04 MUCK FARM IRRIGATION
Muck (organic soil) farmers to the north of Lake Apopka
utilize water from Lake Apopka and the Apopka-Beauclair Canal
to irrigate and flood their fields. During the drawdown,
holddown and refill periods of the project, the farms will
be supplied with water from the Apopka-Beauclair Canal (see
Figure 6-3) through a series of improved canals. The con-
tractor will provide several mobile pumps to apply water from
the canal to those fields which normally irrigate and/or flood
bY gravity. Interior farms (those which do not flood by gravity)
B-8
-------
Projected Lake Stages During Project Duration
FIGURE 6-2
B-9
-------
FIGURE 6-3
-------
can irrigate as they normally do. An in-depth study of muck
farm irrigation is discussed below. For additional details,
see the Drawings and Specifications.
A. Zellwood Drainage District
Farms within the Zellwood Drainage District Units
Number 1 and 2 currently take water for irrigation from the
North-South McDonald Canal and Lake Apopka. Similarly, excess
water, resulting from rainfall, seepage, etc., is pumped out
of the muck farms into the North-South McDonald Canal and
Lake Apopka. Canals which are used to transmit and distribute
water into the farms are used at other times to remove water
from the farms. Improvements in the canal system to provide
irrigation water must be designed within this constraint.
In deriving design flows, water balance, existing
pump capacities and average acreage demands were considered.
Canal improvements (shown in Figure 6-3) were sized to keep
head loss in the improved canals within acceptable limits.
Specific data on the extent of canal improvements can be found
in the Design Notebook and the Drawings and Specifications.
Water will be supplied by gravity to the improved
District Canal from the North-South McDonald Canal through
two 60-inch corrugated metal culverts. Screw gates will be
attached to the culverts to control the flow. The water
control structure is shown in Figure 6-3. Improvement will
the East-West McDonald Canal and North-South
McDonald Canal to provide a sufficient gravity of water to
J ,th® East-West McDonald Canal from the
«n Canal will be controlled by a dam and four
WaTo? With screw gates (see Figure 6-3) .
McDoLid J 8t McD°nald Canal and North-South
Sv id«bfftC
-------
D. Clay Island Farms
Clay Island Farms are currently irrigated from
existing perimeter canal (west of the Apopka-Beauclair Canal)
which is, in turn, connected with the Apopka-Beauclair Canal
and Lake Apopka. During the restoration project, water will
be supplied to Clay Island Farms at the northeast corner of
their property (see Figure 6-3). Water from the north side of
the Lake Apopka pumping station will be allowed to flow by
gravity through a 60-inch corrugated metal culvert with screw
gate into Clay Island Farms. For a better understanding of
this aspect, refer to the Drawings and Specifications.
E. XXX Products (Pine Island)
XXX is predominantly a soil mining operation; muck
farming is secondary. Pumps are run continuously to maintain
water levels low enough so that soils can be mined. As a
result, no shortage of water is foreseen for this site.
If a water shortage occurs at this site, several
alternative supplies are available. Several capped artesian
wells presently exist on site. These can be uncapped and
pumped to provide necessary water. If necessary, a short canal
could be dug from the existing pump site to an existing deep
hole offshore from Montverde.
6.05 DIKE PROTECTION
Protecting the dikes along the north shore of Lake
Apopka, along the Apopka-Beauclair Canal and along the North-
South and East-West McDonald Canals is extremely important.
Sections 9.01 and 9.12 give the specifics on geotechnical
testing and surveying to be performed during the project and
techniques that must be used to assure integrity of the dike.
6.06 CITRUS GROVES NEAR LAKE BEAUCLAIR
As is the case with the citrus groves surrounding Lake
Apopka, those groves which are irrigated directly from Lake
Beauclair and groves which are not irrigated will potentially
be impacted by the drawdown and holddown of Lake Beauclair.
Each is discussed below.
A deep well will be provided for those groves which cur-
rently use Lake Beauclair as an irrigation water source. Wells
will be drilled where necessary and the well pumps which were
installed and used at the groves near Lake Apopka will be- re-
located to the wells drilled near Lake Beauclair.
B-12
-------
Due to the location of Lakes Dora and Carlton and the
role they will have in minimizing the water table impact which
will result from Lake Beauclair drawdown, only a minimum impact
on groves which are not currently irrigated is expected. If
necessary, these groves can be irrigated by using the previous-
ly described velocity guns mounted on portable risers, using
either Lake Dora, Lake Carlton or a deep well as a water supply.
The distance between the water supply and the point of appli-
cation can be traversed by portable aluminum pipe.
B-13
-------
REFERENCES
Bartholic, J.P. and R. G. Bill, Jr. Pinal Report on
Freeze Study for Lake Apopka Vicinity, Phase I
and II Fruit Crops Department, Institute of Food
and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida,
Gainesville. August 29, 1977.
Koo, R. c. J. The Distribution of Uptake of Soil Moisture
in Citrus Groves. Proceedings of the Florida State
Horticultural Society, Vol. 74, pp. 86-90. 1961.
B-14
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SECTION 9
PROPOSED FACILITIES TO IMPLEMENT PLAN
9.01 GENERAL
The preliminary design of the proposed facilities
has been previously described in the Preliminary Engineering
Report. After notice to proceed/ field work necessary to
complete the final design was performed. Field work included
aerial photography, topographic photo surveys, selected field
topographic surveys of the various sites, water depth profiles
and cross sections, diverse geotechnical exploration (includ-
ing the use of Standard Penetration Test and the Static Cone
Penetration Test), laboratory testing of soil samples and
extensive field reconnaissance of all sites. The preliminary
design was modified to reflect the additional information
gairted during the final design field work. Modifications
were made as necessary to better protect the public, reduce
cost and enhance.the viability of various project components.
In most cases, modifications made during the final design
period are refinements of facilities' design and concepts
proposed in the Preliminary Engineering Report, and as such,
are in many ways identical. Major exceptions are discussed
below.
1. The shape of the intake sedimentation basin was
changed for more efficient removal of suspended muck.
2. Design of the pumping station cofferdams along
the Apopka-Beauclair Canal was changed to account for very
poor soil conditions at each of these sites* Vehicle access
over the Apopka-Beauclair Canal Lock and Dam cofferdam has
been prohibited for this reason.
3. Because of very poor soil conditions at the south
end of the Dora Canal and resulting problems which would occur
during construction, the subaqueous crossing of the Dora Canal
was abandoned. To maintain boat traffic, the 84-inch pipe
will cross aerially over the canal with the same vertical
clearance as the railroad bridge.
4. The 84-inch corrugated metal pipe was replaced
by 7/16-inch-thick walled, 84-inch-diameter steel pipe. In
light of the high velocities and the high volumes associated
with this pipeline, welded steel pipe was selected to provide
maximum protection to the public. The ductility of steel
pipe will help mitigate the differential settling which can
be expected from the poor soils along the pipeline route?
welded joints will maintain pipeline integrity.
B-15
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5. At the Dead River Dam and Boat Lift, the
cofferdam was changed from a double row of sheeting filled
with suitable granular fill to a single row of steel sheet
pile as to reduce the cost of the structure. A fork lift
type boat lift was added to handle more effectively the number
and diversity of boats passing through the Dead River.
6. The cofferdams between Lakes Beauclair and Dora
and between Lakes Beauclair and Carlton were changed from
double rows of sheeting filled with suitable granular fill to
a single row of steel sheet pile to reduce cost.
7. The Willow Dike plan for muck farm irrigation
was replaced by the plan to irrigate through improved interior
canals (previously described in Section 6.04). The Willow
Dike plan was abandoned because construction of the Willow
Dike would (1) threaten the integrity of the Farmers Dike,
(2) damage significantly the existing shoreline vegetation along
much of the north shore of Lake Apopka and (3) be severely
complicated by the poor soil conditions in the north shore area.
Abandoning the Willow Dike plan affects the dike protection
plans as described in the Preliminary Engineering Report.
Final plans for protection of the dikes are disclosed in
detail in Section 9.12.
The remainder of this section describes proposed
facilities necessary to implement the restoration project.
More information on these facilities can be found in Table 9-1
and the Drawings and Specifications. Discussion of some fea-
tures common to many sites follows:
A. Pumping Equipment
During the course of this project, two pumping
facilities will be required during the drawdown and holddown
phases and three pumping facilities will be required during
the refill phase. Consequently, the most important equip-
ment required for this project will be the pumps. This
pumping equipment must be capable of transferring large
volumes of water from a lower elevation to a higher eleva-
tion at low discharge pressures.
One pump manufacturer provides hydraulic drive
axial flow pumps with capacities up to 50,000 gallons per
minute (gpm). The equipment is very simple to operate, rela-
tively easy to maintain and flexible. Drive units can be
either mounted on tires for mobile operation or on skid mounts
for installation on a -pad. Skid mounted units will be required
for this project in order to achieve the high discharge pres-
sures required. Pumps of this type are well suited for this
project.
B-16
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TABLE 9-1
SUMMARY OF FACILITY DETAILS
DEEP HOLE CHANNEL
Length
Width at Bottom
Channel Invert Elevation
Side Slopes
Cross Sectional Area (with
water surface at 58.0 feet)
Design Flow
Average Velocity
Volume of Dredging Required
IN-LAKE SEDIMENTATION BASIN
Overall Length (inlet to
outlet)
Length of Rectangular
Section
Bottom Width
Side Slope
Bottom Elevation
Design Flow
Settling Velocity, Vg
Nominal Detention Time
(rectangular portion only)
Surface Loading Rate
(rectangular portion only)
19,300 feet
225 feet
53.0 feet MSL
15:1
1500 ft2
717 ft3/sec.
0.48 ft/sec.
1,310,000 yd3
6300 feet
3800 feet
1000 feet
15:1
48 feet MSL
717 ft3/sec.
-4
2.88 x 10 ft/sec.
16.7 hrs.
121 gpd/ft2
B-17
-------
TABLE 9-1 (continued)
SUMMARY OF FACILITY DETAILS
IN-LAKE SEDIMENTATION BASIN (continued)
Volume of Dredging Required
Floating Turbidity Curtain
(4 feet deep)
Floating Vegetation Barrier
3,480,000 yd"
1400 feet
400 feet
LAKE APOPKA PUMPING STATION
Cofferdam length
Cofferdam width
Sump length
Sump width
Elevation of Bottom of Sump
Sheet Pile Section
Pump Type
Pump Size
Number of Pumps
Capacity
Drive Units
LAKE APOPKA WATER CONTROL STRUCTURE
Broad Crested Weir Length
Sill Elevation
H Pile
Channel
Stop Logs
291 feet
33.6 feet
100 feet
30 feet
44.0 feet MSL
P2-32
Two stage, hydraulic
drive, axial flow
42-inch diameter
discharge
10
40,000 gpm each
460 hp skid mounted
diesel engines
101 feet
64.0 feet MSL
HP 10 x 24
C 10 x 13.5
PT 6" x 8"
B-18
-------
TABLE 9-1 (continued)
SUMMARY OF FACILITY DETAILS
APOPKA-BEAUCLAIR CANAL IMPROVEMENTS
Length of Canal
Design Flow
Maximum Permissible Velocity
Minimum Required Cross Section
36,000 feet
780 ft^/sec,
2.5 ft/sec.
312 ft2
APOPKA-BEAUCLAIR CANAL LOCK AND DAM PUMPING STATION
Cofferdam Length
Cofferdam Width
Sump Length
Sump Width
Elevation of Bottom of Sump
Pump Type
Pump Size
Number of Pumps
Capacity
Drive Units
LAKE BEAUCLAIR PUMPING STATION
Cofferdam Length
Cofferdam Width
Sump Length
Sump Width
135 feet
17.6 feet
40 feet
30 feet
46 feet MSL
Two stage, hydraulic
drive, axial flow
42-inch diameter
discharge
40,000 gpm
460 hp skid mounted
diesel engines
149 feet
33.7 feet
50 feet
30 feet
B-19
-------
TABLE 9-1 (continued)
SUMMARY OF FACILITY DETAILS
LAKE BEAUCLAIR PUMPING STATION (continued)
Elevation of Bottom of Sump
Pump Type
Pump Size
Number of Pumps
Capacity
Drive Units
41 feet MSL
Two stage, hydraulic
drive, axial flow
42-inch diameter
discharge
40,000 gpm each
460 hp skid mounted
diesel engines
LAKE BEAUCLAIR/LAKE CARLTON COFFERDAM
Length 80 feet
Type
Sheet Pile Section
LAKE BEAUCLAIR/LAKE DORA COFFERDAM
Length
Type
Sheet Pile Section
LAKE DORA PUMPING STATION
Length
Sump Length
Sump Width
Elevation of Bottom of Sump
Cantilever sheet pile
wall
PZ-27
500 feet
Cantilever sheet pile
wall
PZX-32, PZ-27
135 feet
70 feet
24 feet
49 feet MSL
B-20
-------
TABLE 9-1 (continued)
SUMMARY OF FACILITY DETAILS
LAKE DORA PUMPING STATION (continued)
Sheet Pile Section
Pump Type
Pump Size
Number of Pumps
Capacity
Drive units
DORA CANAL BY-PASS PIPELINE
Length
Diameter
Wall Thickness
Material
Railroad Casing Pipe
Diameter
Wall Thickness, Liner Plate
Wall Thickness, Multiplate
Operating Head
Operating Velocity
LAKE EUSTTfi PUMPING STATION
Length
Sump Length
Sump Width
Elevation of Bottom of Sump
PDA-27, PS-28
Two stage, hydraulic
drive, axial flow
30-inch diameter
discharge
7
30,000 gpm
2 - 200 hp skid mounted
electric motors
7600 feet
84-inch
7/16-inch
Steel
90-inch
0.164-inches
0.138-inches
22.5 feet
8.44 ft/sec.
100 feet
70 feet
24 feet
49 feet MSL
B-21
-------
TABLE 9-1 (continued)
SUMMARY OF FACILITY DETAILS
LAKE EUSTIS PUMPING STATION (continued)
Sheet Pile Section
Pump Type
Pump Size
Number of Pumps
Capacity
Drive Units
PDA-27, PS-28
Two stage, hydraulic
drive, axial flow
30-inch diameter
discharge
30,000 gpm
2 - 200 hp skid mounted
electric motors
DEAD RIVER DAM AND BOAT LIFT
Length
Length of Weir
Cofferdam Type
Sheet Pile Sections
H Pile
507 feet
135 feet
Cantilever Sheet Pile
Wall
PZX32, PZ38, PZ27
HP 10 x 57, HP 12 x 53,
HP 14 x 73
Stop Logs
PT 6" x 8"
B-22
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B. Control Stations
The central control station will be established
at the Apopka-Beauclair Canal Lock and Dam. The central
control station will serve as the project headquarters during
the entire project, directing and coordinating the construction
and operation of all facilities. This site is centrally
located and easily accessible. Telephone and electricity are
readily available.
.n K. a citrus irrigation control station
established in the Winter Garden area. This station
and irrigation wellsfinatS the m°bUe irri9«ion equipment
C. Communication System
coufse of the entire project, communi-
cation between the various sites will be very important.
seivicenia r^adiiv at the sites where telephone
Je; Remote sites (those which are
J? +£! fifi ? J telephone service) will be linked
to the central control station by two-way radio.
D« Protection of Property
4-fr0<:eCti^? People and animals from dangerous areas
L' S WeH as preventing vandalism are also
considerations on a project of this magnitude. Temporary
nHh??e ^ v3t sites accessible to the general
vandalism shnniri n«*eKP away from equipment and excavations.
IZnt ifS If?? JJS^be4,a!,a^ious a concern considering that
each site will require full time supervision These areas will
be posted to make the public aware of dange?!
flow will be conveyec^by^he oanlls intSE pr°j®Ct' =°nsid«able
downstream from Lake ApSpka? It
___ m-,.. makfl fne velocities created by these
conditions may make it difficult or impossible to ooerate
boats in the canals, especially in mw
" _____ ' i _ ^^c>-xaxxy in the narrower areas. There-
fore, these areas will require more intensified boat patrols
to restrict boat traffic when conditions are danoerous and
to handle emergencies. Posting of the vari™« t,
warn boaters of danger will also be necessary?
9.02 LAKE APOPKA DEEP HOLE CHANNEL
, , The PJ°P°??d *Jet5od for draining Lake Apopka to 58 feet
MSL includes hydraulic dredging of a trapezoidal channel which
will connect "deep hole areas m the lake and convey water to
the intake sump of the main pump station at the south end of the
Apopka-Beauclair Canal. Based on a maximum velocity of flow in
the dredged channel of 0.5 feet per second (fps) to prevent
B-23
-------
entrainment of any surrounding muck material, and an average
volumetric flow rate of 500 MGD, the channel will be cut to 53
feet MSL, 225 feet wide at the base, and have side slopes of
about 15:1. The main channel will be four miles long. The
route of the deep hole channel is shown in Figure 9-1. An
estimated 1.3 million cubic yards of material will have to be
dredged in constructing the channel. For more information
about the deep hole channel, see Table 9-1 and the Drawings and
Speci fications.
Channel excavation will involve the use of floating
hydraulic dredges equipped with augers and pumps to discharge
material back into the lake as far away as practical by a
floating discharge pipe. This excavated material will settle
to the bottom of the lake and receive the same consolidation
treatment as the rest of the lake bottom during drawdown and
holddown.
9.03 IN-LAKE SEDIMENTATION BASIN
In order to protect downstream water quality, an
in-lake sedimentation basin will be used to remove sediment
from the Lake Apopka water before it is pumped from Lake
Apopka and discharged into the Apopka-Beauclair Canal. Location
of the in-lake sedimentation basin is shown in Figure 9-2. The
sedimentation basin will be approximately 6300 feet long and
1000 feet wide at its widest point. See Table 9-1 and the
Drawings and Specifications for more information.
The sedimentation basin will be dredged to a bottom
elevation of approximately 48 feet MSL (about 13 feet below the
existing bottom elevation) with 15:1 side slopes. A typical
cross section at the widest part of the basin is shown in
Figure 9-3. The basin will be dredged by a floating hydraulic
dredge; dredged muck and clay will be disposed of laterally
away from the basin by floating discharge lines. The sand
encountered during the last 4.5 feet of dredging will be dis-
charged relatively near the basin. This will result in a
firmer crust after consolidation and aid in the operation of
the sedimentation basin during the end of the drawdown phase
and during the holddown phase. In addition, a portion of sand
will be spoiled just east of the Lake Apopka Pumping Station
site tp be used later for access road improvements and dike
improvements.
The basin will provide an average detention time of
16.7 hours, and a surface loading rate of 121 gallons/day/ft2.
This surface loading rate is lower than suggested in Section 7,
to provide a .buffer against any unforeseen problems which
might arise with basin operation or influent water quality.
This higher detention time and lower surface loading rate also
avoids the need to utilize chemicals to aid sedimentation, there-
by minimizing operation costs.
B-24
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SEDIMENTATION .
BASIN »,
WINTER GARDEN
CONTOURS BASED ON WATER
ELEVATION DATUM 66.8
•CAU IN MILCS
NOTE : BASE MAP OBTAINED FROM REFERENCE I
NOTE
FOR DETAILS, SEE DRAWINGS
8 SPECIFICATIONS.
Location of deep hole channel and in-lake sedimentation basin
B-25
FIGURE 9-1
-------
In-lake sedimentation basin
B-26
FIGURE 9-2
-------
NOTE
FOR DETAILS,SEE DRAWINGS
8 SPECIFICATIONS.
*
WATER SURFACE ELEV.
DURING HOLDDOWN 58 *
CLAY
SAND
EXISTING LAKE LEVEL 67
i#
EXISTING LAKE
BOTTOM 62
MUCK
MUCK
NOTE,
SOIL INFORMATION SHOWN IS FOR ILLUSTRATIVE
PURPOSES ONLY AND MAY NOT REPRESENT
CONSTRUCTION CONDITIONS
* ELEVATIONS IN FEET ABOVE M.SL.
Typical cross section of the in-laKe sedimentation basin
B"27 FIGURE 9-3
-------
The sedimentation basin will remain submerged until
the Lake Apopka water surface is lowered below 62 feet MSL. At
that time, the sedimentation basin will appear. When the water
level approaches 58 feet MSL, there will be four feet of free-
board, thereby minimizing wind effects and agitation during the
period when the worst influent water quality is expected.
Settled solids which accumulate in the bottom of the
sedimentation basin will be removed by floating hydraulic
dredges operating in the basin. These solids will be discharged
away from the basin and allowed to consolidate.
9.04 LAKE APOPKA PUMPING STATION
A. General
The first of the two drawdown/holddown pumping
facilities will be located on the Apopka-Beauclair Canal,
approximately 600 feet north of the entrance to Lake Apopka.
A cofferdam will be built across the Apopka-Beauclair Canal
to support the necessary pumping equipment. Water will be
pumped out of the intake sump on the Lake Apopka side of the
cofferdam, lifted over the cofferdam and discharged into the
Apopka-Beauclair Canal. The Lake Apopka pumping station is
shown in Figure 9-4. For specific design details, see Table
9-1 and the Drawings and Specifications.
B. Approach Channel
In order to accommodate the large flows to the
pump station, the Apopka-Beauclair Canal will require dredging
to 50 feet MSL for a distance of approximately 1000 feet from
the sedimentation basin to the intake sump at the pumping station.
The existing canal bottom is approximately 60 feet MSL so that
about 111,000 cubic yards of material will need to be dredged
along the 130 foot width of the canal. Disposal of the dredged
material will be via long floating discharge conduits into Lake
Apopka away from the deep hole canal area.
C. Sump and Protective Barriers
For the pumps to function properly over the range
of lake levels which will occur during drawdown and holddown,
an adequate water depth must be maintained over the pump inlet.
Therefore, a stamp must be excavated to 44.0 feet MSL. To provide
adequate space for ten inlet pipes, this sump must be 30 feet
wide and 100 feet long. The bottom of the sump will be lined
with riprap to prevent scouring of bottom sediments.
Upstream of the sump will be a wildlife net to
keep alligators, turtles, etc. from entering the sump and intake
pipes. A vegetation barrier will be located upstream of the
B-28
-------
wildlife net to keep hyacinths and other floating plants away
from the pumps. This barrier will be supported by pipe piles
driven into the canal bottom. The wildlife net will extend
to the bottom of the canal whereas the vegetation barrier should
only reach about 2 feet below the water surface. For details
concerning sump and protective barriers, refer to the Drawings
and Specifications.
D. Cofferdam
At the end of the holddown period, the water level
in Lake Apopka will be at 58 feet MSL. The existing ground
near the pump station site is approximately 69 feet MSL. A
cofferdam will be built across the width of the canal and tie
into the existing berm along both banks. The top of the coffer-
dam will be at 70.5 feet MSL. The width of the cofferdam will
be at least 30 feet in order to provide sufficient space for
pumps, discharge pipes, and vehicle access. An estimated 5600
cubic yards of fill material will be required to build the dam.
For details, refer to Table 9-1 and the Drawings and Specifications
E. Access
A private farm road alono hho
canal will be used for access to this sit® Si 6 of the
upgraded to handle heavier and wider road must be
Upgrading will consist of widenlifthe ?oad ^cl«s-
parking, a turn-around at the site 24 feet' Providing
suitable fill material to wet IrtlL SS ?dding Sand or oth«
conclusion of the project, the roan low spots. At the
to its original condition or remain as^orr be rest°red
discretion. remain as modified at the owner's
F. Pump Units
drawdown and h0lddownPperiods?S1Thedwo«5U2Ct^On duri?g the
at the end of the drawdown period when uaforS^nuC°n<^^on occurs
a rate of 500 MGD from an elevation of 58 PumPed at
of 68.5 feet MSL on the north side of the cofferdam^ *** elevation
12.5 feet, double staging5°f pump^will^e £«*** dJnamic head of
ten 430 HP diesel drive SnitsPwil! S • A t0tal of
double staged hydraulically powered axial drive the
normal operating conditions only eiqht of pumPs* Under
operation, with the remaining two p^mos Lh ? PU??8 wil1 be" in
units serving as stand-by units T^OO HP
which supply pressure to the hydraulicallv drive units
pumps will be mounted on skids and located a^v
to minimize settlement in the immediate vicinitvf?VikeS
For details on the location of the diesel Sni^7 dlke*
and Specifications. aiesei units, see the Drawings
B-29
-------
Lake Apopka pumping station.
B-30
FIGURE 9-4
-------
The pumps will take suction from the sump and
discharge flow directly into the Apopka-Beauclair Canal north
of the cofferdam. All pump discharge pipes will cross under the
access road and discharge into the Apopka-Beauclair Canal.
G. Control Trailer
A mobile trailer will be installed at the site
to provide housing for the operators. The trailer will also
provide housing for radio equipment, records, maintenance tools,
etc.
H. Fuel Storage
Two 10,000-gallon fuel storage tanks will be
required at the cofferdam to supply the diesel pumps with fuel.
It is estimated, that, with the pumps running on a 24-hour basis,
the fuel tanks will need to be refilled once every week by tank
truck deliveries.
I. Refill Modifications
Prior to refill, the Lake Apopka pumping station
will be modified to become the Lake Apopka water control struc-
ture. This water control structure will allow the water level
in the Apopka-Beauclair Canal to be regulated to provide suf-
ficient head for muck farm irrigation.
Modifications will consist of removing all pumps,
etc. from the cofferdam and lowering a 100-foot segment of the
dam'to 64 feet MSL. H-piles, channels, stop logs and riprap
win be installed on top of this segment to create an adjustable
gtop-log weir. Water will flow over this weir, across the re-
maining portion of the cofferdam and cascade into the former sump
(now an effective energy dissipater). Stop-logs can be added or
removed as necessary to modify the water surface elevation of the
Apopka-Beauclair Canal. For details, see the Drawings and
Specifications.
9 05 APOPKA-BEAUCLAIR CANAL
A. Silt Removal
While the velocities in the Apopka-Beauclair Canal
during drawdown will not erode the protected or unprotected areas
f the adjacent dikes, they may be sufficient to convey silt
from the existing canal bottom and deposit it in Lake Beauclair.
The field survey indicates that deposits of transportable silt
re located in several reaches of the Apopka-Beauclair Canal.
B-31
-------
Dredging the canal in these areas will be required, to remove
the silt and prevent its movement into Lake Beauclair. A
hydraulic dredge or dragline will be utilized to remove the
silt, and discharge it onto the side slopes of the dike away
from the canal. The method of excavation will be the contrac-
tors decision; the method of disposal will be dictated by land
conditions in the given reach of the canal. For more informa-
tion, see the Drawings and Specifications.
B. Dike Protection
During the drawdown phase when the maximum quantity
of water is pumped from Lake Apopka to the downstream side of
the cofferdam in the Apopka-Beauclair Canal, a maximum water
surface below the cofferdam of 68 feet MSL can be expected.
Existing dike elevations from the Lock and Dam to Lake Apopka
vary between 65 feet MSL and 70 feet MSL. Therefore, protection
of the dikes will be required in this area to provide a minimum
freeboard of two feet. The dike elevation would be brought up
to 70 feet MSL at Lake Apopka and to 69 feet MSL upstream of
the Lock and Dam. Existing dike elevations in the immediate
vicinity of the Lock and Dam are primarily above 70 feet MSL.
However, some areas vary around 68 feet MSL. Fill material used
to raise dike (elevations will be locally available coarse sand.
Maximum water surface elevations below the Lock
and Dam during the various phases have been previously discussed
in Section 5. Existing dike elevations in this area vary from
70 feet MSL to 65 feet MSL. Only scattered areas will require
improvement. For details regarding these improvements, see
the Drawings and Specifications.
In the area immediately upstream and downstream
of the Lock and Dam considerable turbulence will be created by
the water cascading over the dam during the drawdown, holddown,
and refill phases. Dike and canal bottom protection will be
required in these areas to prevent scouring action created by
the turbulent water. The method which will be employed is to
use bagged concrete and/or bagged sand, rubble or sheet pile,
to line the channel in the immediate vicinity of the Lock and
Dam. This riprap will be removed after the refill phase. There
are four bridges over the Apopka-Beauclair Canal, i.e. two high-
way, one farm and one railroad type. They are primarily support-
ed by wooden piles. The maximum velocity which will be created
in the canal during the project is not expected to exceed about
2 fps, although there may be locally higher velocities in the
vicinity of the bridge piles. Riprap will be placed to protect
the bridge piles. For details, see the Drawings and Specifica-
tions .
B-32
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9.06 DORA CANAL
During the drawdown and holddown phases, pump facilities
will be required at the entrance of the Dora Canal from Lake Dora.
Since the canal has limited capacity to transmit flow, a portion
of the water will be pumped into an 84-inch diameter by-pass
oipeline and transmitted to Lake Eustis. The Dora Canal facili-
ties are shown in Figure 9-5.
During the refill phase, the pumps will be relocated
to Lake Eustis refill pumping station and the process reversed.
Again, due to the hydraulic limitations of Dora Canal, a portion
of the refill water will be back pumped into the 84-inch diameter
pipeline and transmitted to Lake Dora.
A. Lake Dora Drawdown Pumping Station
1. Inlet Sump
A sump will be excavated at the shoreline 25
feet wide and 70 feet long to house the seven pump suctions and
to provide for adequate water storage during pumping operation
(see Figure 9-6). For details, see Table 9-1 and the Drawings
and specifications.
Sheeting will be driven around the proposed
sump to create a box. The top of the sheeting will be at about
57 5 feet MSL to form a weir which will allow water to spill
nto the sump during the pumped drawdown and holddown phases,
oreventing bottom deposits from entering the sump. During the
refill phase the weir will prevent excessive scouring of the
lake bottom in the immediate vicinity of the by-pass pipe by
allowing the energy to dissipate within the confines of the
sump •
The sump will be excavated to an elevation of
-proximately 49 feet MSL, or about eight feet below the existing
adiacent lake bottom. Large riprap will be placed in the bottom
nf the sump to prevent erosion of the bottom. Similarly, riprap
ill be required outside the sump adjacent to the sheeting to
revent scouring. A vegetation barrier will be installed
?rnmediately upstream of the sump, as well as a wildlife net
trjprevent floating vegetation, fish and alligators from enter-
ing the sump.
2. Pump Units
Six electric drive 30-inch axial flow pumps,
d one stand-by pump, will be required at the site for the
a oed drawdown and holddown phases. The total capacity of the
^ttion is designed to pump 156,000 gpm against a total dynamic
h d of 25 feet. For more information, refer to Table 9-1 and
the Drawings and Specifications.
B-33
-------
The pumps will take suction from the sump and
discharge the flow to a common discharge manifold. The manifold
would in turn feed into an 84-inch diameter steel transmission
by-pass line to Lake Eustis. Provision will be made to monitor
the water being pumped by installation of a sample tap on the
discharge manifold.
A transformer substation will be required at
the site to reduce line voltage for the fourteen, 200 HP electric
motors. The use of electric motors in this populated area should
keep noise levels below an objectionable threshold value.
Pumps will be operated manually at sufficient
rates to convey adequate quantities of water during pumped
drawdown and holddown phases from Lake Dora to Lake Eustis
without raising the level of Lake Dora above 64 feet MSL and
thus preventing flooding both in Lake Dora and in the Dora
Canal. The water depth in Lake Dora will be obtained from a
gage and the information relayed periodically to the central
control station for overall operation control. An alarm system
will also be installed which will be activated if the water
level rises above a preset value.
3. Control Trailer
A mobile trailer will be installed at the site
to provide housing for the operators. The trailer will also
provide housing for radio equipment, records, maintenance tools,
etc.
4. Access Road
Access to the site will be over a road which
will be constructed by extending the existing road now serving
residences to the southwest of the pump station site. Some
trees will require removal for construction of the road and
other facilities at the site. A coarse sand road of sufficient
capacity to handle heavy vehicles will be adequate, and will be
removed at the completion of the project.
B. Transmission By-Pass Line
A by-pass pipeline will be required to convey flow
from the Lake Dora pumping station to Lake Eustis during draw-
down and holddown phases of operation, and to convey flow from
the Lake Eustis pumping station to Lake Dora during the refill
phase. The maximum flow of water to be by-passed is estimated
to be "about 325 cubic feet per second (cfs). Flow of this
magnitude will require the use of 84-inch diameter, 7/16-inch
thick walled steel pipe.
As shown on Figure 9-5, the pipe will proceed
from the Lake Dora pumping station site, up and over the Dora
Canal (thereby maintaining boat traffic during the project)
B-34
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Dora canal facilities
B-35
FIGURE 9-5
-------
Lake Dora pumping station
B-36
FIGURE 9-6
-------
and then south along the railroad track of the railroad right-
of-way about 1200 feet from the Dora Canal, the pipe will cross
Mil?o^d6riaht thfn ?roceed alon9 the west side of the
? ? Y Irma Street in Tavares. At this
ZSPSSZLStF Wnfn,^
-------
C. Lake Eustis Pumping Station
1. Inlet Sump
The energy dissipater constructed at the refill
pump station site near Lake Eustis will be converted to a sump
for the refill pumps (see Figure 9-7). The seven discharge
pipes will be removed from the 84-inch manifold and relocated
at the Lake Dora pumping station. No additional work will be
required to convert the energy dissipater to a sump as it will
be constructed initially to be used for the dual purposes. The
features of the structure will be identical to the sump described
earlier for the pumped drawdown and holddown phases. Vegetation
and wildlife barriers will also be installed around the weir
and sump.
2. Pump Units
The seven electric drive 30-inch axial flow
pumps from the Lake Dora pumping station will be transferred to
this site and installed. Each pump will take suction from the
sump and discharge its contents to the discharge manifold and
84-inch transmission by-pass line. The flow will be discharged
into the sump at the Lake Dora pumping station which will be
used as an energy dissipator during refill.
Provisions will be made for obtaining a sample
of water being pumped in order to monitor the quality of water
returning to Lake Dora.
Adequate electric service can be extended to
provide power at this location for the pumps. A transformer
substation will be required at the site to reduce line voltage
for the fourteen, 200 HP electric motors.
Pumps will be controlled manually by the
operator according to information received from the central
control station located at the Apopka-Beauclair Canal Lock
and Dam. The water level in Lake Eustis will be monitored by
a water level gage each day and the information transmitted to
the central control station.
3. Control Trailer
A mobile trailer will be installed on the site
to provide housing for the operator. The trailer will also
provide housing for radio equipment, records, maintenance tools,
etc.
4. Access Road and Miscellaneous Site Work
An access road presently exists from U.S. High-
way 441 to the site. This paved road is adequate for trucking
B-38
-------
LAKE
EUST/S
SUBMERSED SHEET
JMLEWEI*~~^
HYDRAULIC ALLY
DRIVEN 30"
AXIAL PLOW
RUMPS
ELECTRIC
ORIVE UNITS
FOR PUMPS
ELECTRIC
SUBSTATION
EXISTING
s
i'" ' ill Hi
.
*
."•¦¦iilini i.i
lili
A-^'viYivL-
NOTE
FOR DETAILS, SEE DRAWINGS
& SPECIFICATIONS.
- ^ ¦J-.U.),,,,. —~
Lake Eustis pumping station
B-39 F,GURE 9 " 7
-------
operations during construction and operation phases. A turn
around area will be provided where space permits off the access
road. After completion of the project, this access road will be
restored to its original condition.
Presently, there is not enough land at the
site to hold all of the facilities required. Additional land
will be provided by sheeting a short distance into the lake and
filling in behind the sheeting. For details, see the Drawings
and Specifications. After termination of the project, the area
will be completely restored to its original condition.
D. Protection in the Dora Canal
There are two railroad bridges and two highway
bridges over the Dora Canal. During the drawdown, holddown,
and refill phases higher than normal velocities will occur in
the canal. While the bridges do appear to have, in general,
adequate riprap protection of the abutments, the piling supports
may require some protection to minimize scouring of material
around the piles. This will be accomplished by sheeting or
sand bagging. For details concerning riprap protection, see the
Drawings and Specifications.
9.07 DEAD RIVER
A. Cofferdam and Flow Control
During the pumped drawdown and holddown phases of
the project, backflow from Lake Eustis to Lake Hams will be
prevented by the construction of a cofferdam (s own in igu ®
9-8) across the Dead River iiranedl^ely4.2°rS?1?fn^®f^ilk JH^rr^
441 bridge. This dam will also all^,Jhe-fJiJinJ T?*rris
to provide storage water for the refill of Lak PP.*...
cofferdam will span approximately 530 feet and will be constructed
with a single row of sheeting rising to f
feet MSL. For details, see Table 9-1 and the Drawings and
Specifications.
In order to prevent Lake Harris from exceeding
its maximum operating level of 63.5 feet MSL, a flow control
device in the form of a 135 foot long weir with removable stop
logs will be constructed in the cofferdam. During the pumped
drawdown and holddown phases, the weir will be set at an elevation
of 64 feet MSL to prevent water from backing up the Dead River
and entering Lake Harris, especially near the end of the hold-
down phase when Lake Eustis wi.ll -be at its-maximum'water surface
elevation of 63.5 feet MSL. The stop logs can be removed in the
weir as required during this period to prevent Lake Harris
from exceeding 63.5 feet MSL. During the refill period, the
adjustable weir will be used to control the rate of flow from
Lake Harris to Lake Eustis.
B-40
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B. Boat Lifting Facility
Boat traffic in the Dead River which must cross
the dam will be accommodated by a boat lift. Most of the boats
that travel through the Dead River are less than 20 feet in
length; however, houseboats of up to 40 feet in length have
been observed. To accommodate the number and diversity of
boats which can be expected, two boat lift systems are planned:
a fork lift type and a hoist type. Both are described below.
For details on boat lift facilities, see Table 9-1 and the
Drawings and Specifications.
Proposed for this application is a 20-ton capacity
Travel Lift crane which is self-propelled and supported on four
running wheels that will be supported on finger piers built
integrally with the cofferdam. This equipment has a clear
inside dimension of 15 feet. Two automatically controlled and
energized flexible saddles or slings can be adjusted to accom-
modate each boat at the bow and stern to provide support during
lifting and transport to. the other side of the dam. Boats
without the typical hull configuration (such as houseboats with
pontoons) would require special supporting methods. For the
average 30 foot inboard-outboard motorboat using the Dead River,
it is estimated that about 10 minutes will be required to
transport the craft from one side of the dam to the other
using the crane facility. A system of docks and temporary
walks will be installed to convey occupants of boats from one
side of the dam to the other.
For smaller boats, a 12.5 ton self-propelled,
marine fork lift will be used to transport boats from one side
of the cofferdam to the other. This fork lift will handle
boats from 10 feet to 26 feet in length.
In addition, a removable section has been included
in the cofferdaro design. This passageway will permit boats to
pass freely during the refill phase (when water will be flowing
out of Lake Harris and into Lake Eustis). During the drawdown
and holddown phases of the project, the passageway will be sealed
(with wooden stop logs) so as to maintain the integrity of the
dam. For details, see the Drawings and Specifications.
The site will require housing for the operator,
radio equipment, maintenance and repair equipment. An existing
building at this site which is presently unoccupied will serve
this purpose satisfactorily. An existing access road from U.S.
441 to the abandoned building and the river's edge will meet
the requirements of. this project with the provision that a
suitable turn around facility be provided for trucks and con-
struction equipment.
B-41
-------
-------
... . , ,cVi5uai water level gages will be installed on
either side of the dam so that the elevation of both Lakes Harris
and Eustis can be monitored. 1
9.08 LAKE BEAUCLAIR PUMPING STATION
A. General
. , secon<^ of three refill pumping facilities will
c!lnalC"ee FiqSe 9-9? Be*ucl®jr ®nd o£ «>e Apopka-Beauclair
Sn2 if ~ «. cofferdam will be built across the
will be lifted fr^m ?h£P?r£ fcl?e P^P^S equipment and water
Lake ADODka Before r- 1 ? the canal for conveyance to
Lake Apopka. Before reaching Lake Apopka, a third refill
feq"ired Apopka-Beauclair
later Details and,Dam facility is described
later. Details of the Lake Beauclair facility follow below.
B. Cofferdam
in Lake Beauclair ?n>L°fKthf £°lddown Period, the water level
in Laxe Beauclair will be about 64 feet MSL The exicst-iner
l en^ the Apopka-Beauclair Canal is I£oSt
65 feet MSL. A cofferdam will be built across the width of
the canal (about 120 feet) and tie into II- Z® 5
along both banks. For design details, see TablS 9-1 Ind^the
Drawings and Specifications. iaoie 9 l and the
C. Access
Road to the citrusXgrovefalong°therweatnf • ^rom sh^rley
be used for access to this site The £rJ!d °5 k^6 Cfnai 5 1
short distance from the end of the crro^ee extended a
upgraded to handle heavier and wide? ?, k® canal and
probably consist of widening the road +^X°vie8l *JPfradin9 will.
parking and a turn around at the site and^Sd* Providin9
suitable fill material to wet a?eli and^ow 2 sa*d or other
few fruit trees near the site mav have k spots* Also^ a
construction. At the conclusion of the Droiect*10^ dur*n9
either be restored to its original conditiono^'lef* r *
at the owner's discretion. Compensation will aicn L" modlf^ed
for fruit tree damage. F auon Wl11 aiso be required
D. Sump and Protective Barriers
For the pumps to function properly over the ranae
in lake levels expected during the refill phase and the Lake
Beauclair restoration phase (during which Lake Beauclair will
be lowered to 53 feet MSL), an adequate water depth must be
B-43
-------
maintained over the entrance to the suction pipes. Since
about 12 feet of water is necessary, a sump must be excavated
to 41 feet MSL. To provide enough space for five suction
pipes, the sump must be about 30 feet wide and 50 feet long.
The bottom of the sump will be lined with large riprap (des-
cribed earlier in the drawdown facilities) to prevent scouring
of bottom sediments.
Sheeting driven around the sump in preparation
for the excavation will be left in place and cut off at about
52 feet MSL to allow water to enter the sump but not silt and
other bottom debris. Upstream of this sheeting will be a wild-
life net to keep turtles, alligators and other wildlife away
from the pumps. A vegetation barrier will be attached to
piles driven into the channel bottom just upstream of the
wildlife net. The wildlife net will extend to the bottom
of the canal while the vegetation barrier will only reach
about 2 feet below the water surface.
E. Pumps
Five of the 430 HP diesel powered 42-inch axial
flow pumps used during the drawdown and holddown phases on
Lake Apopka will be transferred to the cofferdam to pump refill
water (366 cfs) from Lake Beauclair into the canal. (See
Section 9.04 for a more thorough description of the pumps.)
Four pumps are needed to maintain the required flow while the
fifth will be in reserve. Riprap will be installed on the canal
bottom and side slopes on the discharge side of the dam to
provide additional scouring protection. See Table 9-1 and
the Drawings and Specifications for details.
F. Fuel, Operation Control and Noise
Because this site is relatively remote, diesel
driven pumps will be used. A 10,000 gallon fuel storage tank
will be installed on shore which should provide about a two
week fuel supply. Noise should not be a problem for neighbor-
ing residents as the distance to the nearest permanent residen-
tial dwelling is about 1/2 mile. However, should control be
necessary, temporary enclosures could be built around the pumps
with accoustical panels to reduce the noise.
A sm&ll mobile trailer will be provided with a
two-way radio to link the pump operator with the main operation
control center at the Lock and Dam on the Apopka-Beauclair
Canal. The trailer will provide shelter for the operator and
storage space for miscellaneous supplies.
B-44
-------
Lake Beauclair pumping station.
B-45
FIGURE 9-9
-------
9.09
APOPKA-BEAUCLAIR CANAL LOCK AND DAM PUMPING STATION
A. General
The last of three refill pumping facilities will
be located in the Apopka-Beauclair Canal just downstream (towards
Lake Beauclair) of the Lock and Dam. A cofferdam will be built
across the canal just upstream of the Astatula Road overpass to
control the canal water level and support the pumping equipment.
This facility and its operation is described in detail below
(see Figure 9-10).
B. Cofferdam
During the holddown period, the Lock and Dam gates
will be opened to allow canal water to flow by gravity to Lake
Beauclair. During refill the Lock and Dam gates will again
remain open. However, the flow will go in the opposite direction
towards Lake Apopka. The existing ground near the Lock and Dam
is about 70 feet MSL. A cofferdam will be built across the
width of the canal (about 100 feet) and tie into the existing
ground along both banks. The cofferdam will be 15 feet wide to
provide space for pump equipment. Because of soil conditions
in this area, vehicle access will not be permitted across this
cofferdam. See Table 9-1 and the Drawings and Specifications
for details.
C. Access
A dirt road leading from Astatula Road to the east
bank of the canal will be used for access to the site. The
road will require some modifications as the grade may be too
steep for heavier vehicles. Upgrading will consist of reducing
the grade to Astatula Road and providing parking and a turn
around at the site.
D. Sump and Protective Barriers
For the pumps to function properly over the range
of water levels expected in the canal (the level on the suction
side of the cofferdam should drop from about 64 feet MSL to
60 feet MSL) an adequate water depth must be maintained oyer
the mouth of the suction pipes. Because about 12 feet of
submergence is necessary and the canal bottom is about 57 feet
MSL, a sump must be excavated to 48 feet MSL. To provide adequate
spaci for four suction pipes, (the fifth pipeline which is part
of the reserve unit will not be installed to minimize, excavation
of the canal banks), the sump will be about 30 feet wide, and 40
feet long. The bottom of the sump will be lined with large riprap
(described earlier in the drawdown facilities) to prevent scouring
of bottom sediments. For details, see Table 9-1 and the Drawings
and Specifications.
B-46
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E. Pumps
Four of the 430 HP diesel powered 42-inch axial
flow pumps used during the drawdown and holddown phases on
Lake Apopka will be installed on the cofferdam to pump the
required flow (366 cfs) to Lake Apopka. A fifth pump of
equivalent capacity will be installed on the cofferdam to
serve as a reserve pump. (See Section 9.04 for a more thorough
description of the pumps.) In addition, riprap will be installed
on the canal bottom and side slopes on the discharge side of
the cofferdam.
F. Fuel, Operation Control and Noise
Because this site is remote, diesel pumps will be
utilized. A 10,000 gallon fuel storage tank will be installed
which will provide about a two week fuel supply. Should noise
control be necessary, temporary enclosures could be built around
the pumps with accoustical panels or sound dampening material
to reduce the noise.
This station will be the main control point during
the refill phase. The other refill stations will be linked to
this facility by radios and this station's operator will
monitor the refill efforts and dictate instructions. A mobile
trailer will provide shelter for the operator and storage space
for miscellaneous supplies.
9.10 CITRUS IRRIGATION
A. General
The methods of fulfilling the irrigation needs of
the citrus groves near Lake Apopka have been previously described
in Section 6.03. The necessary facilities and the operation of
those facilities are described below.
B. Facilities
Wells will be drilled prior to drawdown and used
as irrigation water supply. These wells will be ten inches in
diameter, approximately 400 feet deep and will be cased to the
top of the limestone. Pumps will be vertical turbine type, with
capacity of approximately 500 gpm. Pump motors will be electric
or gasoline powered, depending on exact well location.
For groves which currently irrigate from the lake,
the well pump outlet will connect to the inlet of the irrigation
Pump, in the case of community wells for small, abutting groves,
the distance between the well and irrigation pump inlet will be
traversed by aluminum pipe utilizing high pressure couplers.
B-47
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Apopka-Beauclair Canal Lock and Dam pumping station
B-48 FIGURE 9-10
-------
In the case of groves which do not have an
irrigation system, irrigation water will be applied by velocity
guns mounted on portable risers. The velocity guns can typi-
cally apply 500 gpm to an area 425 feet in diameter. The
risers will be connected to the supply wells by aluminum pipe
and flexible hose.
C. Operation
Groves which are currently irrigated from the
lake will use the wells as water supply, and can, therefore,
be irrigated at the discretion of the manager of the grove.
In the case of groves not currently irrigated,
irrigation will be dependent on the velocity gun risers
Irrigation of these groves will be scheduled to conform'as
much as possible to the grove manager's request. Risers will
be relocated by tractor or truck.
9 • H ORGANIC SOIL FARM IRRIGATION
A. General
the organic soil flras^o^^JTlfst^f Lake°AS °l "t*** f°T
previously described in Section 6.04 The 5aV® ^;en
the necessary facilities and the oDerafiS! following describes
ne operations of those facilities.
B. Facilities
Water wiH be transported *-<»» 4-u *
existing canals. Necessary enlargement-« the?e farms via
have been previously described in fe£flrs and connections
and flashboard risers will be used i ®-04. Screw gates
various canals. US6d to regulate flow into the
C. Operation
Operation of the screw oa^« «•> ^
and pumps will be left to the farm manaoe^l tlashboard risers
maximum coordination with their irriaa+-?«« so as to allow
x.rrxgation needs and schedule.
9.12 LAKE BEAUCLAIR RESTORATION iwtt mr7
A. Lake Beauclair Deep Hole rhawwa1
A deep hole channel will ho
tate the drawdown and holddown of Lake Beauclair^^The
will be approximately 3000 feet long anHSle^'wiaeat
base with 15:1 side slopes and a channel invert of 47 mct
The channel will be dug by a floating hydraulic Hedge?
B-49
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B. Pumping Stations
The pumping stations located at Lake Beauclair
and at the Apopka-Beauclair Canal Lock and Dam (which were used
during the refill of Lake Apopka) will be operated for drawdown
and holddown of Lake Beauclair. These pumping stations have
been previously described in Sections 9.08 and 9.09, respectively.
C. Cofferdams
Two cofferdams are required to prohibit flow into
Lake Beauclair during drawdown, holddown and refill. These
will be located at the connections of Lake Beauclair with Lake
Dora and with Lake Carlton.
At the Lake Dora connection, the cofferdam will
span approximately 800 feet and will consist of a single row
of sheeting.
At the Lake Carlton connection, the cofferdam will
span about 90 feet and will consist of a single row of sheeting.
A portion of that sheeting will be driven to 63.5 feet MSL to
maintain Lake Carlton below 64.0 feet MSL. For additional facts
on these cofferdams, check Table 9-1 and the Drawings and Speci-
fications.
D. Refill Facilities
No additional facilities will be required for re-
fill. The Apopka-Beauclair Canal Lock and Dam pumping station
will be completely removed prior to refill of Lake Beauclair.
The Lake Beauclair pumping station will be modified to permit
gravity refill of Lake Beauclair from Lake Apopka without de-
watering the north end of the Apopka-Beauclair Canal. For
specifics, see the Drawings and Specifications.
9.13 DIKE PROTECTION
It is extremely important to protect all dikes during
the restoration project, those along the north shore of Lake
Apopka, the Apopka-Beauclair Canal, and the East-West and North-
South McDonald Canal. Various methods of protecting the dikes
are discussed below. For further details, see the Drawings and
Specifications.
Exploratory soil tests, specifically Static Cone Pene-
tration tests, were performed at selected locations along the
dikes. Dikes were also inspected by a geotechnical engineer for
general conditions, materials and method of construction, etc.
Typical cross sections were surveyed, and farm managers and owners
were interviewed.
B-50
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Based on these field data it is apparent that no
accepted engineering procedures were used in the design and
construction of the dikes. Typically, dikes were constructed
by excavating available materials (usually muck or calcareous
clay) and placing them to create a dike. As the material consol-
idated, additional material was excavated and placed on top of
the dike, eventually producing the dike which exists today.
In general, the existing dike can be described as
highly variable. Dike and foundation materials are very weak
soils, typically muck or calcareous clay. In the past, the
dike has failed and been repaired with available materials,
including hay bales, automobile bodies, school buses, etc.
Over 32 miles of dikes will be impacted in some way
(either by exposure to high water levels), during the course of
this project. Length of the dikes, the variability in materials
and condition of each dike, and the generally poor structural
properties of the soils encountered effectively prohibits the
suggestion of a "typical" minimum section to which the dikes
must conform. While the geotechnical work performed during the
design phases has expanded the data base regarding these dikes
significantly, much more geotechnical information is needed to
cost-effectively and realistically delineate areas of the 32
miles of dikes which must be improved. In light of this, and
the dynamic state of these dikes, (regularly experiencing con-
solidation and subsequent improvement by concerned farmers),
any recommended "typical" improvements would not necessarily
accurately describe the problem areas of the dikes at the point
in time when the restoration project proceeds.
Therefore, the best approach is a plan of extensive
soil explorations, immediately before proceeding with the con-
struction phase of the restoration project. During the initial
construction phase, the contractor will perform extensive soil
exploration of the dikes. Such information will be used to ac-
curately delineate the weakest areas. These areas will be re-
inforced with steel sheeting or soil stabilization fabric, or
by replacing inferior material with suitable granular fill.
In addition, control cross sections will be delineated;
bench marks will be established and preserved. Cross sections
will be surveyed prior to the project, and regularly during the
course of the project, to accurately monitor all changes in dike
elevations. Survey data will be used to predict any problems,
so that there will be as much time as possible to institute
improvements and/or repairs prior to dike failure.
in addition, the dike will be regularly patrolled and
inspected for signs of failure. -Farm managers whose land abuts
these dikes will be regularly contacted regarding any changes of
pumping rates, seepage, etc., which might precede dike failure.
Any noted problem areas or suspected weak spots will be pro-
tected with sheeting, stabilization fabric, etc. until permanent
repairs can be affected.
B-51
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However, even with a thorough and regular dike moni-
toring program, sudden failure at some point along the dike may
occur. The contractor will maintain sufficient materials on
hand to repair dike failure as quickly as possible. Sheeting,
temporary cofferdams, and/or traditional methods will be used
to temporarily stop flooding until sufficient fill can be
placed to assure dike integrity. Nonetheless, the Department
must take all possible steps to predict and avert dike failures
to minimize exposure to the potential liabilities associated
with such sudden failures.
It is important of note that the greatest possibility
for sudden dike failure exists after the refill of Lake Apopka to
64 feet MSL is completed. During this period of time, the lake
will continue to rise naturally. During the displacement, shear
forces will increase as the water level rises, until they reach
maximum when the lake reaches its normal operating level (between
66.0 feet MSL and 67.0 feet MSL). It is at this time that chance
of dike failures, resulting from the restoration project, is the
greatest. Therefore, dike monitoring and protection must continue
long enough after refill completion to demonstrate the structural
integrity of the dike. Again, this will help minimize the expo-
sure of the Department to the liabilities associated with dike
failures after project completion.
9.14 SETTT.KMF.NT OF SHORELINE STRUCTURES
Approximately 85 to 90 structures are located near
enough to the shoreline of Lake Apopka to be potentially impacted
by the dewatering of soils from drawdown of Lake Apopka. As a
result of this dewatering and depending on the soil type, sig-
nificant soil consolidation and settlement may result. If this
occurs beneath an existing structure, settling of that structure
typically does occur, resulting in cracks in the walls, floor
and foundation.
To protect property owners from damages which might
result from settlement of shoreline structures and to protect the
Department from liabilities which might result from such damages,
these structures which may be impacted by the drawdown of Lakes
Apopka and Beauclair (including those at other facility sites)
will be inspected by a geotechnical engineer. Structures will be
photographed and accurately documented and described. All exist-
ing cracks and other signs of previous settlement will be noted
and documented. Exploratory soil tests will be performed as
necessary. Benchmarks will be established and spot elevations
determined as necessary.
This information will then be evaluated by the resident
project engineer and actions taken, where appropriate, to prevent
settlement damage. Actions will include the use of fill, sheeting
and pilings to protect the structures. Where conditions do not
merit such precautionary actions, the structures will be monitored;
B-52
-------
if settlement of any of these structures does occur, steps will
be taken to minimize additional settling. Again, this win
by the use of fill, sheeting or pilings! 11 be
Sometime after project completion, all structures in-
spected before start up of the project will be reinspected All
structures will be photographed and accurately documented and
described,*ttf-note any sign of settlement occurring durina SL
project. This will be done to protect the Department against
any future claims which might be attributed to the restoration
B-53
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REFERENCES
1. Schneider, R. F., and J. A. Little. Characterization of
Bottom Sediments and Selected Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Sources in Lake Apopka, Florida. United States Depart-
ment of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Southeast Water Laboratory, Athens,
Georgia. March 1969.
B- 54
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SECTION 11
ESTIMATED COST OF PROJECT
11.01 GENERAL
This section presents the estimated cost of all labor,
materials, supplies, equipment and appurtenances necessary
to conduct the Lake Apopka Restoration Project, as described
in this report and companion documents (Drawings and Specifi-
cations) . As this estimate is based on the project as delin-
eated by the final design, it is referred to as the final
cost estimate. The differences between the preliminary cost
estimate (presented in the Preliminary Engineering Report,
dated October 1978) and the final cost estimate is also dis-
cussed in this section.
11.02 PREPARATION OF FINAL COST ESTIMATE
Quantities of materials, equipment, work, etc. neces-
sary to construct, operate, maintain and remove the various
project components (previously described in this report) were
derived from the Drawings. Details regarding materials, equip-
ment, field conditions, methods of construction, etc. were
determined from the Specifications. These quantity takeoffs
were compiled so that unit prices for the various items could
be applied to estimate the total project cost.
Attempts were made to compile prices for various work
elements that would be representative of the contractor's bid
price. Manufacturers were contacted with regard to the prices
of selected mechanical equipment (i.e., pumps, boat lifts
etc.), and price quotes were obtained from suppliers for major
materials (i.e., steel pipe, sheet pile, etc.). Unit prices
for miscellaneous materials were obtained from contractors or
from current cost estimating guides. The cost of labor neces-
sary to install major equipment and materials was based on
manufacturers1 experience with similar jobs in Florida, con-
tractors 1 estimates and information derived from cost esti-
mating guides.
The degree of accuracy in estimating prices and quan-
tities for earthwork was not as high as for other elements
of work. In some cases (i.e., cofferdams at the various pump-
ing stations) the amount of earthwork required could be accu-
rately estimated. However, the unit cost associated with
performing the work was much more difficult to estimate, as
the cost is heavily influenced by the poor soil conditions
and the time frame during which the work must be performed.
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As a result, the estimated unit price for earthwork was based
largely on experience and judgement.
While in some cases the unit prices for certain types
of earthwork were readily determined, the amount of work re-
quired was much more difficult to estimate. In the case of
dike protection and/or repair, typical unit costs associated
with placing and compacting fill material were readily avail-
able (from recent jobs in the area, etc.); however, the quan-
tity of backfill needed for the 32 miles of dikes which will
be impacted, was much more difficult to estimate. As a re-
sult, the estimated cost of earthwork was based heavily on
engineering judgement. In the case of dredging, this judge-
ment was aided by dredging contractors who visited the site,
made various measurements and suggested a unit price based
on actual field conditions.
In each case, the estimated unit quantity of work was
multiplied by the respective unit cost. Component costs were
sximmed and the total cost associated with the installation,
operation, maintenance and removal of each of the various
facilities was determined.
11.03 TOTAL CONSTRUCTION, OPERATIONAL AND RELATED COSTS
A. Construction Cost
The construction cost for each of the facilities
and components associated with the Lake Apopka Restoration
Project are summarized in Table 11-1. The total construction
cost, including overhead and profit, but excluding insurance
cost is estimated to be $17,517,600.
B. Operational Cost
The costs of operation during the drawdown, hold-
down and refill phases are summarized in Table 11-1. Included
in this estimate is the necessary labor for 24-hour operation
at each of the pumping stations, as well as sufficient person-
nel to maintain the pumps, drive units and other equipment
throughout the restoration period. Also included in the labor
estimate is sufficient manpower to operate the other facilities
as previously described in Section 10.
Fuel and electrical power costs are estimated on
the previously-discussed energy consumption rates (see Section
10) for design rainfall conditions (i.e., those conditions
which result in 24-hour, 7-days per week pumping during the
9-month drawdown, holddown and refill sequence). If design
rainfall conditions do not occur (i.e. less water has to be
pumped than was designed for), costs associated with energy
consumption could be lower than estimated.
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'InSLE U-.1
ESTIMATE OF
CONSTRUCTION. OPERATIONAL"ANP RELATED COSTS
(March 19/9 PollaTT!
Construction Cost
Estimated Cost
Lake Apopka Deep Hole Channel and In-Lake Sedimentation Baa in
$ 3,671,100
Lake Apopka Pumping Station
2,253,900
Lake Apopka Water Control Structure
35,600
Lake Dora Pumping Station
1,098,000
Lake Dora Energy Dissipator
22,000
Dora Canal By-Pass Pipeline
2,232,600
Lake Eustis Energy Dissipator
275,100
Lake Eustis Pumping Station
75,500
Dead River Dam t Boat Lift
601,200
Lake Beauclair Pumping Station
513,300
Apopka-Beauclair Canal Lock and Dam Pumping station
25S,500
Lake Beauclair/Lake Dora Cofferdam
159,500
Lake Beauclair/Lake Carlton Cofferdam
22,900
Citrus Irrigation
1,238,500
Silt Removal and Canal Protection
401,000
Dike and Shoreline Protection
2,975,400
Muck Farm Irrigation
1,024,800
Removal of Facilities t Cleanup to Pre-Construction Conditions
461,700
General Requirements (Mobilization, Construction Office, etc.)
200,000
Subtotal: $17,517,600
Operational Cost
— Estimated Co«t
Labor (24 houra par day operation)
Diesel Fuel, Electric Power, Filters, Belts, etc.
Irrigation Operation
Miscellaneous Supplier, Materials and Supplies
$ 692,200
1,237,400
52,200
44,100
Subtotal: $ 2,025,900
Insurance
Item
———————————— Estimated Cost
Allowance for liability insurance premium for construction
and operational phases and other required insurance $ i,0QO,000
Creditttsr^Salvage
Item
Axial Flow Puaps and Drive Units
84-Inch Diameter Steel Pip«
Boat Lift Facilities
Irrigation Equipment
Miscellaneous Equipment
Estimated Cost
$ 1,316,400
468,600
106,700
377,200
Subtotals $ 2,291,300
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Operational costs summarized in Table 11-1 include
the cost associated with the Lake Beauclair restoration phase
of the Lake Apopka Restoration Project.
C. Insurance
Due to the contingent liabilities associated with
the project, as delineated in Section 13, the cost to the con-
tractor for the required insurance and bonds will be very high.
One million dollars was estimated to be the cost of the bid
bond, performance bond, payment bond, workmens compensation
insurance, builders risk insurance and public liability insur-
ance. Any steps taken by the Department to reduce the liabili-
ty exposure of the contractor, would reduce the insurance pre-
mium, thereby reducing the cost of the project.
D. Salvage
Estimated value of salvage of selected materials
and equipment used in the project is summarized in Table 11-1
and amounts to $2,291,300. The salvage value of axial flow
pumps and drive units was estimated at 50-percent of purchase
price; 84-inch steel pipe at 30-percent of material cost. The
salvage value of the boat lift and marine fork lift were esti-
mated to be 50-percent and 70-percent of purchase price, re-
spectively. Deep well pumps (used for citrus irrigation) were
estimated to bring a salvage value of 50-percent of the pur-
chase price. Estimating prices used for sheet pile included
installation, removal and return to leasing company, therefore,
no salvage credit was allowed for this item.
All credit for salvaged equipment will be realized
at the conclusion of the project.
11.04 OTHER COSTS
The other costs associated with the Lake Apopka Resto-
ration project are summarized in Table 11-2. These costs in-
clude real estate, engineering and miscellaneous technical
services. Each is discussed below.
A. Real Estate
It will be necessary to acquire approximately 50
acres of land for easements, rights-of-way, etc. for the
project facilities. The. estimated cost of $5Q,GG0 presented
in Table 11-2, includes the legal, surveying and other costs
required to acquire the property.
B. Engineering
The cost estimate of the engineering services
needed for the bidding, bid evaluation, construction inspec-
tion and operational phases of the project is presented in
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TABLE 11-2
ESTIMATE OF
REAL ESTATE, ENGINEERING AND
MISCELLANEOUS TECHNICAL SERVICES
(March 1979 Dollars)
Item Estimated Cost
Real Estate (50 acres total, including surveying,
appraisal, acquisition cost) $ 50,000
Engineering (Services during bidding, bid evaluation,
construction and operational phases of the project) 396,000
Miscellaneous Technical Services (muck consolida-
tion, limnological studies, water quality monitoring, 75,000
etc.) ¦
TOTAL
$521,000
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Table 11-2. The cost provides for a resident engineer during
the entire project (estimated at 34 months) and one inspector
for 18 months. The resident engineer will also direct the
operational phase of the project.
0. Miscellaneous Technical Services
The cost of miscellaneous technical services the
Department may require is estimated at $75,000, as shown in
Table 11-2. This includes a variety of technical work which
should be performed to monitor the impact of the restoration
project on muck consolidation, water quality, etc.
11.05 TOTAL PROJECT COST
The estimated total project cost for the Lake Apopka
Restoration Project is summarized in Table 11-3. The total
project cost, in March 1979 dollars, is estimated to be
$21,064,500. This includes the construction, operation,
insurance and miscellaneous costs summarized in Tables 11-1
and 11-2. To account for anticipated increases in labor and
material from March 1979 to July 1979 (date project is esti-
mated to commence) and to provide for contingency, the total
project cost was increased by 5-percent, resulting in a total
project cost in July 1979, of $22,117,000. This does not in-
clude the credit for salvage of $2,291,300, nor does this
estimate include any internal costs of the Department associ-
ated with this project. Net total project cost is estimated
to be $19,826,400.
11.06 COMPARISON OF ESTIMATES OF TOTAL PROJECT COST
A. Total Project Cost Estimate Presented in the
Preliminary Engineering Report (October 1978)
The preliminary total project cost of the Lake
Apopka Restoration Project was presented in the Preliminary
Engineering Report, dated October 1978. The cost estimate
for the project with a drawdown in the year 1981 is summarized
below:
PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATE
Total Project Cost $16,679,700
Credit for Salvage (1,759,700)
Net Cost $14,920,000
The preliminary estimate was based on unit quantities and
prices derived from the preliminary study, and represented
the best estimate of the total cost at the time the estimate
was prepared (September 1978).
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TABLE 11-3
SUMMARY OF
TOTAL PROJECT COST
Item Estimated Cost
Construction $17,517,600
Operational 2,025,900
Contractor's Insurance 1,000,000
Real Estate 50,000
Engineering Services 396,000
Miscellaneous Technical Services 75,000
Total Project Cost (March 1979 Dollars) $21,064,500
Allowance for increases in cost from March
1979 to July 1979 (estimated date of project
commencement) plus contingency. $ 1,053,200
Total Project Cost (July 1979) $22,117,700
Less credit for salvaged equipment & materials (2,291,300)
Net Total Project Cost $19,826,400
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B. Total Project Cost Estimate Presented in the
Final Engineering Report (March 1979)
The final estimate of total project cost, presented
in detail earlier in this section of the report, is summarized
below. This estimate is also for a pumped drawdown starting
in March 1981.
FINAL COST ESTIMATE
Total Project Cost $22,117,700
Credit for Salvage (2,291,300)
Net Cost $19,826,400
C. Explanation of Cost Difference
The significant difference between the preliminary
and final cost estimate (over $5.4-million) is due mainly to:
1. poor Soil Conditions
The field work conducted during the final de-
sign phase of the project proved that poor soil conditions
were much more widespread than were anticipated in the preli-
minary report. The latest soil borings detected S011
conditions not only in Lake Apopka; but under the Farmers Dike,
along the Apopka-Beauclair Canal, at_all pumping station sites
and at the Dead River Dam and Boat Lift Site. The soils en-
countered at some sites offered zero to near zero resistance
to the friction cone penetrometer at depths of up to 25 feet.
Moreover, the standard penetration test revealed significant
zero blow count material in select project areas. These weak
soils necessitated significant revision in cofferdam design
to provide adequate foundation and bearing for the pumping
units. Heavier weight sheet pile sections, driven to greater
depths than were originally estimated, are proposed to pro-
vide the required dam stability. Upgrading of sheet pile
accounted for approximately $950,000 of the increase between
preliminary and final cost estimates. Also the unusual soil
conditions resulted in the revised design of the Farmers Dike.
The dikes, both along the north shore of the lake and along
the Apopka-Beauclair and McDonald Canals were found ^ to be
constructed on/or very weak soils which would experience sig-
nificant consolidation during the drawdown process. Modifying
the irrigation system and still providing adequate protection
to. the dikes increased project cost by some $2.3-million over
the preliminary estimate.
Again, poor soils forced reconsideration of
the materials used for the 84-inch pipe. The preliminary re-
port proposed use of corrugated metal pipe; however, when the
field work detected substantial deposits of muck in the rail-
road right-of-way (proposed route of pipeline), a decision
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was made to use steel pipe with welded joints. The steel
pipe would prevent the pipe from disjointing should signifi-
cant differential settlement occur. As the pipeline runs
through a populated portion of Taveres, a break in the pipe-
line could not be tolerated. At the design flow rate (325
cubic feet per second), homes, structures, roads and auto-
mobiles in the vicinity of the pipeline would be destroyed
in a matter of moments. Steel pipe with welded joints will
afford maximum protection to the public, however, utilizing
this material increased the cost of the project by some
$350,000.
2. Project Uncertainties
. . The project is unique, and as such, historical
cost comparison data is not available for most components of
the project. Discussions with contractors during the design
£heSoroWt •th® ma
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of the Lake Beauclair/Lake Dora Dam and the Lake Beauclair/
Lake Carlton Dam and costs associated with the subcomponents
of some facilities were lowered by the final design.
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APPENDIX C
ALTERNATIVE RESTORATION PROPOSALS
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Aeration
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k
FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR THE
RESTORATION OF LAKE APOPKA
AND ITS
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Clean-Flo Laboratories, Inc.
4342 SHADY OAK ROAD HOPKINS, MINN. 55343
December 20, 1978
Copyright 1978
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Narrative Summary 1
1.1.1 Evaluation of the Condition of Lake Apopka 1
1.1.2 Proposal for the Restoration of Lake Apopka 3
1.2 Cost of the Proposed Action 6
2. LAKE INVENTORY 7
2.1 Water Chemistry 7
2.2 Physiology of Lake Apopka 20
2.2.1 Aquatic Macrophytes 20
2.2.2 Algae Data and Analysis 20
2.2.3 Bottom Sediment Analysis 21
2.2.4 Invertebrate Study 23
2.2.5 Fish Study 24
2.2.6 Microorganism Data 28
2.2.7 Watershed Analysis 31
3. PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVES 41
3.1 Project Description 41
3.2 Engineering Data 42
3.3 Cost of the Proposed Action 46
3.4 Alternatives 46
4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 48
4.1 Climate 48
4.2 Air Quality 48
4.3 Acoustics 49
4.4 Water Quality 49
4.5 Aquatic Biology 50
4.6 Terrestrial Ecology 50
4.7 Socio Economics 50
5. ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIDED SHOULD
PROJECT BE IMPLEMENTED 52
5.1 With Construction of Project 52
5.2 With Alternate Actions 52
5.3 With No Action 52
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PAGE
6. MEASURES UNDER CONSIDERATION TO MINIMIZE UNAVOIDABLE
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 53
7. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT TERM USES OF MAN'S
ENVIRONMENT AND MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG TERM
PRODUCTIVITY 53
8. ANY IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENT OF RESOURCES
WHICH WOULD BE INVOLVED IN THE PROPOSED ACTION, SHOULD IT
BE IMPLEMENTED 53
9. REFERENCES 54
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1.
Bottom Water Chemistry
15
Table
2.
Artesian Aquifer
15
Table
3.
Surface Water
16
Table
4.
Composite Readings
17
Table
5.
Miscellaneous Influent
18
Table
6.
Approximate Total Phosphorus and Nitrogen Input
19
Table
7.
Aquatic Plant Seeds Found in Sediment
33
Table
8.
Algae Data
34
Table
9.
Sediment Survey and Analysis
35
Table
10.
Sediment Chemistry
36
Table
11.
Benthic Organisms
37
Table
12.
Fish Management History
38
Table
13.
Microorganisms Data
39
Table
14.
Approximate Water Budget
40
Table
15.
Costs for the Restoration of Lake Apopka
46
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Vollenweider Phosphorus Loading Model for Lake Apopka 9
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Narrative Summary
1.1.1 Evaluation of the Condition of Lake Apopka.
Lake Apopka is located at Winter Garden, Florida. It has
about 30,671 acres of water averaging six feet deep, with depths
ranging to 18 feet. Volume is about 58,650,000,000 gallons. An
average of five feet of highly flocculant and organic sediment
covers all but approximately 600 acres, with depths ranging to
40 feet.
The lake has been inundated by massive quantities of nitro-
gen, phosphorus, and other nutrients, primarily from muck farms
and citrus groves. Next in order under these pollutants are
nitrogen fixation from the atmosphere by cyanophyta, nutrient re-
cycling from the sediment, direct rainfall, storm runoff, and
Gourd Neck Spring. Compared to these sources, pollution from
other industry, from the Winter Garden Sewage Treatment Plant, and
private housing is minor.
Studies of Lake Apopka performed by Fox e£ al_, 1977,
Belanger, 1978 Schneider, e_t £l, 1969, and Orange County
Pollution Control Department, 1971 indicate that significant deter-
ioration of the lake has occurred since 1946.
(1) Thomas V. Belanger, 16 Jan. 1977. Florida Institute of
Technology. Personal correspondence with Wm. Lutovsky,
St. John's River Water Management District.
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Prior to 1946, Lake Apopka was noted for its size and
variety of game fish (Federal Writers Project, 1939), especially
black bass. Many sporting publications heralded it as one of
Florida's most popular freshwater fishing grounds. Today, the
lake is dead to bass and other game fish, for all practical
purposes.
As algae die, bottom sediment continues to accumulate at
an ever-increasing rate. Periodically, the sediment/water inter-
face becomes anaerobic. This releases massive amounts of nitrogen
and phosphorus into the water. Ammonia and other gases released
produces fish-kills. Ample nutrients are provided for blue-green
algal growth, many of which species have toxic qualities. Benthic
Invertebrates are essentially nonexistent.
Cyanophyta and filamentous species have the ability to
extract up to 80 pounds of nitrogen from the atmosphere, or up to
one million kilograms nitrogen per year, for the entire lake.
Likewise, carbon dioxide is extracted from the atmosphere.
The abundant influx of nutrients provides a medium for
microorganisms, particularly staphylococci (sp.), which normally
require a mucous medium to survive. The enormous quantity found
(322,000/100 ml) is indicative of the nature of the medium support-
ing it (Belanger, 1978).
A study of the Vollenweider phosphorus loading model for
Lake Apopka shows that to move the lake to the mesotrophic state
would require at the very least, the cessation of all input from
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the muck farms, recycling from the sediment, direct rainfall, and
Citrus Grove runoff. Such a requirement is totally unfeasible.
Dredging, drawdown, or nutrient diversion would do little to halt
this massive nutrient inflow, since direct rainfall and storm
runoff alone is approximately equal to the maximum permissible
loading, according to the Vollenweider model (see Figure 5 and
Tables 6 and 15). Consequently, we feel that a totally innovative
in-lake restoration method must be considered. This method would
cycle incoming nutrients into a balanced food web.
1.1.2 Proposal for the Restoration of Lake Apopka.
Effective restoration strategy for Lake Apopka would have
to eliminate or control the causes of the rapid deterioration.
To restore the lake for bass will require that the gases
toxic to bass, particularly ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, be
reduced to safe levels, and that dissolved oxygen be maintained
above 4 mg/1. The bass would not survive, or increase, however,
until a biota of benthic organisms is reestablished as a food
source for the bass.
In order to establish a benthic community, it is also
necessary that the interstitial water be oxygenated and rid of
toxic gases.
In establishing a benthos, the invertebrates will feed
on the organic sediment, consuming it and the nutrients it con-
tains, much the same as snails are known to feed on sediment in
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aquaria. The result will be a conversion of the sediment into
food for invertebrates which in turn will become food for fish.
Five hundred pounds of fish contain approximately one pound of
phosphorus and two tons of dried aquatic plants contain approxi-
mately one pound of phosphorus (Neel, eHt al, 1973).
If the phosphorus is permitted to be recycled into the
water through an anaerobic environment, and if incoming nutrients
cannot be consumed by fauna, then the phosphorus will become food
for aquatic plants rather than food for fish. Thus, it is import-
ant to keep the bottom waters aerobic.
Keeping the interstitial waters aerobic will prevent the
release of phosphorus and nitrogen, which presently is one of
the major sources of nutrients for algae. It is important that
these nutrients be reduced in the water column, or any artificial
or natural clearing of the water would immediately trigger a
massive aquatic macrophyte growth. By keeping the interstitial
water aerobic as the nutrients are converted into a faunal food
web, the bottom acts as a nutrient sink for all dying organisms,
fecal droppings, and for various metallic phosphates which are
continuously forming, and precipitating to the bottom. An
important part of this process will also be to drive off carbon
dioxide through multiple inversion, in order to permit phosphorus
precipitation.
As the water is cleared of excessive nutrients, the patho-
genic microorganisms will also decline. Many pathogenic micro-
organisms die immediately in oxygenated water. As it is cleared
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of excessive algal blooms, ultraviolet light can be more eff
ective in weakening the microorganisms or even killing them
directly. This process will be accelerated by a multiple inver-
sion of the water, which will continuously expose the micro-
organisms to the surface of the lake.
To accomplish the above goals, two processes are herein.
recommended: 1- Multiple inversion of the water to oxygenate
the bottom and drive off or deactivate toxic gases; to condit
the water, including the reduction of carbon dioxide so natural
calcium and other metallic ions in the water can combine wit
phosphorus, and to reestablish a food web between incoming
nutrients, bottom organic sediment, and game fish, 2- Seeding
the benthos with beneficial organic sediment-consufliing micro-
organisms to more quickly reestablish a web of faunal life.
To accomplish the desired goals will require a multiple
inversion system using 728-hp. 2912 Clean-Flo microporous
ceramic diffusers will be placed on the bottom and connected to
compressors located at 70 land-based stations and 112 floating
stations, by means of 2,912,000 feet of weighted tubing radiating
out from each compressor station along the lake bottom to the
diffusers.
In addition, 35,208 gallons of sediment-feeding bacteria
in a liquid solution containing 9,000,000 live microorganisms
per gram will be seeded into the lake in order to quickly re-
establish a food web. These organisms will also feed on phosphorus,
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nitrogen, and suspended matter in the water, and will become
food for higher invertebrates, which then become food for fish.
1.2 Cost of the Proposed Action.
Cost for the proposed action is $11,259,000, based on
today's prices. This compares with $13,900,000 for drawdown
not including herbicide, possible repeated drawdowns, or
dredging costs.
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2. LAKE INVENTORY
2.1 Water Chemistry.
Water chemistry parameters, along with the other data gathered,
are used by Clean-Flo Laboratories, Inc. to determine the amount of multiple
inversion necessary.
The importance of the majority of these measurements is described
below. Some of these measurements were not available on the lake studied.
A) Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.). Probably the most important measure
of lake quality, D.O. is necessary for oxidizing wastes, including bottom
sediments, and for purification of the water. Anaerobic bacteria, including
coliforms, do not live in presence of high oxygen levels. Caliform bacteria
are usually the result of pollution by sewage. Fish generally do not live
at oxygen levels below 4 mg/1, and begin to die at 5 mg/1.
The oxygen level of this lake is above the unsafe level for fish,
at the present time. Although there is no immediate danger, oxygen period-
ically drops to critical levels. The potential for this would be greatest
after about five days of cloudy weather, when algal photosynthesis would be
slowed and little oxygen added to the water by that process.
Oxygen oxidizes iron and manganese from the water. These two
micronutrients are essential for all plant life. By removing anaerobic
bacteria, bottom acids also are removed. This prevents inert phosphates,
nitrogen compounds, and other nutrients from being redissolved into the
water where they will encourage plant growth.
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B) Phosphate. Not only is phosphate a key aquatic plant food,
but by limiting phosphate, a plant's ability to absorb nitrates is restricted.
Thus, control of phosphate will not only cause phosphate starvation in a
plant, but eliminate the need to control nitrates as well. To accomplish this,
phosphate must be reduced to less than 0.03 mg/1. Phosphate is a result of
pollution due to fertilizer, human, animal, and plant residues, soaps,
chemicals, natural deposits, etc. Presently, surface phosphate in Lake Apopka
is average-to-high, but only because most of the phosphate is locked up in
the algae mass and organic sediment. This is released as algae die and pro-
vide phosphate for new growth, and when the sediment-water interface becomes
anaerobic.
Carbon dioxide and bottom acids release precipitated phosphate for
plant consumption (Hephner, 1958).
Excessive nutrients in Lake Apopka is the major reason that this body
of water has become eutrophic. It has been shown that by maintaining aerobic
conditions over lake bottom sediments, the nutrient status of the lake can be
improved (Fillos et al, 1976; Serruya, 1975; Kamp-Nielsen, 1975; Viner, 1975;
Poon et al, 1976; Ripl, 1976; Fitzgerald, 1970; and Mortimer, 1941).
Our own research has shown even more benefits in the area of nutrient
removal. To maintain phosphorus on the bottom in an insoluble form, anaerobic
conditions must be destroyed, and this can only be done with adequate multiple
inversion.
Approximate phosphate loading is given in Table 6. Figure l shows
Lake Apopka to be in the eutrophic range, according to the model by Vollen-
weider (1969, 1976). To reduce the phosphorus loading to cause Lake Apopka
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i i1 io ioo iooo
MEAN DEPTH (meters) HYDRAULIC RETENTION TIME
FIGURE I. Vollenweider phosphorus loading model for Lake Apopka
-------
to fall within the mesotrophic range would require that it be reduced to
27,679 Kg P/yr, or a reduction of 81-99%, an unlikely possibility regard-
less of the extent of nutrient diversion. Fox et al, 1977 (p. 77) show
an increase in orthophosphate and nitrate release from Apopka sediment
upon drying. While multiple inversion would prevent the release of phos-
phorus and nitrogen from the sediment, only multiple inversion will cycle
incoming nutrients into the faunal food web, and therefore we feel that
multiple inversion is the^only feasible restoration means for Lake Apopka.
C) Nitrogen. Nitrates in lake waters usually indicate runoff from
heavily fertilized fields or feedlots, or wastes in the final stages of
biological stabilization. Nitrite usually indicates stagnant conditions
which can be corrected by multiple inversion. Nitrate is one of the prime
foods for aquatic plants, and has been found to be greatly reduced by the
Clean-Flo lake restoration process. The amount of total nitrogen required
for lush aquatic plant growth varies from trace quantities to 5.3 mg/1.
Nitrogen loading for Lake Apopka is given in Table 6. This shows
that all attempts to reduce nitrogen from the muck farms should be pursued
wlth diligsnce. The second largest source of nitrogen is probably from nit-
rogen fixation by cyanophyta. This influx can be greatly reduced through
reductions of cyanophyta by the Clean-Flo process. The third largest source
of nitrogen is from the sediment. Again, this source will be minimized by
multiple inversion, but will probably be increased if the lake is drawn down.
D) Ammonia nitrogen. This gas is produced in the water from fertil-
izer and from aquatic plant and animal decomposition. Clean, natural water
has less than 0.1 mg/1. A higher value is an indication of high anaerobic
activity. Organic muck is primarily a waste product of anaerobic activity.
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At levels above 0.3 rag/1, some species of fish can suffocate. Ammonia is
excessively high in Lake Apopka, with interstitial water reaching 10 mg/1.
E) Dissolved Iron. This micronutrient is essential for producing
chlorophyll in aquatic plants. Taste threshold is 0.1 to 0.2 mg/1. Multip
inversion oxidizes this mineral nutrient out, while low pH and manganese
redissolve it into the water, making it available for plant growth.
F) Calcium Hardness. The natural calcium in water can combine with
phosphates to make them unavailable for plant assimilation, providing
water has first been adequately conditioned by the Clean-Flo multipl
process.
G) Magnesium and Total Hardness. These are measures of other nutrients
available for plant growth. They appear in the water as the resu
contact with geological formation or from direct pollution by industrial or
commercial operation. Bottom sediment is usually very high in
H) Alkalinity. This is an extremely important measure of water
quality. The bicarbonate form of alkalinity supplies carbon dioxide for
abundant plant growth. The Clean-Flo process will inactivate this plant food
by converting it to carbonate.
I) Carbon Dioxide. Just as humans breathe in oxygen and exhale
carbon dioxide, aquatic weeds must inhale carbon dioxide and exhale oxygen, in
order to live. In addition, fish generally die at carbon dioxide levels greater
than 25 mg/1. Carbon dioxide will keep phosphates dissolved in the water, so
they are available for plant growth. The Clean-Flo lake restoration process
will reduce the availability of carbon dioxide on a continuous basis.
J) pH. This is a measure of acid or alkaline activity and indicate8
water quality. Lakes should not be less than 6.0 nor greater than 10.0 for
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healthy fish life. lake Apopka is oftan over io.o, and it is important to
decrease the pH levei to 8.3-9.0. order to lock up carbon dioxide avail-
ability for plant growth, and prevent precipitated nutrients from rediaaolving
into the water, pH would be held above 8.0. Water quality standards are
generelly set at PH 6.5-8.5. Multiple inversion tends to hold pH near 8.3.
K) Secchi diak. Thie is a meaaure, in terms of feet, of water
clarity. A low reading indicates hi* Platonic 9rolrth. „
materials in the water.
L) Biochemical Oxygen Demand. Thia is a M.eure of the demand for
deceying organic matter to conaume oxygen due to bacterial activity. Most
regulatory agencies require that BOD from di,charge sourcea Into recreational
iakee be lees than 2, 10, or 20 ^/i. ^ltiple invor8lon Kln ^ ^
to near-zero after the oxygen h„ b..„ ,wllM continuoualy over a«» period
of time.
M) Hydrogen Sulfide. Thia is a „ni.
is is a poisonous and odorous gas which
results from bacterial activity in th« ah«n
y the absonee °f Levels higher than
o.* mg/1 can be harmful to fieh. Norroally, it ^ ^ ^ ^
stirring bottom muck. Multiple inversion quickly inactivates this gaa, and
destroys the anaerobic bacteria which produce it.
N> Micronutrients. Micronutrients, or trace elements, are metsls
that are required in minute amounts for all plant life. By limiting one or
more of these, plant and algae growth can be retarded.
Manganese is the oxidation-reduction catlyst for plants, regulating
oxygen uptake and exhaust. Its limiting value is about 0.005 mg/1. Clean-Flo
C-17
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has consistently reduced manganese by oxidation in all lakes treated.
Reducing it in Lake Apopka could help retard algae and aquatic plant growth.
Manganese also breaks down phosphates which have precipitated out with iron
in water, releasing the iron and the phosphate back into the water for plant
and algae consumption (Hasler et al, 1948).
Molybdenum is the nitrogen fixation catylst necessary for plants to
utilize nitrogen, while a deficiency of boron, (limiting value: 0.1 mg/1)
produces a number of diseases in various plants. At present, no conclusive
data is available on the effect of the Clean-Flo process of these two
nutrients.
Zinc and iron are both required for enzymes which produce chlorophyll
in plants, while magnesium is the singular center atom of the 137-atom
chlorophyll molecule. With a lack of any of these three micronutrients,
chlorophyll cannot be produced in a plant. Clean-Flo has documented re-
ductions in iron and magnesium, while our studies have not shown an effect
on zinc. Limiting value for zinc is 0.01-0.1 mg/1, while iron ranges from
0.00065 to 6.0 mg/1, and the value for magnesium is a "trace amount".
Reductions in calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium by the Clean-Flo
process were documented by the Orange County Pollution Control Department in
their studies of Lake Weston (Bateman et al, 1977). Limiting value for cal-
cium is 20.0 mg/1; sodium 5.0 mg/1; and potassium and magnesium: trace
quantities.
0) Tannin/lignin. Occurs naturally in water from trees or other veg-
etative decomposition, and causes a dark reddish-brown coloration in the water.
Industrial wastes usually contain tannin, while lignin comes from paper pulp
effluent.
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P) Color, turbidity. Color is caused by industrial, residential,
and natural pollutants, while turbidity is a measure of cloudiness or
reflected light in water due to suspended particles. Generally accepted
standard for color and turbidity are less than 30 APHA platinum-cobalt units
for color and 10 JTU for turbidity. Lake Apopka color ranges from 30 to
160 white turbidity ranges from 11 to 27.
C-19
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WATER CHEMISTRY TABLES
The following average water chemistry data were obtained at three
preselected test sites on 10/68, 1969-70, 1972-74, and 12-19-77, ^
(Brezonik et al, 1969), Brezonik et al, 1971), (Fox et al, 1977).
Table 1. Bottom Water Chemistry
Measurement
Average Amount (Fox, et al, 1977)
Ammonia nitrogen (mg/1)
10
Orthophosphate (mg/1) P
3.23
Table 2. Artesian Aquifer
Measurement
Average Value
Total N, mg/1
1.40 (165,157 lbs/yr)
Total P, mg/1
0.07 ( 8,258 lbs/yr)
(1) Thomas V. Belanger, 16 Jan 1977. Florida Institute of
Technology. Personal correspondence with Wm. Lutovsky,
St. John's River Water Mgmt. Dist.
C-2Q
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Table 3. Surface Water
Measurement
Oct.,1968 1969-1970 12/19/77
Ammonia (N) (mg/1)
0.5
Organic N (mg/1)
5.5
Nitrate (N) (mg/1)
0.52
Sulfate (mg/1)
41.9
COO
1018
Coliforms, Fecal (Colonies/100 ml)
120
Total Hardness (mg/1)
208
Total Alkalinity (mg/1)
206
pH
7.6
Secchi disk (m)
0.3 0.22
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/1)
3.2
Conductivity (umhos/cm
320
Color (C.U.)
160
Solids, total (mg/1)
1753
Solids, suspended (mg/1)
6878
Turbidity (NTU)
16
Chorides (mg/1)
33.1
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Table 4. Composite Readings
Measurement
10-68
1972-74 (2)
1969-70 (3)
12-19-77
Calcium (mg/1)
25.1
55.3
Manganese (mg/1)
7.0
Sodium (mg/1)
11.7
14.33
Potassium (mg/1)
2.9
3.73
Magnesium (mg/1)
14.7
14.3
Turbidity, Unfiltered (NTU)
27
11
Color (Apha Pt-Co Units)
30
100
Specific Conductivity mho/cm
330
315
310
Chlorophyll-A (mg/m^)
34.1
77
60.4
Sulfate (mg/1)
10.2
16.3
35.9
Dissolved oxygen (mg/1)
11.2
10.2
10.14
8.8
pH
9.5
9.05
8.85
7.7
Total Alkalinity (as CaCo^) mg/1
126
145
140
179
COD (mg/1)
113
135
159
88
Suspended solids (mg/1)
43
27.5
Total solids (mg/1)
432
NHj-N (mg/1)
0.18
0.55
0.27
0.00
Ortho PO^ (mg/1)
0.016
0.024
0.195
0.20
Total P (mg/1)
0.24
0.26
0.38
0.39
N03 (N) (mg/1)
0.09
0.12
0.15
0.22
Total Organic N
3.8
3.0
4.45
Particulate Organic N
1.65
1.82
Nitrite N (mg/1)
0.004
Si02 (mg/1)
6.4
Chloride
21
23.5
33.1
Primary Productivity (mg C/l-hr)
0.386
0.337
Flouride (mg/1)
0.41
Hardness (mg/1 as CaCo^)
237
(1) Composite samples from three stations.
(2) Average values for three stations, 12 times from Aug, 1972-March, 1974.
(3) From Brezonik and Shannon (1971)
(4) Two samples taken 2 ft below surface (Belanger op cit.)
C-22
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Table 5. Miscellaneous Influent
Measurement
Amount
SURFACE RUNOFF
NITROGEN FIXATION BLUE-GREEN ALGAE
RECYCLING FROM SEDIMENT
RAINFALL
Ammonia (N) (mg/1)
Total N (mg/1)
Total P (mg/1)
MUNICIPAL WASTE
Total N
Total P
INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Total N
Total P
MUCK FARMS
Total N
Total P
CITRUS FARMS
Total N
Total P
BEAUCLAIR CANAL (OUTFLOW)
Total N
Total P
SEEPAGE WELLS
Nitrate-Nitrite (as N) (mg/1)
Phosphate (as P) (mg/1)
Unknown
Unknown, estimate
20-80 lb/acre/yr
Unknown
0.78
0.42 - 1.08
0.01, 0.08, 0.09
75 lb/day
19 lb/day
192 lb/day
9.6 lb/day
1600 - 16,000 lb/day
65 - 650 lb/day
4.54 - 33.4 mg/1
1.4 - 52.9 mg/1
2000 lb/day
54-540 lb/day
2.7 - 30.6
1.4 - 52.9
C-23
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Table 6. Approximate Total Phosphorus & Nitrogen Input (Kg/yr)
Source
Total Phosphorus
Total Nitrogen
Private Housing
Winter Garden STP
Commercial
Muck Farms
Citrus Groves
Gourd Neck Spring
Storm Runoff
Direct Rainfall
Extraction from atmosphere by
cyanophyta
Recycling from Sediment Approx.
TOTAL
3,146
7,721
1,589
10,754 - 107,537
82,937 - 3,133,822
3,743
9,437
1,574 - 14,167
25,073
145,974 - 3,306,235
12,417
16,319
31,788
264,706 - 2,647,058
268,952 - 1,978,632
74,859
82,780
66,111 - 169,999
1,000,000
318.194
2,136,126 - 6,332,046
C-24
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2.2 Physiology of Lake Apopka
2.2.1 Aquatic Macrophytes.
The most common aquatic macrophyte is water hyacinth, growing moat
profusely in the Gourd Neck Region. Drawdown will greatly stimulate the
germination of this plant, along with many other plants, the seeds of which
are found in abundance in the sediment (Tsble 7).
No submersed plants are present.
2.2.2 Algae.
"The computed productivity values for four dates in 1972-73...are
within the range for some of the world's most productive systems during
favorable periods...the metabolic activity of Lake Apopka is largely due to
the activity of blue-green algae...productivity levels in Lake Apopka
compared closely to values found in tropical East African lakes" (Fox, et alt
1977).
The four apecies of algae found by Fox, et al, Table 8, were cyanophyta
(blue-green).
In general, the type of algae present and its density are an indicator
of water quality. Yellow-green and yellow-brown algae tend to grow in olig-
itrophic waters, green algae in eutrophic waters, and blue-green algae in
hypereutrophic, or highly polluted waters.
When blue-green algae thrive, a new polluting factor enters a lake.
Blue-greens have the ability to extract nitrogen directly out of the atmos-
phere above the lake up to 80 pounds of nitrogen per-acre. It also extracts
carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. These plants then die and drop their
C-25
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newly-acquired load of pollutants into the lake bottom, often at a higher
rate than it is entering from the watershed or other sources, and the
eutrophication process is highly accelerated. Multiple inversion and
Clean-Flo Lake Cleanser quickly reverse this process, and shift the trend
backward from blue-greens toward greens in lesser and lesser densities.
Blue-green algae are often toxic to fish and other aquatic animal life,
and can be very destructive to a lake and the animals living in or near it.
One example is the many cases of cattle that have died drinking water with
blue-green algae blooms.
We have repeatedly found in our research that noxious and nuisance
blue-green algae blooms can be reduced or eliminated. As these plant species
are circulated under water, they can no longer survive. This elimination
has also been documented by Haynes, 1971, and Maleug, 1971.
Green algae growths can also be reduced as various water chemistry
parameters such as pH and carbon dioxide concentrations are changed by
aeration (Macbeth, 1973).
2.2.3 Bottom Sediment Analysis.
Bottom sediment depths in Lake Apopka range from zero to forty feet.
The sediment is rich in nutrients (Table 10), and highly flocculent in nature.
No definite sediment-water interface exists, and the muck freely mixes with
overlying water (Fox, et al, 1977).
Bottom sediment is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter.
The Clean-Flo Multiple Inversion process will cause the nitrogen to be dis-
charged into the atmosphere through the bacterial conversion of nitrates and
carbonaceous material into carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas. This is
C-26
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accomplished by pseudomonas, which is obligate, but capable of anaerobic
respiration. At the anaerobic sediment surface nitrate serves as the ox-
idizing agent, or final electron acceptor. Pseudomonads use carbon from
the sediment, and release nitrogen gas and carbon dioxide, which are
exhausted to the atmosphere, and water• Ammonia will be converted to nitrate
in the aerobic water.
As oxygen is brought to the bottom, and toxic gases removed, benthic
organisms will begin to thrive on the bottom and feed on the muck. Thus,
the deep organic bottom sediment layer will gradually be reduced to a thin
firm bottom layer of inorganic matter somewhat resembling a clean, gritty
sand-like texture, probably close to white or light gray or tan in color.
It is estimated that muck will be reduced from an average of five feet
deep to less than one foot within five years, with many places showing a
clean bottom, especially around the shoreline. More muck could possibly be
removed during this period, however. ^
Drawdown of Lake Apopka, however, will only reduce sediment depth
by about seven inches (Fox, et al, 1971, p. 31).
This process of muck removal from lake bottoms is not new. It occurs
regularly in nature when the spring and fall turnovers in northern lakes
bring oxygenated waters down to the benthos (Odum, 1971). In addition, the
activity of aerobic bacteria has been used to decompose sludge in waste
treatment plsnts for many years (Wymore e_t al, 1968). The establishment
of food webs is an integral part of ecological theory. By completing the
food web bottom nutrients are recycled back into fish life (Fitzgerald, 1970
and Mortimer, 1941)•
(1) Laing R. L. Organic Muck Removal Through Multiple Inversion.
Clean-Flo Laboratories, Inc. In-House paper. 12 PP.
C-27
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During many of its lake restoration projects, Clean-Flo Laboratories
has collected data that strongly supports this general theory of muck re-
moval from the bottoms of eutrophic lakes. For the process to be successful,
however, it has been found that highly efficient oxygenation of the bottom
waters for an adequate period of time is necessary.
Ordinarily, long-term aeration of lake bottoms is an inefficient
and expensive undertaking. Multiple inversion equipment developed and manu-
factured by Clean-Flo however, provides the necessary oxygenation at costs
which are economically feasible.
2.2.4 Invertebrate Study.
The organisms found in 1962-1972 studies are forms which live at low
levels of dissolved oxygen for extended periods of time. When these are
the only benthic invertebrates found, oxygen stress is usually the cause.
In 1977, no live organisms were found in the benthos (Table 11).
The presence of organic muck on the bottom of a natural lake indicates
a deficiency of dissolved oxygen in the bottom waters. Organic muck is one
by-product produced by anaerobic bacteria as they partially digest organic
plant and animal matter which has dropped to the bottom. Other by-products
of anaerobic digestion are noxious gases (hydrogen sulfide, methane and
ammonia) and organic acids.
If the bottom waters of an eutrophic lake are oxygenated, the activity
rate of anaerobic bacteria rapidly decline. Instead, aerobic bacteria thrive
and begin feeding on the organic muck, or ooze, while iron and other sediments
are oxidized (Mercier, 1955; Wirth et al, 1970; Irwin et al, 1966; Symons,
1970; Riddick, 1957). The by-products of aerobic digestion are water, carbon
dioxide and ash. This results in a general improvement in water quality, as
C-28
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carbon dioxide is removed by aeration, and anerobic acids and gases are no
longer produced (Macbeth, 1973 and Wirth et al, 1970).
Other types of benthos, or bottom-feeding organisms also take advant-
age of the newly oxygenated water and feed upon dead organic matter in the
muck, as well as upon each other (Fast, 1971). These benthic organisms
range from bacteria to insects and worms to crustaceans (Ruttner, 1963 and
Linder et al, 1954). A food web is established, and bottom-feeding fish,
including such game species as bass, move into deeper water and feed upon
the smaller organisms. (Hooper et al, 1952; Irwin, 1967; Wirth et al, 1967).
Eventually, moat of the organic muck is removed from the bottom.
2.2.5 Fiah Study.
"Flocculant deposits of dead phytoplankton are anaerobic, and do not
afford a suitable habitat for benthic biota. Hence, forage fish seeking
food and spawning grounds are restricted to the remaining productive zone
around the perimeter. The Florida State Board of Health estimated the feeding
and spawning grounds to be less than 2000 acres..." (Schneider, et al, 1969).
Quality of fish began declining before 1956, and has continued to the
ppesent (Table 12). Game fishing as a sport is now practically nonexistent.
Natural fish kills were reported in 1963 and 1971. Florida Game and
Freshwater Fish Commission used Rotenone in 1957, 1958, and 1959 to kill shad.
Prior to 1956, Lake Apopka was noted for its size and variety of
port fish> and was acclaimed one of Florida's most popular freshwater fishing
grounds (Federal Writers Project, 1939).
As the lake undergoes treatment, there will be changes in both water
quality and habitat which can significantly affect the fish population.
C-29
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It is probable that the following results will be achieved:
A- Maintenance of adequate oxygen levels for warm water fiah throughout
the water at all times of the year. This means an average dissolved
oxygen content of at least 4 mg/1 throughout the year. Many fish
are highly susceptible to rapid changes in oxygen levels, and an
oxygen smoothing effect will take place to eliminate this problem
(McKee, et, al, 1963; Fry, et al, 1946).
B- Quickly elimate noxious gases such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide,
methane, and carbon dioxide which are harmful to fish and other
organisms in the water (Summerfelt, et al., 1967} McKee, et_ al, 1963;
and Black, et al, 1954; Smith, et al, 1976; Broderius, et al, 1976;
Sano, 1976; and Robinette, 1976).
C- Assuming that there is little or no oxygen at the lower level of the
lake during a major part of the year, we will quickly enlarge the
habitat available for the fish (Hooper, et. al^ 1952; Irwin, et al_, 1967;
Fast, 1971; and Johnson, 1966).
Livable habitat was shown by the study to be mainly the littoral
region.
D- Under the seme assumption, we should see a rapid increase in the
amount of food available to the fish in their expanded habitat.
This food source will include the detritus now unavailable to bottom-
feeding species which cannot forage during low bottom oxygen periods,
and a vast increase in benthic organisms (Wirth et. al, 1967; Fast,
1971; Ruttner, 1963; Under, 1954; Fitzgerald, 1970; and Mortimer,
1941).
C-30
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Make fish more tolerant of temperature. Ferguson compared
temperature preference of several species of fish in lab tests
with ideal water versus temperature preference gathered from
several sources in field observations. In the case of field
observations, lack of oxygen and excess noxious gases influence
the results. Thus, the ideal lab conditions are much more
closely identical to a Clean-Flo destratified lake. This study
shows that the temperature preference in ideal laboratory water
is 5.4-18°F higher than in field observations, which shows most
species preferring 7Q-90°F water. Therefore, these species would
survive in water several degrees warmer than natural preferred
temperature (Ferguson, 1958).
Largemouth baes (Micropterue salmonoldes) prefer lakes which contain
aquatic vegetation and clear water. Turbidity is detrimental to growth and
reproduction- Temperatures of about 80°F are most suitable. They become in-
active in waters lower than 50°F, but survive in waters only slightly above
freezing* Metsbolism, food consumption and activity are positively correlated
with temperatures up to 86°F. Suitable spawning temperatures seem to rsnge
* m 60°F to 75°F. They begin spawning in the spring when water temperatures
f fOH'
reach about 60°F.
Largemouth prefer bottom types of soft muck and organic debris, gravel,
, harH non-flocculent clays. Adult bass mainly eat fish,but. also take
sand, 01 "aj-u»
rm8 mussels, frogs, crayfish, snails and large insects. Bluegill sunfiah
ften are their principal food source during some months of the year.
C-31
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For spawning, a substrate such as sand, gravel, roots or aquatic
vegetation is required.
The Clean-Flo lake treatment program should have a positive effect
upon largemouth in Lake Apopka, as it has in near-by Lakes Weston, Park and
Maggiore. Turbidity in Apopka is often so high that is is unusable as hab-
itat. A clearing of the water and small increase in littoral vegetation
should expand available habitat, although little or no submergent macro-
phytes are present in Maggiore or Weston, and yet both lakes are now teaming
with bass, whereas none could be found before the restoration programs began.
Prevention of dense vegetation will eliminate escape cover for minnows and
other forage fish such as bluegill. By returning benthic organisms to Lake
Apopka to feed on bottom sediment, food available for bass will be vastly
increased.*
Spawning success should increase as the bottom substrate is cleaned
of anaerobic sediment. It is well documented that bass eggs are very sus-
ceptible to the effects of wind and temperature, as are the fishes themselves.
Black bass are very sensitive to changes in oxygen levels, a phenomenon
which probably occurs drastically each night in Lake Apopka. Multiple inversion
of the lake will tend to stabilize and smooth changes in water temperature,
in winds, and in oxygen levels throughout the year.
The threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) is an excellent forage fish,
often consumed by largemouth bass and catfish. They travel in schools and
are frequently seen jumping about the surface. They feed selectively on
plankton, benthos and organic debris.
C-32
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Threadfin shad are delicate and require healthy water for maximum
reproduction and growth. The Clean-Flo process should enhance their general
habitat requirements, and they in turn will consume large amounts of
organic sediment#
Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) prefer quiet, clear water with scattered
beds of vegetation. They are among the most prolific warmwater game fishes
and in lakes where there is little predation, their number can get out of
hand resulting in extreme competition for food and stunted growth. They
spawn in sand, gravel, dead leaves or mud. Zooplankton and aquatic insects
are usually dominant foods, although plants are frequently eaten and sometimes
dominate the diet.
Young-of-the-year survival in one study was positively correlated
with the density of protective weed beds. Predation would not be necessarily
bad, as W*H tend to offset the bluegill's ordinarily high reproduction
r8tes, reducing stunted bluegill and leaving older, larger bluegill which
survive a hatch. Rapid growth will occur following multiple inversion due
to a proliferation of benthic organisms.
Water temperatures between 60 and 80°F. are best for growth. They
survive temperature extremes from 36.5 to 92.8°F.
c
7 6 Microorganism Study.
2 • *•'
After studying the bacteria in Lake Apopka, Thomas V. Belanger,
Assistant Professor of Environmental Scineces, Florida Institute of Tech-
nology, Melbourne wrote:
"Total coliform counts were very high at the surface and indicate poor
ter quality. Other bacteriological tests were run in an attempt to determine
C-33
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the source of rashes received by divers in the lake. It appears that
Staphlococcus may be the causative agent as it was found in tremendous
numbers in both surface and two foot depth samples and has been cited as
the source of various skin infections in the past." (Table 13).
Aeromonas was identified in connection with a kill of alligators,
turtles and fish during the spring of 1971 (Fla Dept. Poll. Contr. 1971).
There are many bacteria found in natural waters, but it is important
to remember that pathogenic species are not a part of the normal microbial
populace of the water. Infectious species only contaminate water from
some external source, almost invariably of fecal nature. Another important
factor is that pathogenic bacteria do not multiply in natural waters, but
are only in a transitory state (Volk, et al, 1973). Because of this, they
are susceptible to the effects of multiple inversion. Multiple inversion
tends to destroy pathogenic bacteria in several ways:
1- Most pathogenic bacteria are "strict anaerobes" (Frobisher, 1968).
This means that oxygen is toxic to them, probably interfering with
the ability of certain of their enzymes to transfer hydrogen.
Multiple inversion saturates water with oxygen killing them directly.
Bacteria which are not strict anaerobes and therefore not susceptible
to oxygen toxicity are streptococcus, staphylococcus and salmonella,
which are "facultative", which means that they have the faculty of
surviving either in anoxic conditions, or in the presence of oxygen.
Pathogenic bacteria of the fecal type can survive in open water
for a period of a few hours to a few weeks (Frobisher, 1968). In
general, these bacteria require polluted water containing fecal
C-34
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material or urine to survive. Staphylococcus requires mucous
material as a medium. Since multiple inversion quickly cycles
pollutants into the aerobic food web, the survival time of fecal
bacteria is greatly reduced (Fast, 1971).
Most pathogens require carbon dioxide, nitrogen, ammonia,
phosphorus or sulphur to live (Frobisher, 1968; Niewolak et, al,
1976). Aeration reduces the amount of these nutrients in the
water (Wirth, et al, 1967).
Many pathogenic bacteria (and fungi) require an acidic to
slightly acidic medium for survival, in the pH range of 5.0 to
8.0 (Frobisher, 1968). By removing carbon dioxide, which combines
with water to make carbonic acid, and by killing acid-producing
bacteria through step 1, multiple inversion causes water to become
more alkaline, with pH tending to stabilize at about 8.4, making
an unfavorable environment for most pathogenic bacteria. One
particular exception to this trend is the vibrio that causes
asiatic cholera, which prefers pH about 9.0.
Of all the bactericides ever made, the most effective, most
universal bactericide is ultraviolet light. Practically all
bacteria are quickly killed in the presence of ultraviolet light
(Frobisher, 1968).
Ultraviolet light is emitted by the sun and is utilized to maximum
advantage by multiple inversion. Multiple inversion gently gathers
disease bacteria-bearing bottom waters into a central spot on the
bottom, and carries it upward in a small column to the surface,
C-35
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without mixing it into the surrounding lake water. At the
surface, it spreads out in a very thin sheet, about 0.1 inch
thick, and moves across the upper surface of the water.
During this travel, it is irradiated by ultraviolet light,
which weakens or kills the bacteria. Weakened cells can be
photoreactivated by visual light or repaired in the dark by
a process called excision repair. But the weakened bacteria
are more susceptible to the affects of the other environmental
changes produced by multiple inversion.
In summary, by aerating and circulating water, pathogenic
bacteria are killed either by the toxic effect of oxygen, the
lack of pollutant medium in aerated/circulated water, lack of
carbon dioxide, lack of acid medium, or exposure to ultraviolet
light, or any combination of these factors.
2.2.7 Watershed Analysis and Estimation of Water Retention Time.
The various sources of nutrient loading were not fully quantified in
the references. The greatest source of loading appeared to be from the muck
farms, which feed 0.05-0.5 lbs total nitrogen per acre into the lake per day,
and 0.002-0.02 lbs total phosphorus per acre per day. Other sources appear
1- Laing, R. L. and S. R. Adams, Oxygen Transfer Constant (K^a)
for Clean-Flo Multiple Inversion Systems. Clean-Flo
Laboratories, Inc. In-House Paper. PP. 2, 3.
C-36
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to contribute significantly less. Nitrogen extracted from the atmosphere by
blue-green algae is approximately 0.22 lbs/acre/day. Nutrients recycled
from bottom sediment during periods of anaerobic conditions is probably in
the range of 22 lbs N/acre and 1.8 lbs P/acre. ^
While water retention time is generally considered to be 2.5 years
(Schneider, et al, 1969), it is believed that evaporation rate was not con-
sidered, and that actual retention time is closer to 0.8 years (Table 14).
This information was used to develop the Vollenweider graph (Figure 5),
and is more conservative than a 2.5 yr retention time. This graph, compared
to the sources of phosphorus'loading (Table 6) shows that no amount of
nutrient diversion or drawdown could possibly have any significant influence
on the trophic level of Lake Apopka.
(1) Taylor, R. B., Lake Wononscopomuc, Salisbury, Connecticut,
May 16, 1978. Private Communication. Connecticut Dept. of
Env. Protection.
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Table 7. Aquatic Plant Seeds found in sediment (Chesnut and Barman, 1974).
Aquatic Plant
Water hyacinth
Duckweed
Yellow water lily
Pickerelweed
Arrowhead
Arrowhead
Bullrush
Cattail
Sawgrass
Water pennywort
Water Primrose
(Eichhornia crasaipes)
(Alternanthera philoxeroides)
(lemna sp.)
(Nuphar advena)
(Rjntederia cordata var. lanceolate)
(Saggittaria lancifolia)
(Saggittaria latifolia)
(Ifenicum paludivagum)
(Panicum hemitomon)
(Scirpus validus)
(Typha domingensis)
(Cladium jamaicensis)
(Hydrocotyle.umbellata)
(Jussiaea michauxiana)
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Table 8. Algae Data
The following date on algae was obtained from Fox, e_t al, 1977.
Species Date
Type
Microcystis sp. 1972-73
cyanophyta
Lynqbva sp.
cyanophyta
Oscillatoria sp.
cyanophyta
Anabaena sp.
cyanophyta
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Table 9. Sediment survey and analysis.
Muck samples were taken at test sites. Muck was speciated as follows:
Organic ooze: A soupy black fluid.
Organic muck:
Inorganic silt:
Peat:
Test Site
< 10% of sites
Top 3 feet, 90% of bottom
Average depth of sediment:
Black, slippery, paste-like substance
with no gritty particles
Extremely fine, gritty substance
usually looks like organic muck and
often is mixed with organic muck.
Inorganic silt portion does not burn
off.
Bits and pieces of undecomposed plant
matter.
Sediment
Peat
500,000 lbs TN, 5-10,000,000 lbs TP
99S5 water, mostly organic muck
5 feet
Sediment, percent water by weight: 95 (surface) -88 (3 feet)
by volume: 5 (surface) -12 (3 feet)
Percent volatile solids: 1.6 - 9.2
Percent ash weight: 3.4 - 2.8
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Table 10. Sediment Chemistry, (Schneider, et al, 1969), lm deep.
Measurement
Average Value(mg/1)
Total phosphate (as P)
8-12 wet, 200-2,000 dry, 5-10 x 106 lbs
Ortho phosphate
10
Kjeldahl nitrogen
2,000-37,000 wet, 11,000-43,000 dry
Nitrate/nitrite
5-20
Ammonia
500-2,000
Total nitrogen
10,000-40,000 dry, 500 x 106 lbs,
26,000 average, 200-2,000 wet
COD
1,100,000
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Table 11. Benthic Organisms
Organism Count per square foot
1977
Viviparus qeorqianus altior pilsbry dead shells - 150 acres
1962-1969
Sludgeworms (Oligochaeta)
Bloodworms (Chironomidae)
Phanton midges (order Diptera, family Culicidae)
1970-71 (2)
Sludgeworms
Bloodworms
Phanton midges
Leeches (phylum Annelida, class Hirudinea) (a few)
Scuds (occassional)
Snails (occassional)
Mayflies 2
(1) Florida State Board of Health (undated report).
(2) Florida Technological University (1972), a one-year seasonal sampling
(4 times) of about 30 stations.
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Table 12. Fish Management History
Date
1946
1948
1952
1956
Nov., 1957
Aug., 1958, Sept, 1959,
May, 1963
Spring, 1971
Action Taken
Dense Vallisneria uprooted by hurricane.
Beauclair Canal opened to downstream lakes.
Control structure installed in canal
Water hyacinths sprayed with herbicide.
Florida Game & Freshwater Fish survey
(gamefish essentially gone, 82% shad,
18% game fish)
Rotenone for gizzard and threadfin shad
removal.
Rotenone. 20 millipn pounds shad killed.
Fish-kill. 3 million pounds.
Alligators, turtles, and fish killed in
connection with Aeromonas organisms.
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Table 13. Microorganism Data
Microorganism data was taken by Florida Institute of Technology on
December 19, 1977.
A summary of the data follows:
Microorganism
Count MPN/100 ml
Surface
Two Feet
Total Coliforms (colonies/100 ml)
6,250
410
Fecal Streptococci (colonies/100 ml)
380
105
Staphylococci (colonies/100 ml)
322,000
23,300
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Table 14. Approximate Water Budget
Influent Million Gallons/yr
Spring 14,162
Direct Precipitation 41,639.5
Storm Runoff Citrus and Other 13,349.7
Winter Garden STP (1) 255.5
Storm Runoff, 18,000-Acre Muck Farms 2,463.3
Total Inflow 71,870.0 MG/Yr
Beaqclair Canal (23,000.0)
Evaporation (48,870.0)
(71,870.0)
Lake Volume, MG 58,650
Retention Time, Years 0.82
(1) Marshall Robertson, Supt., Winter Garden Waste Treatment Plant.
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3. PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVES
3.1 Project Description.
Clean-Flo Laboratories, Inc. proposes a program for this lake
similar to programs which have been successful in the restoration of lakes
in the past. The process includes the following steps:
3.1.1 Feasibility Study.
The lake problems are analyzed and a feasibility study developed.
Pertinent water chemistry and physiological data are taken at several
locations on the lake. These data are averaged and used for determining
progress made on the lake, and for determining how the lake can be most
efficiently and economically restored. Initial data has already been collected
on the lake of this proposal.
3.1.2 Installation of Equipment.
A Clean-Flo Multiple Inversion System especially designed for maxi-
mum efficiency and economy in Lake Apopka is installed and maintained in
working condition for a period of ten years.
3.1.3 Application of Clean-Flo Living Organisms.
Once the lake is conditioned by multiple inversion, nonpathogenic
microorganisms are added to seed the lake with organic sediment-consuming
benthos. This helps establish a food web from sediment to invertebrates to
fish. The organisms also compete with plants and algae for phosphorus and
nitrogen.
3.1.4 Continuous Lake Management.
Testing and evaluation of data, and maintenance and repair, if
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necessary, of equipment is continued. Continuous monitoring and analysis
of water chemistry and physiology yields progress data and revisions nec-
essary to the program to adjust for unforeseen events.
3.1.5 Periodic Water Quality Monitoring.
Water is tested at the beginning of each month, and a report sent
to the customer.
3.1.6 Future Lake Maintenance.
The Clean-Flo Multiple Inversion -System is maintained continuously
in operating condition to keep the lake restored and handle incoming nutrients
as they are carried in by rains and other nutrient sources.
Water quality monitoring is continued with periodic reports given
to the customer, so that you are constantly aware of the quality of your
water and any developing needs due to changing conditions.
3.2 Engineering Data.
3.2.1 The Clean-Flo Multiple Inversion System.
Oxygenation of bottom waters leads to a general increase in the
oxidation state and a reduction in the concentrations of iron, manganese,
nitrogen and sulfur (Irwin, et^al, 1966), Wirth, et al, 1967, and Symonds,
et al, (1970). These are all'chemical elements which cause taste and odor
problems in a given body of water.
As water is brought to the surface, it creates a laminar flow along
the entire bottom toward each diffuser and up in a straight, central column
to prevent the noxious or nutrient-rich bottom gases (Ammonia, methane,
hydrogen sulide and carbon dioxide) from mixing with the main body of lake
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water. At the surface, it spreads out in a thin sheet to absorb oxygen
from the atmosphere and to diffuse the bottom gases into the winds.
This reduces nutrients available for the growth of aquatic weeds and algae,
and removes gases toxic to fish.
Oxygen-laden surface waters will be brought down to the bottom to
produce a favorable environment for fish and bottom-feeding benthic organisms,
ranging from bacteria, to worms, larvae and crustaceans. The oxygenated
water will oxidize iron and manganese, causing these trace nutrients to be
precipitated. Oxygen at the bottom will kill the acid-producing anaerobic
bacteria and enable calcium in the water to combine with phosphate and remain
precipitated, instead of being redissolved by the acids.
As the benthic organisms feed on the muck, they will be assimilating
the precipitated nutrients while decreasing the muck. Fish will feed on the
benthic organisms. Thus nutrients in the water and muck are converted into
food that stimulates healthy fish growth.
The type of multiple inversion system used and their locations are
selected to secure maximum roll-over of the lake at a minimum cost without
causing turbulence.
The multiple inversion system selected for Lake Apopka consists of
1456 oilless compressors sitting in 182 fiberglass cabinets on shore and
floating stations with 2,912,000 ft weighted tubing going out to 2912
microporou8 ceramic diffusers on the lake bottom. The multiple inversion
system will be maintained and kept in working condition by your Clean-Flo
Service Agent for a period of ten years.
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3.2.2 Application of Clean-Flo Living Organisms (C-FLO).
These organisms have been exempted from the need to be registered
for use in lakes by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. They are
acceptable to the U.S. Department of Agriculture for use in sewage and/or
drain lines of establishments operating under federal meat, poultry, and
egg product inspection programs.
Species include aerobacter (facultative), bacillus and nitrobacter
(obligate), pseudomonas (obligate, but capable of anaerobic respiration),
cellulomonas (cellulose utilizing), and rhodopseudomonas (requiring light
only under anaerobic conditions). They have been injected full strength
into the bloodstream of mice; and fed in the diet of chickens with no ill
effects.
Reactions that are performed by the bacteria in C-FLO:
1- A. Anaerobic Respirations
Fatty acids, for example, are converted to carbon dioxide using
nitrate instead of oxygen, as the oxidizing agent or final electron acceptor.
The nitrate is converted to nitrogen gas and water. The bacteria cannot
use nitrate nitrogen for growth. They require ammonia or uric acid, and so
the removal of nitrate means the removal of a nitrogen source for algae from
the system. Anaerobic respiration is carried out by two species of pseud-
omonas in C-FLO.
B. Other nitrogen utilizing reactions:
Ammonia is oxidized to nitrite under aer UUJ.L UUIIUXl>J.ui i i iw
nitrite is further oxidized to nitrate by nitrobacter. The nitrate then
serves as the final electron acceptor for the reactions in 1A. This cycle
can provide for the substantial removal of nitrogen-containing compounds in
a system.
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2- Hydrogen sulfide is oxidized to sulfate aerobically. It may also
be converted to sulfate through anaerobic respiration or through anaerobic
photodecomposition by the rhodopseudomonas.
3- Carbohydrates are decomposed to sugars by the Bacillus and then
most of the organisms, the Aerobacter and the pseudomonas, can oxidize the
sugars to carbon dioxide.
4- Proteins are broken down to peptides and amino acids by the Bacillus
and utilized for growth by most of the organisms present in C-FLO. Amino
acids can be decomposed anaerobically but the products are putrid and
therefore such organisms capable of the fermentation of amino acids have
been eliminated from C-FLO.
5- BOD created from the anaerobic decomposition of fats, proteins, and
carbohydrates is oxidized aerobically by the Bacillus and the pseudomonas.
Thus the BOD is removed by oxidation. Suspended solids are removed to a
large degree through the action of the enzymes secreted by the Bacillus.
This creates BOD which is oxidized as mentioned previously.
After the Clean-Flo multiple inversion equipment has been installed,
35,208 gallons of C-FLO will be added. This will be added once a week for
3 applications. After these initial applications, this same quantity is to
be added once a month for 3 applications.
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3.3 Cost of the Proposed Action.
Project costs for the proposed action are $11,259,000. Costs will
increase about 10?o per year, due to inflation.
A summary of these costs is given in Table 15.
Table 15. Costs for The Restoration of Lake Apopka
Item Cost
Equipment, including cable $ 5,618,000
Offshore platforms 112,000
Labor 433,000
Electric Service 910,000
Maintenance, years 2-10 1,946,000
Microorganisms 986,000
Shipping 464,000
Consulting & Studies (10 years), including
travel 240,000
Contingencies 550,000
$ 11,259,000
3.4 Alternatives.
3.4.1 Dredging.
Dredging would deepen the lake, but would not improve water quality
so fish could survive.
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At an estimated $1.25 per cubic yard, dredging would cost approx-
imately $302,500,000, not including cost of procuring a spoils area, or
$100,000,000 if only 335o of the lake is dredged, or the littoral region.
This is considered to be economically unfeasible.
3.4.2 Drawdown
Dewatering the sediment will decrease sediment depth by 15%, at
the most(Fox, et _al, 1977).
Water quality will not be affected to any measureable degree, but
almost certainly, the basin will fill with cattails(Typha) in the littoral
regions, and with water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) in the remainder of
the lake.
Drawdown, therefore will not achieve the desired goals of improving
water quality for fish, or of reducing bottom sediment.
Cost of drawdown is $13,900,000, not including herbicides. At
$300 per acre per year, herbicides would cost about $9,000,000 per year.
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1. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
4.1 dilate
There will be no effect on climatic or meteorological factors re-
aulting from multiple inveraion, ita conatructicn or any portion of it.
All changaa will be in-lake, since multiple inveraion ie an in-lake process.
If drawdown ia used, there la some speculation aa to the teitpeta-
ture stabilizing effect of the lake for citrua crop.. This risk has been
dismiaaad because if was felt that temperature stabilization only occurs
within 300 feet of the shoreline.
4.2 Air Quality
The proposed action will cause carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas to
be exhausted to the atmosphere from the lake. It is doubtful that this is
a measurable quantity, once mixed with the atmosphere. Since the atmosphere
is 808 nitrogen, and 0.048 carbon dioxide, no harmful effect will result.
Initially, when the lake is rolled over, a detectable hydrogen
sulfide odor will exist immediately over each diffuser boil. This will not
be detectable 20 feet dovdwind of each diffuser. Hydrogen sulfide is
presently being exhausted by the lake whenever natural inversion occurs,
or during high winds.
The multiple inversion process will kill hydrogen sulfide-producing
organisms so that within one to two years, H2S will drop to very low levels.
Thus, while the initial effect will be the release of ultimately the
present release will be stopped. After one or two years, then, air
quality in the Lake Apopka vicinity will be improved over its present state.
The alternatives of drawdown or dredging would produce high levels
C-53
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of hydrogen sulfide release to the atmosphere, compared to multiple
inversion. None of these factors have been measured.
4.3 Acoustics.
Air compressors totaling 728 horsepower will be used in the proposed
action. These compressors will be placed in 70 land-based stations placed
1000 feet apart, and 112 floating stations placed 3000 feet apart.
Each station will produce 11 db noise, and will be audible at 22
feet distance.
No information was available for the dredging or drawdown alter-
natives. It is estimated that drawdown would use 1500 hp, located at one
station. This may produce over 60 db, which may be audible at 7000 feet,
and annoying at 6000 feet.
4.4 Water Quality.
Multiple inversion will improve water quality (Bateman, et al, 1977).
Downstream water will be better than the present quality.
The alternative actions cannot improve water quality. Dredging
would remove a source of nutrients, but this amount is about 9% of incoming
nutrients. As the sediment is being pumped, considerable nutrients would
be released. Drawdown of Lake Apopka will increase nutrient loading
initially (Fox, et al, 1977). No long-term information is available.
Another potential risk to the environment due to drawdown may be
from pumping pathogenic bacteria downstream. Staphococcus was found by
Belanger to be as high as 320,000/100 ml.
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4.5 Aquatic Biology.
In the proposed action, a food web will be reestablished in Lake
Apopka. Incoming nutrients and bottom organic sediment will be cycled
into the food web by an increase in benthic biota. Increased benthos and
zooplankton will become food for fish. Fish growth and vigor will improve
from the increase in invertebrates, and from stabilized oxygen and reduced
hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and carbon dioxide.
Drawdown or dredging would not affect the faunal life other than a
temporary loss of whatever benthic organisms presently exist. While draw-
down of other lakes have improved fishing and benthic forms, it cannot
affect faunal life in Lake Apopka because the water quality in this lake
will not change. This means that present hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, carbon
dioxide, and dissolved oxygen levels will remain relatively unchanged.
4.6 Terrestrial Ecology.
The proposed action will increase waterfowl useage of the lake which
may then increase their population in terrestrial areas.
The drawdown alternative will not affect terrestrial ecology.
Dredging, as an alternative would affect the flora and fauna of the
spoils area. This could have either a negative or positive impact, depending
on the amount of planning for the spoils area.
4.7 Socio Economics.
Lake Apopka was once known as one of the world's best fishing
C-55
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grounds. Today the fish are gone, and a single boat is seldom seen cruising
the lake. In 1962, estimates were made that one acre-foot of water used
for fishing and related activities adds $200 to $300 to the economy of a
state, while an acre-foot of water used by agriculture adds only $50
(Wollman, et al_, 1962). This amounts to about $9,000,000 per year at 1962
prices economic loss that Lake Apopka has suffered since 1950.
To bring fishing back to Lake Apopka, the lake must first be
brought back to life. A food web must be reestablished. Only multiple
inversion can accomplish this in Lake Apopka.
While equipment will be purchased from all over the United States,
local labor will be used to install and maintain the multiple inversion
equipment in Lake Apopka, at an expenditure of $433,000 for labor, and
$1,946,000 for continuing maintenance over years 2 to 10. Local electricians
will be hired at $910,000 to connect the electric service to the compressors.
These prices include materials, much of which will be purchased locally.
Because the alternatives will not restore the lake for fish, no
improvement of the economy will occur from fishing. If one of these alter-
natives were selected, money would be injected into the region from the labor
used. This information was not available for this study.
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5. ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS WHICH CANNOT
BE AVOIDED SHOULD PROJECT BE IMPLEMENTED
5.1 With Construction of Project
a- An increase of acoustic levels of 11 db at 70 land-based
stations and 112 floating stations,
b- Consumption of 728 hp 24 hours per day, 365 days per year,
c- Land useage. 100 square feet at each of 70 stations.
5.2 With Alternate Actions
a- Possible effects on spoils area with dredging,
b- Consumption of fuel for dredging power (figures not
available).
c- Consumption of 1500 hp over a two-year period with
drawdown. (Estimate),
d- Pumping of pathogenic bacteria into Lake Dora with
drawdown.
5.3 With No Action
a- A loss of employment, tourist revenue of approximately
$9,000,000 per year (1962 prices), snd ensuing socio-
logical and economic gains for the area,
b- The loss of a competitive poaition in the sport fishing
msrket.
c- Continuation of sedimentation, deaths of aquatic fauna,
and disease conditions.
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6. MEASURES UNDER CONSIDERATION TO MINIMIZE
UNAVOIDABLE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
a- Noise deadeners will be used in each compressor
housing. This decreases noise from 23 db down to
11 db.
b- Power consumption will be reduced, once the desired
goals are achieved.
7. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT TERM
USES OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT AND MAINTENANCE
AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG TERM PRODUCTIVITY
The implementation of the proposed project will assure optimum use
of a major body of water for the United States. Although it will consume a
relatively small amount of power for such an important use, the life expect-
ancy of the restoration will be measured in hundreds of years and will
provide recreation for tourists the world over, while bringing profitable
fishing license income to the state of Florida, and service income to mer-
chants on both a state-wide and local basis.
8. ANY IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENT
OF RESOURCES WHICH WOULD BE INVOLVED IN THE
PROPOSED ACTION/ SHOULD IT BE IMPLEMENTED
Irretrievable commitments of this project are limited to the manpower
expended in its construction; the material used, such as compressors,
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fiberglass, plastic hose, and electric cable and the energy used to
operate the equipment. This energy, along with maintenance of the
equipment, is an on-going expense, once the project is initiated.
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Viner, A. B., 1975. The sediments of Lake George (Uganda) II:
Release of ammonia and phosphate from an undisturbed mud
surface. Arch. Hydrobiol. (Ger.), 76, 368.
Vollenweider, R. A., 1969. Possibilities and limits of
elementary models concerning the budget of substances in
lakes. Arch. Hydroboil., 66:1-36.
Vollenweider, R. A., 1976. Advances in defining critical loading
levels for phosphorus in lake eutrophication. Mem. First Ital.
Idrobiol. (Ital.), 33, 53.
C-62
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Volk, Wesley A. and Wheeler, Margaret F., Basic Microbiology.
J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, 1973. PP. 268, 275.
Wirth, T. L. and R. C. Dunst 1967. Limnological changes
resulting from artificial destratification and aeration
of an impoundment. Wis. Cons. Dept. Research Report 22.
15 P.
Wirth, T. L. and R. D. Dunst, P. D. Uttormark, and Wm.
Hilsenhoff, 1970. Manipulation of reservoir waters for
improved quality and fish population response. Wis. Dept.
of Natural Res., Research Report 62, Madison.
Wollman, N., R. L. Edgel, M. E. Farris, H. R. Stucky and
A. J. Thomson, 1962. The value of water in alternative
uses. Univ. New Mex. Press, 426 pp.
1971. Lake Apopka water
quality improvement program. Florida Dept. of Poll. Contr.
29 p.
C-63
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March 19, 1979
Mr. Robert L. Lalng, Praaldant
Claan-Flo Laboratories
4342 Shady Oak Road
Hopkins, Minnesota 55343
Daar Mr. Lalng:
Tour feasibility study for tha restoration of Leke Apopka through the
Clean Flo sethod has boon car*fully nvlawd by our technical staff.
Enclosed an specific consents on various aspects of that study. Our
aajor concern is that many of tha statements In the proposal are based
- - - •-«- vMfafltim of the onck
nejor concern is cnac nsny or «» ¦»»««•»• — —¦
on undocunsnted date, especially with regard to reduct . r t±^
layer. Other statanents conflict with the noet g*can^ LI . . _
S^L*?6!1™4 ««• *«»• ****
Patrick Bresonlk. We also feel that many or ww «n ¦*.¦»«.
undereetlaated and thet a ten-year reetoretlon plsn
tine fraae.
Ae you are aware, the federal H^'egnaant^placoe^certeln^restrictions on
funding lake reetoratlon projects through f -,,v. aeration
arally, funding is not available for the "-^en^ofl^JM'Jt^n
devicee except when such procedures are e neceseary ptellninary pjrt.
4«. »n raoulrenent, there does not suit to be
propoeal in eelationihip to this "<*^^^Jh^S2ni°interpTets the
e pernenent reetvretlve ection. If the federei goverawn* J™
propoeal in a elallar fashlan, the full burden i?l#S2
would then fell on the Stete of Florida. Thle would drastically affect
the funding outlook.
If your propoeal is to be coneidered seriously .the ltene ofeoncem noted
in thle letterand in the enclosed consents wst be sddressed. V appreciate
your internet in Leke Apopka, but this office renaine of the opinion that the
^poeed drawdown <*pre££s the «ost potentially suceeseful and cost-ef-
fective neene of reetoriag Leke Apopka.
Sincerely,
JPu) ilzohl
A. Jean Toloan, Administrator
Water Reeourcee Reetoretlon
and Preeervatlon
AJT:ewm
cc: Sep. Everett Kelly
Archie Cerr III
C-64
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pg 1, In 10-17
What la tha source of your nutrient budget? Tour findings differ
considerably from Brezonlk at al, 1978 (see references cltad).
pg 2, In 8
Wavaee not aware that bottom sedimenta continue "to accumulate at an
ever-lncreaalng rate'." Can you document this statement?
pg22, la 9-11
No fish kills In Apopka or Its downstream lakes have been attributed
to ammonia or other naturally occurring toxic gases.
pg 2, In 14-16
The est lasts of nitrogen fixation for Laks Apopka ly Cytodpfcyta-and
fHiaaulftus species Is totally unreasonable. Plsase document. See
Bresonik at al, 1978.
pgl?23,ln 18-22
Bacterial coneeatratloas in Lake Apopka generally remain within the
levala for Class III waters. Mills Staphylococcus concentration
are generally not measured, thia one sample data would seen to b«
an anomaly.
pg 3, In 13-16
Toxic gaaaa and low DO have not been at dangerous levels in the water
coluan of Apopka.
pg 4, la-6-10
The bottom waters of Laka Apopka are aerobic 95X of the tine becauae
the laka is so sha&lov and sssily mixed by wind and wave action.
Pg 4, la 11-13
Keeping interstitial waters aerobic nay reduce the raleaaa of phosphorus
from deep lakes, but it will have a minimal affect in this shallow laka
vhara advmctive apvamut of nutrient a out of the sedlmsnts is important.
pg 3, la 15-21
Thla ays tarn of dlffuears and weighted tubing would also lncraaaa
turbidity in tha laka by disturbing ths flocculsnt muck. Nutrients
oould ba released by advactive processes, and CO, snd N, could Increase
through inxttini "Ij lncrsaaaa could causa fish Kills tbanda).
pg 3, la 22 through pg 6, la 2
Bacterial action would also csuse raleaaa of P and N to tha water coiuan.
1
C-65
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pg 6, la 4-5
A 10-year project cannot ba estimated at today's prices. Consideration
must Ml so bo given to price Increase*, replacement costs, sad Inflation
over the life of the project.
pg 6, In 5-7
Herbicides cannot sad will not beuused la a drawdown restoration,
pg 8, la 1-2
This Is only true la a P-llalted systaa. Lake Apopka fluctuates between
P sad N limitation.
pg 8, In 7-11
Phosphorus Is prlaarlly rslaaseil to the water column by advectlve
mixing of sediaeats, not through algal decomposition.
pg 8, In 15-18
Iaproveuisnt of nutrient status through sa aerobic bottom has not been
shown on Lake Apopka as the wording of this sentence seems to ladlcats.
Pg 10, la 16-22
Agala, our nutrient budgets do not fully agree with yeura.Wa need to
see documentation of the extant of aitrogsa fixation by cyanophyta.
Also, nitrogen release fron the bottoei sediaeats has not been docuasated
in previous drawdowns.
pg 10, la 3-5
Vox et al show only sa increase In orthophosphate and nitrate
release tram reflooded consolidated sediments. Nutrient levels actually
decreased substantially over tl». Drawdown, by keeping the sedlasnts
consolidated, will retard nutrient release over the long run.
Pg 11, la 1-2
Currently, sasioala levels poee no threat to fish populations.
7g 11, la 15-18 sad pg 11, In 23 snd pg 16, la 9-11
These lUtawts are not ooaslstsat with each ether snd dstract from
the aectttuy of your assessment.
Pg 12, la 1
Hers you stftts that Apopka often has pR levels greater than 10.0. Our
data iadlcata that la Lake Apopka during 1977, pB ranged tram 8.3 to
9.2 (Bvssonlk et al, 1978).
2
C-66
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pg 15, Table 1
Wa feel thee our nost recent data from BrSxcmik et al (1978) are more
reliable than your older data. These data show the following averagas
for ten stations:
anaemia nitrogen "26.3 ng/1
ortho P «¦ 1.07 ng/1
pg 17, Table 4
See additional current data from Breconlk et al (1978)
(lake-wide annual means)
ealclun (ng/1) 48.9
sodiun (ng/1) 15.7
potaaaium (ng/1) 6.5
oajneslun (ng/1) 19.6
turbidity 23.2
color (cpu) 72.7
specific conductivity (uobo/cn) 414
DO (««/l) 6.5 - 12.9
pfl 8.87
total alkalinity (ng/1) 119
NH3-H (ng/1) 0.040
ortho-P (ng/1) 0.047
total P (ng/1) 0.221
N03 (ng/1) O.0S1
total organic N 3.4
nitrite N (ng/1) lese than 0.01
SIP2 <«8/l) 2.5
prlaary prod, (ng C/hr) 208 (grose->-140 (net)
hardness (ng/1 aa CaG0«) 203
TOG (ng/1) 47
pg 18, Table 5
Ms find sane data In this table difficult to believe. What la the
source of this Inforaatlon?
Pg 19, Tabln 6
Again, w feel this Infornatioo la not accurate. What la your-
oourca of data?
pg 20, In V-6
We hive no luaon to expect an extensive growth of hyacinths during the
drawdown. Da acknowledge that hyaelstha nultlply rapidly on a sand-sub
strata (FG&FWFC, 1978), but Lake Apopka would have very little exposed
Mody botton. Aa to rooted aquatic vegetation, we expect and welcoaa
Its gemination and growth.
pg 21, la 22-25 and pg 22, In 1-6
Tha conversion of N0« to N- would occur only under anaerobic conditions
would supposedly not exist during the Clean-Flo aeration proceaa.
C-67
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PS 22, la 8-11
PImm docunsnt the total rraoml of all organic natter with only
Inorganic natarlal loft.
pg 23, la 14
Thla atatanant la not true. Saa Bresonlk at al (1978).
pg 25, la 2-7
Thle would ba lrralavant alaca oxygon depletion haa not baan a problaa
la Apopka.
pg 25, la 17-18
Vhat study ara you referring to In thla statement? Zt la nornal for all
lakaa to have tha littoral ragloa aa tha aaln livable habitat.
pg 26, la 1-12
This would ba Irrelevant alaca temperature tolaranea of flah haa not
baan a problaa In Apopka.
pg 27, la 1-13
Moat fisheries blologlsta would agree that a haalthy stand of rootad
aquatic vagatatloo la required for a aalf-nalntalalng sporta fishery.
Tha propoaal stataa that lakaa that had aaration projacta In tha paat
(Lakta Us at on and Magglora) now aupport fair, if any, aubaargent naero-
phytaa. Although tha propoaal further stataa that tha lakaa ara now
teeodag with baas, ws faal that thla could ba an artificial aad
temporary altuatloa.
Ha agraa that a lack of vegetation "....will eliminate escape cover
for alanowe and other foraf flah.but aa do not agraa that thla
la beneficial. Oadar such conditions populations of pray ltaoa would
quickly become depleted. In •addition, young sports flah would alao
hava no aacapa cover and would quickly ba reduced la nuabara through
predatlon. Tha raaultaat fishery would conalat of aoaa large pradatora
with faw or no Juvaallea to replace thoee adulta caught by flaharaen.
pg 28, la 1-4
Shad an currently doing quite wall la Apopka. They generally doolaate
other apaclaa of flah in tha lake by weight and/or nuaber (VGtVWVC, 1977).
Shad ara generally thought of aa a aulaanca apaclaa and, aa atatad on
paga 24, Lfenaa 19-20 of your propoaal, FG4JVFC conducted ahad poleonlnga
on Lake Apopka la 1957-59.
pg 28, la 12-17
See consent, pg 27, la 3-13.
4
C-68
-------
pg 29, la 5—6
Acromonas wi Identified in virtually all lakes tasted In South
Florida (Welling#, Epidemiology Research Center, personal
coaaunlcation).
pg 29, In 1-4 end In 10-12
Hov did Staphylococcus reach each high levels without nultiplying
In the natural waters?
pg 30, In 9-17
The pH level in Apopka everagea 8.87 (Bresonlk, et al 1978).
pg 31, la 15 through pg 32, In 12
This lnforaatioa la not consistent with our currant aatarlal (Bresonlk,
at al 1978). Plaaaa document the nitrogen fixation levala and nutrient
recycling fro* bottoor • sedlaents.
Attached are water and nutrient budgets for Laka Apopka froa the dean-
Flo proposal, and froa the referencad Bresonlk study. The budgets In
the Bresonlk etudy are baaad on a large data aat of nonthly water
quality parsastar values for 1977. Laka Apopka* a hydraulic retention
tiaa la Braaonlk'a study was 6.3 yaara, while the ratantlon tlaa in the
Clean-Flo propoeal waa 0.8 years. Although evaporation la rarely In-
cluded la the hydraulic retention tiaa calculations, it waa included in
the Clean-Flo water budget. The Clean-Flo water retention tiaa value
actually suggaata that there is a higher probability of a successful
natural restoration of the laka onaa pollution abatement la instituted.
Slgnlflesnt dlscrepsaclee exist between tha nutrient bod gats of Clean-Flo
•nd tha Braaoaik study. An exeaple la tha nitrogen and phoaphorus fluxes
ina to tha eltrua Induatry. Clean-Flo valuea are approximately 10 tiaaa
¦ore than tha values of Bresonlk. Tha Claaa-Ylo valuea aay represent
nutrient before tha eltrua induatry instituted pollution abate-
Mit aaaaurea, bat are aore likely due to unrealistic rates of nutrient
load lag from tha citrus groves. Tha nitrogen fixation rata 1a the Claan-
Flo propoeal is extreaely high. Utadar sufficient nitrogen conditions,
wy llttla nltrogsn fixation occurs because it la energetically la-
faaalble for tha algae. Sinee large lnputa of nitrogen presently enter
tha laka, vary llttla nitrogen fixation would be expaetad. Disregarding
¦aill—nt recycling, dae*-Fler>nAtt*fta sad phoaphorus fluxsa are 3-10
•nd 2-«o tiaaa aore, respectively, than la Bresonlk*s study.
Although aadiaant nutrient raayeliag la shallow Laka Apopka takes tha
aae of Vnllanwetiler pernlaalbla nutrient loading aodala rather tenuous,
both Clean-Flo and Bresonlk uaed than for cooperative purpoeea before
and af&ar pollution abataaant. Olffarencaa in tha nutrient and hydraulic
data could inconsistencies between the Clean-Flo aad Bresonlk
results; however, the shape of the deliaeatlona separating the eutrophle,
aesotrophlc, end ollgotrophlc levels vara totally inaccurate la the
Clean-Flo report.
5
C-69
-------
PS 41, la 12-15
Whet would be tfaa status of recreational and coaasrclal use of T^ira
Apopka daring this 10-y»ar period?
pg 42, la 7-13
A nor* suitable restoration technique would return a lake to such a
condition that the lake would be able to care for Itself naturally
(as It did before Its crisis). This would not happen because the
layer of calcltai phosphate deposited on the bottom of the lake by
aeration (page 22, lines 8-11) would redlssolve upon cessation of
aeration (page 12, lines 2-4). Also, the coot eotlmste for thle
continued Maintenance was not included In the proposal.
p« 44, la 17-21
This reaction only occurs durlas snaeroble conditions which would sup-
posedly not exist durlas the Claan-Flo process.
PS 45, la 12-14
BOD la the decomposition of organic astarlal measured in the aaount of
oxygsa used per al of water. BOD is oxidation and Is not raaortd by
oxidation.
PS 46, Table 15
This «oet estiaete Is iaacevrata in that it does not reflect the true
cost of the pwoject. Since inflation will undoubtedly take plaee during
the project, such increases should be calculated throughout the life of
the 10-year restoration. The proposal states "costs will increase about
10Z per year, das to inflation," but it Is unclear whether or not these
additional costs were iacludad in the cost estiaate.
PS 46, la 18-19
Qi do not agree with the stateasnt that dredging would not lap row water
quality. Ita the long ra, dredging would iaprove water queltiy by re-
newing the loose ssdiasats which are continuously stirred up by wind and
action.
pg 47, In 8
Si do not agree that wtar quality would not be laprowd In tha Ions run.
PS 47, la 9-11
Mi do not agree that Typha is to be avoided, nor that hyacinths would
take over tha lake.
PS 47, la 14-15
Berbleldas would not be wad In tha proposed drawdown.
6
C-70
-------
pg 48, In 7-9
The rlak of frost /frMM dattgi h« not b««n dismissed. By aalntalng
on* meter of wmtcr In the lake during the winter months and by scheduling
ths drawdown during ths warmer months, ths protective properties of the
would remain substantially unchanged • (See appropriate section of
Draft E1S for further explanation.)
pg 48, In 14 through pg 49, In 2
Why would drawdown or dredging release more H S than aeration? In
aeration, ^ release of H-5 would last W yuti while In drawdown It
would last less than 1 yeaf.
pg 49, In 9-12
Thl. » In th. Drift 813. Haytfc th. ntUl.«tlc °f.I.Ctrl*
punps In the von populated areas, the noise lapyt would be greatly re-
duced. Alio, baffles could be constructed around the punp areaa for
further mitigation, if necessary,
pg 49, In 13-20
t* ~~.ia **.. would cause additional turbidity, at least
Xt V9\lld M49I Cm€ j •_ aJjf-li"f/iii
ssss: srs srssfars. asrajrs-. -
the water colon.
Pg 50, In 8-17
Theee statements are not accurate. See HMftrBlS.
Pt 51, In 19
. . f lauroved fishing benefits (
female k«.flt.. both —
are addressed in the Draft SIS (Appendix
t.4 fraretuTS Cited
»e Florida DER). Department of
Bveaoolk at al. 1978. Apopka **2^ Gainesville, Florida.
Engineering Sciences, Dnlrarsity of Tlar±i*t
FG4FWFC. 1978. «*l««ha Basin fisheries InvestigstIon, Lake Carlton Re-
habilitation Evaluation, F-30-3.
¦ - Baain riaherlee Invsstigetions,
PG4IWTC. 1977. Study 1. Upper Cfclawana
P-30, Final Hsport.
7
C-71
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April 3, 1979
Ms. A. Jean Tolman, Administrator
Water Resources Restoration and Preservation
Department of Environmental Regulation
State of Florida
Twin Towers Office Building
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee, Florida 32301
Dear Ms. Tolman:
Thank you sincerely for your thorough review of our proposal to re-
store Lake Apopka. We especially appreciate your willingneas to review
alternate proposals such as ours after already working so hard toward a
drawdown.
In this letter, I hope to respond to your satisfaction on all of the
points you have rai8ed, including documentation. We do know that while
EPA welcomes innovative and alternative approaches to maintain an aerobic
system above the bottom sediments, that presently they will not share
maintenance or power costs. Accordingly, we will break the cost figures
into initial costs and annual on-going costs. We have been advised
through other proposals that if we can demonstrate on the basis of technical
merit that there is a reasonable probability of success toward restoring
Lake Apopka, then there is a strong possibility that the project would be
eligible for consideration under the clean lakes program as an experimental
project. This means that they would fund up to 90% of the initial cost3,
rather than 505o, if we can ahow them the innovativeness of multiple inversion
in combination with bacteria on this major body of water, while teats on
small lakes demonstrate its feasibility.
At the time our proposal was prepared, I was unaware that Brezonik,
et al were in the process of presenting new information (1978) or that
your EIS was completed. I would very much appreciate receiving copies of
each of these, so that our proposal can be updated and resubmitted as
expeditiously as possible. I estimate that once we have the materials,
corrections can be made and our proposal can be resubmitted within three
weeks. In the meantime, I am submitting the following preliminary reaponse
to the questions raised in your letter of March 19, 1979.
C-72
-------
Ms. A. Jean Tolman
April 3, 1979
Page 2
Page 1, lines 10-17
The source of our nutrient budget was Schneider, et al, 1969, and
Fox, et al, 1977, while muck farm data came from the Florida State Board
of Health Report, 1965. Winter Garden STP input was obtained from Marshall
Robertson, Supt., Winter Garden Waste Treatment Plant. This data will be
updated to reflect Brezonik, et al, 1978 when it is received.
Page 2, line 8
We thought that it was common knowledge that sediment accumulation in
lakes accelerates with age. For this reason we felt documentation was
not necessary. Some references are: Orme, 1975} Sasseville, 1974;
(Federal Highway Administration, 1973; Corps of Engineers, 1972; Olarn,
1971* Water Resources Council, 1970, 1971). References in parenthesis
are digests or bibliographies of work being done on sedimentation, and
contain well over 2,000 references, some of which give sedimentstion rates.
Due to our need to respond quickly to your review, we can provide more
specific references at a later date, if you feel such a need.
Page 2, lines 9-11
While no fishkills have been attributed to ammonia in Lake Apopka,
levels measured (i.e. 26.3 mg/1 from Brezonik, et al, 1978) indicate
that they probably have occured.
Ammonia levels ranging from 0.068 mg/1 to over 3.56 mg/1 can be toxic
to fish (Mukherjee, et al, 1974; Rice, et al, 1975; Fromm, 1970; Burrows,
1964; Reichenbach-Klinke, 1967; Weil-Malherbe, 1962; Fromm, et al, 1968).
Hydrogen sulfide was not measured in Apopka Lake, but it is apparent
from the other water chemistry that H-S is also critically high. H2S is
harmful to fish at levels of 0.4 mg/1 or higher (Broderius, et al, 1976;
Smith, et al, 1975 and 1976). Multiple inversion, coupled with bacterial
action converts H-S to harmless sulfates (Stanier, et al, 1976). Free C02
above 25 ppm can Be lethal to fish. (Black, et al, 1954; Doudoroff, et al,
1950; Powers, et al, 1939).
Page 2, lines 14-16
Fox, et al, 1977 shows all phytoplankton to be blue-green (cyanophyta),
including anabena sp., and microcystis sp.
Some species of blue-green algae such as anabena sp., aphanizomenon
flog aquae, and microcystis aeruginosa can be toxic to mammals, birds,
and~fish (Prescott, 1951 and 1954).
C-73
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Ms. A. Jean Tolman
April 3, 1979
Page 3
Blue-green algae have the ability to extract up to 80 lbs per acre
nitrogen from the atmosphere (De, 1939; Fogg, 1941; Fritsch et al, 1938;
and Hutchison, 1944) or up to 2,480,000 lbs nitrogen per year in Lake
Apopka. Carbon dioxide is also extracted in large quantities.
We have repeatedly found in our research that noxious and nuisance
blue-green algae blooms can be reduced or eliminated. As these plant
species are circulated under water, they can no longer survive. This
elimination has also been documented by Haynes, 1971, and Maleug, 1971.
Green algae growths can also be reduced as various water chemistry
parameters such as pH and carbon dioxide concentrations are changed by
aeration (Macbeth, 1973),
Therefore, since green algae and other species except cyanophyta
are incapable of extracting nitrogen from the atmosphere, it follows that
up to 2,480,000 lbs of nitrogen can be prevented from entering Lake Apopka
each year.
Page 2, lines 18-22
While this data, showing Staphvloccocus levels of 322,000/100 ml,
may be an anomaly, it is well known that swimmers and divers ave o en
acquired skin rashes from the water. Staphylococcus aureus causes impeigo,
which may develop into carbuncles, boils, or other infections (Swatek, 1967).
Because Staphylococcus causes pneumonia, further investiga on appears to
be warranted. If staph is found not to be the cause, it would seem that
the real cause should be determined before this water is pumped downstream.
Page 3, lines 13-16
Ammonia has been as high as 26.3 mg/1 (Brezonik, et al, 1978). Bottom
values of hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and dissolved oxygen are not
known by me to have been measured (See comments above, Page 2, lines 9-11),
Page 4, lines 6-10
I have not seen data on bottom D.O., and therefore cannot respond
directly to your statement. If the interstitial water is anaerobic 5* of
the time, or 18 days out of the year, as your statement indicates, this is
enough to kill the benthic organisms and release vast amounts of ammonia
and phosphorus into the water column through anaerobic activity.
Mackenthun and McNabb, 1959 show a 943 decline in benthos population
after temporary anaerobic benthic conditions. Lack of benthic invertebrates
in Lake Apopka found by Fox et al, 1977 (p.46) is consistent with 18 days of
anoxia in view of Mackenthun and McNabb.
C-74
-------
Ms. A. Jean Tolman
April 3, 1979
Page 4
Taylor (1) found nutrients recycled from bottom sediment in a mesa-
trophic Connecticut lake during periods of anaerobic conditions to be
3.3 times more nitrogen than all other influent sources, and 3 6
more phosphorus. Terry (1974) found 51 to 171 mg ammonia released oer
kg of sediment per day when anaerobic conditions exist. With approxi-
mately 8 x 10 kilograms in the first three inches of sediment in Lak*
Apopka, this would amount to 850,000 to 2,850,000 lbs. per day ammonia
released during anaerobic interstitial conditions. Sonzogni, et al (1977)
measured a sediment release rate of 7 mg p/n£day for Lake ShaqawaTn
Minnesota during two summer months* This would amount to 878 ODD un/Hau
or 1,936,000 pounds P per day for Lake Apopka under similar conditions
Over an 18 day period, this would amount to 6.9 to 15.8 million ko/vr
ammonia and 15.8 million kg/yr phosphorus released from the sediment-
Schneider, et al, 1969, p. 23 estimates the top three feet of sediment
in Lake Apopka to contain approximately 500 million pounds of nitroaen
(all forms) and 5-10 million,pounds of phosphorus.
Many other researchers have found large increases in ammonia and
phosphorus during periods of anaerobic activity (Mortimer 1941-
et al, 1967} McKee, et al, 1963; Black, et jL
Robinette, 1976; Fekete, 1974} and Pamatmat, et ,al, 1973). ' '
It has been shown that by maintaining aerobic conditions over lake
bottom sediments in other lakes, the nutrient status of the lake h!
improved (Fillos, gt al, 1976; S.rruya, 1975, Kaap-NiSia^ W5; Wner
1975} Poon et al, 1976} Ripl, 1976} Fitzgerald, 1970} Mortimer 1971• '
¦ "e^iUal
EcUrS act^Trted t0 ^
Page 4, lines 11-13
The above information for paae 4. lines fi-in oKm.u « i_t.
ais£)< K yo ""*8 6-iu should answer this question
(1) Taylor, R. B., May 16, 1978. Lake Wononscupomuc, Salisbury
Connecticut. Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection
Private Communication.
C-75
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Ms. A. Jean Tolman
April 3, 1979
Page 5
Page 5, lines 15-21
It is normal to feel the diffusers would increase turbidity in the
lake and release CC^ and This is because aeration systems have such
a reputation. It has not occurred, however, in lakes treated by Clean-Flo
Multiple Inversion (See Bateman, et al, 1977 and St. Petersburg data on
Lake Maggiore). Lake Apopka is very similar to Lake Maggiore, in which
blue tilapia increased from 1%-lb average to 2 to 4 lbs each, black bass
increased from minnows to 4 to 6 lbs, and "brim" from minnows to hand-
sized over a two-year period. Bass and brim were not found in the lake
prior to treatment. Fresh water shrimp, which were not found before, are
now abundant. This will be documented in July of this year by an independ-
ent agency.
Page 5, lines 22 through Page 6, line 2
Bacteria feed on phosphorus and nitrogen in the water column, and in
the bottom sediment, competing with aquatic plants for these nutrients.
They would then be consumed by zooplankton, which would provide food for
higher organisms, ultimately to become food for fi8hes. Our data always
shows reductions in P and N in the water column under our program (e.g.
Bateman, et al, 1977).
Page 6, lines 4-5
Price increases, replacement costs, and inflation were calculated in
the 10-year project. A8 stated earlier, it will be broken down in the
revised proposal.
Page 6, lines 5-7
It was my opinion that unless herbicides are used in a drawdown program,
the lake will be unuseable for recreation purposes, with Typha growing as
much as one-half mile from the shoreline, and heavy waterhyacinth or hydrilla
growth throughout most of the remainder of the lake. This wa8 only an opinion,
based on the water quality of Lake Apopka, the results of the Lake Carlton
drawdown, the Lake Lawne drawdown in Orlando, Lake Munson near Tallahassee,
and the reports by Hestand, et a^, 1974 and 1975. While herbicides cannot
be funded by EPA, I felt that their possible need should be mentioned for
the benefit of state and local funding agencies.
C-76
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Ms. A* Jean Tolman
April 3, 1979
Page 6
Page 8, lines 1-2
I will change this statement to show that Lake Apopka fluctuates between
P and N limitation. Thank you for bringing this to my attention.
Page 8, linea 7-11
Subject to your approval, this sentence will be rewritten, per your
comment, as follows! "This is released as algae die and decay on the bottom,
providing phosphorus for new growth by advective mixing, and when the
sediment-water interface becomes anaerobic."
Page 8, lines 15-18
This statement will be changed to show that improvement of nutrient
status through an aerobic bottom has been shown on other lakes. Thank you
for catching this semantic oversight.
Page 10, lines 16-22
This paragraph will be corrected according to the new data from
Brezonik, et al, 1978. Nitrogen and phosphorua release from the Lake Apopka
sediment has been documented by Fox, et al, 1977, pp. 77-79, in Lake Apopka.
Documentation on other lakes was presented under my response to your comments
on page 4, lines 6-10.
Nitrogen fixation by cyanophyta has now been documented (see corrections
under Page 2, lines 14-16 above).
Page 10. lines 3-5
Nutrient levels over 150-180 days showed an increase in ortho-phosphate
(d. 58)» a decrease in total N (p. 60), and not much difference in the other
oarameters fr0m the controls, in Fox, et al, 1977, This section will be re-
vised when the Brezonik, et al, 1978 report is received. These tests did
not simulate incoming nutrients however, and it is doubtful thst retardation
of nutrient release from the sediment will improve the quality of incoming
water. Even according to the Brezonik, et al, 1978 data, nutrient loading
must be reduced to improve water quality.
Water quality did not improve with simulated drawdown over time. It
merely returned to about the same level as the controls. Any final differences
between the drawdown tests and the controls in column and tank simulations were
reversed in pool simulations. The controls were supposed to simulate Lake
Apopka flushed with Gourd Neck spring water.
C-77
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Ms. A. Jean Tolman
April 3, 1979
Page 7
Page 11, lines 1-2
References were given above under "page 2, lines 9-11" showing Lake
Apopka levels of ammonia to be an extreme threat to fish. The ammonia
level will be changed from "10" to "26.3" mg/1, according to Brezonik,
et al, 1978.
Page 11, lines 15-18 and Page 11, line 25 and Page 16, lines 9-11
Using Tillman's formula:
where alkalinity (as CaCO,) and CO^ are in ppm (Newell, 19—), we get a day-
time CO- value of 10 mg/1 in Belanger's data, p. 16. Carbon dioxide increases
each night, and declines each day due to plant respiration, causing each
of these factors to cycle diurnally. The bicarbonate/carbonate forms of
alkalinity have not been measured in this important process. Please explain
the inconsistencies that you find in this assessment, and I will change it
accordingly.
Page 12, line 1
We stated that pH levels were often greater than 10.0. This was an
error on my part, and should be 9.0. Thank you for pointing this out. The
text will be changed accordingly.
Page 15, table 1
Thank you for this information. I will add Ammonia (N) s 26.3 mg/1 and
Ortho P = 1.07 mg/1 to this table (1978 data).
Page 17, table 4
Again, thank you for the Brezonik, et al, 1978 data, which will be
added to this table.
C-78
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Ms. A. Jean Tolman
April 3, 1979
Page 8
Page 18, table 5
The references for the water chemistry tables were given on page 15.
This was a poor format, and will be revised in the updated proposal to
show references with each table. Table 5 data was from Schneider, et al.
1969 pp. 8, 31-34, D-6, except for nitrogen fixation which is an estimate
from the references cited earlier (page 2, lines 14-16).
Page 19, table 6
Table 6 was taken from tables 5 and 14. It will be changed to Brezonik,
et al, 1978 data when I receive it.
Page 20, lines 4-6
My response to your question to page 6, lines 5-7 applies here also.
However, you have vastly more experience than I with the results of drawdown
so I will modify this section to show that although you acknowledge that
water hyacinths multiply rapidly on a sand-substrate (1350 acres, Schneider,
et al, 1969 to 1550 acres, Fox, et al, 1977), you have no reason to expect
an extensive growth during the drawdown. I will further indicate that you
expect and welcome the germination and growth of rooted aquatic vegetation.
Page 21, lines 22-25 and Page 22, lines 1-6
Conversion of N0^ to Nj is unique to the Clean-Flo process. The inter-
stitial water must be aerobic to oxidize ammonia to nitrate. The sediment must
be low in oxygen, as you indicated, so that pseudomonas will act facultatively
to use nitrate in place of oxygen as the final election acceptor, and carbon
from the sediment, exhausting COg, N2, and water. See Stanier, et al, 1976
pp. 724 and 595* CO2 and Nj are then exhausted to the air.
Page 22, lines 8-11
(2)
Organic sediment removal is documented by Laing, 1979. Other
documentation is forthcoming from several independent researchers, on this
recent discovery for which patents are pending.
(2) Laing, R. L., 1979. Organic sediment removal through multiple inversion.
Clean-Flo Laboratories, Inc., 15 pp. to be published.
C-79
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Ms. A. Jean Tolman
April 3, 1979
Page 9
Page 23, line 14
This information was taken from Fox, et al_, 1977, page 46. However,
only the northeast section of Lake Apopka was sampled. Very few benthic
invertebrates were found in 30 stations in 1970-71. Those found are low-
oxygen tolerant. I will correct this statement with Brezonik, et_ al, 1978
data, and add it to table 11.
Page 25, lines 2-7
The fact that no invertebrates were found in the northeastern section
of Lake Apopka in 1977, and very few in the remainder of the lake in previous
tests is an indication of severe recurrent oxyaen depletions (Meckenthun,
et al, 1959; Wangsness, 1977; Mackenthun, 1969),
Page 25, lines 17-18
Here, I was referring to Fox, et al, 1977, pages 45-46; the Florida
Department of Pollution Control, 1972, Lake Apopka restoration project
F.D.P.C. Tallahasee, Appendices B-l to B-4; and the Florida State Board of
Health, undated. Biological, chemical, and physical study of Lake Apopka,
1962-1964. Fla. State Board of Health, Jacksonville 56 + p.
It is only normal for highly eutrophic lakes to have only the littoral
region as livable habitat, while the presence of organic sediment is an
indication of lack of benthic life.
Page 26, lines 1-12
The purpose of this statement was to show that any increased temperature
due to multiple inversion will not harm the fish.
Page 27, lines 3-13
Clean-Flo Laboratories, Inc. has been restoring lakes since 1971. All of
these lakes are healthy fisheries. An example is Crystal Lake, Robbinsdale,
Minnesota*. This lake had a few stunted bullheads (Ictalurus melas R.) and
goldfish (Carassins auratus) found only at the shoreline. Bottom ammonia
was 20 mg/1, carbon dioxide 50 mg/1, hydrogen sulfide 4.8 mg/1, and dissolved
oxygen 0 mg/1* In nineteen days, the lake was restored for fish, with bottom
ammonia 0.2 mg/1, carbon dioxide 5 mg/1, hydrogen sulfide 0.0 mg/1, and
dissolved oxygen 14 mg/1. The lake was stocked by Minnesota DNR with fingerling
C—80
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Ma. A. 3ean Tolman
April 3, 1979
Page 10
northern pike, bass, bluegill, and crappie, and today 20-25 lb northern
pike are caught on a regular basia, with the other fish also thriving.
Crystal Lake began with a dense aquatic macrophyte growth prior to
restoration, and now it is sparse.
Such results are the rule in Clean-Flo restored lakes, and healthy fish
in these lakes are no more temporary than results being reported on drawdown
lakes. Yet, water quality remains much better than Lakes Tohopekaliga,
Eola, Lawne, Munsun, and Carlton for instance, which were drawn down.
Your statement that lack of vegetation is beneficial would not be true
in Lake Apopka, which has been practically devoid of submergent vegetation
for years, and has an overpopulation of stunted shad, and lack of significant
game fish.
In contrast, it is well-known that lakes filled with dense macrophyte
arowth often have an overpopulation of stunted fish (Snow, et al, 1970;
Jenkins, et al, 1953; Bennet, 1962), and that dense aquatic macrophyte
growth often follows drawdowns.
In Michigan are two lakes, ten miles apart, Houghton Lake has been an
alaae lake for at least fifty years, while Higgins Lake has been crystal
clear (Secchi disk up to 250 feet) with aquatic macrophytes. Houghton Lake
is well known for its excellent bass fishing, while Higgins Lake is well
known for its lack of fish.
Thus it aoDears that dense macrophyte growth produces stunted fish; and
that whether flake has sparse vegetation or all algae is not as portent
as water quality and a good food web.
Page 28, lines 1-4
T lu-x. Bhorf are doinq quite we-11 in Lake Apopka, and are generally
«. La9r° ¦ZZL?Lecies. Although I alluded to It on page 27,
hought of as a nui d would be brought into a more
iiT , i uhon the water is restored to encourage healthy baee
ontrolled balance nerform a very useful function of consuming
boUom'sediment^and will in turn become ?0od for «. baas. This section
will be revised accordingly.
r 4. 4. fish management programs in Lake Apopkh were only
In contrast, previtus fwnj" 9Schneider> ^ ^ 1969 state*.on page
temporary, and harmful ^o decompose...twenty million pounds of
D-7, "...Trash fish poisoned and left to dec mp ^ £ of '
ahad left to decompose in Lake Apopka
phosphorus."
C-81
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Ms. A. Jean Tolman
April 3, 1979
Page 11
Page 28, lines 12-17
The difference here is that the Clean-Flo program will encourage limited
aquatic macrophyte growth, while drawdown will in all probability, due to
the enormous influx of nutrients from outside sources plus the initial release
of phosphorus and ammonia from the sediment, cause a severely dense aquatic
macrophyte population, to such an extent as to cause stunted fish growth,
and interfere with recreational use of the lake.
This statement will be amended to include shad, and to explain the
necessity for balanced aquatic plant growth.
Page 29, lines 5-6
While common in lakes, the presence of Aeromonas of such an extent to
produce a kill of cold-blooded vertebrates is an indicatation of Lake Apopka
water quality (Stanier, et al, 1976, p. 618).
Page 29, lines 1-4 and lines 10-12
Staphylococcus, being a saphrophyte, lives on dead matter. It is an
indication of Apopka water quality. My thesis here is that whether its
presence is common, or it is a temporary invader, its levels can be reduced
under the Clean-Flo program.
Page 30, lines 9-17
You are correct. Thank you for pointing this out. This statement will
be amended to show that Lake Apopka water generally averages 8.87. It is
interesting that when the high Staphylococcus levels were found, pH was
7.6 - 7.7. Dips in pH will occur diurnally. Bottom pH, when measured (but
has not been measured in Lake Apopka), will almost invariably be found to
be considerably lower than surface water. Thus, testing of the bottom waters
of Lake Apopka is warranted.
Page 31, line 15 through Page 32, line 12
Nitrogen fixation levels have now been documented in our response to
your questions, page 2, lines 14-16. Nutrient recycling from the sediment is
documented in our response to your questions, page 4, lines 6-10.
C-82
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Ms. A. Jean Tolman
April 3, 1979
Page 12
Brezonik, ejt al, 1978, made an error in calculating hydraulic retention
time. Dividing their estimated effluent by their estimated lake volume gives
1.12 years retention time, not 6.3. This low retention time is again indicat-
ive of the very high nutrient influx to the lake, which cannot be affected
by drawdown.
The citrus grove data was taken from Schneider, et al, 1969, in which
he indicated the need for more data. This section will be revised to show
the new data.
I am having trouble understanding your statement that "since large
inputs of nitrogen presently enter the lake, very little nitrogen fixation
would be expected". I thought the two phenomena were independent. Nitrogen
fixation can only occur ffbm atmospheric not the forms predominantly
flowing into the lake. Lehninger, 1975, page 366 writes, "the most self-
sufficient cells known are the nitrogen-fixing photosynthetic blue-green
algae...these organisms obtain their energy from sunlight, their carbon
from carbon dioxide, their nitrogen from atmospheric nitrogen, and their
electrons for reduction of carbon dioxide from water."
My Vollenweider curve was taken from the references given in the
proposal, but these curves vary from reference to reference, the difference
being that the mesotrophic range is given in some curves, while permissible .
loading is given in Brezonik's curve. Brezonik's lower line for permissible
loading coincides approximately with my upper line which is generally felt
to be where the mesotrophic range begins. Thus the difference between the
graphs is not as great as it first appears. I will change our proposal to
use the Brezonik, et al, 1978 data and Brezonik's Vollenweider curve, however.
Conclusions to be drawn from either graph are that drawdown will not
significantly improve the quality of the lake, and that only by reducing in-
coming phosphorus to 61% of its present value, according to Brezonik, et al,
1978, can mesotrophic conditions be reached. This would require (using the
1978 data) eliminating all of the muck farm effluent including rain runoff;
or eliminating all other sources, including rainfall, plus a portion of the
muck farm loading. Either goal is unattainable. On the other hand in-lake
improvement of water quality from multiple inversion has been amply demon-
strated, because incoming nutrients are cycled into the food web.
Page 41, lines 12-15
Use of Lake Maggiore in St. Petersburg, Florida is an excellent example
of the use that can be obtained in Apopka. After one year, the shoreline
W88 muck-free clean, firm sand out for 50 feet. Today, after two years, it
is clean, firm sand for 900 feet from the shoreline. 187,000 lbs of blue
C-83
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Ms. A. Jean Tolman
April 3, 1979
Page 13
tilapia were harvested commercially last year. Water skiing has been contin-
uous, and the lake now supports a great number of 4 to 6-lb bass, hand-sized
brim, and freshwater shrimp which were not present before• No pre-treatment
activities were interfered with, but quality of recreation has greatly in-
creased. These same benefits can be expected on Lake Apopka, since the two
lakes are almost identical in nature, except for size.
Page 42, lines 7-13
Our program for Lake Apopka is designed to last long enough to restore
the lake, so that only a few of the original multiple inversion systems
installed may be needed after that, depending upon the results of the studies,
to handle incoming nutrients, and maintain an aerobic lake bottom. These
nutrients will always continue to enter the lake, even if all sources except
rainfall were stopped. Therefore, they must always be processed into the
food web, unless at this time, winds can again keep the lake in balance.
The Lake Weston, Orlando, program was completed in two years. The
system was removed, and after two additional years, has had no degradation
of water quality. Fishing remains excellent, and 1 suspect that the nutrients
are being removed through fish removal. Minnows are growing to replace
those removed and to absorb more nutrients. Such results may also occur on
Lake Apopka, but it is wise to plan on operating a few systems at minimal
cost. This cost would probably be less than $50,000 per year, but cannot be
determined until the lake is restored, and the new Take tested.
Page 44, lines 17-21
One of the many purposes of the Clean-Flo process would be to keep the
interstitial waters aerobic so that anaerobic activity is reduced, thereby
reducing the release of ammonia. The water is to be held aerobic so that
ammonia is oxidized to nitrate. But the subsurface sediment will be at a
low oxygen level, so that pseudomonas will use nitrate as the final electron
acceptor and carbon from the sediment. Nitrogen gas and carbon dioxide are
released, which are then exhausted to the atmosphere.
Page 45, lines 12-14
This terminology is often used but I will put it in the correct form
that you suggest, when I rewrite the proposal.
C-84
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Ms. A. Jean Tolman
April 3, 1979
Pag© 14
Page 46, table 15
Lines 1 and 2 should have said that inin-i
10% per year. This will be corrected. increase about
Table 15 will be rewritten to show
annual costa in another, as should have been Hons * «n ??6 co£urnn» ?°d
after the program begins has been taken into •' Inflation
but delays in beginning the program will increase 10 table>
table by about 10% per year. increase the praces shown in the
Page 46, lines 18-19
This statement will be chanced to your sofs QfQOL4u . ,
that moat of the nutrients feeding algae and suffocting'gaml! Uah
not^change'^thia. ^ Tld
from the sediment has a much greater effect oS'water quality Me
Page 47, Line 8
. It.is IlVpfni^J!!Jt,with a drawd°wn without a major reduction of
influent nutrients (which is unattainable) th» iob« ^11 —1 or
and will not support s health, wUl ch^tl a'
improved!^ indicate your feelin9 ** water quality would be eventually
Page 47, lines 9-11
nhvtaa^iifter*dr»wdnwn'',0rrf experience than w. do in growth of aquatic macro-
phytea after drawdown. It waa my opinion that Typha would grow out a
innai^ri35Q 5® 8h°r®ian®» «nd that hyacinth would germinate
liki If f° k8?? y ®fea' 80(1 ®Proad ®cross the rest of the
J? believe that this will not occur, or that it will
C?11 Si! !? J®cra«t±on, and that it will inprove lake quality, I
to Ifth*?!" fr01?.th® Proposal. Your comment does not seem
ind CiSoJiii 2irn„^ ?e 5!8Ui f Iound by Fox» 2$. *±> 1977, in which Typha
and Eichornia sprouted in the dried sediment. Nor can these results be
the resulta h*' ^C8U8? they wer® not performed in situ. Considering
the results with other drawdowns (e.g. Hestand, et al, 197577 and"that Apooka
has exceedingly poor water quality, I feel my kSEm&t is iieSrte. Thwefore,
C-85
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Ms. A. Jean Tolman
April 3, 1979
Page 15
I am wondering if you have other data which would support your position,
of which I am unaware.
Page 47, lines 14-15
I understand that herbicide costs cannot be funded in a federal cost-
sharing program. I do feel that it will be needed, however with a draw-
down, much more so than it was needed at Lake Carlton, and therefore, its
cost should be considered as a possible expense to be borne entirely by state
and local agencies, should it be necessary. I can modify this statement to
reflect your anticipated no-action if you so desire.
Page 48, lines 7-9
The material I received did not indicate that the drawdown would take
place only during the warmer months. Fox, et, al, 1977, page 12 estimated
3 concurrent fiscal years as the project length. The proposal will be
changed according to this new information.
Page 48, line 14 through Page 49, line 2
In a drawdown, a large area of sediment would be exposed. This would
release more H~S than the small amount released with multiple inversion.
You are right about the duration of release, however, and this will be in-,
corporated into the proposal.
Page 49, lines 9-12
I would appreciate receiving a copy of the CIS, so that a more accurate
statement could be made. Was the cost of baffles figured in the drawdown EIS?
This, and any other information you could give me will be added to your prop-
osal. It was not my intention to write an EIS for you, but rather to give
you guidelines for writing one, should you decide to change to our program
for restoring the lake.
Page 49, lines 13-20
The feeling that "aeration" increases turbidity and nutrient levels is
common because of turbulence created by other systems. The Clean-Flo Multiple
Inversion System, however, gently entrains bottom water without lifting the
flocculant sediment. In all lakes tested, turbidity and nutrient levels have
C-86
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Ms• A. Jean Tolman
April 3, 1979
Page 16
decreased under the Clean-Flo^program. See Bateman, ejt al, 1977; Laing,
et al, 1975} Laing, 1974.
Page 50, lines 8-17 and Page 51, line 19
I would appreciate seeing your EIS on drawdown, so that a more accurate
statement can be made, or hopefully, we could work together on it.
I hope this has answered your questions satisfactorily until we have an
opportunity to revise the proposal with the new data. While the new data
shows nutrient loading to be not as severe as the original data indicated,
the conclusions are not significantly altered, but it does indicate that we
can have even better results* Major considerations in the restoration
project should be ss follows:
1- Multiple inversion will prevent
release of N and P from sediment.
2- The Clean-Flo process will con-
tinuously cycle incoming nutrients
into the food web, causing an im-
provement in water quality.
3- At least five feet of sediment
will be converted to aquatic
fauna over a ten-year period
through the Clean-Flo program,
regardless of water depth.
This would leave a clean, firm
bottom under approximately 50%
of the lake.
Drawdown will cause an initial
release of N and P, followed by
an improvement approximating
controls.
Any beneficial long-term effect of
drawdown on nutrients will probably
be negated by incoming pollutants.
Compaction by drawdown will be about
10% in the sediment existing from
66.5 ft MSL to 58 ft MSL. This would
amount to 3 inches compaction over
approximately 50S» of the lake.
(3) Laing, R. L. and A. M. Adams, 1975. A study of the efficacy of
Clean-Flo Lake Cleanser in controlling aquatic plants in three
Minnesota aerated lakes. Clean-Flo Laboratories, Inc. In-house
paper. 67 + pp.
C-87
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Ms. A. Jean Tolman
April 3, 1979
Page 17
4- Quality of fish will be improved
through ridding the lake of
hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and
carbon dioxide, and by establishing
a benthic food web, with the
Clean-Flo system.
Improvement of fishing definitely
resulted from drawdowns on other
lakes. High nutrient influx on
Lake Apopka will continue to feed
aquatic plants, which in turn, will
die and settle on the bottom. It is
my opinion that during anaerobic
periods, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide
and carbon dioxide will continue to
be released. Coupled with low oxygen,
fish stress will continue.
5- Clean-Flo presents no deleterious
effects on the environment.
The cause of frequent skin rashes
should be investigated prior to
drawdown.
Thank you again for your kind consideration,
your response.
I am most anxious to see
RLL;ak
Best regards,
Robert L. Laing, Preside
CLEAN-FLO LABORATORIES,
INC.
C-88
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Lake Weston, Orlando, Florida. J. of Aquatic Plant Management 15,
pp 69-73.
Bennett, George W.,
1962. Management of artificial lakes and ponds. New York, Rheinhold Publ.
Corp., 283 pp.
Black, E. E., E. J. Fry, and V. Black, 1954. The influence of CO- on the
utilization of oxygen by some freshwater fish. Can. J. Zool. 32s
408-420.
Broderius, S. J. and Smith, L. L. Jr., 1976, Effect of hydrogen sulfide
on fish and invertebrates: Part II-hydrogen sulfide determination
and relationship between pH and sulfide toxicity. EPA-600/9-76-062b,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minn.
Burrows, R. E. (1964) Effects of accumulated excretory products on
hatchery-reared salmonids. U. S. Dept. of Interior, Bureau of
Sport Fisheries & Wildlife Research Report 66: 1-11.
Corps of Engineers, 1972. Notes on Sedimentation Activities, Calendar
Year 1972. Water Resources Council, Washington, D.C. Committee on
Sedimentation, 298 pp.
De, P. K. 1939. The role of blue-green algae in nitrogen fixation in rice
fields. Proc. Roy. Soc. London (b), 127: 121-139.
Doudoroff, P., and Katz, M., 1950* Critical review of literature on the
toxicity of industrial wa8tes and their components to fish. Sewage
Ind. Wastes 22(11), 1432-1458.
Fast, A. W. 1971a. The effects of artificial aeration on lake ecology.
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Fast, 1971b. The effects of artificial aeration on lake ecology. W. S.
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Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D. C., 1973. Notes on
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Washington, D. C. Committee on Sedimentation, 308pp.
Fekete, Andras, Master's thesis, 2 Oct., 1973. The release of phosphorus
from pond sediments and its availability to lemna minor L. Rutgers,
The Stste Univ., New Brunswick, N. J. Dept of Soils and Crops. Office
of Water Research and Technology, Washington, D. C., 99 pp.
C-89
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Fillos, J., and Swanson, W. R., 1975. The release rate of nutrients from
river and lake sediments. Jour. Water Poll. Control Fed., 47, 1033.
Fillos, J. and H. Biswas, 1976. Phosphate release and sorption by Lake
Mohegan sediments. Am. Soc. Civil Engr., J. Envir. Engr. Div.,
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Fitzgerald, G. 1970. Aerobic lake muds for the removal of phosphorus
from lake waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 15; pp 550-555.
Fogg, G. E. 1942. Studies on nitrogen fixation by blue-green algae. I.
Nitrogen fixation by Anabaena cylindricum Lemm. Jour. Exper. Biol.,
19: 78-07.
Fritsch, F. E., and De, P. K. 1938. Nitrogen fixation by blue-green algae.
Nature, 142: 878.
Fromm, P. 0., and J. R. Gillette. (1968) Effect of ambient ammonia
levels on blood ammonia and ammonia excretion by trout.
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 26: 887-896.
Dr. Paul 0. Fromm, Professor, 1970. Toxic action of water soluble pollutants
on freshwater Fish. Department of Physiology, Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan 48823 for the Water Quality Office Environmental
Protection Agency Grant Number 18050 DST.
Haynes, R. 1971. Some ecological effects of artificial circulation on a
small eutrophic New Hampshire Lake. phD. Thesis. Univ. N. H.,
Durham, N. H. 165 pp.
R. S. Hestand and C. C. Carter, 1974. The effects of a winter drawdown
on aquatic vegetation in a shallow water reservoir. Reprinted from
Hyacinth Control Journal Volume 12, May 1974, pp. 9-11.
R. S. Hestand and C. C. Carter, 1975. Succession of aquatic vegetation in
Lake Ocklawaha two growing seasons following a winter drawdown. Hyacinth
Control Journal Volume 13, June 1975, pp. 43-47.
Hutchinson, G. Evelyn. 1944. Limnological studies in Connecticut. VII. A
critical examination of the supposed relationship between phytoplankton
periodicity and chemical changes in lake waters. Ecology, 25: 3-26.
Jenkins, Robert M., and Gordon E. Hall
1953. The influence of size, age, and condition of waters on the growth
of largemouth bass in Oklahoma. Okla. Fish. Res. Lab., Rept. no. 30
43 pp.
Kamp-Nielsen, L., 1975. Seasonal variation in sediment-water exchange
of nutrient ions in Lake Esrom. Verh. Int. Verein, Limnol. (Ger.)
19, 1057.
Laing, R. L. 1974. A non-toxic lake management program. Hyacinth
Control Journal 12:41-43.
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Albert L. Lehninger, 1975. Biochemistry. The Molecular Basis of
Cell Structure and Function. The Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine. Worth Publishers, Inc., N. Y., 1104 pp.
Lynn, R. I., Murray, R. B., 1972. Water quality of Hyrun Lake and its
relationship to algal blooms. Utah Water Research Lab., Logan.
(405 725), 75 pp.
Mackenthun, K. M. and C. 0. McNabb. 1959. Sewage stabilization ponds in
Wisconsin, Wis. Committee on Water Poll., Madison Bull. No. WP105, 1-52.
Kenneth M. Mackenthun, 1969. The Practice of Water Pollution Biology.
United States Department of the Interior Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration Division of Technical Support.
Malueg, L., J* Tilstra, D. Schults, and C. F. Powers. 1971. The effect
of induced aeration upon stratification and euthrophication processes
in an Oregon farm pond. Presented at the Int. Symp. on Man-Made Lakes,
Knoxville, Tennessee, May, 1971.
McKee, J. E. and H. W. Wolf. 1963. Water Quality Criteria. Calif. State
Water Qual. Control Board Publ. 3-A (2nd Ed.). 548 pp.
Mortimer, C. H. 1941. The exchange of dissolved substances between mud and
water in lakes. J. Ecol. 29: 280-329.
Mortimer, C. H. 1971. Chemical exchanges between sediments and water in
the Great Lakes - speculations on probable regulatory mechanisms.
Limnol. Oceangr. 16: 387-404.
Mukherjee, S«, and Bhattacharya, S., 1974. Effect of some industrial
pollutants on fish brain cholinesterase activity. Environ* Physiol.
Biochem. (Den.), 4, 226.
Nelson, D. W., L. B. Owens, and R. E. Terry. 1973. Denitrification as a
pathway for nitrate removal in aquatic systems. Purdue Univ., Lafayette,
Ind. Water Resources Research Center. 93 pp.
Newell, 19—. J. of Am. Waterworks Aas'n., Vol. 24, No. 4, p. 561.
Olaru, Hanu, 1971. Sedimentation: Annotated Bibliography of Foreign
Literature, 1969-1970 Survey No. 7. National Science Foundation,
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Orme, Antony R., 1975. Ecologic Stress in a Subtropical Coastal Lagoon:
Lake St. Lucia, Zululand California Univ Los Angelses Dept of Geography
(072265). Pub. in Geoscience and Man, vl2 p9-22, 20 June 75.
Pamatmat, Mario M., R. Stephen Jones, Herbert Sanborn, and Ashok Bhaqwat,
Sept. 1973. Oxidation of organic matter in sediments. Washington
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C-91
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Poon, C. P. C., and Sheih, J. M. S., 1976. Nutrient profiles of bay
sediment* Jour# Weter Poll# Contr# Fed*; 48f 2007*
Powers, E. B., Shields, A. R., and Hickman, M. E., 1939. The mortality of
fishes in Norris Lake. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 14(2), 239-260.
Prescott, G. W., 1951. Algae of the western great lakes area. Wm. C.
Brown Company Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa, 977 pp.
Prescott, G. W., 1954. The freshwater algae. Wm. C. Brown Company
Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa, 348 pp.
Reichenbach-Klinke Von H. H. (1967) Untersuchungen uber die
Einwirkung des Ammoniakgehalts auf den Fischorganismus.
Arch. Fischereiwiss. 17: 122-132.
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developmental stages of rainbow trout. Salmo Gairdneri. Fish. Bull.,
73, 207.
Ripl, W., 1976. Biochemical oxidation of polluted lake sediment with
nitrate-a new restoration method. Ambio (Swed.), 5, 132.
Robinette, H. R., Effect of selected sub-lethal levels of ammonia on
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Office of Water Research and Technology, Washington, D. C., 69 pp.
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426 pp.
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PER Response to Clean-Flo
A general discussion of aeration and its potential for restoring
Lake Apopka can be found in Section 3. The following responses are in
answer to major points of contention between DER and Clean Flo, Inc., in
the latter's restoration proposal:
Aerobic vs anaerobic conditions in Lake Apopka. Clean Flo,
Inc., feels that the high levels of ammonia reported (26.3 mg 1 ) for
Lake Apopka indicate highly anaerobic conditions which are harmful to
fish and other organism®. However, the values quoted in the Clean Flo
proposal are interstitial ammonia levels. The actual concentrations of
ammonia in the water column of Lake Apopka are less than 0.20 mg/1
(Brezonik et al 1978). In addition, dissolved oxygen levels are satura-
ted or supersaturated (7-15 mg/1). Lake Apopka is quite shallow and
undergoes extensive wind mixing. This keeps the water and upper layer
of the sediment well oxygenated. The problem in Lake Apopka is not one
of anoxic conditions.
2. Nitrogen fixation in Lake Apopka. Several factors affect
nitrogen fixation rates. A large amount of energy is required to convert
nitrogen gas to organic nitrogen. In order for an organism to compete
successfully in a given environment, it must be able to utilize the most
energy efficient methods. Less energy is required to convert nitrate to
ammonia to usable forms of nitrogen, if they are in sufficient con-
centrations, than to fix nitrogen gas. In Lake Apopka, nitrate and
ammonia concentrations are high enough to be utilized efficiently by all
the phytoplankton including the nitrogen fixing blue-green algae.
Furthermore, at these concentrations of ammonia and nitrate, nitrogen
fixation has been documented to be severely inhibited (Patriquin and
Knowles, 1975; Patriquin and Keddy, 1978). In addition, the dominant
blue-green algae species in Lake Apopka are non-heterocystic (Brezonik,
et al, 1978; Biederman, 1978), and therefore have not been demonstrated
to be nitrogen fixers (Stewart et al, 1967).
3. Terrestrial weed growth in Lake Apopka. It is understood that
terrestrial weed Invasion will occur when Lake Apopka is drawn down.
C-94
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Several potential problems associated with this invasion of terrestrial
vegetation include uprooting during refill and decomposition and nutrient
release after refill. For a more complete discussion of these problems
see Section 4. The impact of the terrestrial weed growth on the success
of the drawdown is not known. This is one reason a pilot drawdown study
on a smaller lake has been proposed. It should be noted, however, that
herbicides will not be used in the Lake Apopka drawdown.
4. Increase in nutrients after drawdown. The Clean-Flo proposal
stated that in Fox's et al (1977) study, the water quality did not
improve but returned to control conditions after drawdown. They there-
fore see no reason to expect an improvement in water quality following
the Lake Apopka drawdown. A more thorough investigation of Fox's study
would have shown that after the Initial Increase in nutrient levels
following refill, both nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations decreased
and remained below control levels. Discussions of subsequent studies on
the effects of drawdown on sediment nutrient release can be found in
Section 2. It is expected that the nutrient release from the compacted
sediment will be substantially less following drawdown.
S. Rooted macrophytes and the sports fishery in Lake Apopka
following drawdown. The Clean Flo proposal states that their restoration
method will not result in an increase in rooted aquatic vegetation.
They state that the lack of macrophytes will eliminate escape cover for
minnows and other forage fish and therefore improve the sport fishery.
However, most fishery biologists would agree that a healthy stand of
rooted aquatic vegetation is required for a self-maintaining sport
fishery. Under conditions of no macrophyte establishment, populations
of prey species would quickly become depleted. In addition, young sport
fish would have no escape cover and would quickly be reduced in numbers
through predation. The resultant fishery would consist of some large
predators with few or no juveniles to replace the mature fish caught by
fisherman.
6. Excessive growth of water hyacinths and Typha in Lake Apopka
following drawdown. Clean Flo have extrapolated some of the results of
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Fox's et al (1977) study rather generously. Water hyacinths germinated
only on sandy sediments during the test study. Lake Apopka has very few
areas where sandy sediments will be exposed during drawdown. Therefore,
water hyacinths are not expected to be a problem. Furthermore, Typha is
not considered an entirely undesirable macrophyte.
7. Presence of Aeromonas in Lake Apopka. The alligator and fish
kills during the 1971 gravity drawdown of Lake Apopka were not definitely
attributed to Aeromonas. Although Aeromonas is present in the Oklawaha
Chain of Lakes, it has not been proven to be the cause of any kills.
8. Retention time of Lake Apopka. The retention time for Lake
Apopka is approximately 6 years (Brezonik et al 1978). Evaporation was
not included in this calculation because most limnologists and hydrologists
Include only processes which involve input or removal of consltutents
from a lake in their calculations of retention time. Nutrients, trace
metals and salts are not removed by evaporation. The inclusion of
evaporation by Clean Flo in their calculation of the retention time for
Lake Apopka resulted in the unrealistlcally low estimate of 0.8 years.
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Hyacinth Systems
C-97
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2603 N. Indian River Drive
Cocoa, Florida 32922
January 25, 1979
Ms. Suzanne Walker
Florida Department of
Environmental Regulation
7601 Highway 301 North
Tampa, Florida 33610
Dear Suzanne:
Please accept my apology for the delay in preparing and delivering the
enclosed material to you. Please review this material as objectively and
as carefully as possible for the Implications are significant. For further
help, the following people may be able to verify or support some of this
data:
Dr. Larry Bagnall (904)392-1864
(University of Florida - solar driers, presses)
Evan L. Keesling (305)339-3700
(Feed Producer)
Robert C. Reach (305)683-3301
(Environmental Engineer)
William C. Wolverton Bay St. Louis,
(NASA) Mississippi
If you need additional information, please contact me at (305)275-3011
during the day, or (305)636-5796 at night. Your efforts expended on the
Lake Apopka problem are truly appreciated, and your Department 1s to be
commended for Its patience and perserverance In dealing with the many diffi-
culties which have arisen.
EAS/cwt
Enclosure
copy to: Archie Carr, III
Florida Audubon Society
Maitland, Florida
c-98
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PRELIMINARY COST CONSIDERATIONS
HYACINTH SYSTEMS WITHIN LAKE APOPKA
The following conditions are used throughout this evaluation:
— Interest rate of 7%
— Electricity costs .... $0.04/kWh
— Labor costs, including fringe benefits .... $8.00/hr.
— Land costs .... $2,500/acre
The operation will be designed around 15,000 acres of hyacinth growth
within the lake Itself. Long growing channels will be formed by using secured
floats with nylon rope forming each chamber. The channels would be long and
narrow with each being separated from the other by a channel of open water.
The floats will be placed every 100 feet and be connected to 1 cubic foot
solid concrete block. These blocks cost approximately $10 each installed.
Cost for 1-1nch nylon rope 1s set at $0.20 per foot and styrofoam floats spaced
every 8-feet costs $0.10 each. Each cannnel will be 600 feet wide. This means
2,178,000 feet of rope. Therefore, the number of floats needed 1s 272,250 at
a cost of $27,225. The rope cost 1s $435,600, and the secured floats would
cost $217,920.
For harvesting, 5 hp hidrostal submersible pumps capable of removing 20
wet tons per hour would be utilized. With control panels and appurtenances,
these pumps cost about $5,000 each installed. Using growth rates of 100 dry
pounds or 1 wet ton per day per acre, and harvesting to maintain a steady state,
1t can be found that using the pumps 8 hours per day a total of 94 pumps are
needed. If a 5% reserve is maintained, then 100 pumps will be required with an
initial cost of $500,000.
Processing equipment will Include screw presses and solar driers. Each
press can handle 28 wet tons per hour and costs $15,000 each. Again, using a
5% reserve, this amounts to $1,050,000. For drying, pressed hyacinths at 80%
moisture can be loaded at 2122 ft2/ton at a cost of $1.00/ft2.
C-99
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The daily tonnageat 80% moisture is 3,750, requiring 8x106 sq. ft. of
solar drier, at a cost of $8,000,000. This also will require the purchase of
185 acres of land at a cost of $396,650. Additional costs will include boats,
conveyor system and support vehicles at an estimated cost of $500,000. Assum-
ing no inflation and the life of the pumps and presses is ten years, the pre-
sent worth of the capital costs is estimated at $11,127,395.
Operation and maintenance could be done with a force of 20 men working
•full time for an annual cost of $332,800. Annual electrical costs would amount
to approximately $204,331. Annual sales of the crop at 15% moisture and $15
per ton and considering a 20% crop loss amounts to $3,864,-700. This results in
an annual operating cost of negative $3,327,570, or a ten-year profit of
$20,408,317. This brings the total project net worth to a profit of $9,280,922.
The question then is not only will hyacinths restore the lake, but can
they also result in a net economic gain in the process? Needless to say,
several questions must be addressed.
— Is the market feasible?
— Can these production rates be achieved?
— What are.the possible secondary environmental effects?
— What is the extent of the management effort?
Many of these questions will be answered through much of the on-going
work on these plants (Lakeland, NASA, EPC0T, Coral Springs, etc.).
This data 1s not Intended to be a final cost estimate. Much more time
needs to be spent in design f1nal1zat1on. However, these values should not be
discarded as totally unrealistic or completely out-of-Hne. This represents a
very plausible and attractive alternative to your problem.
C-1Q0
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October 11, 1978
OAWKINS<$* ASSOCIATES, INC.
CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS
Dr. Chuck Carr
Florida Audubon Society
P. 0. Drawer 7
Maitland, Florida 32751
Dear Chuck:
U * j
V 'V K J
concerning the use of water hyacinths for wastewater
management is enclosed herein. Unfortunately, the proposed alternative
for Lake Apopka has not been consolidated or finalized at this time. How-
eyer, to give you sjjme initial ideas of this concept, please consider the
following:
1. In analyzing the characteristics of the sediments in Lake Apopka,
Schneider and Little (1969, Characteristics of Bottom Sediments and Selected
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Sources In Lake Apopka, Florida", U.S. Department of
Interior, Southeast Water Laboratory, Athens, Georgia) determined that there
is approximately 5x10° lbs. N and 1x10' lbs. P contained in the muck depos-
its within the Lake (average depth of these deposits are about 3 feet).
2. The muck contains about 3% N and 0.15% P on an average and a dry
weight basis.
3. The muck places a chemical oxygen demand upon the lake system of
1100 mg/gm, or a total demand of approximately 1.83xlO10 lbs of 02' If
oxidized biochemically, the actual oxygen demand might be reduced to about
7.3x109 lb of 02 (BOD).
4. The desired nitrogen and phosphorus levels to be held by the lake
sediment must be considered to be considerably lower than these levels.
Phosphorus levels for example taken from oligotrophic lake sediments by the
undersigned showed levels of perhaps 0.2% for a thickness of not more than a
few inches. This rapidly diminished to about zero below this level. • There-
fore, the active transfer area within the sediment 1s quite limited. For Lake
Apopka, the theoretically desired sediment held nutrients in this active zone
1s estimated at 2.5x107 lbs. N, 1.73xl06 lbs. P and 9.15x10° lbs. BOD
(based on a 0.25 ft. active transfer zone).
5. The desired nutrient removal level, therefore, is 4.75x10® lb. N and
8.27x10° lb. P. In addition, the annual allocthonous load of approximately
1.46x10 lb. N and 394,200 lb. P must also be removed.
6. The demand upon the water hyacinths, therefore, is to remove in a
period of five years 4.82 x 108 lb. N, 1.024 x 107 lb. P and 6.39x10* lb. B0D5.
C-lOl
CORPORATE OFFICES • 520 NORTH SEMORAN BLVD. • P.O. CRAMER 141124 . ORLANDO. rLORlOA 32807 • 300/273 3311
-------
Or. Chuck Carr
Florida Audubon Society
Naitland, Florida
-2-
October 11, 1978
7. A reasonable productivity rate for hyacinths grown in the lake
would be 80- 100 lbs per dry matter per acre-day. This material can be
expected to be about 3% N and 0.4% P. Actual studies on nutrient removal
rates Indicate, however, that other factors besides plant uptake are in-
volved. Nitrogen removal rates for example have been shown to be as high
as 59 lbs. N per acre-day by Cornwell et. el (1977, "Nutrient Removal by
Water Hyacinths, SWPCF, 49:1). In Texas, Dlnges (1976, "Who Says Sewage
Plants Have To Be Ugly", Water and Wastes Engineering, 13:4) found removal
rates of 16 lbs per acre-day. Phosphorus removal rates varied between 2-16
lbs. per acre-day. These of course are mostly for hyacinths grown 1n secon-
dary effluent. Therefore, what can be expected 1n the case of those grown
1n "natural" waters 1s unknown. For purposes of this exercise, suppose the
Nitrogen removal Involved uptake plus denitriflcation and amounted to 20 lb.
per acre-day. Phosphorus removal would involve only plant uptake and would
amount to 0.5 lb. per acre-day.
8. Using 15,000 acres of hyacinths within the lake would, therefore,
require 4.4 years to remove the desired nitrogen and 3.7 years to remove the
desired phosphorus. The resulting crop would be 1.42x10® tons of hyacinths
at 15% moisture worth about $15 to $20 per ton, as a dairy cattle feed ingre-
dient (personal communication with Evan Keesling — Dairy Feed Producer), or
a gross total value of $28,000,000. The hyacinth cover would also Inhibit greatly
the phytoplankton productivity within the lake. If additional flushing could
be utilized during this period, the effectiveness of the program would be
further enhanced.
Please understand that these are very rough preliminary calculations. A
brief demonstration project would allow better definition of the dynamics of
hyacinth growth 1n the lake and the Impacts of the continual treatment upon
the sediment dynamics within the lake. The concept, however, 1s sound and,
with proper investigation and planning, could be more than competitive with
the present drawdown scheme.
It 1s hoped this data will be of some assistance to you. We will send addi-
tional information as we develop some reasonable cost data to accompany our
ideas. If we may be of any additional help, please call.
Sincerely,
DAWKINS & ASSOCIATES, INC.
E. A. Stewart, III
Environmental Specialist
EAS/cwt
Enclosures
C-102
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TWIN TOWERS OFFICE BUILDING
2600 BLAIR STONE ROAO
TALLAHASSEE. FLORIDA 32301
BOB GRAHAM
GOVERNOR
JACOB O. VARN
SECRETARV
STATE OF FLORIDA
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION
March 13, 1979
Mr. E. A. Stewart III
2603 N. Indian River Drive
Cocoa, Florida 32922
Dear Al:
Thank you for sending us your proposal for hyacinth removal of nutrients in
Lake Apopka. While we realize that this is a preliminary document, we have
researched some of the critical"aspects of this approach and offer the
following comments:
I. Preliminary Cost Considerations
A. Underestimates
Although we were unable to check the estimated cost of each item
in the proposal, we did check the unit price of rope since it is
a common item and would be required in massive quantities for this
project. Conversations with a Tallahassee rope manufacturer in-
dicate that 1-inch twisted nylon rope retails for $1.08 per foot
and wholesales for $0.66 per foot. The wholesale price of this
rope Is over three times that used in your proposal adding at least
$1 million to the total cost. Other items, because they were not
fully described in the proposal, were not checked. These cost
factors may also be underestimated.
B. Additional Costs
In reviewing the proposal, we found several Instances where a cost
estimate for a needed process was not included. Two examples are
given below:
1. Cost of setting up rope, floats and blocks to form channels.
We expect that construction of this large network will require
substantial labor costs.
2. Treatment of liquid waste (see Section V).
Inflation for labor, fuel, electricity and maintenance should also be
included. Over the life of a 10-year project, Inflation for continued
expenses must be considered significant.
C-103
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Mr. E, A, Stewart III
March 13, 1979
Paye Two
II. Size of System
The entire lake will be covered by structures related to the project
(15,000 acres of hyacinths and 15,000 acres of clear channels, separated
by rope, floats and block structures).
A. This precludes virtually any recreational or commercial use of the
lake during the 10-year project.
B. Such a widespread structure cannot be protected against vandalism.
Although vandalism of the open water structures would probably not
endanger the success of the restoration, such damage could result
in very costly repairs.
CII. Placement of Land Facilities
A. Assuming that the 185-acre piece of land to be used for the processing
plant is a single continuous unit rather than many small units around
the lake, portions of the hyacinth growth will be up to 10 miles away
from the point of processing. We foresee major transport problems
Involved here (see Section IV).
B. There may be considerable difficulty finding a continuous 185-acre
piece of lake-front property that is not in a wetland area, in
which case permitting agencies would have to be Involved before
plant construction could begin.
IV. Transport of Hyacinths to Processing Facility
The proposal does not make clear the logistics of pump placement. The
pumps could all be placed on shore, near the processing plant, but then
hyacinths would have to be pushed as much as ten miles to the pumps. On
the other hand, pumps could be placed on boats and the pumped hyacinths
transferred to the processing facility by barge. On a lake the size of
Apopka, any energy saved with the use of low energy pumps is exceeded
by that required as a result of the transport distances. Therefore, both
of these methods appear to be very energy Intensive.
V. Liquid Waste from Presses
Using your figures, we estimate that 200,000 gallons of nutrlent-rlch
hyacinth juices will be produced per day. A conversation with Dr.
Larry Bagnall Indicated that there may be a problem in treating this
"waste water." The filtration and centrlfugation treatment has been
found to be highly energy intensive. Sedimentation is being considered
as an alternative; however, we have previously explored the idea of
sedimentation basins on Lake Apopka and found the construction techniques
needed to build these basins to be very costly. In addition, both of
these methods remove only solids; the dissolved phosphorus is not affected.
C-10A
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Mr. E. A. Stewart III
March 13, 1979
Three
VI. Starting Hyacinth Growth
How will the growth of 15,000 acres of hyacinths be promoted? Currently,
hyacinth densities on Lake Apopka do not even approach that figure. The
relatively low densities at present may be due to a biological control
program using the hyacinth weevil or due to the natural occurrence of a
hyacinth fungus (cercospQrarodamanii), recently isolated downstream in
the Rodman Reservoir.
VII. Project Termination
Assuming that 15,000 acres of hyacinths can be grown, how will the hyacinths
be removed at the end of the project? The proposed harvesting facilities
can only accommodate^an amount equal to the daily growth of the 15,000-
acre standing crop. Any method other than mechanical harvesting (e.g., use
of herbicides, biological control) would be unacceptable, as these methods
would return nutrients to the lake and contribute additional organic
material to the muck layer.
VIII. Effect on the Muck Layer
The proposed method of treatment, If successful, could remove nutrients
from the water column; however, it would not appear that this system
would reduce the area of lake bottom covered by muck. Reduction of muck
is a major consideration In the rotuzn of rooted aquatic vegetation and
game fish populations. The proposed project could contribute both nutrients
and solids.to the muck layer through sloughing off of senescent vegetation
(Sheffield as cited in Cornvell et al. )
IX. Market Feasibility
Mr. Evan Keisling seems to be confident that a market would exist for the
project's product. However, he also indicates that little or no research
has been done to determine the feed mixing concentrations for optimal milk
production and growth of cattle.
The items discussed above are serious concerns and would have to be addressed be-
fore the department could consider this approach as a viable alternative for the
restoration of Lake Apopka.
C-105
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Mr. E. A. Stewart III
March 13, 1979
I'age Four
If you have any questions or comments concerning this letter, please feel
fre« to contact me in writing or by phone at 904/488-9560, Again, thank
you for your interest in this project.
Sincerely,
Suzanne P. Walker
Field Project Director
Water Resources Restoration
and Preservation
SPW:nm
cc: Archie Carr III
1
Sheffield, C.W., 1966. Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus after
secondary sewage treatment. MS dissertation. U. of Cincinnati.
2
Comwell, D.A., J. Zoltek, Jr., C.D. Patrinely, T. Furman and
J.I. Kim, 1/1977. Nutrient removal by water hyacinths. Journal
WPCF. pp. 57-65.
C-106
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2603 N. Indian River Drive
Cocoa, Florida 32922
March 16, 1979
Mr. Vern B. Myers
Florida Department of
Environmental Regulation
Water Resources Restoration
Twin Towers Office Building
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee, Florida 32301
Dear Mr. Myers,
I was most disappointed with your recent letter commenting on the
possibility of using water hyacinths for lake restoration. Most of your
comments could be classified as quibbling remarks which apparently stemmed
from a bias for one partftular approach to restoration — namely, drawdown.
I don't believe I need to remind you of the dangers of such thought
contamination, particularly 1n the field of environmental planning.
Before addressing your review comments, I would like to reiterate the
statement from my letter of January 25, 1979 to Suzanne Walker:
"This data 1s not Intended to be a final cost estimate. Much
more time needs to be spent 1n design final1zat1on."
The point 1s, I have given my time to the Department because I am
concerned about the future of lake restoration 1n Florida. I am somewhat
Insulted that you discarded my "free" Input so readily. It appears to me
that you don't really want to Investigate additional alternatives objectively,
therefore you may consider this as my last "free of charge" contribution to
your effort.
Proceeding with your comments:
I. Preliminary Cost Considerations
The point of rope cost 1s hardly worth bickering over. However, if
you must use this rope at $0.66/foot, that would be alright, as we have a
potential $20 million dollar, 10 year cost flexibility to work with between
this alternative and the proposed drawdown. Remember, this was a very rough
cost analysis as I noted several times. Perhaps 1/2" rope would suffice?
Let us assume rny estimates were 300% low, this brings the rope and secured
float costs to $1,961,000.
Undoubtedly, there will be substantial labor costs for setting up
this network of ropes and floats. Note the block costs of $10 Included In-
stallation. However, to compensate for the additional labor, 1t might be
legitimate to add $500,000 to the total cost.
C-107
-------
Mr. Vern B. Myers
Florida Department of Environmental Regulation
March 16, 1979
Inflation 1s a factor that 1s always excluded 1n present worth
economic analysis. The reasoning, of course, 1s that Inflation 1s relative.
Therefore, the analysis must be based upon some set dollar value. For ex-
ample, your engineers used September 1978 for the Apopka drawdown analysis.
Nowhere did they consider Inflation which, of course, 1s quite legitimate.
II. Size of System
Why does 15,000 acres (43%) exclude commercial or recreational use?
The growing channels can be situated 1n such a manner that boat movement would
be possible through the open areas. In fact, fishing might be Improved as
well. The hyacinth cover would encourage development of a diverse food web.
Nature studies, canoeing, and the educational and recreational benefits of
the lake also could be realized.
Vandalism will be a problem with any program or structure. However,
there 1s very little about this plan that 1s appetizing to the vandal mentality.
Consideration of this problem would be Included 1n the overall managmeent pro-
gram. Certainly 1t would not be so Immense a problem as to justify elimination
of this alternative from further consideration.
III. Placement of Land Facilities
Please don't assume that the 185 acres would be 1n one place. I see
rather distinct treatment and processing units placed around the lake with
several central harvesting and processing areas. It would take some Imagination
to design this system, but certainly 1t would not be an Impossible task. One
Idea would be to have the pumps located on shore with the channels emanating
outwards 1n a semicircular fashion, such as shown 1n the rough sketch Included
herein. In short, an efficient design would resolve the transport problems.
With this scheme, 185 acres of continuous lakefront would not be
needed, and wet land Involvement might well be avoided. Again, this comment
appears to be quibbling. Permitting 1s a consideration with any alternative.
IV. Transport of Hyacinths to Processing Facility
Pump placement again 1s a design consideration. Looking, however,
at the rough sketch, 1t can be seen that the pumps could be placed 1n a
battery almost contiguous to the processing area. Hyacinth growth would be
encouraged to be outwards towards the periphery. The plants would move
gradually towards the harvest area. Pushing of the hyacinths Is rather easy,
and often may not be necessary, as the void left by recent harvesting will
often be filled by natural forces. Again, proper design and management will
solve many of these problems.
C-108
-------
Mr. Vern B. %ers
Florida Department of Environmental Regulation
March 16, 1979
V. Liquid Wastes from Processes
I would not refer to a nutrient rich, pathogen-free water, as a
fier m1ght wel1 enhance ^ «cono«1c
worth of the project, Instead of detract from It. While It Is not known
exactly what the composition of this exudate will be, It 1s estimated that
1t will contain no more than 25 percent of the total nutrient load contained
within the harvest. Theoretically, this water could be returned to the lake
meaning the period for restoration would be adjusted by a factor of 1 25 *
This might also return trace minerals and growth factors to the system
which are critical to hyacinth growth. For example, 1J Lakeland Je^e
finding iron deficiency to be a problem with hyacinths R^tSrn of thsmter
to the lake might well ^r°ve the system's effectiveness. This, of course,
may not be the best method of disposal. Use on crops as a fertilizer sup-
plement might well be more practlca The nursery business of the area could
possibly utilize this water. Certainly filtration and centrlfugatlon would
not be the most practical approach. Use of wetland or a series of treatment
lagoons with vascular plants might also be utilized. The problem 1s not an
Insurmountable one, nor does it appear to be one that will elevate the iosts
significantly.
VI. Starting Hyacinth Growth
, . . ?ecenS ',hear2 lhe GFWFC sprayed 6,000 seres of hyacinths on
Lake Apopka. This Is not that far from 15,000 acres, when 1t is realized
that these plants may double their area in less than 10 days given the right
set of circumstances. The weevil does not seem to deter productivity that
much from our experience. Your concern for the hyacinth fungus 1s quite
legitimate however. It 1s also a fear that I share. Great precautions
would have to be taken to prevent contamination of the crop. An extensive
prevention program would have to be devised. Hopefully the fungus will not
be used Indiscriminately throughout the state, as hyacinths are likely to
become a valuable crop for Florida.
VII. Project Termination
Remembering that harvesting 1s done for eight hours a day, It would
be necessary to begin harvesting at ten hours a day during the last year of
the project. This would allow a steady reduction of the standing crop over
a year's period. Using a wet density of 90-100 tons/acre, the removal would
be complete with 350-420 days. Some additional cost would be associated
with this, but much of 1t would be countered by an increased crop Income.
VIII. Effect on the Muck Layer
The sloughing referred to by Sheffield and Cornwell, et al 1s when
harvesting 1s not done on a regular basis. It must be remembered that the
c-109
-------
Mr. Vern B. Myers
Florida Department of Environmental Regulation
March 16, 1979
hyacinth will dominate productivity. Phyto plankton should not be a real
factor because of shading and nutrient competition. Therefore, there will
be a net respiration throughout the system. The bottom muck will serve as
a carbon source for this respiration throughout the program. The net effect
should be a reduction of organic solids and a consolidation of the sediments.
I would suggest you do a nutrient balance of the proposed system In order to
predict carbon and nutrient losses from the sediments.
IX. Market Feasibility
We should have Information on this Item very shortly. Certainly
1t 1s critical to the success of the project.
I do not believe this discussion will have any impact upon the
restoration scheme for Lake Apopka, as 1t is evident that you intend to
proceed with the drawdown which I might add 1s extremely vulnerable to
legitimate criticism ~ criticism which you apparently have Ignored. I am
not trying to force the hyacinth plan on you, I merely thought 1t made more
sense economically and environmentally. If you truly do not believe 1t 1s
a viable alternative, then proceed with your present path. However, I
believe 1t would be to your benefit to reassess your position one more time.
Before closing, I would like to request that all of our communications
be Included in the final EIS, and that the hyacinth system be evaluated
within the text as one of the alternatives considered.
E. A. Stewart, III
EAS/jlw
C-110
-------
HARVESTING
a
PROCESSING
HARVESTING
a
PROCESSING
HARVESTING
a
PROCESSING
LOCATIONS OF HARVESTING AREAS
ARE HYPOTHETICAL
c-iii
-------
Further Response
There are distinct advantages to the use of natural biological
systems for treating environmental problems. Certain biological
systems have evolved which can effectively mitigate some of the
problems of eutrophication. Aquatic macrophytes can compete
effectively in certain instances with phytoplankton and can reduce
the adverse effects of nutrient enrichment. However, at the current
time the technology of the use of water hyacinths is not sufficiently
developed to be either scientifically or economically feasible in
restoring Lake Apopka.
The most serious concerns with this proposal are the effects of
water hyacinth growth on muck consolidation, the effects of harvesting
and processing the hyacinths on water quality, and the market-
ability of the by-products of harvesting hyacinths. Lake Apopka
3
has a tremendous amount of muck (200,000,000 m ) associated with
its bottom. The large amount of nutrients is contained in this
flocculent material. The ability of water hyacinths to utilize the
nutrients in the muck and to reduce the muck layer is presently a
matter of conjecture, and the ten year period estimated for this
removal is purely speculative. Harvesting and processing the
hyacinths before marketing will produce approximately 750,000
liters per day of liquid wastes. Returning this waste to the lake
would seriously prolong this already very long-term restoration
plan. Also, the wastes would have to meet state standards before
they could be discharged into the lake. Marketing the liquid
wastes as a possible fertilizer has not been proven viable. Furthermore,
a large market would be needed for the by-products of the harvested
hyacinths. Currently, economically acceptable methods of using the
hyacinths' by-products as cattle fodder, citrus mulch, or to
produce methane are not available. Although natural biological
restoration processes have potential, the water hyacinth proposal
does not currently represent a viable alternative which will
restore Lake Apopka.
C-112
-------
Sectioned Drawdown
C-ll 3
-------
r?TT*NVA
o ^ v:v.
3
_0 Q
BROMWELL ENGINEERING
O- *
«•«*
April 5, 1979
Lake Apopka Restoration Project
Ms. Suzanne Walker
State of Florida
Department of Environmental
Regulation
Water Resources Restoration
and Preservation Office
Twin Towers Office Building
2600 Blair Stone Rd.
Tallahassee, Florida 32301
Mr. John E. Hagan
Chief, EIS Branch
EPA Region IV
345 Courtland St., NE
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
We have reviewed the -Environmental Impact Statement on the
Lake Apopka Restoration Project. Enclosed are our comments on
this interesting endeavor. We feel that by quartering the lake
with dikes and performing successive draw-downs, the project
will be more successful and less expensive. The work can be
done in phases meaning that satisfactory results can be insured
prior to committing additional funds.
We would like to help develop the concepts of this project
so that it can be funded and brought to a successful conclusion.
Sincerely,
BROMWELL ENGINEERING
Neil R./Greenwood, P.E.
NRG:se
Enclosure
C-114
202 Lake Miriam Drive • P.O. Box 5467 • Lakeland, Florida 33803 • 813/646-8593
-------
LAKE APOPKA RESTORATION PROJECT
A review of the Lake Apopka Restoration Project was made
to examine the improvement procedure and to form an opinion
on the cost-effectiveness of the project.
The lake and its environmental factors have been closely
studied and the data provided is very thorough. The analysis
of the problem and the effectiveness of the potential solutions
were also well thought out. The proposed action, however, is
lacking in several areas and its advisability is questionable
The proposed project has the high cost of $14,000,000
This is a lot of money to allocate for a project which has an
uncertain probability of success. The water level over the
entire lake is to be down 9 feet which will expose only 30% of
the lake bottom. An equal area will remain completely unaffected
The muck on the remaining 40% may be partially upgraded depending
on the mobility and performance of the muck. The surface may
consolidate as proposed but it is more likely that the muck will
just thicken from its present consistency of 4-8% to 8-16%. The
same amount of solids will fill a smaller volume. As long"as the
water remains at a fairly high level in the muck it is doubtful
that adequate consolidation will take place. The problem is
similar to that encountered in the phosphate industry with
reclamation of slime ponds. It is necessary to decant all the
water from the surface of the solids in order to form a crust
and obtain a sufficiently high consolidation.
Besides the questionable effectiveness of the proposed
draw-down procedure the project will have a detrimental effect
on other lakes and communities. Temporary dikes, boat lifts,
silt carry-over and large pipelines will cause inconvenience
to others. The entire lake will be of no use during the operation
with the accompanying esthetic annoyances. Timing of the work
must be right to cope with the frost season. Delays at the wrong
time will prolong the project an entire year.
Bromwell Engineering
c_ii5 April 5, 1979
-------
An alternate proposal is suggested that takes advantage
of the data obtained and the principles advocated in the EIS
report. It is proposed that dikes be constructed either by
dredge or by dragline to section off part of the lake at a
time. The isolated section would be pumped out as low as
possible to gain maximum exposure of the muck on the bottom.
Four different draw-down areas are envisioned but the size and
shape are not important. The smaller area of muck would be
consolidated with minimal freeze danger to the surrounding
area. The necessary development work needed to obtain the best
procedure to remove the water without the muck could be ac-
complished without a critical time schedule problem. With
the water level down as low as necessary and the muck dried
out, it might be possible to harvest the vegetation from the
bottom if it is warranted.
When the initial segment is ready for refilling and the
next dike is in place the completed area can be partially filled
by gravity from the second treatment area. Pumps will be used
to complete the next draw-down and the procedure is repeated as
many times as is necessary.
It is estimated that the cost for the entire project with
four draw-downs might be about $3,000,000. The first area
would cost much less and the entire funds would not be spent
until the initial phase has proven successful. The probability
of success is much higher, the cost is lower and the disruption
of the surrounding area is avoided.
-2-
C-116
Bromwell Engineering
April 5, 1979
-------
BROMWELL ENGINEERING April
Mr. Erwin Y. Liang, P. E.
Office of Water Resources,
Restoration and Preservation
State of Florida
Dept. of Environmental Regulation
2600 Blair Stone Road
Twin Towers Office Building
Tallahasseer Florida 32301
Dear Erwin:
Enclosed is a letter to Mr. Hagan summarizing my comments
following the public hearing on the draft EIS for the Lake
Apopka Restoration Project.
Since my associates and I are involved with dredging,
earth dam designs, soils, and fine particle consolidation, the
idea of constructing earthen dikes by dredging was an obvious
choice to us. A very rough estimate on dike volume is 2.3
million cubic yards at a cost of $2,000,000. Seepage is estimated
at 60 gpm/1000 feet. Some of the important points that need to
be considered in the design and layout of the dikes include
1) lake depth, 2) muck depth, 3) lake bottom soil characteristics •
4) irrigation needs of both groves and muck farms, and 5) frost
protection for the groves. It is possible that some of the
lake would not be treated at all as either being unnecessary
or unproductive.
My goal was to save $10,000,000 on this project without
sacrificing any quality. This goal has been made much easier
now that the cost has risen to $19,800,000. A savings of
$15,000,000 is not unreasonable.
I would like to correct a statement I made in our discussion
Tuesday night. The dike volume was based on a 4:1 slope and
not 6:1. However, this number would need refining during
engineering design and I obviously have not carried it beyond
the preliminary conceptual stage.
20, 1979
o. *
C-117
202 Lake Miriam Drive • P.O. Box 5467 • Lakeland, Florida 33803 • 813/646-8593
-------
Mr. Erwin Y. Liang
April 19, 1979
Page two
Please let me know if you would like additional information
regarding this proposed approach. I believe that there are
other advantages that will be revealed with further study.
Sincerely,
BROMWELL ENGINEERING
NRG:se
C-118
-------
bromwell engineering
April 19, 1979 -
Mr. John Hagan
Chief, EIS Branch
EPA, Region IV
345 Courtland St. NE
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
Dear Mr. Hagan:
The public hearing on the draft EIS for Lake Apopka
Restoration brought out some interesting comments which have
a bearing on my suggested alternative approach to the project.
The opposition voiced at the hearing came from:
1. The citrus owners who felt that they were not being
sufficiently protected.
2. Land owners on downstream lakes who don't want any water
quality degradation.
3. Taxpayers who feel that the cost is too high.
These people question whether the predicted results make the
project worthwhile.
By constructing dikes to permit a drawdown on one section
of the lake at a time, not only are all of the above problems
dealt with, but improved restoration should be attained. The
dikes would permit normal levels to be maintained in major
portions of the lake during sectional drawdown. The most critical
lake areas for citrus could be scheduled during warmer months.
There would not be the need to pump the entire lake down
rapidly. This would relieve the flood of water into downstream
lakes and eliminate the dams, pipeline and pumps in the other
lakes. Only during drawdown of the first section would the
discharge flow increase and the rate and timing of this could
be made to accommodate canal capacity.
C-119
202 Lake Miriam Drive • P.O. Box 5467 • Lakeland, Florida 33803 • 813/646-8593
-------
Mr. John Hagan
April 19, 1979
Page two
The earthen dikes could be constructed by dredging
suitable material from the lake bottom below the muck. Although
a detailed engineering design would be required, initial estimates
indicate the dikes might cost $2,000,000. This cost could increase
by a factor of 2 or 3 and still result in savings of $12,000,000
to $15,000,000 over the recommended action. The other costs
such as pumping, engineering, and maintenance are estimated to
be in the $1-2 million range for the sectional dike concept,
leading to a total cost in the range of $3-4 million.
The other big advantage of this alternative approach is
the likelihood of doing a better job of muck consolidation. It
is felt-that there is a good chance of lowering the water
level in the section being treated below elevation 58 feet MSL.
This would result in producing a strong bottom crust on more
than 30% of the lake bottom. It would reduce the 30% area that
would be unimproved with the procedure recommendations in the
EIS. It may even be possible to use the dredge to transfer
heavy muck from the deep holes to the muck farms to revitalize
the soil.
Vegetation is expected to grow on the exposed lake bottom.
Although this may create debris and disturbance of the con-
solidated muck upon refilling, harvesting is not possible with
the soft bottom left with the original scheme. This alternative
proposal should provide enough firm lake bottom to allow coping
with vegetation prior to refilling.
The initial limited drawdown that would result from this
alternative would provide many of the answers on procedures
and schedules to use to optimize restoration. Time and cost
constraints will not permit such additional information to be
developed with the EIS project format.
As was mentioned in the hearing, this is not the time
?nd place to criticize, but to offer constructive suggestions,
he environmental studies and restoration analyses in the EIS
re very good. I feel that if this background information can
be used to engineer a better job for less money and less potential
impacts on the area, the restoration project will be worth
undertaking.
Sincerely,
Neil R. Greenwood, P. E.
NRG:se
c.c. State of Florida
DER
Tallahassee, Florida
C-120
-------
Mr. Neil R. Greenwood, F.E.
Bromwell Engineering
202 Lake Mariam Drive
Lakeland, Florida 33803
Dear Mr. Greenwood:
Thank you for your letter expressing concern about Lake Apopka and
the proposed lake restoration scheme. After very careful review of your
proposal by our technical staff, however, It appears that your lake
restoration design has many of the same problems as the current plan
designed by Ross, Saarlnen, Bolton & Wilder (RSB&W) and presented In the
Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS). In formulating our comments
on your proposal, we have attempted to be as thorough as we could and
raise every question and issue which might occur if your proposal were
substituted as the recommended alternative in the DEIS. Therefore,
please accept our criticisms in the constructive spirit in which they
are offered.
Based on our understanding of your proposal, the opinions of several
dredging contractors, and the cost estimating work done by RSB&W, we
have reached the conclusion that your proposal will not only cost substan-
tially more than the current RSB&W plan, but will also have no more
significant advantages. Furthermore, the following is a list of serious
concerns which will undoubtedly affect the success of your proposed
drawdown. We realize your design Is only in the preliminary stages and
we certainly do not wish to discourage you, but these problems must be
addressed adequately in any drawdown/restoration project. In the following
discussion, your proposal is, as you mentioned, assumed to use an earthen
dike to divide the lake evenly into four sections.
1. Downstream turbidity and water quality degradation:
There is no reasonably cost effective man-made sedimenta-
tion basin and chemical treatment system which can ensure
that the effluent from Lake Apopka will meet design constraints
(page 114, Draft EIS). The current RSB&W plan uses an
in-lake sedimentation basin for removing heavy particles
and Lake Beauclair for removing fine particles. This
arrangement can ensure that effluent from Lake Beauclair
will meet design constraints and water quality in downstream
lakes will not be degraded. Lake Beauclair will be restored
by drawdown to mitigate any damage caused by the Lake Apopka
drawdown. Tour proposal also must require some form of
sediment control for removing suspended particles in order
to meet the design constraints. Consequently, your proposal
may also require the restoration by drawdown of Lake Beauclair.
In other words, as far as downstream water quality degrada-
tion due to turbidity is concerned, your proposal (as explained)
offers no more advantage than the current RSB&W plan.
Likewise, similar problems exist in both your restoration
proposal and the RSB&W plan in terms of dissolved nutrients
and their effects on downstresm lakes. During the RSB&W plan,
the immediate effects of the nutrient-laden Lake Apopka
water on downstream lakes will occur for about a year during
C-121
-------
Che drawdown and holddown phase. With your proposal, smaller
quantities of Apopka water will be released at any one time,
but downstream lakes will still be affected. Furthermore, the
extensive dredging activities suggested in your proposal will
release substantial quantities of interstitial nutrients which
may affect the downstream lakes. Adequate measures must be
designed to minimize such impacts.
Citrus owners' concern:
The current RSB&W plan, lowering the water level to 64 feet
MSL (only a two percent reduction in water surface area),
has already caused great concern to citrus owners. They
worry that the reduction of heat storage capacity may jeopar-
dize their thermal protection received from Lake Apopka.
In your proposal, the rate of the pumped drawdown of each
section is limited by the capacity of the Doral Canal, and
the lake has to be refilled prior to each winter season.
In othervords, it will take one year to restore each section
of the lake.
Your proposal, reducing the water surface area and volume
by at least 25 percent (if refill water for the restored
section is, as you said, from the rest of the lake) for
four years, may cause greater concern to citrus owners than
the current plan. Furthermore, if refill water is needed
from downstream, then facilities would have to be designed
and constructed to store such water. The Dead River Dam
and Boat Lift may consequently be needed to protect Lake
Harris. Facilities (cofferdam & pumps) would have to be
Installed for each refill period, then removed for the
following year's drawdown, then installed, then removed
and so on. This would increase the cost. We presume you
have considered this and found an acceptable alternative.
Possibly you have designed a plan that ensures that no refill
water will be needed from downstream lakes. We are uncertain
of your plans concerning this aspect of the project.
Probability of success:
Your proposal indicates that in case the first section of the
lake does not show that drawdown is a viable restoration
approach to Lake Apopka, then the remainder of the project
can be eliminated. However, major construction will be
necessary in order to draw down the first section of the lake.
A sedimentation basin, a deep-hole channel to convey the
water from deep holes to the A-B canal, approximately a
seven-mile long earthen dike, drawdown and refill pumping
facilities, and facilities for restoring Lake Beauclair will
be necessary. Furthermore, silt removal and dike protection
of the A-B Canal may be necessary, and facilities to mitigate
effects on citrus irrigation and the Farmers Dike may be
required.
Although the cost of draining the subsequent sections will be
less, initial construction would be a major investment and
would probably cost more than half of the total project cost.
C-122
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If a pilot project is required to convince all concerned
parties of the viability of the drawdown restoration, then
a few acres instead of 7800 acres of the lake can be isolated
for the experiment. This would be much more cost-effective
because it does not require all the expensive construction
mentioned previously.
4. Muck Consolidation:
There appears to be some misunderstanding on certain critical
aspects of muck consolidation. The only way to consolidate
the muck is by dehydration or dewatering. The consolidation
process consists of two aspects: 1) the length of time the
muck gets "baked" by the sun; and 2) self-weight compaction.
The current RSB&W plan uses 58 feet MSL as the lowest lake
stage during drawdown. Fifty-eight feet MSL was chosen
based on "Hydrologic Considerations in Draining Lake Apopka -
A Preliminary Analysis, 1970", by USGS. The enclosed figure
was extracted from this report and shows clearly that approximately
95 percent of the bottom is exposed at elevation 58 feet MSL.
At this elevation, all that is left in the lake is essentially
muck. It would be technically infeasible to drain the lake
any lower than 58 feet. However, if this were possible, the
self-weight compaction would be increased while solar dehydration
remains approximately consistent. Therefore, the percentage
of exposed lake bottom would be essentially the same in your
proposal as it is in the RSB&W plan. The lake still has to be
refilled prior to the winter season, thereby imposing the same
constraints on both restoration schemes. Logically, then
there is no substantial proof that your restoration scheme
will result in a "stronger bottom crust" than the RSB&W plan.
You also suggested that it might be possible to transfer muck
from the deep holes to the muck farms to revitalize the soil.
However, we have learned that the muck farmers will not accept
the dredged muck because it would ruin the existing irrigation
system.
5. Terrestrial vegetation invasion and removal:
The Draft EIS did not advocate the removal of terrestrial
vegetation because of its cost and the potential damage to the
consolidated muck. Harvesting the terrestrial vegetation
using conventional floating cutters is extremely expensive -
more than 10 million dollars. Mechanical removal of terrestrial
vegetation can damage the crust of consolidated muck, but
deserves further consideration depending on the strength of
the restored bottom.
6. Dike protection and muck farm irrigation:
Your proposal will affect the Farmers Dike and muck farm
irrigation just as much as the current RSB&W plan, unless a
new dike is built and pumps are Installed to Impound water
along the north shore. However, the cost of building a new
dike would be more than the cost of maintaining the existing
dike. Provisions should be included in your plan to ensure
the integrity of this unstable dike, particularly following
refill of the lake.
C-123
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7. Citrus irrigation:
Your proposal will affect the irrigation of citrus orchards
adjacent to the quarter of the lake that is drawn down. Pumps
and pipelines will be needed to irrigate these groves, and
high rise travelers may be necessary to irrigate those groves
which currently do not irrigate. Further studies would be
necessary to understand the effect of the drawdown on the
water table in those groves.
8. Cost Comparison:
Based on the RSB&W cost estimate in their preliminary "Final
Engineering Report - Lake Apopka Restoration Project", this
office has prepared a cost comparison between the RSB&W plan
and your proposal:
Construction Cost
Item
RSB&W Plan
Greenwood Proposal
Earthen dike (14 miles)
$ -0-
$16,100,000
(a)
Lake Apopka deep-hole
channel & in-lake
sedimentation basin
3,671,100
1,900,000
(b)
Lake Apopka pumping station
2,253,900
1,300,000
(c)
Lake Apopka water control
structure
35,600
50,000
(d)
Lake Dora pumping station
1,098,000
-0-
Lake Dora energy dissipator
22,000
-0-
Dora Canal by-pass pipeline
2,232,600
-0-
Lake Eustis energy
dissipator
275,100
-0-
Lake Eustis pumping station
75,500
-0-
Dead River dam & boat lift
601,200
-0-
(e)
Lake Beauclair pumping
station
513,300
530,000
(f)
A-B Canal lock & dam pumping
station
255,500
—0—
Lake Beauclair/Lake Dora
cofferdam
159,500
159,500
(g)
Lake Beauclair/Lake Carlton
cofferdam
22,900
22,900
(h)
Citrus irrigation
1,238,500
1,238,500
(i)
Silt removal & canal
protection
401,000
"•0—
(J)
Dike & shoreline protection
2,975,400
2,975,400
(k)
Muck farm irrigation
1,024,800
1,024,800
(1)
Removal of facilities &
clean-up to pre-constructlon
conditions 461,700 200,000 (m)
General requirement (mobiliza-
tion, construction office, etc) 200,000 200,000 (n)
Lake Beauclair deep-hole channel 84.700 84.700 (o)
Sub-total $17,602,300 $25,785,800
C-124
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Operation Cost
Item
Labor
Diesel fuel, electric
power, filters,
belts, etc.
Irrigation operation
Misc. supplies and materials
Sub-total
Insurance
Item
Allowance for liability
insurance premium for
construction & operational
phase, the Increase of
construction cost due Co
maintaining of in-lake
earthen dike, and other
required insurance
Sub-total
RSB&W Plan
$ 692,200
1,237,400
52,200
44.100
$ 2,025,900
RSB&W Plan
Greenwood Proposal
$ 1,320,000 (p)
900,000 (q)
52,200
44^100
$ 2,316,300
Greenwood Proposal
$ 1.000.000
$ 1,000,000
$ 1.000.000
$ 1,000,000
Credit for Salvage
Item RSB&W Plan Greenwood Proposal
Axial flow pumps &
drive units $ 1,316,400 $ 175,000 (r)
84-inch dia. pipe 468,600 -0-
Boat lift facilities 106,700 -0-
Irrigation equipment 377,200 377,200
Misc. equipment 22,400 22,400
Sub-total $ 2,291,300 $ 574,600
SUMMARY OF TOTAL PROJECT COST
Item RSB&W Plan Greenwood Proposal
Construction $17,517,600 $25,785,800
Operational 2,025,900 2,316,300
Insurance 1,000,000 1,000,000 .
Real Estate 50,000 10,000 (s)
Engineering Services 396,000 396,000
Misc. technical services 75,000 75,000
Total Project Cost
(March 1979 dollars) $21,064,500 $29,583,100
Less Credit for Salvaged
equipment & materials ($ 2.291,300) ($ 574.600)
NET TOTAL PROJECT COST $19,826,400 $29,008,500
C-125
-------
From this cost comparison, It appears that your proposal will cost more
than the RSB&W plan.
(a) The recommended minimum average cross section of the earthen
dike:
50' wide top. 5' free board, 10:1 bank slope, 16' high
(average lake depth Is 6' o£ water and 51 of muck).
The soil underlying Lake Apopka Is predominantly sand.
Therefore, the most cost effective material to use to build
the earthen dike would probably be sand. An earthen
dike constructed of sand would have to meet the afore-
mentioned specifications. The estimated length of earthen
dikes is 14 miles (9.2 x 10 c.y.). Therefore, the estimated
cost * of constructing and later removing the earthen dike
is $1.75/c.y. x (9.2 x 10° c.y.) - $16,100,000.
~Estimated unit price is based on the cost
estimates of three dredging contractors
(Layne Dredging Co., Hallandale, FL.,
C.F. Bean Corp., Bellechase, LA; Marco
Enterprise, Inc., Tampa, FL.)
(b) Both the RSB&W plan and your proposal require approximately
the same amount of dredging for the deep-hole channel.
Your proposal will require a smaller but much longer deep-
hole channel than RSB&W.plan. Your proposal will also require
an in-lake sedimentation basin about \ the size of RSB&W's
proposed basin.
(c) Your proposal will require about 1/3 of the pumping capacity
(including the stand-by pumps) required in the RSB&W plan.
The pump station in your proposal will require pumps, coffer-
dam, sump, weir, wildlife screen, sheet piling, operator's
trailer, fuel tank, fence, generator, power unit, access road,
soil test, dredging, etc.
(d) The RSB&W Lake Apopka water control structure is needed only
during drawdown and would be removed during refill. Due
to the nature of your proposal, the Lake Apopka water control
structure would have to be Installed and removed four times.
(e) Detailed hydraulic and hydrological calculations are necessary
to determine if a dam and boat lift structure is required
to prevent water from backflowing into Lake Harris. In the
cost estimate for your proposal, the dam & boat lift is
assumed to be unnecessary.
(f) The Lake Beauclair pumping station is required for refill
purposes. For the same reason mentioned previously, this
pumping station would be Installed and removed four times.
(g) The Lake Beauclair/Lake Dora cofferdam is for a Lake Beau-
clair drawdown, which would also be required In your proposal.
(h) The Lake Beauclair/Lake Carlton cofferdam is for a Lake
Beauclair drawdown, which would also be required in your
proposal.
C-126
-------
(1) Irrigation facilities for your proposal will cost essentially
the same as the RSB&W plan.
(j) The silt removal & canal protection of the A-B Canal may be
avoided due to the smaller flow resulting from yoiA proposal.
(k) The estimated cost of dike & shoreline protection prepared by
RSB&W is an educated guess. Your proposal will affect the
Farmers' Dike and shoreline just as much as the RSB&W plan.
Therefore, it is fair for the sake of comparison to use the
RSB&W estimation for your proposal, too.
(1) For similar reasons, the estimated cost of muck farm irrigation
of your proposal is the same as that of the RSB&W plan.
(m) Since your proposal will not require Dora Canal by-pass facilities
and Dead River dam & boat lift structures, the estimated
cost of removing facilities and clean-up is much less than
the RSB&W plan. (The cost of removing earthen dikes is not
included in this item.)
(n) General requirement (mobilization, construction office, etc.):
The mobilization of dredging equipment alone Is $100,000.
Your estimate of $200,000 is rather low for the cost.
(o) Your proposal also would require the restoration of Lake
Beauclair; therefore, your proposal needs the Lake Beauclair
deep-hole channel to convey water from deep holes in the lake
to the pumping station.
(p) The required operation and maintenance personnel: RSB&W's
plan requires 1200 man-weeks to draw down, hold down and
refill Lake Apopka, restore Lake Beauclair, and provide for
irrigation and dike protection. Your proposal will require
2287 man-weeks to drawdown, holddown and refill Lake Apopka
four times, restore Lake Beauclair and provide for irrigation
and dike protection.
(q) Your proposal does not require pumping operations at the Dora
Canal; therefore, your proposal can save the cost of electric
power.
(r) Your proposal requires fewer pumps but for a longer period of
operation. The salvage value of pumps is 20 percent of purchase
value, compared with the 50 percent used in RSB&W's plan.
The cost of purchasing pumps in your proposal is estimated
to be 1/3 of that In RSB&W's plan.
(s) The estimated cost of $10,000 Includes the legal, surveying
& other costs required to acquire the property needed for
this project.
C-127
-------
Your proposed restoration scheme was reviewed with great interest
by the WRR&P staff. The restoration of Lake Apopka is a very complex
project and there are thousands of ways to design it. Saving costs in
one area may well be at the expense of other areas. If we have mis-
understood your proposal in any manner, please contact us. Your
suggestions and ideas are genuinely appreciated.
Sincerely,
Erwin Liang, P.E.
Water Resources Restoration
and Preservation Section
EL:ba
Enclosures
cc: Mr. John Hagan, Chief
EIS Branch
E.P.A., Region IV
345 Courtland St., NE
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
C-128
-------
bromwell engineering
.
{'• \
May 30, 1979
. -* •
Lake Apo^jigw^iwttiration Project
Mr. Ervin Liang, P. E.
Water Resources Restoration
and Preservation Section
Florida Department of Environmental
Regulation
Twins Towers Office Building
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee, Florida 32301
Dear Mr. Liang:
I appreciate your reply concerning my suggestions on Lake
Apopka. I am sending you another letter because there has not
been a meeting of the minds on some of the major issues. If
the project had to be performed either as in the RSB&W plan or
as you interpret my plan, I would recommend doing neither and
waiting for a better solution. The points that I would like
to make are numbered to correspond with your letter of May 10.
1. I had the impression that the carry-over of silt from
Lake Apopka to Lake Beauclair is not normally a problem but
would be under the RSB&W plan because of the very large volume
of water and the low water level to be reached in Lake Apopka.
By drawing down one-fourth of the lake at a time, I intended to
keep the flow rate out of Lake Apopka within the normal range.
Also, the water volume in the three-fourths of the lake not being
lowered would be a satisfactory settling basin for the water
being pumped. It is certainly bigger than the one to be con-
structed with the one drawdown scheme.
In this way, the cost of the sedimentation basin could
be avoided. The increased flow to Lake Beauclair would be kept
within adequate bounds. In fact, only during the first draw-
down would the rate be a factor since in subsequent drawdowns,
the new area could be emptied into the one being filled.
It is possible that the dredging operation would have a
detrimental effect on water quality. I expect that this would be
minimal, utilizing normal turbidity control measures. It may
be that other construction methods such as a dragline could also
be employed advantageously.
2. My proposal would involve about 25% drawdown at one
time. The lake area directly in front of the citrus groves could
be kept at a high level during the frost season.
C-129
202 Lake Miriam Drive • P.O. Box 5467 • Lakeland, Florida 33803 • 813/646-8593
-------
Mr. Ervin Liang, P. E.
May 30, 1979
Page two
One of the big problems with the original scheme was
fitting everything into the time between frost seasons. I
anticipate that with the quartered system only one section would
have to fit in that time sequence.
I really did not anticipate a four year project and
expected it to take less than two years. However, a major
advantage of the proposal is that it allows flexible time
scheduling in order to optimize muck consolidation.
I would not obtain water from downstream to fill up the
last section but would reduce the water leaving Apopka until it
is full again.
3. The first section would indeed be the most expensive
although the sedimentation basin, deep-hole channel, Lake
Beauclair and A-B canal rehabilitation are not felt to be
necessary. I expect that the first drawdown will be successful
although there may be some experimentation to develop the most
effective procedure.
1 would have no objections to a small-scale experimental
project to lessen the risk if it was felt to be necessary.
Undoubtedly, objections would be raised to an extra expense with
very little improved lake bottom acreage to show for it.
4. The problem with drawing down the lake to 58 feet MSL
is that the top of the muck only is exposed. As you state,
draining below 58 feet would increase the self-weight compaction.
It was my contention that with the quartering system, it would be
possible to drain the lake lower than 58 feet MSL and produce
a better crust.
Maintaining lake level at 58 feet during the dry-out
period will limit consolidation and greatly lower the probability
of success. If $20 million is going to be spent on a project
such as this, it ought to have a very high probability of success.
I did not think that a very large volume of muck would
go to the muck farmers but I am surprised that they do not want
fresh material. It would not have to be pumped directly from
the lake but could be dewatered prior to use.
5. With a drawdown below 58 feet MSL and with better crust
formation, mechanical harvesting of vegetation might be worth
considering. Chemical treatment may be another option worth
considering, although a careful study of potential effects on
water quality would be required.
C-130
-------
Mr. Ervin Liang, P. E.
May 30, 1979
Page three
6-7. I am not familiar with the Farmer's Dike but I assumed
that with careful dike placement, irrigation water could be
obtained with only piping modifications for both muck farmers
and citrus groves.
3. a) The dike specificaitons of 50 foot width on top
and 10:1 slope seem unreasonable. This is a key factor in the
cost evaluation, and you may wish to retain a geotechnical firm
with dredging experience to prepare more accurate estimates.
b) I still feel this $1,900,000 can be deleted as
mentioned in No. 1.
c) This appears high but have not studied it further.
d) Although I do not believe we are talking about the
same thing, some funds will be needed for water level control.
e) Agree.
f) This would not be necessary as I understand it.
g-h) I would delete these items also.
i) Hopefully most of this could be avoided.
j) Agree.
k) I do not know enough about this to evaluate it
but $3,000,000 offers a lot of incentive for improvement.
1) Same as (i).
m) Okay.
n) Okay.
o) Same as (h)
p-q) Figures are questionable.
r) Okay.
s) Okay.
C-131
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Mr. Ervin Liang, P. E.
May 30, 1979
Page four
I appreciate the consideration that you have given to my
proposal. I believe that the main points of disagreement
are:
1. The size and cost of the dikes.
2. The minimum drawdown level possible.
3. The need for a sedimentation basin.
4. Facilities required for muck farm and citrus
grove protection.
Should my logic be acceptable, the price would be much
lower. However, if the cost of the RSB&W plan and my proposal
are still considered to cost $20 million+ I would suggest that
we go back to the drawing board and come up with an acceptable
process with a reasonable price tag.
Sincerely
BROMWELL ENGINEERING
Neil R./Greenwood, P. E.
NRG:se
C-132
-------
twin towers office building
2600 BLAIR STONE HOAO
TALLAHASSEE. FLORIDA 32301
o» nc
JACOB O. VARN
SECRETARY
BOS GRAHAM
GOVERNOR
STATE OF FLORIDA
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION
Mr. Neil R. Greenwood, P.E.
Bromwell Engineering
202 Lake Mariam Drive
Lakeland, Florida 33803
Dear Mr. Greenwood:
Thank you for your letter of May 30, 1979. The following responses
are numbered to correspond with your letter:
1. Your plan uses the remaining three-fourths of the lake as
the settling basin for the drawn down section. There presently
exists an approximately 1.5-foot thick layer of floe above the
bottom muck. In order to consolidate the bottom muck in a
limited time period, this floe layer has to be removed. As
you are aware, the limited time period is due to frost/freeze
protection required by the citrus growers. Therefore, using
the remaining three-fourths of the lake as a settling basin
will virtually keep all the floe in the lake. Consequently,
the floe, which can effectively block the sunlight from the
lake bottom, would preclude the growth of rooted aquatic
vegetation. Since one of the main purposes of consolidating
muck is to encourage the growth of rooted aquatic vegetation
in order to compete with algae for nutrients, this would be a
major obstacle to the feasibility of the restoration approach
outlined in your letter.
2. Since the frost/freeze protection afforded by the lake is a
function of its surface area, keeping the water in the sections
next to the citrus groves and drawing down the other sections
will still significantly reduce the moderating effect of the
lake.
3. Lake Apopka has several deep holes, and deep-hole channels are
required to convey water from deep holes to pumps. The proposal
outlined in your letter of May 30 saves the cost of the sedi-
mentation basin at the expense of the floe problem and a very
expensive in-lake pumping station or an extensive deep-hole
channel
C-133
-------
Mr. Neil R. Greenwood
Page Two
In order to drain a lake section lower than 58 feet MSL in
your quartering system, it is necessary to pump the muck from
one section to another. According to your proposal, a layer
of soft muck and suspended floe above the consolidated muck
would still be present at the completion of this project.
This cannot be considered a beneficial end product of successful
lake restoration.
5-7. I believe my letter of May 10 and the previous explanation
has answered these points.
8a) The dike specifications of 50-foot top width, 10:1 slope and
5-foot freeboard are the recommended minimum dimensions suggested
by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and several experienced
dredging contractors. During my cost estimation of your
proposal, 1 did not include the additional cost of removing
bottom muck, which should be pumped to at least 1000 feet
anyway, prior to the construction of the dike.
The "accurate" estimation from a geotechnical firm is based
on the soil test. This office does not have the budget for
such tests. Our understanding of the soil in the project area
is based on:
A. "Soil Survey of Lake County Area, Florida, by USDA, SCS,
B. "Water Resources of Orange County, Florida, by USGS,
1968"; and
C. "Appraisal of Water Resources in the East Central Florida
Region, USGS, 1972."
b) As explained in Item 3
c to s) There is not much to comment about; after all, they
represent just a small portion of total cost.
Thank you again for your suggestions and ideas.
1975";
Sincerely
Erwin Y. Liang, P.E.
Water Resources Restoration
and Preservation Section
EYL:ba
C-134
-------
Dredging
C-135
-------
~Lake improvement dissociation, inc.
LAKE COUNTY,
October 9» 1978
f\f»t I*? 1?7!-
Ks S«zjhoo P. Walker, Field Project Director "«•
State cf 71 or'da- EBP., Southvest District ,.,,ccT . r
7601 Highly 3C1 north. SOUTHWEST .1
Tampa, Florida 33610 TK».r. -
Dear Ma. Walker; Bet Cltlsen's Review Cob on Lake Apopka EZS
Thank you for the 7A3/77 0. S. Geological Surrey to review.
Tour July 27, 197? letter enclosed Alternatives and Their Effects - one of
which v&s Dredging. This two page report Indicates 222 Billion jk of muck
that *-5dld be removed from the lake at an approximate cost of $127 Million,
Fundi Jig for this Lake Apopka Bsstoration Project under current eoonAmio
philosophy looks improbable to u,
The lake restoration Is urgently needed. However, LIA neabers and guests at
Its October 5, 1978 aaetlng passed a resolution committing our group to urge
further exploration of the Dredging Concept.
Facts and Considerationst
1. The feasabillty of methane gas extraction is being explored.
2. The removal of rough fish by haul-seine at the current water level is urged
as soon as possible. Contact Jerry Nets, Nesbitt Fish House, Qewiston, Fl.
3. Muck removal would increase the water oapadty in the lake.
4. Muck farms lose l"/year of planting surface by evaporation. (Prospects
for suck consumption).
5. Removing the audi removes the need for future drawdowns.
6. If the private sector dredge capital can be generated - give them the suck
for disposal against dredging costs.
Please contact Jack A. Howalt, Dredging 0ar1-"- Coordinator, sponsored
jointly by Corps of Engrs, DHB, DEB and FGPVFC July 9-12* 1978 at the
Carillon Hotel, Miami Beach, FL.
7. Solicit gxpertiee about this concept froai
a. Dr. harles Ccnover, Director, Apopka Research Center, IFAS, Ornamental
Horticulture, at 3, Box 580, Apopka, FL 32703 (305/889-^161)
b. Dr. C. H. Yan Middelen, State Chemist, Dept. of Agriculture, Mayo Bldg.
Tallahassee, Fl. 3230*
o. Terry Hursh, Oxford Peet Co. Hgwy **66, Oxfort, Florida,
d. Mr. Ferre, Maule Industries, Inc. 100 Bisqualne Blvd. Miami, VI.
Florida has a commission Stsff to promote Florida Citrus. Increase or expand
its function to explore the marketability of "muck from Florida". Their
assignment would require marketing 1*25 million railroad boxcars filled to
handling capacity of Lake Apopka suck. Many other lakes in Florida also
contain muck.
Yours very alncerely,
*¦' ^ V
cc Sheet Attached 43. IT, Heppberger, President
511 Lake Shore Drive,
Leesburg, Florida 327W3
C-136
-------
4 JCake iJmp'iovemenl (-Association, *
C-137
-------
Mkr 9. WW
C.I. Htppbtrgtr, President
Lain Inprovuaaat ItaodtdM, Inc.
511 Lsks Shore Drive
iMibcg, Florida 32748
Deer Mr. Bsppberger,
Your letter ef October 9, 1978, to Sssenne Walker bee been referred to
as for response. As you know, we have grave reservations concerning
tbe feasibility of dredging as a restorative technique for Lake Apopka.
Our Ejections to dredging are aanlfold bet are dcalnsted by (1) the
great east Involved, (2) the threat of environmental djaaga, and (3) tbe
length of tlae required for the dredging proceas. I hope that the
reaelnder of thla letter will explain. In anfflclent detail, our reasons
tat not fn—iiiiltng dredging aa a restoration technique for Lake Apopka.
Zn our US ve have evaleated several aaana of reatorlng lakes. Of tboee
techniques sxsalasd, only dredging end drawdown appeared to offer the
results required for this particular restoration project (vis, alini-
netien of the ¦authoring effect of neck and redaction of In-lake nutrient
loading). Us icuiaaand drawdown over dredging because it poses s lesser
threat to the envlronusat of the Oklawaha Chain of Lakaa and, at an
estinted cost of 14 Million dollars, constitutes s —sllsr ricnand on
the pocketbook of the taxpayer.
Then are 222,000,000 cubic asters (290,000,000 cubic yards) of sack at
Che bettaa of like Apopka. Being a rate of $0.57 per cubic aetex, ue
ee tins ted that the dredging ef Lske Apopka would coot $127,000,000 (not
including the erpense of spoils dispossl). It should be noted thst >i>U
cats (90*57 per cubic aeter) is the cheapest proeeas svailsbls and
provides as protection to the downstrean lakes froa increeesd turbidity,
oxygen depletioa or lacresssd nutrient releaee during the dredging
process, lscsuss ef the danger to the enviroi—sat, this process is
clearly unacceptable, regardless of its costs.
Mr. Carl IXsuck, president ef Organic Kacycling International, recently
wrote us cmnesmlng a maasii.JL>l use for the dredged auck. In his
letter he aentinned a dredging process thst would not csuss the snvirso-
asntsl dansge described above. If this process ware found to be environ-
nan telly sound it would be scesptsbls to us as a possible restoration
technique. However, the cost of his process wss ststed to be $3.00 to
$3.50 per csbic yard. With 290,000,000 cable yards, ths cost of restore-
tlen vis dredging would be well over $600,000,000 (actually $870,000,000
C-138
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Page Two
Mr* C.K. Bappbarfar
Bovaabar 9, 1978
to $1,015,000*000). Igaln, tha cost of ipoila disposal is not included
la this aatlaata.
Mr. KlmeV, la his latter, sad yaw, lm year lattar, hm indicated that
it alght be possible to off sat tha eoat of dredging, or ma asks a
profit, by sailing tha spoils or its byprodacts. If saeh a plan vara
laplsaaafl, there would, af coarse, ha an additional cost (or lsveetaant)
for ths handling, proeeaslttg, packaging sad transport of tha dradgad
spoils and by-prodacta.
As isportad fa aar XZS, we km lavastigatad ths poealbllty of using ths
organic spoils to prodaoa natural gas which esn, la tarn, ba sold. To
this and, a Masting tosk plaea in Tallahaasss batvaan repreeaatatlves of
Florida Gas Corporation sad Ms« Jean Tolaan of DBU At this aaartni
thraa prohlsa araas vara iadicatsd as raportsd in ths ZX8. Two, if not
all thraa, of thasa problsas woald ba appliceble to any attaft at
ar* *"*"1 private aatarprlss with tha reetoratian project.
(1) One of ths greateef arcponeos of a boslnass is tha capital oatlay
for tha Initial eoaa traction of facilities. Satvrally, it woald ba
poor planning to op sad larga awaa of aoaey to haild
largo annagh to procasa all of ths raw aatarlal (aack) la s given
araa within only oaa or two years. A profit-oriented aatarprlss
woald Insist oa artntairing its capital outlay by redodag tha sisa
af its fscllltiss sad stretching its operations over a longer
period af tlaa. There la a point at which a eertala
oatlay and the assodstad operating eosts ganarete an optlaal
profit; sad, it is this point that detendaes ths of the
facility sad ths length of tlae it amt operate to aee ap tha
eatira mpply of ras aatarlal. Kepreseatatlves of Florida Gas
Csrporatloa aetlaated that they woald require at laaat 15 yaara;
Mr. n,wrt saggestad that his project woald last 20 yaara. v«
eaanot ceasldsr these periods of tlaw, especially with the di*»
PTn,->" dredging, ee suitable for a restoration reelect,
for the eska of tha lake, the reeldsats sroaad ths
•¦tire eeoeyataa of the Oklaweha Chela of Lakee, we anst of a
prejeet daratloa la teres of ealy ana or two yeera.
Xt baa beea saggeeted that larger ferMltlae alght be ballt sad
that ether organic wastse, sach as eraage palp, aack fara wastes
and neck ftm ether nearby lakes, could be processed whan Apepka's
sapply of aack la depleted. This plan weald 1mr for 1ihi
of tha reetoratioa eapect of the process sad also provide fee *
loag-lived bealness. lowever, the fact that each focllitieo do not
praeantly cadet in the area at tha required scale of prodactlon asy
suggest thst each e proceee is not ecoaoalcally feasible.
(2) The cost of dredging is not nsrely a fraction of the mount of aack
dredged, but also a function of the area over which that aack is
C-139
-------
Fage Three
Mr. C.I. Beppberger
¦ovuubuir 9, 1978
apru4. ItpMNautlvu of Florida Gee Corporation hm ladlata4
chat la order for thalr proceaa to ba profitable, 01I7 tha deep
holaa of sack eoold ba wined. allowing tha dradgaa to tula 1b tha
aaae loaatloa for long parloda. This would raault In Uttla bottai
raatoratlon nearahora whara It la aoat naadad.
Zt haa baan that the atata of Florida subsidise tha coat
of dredging for a period of tlMt until tha private antarprlaa geta
atartad (aay for one year). Tha dredging coat haa baan saflnstod
as 1970,000,000; even If tha projact la apraad om 20 years (which
va find unaceeptably long) tha first year's dredging aupanee would
ba $43,500,000. Thla, again, doaa not Include tha Inl rial eapltal
outlay Mqalnd for watar quality protactloa during tha procaaalng
of tha uuck, far oouatructlon of procaaalng fadlltlaa and for
¦'M tranaport of tha product. It la unlikely that
aoch a larga mm would ever ba funded by tha atata laglalature,
and, certainly, tha 50 percent funding froa ZFA'e Clean Lakaa
Frogran would not apply to auah a plan.
(3) finally, with regard to na thane gaa extraction froai tha neck of
Lake Apopka, technology haa not yet reached tha atag* where gasi-
fication la profitable, lepreaaatatlvee of Florida Gaa Corporation
have stated that they would need a ¦1n1w of fire year* of reaearch
before they could atart ualng dredged natarlala on a laaain acala.
In aairar to other polnta brought up In your latter:
(1) Hi da aaniufga tha raaoval of rough fish fro* Lake Apopka and hawa
tentative plana ta do so during tha propoead drawdown. However, It
should ba noted that, aa a neana of renorlng nutrients froa the
lake, fish harvesting Is not vary affective. For every 1000 pouada
ef flab harvaatad, only 14 pounda of nitrogen and 7 pounds of
phoaphorua era r—>ovad fvtm tha lake. In 1974, Florida Cane and
Freshwater Flah Ccaaifsslon aatinatad the a tending crop of flah In
lake Apopka at 2,500,000 pounda. Thua, harvaatlng of all flah
would wow only 35,000 pounda af nitrogen and 17,500 pounda of
phaaphorua. lain, falling on Lake Apopka'a eurfaca (not
runoff fns awrrouuding land), aontrlbutea an average of 1937
psunls af nitrogen and 484 pounda of phoaphorua par day. Thua,
ra—vsl af all flah frca Lake Apopka Is roughly equivalent to the
aaouut af uatrlanta put Into tha laka by rainfall alone for 18 daya
for nitrogen and 35 days far phoaphorua.
(2) Meek rawnl would, aa you say. Increase tha water capacity of the
laka* Thla laaraaaa would ba af decided value since it would alao
raise tha haat capacity of tha lake, thua providing *>-M1Hqwel
fxost/freese protection for eltrua grovua to tha aouth. Bouuvar,
drawdown, with sack aonaolldatlon, will also lncraaaa tha water
C-140
-------
?«(• four
Mr. C.E. Happbargar
Hovaabar 9, 1978
capacity of tba laka. Co^Mtloa of tha wick will raault in a 13
ftrottt 1MTMM la laka voluna. Thia will prorida a 5 to 10
p«nMt Imthm in )Mit capacity.
(3) meik faraa do leaa a layar of ««U aacb yaar dua Co oxidation.
Bavmr, tho sack dradgad frsa tba bottoa of Laka Apopka la not
•qalTalaat to fcha aoll uaad cm tha faraa. Comraraatlona with
varlMi auck faraara hm lndlcattd that tho w«k would hava to ba
procaaaarf (iprtad and drlad vhlla contlnuoualy plovad ao aa not to
aouaoHrtafa) bafora It ffould ba utlllsad. Thia procaaalng ^
-------
p«n riw
Mr. C.I. Bappbortor
imAM f, 1978
k dravdowa vlll aot «hn|« tha valai af eh* organic MdlMt, b«C urtlj
•tab 111m it. Mm tiihulQBr advawM to tha point tint tha nek «¦>
to aeeeeeleelly otfilnai ami etilisad. It will a till b« at tha bottoa of
Laka iytpki, wirii to »am aaa*
flwawly,
01m Uen, luwlron—tal Spaolallat
Uatax Baaovrooo Boatoratloa and.
FtMimtiM 8o«tloa
QL/nr
mi ftutaaoa lalkar
Board of Laka Cwaty Co—l««f onaf
Mr. Jea 1. Bill, Laka Co* follatlca Control Board
Mr. LnIi Pvlattjri CCB, Bnevtlv* VP, Florida Chaafeor of Coaaaraa
Imtln Dimtor, Orlando Chwhar of Co—tea
Sobort Dunbar, Dlroctor, Laka Conty OMbar of Coaaarea
C-142
-------
/4 note, jmt>. . .
Vi and/or Chet Heppberger
511 Lake Shore ijr.
. Leesburg, Fla.,32
' (.. - i 'v t
/hi,, E<
/V ; j]ff JCE OP secretary
mJC'Yc '
—v ws ^rC«rr< /' iv vf
•-***
-------
January 3, 1979
Gov«nor Robert Grahaa
Director, Dept. of Environmental Regulation
Senator Vino* Fechtel
Hep. Brerett Kelly
Rep. Rtbert Brantley
Rep. Ri«hard Kelly
Gentleaem Bet Lake Apopka Restoration
Ve taxpay»r» urge serloua consideration of our ooaaents which follow.
President Carter pleaded for spending restraints on the Federal level
before a TV audience a few weeks ago. He assuae the Proposition 13 oonoept
will Influence an austerity program at the State of Florida level*
The Dept. of Bnrlzonaental Regulation personnel (DEB) are seeking funds
to restore Lake Apopka by drtwdown at $7 Billion dollars (State funding)
and $7 ailllon dollars Federal funding. History of funding for such
projects dictates a eost overrun is likely and store funding sought.
Ve feel the project leaders will seek a pollution variance while Lake Apopka
water is flushed into the Oklawaha Chain of Lakes. This displeases us*
Lake Apopka has been abused for over twenty years* It is our plea that
the dredging of mxtk fro» tha lake be' pursued if it takes aore than
twenty years using private capital.
Subscribers to this eqaeepti
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C-150
-------
Division of
Environmental Prc8'«arns
April 9, 1979
Mr. C. E. Hsppbsrgar
511 Lake Shore I>riva
Leesburs, Florida 32748
Dear Mr* Happberger:
Tour letter of March 23, 1979, with attached newsclipplnga and a
petition to the Governor on the subject of Lake Apopka, haa been received
by the Department of Environmental Regulation.
Aa you know, the Dapartaant haa apent the laat year analyzing
varloua alternative aethods for reatorlng Lake Apopka. These alternative.
Included: no action, enhanced fluctuation, chemical sediaentatlon
flu*hJ?8• «*»tlon, dredging, and aedlment consolidation
55^ . ® sections of the Draft Envlromeatal Inpact Statement
*5? pro* aad coaM oi Mch alternative vers distributed
to the EZS Cltlsena Kavlew Coaaittee of vhlch you are a aeaber Aa von
t^tara 3SlTIdJadSSl,4i^ °f *V*11*bl* alternative^ for
treatment, only dredging ami drawdown would produce the required lasrova-
¦ant of Apopka a stuck bottcn. An earlier letter to van fvm ^
!2T,Ur 9» 197S' attached) deacrlSd lfd^Sll^K
economic and environaental dravbacka to dredging.
U th. dMdsloa .lc.ra.tlT. «r. LlKfU thw. probloa., ttat.
does not appear to be private capital available at thla tlL M
. drcdglu project for ti. rwtoratlon of 'jJSfSL
ponlbiutln of aclllslag th. n-!L_-.*
•taff talked with W. M. Cauthen, representing a subsidiary of Florida
Caa, and Carl Klauek, President of Organic Saeyellng International.
Their proposals were also discussed in some detail In the attached
letter. In the first instance, the ifhsm produeit^ process being
proposed is still experlaental, could not be Initiated at Apopka
for at least five years, and would have to continue for a nuaber of
years. Florida Gas is not prepared to invest the capital for the
nuck la Uka Apopka new, and say never be. In the second Instance, Mr.
Klauck did not proposa or envision that hla coopany would provide the
capital outlay for the construction of facilities or for the
and processing of aaterlala. lie intended that theaa coata aa well aa
the cost of dredging would be handled by tUu State. The muck faraers
have indicated they could utilise the lake's bottom naterlal, as long as
the Department perforuad the dredging and handled the necessary drying
C-151
-------
ilr. C. E. Heppberger
Pag« 2
April 9, 1979
of the material. No privies capital for dredging or spoil handling was
ever offered or envisioned. In short, the hope of finding private
capital to voluntarily restore TfUVe Apopka appears unrealistic•
While ve appreciate the concerns expressed by the number of peopls
signed the January 3, 1979, petition, ve would like to correct one
assunptlon that was aade in the preamble. The petition reads: "We feel
the project leaders will seek a pollution variance while Lake Apopka
water is flushed into the Oklawaha Chain of Lakes. This displeases us."
this was never the intention of the Departaant. In fact, there is
specific language in the contract between 2ER and the engineering firm
of &oss, Saarlnen, Bolton and Wilder to ensure that the project design
not allow degradation of the downstreast waters. The specific language
is found in Article ZIZ, Design Constraints, and is written as follows;
"Water quality in the Oklawaha Chain of Lakes and connecting water
courses shall not be degraded below the standards set in Chapter 17-3,
Florida Adalniatratlve Code, or degreded bolow existing conditions,
whichever is less stringent* It is recognised that saae water quality
parameters in these waters already exceed allowable limits as specified
in Chapter 17-3, Florida Admlnlstratlve Coda." This safeguard is in
addition to that provided by the construction of a coffer dam between
Lake Eustls end Lake Harris.
As the cover letter in the DEIS states, a public hearing will be
conducted in Tavares on April 10, 1979. Tour participation in that
hearing, is encouraged. The purpose of the hearing is to obtain coenents
from the public on the DEIS and the restoration project in general*
When ell comments ere received, the Final 215 will be written end the
Departaant will reach a decision concerning project implementation.
Ihank you for your continued interest in the restoration of Lake Apopka.
Sincerely,
John C. Bottciier, Director
Division of Environmental Programs
JCB:swa
C-152
-------
vr;
A Mb . . . JtS :_nZ.
Vi and/or Chet Heppberger
ike Shore Dr.
3 / Fla. 32748
¦ - » * 1 ""Phdne (.9°4) 787-7515
fty .
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X
C-153
-------
April 20, 1579. r
.¦O'1
Mr. and Mrs. C. K. Beppberger
511 Lake Shore Drive
baaaburg, Florida 32749
Deer Mr. and Mrs. Beppberger*
Gomoer Grahaa has as to respond to your lattar of
March t, 1979. It is similar to your lattar of March 23 to
Secretary Vara which was answarad in da tail by Mr. John
Bottchar of this Departnut.
Tha Department of Environmental Regulation is aware of your
stance in oppoeition to tha.proposed drawdown of Lake Apopka
and your comments to that affect will be included within the
Final Environmental lagpact Stataunt on this project.
Because of the inherent high oost of a puaped drawdown and
refill, the Department is oontInning to explore the possi-
bility of a project to remove the lake's muck for
use in nn—i-cial endeavors. However, as late as April 17,
1979, Department staff talked with a repraaantative of the
Ventra-Vac Company in California and learned that they have
not yet discovered a Market for the soil that wo^ld be
removed. We will oontlnue to work with these researchers}
however, at the present tine, drawdown still appears more
feasible than dredging Lake Apopka with private capital. As
yon probably know, the Lake Apopka project is not in the
administration*» budget this year, so we can review these
issues prior to our next budget submission.
Tour oontinued interest in the Lake Apopka project is
appreciated.
/s/Victoria J. Tschinkel
Victoria J. Tschinkel
Assistant Secretary
VJT/bs
ocs Honorable Bob
C-154
-------
Annelidic Conversion
C-155
-------
v' 0 rganic Recycling I
rganic Recycling international, inc.
P. 0. Box 38 P' °' B°X 208
Holland Landing, Ontario jj If p Jf\ Goldenrod,
L0G1 HO (Canada) jj* Florida, 32733
Phone (416) 895-3075 • * £»» A| i Phone (305) 671-6602
September 13th, 1978
Mrs. Suzanne P. Walker
Field Project Director
Water Resources Restoration and
Preservation Section
State of Florida
Department of Environmental Regulation
7601 Highway 301 North
Tampa, Florida 33610
Dear Mrs. Walker:
\
Enclosed you will find a proposal by Organic Recycling
International, Inc. in regard to the clean-up of Lake
Apopka. Description and figures are typical and subject
to refinement.
Some time ago I explained to you that tests with sediments
from Lake Apopka were conducted in our Vermiculture Labora-
tory and revealed an excellent potential for an "Annelidic
Conversion" project.
This application will solve completely any disposal prob-
lem, even better, it will turn the "misplaced resource1
into economical gain, create employment, be effective in
pollution control, and last but not least will drastically
off-set initial financing.
We are confident that Department of Environmental Regula-
tion decision makers will see the advantages, expecially
when it comes to the delicate point of opposition to
various techniques for the lake clean-up operation.
Organic Recycling International, Inc. believes in nature's
concept combined with progressive management.
V^ry truly yodfa,
Carl Klauck
President
CK: dc
Enclosures C-156
"ANNELIDIC CONVERSION . . . CONVERTING WASTE INTO DOLLARS'
-------
o 0 rganic Recycling Ii
rganic Recycling international/inc.
P. O. Box 38 «•'
Holland Landing, Ontario Q0&nrod,
L0G1H0 (Canada) m i?iff,i*inryrfrTi
Phon. (416) 89S-3075 / * ^^3^Fg'U
application op the "vermicompostino coi^EPr%»s *^ H /j
ffOR THE CLEAN-UP OP ABUSED LAKE APOPKA %
The removed material, called muck or sediment, is of biolo- "C>
crical nature and can be easily cultured with earthworms.
These will in turn convert the organic material to an accept-
able and valuable soil. Earthworms eat anything that is
biodegradable. *11 of these materials can be recycled to
save both money and our natural resources from which they
are derived.
The following is a description of the general requirements
for «Tr«Tnnicomposting the sediments from Lake Apopka*
1. Two to three acres off-shore at any suitable
and available location.
Cost for rent——————————————* 10,000.00
2. Facilities* Simple, open sided, construction
to protect against excess sunshine and rain.
Cost $ 19,14-00.00
3. Excess water should be filtered or somehow
removed from material. (This is Step #1* A
separate projeot; cost estimate needed.)
I4.. Equipment! Front end loader, various tools,
wheelbarrow, water hose, forks and shovels,
wooden containers, etc.
Cost $ 20,700.00
5. Worms* For start-up* two tons, stock will
increase by reproduction.
Cost $ 8,000.00
Administration* One Project Supervisor (onnual)-$ 20,000.00
One Secretary (annual)— ... ..... .....$ 11,000.00
7 Manpower * Pour men for labor ($l;8,000).
One Foreman ($15,000).
Cost $ 63,000.00
8 Miscellaneous* one small trailer (mobile) for
* office use} office equipment, utilities, etc.
8S" ~ 10. moo
total cost I1fes.k08.aa
-1 -
O "ANNEUDIC CONVERSION. . . CofcHblNC WASTE INTO DOLLARS" V
-------
"Organic Recycling International, Inc." (O.R.I.) has informa-
tion that a California firm has a proven method which can
be utilized to dredge Lake Apopka efficiently without a
draw-down.
In a typical dredging installation, a foot unit with
200 CPM going through it is developing 3 *^1 negative pressure
due to the suction caused by the venturi effect. This means
that the compressor is having to develop less pressure to
push the same amount of air through the tube. In fact, the
horsepower savings in this case amount to a whopping 32%.
Taller units are even more efficient.
1. Dredging can be carried out for an estimated cost
of 93.00 to $3*50 P«r cubic yard, based on our
present information.
2. A guaranteed production of 2,f>00 cubic yards per
day minimum, when a working depth of 15 feet or
more can be maintained. Also working at a depth
of 6 feet is possible.
3. A patented air lift suction principle for dredging,
so that solids contents are high, yet no turbulence
is created in the working area.
It-. Contractor produces his own in-line treatment
system so that the water of the lake is never de-
graded in quality, and all water returned to the
lake is as clean as that in the lake. A guarantee
to meet EPA regulations on all contracts.
3>. The system requires approximately two acres on-
shore area to set up water treatment equipment and
service yard. After dewatering process, materials
stockpiled by use of conveyor belts for later pro-
cessing.
O.R.I, also has access to a technique which can extract methane
fas out of the sediment off-shore before "vftrrnicnnmoflting".
f included this would be a separate "in-line" project.
O.R.I, will do the marketing of the worm castings and part
of the revenue after all operation costs have been covered,
will be returned to offset substantially the cost of the
financing. First payment should start at the beginning of
the second year.
The recycling project once established should be a permanent
institution and continue after the sediments from Lake Apopka
are all used up. Local sources of raw materials will always
be available* Sludge from Waste Water Treatment Plants and
food, vegetable and fruit processors including solid (organic)
waste from household garbage. Therefore, over a period of 20
years many millions of dollars could be repaid.
-2-
C-158
-------
OatabM 19, 1979
Mr. Carl *1—It, iewldwt
Organic IatemetiLeeel, Zm.
>.0. Boa 208
Q»UMn4, VlMlia 12731
lin Mr* UiMki
Tmat isttsr af fapeaafca* O, 1978, ta fwuHN Salkar «m nfcntl t« m
(n wy«N. Z spslsgiM for tte delay, tot Z km takaa mm tiM ti
tUMMk wf «amrs. Z M mm tkat Laka J^ka Milaait, vltk Its hi|k
argaala uatnt, «nU km aMallMt pttwrttl far yaar nlMlldl«
OmmmntimP |W»ii. Z alaa him ttot atlllaatlaa af t "Unlawl
ww»m" is iMlrakla ktt* la tkii km, aaly m a aaiinniarj mmtb,
Owr yiiaaiy objMtlia la tba gaatcratloa af Laka Apapkst ymat propaaal
4*a hc sppaar to mi this •bjMtin,
l.aka jkpapka, with* aatfSM mm af 21,000 mm Mi M avaaraga tetk at
S fMt, kM 153,000 «en-(Mt of aawk aa ita Wttou Tki* trialataa ta
vail amr 200,000,000 nkli yn4a «f a«ak, Mak of vkiak mdi hava to
ba mM4 me stkarwlM atafclllaa* ca %ww Laka ifapka's mm*
-------
w »•
Oatobar 19, 1978
wall mt $600,000,000 for tha aatlra projaat. Ia aUitiOB, yout
proposal dou set laclada • coat utiMU fox an "ia-liaa tmtant
¦yataf1 to ntan oaly «1m vtttr to tte laka. It waa tha solution to
thia wary p rob las that awaataally addad $9,000,000 to tha coat of tba
prapaaad draaduaa pro Jact. Alao, anjr of tba ihiwim 11atad, partic-
ularly litw awpaaaaa, arc givaa for ooa jmc only, sot ym aatiaatad
201ym prajaat Ufa or oov 200-yaar aatlaata. Thaa, whoa thaao ad4ad
aaqpoaaaa aro eoosldarod, tha coot of jm proposal doaa not aaapara
favorably with tba aoot of tho prapaaad drawdown.
3, 81th aa co-land mUn| araa of aoly 2 aaroa aad a dradglng rata of
2500 oobla yard* par day, oaly oao aaath of drodflng will aowar tha
aatira working (ni with 7.B faat of —ok, Thia laaraa no room tow
oparatioa faailitlaa or for aa "ia-liaa troataaat aystaa."
4« yiaally, X aariaaaly daMbt that thia propoood pro jact can oparata
at a salf-oaataialng laral* Cooaidarlas tha aoata of labor, dradgiag
aad of MMtin watar *wality ataadarda ia addition to tho initial
capital oatlay, X doofct that tha aarkat would aapport a prodaat priea
that would allow for a profit.
Xa aoaclaaioa, wa caaoct eonaidar yowr proposal aa a viable altarnatiwa
baaod oa tha faat that it daaa aot aaat oar prlaary objactira (raatoratioa
of Lab Apopka) aad that, am with a profit-oriantad oparatioa, tha
fycnaaa of yaw* propaaal ara too graat.
Siaaaraly,
C5^
Olaoai Lafcoa
Iwimaaaul tpaaialiat
Watar laaoaraaa laatoratioa
aad Fraaanratioa
oat taiaai Balhar
C-160
-------
I8land Building
C-161
-------
November 6, 1978
Suzanne P. Walker
Field Project Director
Office of Water Resources
Restoration and Preservation
State of Florida
^ *
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Department of Environmental Regulation
7601 Highway 301 North
Tampa, Florida
Dear Ms. Walker:
I admired your part in and contribution to the
recent hearing in Tavares. However, I feel a
more unbiased, sincere effort should be studied v
along other approaches to what is a problem common to other lak!es
in Florida. Lake Apopka is one of Florida's large lakes. A draw-
down there is a big project froght with many uncertainties and re-
percussions.
After all, what you want to accomplish is a lake that will mean the
most to the people. Aesthetic beauty, subtropical landscaping, boat-
ing enjoyment, and safety; movement and currents in the lake water;
improvement to the lake's spring or springs, and the use by design
of its flow. The aJbove are but a few of the components to be studied
cuid considered before a final course is decided on. And, to me, em
important factor is how much of the work can be done by those who
need the work and by schools in the vacation time.
I feel it is more in keeping with the public trust to work toward
a goal that will ultimately be a job to be proud of, and pumping
that mud (muck) up in the form of islemds is not only feasible,
but is the way other states have solved shallow-lake problems.
After all, Davis Island in Tampa was pumped out of Tampa Bay. I
am aware that muck is fluid, but it does settle out if not dis-
turbed, and therein lies the key. To flatly say it can't be done
sounds superficial to me. And to say that the cost if prohibi-
tive - well, desire cuid ingenuity sometimes help.
The two critical departments are, (1) perimeter fence or dyke,
and (2) the pump and delivery. Probably no two experts would
agree on the same equipment; but in Tampa there are companies
that do that kind of work in a big way.
I have my own ideas, but I haven't the actual experience to back
them up. My choice would be an airlift-type of mud sucker, at
least for the initial stabilization of the boundary fence or dyke,
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RT. NO. 1 BOX 395 - DEL AND, FLORIDA 32720 - PHONE (904) 734-5506
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Suzanne P. Walker
November 6, 1978
Page 2
and probably should be used all the way.
Would it not be in keeping with policies of D.E.R. to get some case
data from prairie states like Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana and
Ohio? I have been told they have made shallow lakes into deep-water
lakes by pumping the mud into islands.
If you dare> just visualize Cypress Gardens enlarged a hundred times.
Sincerely,
T. R. Strawn
p.S. One tranquilizer in this plan - it doesn't have to run on sched-
ule. And the mud doesn't have to flow twenty-four hours a day.
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December 5, 1978
Mr. T.R. Strswn
Routs 1, Box 395
Delsnd, Florida 32720
Dear Mr. Strava,
Thank you for your patience in regard to an answer to your letter of
November 6, 1978. In researching background information on your pro-
posal, ve talked to (1) representatives of a California dredging coopany
that specialises in airlift dredging, (2) a specialist in connmlty
planning froa Florida State University, (3) representatives from the
engineering firm of Ross, Saarinen, Bolton and Wilder (RSB&W), (4) a
representative of Bio-Engineering Sciences, Inc., and (5) a number of
ln-house specialists.
Like the proposed drawdown, the concept of island-building is quite
cooplex. As a result, I have tried to break our comments into smaller
units and have discussed each in an outline format.
A. The littoral cone Is generally defined as that portion of a lake In
which rooted aquatic plants grow. It is here that nutrients are taken
up by the growing plants and essentially removed from the system, if
only temporarily. The plants also provide food end habitat for many
Invertebrates and small fish which, in turn, sre eaten by the much
desired game fish.
The principle perimeter that determines the extent of the littoral sone
Is the amount of light that is available to the plants. (Like terrestrial
plants, aquatic plants require light to live and grow; with insufficient
light they die.) In turn, two factors determine how much light reaches
the plants:
1. Turbidity. Suspended solids will block light trsnsmlssion.
In Lake Apopka, light transmission Is reduced both by the great
amount of suspended muck in the water and by the dense concentration
of microscopic algae whose growth is promoted by the high nutrient
content of the water. As a result, light transmission in Lake
Apopka is generally limited to about 11 Inches. This may be com-
pared to nearby Lake Harris where light tranamlsslon is about 3.5
feet and, on occasion, reaches 6 feet.
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Pag* Two
Mr. T.R. Strawn
December 5, 1978
2. Water depth. Water, itself, absorbs light; as a result, light
becomes extinguished as one descends in a column of water. Thus
even in a lake whose water has a high degree of transmission (say 6
feet), deeper portions of that lake (say 10 feet) will not be sble
to support rooted plant life.
The building of islands is a recognised means of increasing the extent
of the littoral zone in e deep-water lake. The sloping shoreline of the
newly constructed islands provides shallow areas where rooted aquatic
plants may receive enough light to grow. Lake Apopka, like most Florida
lakes, is a shallow lake; its diminished littoral zone is caused not by
a lack of shallow water, but by the high turbidity of the water. In the
1940's. Lake Apopka's littoral zone covered 802 of the lake. Today,
without any major changes in the depth of the lake, the littoral zone
covers only 0.03Z of the lake. This tremendous reduction of the littoral
•one is due to an Increase in flocculent muck with a resulting rise in
the turbidity, and could not be reversed by island-building.
B. We certainly did not mean to say that island-building cannot be
accomplished in Lake Apopka'. We do feel, however, that it is infeaslble.
Our engineers (RSB&W) Indicate that the construction of such islands
would indeed be possible provided that funds were virtually unlimited
and that most regulations governing pollution control were suspended
during the project. Your example of Davis Island, in Tampa Bay, is an
entirely different situation. The material used for its construction
was not a muck similar to that in Lake Apopka, but a sand and shell
mixture. In addition, the island was constructed in the 1920's when
there were no turbidity-standards. There is a current attempt to con-
struct islands in Tampa Bay from spoils dredged during a harbor deepen-
ing project. These spoils consist of a flocculent muck, similar to that
of Lake Apopka, which has accumulated during the past 60 years. The
attached article from the November 27, 1978 Tampa Tribune describes some
of the problems this project has run into.
As you stated in your letter, any attempt to contain the muck In a
confined area of the would require a boundary of some sort, probably
sheet piling. An island constructed in such a manner would not have the
natural sloping shores, but a straight vertical drop at its edge* This
shape defeats the original purpose of island-building, i.e., augmentation
of the littoral cone (see part A).
C. The building of islands frosi muck will require dredging. Our
reservations concerning dredging have been voiced many times and are
based primarily on two points, cost and environmental damage.
1. Dredging is one of the most environmentally dangerous procedures
carried out by man in the aquatic environment. Host dredging
methods stir up the bottom sediments, causing increased turbidity.
In turn, this causes e decrease in light transmission and a further
loss in the littorel zone, not to mention the smothering effects of
the sedimentation of suspended solids.
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Page Three
Mr. T.R. Strom
December 5, 1978
In Lake Apopka, the bottom sediments or* supersaturated with nitrogen
and phosphorus. Every time the sedlnant ia disturbed by wind
action or by motorboat activity, More of these nutrients are released
to the water. Dredging will most certainly disturb the bottom
sediments, releasing maaelve amounts of nutrients Into the water.
The nutrients, In turn, promt* the growth of alcroscoplc algae
which further reduce light transmission and, when they die, settle
to Che bottoa to font an additional layer of floccultfnt wick. (The
attached article from the November 27, 1978 Tampa Tribune gives
examples of many of the damaging effects of dredging.)
2. There are many varieties of dredging methods, each with its
advantages and disadvantages. The cheapest method quoted in current
literature coats $0.57/cubic yard, but causes extreme environmental
damage. Our engineers (BSB&tf), in the proposed construction of an
ln-lake sedimentation basin for the drawdown, quota a cost of
$1.25/cublc yard. This method also causes some damage, but can be
tolerated because the Apopka-Beauclalr Lock, and Dam will be closed
and Lake Apopka will be isolated from the chain of lakes for the
one-month period of dredging. The airlift method you describe Is
performed by a California company which asaures ua that the water
quality should not be endangered using their method. However, the
preliminary estlmste given by this coopany is $3.00 to $3.50/ cubic
yard.
Lake Apopka currently haa 290,000,000 cubic yards of muck on its
bottoa. The construction of spoil islands, while clearing the
bottoa of the lake, would require that more than half of the muck
be dredged (say 150,000,000 cubic yarda). Thus dredging costs
alone for such a project would be between $85,500,000 (at $0.57/cublc
yard) and $525,000,000 (at $3.50/cubic yard). The associated costs
of confining the dredged muck and procedures for pollution control
are not Included In these estimates.
D. Island building can only be considered sn artificial manipulation
of Che environment and simulates no known natural function In nature.
Such manipulations are often envlromentally dangerous because of unforeseen
ecological repercussions. Scientific literature has recorded many
accounts of such manipulations and the resulting ecological dlaasters.
Drawdown, on the other hand, simulates a periodic drought, a natural
condition for southern lakes. Southern aquatic organisms have evolved
to expect, end even require, periodic droughts; thus a drawdown should
not cause any ecological repercussions.
I hope that the material preaented here has sufficiently explained our
position. As one last point, I emphasize that central and southern
Florida represent the United States' only sub-tropical region. As a
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Page Four
Mr. T.R. Strawn
December 5, 1978
resulti we must be very cautious In uslag any environmental management
technique imported from the northern, temperate regions——no matter how
successful it is there* Before the study of southern lakes becaaa
coonon, many Florida lakes were damaged, some beyond repair, by the use
of northern lake-management techniques* If you have any further comments
or questions, please feel free to write or call ae et (904)488-9560.
Sincerely,
Glenn Lukos, Environmental Specialist
Water Resources Restoration and
Preservation Section
GL/nr
Attachment
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and ,
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Regulation
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and
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December 15, 1978
Ms. Glenn Lukos
Environmental Specialist
Water Resources Restoration
Preservation Section
Department of Environmental
2S00 Blair Stone Road
Twin Towers Office Building
Tallahassee, Florida 32301
Dear Chief Lady Specialist:
In acknowledging your recent factor study
pertaining to the approach to improving the
Lake Apopka degenerating situation, I wish to
thank you for your time and effort (sizeable)
I desire to assure you my intent Is not to be
tory or obstructive. As a side-line spectator, I probably
do not appreciate the vicissitudes of getting so much and so
many working toward a common goal.
I have read and reread your efforts to clarify my thinking.
Thank you again.
At this time my appraisal Is: It has the full, unmistakable,
strong aroma of the all too familiar Squid Essence of Squad Drop
I do not choose to burden you by an Item-by-item personal reaction
to your efforts to Inform me (educate), but It does generate an
even stronger desire to propound my approach to this sizeable
problem, and sizeable parting of the people's treasure on public
property.
You state you have been called on to research, appraise, and ad-
vise by my first letter, suggestion, "Island building for Lake
Apopka." Your list of In-House and Out-House experts is Indeed
weighty. But I didn't read of any effort to consult a Round-House
observer. I would like to be one of your Round-House observers
(not a paid expert). After all, I have been around some 70 more
years, and still go fishing, boating, and wading In our Inland
lakes and streams. I live on an Island In a sizeable lake, and
am not oblivious to the evolutions nature unfolds In my realm
of vision. On these observations I flatly state your para-
graphs one and two under section D to be erroneous. True,
Florida lakes do fluctuate up and down from year to year,
and as far as fish life Is concerned, that Is beneficial.
There seems to be some fact in a seven-year cycle. There
are other considerations where a dlrth of water in our
lakes is not good; but seldom have I seen a Florida
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RT. NO. 1 BOX 395 - DELAND, FLORIDA 32720
- PHONE (904) 734-5506
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Ms. Glenn Lukos
December 15, 1978
Page 2
lake go as dry as man's instigated draw-down would perscrlbe. As to nature
being engaged in Island Building, I would just have to show.
Madam Specialist, you have a golden opportunity, an awesome responsibility, to
turn a disaster situation Into a badly needed bonanza. I do not know if you
are exposed to the fact that this country Is fast generating an avalanche of
young Americans. Their exuberance is only matched by an Inherent, built-in
thrust for adventure. If we fail to make it within their sights, more will
look to pot for excitement. It is high time we weigh the facts in this equa-
slon.
The plan that I would'.Ifke to see tried would engage a lot of young, active,
interested bodies, working toward a goal they would point to with pride in
after years.
First, I would like to show you lakes where Nature has built and is building
islands. Second, If you have not passed the point of no return, could we not
pool some common bond of engineering and round-house observations?
p.S. I feel sure the job can be done for a fraction of the cost you are stat
ing - If my Idea works.
Sincerely
A Round-House Observer
T. R. Strawn
TRS/km
« U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1979-6'+'+- 67$
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