U.S. EPA REGION VIII
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
FOR
FIELD SAMPLING ACTIVITIES
JUNE 1994
Version 2
REGION VIII GUIDANCE
This replaces all previous Region VIII
"SOPs for Field Samplers"
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Services Division
Denver, Colorado
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CI
323
U.S. EPA REGION VIII
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
FOR
FIELD SAMPLING ACTIVITIES
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U.S. SPA REGION VIII
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
FOR
FIELD SAMPLING ACTIVITIES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1.0 GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR FIELD SAMPLING ACTIVITIES
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1-1
1.2 PREPARATION FOR FIELD ACTIVITIES 1.2-1
1.2.1 General Requirements for Designing a Field
Investigation 1.2-1
1.2.2 Media Sampled and Activities Conducted 1.2-2
1.3 GENERAL SAMPLING PROCEDURES 1.3-1
1.3.1 Purposes £or Sampling 1.3-1
1.3.2 Types of Samples 1.3-1
1.3.3 Required Sample Volumes and Containers 1.3-3
1.3.4 Sample Preservation and Bolding Times 1.3-5
1.3.5 Sample Handling and Mixing 1.3-7
1.3.5.1 Water Sample Splits and Replicates . . . 1.3-8
1.3.5.2 Soil Sample Splits and Collocated Samples 1.3-8
1.3.5.3 Sampling for Volatile Organic Compounds . 1.3-9
1.3.6 Field Equipment and Collection Procedures . . . . 1.3-10
1.3.7 Calibration of Field Instruments 1.3-12
1.3.8 Collection of Quality Control Sastples 1.3-14
1.4 SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION AND CHAIN OF CUSTODY 1.4-1
1.4.1 General 1.4-1
1.4.2 Sample Identification 1.4-2
1.4.3 In-Situ Field Measurements 1.4-5
1.4.4 Saaqpl* Custody 1.4-5
1.4.4.1 Definition and Recruired Documentation . . 1.4-5
1.4.4.2 Field Custody Procedures 1.4-8
1.4.4.3 Transfer of Custody and Shipment .... 1.4-9
1.4.5 Sample Receipts . . . 1.4-12
1.5 FIELD RECORDS AND DOCUMENTATION 1.5-1
1.5.1 Purpose . 1.5-1
1.5.2 Field Records 1.5-1
1.5.3 Photograph Identification 1.5-3
1.6 DECONTAMINATION AND DISPOSAL OF WASTES GENERATED 1.6-1
1.6.1 Requirements for Decontamination 1.6-1
1.6.2 Available Decontamination Methods 1.6-2
1.6.3 Decontamination of Small Equipment 1.6-3
1.6.4 Decontamination of Large Equipment 1.6-5
1.6.5 Handling of Investigation-Derived Waste 1.6-6
1.6.5.1 Description of Investigation-Derived
Safits 1.6-6
1-6.5.2 Management of Non-Hazardous IDW 1.6-7
1-6-5.3 Mwraqeroent & fflmrflgwg IPW 1.6-8
1.6.6 Disposal of Samples or Physical Evidence 1.6-11
1.7 SITE SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS 1.7-1
1.7.1 General 1.7-1
1.7.2 Site Specific Health and Safety Plans 1.7-2
1.7.3 Training of Field Personnel 1.7-2
1.8 SELECTED REFERENCES AMD ACRONYMS 1.8-1
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U.S. EPA REGION 8
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LIST OF fawT-gf! - SBCTIOW 1.0 Following Section 1.8
1 Required Containers, Preservation Techniques and Holding Times for
Aqueous Matrices for Hazardous Waste Sampling
2 Recommended Containers, Preservation Techniques and Holding Times
for Soils for Hazardous Waste Sanqpling
3 Required Containers, Preservation Techniques and Holding Times for
Aqueous Matrices for Non-Hazardous Waste Programs
4 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)
5 Guidelines for Minimum QA/QC Samples for Field Sampling Programs
LIST OF EXHIBITS - SECTION 1.0 Following Tables
A Outline for a Quality Assurance Project Plan
B Example Outline for a Sampling and Analysis PI am
C EPA Sample Tag
D Chain-of-Custody Record
E EPA Custody Seal
F Receipt for Saxiples Form
G Decision Tree for Management of Investigation-Derived Waste
LI?T QF ATTACHMKNTS - PBCTIQW lfQ
I EPA 813/B-92-002, EPA Order 7500.1A, "Definitions for the Minimum
Set of Data Elements for Ground Water Quality," Table of Contents,
Introduction and Chapters 1-8.
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NOTE:
Not all of the SOPs listed in the following sections have been completed as of
6/94. Those that are complete have the date of issue noted after the title.
SECTION 2.0 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEPnPRR SOIL SAMPLING AND BOREHOLE
nPTT.T.TWR
2.1 BOREHOLE DRILLING AND SOIL SAMPLING
2.2 SOIL CLASSIFICATION AND LITHOLOGIC LOGGING
2.3 SURFACE SOIL SAMPLING
2.4 WELL AND BOREHOLE ABANDONMENT
SECTION 3.0 STANDARD OPERATING PPO^gnTTPES FOR MONITORING WELL INSTALLATION AND
riKVKTflPMENT
3.1 MONITORING WELL DESIGN AND INSTALLATION
3.2 WELL DEVELOPMENT JUNE 1994
SECTION 4.0 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR GROUND WATER SAMPLING. FIELD
MEASUREMENT AND AQUIFER TESTING
4.1 WELL PURGING JUNE 1994
4.2 GROUND WATER SAMPLING
4.3 WATER LEVEL AND NAPL MEASUREMENT IN A WELL OR BOREHOLE
4.4 SAMPLING OF POTABLE WATER SUPPLIES
4.5 AQUIFER TESTING
SECTION 5.0 STAHDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR SURFACE WATER AND SgnTMRWT
SAMPLING AND MEASUREMENTS
5.1 SURFACE WATER SAMPLING
5.2 SURFACE WATER FLOW MEASUREMENT
5.3 SEDIMENT SAMPLING
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SECTION 6.0 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR BIOLOGICAL. AMBIENT AIR. AND
rmrap MwnT& pnMPLING
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING - TERRESTRIAL
6.2 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING - AQUATIC
6.3 AMBIENT AIR SAMPLING
SBgTIQN 7 ,Q STANDARD OPERATING PRnCRTTTTPK.S FOR FIELD INSTRUMENTATION AND PTKU>
SUPPORT MgafinPBMBWTfi
7.1 GUIDELINES FOR GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES
7.2 SURVEY CONTROL REQUIREMENTS JUNE 1994
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Region VIII Field SOPs
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Date: June 1994
Section 1.1
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D.S. EPA REGION VIII
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
FOR
FIELD SAMPLING ACTIVITIES
SECTION 1.0 GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR FIELD SAMPLING ACTIVITIES
1.1 INTRODUCTION
This document was prepared to assist all U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) Region VIII personnel, state personnel, and contractor/subcontractor
personnel who conduct field activities for or on behalf of EPA Region VIII. This
document presents Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for field sampling
activities, informs field personnel of the factors that affect environmental
media sampling at both uncontaminated and potentially contaminated sites, and
serves as a guide in the planning or modification of sampling programs.
The same care must be exercised in planning the design and implementation of
field investigations and sampling programs that is exercised in the analysis of
samples in the laboratory. No analytical result is better than the sample from
which it was obtained.
General guidelines for field activities cannon to many field investigations and
procedures are provided in Sections 1.2 through 1.7. These include guidelines
for the following activities:
1.2 Planning and Preparation
1.3 Definition of Sample Types and Procedures
1.4 Sample Identification, Chain-of-Custody, and Shipment
1.5 Field Records and Documentation
1.6 Decontamination and Disposal of Generated Wastes
1.7 General Safety and Training Requirements
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Detailed SOPs for completion of specific field activities are grouped with
related procedures in six separate sections to allow insertion of additional
specific procedures in the future. When all .the SOPs are complete, Sections 2.0
through 7.0 will include 20 SOPs grouped in the following categories:
2.0 Soil Sampling and Borehole Drilling
3.0 Monitoring Well Installation and Development
4.0 Gr'ound Water Sampling, Field Measurements, tad Aquifer Testing
5.0 Surface Water and Sediment Sampling and Measurements
6.0 Biological, Ambient Air and Other Media Sampling
*7.0 Field Instrumentation and Field Support Measurements
Both the SOPs included in Section 2.0 through 7.0, and portions of Section 1.0
may be revised periodically, to account for improvements in technology and
changes in policy. Whenever this occurs, revisions will be sent to those
individuals identified on a mailing list prepared and maintained by the Region
VIII Quality Assurance office. The use of document control headers in this SOP
document will allow for revision and replacement of individual sections, without
requiring regeneration of the entire document.
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1.2 PREPARATION FOR FIELD ACTIVITIES
1.2.1 General Requirements for Designing a Field Investigation
Prior to designing a sampling program, the study objectives must be defined with
respect to the desired quality of the data. The Data Quality Objectives (DQOs)
are qualitative and quantitative statements intended to accomplish the following:
• Clarify the study objective;
Define the most appropriate type of data to collect;
Determine the most appropriate conditions under which to collect the data
Define the precision, accuracy, completeness, representativeness and
comparability of the data required for the project; and
Specify the acceptable level of decision errors that will be used as the
basis for establishing the quantity and quality of data needed.
The procedures for developing DQOs are described in EPA QA/G-4 "Guidance for
Planning for Data Collection in Support of Environmental Decision Making Using
the Data Quality Objectives Process," and in EPA 540-R-93-071 "Data Quality
Objectives Process for Superfund, interim Final Guidance." DQOs should be
evaluated and modified as needed after each stage or phase of and investigation.
Every field investigation must be conducted in accordance with an approved
Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) to ensure that DQOs will be met. EPA
policy requires participation by all EPA programs and laboratories in a
centrally-managed quality assurance program. Each program has the responsibility
to identify in a QAPP, the minimum procedures required to assure that goals for
precision, accuracy, completeness, representativeness, and comparability of data
generated are satisfied. QAPPs may be either generalized to address an .entire
program, or may be site-specific. Exhibit A (following the Section 1.0 tables)
is an outline showing the QAPP components required in Region VIII. A detailed
discussion of the required QAPP elements and development of DQOs is presented in
a document entitled "EPA Requirements for Quality Assurance Project Plans for
Environmental Data Operations" (EPA QA/R-5). This document has been adopted as
the Region VIII requirements for QAPP preparation.
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In addition to an approved QAPP, every environmental data collection activity
must have a site-specific Sampling and Analysis plan (SAP) or Field Sampling Plan
(FSP) that defines the proper procedures to be followed in the collection,
preservation, identification, and documentation of environmental samples and
field data. An example outline for a SAP is provided as Exhibit B, following the
Section 1.0 tables, work Plans that address the elements listed for the SAP may
be substituted for the site-specific SAP.
Project managers and field samplers must be familiar with the QAPP, site-specific
SAP (or FSP) , and the SOPs in this document before planning or performing any
field work. No sampling activity will proceed unless the QAPP and SAP/FSP are
in place and approved in writing before sampling activities are scheduled to
begin. Both QAPPs and SAPs must be approved by the project or program manager,
and the First Line Supervisor. The Regional Quality Assurance Officer provides
technical review as requested, but each program is responsible for approval.
If changes to the approved plans are required due to changes in field conditions
or data needs, the changes must be approved by the Project Manager. Copies of
the changes and documented approval must be included as attachments to the QAPP
and any other affected documents, such as the SAP or Work Plan.
1.2.2 Media Sampled and Activities Conducted
Several media can be sampled in the process of conducting a sampling program, and
these samples can be analysed for chemical and/or physical characteristics. The
media sampled may include source or waste material, ground water, surface water,
soil, sediment, air, and biological specimens. Examples of sample types or
media, and the measurements that can be collected from each medium are as
follows:
¦ Source and waste Sampling
Sample tvoft or medium amnpled
- Drums and tanks
- impoundments, lagoons, and seeps
- Solid waste
- Highly contaminated environmental media near sources
- Flow lines
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Measurements
- Flow rate
- Physical characteristics (fluid, solid, density, viscosity, etc)
- Chemical characteristics and Contaminants present
¦ Ground Water Sampling
Sample type or medium sampled
- Monitoring wells
- Industrial Production wells
- Municipal and Public Supply Wells
- Domestic supply wells
- Livestock supply wells
- Springs and seeps
- Test borings or test pits
Measurements
- Field parameters (turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, etc.)
- Water levels
- Discharge or recovery rates
- Aquifer characteristics (from punqping tests)
- Water chemistry
- DNAPLs and LNAPLs present: chemical & physical parameters
- Contaminants present
¦ Surface Water Sampling
Sample type or medium sampled
- Ponds and lakes
- Streams and rivers
- Surface Runoff
Measurements
- Field parameters (pH, conductivity, tenqperature, etc.)
- Flow rates
- Water chemistry
- Biologic parameters
- Depth and bottom configuration
¦ Soil Sanqpling
Sample type or medium aamnl«d
- Surface soil
- Subsurface cuttings
- Subsurface core
- Rock Core
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Measurements
- Depth of collection
- Chemical and contaminant characteristics
- Physical characteristics (moisture, density, etc.)
- Physical appearance (color, particle size, etc.)
- Laboratory permeability and/or porosity
- organic content
- geophysical properties with borehole logging
- Headspace and field monitoring of volatiles
¦ Sediment Sampling
Sample type or medium sampled
- Stream and lake bottom grab samples
- Stream and lake bottom cores
Measurements
- Depth below water and below surface
- Chemical and contaminant characteristics
- organic content
- Physical characteristics and appearance (color, particle size,
density, etc.)
¦ Ambient Air Sampling
Sample type or medium sampled
- National Air Monitoring Sites (MAMS)
- State and Local Air Monitoring Sites (SLAMS)
- Special Purpose Monitoring Sites (SPMS)
- Stationary source locations
Measurementb
- sulfur dioxide
- nitrogen dioxide
- carbon monoxide
- ozone
- lead
- toxics
- particulates
¦ Biological Sanqpling
Sample type or medium sampled
- Terrestrial and aquatic flora
- Terrestrial and aquatic fauna
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Measurements
- chemical composition
- contaminant concentrations
- species and age
The SOPs included in Sections 2.0 through 7.0 describe procedures for sample
collection activities for those media listed above (excluding wastes). Each SOP
outlines the basic components and requirements for completing a specific field
activity, and indicates the level of detail required for project specific SOPs
and SAPs. Waste sampling procedures cannot be generalized because the chemical
characteristics and potential hazards of exposure to the concentrated material
vary significantly, depending on the type of waste. For sampling environmental
media described in the Region VIII SOPs, a site-specific SAP and QAPP should be
prepared that references the appropriate SOPs and includes project specific
details not covered in the SOPs. As an alternative, site specific SOPs can be
prepared for the project.
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Section 1.3
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1.3 GENERAL SAMPLING PROCEDURES
1.3.1 Puzposes for Sampling
Environmental media samples for chemical analvoon
analyses are most commonly collected and
analysed to confirm the presence or absence of pollutants or contaminants
determine levels of concentration, delineate the horizontal and vertical
distribution, evaluate rate and direction of transport, and determine eventual
fate of the identified pollutants. Sampling activities may be conducted for site
characterization, for ongoing monitoring programs, or during remediation and
removal activities.
Appropriate sample collection requires consideration of the following:
-minimum sample volumes,
-selection of sample containers,
-sample preservation and holding times for requested analyses,
- sample handling and mixing,
-sampling for volatile organic compounds and trace
-quality control (QC) requirements.
concentrations, and
These elements are discussed in Sections l.i th
Detailed guidance for the design of specific f±^Ta 1'! • ^ dOCUment-
specific media is provided in the specific SOPs incl d ^ aCtlvities for
7.0 of this document. These SOPs should be used t " 2'° throu9h
or SOPs that describe appropriate sample collect-i ° *V*1°P site-8Pecif:ic SAP*
collection procedures.
1.3.2 Types of Saqples
Different types of samples can be collected, de e di
users and the eventual use of the data The ^ 0° the needs of the data
below, followed by a discussion of t-v. 8 baS^-c types are listed
ne appropriate ub«
collected for QC purposes are dismooaj . type. Samples
*cus d ln Se°tion 1.3.8.
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¦ Grab or discrete samples (surface water, ground water, wastewateir, waste,
contaminated surfaces, soil, sediment sampling, etc.)
¦ Composite samples (surface water, wastewater, soil, sediment sampling,
etc.)
¦ Continuous samples (usually collected with automatic collection devices,
air samplers, etc.)
Grab Samples
A grab or discrete sample is an instantaneous collection of a portion of a single
medium from a single location. Grab samples are typically used to characterize
a medium at a particular point and instant in time. The analytical results from
grab sauries can be used to characterize the level and distribution of
contamination at a site, and to identify zones of elevated concentration.
Composite Samples
A composite sample is prepared by combining or "compositing" several discrete
samples of a single medium collected from different locations or at different
times. Because they consist of combined samples, composite samples are not
representative of a particular location or instant in time, but represent an
average. There are two types of composite samples, the simple composite, and the
proportioned composite.
A simple composite is a volume of sample prepared by combining fixed amounts of
sample collected from several locations S£. at several time intervals from a
single location. The three types of simple composites are as described below:
¦ Time Composite (TC); A sample comprised of a varying number of discrete
samples collected at equal time intervals from the same location during
the compositing period. The TC sample is typically used to sample flowing
wastewater or streams. This procedure is appropriate only if flow irate is
relatively constant.
• Areal Composite (AC) ; A sample composited from individual grab samples
collected on an areal or cross-sectional basis. Areal composites are made
up of equal volumes of grab samples. Bach grab sample is collected in an
identical manner. Examples of areal cooposites include sediment grab
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samples conpoaited from quarter-point sampling of streams, and soil grab
samples collected from grid pointB and composited.
¦ vertical wrosits (TO = A sample composited from individual grab samples
collected from a vertical cross section. Vertical composites are made up
of equal volumes of grab samples. Bach grab sa^l. ie collected in an
identical maimer. Examples include composited grab samples collected from
vertical profiles of soil/aedime»t column,, or vertical profiles of
surface water bodies.
The proportioned composite sample applies only to flowing water or wastewater
sampling and can be further divided into two basic types, i) where the amount of
sample collected is varied with flow, or 2) where the frequency of collection is
varied with flow. A Flow Proportioned Composite (FPC) is a sample collected
proportional to the flow rate during the compositing period by either a time-
varying constant volume (TVCV) or time-constant varying volume (TCW) method
The TVCV method is typically used with automatic samplers that are paced by a
flow meter. The TCW method is a manual method that individually proportions a
series of discretely collected samples. The FPC ia
u 18 typically used when sampling
wastewater.
Continuous Samples
Continuous samples consist of a sarien n-p ^ „
„. „ , . discrete sanies collected from a
medium at regular time intervals, over a period of Hm* _
, ,, .. ,, , of time. They are collected and
analyzed to allow evaluation of changes in .
„ , .. contaminant concentrations due to
environmental, climatic or site influences
r. ^ • ' such ae periods of facility
operation. Continuous air samples are commonly colleGt«„ .
of facility operations or the ambient air gualit * ° 888688 th® xmpact
specified period of time. Continuous surface wateJslml ^ 4
an outfall to assess both the impact of discharges on th^ ^ C°lleCted near
period required for dilution to be effective 6 WatSr quality' and the
1.3.3 Required Sample Volumes and Containers
l*e volume of each sample obtained should be suffix
required analyses and provide an add-in , Bnt to Parform all
amount tA -i i _
breakage, laboratory qc needs, or re °* for possible bottle
P at analyses. Additional sample volume is
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required from selected samples to provide for field QC samples and laboratory
spikes and duplicate spikes. The analytical method for each analysis prescribes
the required minimum sample volume, and often specifies the ratio of laboratory
QC samples per investigative samples needed. Other methods may require the
laboratory to develop the QC procedures and requirements. Additional information
on the required QC samples is provided in Section 1.3.8.
The volume of sample required by the laboratory depends on the analyses to be
performed, the method chosen, and the laboratory SOPs. The laboratory receiving
the sample should be consulted for required sample volumes, before sampling is
initiated.
The liquid sample volume required for most analyses is the volume of the full
container minus the head space necessary to prevent sample overflow and broken
containers due to freezing or overheating of the sample during shipment. Field
personnel should allow a minimum of ten percent head space in every sanple
container, except for samples collected for analysis of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) or dissolved gases such as sulfides.
For analysis of VOCs and dissolved gases, the 40 ml sample vials must be
completely filled with no headspace remaining. A convex meniscus across the neck
of the vial must be formed when the sample vial is filled. After sealing, each
vial should be turned over and tapped against the wrist to check for air bubbles.
Teflon-lined septum caps should always be used.
Sample bottles should never be allowed to heat up before or after filling, such
as by allowing them to sit in the sun. VOC vials in particular should be kept
cool before the sample is collected to prevent degassing of trace amounts of
volatile components from the water when it contacts the warm containers. The
type of sample container is dictated by the analyses required. Standard sample
containers and preservatives required for hazardous waste investigations are
identified in Table 1 for aqueous materials, and Table .2 £or soils and solids.
This information is from Table 2-21 and 4-1, respectively, of "Test Methods for
Evaluating Solid Waste Physical/Chemical Methods" (SPA SW-846, 1992). Required
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sample containers and preservatives for aqueous sampling under non-hazardous
programs are listed in Table 3, taken from 40 CFR 136.3(b) Table II.
1.3.4 Sample Preservation and Holding Times
Because few analyses take place at the sampling site, samples generally require
preservation before submission to the laboratory for analysis. Preservation is
achieved through the addition of chemicals (commonly nitric or hydrochloric acid)
and/or by chilling to 4° Celsius (39° Fahrenheit). Samples for some analyses are
always preserved to maintain their integrity, and others are preserved to extend
the holding times. The sample holding time is the maximum allowed elapsed time
between sample collection and initiation of laboratory processing that can result
in accurate analytical results. Preservation techniques and sample holding times
for all environmental samples collected under hazardous waste programs are listed
in Table 1 for aqueous samples, and Table 2 for soils and solids. Required
preservation techniques and holding times for routine samples collected under
non-hazardous programs are listed in Table 3. Holding times for the toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) are provided in Table 4.
All samples requiring preservation should be preserved in the field as the medium
is placed in the sample container, prior to sealing and labeling. When grab
sampling, preservation must be performed immediately upon collection, and
laboratory-prepared containers can be used. When composite sampling, sanqple
preservative must be available at the time the initial portion of sample is
obtained and for all subsequent proportional parts. If chemical preservatives
are handled in the field, care must be taken not to contaminate other samples
with preservatives intended for a specific sample.
Preservation techniques differ for soils and liquids, and vary according to the
requested analysis. Soil samples are preserved by chilling to 4°C, and not by
addition of acids or other chemicals. Hater samples may be preserved by chilling
to 4°C, and by addition of acids or other compounds as listed in Tables 1 and 3.
Several examples of preservation techniques for specific liquid analyses are
described in the following paragraphs.
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When the liquid sample to be preserved is contained in a bottle with headspace,
(ie, not VOC vials) the acid is added at the calculated proportion to achieve the
desired pH (Tables 1 and 3), after the sample has been collected. The bottle is
then capped and gently rotated to disperse the acid through the sample. After
the acid and sample are mixed, the bottle is uncapped, and pH sensitive paper is
used to check the pH of the liquid. Additional acid is added if needed, and the
sample is then mixed and rechecked for pH.
When liquid samples are collected for VOC analysis, they are collected in 40 ml
vials with teflon lined caps and no headspace. To preserve these samples with
acid, the vials may be pre-preserved in the laboratory with acid, and then
sealed, or may be preserved with acid at the field sampling location, prior to
adding the sample to the vial. Care should be taken not to allow the sample
liquid to overflow and wash out the acid.
When liquid samples for metals analysis are collected, the samples will be
preserved with acid after they are filtered for analysis of dissolved metals.
If the analysis is for total metals, acid is added to the sample and no
filtration is done. Highly turbid samples can produce biased results due to
metals affinity for suspended solids.
Samples that should not be chemically preserved in the field are as follows:
• Samples collected within a hazardous waste site that are known or thought
to be highly contaminated with toxic materials. Barrel, drum, closed
container, spillage, or other source samples from hazardous waste sites
are not to be preserved with any chemical. These sanqples may be preserved
by placing the sanqple container on ice.
¦ Samples that have extremely low or high pH, or samples that may generate
potentially dangerous gases if they were preserved using the chemicals
listed in Tables l and 3.
* Samples for metals analyses that are shipped by air cannot be preserved
with nitric acid in excess of the amount allowed by Department of
Transportation (DOT) regulations regarding the transport of hazardous
materials. DOT regulations are provided in 49 CFR 171-177, dated 5/15/92.
Pertinent BPA requirements are described in BPA-330/9-78-001-R
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¦ Samples for volatile organic compounds analyses which are shipped by air
cannot be preserved with hydrochloric acid in excess of the amount allowed
by DOT regulations regarding transport of hazardous materials. DOT
regulations are provided in 49 CFR 171-177, dated 5/15/92.
All samples preserved with chemicals Bhall be clearly identified by indicating
on the sample tag that the sample is preserved. If samples normally requiring
preservation are not preserved, field records shall indicate why, and an addendum
to the QAPP and SAP must be completed. Any major deviation from the approved
QAPP or SAP must be documented and approved by the EPA Project Manager, as
discussed in Section 1.2.1.
1.3.5 Sample Handling and Mixing
After collection, all sanple handling should be minimized to avoid affecting the
composition and character of the samples. Field personnel should use extreme
care to ensure that samples are not contaminated by other samples, by
environmental or climatic conditions or media, or by preservatives not intended
for those samples. If samples are chilled in an ice chest, personnel should
ensure that melted ice cannot cause sample containers to become submerged, as
this may result in sample contamination. Sample containers should be sealed in
a plastic bag within the cooler to avoid this problem. The cooler should be
filled with ice before samples are added, so that sample bottles will begin to
chill immediately. "Blue ice" may be used if it can be kept frozen in an
electric on-site freezer located in a field trailer or other structure at the
site. If a freezer is not available, regular bagged ice should be used for
shipping.
After a sample has been collected, it may require splitting into separate
containers for different analyses or preparation of field replicates or splits.
Preparation of splits from water samples and soil samples is described in the
following sections. A field replicate or split is collected in a separate
container, at the same time that the original sample is prepared.
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1.3.5.1 Water Sample Splits and Replicates
Water sanqples collected for VOC analyses must never be split by stirring or
transferring from a larger container to smaller containers. These actions can
cause "degassing" or volatilization of the compounds of interest from the
samples. Section 1.3.5.3 provides more information on sampling for VOCs.
Ground water collected from a well after the well is properly purged is generally
homogenous with low turbidity, and field replicates/splits are more easily
prepared than for surface water samples. Multiple ground water samples and field
replicates/splits are prepared from subsequent flows or pours as described for
the VOC samples in Section 1.3.5.3. Equivalent splits or replicates are prepared
by pouring through a device that splits the flow into two streams. The
individual streams are then directed into separate sample containers.
Surface water may be less homogeneous than ground water because of the possible
presence of sediments and biological materials, and therefore requires specific
steps to prepare equivalent replicates and splits. The recommended method for
preparing split surface water samples is to continually stir the sample contents
with a clean pipette or precleaned Teflon rod and allow the contents to be
alternately siphoned into respective sample containers using clean Teflon or PVC
tubing. A teflon rod must be used when samples are to be analyzed for
nonvolatile organic compounds or trace metals. This method of stirring and
siphoning cannot be used if samples are to be analyzed for VOCs. Agitation of
the sample will result in degassing and loss of volatile constituents. Please
see Section 1.3.6 for a description of VOC sampling.
1.3.5.2 Soil Sample Splits and Collocated Sample*
Truly equivalent splits or replicates of soil, sediment, or sludge samples -cannot
be prepared in the field due to the heterogeneous nature of these media.
However, collocated soil sanples can be prepared. Except for samples to be
analyzed for VOCs, it is extremely important that a sasqple be mixed thoroughly
to ensure that all portions of the sample are as homogeneous as possible. The
sample should be collected and placed in a stainless steel bowl lined with
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plastic or aluminum foil (depending on analytical compounds of interest). Once
a sufficient volume of sample is collected, the sample should be mixed by-
stirring the material in a circular motion or fashion and occasionally turning
the material over. The sample is then transferred to the sample containers using
a plastic or stainless steel spatula.
To prevent volatilization and loss of the chemicals of interest, soil and
sediment samples collected for VOCs analyses must never be mixed as described
above. Section 1.3.6 describes the procedures for collecting soil samples for
VOC analysis.
1.3.5.3 Sampling for Volatile Organic Compounds
Water or liquid sanqples to be analyzed for VOCs are collected in 40-ml septum
vials with screw cap and Teflon-silicone disk in the cap to prevent contamination
of the sample by the cap. The disks should be placed in caps (Teflon side to be
in contact with the sample) in the laboratory, prior to the beginning of the
sampling program. The vials can be pre-preserved by the laboratory with four
drops of concentrated HCL and should be completely filled in the field with the
sample medium to prevent volatilization during transport.
The VOC vials can also be preserved in the field by adding appropriate acid per
the required analytical method, to a pH of < 2. Care should be taken to avoid
rinsing out sample water and diluting the acid when the vial is filled.
Field replicate samples or field splits for VOC analyses are prepared by filling
vials directly from the sample collection device, and from subsequent flows from
the sampling device. The use of bailers is discouraged for sampling volatiles
in ground water. If a bailer is used, it should be bottom loading with a
stopcock. The sample should be allowed to flow down the inside of the tilted
vial to minimize turbulence that could produce volatilization. Gently pour the
last few drops into the vial as the vial is leveled out to a vertical position,
so that surface tension holds the water in a "convex meniscus." The is frhan
gently placed on the vial, and tightened. Although some overflow may occur, air
space in the bottle is eliminated.
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Generally, wells should be purged and sanqpled for volatiles with a positive-
pressure pump and/or low-flow submersible pump with variable controlled flow
rates. The pump components that come in contact with the ground water should be
constructed of chemically inert materials. If a pump cannot be used because the
recharge rate is slow (less than 100 to 200 ml/min), and/or the volume of water
to be removed is minimal (less than 5 feet of water), then a bottom-emptying
bailer with a double check valve and a control-flow check valve may be used to
obtain the samples. Otherwise, a bailer should not be used when sampling for
volatile organics because of the negative bias introduced during sampling
(Pohlmenn, et all.,1990, Yeskis, et al., 1988, Tai, et al., 1991).
After capping and tightening the cap, invert the bottle and tap it to check for
bubbles. if any bubbles are present, discard this bottle and repeat the
procedure. If the volatile organic analysis (VOA) vials are pre-preserved with
an acid rinse, they can not be re-used unless acid for preservation is available
in the field. Extreme caution should be exercised when using the vial to collect
surface water samples directly from the surface water body to prevent loss of the
preservative. When collecting water samples for volatile organic compounds, two
40-ml vials should always be collected for each sample.
When collecting soil and sediments for VOC analysis, 4 oz. glass jars with teflon
lined screw caps should be used. A spatula or spoon is used to cut the sample
core (after trimming) and to gently place and compress the soil into the jar.
Bach jar should be completely filled with minimal head space remaining in the
container.
1.3.6 Field Equipment and Collection Procedures
The appropriate use of gloves and sample handling to prevent cross-contamination
of samples is described below.
• A clean pair of new, disposable non-contaminant contributing gloves shall
be worn at each sanqpling location and shall be donned immediately prior to
collection of each sample (eg. from different depths) at ji sample
location. Gloves must be changed immediately after handling potentially
contaminated equipment, etc.
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¦ If possible, one member of the field team should take notes and fill out
sample tags, etc., while the other members collect all the samples.
¦ All surfaces used for sample preparation or field measurement should be
covered with waterproof plastic, which is then disposed of as described in
Section 1.6.
The use of appropriate sample containers and the configuration of the sampling
area requires consideration of the following items.
• Sample containers must be appropriate for the sampled analytes.
¦ All sample containers must be properly precleaned before collecting
samples.
¦ Sample containers constructed of plastic shall not be used to collect
samples for trace organic conqpound analyses. Samples for organic analyses
should be collected in glass containers with teflon lined caps.
¦ Sample containers for source samples or samples suspected of containing
high concentrations of contaminants shall be placed in separate plastic
bags immediately after collecting, preserving, tagging, and labeling the
sample container.
* PCBs, oil and grease, phenols and hazardous waste samples should be taken
directly with the sample container if possible. If collection equipment
is needed for PCBs or hazardous waste, one-time-use equipment should be
used.
¦ Sample collection and packaging should be conducted upwind of any internal
combustion engines at the sampling site, even if the engines are not
operating. The volatiles in petroleum based fuels can contaminate samples
collected for VOC analysis.
¦ If a 12 volt automobile battery is used to power pumps, filters or other
sampling equipment, the battery must be located as far from the sample
collection and preparation area as is practical. Batteries produce HjS gas
that earn contaminate samples collected for VOC analysis.
If background or uncontaminated samples will also be collected from a site with
samples that are expected to be contaminated, the following precautions should
be considered.
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• Separate collection equipment (buckets, automatic sampler, shovels,
bailers, coring tools, etc.) should be used in background/uncontaminated
sample areas and in suspected or known contaminated areas. Where this is
not possible or practical, sampling should progress from the
uncontaminated areas to the contaminated areas, with thorough
decontamination between each area and all sample locations. This reduces
the chance of the unintentional cross-contamination of samples from
uncontaminated areas, through the use of contaminated sampling equipment.
If possible, ambient, background or source samples should be collected by-
different field teams to prevent cross-contamination between clean areas
and potentially contaminated areas. If different field teams cannot be
used, all background samples shall be collected first and placed in
separate ice chests or shipping containers, or in separate plastic bags
within the container.
¦ Waste samples or highly contaminated media shall never be placed in the
same ice chest as samples with low concentrations. Ice chests or shipping
containers for source samples or samples suspected of containing high
concentrations of contaminants shall be lined with new, clean, plastic
bags, and appropriately identified on the outside of the container.
Guidelines for sampling specific media are included in the SOPs in Sections 2.0
through 7.0 of this document.
1.3.7 Calibration of Field Instruments
The calibration process is necessary to ensure that the instrument is working
properly, and that the results are within the range of acceptability as
determined by the manufacturer's specifications. Calibration data are recorded
to maintain a record of the calibration for later challenges and proof of
acceptability.
All instrumentation used in field activities must be calibrated prior to' field
use and periodically during use. The minimum requirements for frequency of
calibration are based on the manufacturer's recommendations. More frequent
calibration is commonly necessary, depending on the reliability and inherent
stability of the instrumentation, extreme field conditions (weather/climate),
continuous or heavy use, or high concentrations of monitored parameters. Where
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field calibration is possible, field instruments must be calibrated at the
beginning and end of each sampling day, at a minimum.
Field instruments should be calibrated and operated in areas unexposed to
temperature and humidity extremes, if possible. Calibration standards should be
stored in a cool (not cold) location, because certain parameters (eg. pH and
specific conductance) will vary significantly with temperature. Excessive
warming of equipment and calibration standards by allowing them to stand in
direct sunlight should be avoided.
Continuous sampling devices must be calibrated according to manufacturer's
specifications at the time of field set-up, and checked as often as necessary.
Depending on the instrumentation, it may be necessary to calibrate the equipment
on a routine basis. Sample lines for continuous devices must be deemed or
replaced prior to each installation.
In those instances where field equipment will not calibrate, attempts should be
made to repair the affected equipment. The field manager is responsible for
ensuring that spare parts and other appropriate items for field equipment are
available for field repairs and to minimize equipment down time. To the extent
practical, backup field equipment should be available.
All equipment calibration information must be recorded in permanent ink in a
permanently bound logbook assigned to the specific instrument, or in a
permanently bound field logbook assigned to the site and project where the
equipment is in use. These logbooks should be available to record instrument
calibration information at all times. The calibration information to be recorded
includes the date and time of calibration, method of calibration, standards used
for calibration, person or persons performing the calibration, results of
calibration attempt, and additional comments if the attempt was unsuccessful.
Also included should be any recommendations regarding more frequent or less
frequent calibration, equipment maintenance and repair needed, or changes to the
calibration procedures or standards used. If any changes are made to entries in
any bound logbook, a single horizontal line must be drawn through the old entry.
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The individual making the alteration must then initial and date the change, and
incorporate any additional entries.
All instrument logbooks returned from the field should be examined for
maintenance/repair recommendations, and the instrumentation checked for proper
operation by the field manager or a designated individual. Any necessary
maintenance should be performed immediately to assure instrumentation is in
operating condition prior to the next use. All maintenance and repairs performed
will be entered into the logbook (s) with the name of the individual (s) doing the
work.
1.3.8 Collection of Quality Control Sanples
All field sampling programs require the collection of additional samples to
provide Quality Control (QC) for the field or laboratory procedures. These
include background samples, field duplicates, trip blanks, equipment rinsate
blanks, and several kinds of field blanks. A description of each of the various
QC sample types is provided below.
Background samples are samples collected from the same medium outside of the
known area of contamination, under conditions as similar to conditions in the
contaminated area as possible. Background samples are generally collected in
upgradient areas for ground water and subsurface soil samples, in upstream
locations for surface water, and in upwind areas for surface and shallow
subsurface soil samples.
Field replicates/sDlits/collocated samples are independent samples of the
same medium collected at the same time from the same location.
Trip blanks are required only when samples are collected for analysis of
VOCs. They are prepared from analyte-free water by the laboratory, and are
transported to the sampling site with the VOC sample bottles for the
investigative sampling. They are kept with the investigative samples
throughout the sampling program and are shipped for analysis with the
investigative samples. They are'not opened on site, "and are designed to
evaluate VOC contamination encountered within the coolers during the shipping
and handling procedures. Trip blanks are prepared in 40 ml VQA vials with
teflon septum lids, and must be chilled and handled in the same manner as a
water sample for VOC analysis. Two trip blank vials per each shipping
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container or cooler containing VOC samples are required. Trip blanks are
required both for water and solid media sampling.
Equipment blanks or Rinse blanks are obtained from the last rinse of analyte-
free water during decontamination of sample collection equipment. No
extraordinary decontamination procedures should be followed when a rinse
blank is collected. The date and time of collection should be noted, as well
as the ID number of the investigative sample collected just prior to
decontamination, and the ID number of the next sample collected with the
decontaminated equipment. If dedicated equipment is used, rinsate samples
need not be collected.
If contamination is detected in a rinse blank, extensive resampling may be
required, based on the rate of rinse blanks collected, eg. 20 locations
resampled if rinse blanks are collected at the rate of 1 per 20 samples; 10
locations resampled if rinse blanks are collected at the rate of 1 per 10
samples.
The term Field blank no longer defines a single type of QC sample, due to
misuse and misidentification of other types of blank samples. The original
definition of "field blank", according to SW-846, was a sample prepared in a
VQA vial in the field from analyte-free water, and intended to indicate the
presence of VOC contamination in the air at a contaminated site. The term
"field blank" should always be defined when used, and usages with other
definitions are discouraged.
A Performance Evaluation (PE) Sample is a sample with known concentration of
a target analyte, that is sent to a laboratory for blind analysis. The
performance of the laboratory is tested by comparing the known values with
the laboratory results.
Table 5 summarizes the minimum rate at which QC samples must be collected. PE
samples and replicates/splits must be submitted for analysis "blind", meaning
they should not be identified to the laboratory as QC samples. Other QC samples
should be submitted "blind" is possible. The QC samples should be identified
with the number of a nonexistent location that is similar to, but different from
the other locations at the site. All other labeling should be identical to the
investigative samples. The true identity of the QC samples should be recorded
in the field logbook, but not on the chain-of-custody form or sample labels and
tags that are sent to the laboratory. The top sheet (field copy) of many chain
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of custody forms provides a column to identify the QC samples in a shipment, but
this information does not transfer to the additional copies of the form.
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1.4 SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION AND CHAIN OF CUSTODY
1.4.1 General
A sample can consist of any kind of environmental medium and certain kinds of
physical evidence collected from a site or facility. Environmental media samples
include surface and subsurface soils, ground water, surface water, sediments,
biota, air, and waste materials. Samples of building components, pavement or
other man-made structures can also be collected. In-situ field measurements are
not samples but are records of site conditions at a specific location at a
specific point in time. Common in-situ field measurements include depth to
ground water in wells, pH, temperature, and specific conductance of ground water
and surface water, chart records from flow and water level recorders in surface
water bodies, and other charts or readings from instruments that measure
parameters over a period of time.
Prior to shipping any samples, the field manager must classify the samples
collected as either environmental or hazardous materials samples. In general,
environmental samples include drinking water, most ground water and ambient
surface water, soil, sediment, treated municipal and industrial wastewater
effluent, biological specimens, or any samples not expected to be contaminated
with high levels of hazardous materials.
Due to the evidentiary nature of the samples collected during enforcement
investigations, possession must be traceable from the time the samples are
collected until the data or the samples are introduced as evidence in legal
proceedings. The use of sample tags to assign a distinct ID number to each
sample is described in Section 1.4.2. Appropriate documentation of in-situ field
measurements is described in Section 1.4.3. Chain-of-custody procedures are
summarized in Sections 1.4.4 and 1.4.5. Documentation of all field activities
is described in Section 1.5.
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1.4.2 Sanple identification Requirements
The minimal requirements for the use of sample tags under CERCLA are described
below. Other programs may use a less stringent system if it is defined in detail
in the program QAPP or project SAP. Samples and physical evidence collected are
identified by a sample tag that is attached to the sample container. An example
of a sample tag is included as Exhibit C, following the Section l.o tables. All
samples should be placed in the proper sample containers and preserved in
accordance with applicable procedures described in Section 1.3, and identified
with q»mpla tags before being transported offsite. Sample tags are ordinarily
attached to the sample jar or container, but in some cases, particularly with
biological samples, the sample tags may have to be included with or wrapped
around the sample itself. Sample tags shall be completed using waterproof ink
and may be filled out and attached before the sample is collected. The sample
tags are sequentially numbered and are accountable documents once they are
completed and attached to a sample or other physical evidence. Hie following
information shall be included on the sample tag:
Project/site code - A three digit number assigned by EPA
Sample Number - T*1® sample identification number composed of the
project or site code, the sample station location
number as specified in the sampling plan, an
alphabetic abbreviation for the sample type or
medium (ground water, soil, surface water, etc.),
and a three digit code indicating sampling event,
sequence or depth.
Station Number -
Date -
Time -
Designation -
Sampling site location number assigned in the
sampling plan.
A number indicating month, day, year (mm/dd/yy)
A four-digit number (military time)
Grab or composite sample
Sampler's Signature - Signature of person(s) collecting sample
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Tag Number
A unique serial number stamped on each tag that
identifies the Region with a consecutive number
(i.e., 8-1239)
Preservative
Whether the sample is preserved or unpreserved
and the type of preservation
Type of Analyses
Type of analyses to be conducted on the sample
Remarks
Significant observations regarding appearance,
odor or other physical characteristics of the
sample.
The sample number is assigned by the field manager or project manager. This
number is ordinarily a combination of the project or site code, an alphabetic
abbreviation of the medium sampled, a sample location number, and a three digit
numerical code indicating the sampling event or sample sequence (in the case of
samples from multiple depths at the same location) . For example, a site ID
number for the Abercrombie Widget Company might be 404. A surface soil sample
would be identified as SS. The location of the sanple might be identified as 15,
and the second sampling event at the site would be indicated by 002. The
complete field sample station number for the surface soil sample described would
be 404-SS-15-002. Each separate sampling or monitoring location must have a
different alpha-numeric designation.
Frequently, surface water and sediment samples are collected from the same
sampling station and could have the same numerical designation. In this case,
the two samples would be distinguished by their labeling with an SW and cm SD,
respectively. Likewise, ground water (GW) and subsurface soil/deep boring (DB)
samples could be distinguished when collected from the same location. Soil
samples may be collected from several depths while drilling a soil boring, and
these must be distinguished from each other with the use of the three, digit
sequence code, and from ground water samples subsequently collected from the well
installed in the boring.
The field manager and field sampler shall exercise due caution to ensure that
station numbers and samples numbers are not duplicated during investigations or
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studies. The exact description of all sampling stations associated with field
identification or sample and station numbers shall be documented in the field
logbook.
If a sample is split with a facility, state regulatory agency, or other party
representative, sample tags or labels with identical information should be-
attached to each of the split sample containers. Sanple tags shall be completed,
marked "split", and attached to each split sample.
Field, duplicate samples collected for QC purposes should be labelled with a
fictitious sample number, so that the laboratory is not aware of the actual
identity of the sairple. This is to prevent the laboratory from taking atypical
and extraordinary care when analyzing the original and duplicate samples that
will be used to evaluate field and laboratory precision and accuracy.
Sample tags used for water, soil, sediment and biological samples contain an
appropriate place for designating the sample as a grab or composite, for
identifying the type of sample collected for analyses, and preservative used, if
any. Sample tags used specifically for air samples require the sampler to
designate the sequence number and identify the sample type.
When samples are collected from vessels or containers which can be moved (e.g.,
barrels) or from a portion of an on-site! structure, the field investigator shall
mark the container or structure with the field identification or sample station
number for future identification, if necessary. The container or structure shall
be marked by utilizing a permanent marker pen or spray paint, but should not be
marked if it already has a unique marking or serial number. if unique serial or
ID numbers are present, these numbers shall be recorded on the sample tag and in
the field logbook. The use of preprinted sample labels is appropriate and
required in some situations. In addition, it is suggested that photographs be
taken of any physical object collected from, and the necessary information
recorded in the field logbook.
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1.4.3 In-Situ Field Measurements
Forms and records that report the results of in-situ measurements collected do
not require a sample tag. When in-situ measurements are made the data are
recorded directly in field logbooks or field sample records (FSRs) with
identifying information (project/site code, sample numbers, station numbers,
date, time, samplers, field observations and remarks). Examples of in-situ
measurements include temperature, pH, specific conductance, flow measurements,
geophysical measurements, surveying measurements, continuous air monitoring, etc.
If recorder and/or instrument charts are obtained from facility-owned analytical
equipment such as flow recorders, the following information should be written on
the charts while they are still in the instrument or recorder:
¦ The starting and ending time(s) and date(s) for the chart;
• A description of the location being monitored and any other information
required to interpret the data such as type of device, chart units, etc.
¦ The field investigator's initials; and
¦ Results of an instantaneous measurement of the media being measured by the
recorder. The instantaneous measurement shall be entered at the
appropriate location on the chart along with the date and time of the
measurement and the field investigator's initials.
After the chart has been removed, the field investigator shall indicate on the
chart from whom the chart (or copy of the chart) was received, and will enter the
date and time, as well as the investigator's initials.
1.4.4 Sample Custody
1.4.4.1 Definition and Required Documentation
A sample or other physical evidence is under custody if:
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1. It is in your possession ,-
2. It is in your view after being in your possession;
3. It was in your possession and then you locked it up or placed it in a
sealed container to prevent tampering; or
4. It is in a designated secure area.
The field Chain-of-Custody Record is used to record the custody of all
samples or other physical evidence collected for Region VIII EPA. The Chain-
of-Custody Record also serves as a sample logging mechanism for the Region* s
sample custodian. Region VIII EPA uses two types of Chain-of-Custody Record
forms for the Contract Laboratory Program (CLP).: l) Organic Traffic Report
and Chain-of-Custody Record, and 2) Inorganic Traffic Report and Chain-of-
Custody Record. Region VIII utilizes a third Chain-of-Custody form for
transmitting custody of non-CLP samples. An example of a chain-of-custody
form is included as Exhibit D, following the Section 1.0 tables. These forms
are not to be used to provide a receipt for samples where there is a legal
requirement to document the collection of split or duplicate samples.
Section 1.4.5 addresses the use of receipts to document collection of
samples.
The list below describes the detailed information requested on the Chain-of-
Custody Record. Depending on the program, it may not be necessary to provide
all of the following information.
Item No. information Required
1 The project code, account code, regional information, program, site
name and location of the site.
2 The EPA Region, sampling company name, printed sampler's name, and
the signature of the sampler and/or the sampling team leader in the
designated signature block. A space is also provided on the form
for the signatures of additional samplers.
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3 The type of activity or program (e.g., pre-remedial, remedial,
removal, etc.), and the lead agency or investigator (PRP, State,
federal) must be checked.
4 Date shipped, carrier and airbill number.
5 Addressee and responsible party.
Columns A through K; plus items 6 and 7
¦ Record the sample numbers, sample description (media type),
suspected concentration level (if known), sample type (grab or
composite), requested analysis, regional specific tracking number or
tag numbers, sampling station location number, date and time of
sample collection, samplers initials, and corresponding CLP
inorganic or organic sample number (if applicable).
The appropriate qualifier for designated QC samples (e.g. duplicate,
rinsate, trip blank, etc.) is entered on the top sheet (field copy)
of the chain-of-custody form. However, the forms are designed so
that this information does not appear on the additional copies, so
that the identity of the QC samples is not known to the laboratory.
The designation of the shipment as case complete, the page number,
whether a sample is to be used for a spike or laboratory replicate,
and the chain-of-custody seal number must also be included on the
Record.
¦ The sampling team leader's name should be recorded in the right or
left margin of the Chain-of-Custody Record when sanqples collected by
more than one sampling team are included on the same form.
¦ The subsequent transfer of the samples from the field sampler to the
person receiving them must be documented on the Record in the spaces
provided at the bottom of the Record. The first person listed under
the sampler(s) section must be the person that originally collected
and then relinquished the sanqples or evidence. If a designated
field sample custodian receives secured samples from sampling teams
and maintains these samples under secure conditions, the custodian's
identity must also be entered on the form. Both the person
relinquishing the samples and the person receiving them must sign
the form; the date and time that this occurs must be documented in
the proper space on the Record. Personnel of the shipping company
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do not sign the custody form. The last person receiving the samples
or evidence should be a laboratory sample custodian, evidence clerk,
or other laboratory personnel.
The Chain-of-Custody Record is a serialized, multi-carbon document. Once the
Record is completed, it becomes an accountable document and must be
maintained in the project file. The suitability of any other form for chain-
of-custody should be evaluated prior to use, based upon its inclusion of all
of the above information in a legible format.
1.4.4.2 Field Custody Procedures
¦ To simplify the Chain-of-Custody Record and eliminate potential
litigation problems, as few people as possible should handle samples.
¦ Sample tags shall be completed for each sample (as discussed in Section
1.4.2), using waterproof, non-erasable ink.
¦ If possible, the field sampler should keep the samples in his/her
continuous custody from the time of collection until they are delivered
to the laboratory analyzing the samples. If this can not be
accomplished, the sanqples must be placed in a container that is then
sealed with an EPA custody seal (Exhibit E, following the Section l.o
tables). The field sampler shall write the date and his/her signature
on the seal. Prior to shipping, samples should be placed together
inside a plastic bag, and the bag sealed with a signed custody seal.
The plastic bag is then placed inside the shipping container. It is
not practical to seal individual sample bottles.
¦ All samples must be documented in bound field logbooks.
• A Chain-of-Custody Record will be completed for all samples or physical
evidence as specified in Section 1.4.4.1. a separate Chain-of-Custody
Record will be utilized for each final destination or laboratory
utilized during the inspection or investigation.
¦ The field manager is personally responsible for the proper handling and
custody of the collected samples until they cure properly formally
transferred or dispatched to another person or facility.
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¦ The field manager should determine if proper custody procedures were
followed in the field and if additional samples are required.
¦ Physical evidence such as video tapes, documents or other small items
shall be placed in sealable plastic bags or envelopes and an EPA
custody seal should be affixed so that they cannot be opened without
breaking the seal. A Chain-of-Custody Record shall be maintained for
these items. Any time the custody seal is broken, this shall be noted
on the Chain-of-Custody record, and a new seal shall be affixed. The
information on the seal shall include the field investigator's
signature, as well as the date and time of sealing.
• In general, Region VIII EPA personnel shall not accept samples from
other sources unless the sample collection procedures used are known to
be acceptable, can be documented, and the sample chain-of-custody can
be established. If such samples are accepted by Region VIII personnel,
standard sample tags containing all relevant information and the Chain-
of-Custody Record shall be completed for each set of samples.
¦ EPA custody seals can be used to maintain custody on other items when
necessary by using procedures similar to those outlined above.
1.4.4.3 Transfer of Custody and Shipment
The transfer of custody is an important aspect of chain-of-custody. The
procedures listed below must be followed.
¦ All sample sets or physical evidence will be accompanied by a Chain-of-
Custody Record. When transferring the possession of samples, the
individuals relinquishing and receiving the samples will sign, date,
and note the transfer time on the record. This record documents sample
custody transfer from the sampler, often through another person, to the
analyst in a laboratory.
¦ Samples will be properly packaged for shipment and dispatched to the
appropriate laboratory for analysis with a separate Chain-of-Custody
Record accompanying each shipment. Shipping containers will be secured
with padlocks, strapping tape, etc., and properly sealed with BPA
custody seals for shipment to the laboratory. Seals are made of paper
and perforated so they will tear easily to indicate possible tampering.
The seals have an adhesive back and must be partially covered with tape
so they are not accidentally torn. The method of shipment, courier
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name(s) and other pertinent information are entered on the Chain-of-
Custody Record.
¦ Whenever samples are split with a facility or government agency, it is
noted on the Chain-of-Custody Record. The note is signed by both the
field sampler or team leader and the recipient. If the split is
refused this will be noted and signed by both parties. The person,
relinquishing the samples to the facility or agency should request the
signature of a representative of the appropriate party, acknowledging
receipt of the samples. If a representative is unavailable or refuses
to sign, this is noted in the "Remarks" space. When appropriate, as in
the case where the representative is unavailable, the Chain-of-Custody
Record should contain a statement indicating that the samples were
delivered to the designated location at the designated time and date.
¦ All shipments will be accompanied by the Chain-of-Custody Record
identifying its contents. The original record will accompany the
shipment, and a copy will be retained by the team leader to be placed
in the project file.
" If sent by mail, the package will be registered with return receipt
requested. If sent by common carrier, a Government Bill of Lading
will be used. Air freight shipments are sent collect. The Government
Bill of Lading number, or registered mail serial number will be
recorded in the remarks section of the Chain-of-Custody Record.
Preight bills, Post Office receipts and Bills of Lading will be
retained as part of the permanent documentation.
¦ A record custodian or clerk should receive and date all samples as they
arrive and place them in a secure area.
Prior to shipping any samples, the field manager must classify the samples
collected as either environmental or hazardous materials samples. Guidance
for complying with US-DOT regulations in shipping is given in 49CFR, Parts
171-177 dated May 15, 1992. Depending on the amount of preservative added to
a sample, some samples may be considered as dangerous goods and must be
shipped in accordance with procedures described in the current Dangerous
Goods Regulations.
Samples collected from process wastewater streams, drum®/ bulk storage tanks,
soil sediment, or water samples from areas suspected of being highly
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contaminated may require shipment as dangerous goods. The transportation of
hazardous materials (dangerous goods) by EPA personnel is covered by EPA
Order 1000.1. If a sample is collected of a material that is listed as a
dangerous good, then that sample must be identified, packaged, marked,
labeled, and shipped according to the instructions given for that material.
No samples must be offered for air transport without a hazardous materials
label if the composition of the samples is unknown or only partially known,
yet the project leader knows or suspects that they may contain regulated
materials (dangerous goods).
Samples collected and designated as environmental samples shall be packed
prior to shipment using the following procedures:
• Select a sturdy cooler in good repair. Secure and tape the drain plug
with fiber or duct tape. Line the cooler with a large heavy duty
plastic bag.
¦ Seal ice inside plastic bags, and place the ice in the cooler prior to
adding sample bottles.
¦ Allow sufficient headspace in all bottles (except VGA vials) to
compensate for any pressure and temperature changes (approximately 10
percent of the volume of the container).
¦ Be sure the lids on all bottles are tight and will not leak.
¦ Place all bottles in separate and appropriately sized polyethylene bags
and seal the bags with tape (preferably plastic electrical tape) . Wrap
each glass bottle with bubble wrap if possible. A custody seal should
be affixed to the top of each plastic bag containing the samples. A
second seal may also be placed on the outside of the cooler, if the
cooler's surface is smooth.
¦ Hazardous waste VOC samples are shipped by placing three to six VGA
vials in a quart metal can, and filling the can with vermiculite.
Environmental media samples may also be shipped in this manner, but it
is not required.
¦ For hazardous media samples, place two to four inches of vermiculite in
the bottom of the cooler and then place the bottles and in the
cooler with sufficient space to allow for the addition of more
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vermiculite between the bottles and cans. Bubble wrap or polyethylene
packing peanuts may also be used.
¦ Put "blue ice" (or ice that has been placed in heavy duty polyethylene
bags and properly sealed) on top of or between the samples. Fill all
remaining space' between bottles or cans with vermiculite or packing
peanuts. Securely fasten the top of the large plastic bag with tape.
A custody seal should then be placed around the top of the plastic bag,
signed, and dated. If the shipping container has a smooth surface that
will allow a custody seal to be affixed, sealing the plastic bags is
optional.
¦ To meet preservation requirements, the temperature in a cooler must be
measured and documented prior to shipment and upon receipt of the
samples at the laboratory. Another option is to safely pack a min-max
thermometer within the cooler, and record the temperatures upon opening
the cooler at the laboratory.
• Place the Chain-of-Custody Record and the CLP Traffic Report Form (if
applicable) into a plastic bag, tape the bag to the inner side of the
cooler lid, then close and securely tape the cooler lid shut.
Chain-of-Custody seals should be affixed across the top and sides of
the cooler with the securing tape so that the cooler cannot be opened
without breaking the seal.
• The shipping containers must be marked "THIS END DP," and arrow labels
that indicate the proper upward position of the container should be
affixed to the container. A label containing the name and address of
the shipper shall be placed on the outside of the container.
1.4.5 Sanple Receipts
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Toxic Substances
Control Act (TSCA) require that a "receipt" for all facility samples collected
during inspections and investigations be given to the owner/operator of each
facility before the field sampler departs the premises. Receipts are generally
not used on Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA) sites because the owner/operator is rarely on site when sampling is
conducted.
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A Receipt for Samples Form (Exhibit F, following Section 1.0 tables) may be
required to satisfy the receipt for samples provisions of RCRA and TSCA. The
TSCA program requires that field samplers prepare a sample receipt for the
owner/operator, and RCRA and other programs cam require use of a sample receipt.
This form also documents if split samples were required and if they were provided
to the owner/operator of the facility or site being investigated. The following
information must be supplied and entered on the Receipt for Samples Form.
¦ The project number, project name, name of facility/site, and location of
the facility/site must be entered at the top of the form.
* The field sampler or team leader must provide his/her name and title, and
sign and date the form in the indicated location.
¦ The facility/site owner/operator's acceptance of split samples must be
checked in the appropriate place in the "Split Sample Provided" column of
the form. The owner/operator should be requested to initial his/her
acceptance by the check mark and to sign his/her name in the blank spaces.
If the offer is refused, the owner/operator shall be requested to sign
his/her name in the blank spaces, to acknowledge that he/she has been
offered this choice.
¦ Each sample collected from the facility/site must be documented in the
sample record portion of the form. The sample number, time of sample
collection, place or location collected, type of sample, total number of
sample containers and volumes, and whether or not split samples were
required and provided must be recorded. If EPA sample tags are used for
split samples, these tag numbers should be recorded under the sample
number column.
¦ The bottom portion of the form is used to document the receipt of split
samples by the owner/operator of the facility/site. The owner/operator
must sign the "received by" section of the form including his/her title,
telephone number, and the date and time the form was signed. If the
owner/operator refuses to sign the form, the field sampler or team leader
should note this fact in the owner/operator's signature block and initial
this entry.
The copy of the Receipt for Samples Form is to be given to the facility or site
owner/operator. The Receipt for Samples Form is serialized and becomes an
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accountable document after it is completed. The original copy of this form must
be maintained in the project file for the facility/site.
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1.5 FIELD RECORDS AND DOCUMENTATION
1.5.1 Purpose
Documentation establishes procedures, identifies written records, enhances and
facilitates sample tracking, standardizes data entries, and identifies and
establishes authenticity of the sample data collected. Proper documentation
also:
¦ Ensures that all essential and required information is consistently
acquired and preserved;
¦ Documents timely, correct, and complete analysis;
Satisfies quality assurance requirements;
¦ Establishes the chain-of-custody;
¦ Provides evidence for court proceedings; and
• Provides a basis for further sampling.
1.5.2 Field Records
Appropriate field records and a bound field logbook or data sheets must be
completed at the time of sample collection. Examples of field record forms or
data sheets used in various sampling programs or other field activities cam be
found in the specific SOPs at the end of this document. Bound logbooks are
required for CERCLA investigations, and are highly recommended for other site
investigations, including RCRA.
The bound field logbook or daily log sheets must be maintained by the- field
personnel to provide a daily record of significant events. The field logbook
should be constructed such that pages cannot be removed without tearing them out.
Pages should be numbered as they are filled. Preferably, field logbooks should
be dedicated to an individual project. In general, field logbooks as well as
field records should:
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¦ Record, identify, and describe all pertinent sampling and monitoring
activities.
¦ Record quantitative and qualitative information for each sample collected.
¦ Record and describe any team activities, including observations and
events.
The investigator's name, project name, and project code should be entered on the
inside cover of the logbook. All entries should be signed and dated with the
time of entry recorded, and each page must be initialed and dated. At the end
of each day's activity, or entry of a particular event, if appropriate, the
investigator should draw a diagonal line on the page below the last entry, and
initial and date the line.
All aspects of sample collection and handling as well as visual observations
shall be documented in the field logbooks. All sample collection equipment,
field analytical equipment, and equipment utilized to make physical measurements
shall be identified in the field logbooks, by serial number where appropriate.
All calculations, results, and calibration data for field sampling, field
analytical, and field measurements and analyses must be traceable to the specific
piece of field equipment utilized and to the field investigator collecting the
sample, making the measurement, or performing the analyses.
All entries in field logbooks shall be legible, and shall contain accurate and
inclusive documentation of all project activities. Because field records are the
basis for later written reports, language should be objective, factual, and free
of personal feelings or other terminology which might prove inappropriate. Once
completed, field logbooks become accountable documents and must be maintained as
a permanent record in the project files.
In a legal proceeding, notes, if referred to, are considered part of the
administrative, record and are admissible as evidence and subject to cross-
examination.
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1.5.3 Photograph Identification
All photographs taken by field personnel shall be identified on the back of the
print with the following information:
An accurate description of what the photograph shows, including the -
name of the facility or site and the location;
¦ The date and time that the photograph was taken;
¦ The orientation of the photograph (i.e., looking northeast, etc.); and
¦ The signature of the photographer.
If the photograph is taken with a Polaroid camera, the information shall be
entered on the back of each photograph with an indelible marker as soon as the
photo is taken. If a 35 mm camera is used, a serial type record of each frame
exposed shall be kept in the field logbook along with the information required
for each photograph. The field investigator shall enter the required information
on the prints, using the serialized photographic record from the field logbook,
and the numbers on the negatives to identify each photograph. For criminal
investigations, negatives must be maintained with the field logbook in the
project file and stored in a secured file cabinet.
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1.6 DECONTAMINATION AND DISPOSAL OF HASTES GENERATED
1.6.1 Requirements for Decontamination
When sampling contaminated soils, sediments, surface water, and ground water,
sampling devices and equipment must be carefully cleaned prior to and between
each sample collected to avoid cross-contamination between samples. Cross-
contamination can be minimized with thorough decontamination as described below,
by encasing equipment with disposable outer wrappings (plastic) after cleaning,
and by using disposable sampling devices. A sample of My potable water used for
decontamination should be analyzed along with the investigative samples, to
provide assurance that outside contamination is not introduced into the samples.
Analysis of the distilled or deionized (DI) water used for the final rinse should
also be conducted if the water is purchased from a nonlaboratory source, such as
a grocery store. If the distilled/DI water was prepared in a laboratory,
independent analysis is not necessary. However, records of analysis of the
laboratory-generated water must be available for review.
Equipment and sampling devices that are relatively inexpensive and easily
obtainable can be properly discarded after a single use. However, many of the
sampling devices used are expensive and will be re-used, requiring
decontamination after each use. When cleanup of contaminated equipment is
necessary, it should be done in the field, whenever possible. When equipment
becomes contaminated to such an extent that decontamination in the field is not
feasible, it should be properly discarded at the site for disposal with other
contaminated materials (Section 1.6.5). Ideally, dedicated equipment for each
sample location is recommended to reduce the possibility of cross-contamination
between locations.
Section 3 of the March 1991 "Handbook of Suggested Practices for the Design and
Installation of Ground-Water Monitoring Wells" (EPA 600/4-89/034) should be
consulted for a more complete discussion on field decontamination programs and
procedures related to drilling and sampling equipment.
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1.6.2 Available Decontamination Methods
Selection of a decontamination method requires consideration of the following
items:
« Contaminants present or suspected;
* Effectiveness of different decontamination methods for the specific
substances present;
¦ Health or safety hazards of the decontamination method;
¦ The location where the decontamination procedures will be conducted;
¦ The size types of equipment that will require decontamination;
¦ The frequency that specific equipment will require decontamination;
¦ Available methods for containing and disposing the residual contaminants,
cleaning solutions, and rinsate from the decontamination process; and
¦ The use of a quality control measure, such as equipment blanks or
wipe testing, to determine the effectiveness of the decontamination
procedure.
Decontamination is the process of neutralizing, washing, rinsing, and removing
contaminants from the exposed outer surfaces of equipment and personal protective
clothing to minimize the potential for contaminant migration. Decontamination
methods either physically remove contaminants, inactivate contaminants by
chemical detoxification or disinfection/sterilization, or remove contaminants by
a combination of both physical and chemical means. Available physical and
chemical decontamination procedures are described below.
PhvBie&l r-mov»i involves dislodging, displacing, rinsing, wiping off, or
evaporation of the contaminants. Removal of gross contamination (visible) should
first be attempted by physical means. Loose contaminants can be removed by
rinsing with tap, distilled or deionized water. High pressure water or steam is
used to remove contaminants that adhere more tightly. Scraping, brushing and/or
wiping may also be used before high pressure or steam is used.
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Some volatile liquids will be removed by evaporation. Evaporation can be
enhanced by rinsing or steam cleaning, followed by a water rinse and exposure to
the sun.
Chemical removal involves a wash/rinse process using cleaning solutions. This
wash/rinse process should follow the physical removal of gross contamination, if
the contaminants are not soluble in water or are present in high concentrations.
Surfactants (detergents) are commonly used to reduce adhesion forces and
encourage dissolving and dispersal of the contaminant in the detergent. Solvents
(including hexane) are used to dissolve selected chemicals that are not soluble
in water and are only somewhat soluble in detergents. The solvent selected for
clean up cannot be a potential contaminant at the site. Washing with either
surfactants or solvents must be followed by multiple rinses with clean tap water
and deionized or distilled water to remove the chemicals. Multiple rinses with
clean solutions remove more contaminants than a single rinse with the same volume
of solution,' and continuous rinsing with large volumes will remove more
contaminants than multiple rinsing with less total volume.
A decontamination plan describing the solutions to be employed, and the
methodologies to be used to determine the effectiveness of the decontamination
shall be referenced or stipulated in detail in a QAPP or site-specific SAP. The
use of decontamination rinsate blanks and other quality control procedures serve
to document the decontamination process and effectiveness. Disposal of the
rinsate from decontamination is different for non-hazardous versus hazardous
rinsate. Sections 1.6.5.2 and 1.6.5.3 describe appropriate disposal for
nonhazardous rinsate and hazardous rinsate, respectively.
1.6.3 Decontamination of Small Equipment
Hand-held sampling devices and equipment and small samplers used with drilling
rigs, such as split spoon samplers, must be decontaminated after each sample is
collected. The equipment must be brushed and scraped so that most gross
contaminants are removed. . The equipment must then be washed with a strong
nonphosphate detergent/soap mixture. After all gross contaminants have been
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removed, the equipment must be rinsed three times with both tap water and
deionized water. The equipment must be allowed to air dry thoroughly.
If the contaminants consist of organic chemicals with low solubility in water and
detergents, the equipment must be rinsed with a solvent following the tap and
deionized water rinses described above. Following the solvent rinse, the
equipment must be rinsed three times with tap water and three times with
deionized water, and allowed to dry again. If the constituents of interest are
inorganic, the equipment must be rinsed with dilute nitric acid. When organics
are the constituents of concern, the equipment can be rinsed with, for example,
acetone and pesticide-quality hexane, in that order, and allowed to dry. Site-
specific decontamination procedures depend on the contaminants present, and shall
be approved by EPA in the QAPP or the site-specific SAP.
A typical decontamination procedure for small equipment includes the following
steps:
1) Scrape or wipe to remove all visible contamination.
2) Scrub with a brush and nonphosphate detergent.
3) Rinse three times with potable tap water; collect a tap water sample
before use, for analysis for chemical constituents that could bias the
analytical results.
4) Rinse three times with deionized (DI) or distilled water.
5) If significant concentrations of inorganic compounds axe expected, rinse
with dilute (10 percent) nitric acid.
6) if significant concentrations of organic compounds are expected, rinse
with acetone and/or pesticide-quality Hexane.
7) Allow equipment to air dry, and wrap in plastic before transporting to the
next sampling location. If the equipment will be used to sample for
volatiles analysis, it should be wrapped in metal foil rathe* than
plastic.
Rinsate blanks should be collected from the last rinse by DI or distilled water,
at a Tn-iT^twiitn rate of once per day, or once after every 20 decontamination
procedures, whichever is more. These rinsate blanks are analyzed for the full
suite of constituents to verify the effectiveness of the decontamination
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procedure. Collection of additional rinsate blanks may be desirable if a
potential contaminant is particularly difficult to remove from sampling
equipment. If laboratory analysis indicates that a single rinsate sample
collected for 20 sampling sites is contaminated with a chemical of interest,
resampling of all 20 locations may be required. Collection of rinsate samples,
and the risk of cross contamination can be avoided if dedicated sampling
equipment is used.
1.6.4 Decontamination of Large Equipment
Decontamination of drilling equipment and other large formation sampling
equipment involves cleaning tools that are used in boreholes or monitoring wells.
Drilling equipment should be decontaminated between each borehole. More frequent
cleaning should be performed if cross-contamination between vertical zones within
a borehole is possible. Sampling equipment such as split spoon samplers must be
decontaminated after every use.
The most common and generally preferred methods of drilling equipment
decontamination involve either a clean potable water wash, steam cleaning, or a
water wash/steam cleaning combination. A non-phosphate detergent is also
commonly used.
A sequence for decontamination of low to moderately contaminated equipment should
be as follows:
¦ Water or steam rinse to remove particulates.
• Steam wash with water and non-phosphate detergent.
¦ Steam or water rinse with potable water.
Additional wash/rinse sequences may be necessary to remove the contaminants
completely. A rinsate sample should be taken after every 20 decontamination
procedures, or at least once per day, to document the effectiveness of the
decontamination procedures. Rinsate samples should be collected more frequently
if cross contamination is likely to be a concern (such as at heavily contaminated
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sites without dedicated sampling equipment). Samplers should be aware that the
specific source of contamination will not be known if a contaminated rinsate
sample was collected after numerous sampling and decontamination procedures. All
of the locations associated with that rinsate blank may require resampling to
identify the error.
1.6.5 Handling of Investigation-Derived Waste
1.6.5.1 Description of Investigation-Derived Waste
All waste materials generated during field investigations at potential
hazardous waste sites are known as investigation-derived waste (IDW).
Examples of IDW that may require treatment, storage, and disposal are as
follows:
¦ Personnel protective equipment (PPE). This includes disposable
coveralls, gloves, booties, respirator canisters, splash suits, etc.
¦ Disposable equipment (DE) . This includes plastic ground and equipment
covers, aluminum foil, conduit pipe, disposable bailers, pump tubing,
etc.).
¦ Soil cuttings from drilling or hand augering operations.
• Drilling fluids (mud or water) used for drilling.
¦ Ground water obtained through well development or well purging.
¦ Decontamination fluids including spent solvent, detergent water and
rinse water.
Some of these waste materials may be hazardous wastes and must be properly ,
disposed in accordance with EPA regulations. The decision as to whether
materials are hazardous should be based on the results of sample analyses.
The project leader or site manager should determine the appropriate handling
approach upon designating the IDW as either RCRA hazardous or RCRA
nonhazardous. (See U.S. SPA "Management of Investigation-Derived Wastes
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During Site Inspections" EPA/540/G-91-009, 1991.) The project leader or site
manager should use the decision tree shown in Exhibit 6 of this document
(following the Section 1.0 tables) for help in selecting the best approach
for IDW management, and identifying the steps that are involved in executing
the approach. The decision tree summarizes basic elements of planning for
IDW handling such as waste minimization, characterization, and management,
and indicates when and how IDW should be handled on-site or disposed off-
site. Management of IDW must also be described in detail in the QAPP or
site-specific SAP.
1.6.5.2 Manaerftment of Non-Hazardous IDW
The management and disposal of non-hazardous IDW from hazardous waste sites
should be addressed in the QAPP or site-specific SAP. if ppe and DE can be
decontaminated and rendered nonhazardous, these wastes should be double-
bagged, and deposited either in an industrial dumpster (on-site or at the EPA
warehouse), or in a municipal landfill (RCRA Subtitle D facility). Non-
hazardous IDW such as soil cuttings, drilling fluids, development or purge
water, decontamination fluids, etc. should be left on-site unless other
circumstances require off-site disposal. These circumstances include a state
ARAR or a high probability of serious community concerns.
At all sites without adequate information to define the potential waste
hazard, the IDW generated should be considered potentially hazardous until
the results of testing indicate otherwise. All drilling, development and
decontamination fluids and soil cuttings should be containerized on site
until testing to verify that they are not contaminated.
The on-site handling options available when the results of analytical testing
indicate that the IDW are nonhazardous. are listed below.
¦ For decontaminated PPE and DE:
1. Double bag and deposit in an on-site dumpster, or in any municipal
landfill.
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Section 1.6
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2. Dispose of at the site's treatment or disposal unit.
¦ For soil cuttings:
1. Spread around the well.
2. Put into a shallow pit above the water table, within the area of
contamination (AOC).
3. Dispose of at the site's treatment or disposal unit.
4. If the boring is less than 10 feet deep and did not penetrate the
water table, cuttings may be placed back into the boring. All
borings deeper than 10 feet or that encountered ground water shall
be plugged and abandoned in accordance with the SOP included in a
later section of this document.
¦ For drilling fluids and ground water (development and purge water):
1. Pour onto ground (from containers) downgradient from the well to
allow infiltration.
2. Dispose of at the site's treatment or disposal unit.
¦ For decontamination and rinse fluids:
1. Pour onto ground (from containers) downgradient from the well to
allow infiltration.
2. Dispose of at the site's treatment or disposal unit.
3. Evaporate dilute decontamination fluids on site if placed in an
acceptable treatment container.
1.6.5.3 M«n»a«ment gff fbtgardous IDW
Disposal of hazardous or suspected hazardous IDW from hazardous waste sites
should be addressed in the QAPP or site-specific SAP. IP IDW consist of
hazardous soil cuttings that pose no immediate threat to human health and the
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environment, then the soil cuttings can be left on-site within a delineated
Area of Contamination (AOC) if they are containerized.
All soil borings that generate soil cuttings determined to be hazardous, must
be plugged with cement grout from total depth to within two - three feet
below land surface. Cuttings can not be placed in a borehole, regardless of
depth, if analysis indicates that the cuttings are contaminated.
If on-site disposal is not feasible, and if the wastes are suspected1 to be
hazardous, appropriate tests must be conducted to make that determination.
If they are determined to be hazardous wastes, they must be properly
contained and labeled. These hazardous wastes may be stored on the site for
a maximum of 90 days before they must be manifested and shipped to a
permitted treatment or disposal facility. If possible, the generation of
hazardous IDW should be anticipated so that permits for the proper
containerization, labelling, temporary storage, transportation, and
disposal/treatment of these wastes can be arranged in accordance with USEPA
regulations.
IDW should be disposed off-site at a permitted, RCRA subtitle C, TSD facility
in the following situations:
¦ They are RCRA hazardous PPE and DE.
¦ They are RCRA hazardous soil cuttings that may pose a substantial risk
if left on site.
¦ They are RCRA hazardous drilling fluids, ground water, or
decontamination fluids.
¦ Leaving them on-site would create increased risks at the site.
Planners for off-site disposal of hazardous wastes should consider the
following EPA guidelines:
¦ Incorporate a provision in the site access agreement form to inform the
site owner that containerized IDW may be temporarily stored on-site
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while awaiting pickup for off-site disposal. The agreement should also
request the owner's cooperation.
• Initiate the bidding process for IDW testing, pick-up, and disposal.
If there are any subcontracting needs in planning the off-site
disposal, the means of disposal should be specified. Since RCRA
hazardous IDW must go to RCRA hazardous waste disposal facilities that
comply with the off-site policy, the site manager should obtain a list
of available facilities. Each EPA Region maintains a list of RCRA
hazardous TSD facilities that meet the conditions of the off-site
policy. The site manager must also check the selected facility's
compliance before arranging for IDW pick-up. If IDW are RCRA
nonhazardous, the site manager must also check if the receiving RCRA
nonhazardous waste facility complies with the off-site policy.
¦ Coordinate IDW generation with testing and pick-up. IDW samples should
be collected in accordance with "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid
Waste, SW-846," and shipped for RCRA tests (and other tests, if
necessary) as early as possible during the site investigation. IDW
need not be analyzed by a CLP laboratory. The site manager should use
the laboratory services of the pickup and disposal subcontractor,
obtain an EPA ID number and manifest form for RCRA hazardous IDW, and
a bill of lading for RCRA nonhazardous IDW.
¦ Prepare adequate numbers and types of containers. Drums should be used
for collecting small amounts of IDW. Larger amounts of soil and water
can be contained in Baker tanks, poly tanks, and bins. PPE DE
should be collected in drums for disposal at a hazardous waste
facility.
¦ Designate a storage area (either within the site's existing storage
facility, existing fenced area, or within a temporary fence constructed
for the site investigation) . No unauthorized personnel may have access
to the storage area. If a temporary storage facility is to be
constructed, its location and size must be agreed upon with the site
owner, and all construction materials should be delivered to the site
before or on the first day of the site investigation.
« All RCRA hazardous wastes stored on site must comply with the 90 and
180 day storage requirements, as specified in RCRA regulations.
¦ All hazardous wastes generated at CERCLA sites must conply with
requirements specified in the CERCLA and SARA regulations.
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Hazardous investigation-derived waste should be kept to a minimum. Many of
the above PPE and DE wastes can be deposited in industrial dumpsters if care
is taken to keep them segregated from hazardous waste contaminated materials
and environmental media. Disposable equipment and some PPE can sometimes be
cleaned to render it nonhazardous. The volume of spent solvent waste
produced during equipment decontamination cam be reduced or eliminated by
applying only the minimum amount of solvent necessary.
The reader is referred to "Management of Investigation-Derived Wastes During
Site Inspections" (EPA/540/G-91/009) for further guidance on the management
and disposal of investigation-derived waste.
1.6.6 Disposal of Sanqples or Physical Evidence
The disposal of samples or other physical evidence obtained during Region VIII
EPA investigations is conducted on a case-by-case basis. CERCLA samples analyzed
by laboratories under the Contract Laboratory Program (CLP), are disposed of in
accordance with the contract specifications. No other samples, physical
evidence, or any documentation associated with a criminal investigation shall be
disposed without written permission from BPA's Office of Criminal Investigation,
the Office of Regional Counsel, or the Department of Justice.
Before other samples or other physical evidence or documentation collected by or
for the Region are disposed of, permission to dispose of the sanqples must be
granted from the Project Manager responsible for the inspection or investigation.
Signed documentation reporting the intention and permission to dispose of
samples will be filed in the project files.
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Section 1.7
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1.7 SITE SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
1.7.1 General
Protecting the health and safety of workers is a major consideration during the
execution of any field work. The following information is geared toward safety
considerations at hazardous waste sites, but many of the precautions apply to all
sampling activities.
The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has established
regulations governing the health and safety of employees engaged in hazardous
waste operations and emergency response. The regulations codified at 29 CFR
1910.120, contain general requirements for health and safety programs, site
characterization and analysis, site control, training, medical surveillance,
engineering controls and work practices, personal protective equipment, exposure
monitoring, informational programs, materials handling, decontamination, and
emergency procedures. EPA has incorporated these standards by reference into its
regulations at 40 CFR 311.
All field activities conducted at hazardous waste sites in EPA Region VIII shall
be conducted in accordance with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.120. The
requirements are complex, and it is the responsibility of each employee involved
in field work to understand and follow these requirements.
EPA has published a document entitled "Standard Operating Safety Guides" (June,
1992, EPA publication no. 9285.1-03) which summarizes topics that include the
following: components of a health and safety program, development of a Health and
Safety Plan (HSP), required training, site control, personal protective
equipment, air monitoring, medical surveillance program, heat stress and cold
exposure, decontamination, drum handling, hazards, confined space entry. Consult
this document for explicit guidance on any aspect of health and safety
considerations.
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1.7.2 Site Specific Health and Safety Plans
A site-specific Health and Safety Plan (HSP) shall be developed for every
hazardous waste site project. When there is more than one organization involved
at the site, the development of the safety plan should be coordinated among the
various groups.
Before commencing any site activities, field personnel will be required to read
the site specific HSP, and sign a statement that they have read and understand
the HSP. An on-site meeting will also be held at the beginning of the project,
and all field personnel will be briefed on the potential hazards, level of PPE
and safety procedures specified in approved site HSP. In addition, the plan's
emergency instructions, telephone number and directions to the designated
emergency medical facility shall be posted in a conspicuous location at the site
command post, and shall be available at each work site.
An assessment of the potential dangers must be completed to determine the hazards
that could affect site personnel. The site HSP must specify the potential
hazards and specify the necessary precautions to mitigate the hazards.
Region VIII does not approve or disprove Health and Safety plans. It is the
responsibility of every entity to ensure compliance with 29 CFR 1910.120.
1.7.3 Training of Field Personnel
The required training for field personnel who work at hazardous sites, in
accordance with 29 CFR 1910.120, is summarized below.
¦ Medical monitoring physicals (annual renewal if on-site more than 30 days
per year).
¦ 40-hour hazardous waste training (no renewal required).
• 8-hour refresher training (annual renewal).
¦ Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) certification (annual renewal).
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¦ First aid certification (tri-annual renewal)
« Respirator fit testing (annual renewal).
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Section 1.8
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1.8 SELECTED REFERENCES AND ACRONYMS
NOTE: As new SOPs are completed, all references and acronyms included in the new
SOPs will be added to the lists in this section.
SELECTED REFERENCES
1. U.S. Department of the Interior. 1969. A Practical Guide to Water Quality-
Studies of Streams. CWR-5.
2. U.S. Department of Energy. 1980. The Environmental Survey Manual. DOE/EH-
0053.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1973. Biological Field and
Laboratory Methods for Measuring the Quality of Surface Waters and
Effluents. EPA/670/4-73-001.
4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1974. Wastewater Sampling
Methodologies and Flow Measurement Techniques. EPA/907/9-74-005.
5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1977. Quality Assurance Handbook for
Air Pollution Measurement Systems. EPA/600/4-77-027a.
6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980. Samples and Sampling
Procedures for Hazardous Waste Streams. EPA/600/2-80-018.
7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1981. NEIC Manual for
Groundwater/Subsurface Investigations at Hazardous Waste Sites.
EPA/330/9-81-002.
8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1982. Handbook for Sampling and
Sample Preservation of Water and Wastewater. EPA/600/4-82-029.
9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1982. Environmental Monitoring at
Love Canal. EPA/600/4-82-030 a-d.
10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1984. Documentation of EMSL-LV
Contribution to the Kellogg Idaho Study. EPA/600/4-84-052.
11. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1985. Quality Assurance Project Plan
for the TSCA and FIFRA Investigation Programs. EPA Region VIII. Air and
Toxics Division.
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Section 1.8
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12. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1985. Occupational Safety and Health
Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities. Publication No. 85-
115.
13. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986. RCRA Ground-Water Monitoring
Technical Enforcement Guidance Document (TEGD). OSWER-9950.1.
14. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986. Test Methods for Evaluating
Solid Waste. EPA SW-846.
15. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986. The Quality Assurance Project
Plan for the NPDES Compliance Inspection Program. EPA Region VIII.
Environmental Services Division.
16. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986. Protocol for Ground Water
Evaluations. EPA Hazardous Waste Ground Water Task Force.
17. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1987. A Compendium of Superfund
Field Operations Methods. EPA/540/P-87-001.
18. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1989. Soil Sampling Quality
Assurance User's Guide. EPA/600/8-89-046.
19. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1989. Handbook for Suggested
Practices for the Design and Installation of Ground-Water Monitoring Wells.
EPA/600/4-89-034.
20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1993. The Data Quality Objectives
Process for Environmental Decisions. QAMS Draft.
21. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. Management of Investigation-
Derived Wastes During Site Inspections. EPA/540/G-91-009.
22. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. Guide to Management of
Investigation-Derived Wastes. Publication No. 9345.3-03FS.
23. u. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. Standard Operating Procedures
Quality Assurance Manual. EPA Region IV. Environmental Services
Division.
24. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1992. Standard Operating Safety
Guides. June 1992. EPA Publication No. 9285.1-03.
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Section 1.8
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25. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. EPA Requirements for Quality-
Assurance Project Plans for Environmental Data Operations. EPA QA/R-5.
26. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1989. Decontamination Reference Field
Methods. Prepared by USDOE/INEL/EG&G.
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Section 1.8
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
AC
AOC
ARAR
CERCLA
CPR
CLP
DE
DNAPL
DO
DTW
Eh
PPC
FQAO
PSP
PSR
HSP
HWC
IDW
LNAPL
HAMS
NAPL
NTU
OSHA
PCB
Areal composite
Area of Contamination
Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Standards, Limitations,
Criteria, and Requirements '
Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act
Code of Federal Register
Contract Laboratory Program
Disposable Equipment
Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid
Dissolved Oxygen
Depth to Water (in a monitoring well)
Redox Potential
Flow proportioned composite
Field Quality Assurance Officer
Field Sampling Plan
Field Sample Records
Health and Safety Plan
Height of Water Column (equal to TWD-DTW)
Investigation-Derived WaBte
Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid
National Air Monitoring System
Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid
nephelometric turbidity units
Occupational Health and Safety Administration
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
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POTW
Publicly Owned Treatment Works
PPE
Personnel Protective Equipment
QA
Quality Assurance
QAPP
Quality Assurance Project Plan
QC
Quality Control
RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RQAO
Regional Quality Assurance Officer
SAP
Sampling and Analysis Plan
SLAMS
State/Local Air Monitoring Station
SPMS
Special Purpose (Air) Monitoring Stations
SOP
Standard Operating Procedure
TC
time composite
TCLP
Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure
TCW
time-constant varying volume (flow composite
collection method)
TSCA
Toxic Substances Control Act
TSD
Treatment, Storage and Disposal (Facility)
TVCV
time-varying constant volume (flow composite
collection method)
TWD
Total Well Depth
VOA
Volatile Organic Analysis
VOC
Volatile Organic Compound
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Region VIII Field SOPs
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Date: June 1994
Section 1.0 Tables
TABLES FOR
FIELD ACTIVITIES SOPs
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Region VIII Field SOPs
Version 2
Date: June 1994
Section 1.0 Tables
TABLE 1
REQUIRED CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HOLDING TIMES FOR AQUEOUS MATRICES
FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE SAMPLING
(page 1 of 2)
Name
Container'
Preservation
Maximum holding time
BACTERIAL TESTS:
Coliform, total
INORGANIC TESTS:
Chloride
Cyanide, total and
amenable to
chlorination
Hydrogen ion (pH)
Nitrate
Sulfate
Sulfide
METALS:
Chromium VI
Mercury
Metals, except
chromium VI and
Mercury
ORGANIC TESTS:
Oil and grease
Organic carbon, total
(TOC)
Purgeable Halocarbons
Purgeable aromatic
hydrocarbons
Acrolein and
acrylonitrile
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
G, Teflon-
lined septum
G, Teflon-
lined septum
G, Teflon-
lined septum
Cool, 4°C, 0.008% Na^Oj
None required
Cool, 4°C; if oxidizing
agents present add 0.6 g of
ascorbic acid per L;
adjust pH*12 with ION NaOH
None required
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4°C, add zinc acetate
Cool, 4°C
HNOj to pH<2
HNOj to pH<2
Cool, 4°C2
Cool, 4°C2
Cool, 4°C3
Cool, 4°C, 0.008% Na2S203w
Cool, 4°C, 0.008% Ne^S203
. adjust pH to 4-5
6 hours
28 days
14 days
Analyze
immediately
48 hours
28 days
7 days
24 hours
38 days in glass
13 days in plastic
6 months
28 days
28 days
14 days
14 days
14 days
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TABLE 1 Date: June 1994
Section 1.0 Tables
REQUIRED CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HOLDING TIMES FOR AQUEOUS MATRICES
FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE SAMPLING
(page 2 of 2)
Name Container1 Preservation Maximum holding time
ORGANIC TESTS, cont'd:
Phenols
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C,
0.008% Ne^SjOj
7 days until extraction.
lined cap
40 days after extraction
Benzidines
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C,
0.008% Na^O,
7 days until extraction,
lined cap
40 days after extraction
Phthalate esters
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C
7 days until extraction,
lined cap
40 days after extraction
Nitrosamines
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C,
0.008% Na2S20,
7 days until extraction,
lined cap
store in
dark
40 days after extraction
PCBs
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C
7 days until extraction,
lined cap
40 days after extraction
Nitroaromatics and
6, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C,
0.008% Na^S203
7 days until extraction,
cyclic ketones
lined cap
store in
dark
40 days after extraction
Polynuclear aromatic
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C,
0.008% Na^SA
7 days until extraction.
hydrocarbons
lined cap
store in
dark
40 days after extraction
Haloethers
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C,
0.008% NajSjOj
7 days until extraction,
lined cap
40 days after extraction
Chlorinated
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C,
0.008% NaxSjO,
7 days until extraction,
hydrocarbons
lined cap
40 days after extraction
Dioxins and
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C,
0.008% Na2S203
7 days until extraction,
Furans
lined cap
Cool, 4°C2
40 days after extraction
Total organic
G, Teflon-
28 days
halides (TOX1
lined cap
Pesticides
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C,
pH 5-9
7 days until extraction,
lined cap
40 days after extraction
RADIOLOGICAL TESTS:
Alpha, beta and P, G HNO3 to pH<2 6 months
radium
'Polyethylene (p), or Glass (G)
2Adjuat to pH<2 with HjSO*, HCL or solid NaHSO*
3Free chlorine must be removed prior to addition of HCL
Source: SW-846, Chapter 2
Revision 1, July 1992
Table 2-21
by the appropriate addition of Na^Oj
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Section 1.0 Tables
TABLE 2
RECOMMENDED SAMPLE CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HOLDING TIMES
FOR SOILS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE SAMPLING
(page 1 of 2)
Analyte Class Container Preservation Maximum holding time
VOLATILE ORGANICS
Concentrated Waste Samples
Liquid Sasples
No Residual Chlorine
Present
Residual Chlorine
Present
Acrolein and Acrylonitrile
Soil/Sediments and Sludges
8 oz. wide-mouth glass
jar with Teflon liner
2 X 40 oiL vials with
Teflon lined septum
caps.
2 X 40 mL vials with
Teflon lined septum
caps. See preservation
requirements at right.
2 X 40 mL vials with
Teflon lined septum
caps.
4 oz wide-mouth glass jar
with Teflon liner,
or wide mouth glass
container sealed with a
septum.
None
Cool to 4°C'
Collect sample in a 4 oz.
soil VOA container which
has been pre-preserved with
4 drops of 10 % sodium
thiosulfate. Gently mix
sample and transfer to a 40
mL VOA vial1. Cool to 4°C.
Adjust to pH 4-5,
Cool to 4°C
14 days
14 days
14 days
Cool to 4°C
14 days
14 days
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TABLE 2 Date: June 1994
Section 1.0 Tables
RECOMMENDED SAMPLE CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HOLDING TIMES
FOR SOILS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE SAMPLING
(page 2 of 2)
Analyte Class
Container
Preservation
Maximum holding time
ggMTVr>TATTLK QBGANICS /ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES/PCBs AND HERBICIDES
Concentrated Waste Samples 8 oz. wide-mouth glass None
within
8 oz. wide-mouth glass
jar with Teflon liner
Water Samples
No Residual
Chlorine Present
Residual Chlorine
Preds&t:
Soi1/Sediments mid Sludges
1 gal. or 2.5 gal.
amber glass with
Teflon liner
1 gal. or 2.5 gal.
amber glass with
Teflon liner
8 oz. wide-mouth glass
jar with Teflon liner
Cool to 4°C
Add 3 mL 10% sodium
thiosulfate per
gallon, Cool, 4°C
Cool to 4°C
'Adjust pH <2 with H2SO4, HCL or solid NaHS04.
Samples must be
extracted
14 days and
extracts analyzed
within 40 days
following
extraction.
Samples must be
extracted within
7 days and extracts
analyzed within 40
days following
extraction.
Samples must be
extracted within
7 days and extracts
analyzed within 40
days following
extraction.
Samples must be
extracted within
14 days and
extracts analyzed
within 40 days
following
extraction.
Source: SW-846, Chapter 4
Revision 1, November 1990 - Table 4-1.
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Section 1.0 Tables
TABLE 3
REQUIRED CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HOLDING TIME
FOR NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE PROGRAMS
(page 1 of 5)
Parameter No./Name
Container1
Preservation2,3
Maximum holding time4
BACTERIAL TESTS:
1-4. Coliform, fecal and total
5. Fecal streptococci
P/G
P,G
Cool, 4°C, 0.008% Na2S20j5
Cool, 4 C, 0
. 00d% Na^SjOj5
INORGANIC TESTS:
1. Acidity P,G
2. Alkalinity P,G
4. Ammonia P,G
9. Biochemical oxygen demand P,G
11. Bromide P,G
14. Biochemical oxygen demand, P,G
carbonaceous.
15. Chemical oxygen demand P,G
16. Chloride P,G
17. Chlorine, total residual P,G
21. Color P,G
23-24 Cyanide, total and amenable to P,G
chlorination
25. Fluoride P
27. Hardness P,G
28. Hydrogen ion (pH) P,G
31, 43. Kjeldahl and organic nitrogen P,G
METALS:7
18. Chromium VI P,G
35. Mercury P, G
3. 5-8,10,12,13,19,20,22,26,29,30,32- P,G
34,36,37,45,47,51,52,58-60,62,63,
70- 72,74,75. Metals, except
chromium VI and mercury.
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4°C, to pH<2
Cool, 4°C
None required
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4°C, H2S04 to pH<2
None required
None required
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4°C, NaOH to pH>12,
0.6g ascorbic acid3
None required
HNOj to pH<2, H2S04 to
pH<2
None required
Cool, 4°C, HjSO^ to pH<2
Cool, 4°C
HN03 to pH<2
HNOj to pH<2
6 hours
6 hours
14 days
14 days
28 days
48 hours
28 days
48 hours
28 days
28 days
Analyze immediately
48 hours
14 days6
28 days
6 months
Analyze immediately
28 days
24 hours
28 days
6 months
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TABLE 3 Date: June 1994
Section 1.0 Tables
REQUIRED CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HOLDING TIME
FOR NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE PROGRAMS
(page 2 of 5)
Parameter No./Name Container1 Preservation23 Maximum holding time4
METALS, cont'd:
38. Nitrate
PrG
Cool, 4°C
39. Nitrate-nitrite
P.G
Cool, 4°C,
H2S04 to pH<2
40. Nitrite
P.G
Cool, 4°C
41. Oil and grease
G
Cool, 4°C,
HCI or H2S04
to pH<2
42. Organic carbon
P|G
Cool, 4°C,
HCI or H2SO4
to pH<2
44. Orthophosphate
P.G
Filter immediately,
Cool, 4 C
46. Oxygen, Dissolved Probe
G bottle
None required
and top
47. Winkler
G bottle
Fix on site and store in
and top
dark
48. Phenols
G
Cool, 4°C,
HjS04 to pH<2
49. Phosphorus (elemental)
G
Cool, 4°C
50, Phosphorus, total
P,G
Cool, 4°C,
HjSO^ to pH<2
53. Residue, total
P.G
Cool, 4°C,
54. Residue, Filterable
P.G
Cool, 4°C
55. Residue, Nonfilterable (TSS)
P.G
Cool, 4°C
56. Residue, Settleable
P.G
Cool, 4°C
57. Residue, volatile
P.G
Cool, 4°C
61. 8|liea
P
Cool, 4°C
64. Specific conductance
P.G
Cool, 4°C
65. Sulfate
P.G
Cool, 4°C
66. Sulfide
P.G
Cool, 4°C add zinc acetate
plus sodium hydroxide to
67. Sulfite
68. Surfactants
69. Tenqperature
73. Turbidity
P.G
P.G
P.G
P,G
pH>9.
None required
Cool, 4°C
None required
Cool, 4dC
48 hours
28 days
48 hours
28 hours
28 hours
48 hour
Analyze immediately
8 hours
28 days
48 hours
28 days
7 days
7 days
7 days
48 hours
7 days
28 days
28 days
28 days
7 days
Analyze immediately
48 hours
Analyze in field
48 hours
REOSSOFSVSOfTABIE. 123
-------
Region VIII Field SOPs
Version 2
TABLE 3 Date: June 1994
Section 1.0 Tables
REQUIRED CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HOLDING TIME
FOR NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE PROGRAMS
(page 3 of 5)
Parameter No./Name Container1 Preservation2,3 Maximum holding time4
ORGANIC TESTS'
13, 18-20, 22,24-28, 34-37, 39-43,
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C, 0.008%
Na^O/
14 days
45-47, 56, 66, 88, 92-95,97.
lined septum
Purgeable Halocarbons
6, 57, 90, Purgeable aromatic
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C, 0.008%
Na^SA5
14 days
hydrocarbons
lined septum
HC1 to pH2®
3, 4, Acrolein and acrylonitrile
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C, 0.008%
W)
o
CO
s
14 days
lined septum
Adjust pH to 4-5'
to
23, 30, 44, 49, 53, 67, 70, 71, 83,
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C, 0.008%
Na2S2033
7 days until
85, 96 Phenols".
lined cap
extraction;
40 days after
extraction
7, 38, Benzidines"
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C, 0.008%
Na2S2035
7 days until
lined cap
extraction13
14, 17, 48, 50-52. Phthalate esters"
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C
7 days until
lined cap
extraction;
40 days after
extraction.
72- 74. Nitrosamines11'14
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C, store in dark,
7 days til extr.,
76-82, PCBs11 acrylonitrile
lined cap
0.008%
40 days after
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C
7 days til extr.,
40 days after
54, 55, 65, 69. Nitroaromatics and
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C, 0.008%
Na2SAs
7 days til extr.,
isophorone11
lined cap
store in dark.
40 days after
1, 2, 5, 8-12, 32, 33, 58, 59, 64, 68,
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C, 0.008%
Na^A5
7 days til extr.,
84, 86. Polynuclear aromatic
lined cap
store in dark.
40 days after
hydrocarbons"
15, 16, 21, 31, 75. Haloethers"
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C, 0.008%
Na^A5
-7 days til extr.,
lined cap
40 days after
29, 35-37, 60-63, 91. Chlorinated
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C
7 days til extr.,
hydrocarbons11
lined cap
40 days after
87. TCDD"
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C, 0.008%
Na2S2035
7 days til extr.,
lined cap
40 days after
REG 8SOPS\SOPTABLE. 123
-------
Region VIII Field SOPs
Version 2
TABLE 3 Date: June 1994
Section l.0 Tables
REQUIRED CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HOLDING TIME
FOR NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE PROGRAMS
(page 4 of 5)
Parameter No./Name Container' Preservation3-3 Maximum holding time4
PESTICIDES TESTS •
1-70. Pesticides" G, Teflon- Cool, 4°C, pH 5-9ls 7 days til extr.,
lined cap 40 days after
RADIOLOGICAL TESTS:
1-5. Alpha, beta and radium P,G HN03 to pH<2 6 months
TABLE 3 NOTES:
'Polyethylene (P) or Glass (G)
*$amp|e preservation should be performed immediately upon sample collection. For composite chemical samples
each aliquot should be preserved at the time of collection. When use of an automated sampler makes it
impossible to preserve each aliquot, then chemical samples may be preserved by maintaining at 4°C until
compositing and sample splitting is conqpleted.
imen any sample is to be shipped by common carrier or sent through the United States Mails, it must comply
wi£h Irfie Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations (49 CFR part 172) . The person offering
such material for transportation is responsible for ensuring such compliance. For the preservation
requirements of Table II, the Office of Hazardous Materials, Materials Transportation Bureau, Department of
Transpdrtatipn has determined that the Hazardous Materials Regulations do not apply to the following
materials: Hydrochloric acid (HCI) in water solutions at concentrations of 0.04% by weight or less (pH about
1.96 ox- gfteater) ,* Nitric acid (HNO,) in water solutions at concentrations of 0.15% by weight or less (pH about
1.62 or greater); Sulfuric acid 0^SO4) in water solutions at concentrations of 0.35% by weight or less (pH
about 1.15 or greater) ; and Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in water solutions at concentrations of 0.080% by weight
of'less (£H about 12.30 or less).
'Samples should be analyzed as soon as possible after collection. The times listed are the maximum times that
samples may be held before analysis and still be considered valid. Samples may be held for longer periods
only if the permittee, or monitoring laboratory, has data on file to show that the specific types of samples
under study are stable for the longer time, and has received a variance from the Regional Administrator under
S 136.3(e) . Some samples may not be stable for the maximum time period given in the table. A permittee, or
monitoring laboratory, is obligated to hold the sample for a shorter time if knowledge exists to show that
this is necessary to maintain sample stability. See § 136.3(e) for details.
REG8SOPSVSOPTABLE. 123
-------
TABLE 3
REQUIRED CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HOLDING TIME
FOR NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE PROGRAMS
(page 5 of 5)
NOTES, cont'd:
5Should only be used in the presence of residual chlorine.
•Maximum holding time is 24 hours when sulfide is present. Optionally all samples may be tested with lead
acetate paper before pH adjustment in order to determine if sulfide is present. If sulfide is present, it can
be removed by the addition of cadmium nitrate powder until a negative spot test is obtained. The sample is
filtered and then NaOH is added to pH 12.
7Samples should be filtered immediately on-site before adding preservative for dissolved metals.
(Guidance applies to samples to be analyzed by GC, LC, or GC/MS for specific compounds.
'Sample receiving no pH adjustment must be analyzed within seven days of sampling.
lftThe pH adjustment is not required if acrolein will not be measured. Samples for acrolein receiving no pH
adjustment must be analyzed within 3 days of sampling.
"When the extractable analytes of concern fall within a single chemical category, the specified preservative
. and maximum holding times should be observed for optimum safeguard of sample integrity. When the analytes of
concern fall within two of more chemical categories, the sample may be preserved by cooling to 4°C, reducing
residual chlorine with 0.008% sodium thiosulfate, storing in the dark, and adjusting the pH to 6-9; samples
preserved in this manner may be held for seven days before extraction and for forty days after extraction.
Exceptions to this optional preservation and holding time procedure are noted in footnote 5 (re the
requirement for thiosulfate reduction of residual chlorine), and footnotes 12, and 13 (re the analysis of
benzidine) .
l2If 1,2-diphenylhydrazine is likely to be present, adjust the pH of the sample to 4.0±0.2 to prevent
rearrangement to benzidine.
"Extracts may be stored up to 7 days before analysis if storage is conducted under an inert (oxidant-free)
atmosphere.
"For the analysis of diphenylnitrosamine, add 0.008% Na^Oj and adjust pH to 7-10 with NaOH within 24 hours of
sanqpl ing.
lsThe pH adjustment may be performed upon receipt at the laboratory and may be omitted if the samples are
extracted within 72 hours of collection. For the analysis of aldrin, add 0.008% Na^O,-
Region VIII Field SOPs
Version 2
Date: June 1994
Section 1.0 Tables
REG 8SOPS\SOFTABLE. 123
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Region VIII Field SOPs
Version 2
Date: June 1994
Section 1.0 Tables
TABLE 4
TOXICITY CHARACTERISTIC LEACHING PROCEDURE (TCLP)
Sanple Maximum Holding Times (Days)
From Field From TCLP From Preparative
Collection to Extraction to Extraction to
TCLP Preparative Determinative Total
Extraction Extraction Analysis Time
Volatiles 14 NA 14 28
Semivolatiles 14 7 40 61
Mercury 28 NA 28 56
Metals 180 NA 180 360
REG8SOPS\FIELDSOP.RG2
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Region VIII Field SOPs
Version 2
Date: June 1994
Section 1.0 Tables
TABLE 5
GUIDELINES FOR MINXMDM QA/QC SAMPLES1
FOR FIELD SAMPLING PROGRAMS
Wftdiinn
Repli-
cates3
Field
Blanks2
Trip
Blanks4
Rinsate Blanks3
Background
Samples
Aqueous
one in
twenty
one
per
samp-
ling
area
one per
shipping
container
with VOC
samples
one per 20
decontamination
procedures
minimum of one
per sampling
event per
medium
Soil,
Sediment
one in
twenty
one
per
samp-
ling
area
one per
shipping
container
with VOC
samples
one per 20
decontamination
procedures
minimum of one
per sampling
event per
medium
Air
one in
twenty
one per
shipping
container
with VOC
samples
one per 20
decontamination
procedures
minimum of one
per sampling
event per
medium
Source
Material
one in
twenty
one
per
samp-
ling
area
one per 20
decontamination
procedures
„ » site-specific basis may dictate a more
NOTES: 1) QA/QC requirements on a 8 blanks and spikes are method-
stringent frequency. in this table- However, as a minium,
specific and «» not be qc .Mpl"-
10% of laboratory analyses
. hen background contamination of the
2) Field blanks are required should be collected from each
breathing zone is ^eteJt!^nctionai area sampled during the most
different industrial or
active time of day.
nmnles are collected at the minimum rate
3) Replicate and rinsate sanfc> i£ fewer than 20 samples are
of l per 20 samples/decon pr in*sate sample must be collected,
collected, one replicate an
, in the laboratory or at another off-site
4) Trip blanks are P*ep"®a-eionized water. They are aav&£ prepared
REQ8SOPS\FIELDSOP.RG2
-------
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Region VTII Field SOPs
Version 2
Date: June 1994
Section 1.0 Exhibits
FIELD ACTIVITIES SOPS
EXHIBITS
REG8SOPS\FIELDSOP.RG2
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Region VIII Field SOPs
Date: June 1994
Section l.0 Exhibits
EXHIBIT A
EXAMPLE OUTLINE OF A
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS PLAN
(Page 1 of 2)
TITLE
PAGE
A.
B.
C.
Name of Project
Name of Lead Group (State, County, Contractor, etc.)
Signature Lines for approval
1. Project Officer
2. Project Officer's First Line Super-visor
3. Others if wanted (e.g., Section, Branch Chiefs)
II.
BACKGROUND
A.
B.
C.
Site Location
What has happened (spills, ponds - covered, constructed,
etc.)
What types of samples have been taken and summary of data.
Consider the hazard and include (i.e., 0-10 ppm, 10-150,000
ppm, >150,000 ppm).
III. DATA QUALITY OBJECTIVES
A. What needs to be proved?
B. How can we prove it with resources available?
C. Consider health problems for humans, wildlife, and livestock
IV. SAMPLES AND PARAMETERS (volatile organics, semivolatiles, metals, etc.)
A. Locations (surface, ponds, streams, air, tanks, barrels,
etc.)
B. Types
1. Soil
2. Sediment
3. Water
4. Animal tissue
5. Plant tissue
6. Bioassay
C. Preservation, holding times, containers
D. How will samples be collected?
E. Decontamination of sampling equipment (if needed)
F. Disposal of purged waters (groundwater sampling)
G. Disposal of decontamination rinsates
V. FIELD QUALITY CONTROL (QC) SAMPLES
A. Background
B. Duplicates (surface water or other homogeneous matrix)
C. Field blanks
D. Equipment/decontamination blanks (only if equipment needs to
be decontaminated)
E. Trip blanks (VOAs only)
F. Other background or control samples
RE08S0PS\S0PEXHm.R02
-------
Region VIII Field SOPs
Date: June 1994
Section 1.0 Exhibits
EXHIBIT A
EXAMPLE OUTLINE OF A
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS PLAN
(Page 2 of 2)
VI. CALIBRATION AND MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENT
A. Calibration Methods
B. Documentation
C. Equipment Repair
VII. ANALYTICAL METHODS AND QUALITY CONTROL SAMPLES
A. 40 CFR 136
B. SW-846
C. Other approved methods (consider the detection levels you
need for data quality objectives)
VIII. LABORATORY
A. Name and location
B. How shipment will be made
IX. CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY
A. Tags
B. Custody Sheets - Discuss documentation (who signs, what
information is included on both forms)
C. Shipping containers - How will these be sealed?
X. DATA VALIDATION
A. Check for QC contamination
B. Check precision of field samples
C. Check precision and accuracy of laboratory analysis
D. Overall data usability
XI. HEALTH AND SAFETY
A. Site safety plan
1. Safety equipment and clothing
2. Local and emergency facilities
XII. REPORT GENERATION
A. Who will generate and in what time
RE08S0PS\S0PEXHIB.R02
-------
Region VIII Field SOPs
Date: June 1994
Section 1.0 Exhibits
EXHIBIT B
ELEMENTS REQUIRED IN A
QUALITY ASSURANCE PROJECT PLAN
Prepaxed for Region VIII
(Page 1 of 6)
Title and Approval Sheet
Title of plan, program covered, and name of state/tribal
organization implementing the plan.
Names, titles and signatures of approving officials, including
date signed
Table of Contents
List all sections, figures, tables, references and appendices,
along with page numbers indicating location of each.
Document control format is highly recommended to allow revision
and substitution of individual sections, without renumbering
and reprinting entire document.
Example-upper right corner
Section 3.0
Revision No. 0
Date: March 1994
Page 3 of 6
Pro-iect/Task Organization
Identify data generators, data-users and decision makers.
Identify specific organizations, job categories, and job
responsibilities. Define authorities, relationship between
organizations, and lines of communication should be defined.
Provide Organization Chart showing relationships and lines of
communication and authority among entities listed above.
Problem Definition/Background
Historical and Background Information that defines the problem
to be solved or decision to be made.
Regulatory or exposure situation that led to the need for the
project.
The information in this section can provide the
basis for development of DQOs, and for description
of the project or task.
REG8SOPS\SOPEXHIB .R02
-------
Region VIII Field SOPs
Date: June 1994
Section 1.0 Exhibits
EXHIBIT C
EPA SAMPLE TAG
Project Code
Station No.
Montft/Day/Year
Time
Designate:
Comp.
Grab
9
a
W
o
3
(O
2.
o]
<
&
w
5"
o
(O
I?
o*
o
(O
0>
n'
w
O
o
10
a
*5
s
ro
"3
CD
o
C/3
03
o
o
O
p
C-
Ui
o
rj
p
en
>
a
c/>
o
3
••
VJ
o
—
(A
c/5
<2
5
m
03
~ $
2
0)
Z A
o <
CD
~ "
o
3
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
R8EPA-014A (7*39)
REGION VII!
999 18TH STREET
Denver, Colorado 80202-2405
SSft
RE08SOPS\SOPEXHIB.RC32
-------
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-------
i
I
i&EPA
Regional Inlormation
UnM Si—I Enwwwuat PraMcten Agancy
Cgn»«a UHnWy PwgiMl Sampl* MvugMnanl Oflrc*
POBoiSIS Aluandria.VA 22313
703-SS7-2490 FTS 5S7-2490
Project Cod*
Account Cod*
Sampler (Name)
Noo-Supsrtund Program
Sit* Nam*
City. Slat*
CLP
Sample
Numbers
(Irani
labels)
A
Enter
•
from
Box 7
Shipment lor Cat*
complete? (Y/N)
Site Spin 10
B
Cone.
Low
Mad
Hgh
C
Sample
Type:
Camp J
Grab
2. Region No. Sampling Co.
4. Dale Shipped Carrier
Sampler Signature
3. Type o» Activity
t—' p» RIFS
SF | | nn.Hnn
PRftZjPAlZlRA
ST LJSSCJOiM
FEOLJLSILJ npldLJ
CLEM
REMA
REM
OIL
UST
0
Prater
vative
Irom
Box 6
Pagetof.
RAS Analysis
VOA
BNA
Pest/
PCB
Hgh
only
im
TOX
Organic Traffic Report
& Chain of Custody Record
(For OtQanic CLP Analysis)
AirbM Number
S. Ship To
ATTN:
Regional Specific
Tracking Number
or Tag Numbers
Sample used lor a spike and/or duplicate
Q
Station
Locaton
Number
SAS No.
(>l<
5. Preser-
vative
(Enter in
Column 0)
t.Ha
2. HN03
3. NaHS04
4.H7SO4
5. Other
(Specify)
6. Ice only
N. Not
preserved
H
Mo/Day/
Year/Time
Sample
Col action
I
Sampiei
Initials
Additional Sampler Signatures
J
Corresp.
CLPInorg.
Samp. No.
Case No.
7. Sample
Description
(Enter
in Column A)
1. Surlace Water
2. Ground Water
3. Leachata
4. Rinsate
5. Soil/Sediment
6. Oil (High only)
7. Waste (High only)
B. Other
(Specify)
Enter Appropriate Ouniw
lor Designated Field QC
B-Ov* S-Spfto
O.OuptaO
PC ¦ Perform. End.
Na«QCS>ny*»
Chain of Custody Seal Number
CHAIN OF CUSTODY RECORD
Relinquished by: (Signature/
Dale/Dm*
1
Received by: (Signature)
Relinquished by: (Signature)
Dale / Time
1
Received by: (Signaturef
Relinquished by: (Signature)
Date / Time
~ate ! Time
Received by: (Signature)
Relinquished by: (Signature)
Date / Time
1
Received by: (Signature)
Relinquished by: (Signature)
Received lor Laboratory by:
(Signature/
Date/Time
1
Remarks Is custody seal intact? Y/N/none
9AFaml1IM(Rfv.M1| Roplocoo EPA Form (M7S*7). pvevlotn edition which meyktimd
otsrmauTioN:
Min • RmIm Copy W«%fc • SMO Copy WMlo • Lab Copy lor Rriurn lo Rtgion Yottow • Lob
Split Samples | | Accepted (Signature)
[ 1 Declined
8
H
as
o
¦4
3h
M U
H H
§H
* O
s
o
§
CO
n
o
rt
H-
»
(D
IQ
H-
B
O D <
a»H
rt H
H (0 H
O 11
C4 H-
M C (P
x 5 h
tr® p,
H-
tr m co
H-VO o
rt VO 13
id n
-------
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-------
m to
A Q 0
-H
a p
o o
-h
-------
n a
cm 4->
O ovh
m ha
•H
•o aii:
h q t?
0 3 H
•H
h O
H 0) H
H 4J
HUB
> a o
-rl
g S
-h
-------
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Region VIII Field SOPs
Date: June 1994
Section 1.0 Exhibits
EXHIBIT F
RECEIPT FOR SAMPLES FORM
RECEIPT FOP SAMPt-FS
Colecaoa Mnrnin
999 IBtJl StrMt North Dakota. Soutn
*q«ncy 0«(TVf. Coloraoo 60202 Utah. Wvommq
EPA
(Data)
(Name & Title of EPA Reoresentaove) (Signamrei
DESCRIPTION OF SAMPtPS rnt t ffrrED
Sample Place Split Sample
Numoer Time Collected Type Volume Required Provided
Acknowledgement of Facility Reuieaentathre
TTie unoersgned acknowledges mat tne samaes flaeended above have boon coHectea
(Mime il TTtta rrf rnritity niifoieminie) (Slgnaxure)
(Address at Faatty Representative) (Date)
OiaiHitsLmON: One copy to Facility Reoreeenative
One copy tor iraoeuur a Records
Original to fiegmat Office
REG8SOPS\SOPEXHIB.RG2
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EXHIBIT G Region VIII Field SOPs
DECISION TREE FOR MANAGEMENT OF Date: June 1994
INVESTIGATION-DERIVED WASTE Section 1.0 Exhibits
(Figure 1 of 3)
to Figure 3 to Figure 2 to Figure 3 to Figure 2
(1) Soil cuttings, ground water, and decontamination fluids creating increased hazards at the site should be disposed off-site. Before and after the Site Investigation, determine
anticipated waste quantity and applicable regulations for waste generators.
(2) If not prohibited by other legally enforceable requirements such as state ARARs.
(3) Justified only in rare circumstances when a RCRA nonhazardous waste is a state hazardous waste, and the state's legally enforceable requirements call for waste removal; or if
leaving the waste on-sits would significantly affect human health and the environment.
MQ&SOPS\SOFEXHJB .ROl
-------
EXHIBIT 6
DECISION TREE FOR MANAGEMENT OF
INVESTIGATION-DERIVED HASTE
{Figure 2 of 3)
Region VIII Field SOPs
Date: June 1994
Section 1.0 Exhibits
(t) Clean PPE and DE may also go to the nearest landfill or to an EPA warehouse dumpster.
(2) If tha receiving unit meets the off-site policy acceptability criteria.
REG8SOPS\SOPEXHIB.RG2
-------
EXHIBIT Q Region VIII Field SOPs
DECISION TREE FOR MANAGEMENT OF Date: June 1994
INVESTIGATION-DERIVED WASTE Section 1.0 Exhibits
(Figure 3 of 3)
(1) Only RCRA nonhazardous waste.
(2) Only RCRA hazardous waste generated in quantities greater than 100 kg/month when sent off-site.
(3) In accordance with accumulation requirements for RCRA hazardous wastes.
(4) Only if the conditionally exempt small quantity generator exception applies.
(6) If the conditionally exempt small quantity generator exception applies, off-site disposal of decon fluids may not require subcontracting.
WsGfcSOPSNSOPEXHIB .RG2
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Region VIII Field SOPs
Version 2
Date: June 1994
Section l,0 Attachments
FIELD ACTIVITIES SOPs
ATTACHMENTS
REG8SOPS\FTELDSOP.RG2
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Region VIII Field SOPs
Version 2
Date: June 1994
Section 1.0 Attachments
ATTACHMENT I
EPA 813/B-92-002, July 1992
"Definitions for the Minimum Set
of Data Elements
for Ground Water Quality"
Table of Contents, Introduction and Chapters 1 - a.
REG8S0PS\FIELDS0P.R02
-------
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PA
States
Environmental P'Ctection
Agency
Z"
-------
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-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
INTRODUCTION vii
GENERAL DESCRIPTOR 1
1. DATA SOURCES 3
GEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTORS 5
2. LATITUDE 7
3. LONGITUDE 9
4. METHOD USED TO DETERMINE LATITUDE AND
LONGITUDE 11
5. DESCRIPTION OF ENTITY 17
6. ACCURACY OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE
MEASUREMENT 19
7. ALTITUDE 23
8. METHOD USED TO DETERMINE ALTITUDE 25
9. STATE FIPS CODE 29
10. COUNTY FIPS CODE 31
WELL DESCRIPTORS 33
11. WELL IDENTIFIER 35
12. WELL USE 37
13. TYPE OF LOG 41
14. DEPTH OF WELL AT COMPLETION 43
15. SCREENED/OPEN INTERVAL 47
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
Page No.
SAMPLE DESCRIPTORS 49
16. SAMPLE IDENTIFIER 51
17. DEPTH TO WATER 53
18. CONSTITUENT OR PARAMETER MEASURED 57
19. CONCENTRATION/VALUE 59
20. ANALYTICAL RESULTS QUALIFIER 61
21. QUALITY ASSURANCE INDICATOR 63
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Diagram to Illustrate Latitude and Longitude 10
Figure 2 Diagram to Illustrate Altitude 24
Figure 3 Diagram to Illustrate Depth of Well at Completion:
Screened Water Well 44
Figure 4 Diagram to Illustrate Depth of Well at Completion:
Open Hole Water Well 45
Figure 5 Diagram to Illustrate Screened/Open Interval 48
Figure 6 Diagram to Illustrate Depth to Water 54
Figure 7 Diagram to Illustrate Linking Related Data 72
APPENDICES 67
A Key Issues Involved in the Implementation of the
Minimum Set of Data Elements for Ground Water Quality 69
B List of Work Group Members 75
BIBLIOGRAPHIES 83
A Bibliography of Key References 85
B Bibliography of References Consulted But Not Used .. 91
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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
Background
The protection of our nation's ground water resources is receiving widespread
attention at ail levels of government as the need to protect this vital resource to sustain
the life and health, of citizens and the ecosystem becomes increasingly clear. As a part of
the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) continuing commitment to the protection
of the Nation's ground water resources and in keeping with its Ground Water Protection
Strategy for the 1990s1, the Agency has identified the critical need for improved means
for the collection, accessibility and utilization of ground water information. As such,
EPA's Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water is improving the accessibility,
transfer and use of information through the establishment of a Minimum Set of Data
Elements for Ground Water Quality (MSDE).
The MSDE project was developed as a result of a Ground Water Data
Requirements Analysis which was completed in 1987. An issue consistently identified
during the conduct of the requirements analysis was the need to improve access to
ground water data and the need to standardize elements used in data base development
to increase information sharing capabilities. In response, EPA conducted a workshop in
1988 to discuss development of a minimum set of data elements for ground water
quality.2 The goals of the workshop participants were to a) achieve consensus on a
minimum set of data elements that would facilitate the collection and sharing of ground
water and related data across agencies and b) identify implementation issues that must
be resolved to encourage collection of an MSDE throughout the ground water
community. The workshop participants developed a draft list of data elements. An EPA
Order (7500.1) was established in 1989 which made the elements and their use a
requirement for EPA and its contractors. The Order stated that "a dictionary defining
elements in the minimum data set will be developed by the Office of Ground Water
Protection" (now the Ground Water Protection Division).3 At that time, a draft
1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of The Administrator. Protecting
The Nation's Ground Water: EPA's Strategy for The 1990s. The Final Report Of The
EPA ground water Task Force, EPA Publication No. 21Z-1020, July 1991.
2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of ground water Protection, EPA
Workshop to Recommend A Minimum Set of Data Elements for fiymmH iynTrr
Workshop Findings Report. EPA 440/6-88-005, June 1988.
3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Order - Minify^ s»f rtf pot*
Elements For Ground Water. September 1989.
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Introduction
definition for each element was recommended by the Office of Ground Water
Protection.4
The development of the final list of elements and their definitions involved an
intensive, iterative process of d,rafting and peer review by an MSDE Work Group of over
100 representatives from EPA, other Federal Agencies, and the States. The list of work
group members is provided in Appendix B. It has taken approximately four years to
complete this project. The primary task of the Work Group was to comment on and
provide recommended changes to the elements' names and draft definitions. The Work
Group completed two separate review cycles of element names and draft definitions with
suggested data conventions.5
Purpose
EPA is pleased to present this document that identifies and defines a minimum set
of data elements for ground water quality. The purpose of this document is to present
the definitions for a minimum set of key ground water data elements that are needed to
share data efficiently within the ground water community at all levels of government.
The data elements in the minimum set were selected based on the following criteria:
those elements that are needed to communicate ground water data
across related programs;
those elements that are common to all programs and completely
adequate for some programs;
those elements that provide a road map to other ground water data;
and
those elements that provide a link between ground water quality
and well location information.
Implementation of the MSDE will be useful under the following conditions:
When States, Federal agencies or other officials are considering creating
a new ground water quality data base; or
4 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Ground Water Protection,
Minimum Set of Data Elements for Ground Water: DEFINITIONS and FORMAT*
January 1990 (unpublished).
5 Ibid., July 23, 1990.
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Introduction
officials want to modernize an existing data base. Officials may wish to
modernize their data base because they have a significant amount of new
data or because they want to help move their agency(ies) towards
achieving consistency among its data bases.
The use of the MSDE is required in both of these circumstances for EPA and its
contractors, and States are encouraged to voluntarily adopt its use in State data base
systems. It is also important to remember that this document represents the minimum
data elements one should include when selecting elements for information collection
activities pertaining to ground water quality. In addition to the elements in this
minimum set. Agencies should collect data for any element that they feel is necessary for
the effective management of their ground water resources. This document does not
preclude the EPA or its contractors from imposing more stringent accuracy
requirements. For example, an EPA Regional Office may choose to require data
providers to report a more stringent degree of accuracy than is indicated in the MSDE
for the Latitude data element.
Data Element Presentation
This document is organized by data element. The 21 elements in the minimum set
are presented on the following page. The elements are divided into four categories:
(1) General descriptor;
(2) Geographic descriptors;
(3) Well descriptors; and
(4) Sample descriptors.
Throughout this document, the term "well(s)" is used to mean wcll(s), spring(s) or other
ground water locations. Some elements, however, may not apply to all types of ground
water locations. For example, element 13 ~ Screen/Open Interval - will not apply to
springs. Such limitations of data elements will be noted in the text.
This document provides the following four components for each data element:
the element's name;
the element's definition;
a discussion of the element's definition; and
examples of possible data conventions for the element
The element's name is the most succinct and widely recognized name for that
'particular element. The element's definition is a concise statement of the meanine of
the data element in the context of the minimum set of data elements for ground water
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Introduction
quality. The discussion section presents the purpose of the element and elaborates on
and clarifies its definition.
MINIMUM SET OF DATA ELEMENTS FOR GROUND WATER QUALITY
| Element Category
Element Names
General Descriptor
describes where the well
information is
maintained
1. Data Sources
Geographic Descriptors:
describe the well or
spring in relation to the
earth's surface
2. Latitude
3. Longitude
4. Method Used to Determine Latitude and Longitude
5. Description of Entity
6. Accuracy of Latitude and Longitude Measurement
7. Altitude
8. Method Used to Determine Altitude
9. State FIPS,/ Code
10. County FTPS*/ Code
Well Descriptors:
describe various features
of a well or spring
11. Well Identifier
12. Well Use
13. Type of Log
14. Depth of Well at Completion
15. Screened/Open Interval
Sample Descriptors:
describe different
aspects of collecting,
analyzing, and recording
the results of a ground
water sample
16. Sample Identifier
. 17. Depth to Water
18. Constituent or Parameter Measured
19. Concentration/Value
20. Analytical Results Qualifier
21. Quality Assurance Indicator
it Federal Information Processing Standard.
And finally, the examples section presents various means of establishing a data
convention for the element.
The intent in presenting examples is to serve as a guide and offer suggestions on
how the information could be presented in a data base. EPA is not prescribing formats
or data conventions for most of the elements in the minimum set EPA considers the
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Introduction
need to develop formats for these data elements to be the responsibility of those who
will oversee the actual physical design of the data base.
A number of different examples of data formats are presented for each element
due to the realization that a format that is appropriate for one data base may not be
appropriate for another. However, the first example listed under each element
represents widely accepted design practices of storing data fields separately. Adopting
this preferred data format will help make data bases more consistent and will ease data
sharing. The first example decomposes individual components of the element into
separate fields that are listed on separate lines. For example, element 7 - Altitude --
has three components: 1) the measuring point; 2) the altitude of the measuring point;
and 3) the units the altitude measurement is expressed in. The preferred example
format for the altitude element, therefore, decomposes these components as illustrated in
the following example:
L
+ 00100
M
where L represents the measuring point for this hypothetical well is the land surface;
+00100 is the altitude of the measuring point and M reveals that the altitude was
measured in meters. Decomposing the components of an element into separate fields
will help data users interpret the data and make it easier for data base managers to
correct data errors if necessary. For more information on storing data element
components in-separate fields, as well as other key considerations involving the
implementation of the MSDE, see Appendix A.
Specific formats or data conventions are not prescribed for most of the elements,
however, the MSDE does prescribe formats for a number of data elements to assure;
compliance with EPA and Federal Information Processing Standards policy. Required
EPA formats in this document are the Locational Data Policy (LDP) and the Facility
Identification Data Standards (FIDS).6,7 The LDP establishes the principles for
collecting and documenting latitude/longitude coordinates for facilities, sites and
monitoring and observation points under the jurisdiction of EPA- The FIDS establishes
a data standard for unique facility identification codes to be maintained in all EPA data
collections containing information on facilities regulated by EPA. The FIDS codes are
complied with in the Well Identifier data element. Federal Information Processing
6 U.S. EPA, Office of Information Resources Management, Information Resources
Management Policy Manual - Locational Data. April 8, 1991.
7 U.S. EPA, Office of Information and Resources Management, Infonnation
Management and Services Division, EPA Order • Facility Identificati^ Data fltanHrmi
April 9, 1990.
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Introduction
Standards (FIPS) establish Federal government-wide standards for a variety of data.
Throughout this document, FIPS codes have been complied with for dates, State Codes
and County Codes.
As a result of the two peer review cycles, some of the data element names and
definitions changed several times before the final elements and definitions were selected.
Major differences between the final list of elements and earlier versions, such as the list
in the EPA Order establishing the elements as Agency policy, are as follows:
The three elements pertaining to source organizations for various data
are combined into a single new element called Data Sources.
Latitude and Longitude are separated into two separate data elements
based on the EPA Locational Data Policy.
The two elements Depth to Top and Depth to Bottom of Open Section
are combined into one element named Screened/Open Interval. The
information collected under this new element will remain the same, the
only difference is the data will be reported as an interval under a single
element instead of two elements.
Other differences in the final list and previous versions are minor changes in
nomenclature for the purpose of clarification.
EPA believes that as a result of the intense review of these elements and their
definitions by the Work Group, this document represents the most critical elements and
most technically-accurate definitions for a minimum set of data elements for ground
water quality. In developing this final document, EPA considered every comment
registered by the Work Group and drafted the definitions based upon the weight of
evidence provided by the Work Group. Where necessary, EPA resolved issues using its
best professional judgment.
With this document, EPA presents tne final list of elements comprising the
minimum set of data elements for ground water quality and the elements' definitions.
The Ground Water Protection Division, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, is
pleased to offer this document as one of many continuing commitments to support the
protection of our Nation's ground water resources.
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GENERAL DESCRIPTOR
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GENERAL DESCRIPTOR
1. DATA SOURCES
DEFINITION: The names of the organizations to direct questions regarding the
following data: (1) latitude and longitude coordinates, (2) altitude,
(3) well log information, (4) sample collection and (5) laboratory
sample analyses.
DISCUSSION: The purpose of this element is to provide a point of contact to whom
data users can direct questions pertaining to the following data: (1)
latitude and longitude coordinates, (2) altitude, (3) well log
information, (4) sample collection and (5) laboratory sample analyses.
For the source of data for the well log, data providers should list the
organization(s) which stores the logs. Although the organization
maintains the log, the organization may not have the authority to
release information from the log. Authority to release information
may have to come from the well owner. In such cases, the
organization listed should be able to provide the name of the well
owner. Data providers should list those organizations that are best
qualified to answer questions regarding the particular data type. Such
questions may include detailed inquiries regarding the methods used
to collect coordinates or samples, or apparent anomalies in the data.
The definition of this element does not require data providers to list
contact names or telephone numbers of the organizations since this
information may change frequently. Data managers, however, may
choose to require this or any other data source information that they
feel is necessary to meet their needs. Since there may be several data
sources for a given well, the field for this element will be a repeating
field.
The following examples suggest a few means of expressing a data
convention for this element. For these examples, the following
abbreviations are suggested for each data type:
a = altitude; sc = sample collection; w = well log information;
e = latitude/longitude coordinates; sa » laboratory sample analysis
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Data Sources
EXAMPLES:
COMPUTER FORMATTED DATA
Dept. Environmental Management
Ground Water Section
Montgomery
AL
36130
w
DATA SOURCE REPRESENTED
Department of Environmental Management
Ground Water Section
Montgomery, Alabama 36130
data source for well log information
Georgia Geological Survey Geological Survey, State of Georgia
Atlanta Atlanta, Georgia 30365
GA
30365
a data source for altitude
USEPA
Region X
Geographic Information Systems Section
Seattle
WA
98101
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 10
Geographic Information Systems Section
Seattle, Washington 98101
data source for latitude/longitude coordinates
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GEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTORS
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GEOGRAPHIC PFSCRIPTOR
2. LATITUDE
DEFINITION: A coordinate representation that indicates a location on the surface
of the earth using the earth's equator as the latitude origin, reported
in degrees (D), minutes (M), seconds (S) and fractions of a second in
decimal format (if fractions of a second are available). A " + " (plus)
symbol represents latitudes north of the equator. A (minus)
symbol represents latitudes south of the equator.
DISCUSSION: The purpose of this element is to provide a standardized locational
coordinate that will assist data users in geographically locating a well.3
(For an illustration of Latitude, see Figure 1.) Due to an increasing
need for precise, reliable locational coordinates, and the emergence
of sophisticated geographic information system (GIS) data bases,
latitude and longitude have become the national standards for
locational information. Therefore, to promote consistency in the
collection and reporting of locational information, data providers are
required to use these national locational standards.
EPA has specified formatting requirements in its policy on locational
data.9 The latitude coordinate must be expressed in decimal format
that allows possible precision to the ten-thousandths of seconds and
be preceded by either a " + " (plus) or(minus) symbol to represent
wells north or south of the equator, respectively. Latitude will be
reported in this format: +/-DDMMSS.SSSS.10
The following examples provide some samples of the data convention
for this element. These examples are consistent with the format
outlined in EPA's locational data policy.
EXAMPLES: +300510.1000
represents latitude 30° 05' 10.1" north of the equator.
+421005.0000
represents latitude 42° 10' 05" north of the equator.
-163000.0000
represents latitude 16° 30' 00" south of the equator.
+400114.0135
represents latitude 40° 01' 14.0135" north of the equator.
3 Throughout this document, weil(s) means: wells, springs or other ground water locations.
9 U.S. EPA, Office of Information Resources Management, Information Resources Management
Policv Manual - Locational Data, April 8, 1991.
' 10 Ibid.
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r.FOGRAPHIC nrsrRIPTOR
3. LONGITUDE
DEFINITION: A coordinate representation that indicates a location on the surface
of the earth using the prime meridian (Greenwich, England) as the
longitude origin, reported in degrees (D), minutes (M), seconds (S),
and fractions of a second in decimal format (if fractions of a second
are available). A " + " (plus) symbol represents longitudes east of the
prime meridian. A (minus) symbol represents longitudes west of
the prime meridian.
DISCUSSION: The purpose of this element is to provide a standardized locational
coordinate that will assist data users in geographically locating a well.
(For an illustration of Longitude, see Figure 1.) Due to an increasing
need for precise, reliable locational coordinates and the emergence of
sophisticated geographic information system (GIS) data bases, latitude
and longitude have become the national standards for locational
information. Therefore, to promote consistency in the collection and
reporting of locational information, data providers are required to use
these national locational standards.
EPA has specified these formatting requirements in its policy on
locational data.11 Longitude coordinates must be expressed in
decimal format that allow possible precision to the 'ten-thousandths of
seconds and be preceded by either a "+" (plus) or a n-M (minus)
symbol to represent wells east or west of the prime meridian
(Greenwich, England), respectively. Longitude will be reported in this
format: + /-DDDMMSS.SSSS.12
The following examples provide some samples of the data convention
for this element. These examples are consistent with the format
outlined in EPA's locational data policy.
EXAMPLES: -0930407.0000 „ ^
represents longitude 093° 04' 07" west of the pnme meridian.
+0480520.500
represents longitude 048° 05' 20.5" east of the prime meridian.
-1220322.0325
represents longitude 122° 03' 22.0325" west of the prime meridian.
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Longitude .
Figure 1
Diagram to Illustrate Latitude and Longitude
i0
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GEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTOR
4. METHOD USED TO DETERMINE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE
DEFINITION: The procedure used to determine the Latitude and Longitude
coordinates (Technology or Method Used), the standard used for three
dimensional and horizontal positioning (Reference Datum), the
method used for map interpolation (Scale of Map), and the date on
which the coordinates were determined (Date). Latitude always
precedes longitude.
DISCUSSION: In order for Method Used To Determine Latitude and Longitude to
be most meaningful to secondary users, data must be collected and
documented so that there is sufficient information to independently
reproduce the same locational coordinates.
Standard documentation of "method" is done best by representing the
method as a code and having qualifying data elements for datum and
map scale. In addition, EPA has adopted Global Positing System as
the technology of choice for collecting locational data.13 Each of the
components to achieve sufficient data collection and documentation
for this data element is discussed below:
(1) Technology of Method Used: is the method used to determine the
latitude/longitude coordinates of the well (i.e., address matching, map
interpolation, Loran-C, Global Positioning System (GPS), etc.). Data
users may choose to check coordinates determined through
conversions from other systems since there is a chance for substantial
error if the data provider did not make the proper conversion.
It is likely that the method used will be an essential qualifier used to
search lists and create subsets of coordinates in automated data bases.
For this reason, it is essential to ensure consistency in this data field
and establish a definitive list of the valid values for the field. Method
codes are presented below:
Latitude/Longitude Method Codes:
SUR-GPS = surveyed using differential-mode global positioning
system (GPS). This mode uses two receivers where
one is set at a known point. Data are processed
relative to a known point over time. With this mode.
U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development Locational Pnli^
Guidance • Global Positioning Systems Technology And Its Application In F[ir/jpHm,.nral priW!,m« .
GPS Primer. EPA/finn/R.tt2Ara February 1W. ™
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Method Used To Determine Latitude and Longitude
NAV-GPS
SUR-C
MAP
LORAN-C
ADD MAT
PHOTO-GM
SPCSCONV
TSRCONV
UTMCONV
PHOTORAW
RMTSEN
ZIP
UNKNOWN
very high orders of accuracy can be achieved.
Survey quality GPS equipment used in
compliance with standards and specifications
defined by the Federal Geodetic Control
Committee can easily achieve sub-meter
positional accuracies with respect to the
National Geodetic Reference System.14
Navigational-type GPS units used in differential-
mode can typically achieve accuracies in the 1 to
4 meter range.
navigation-quality GPS. Surveyed using
absolute-mode global positioning system. This
mode uses a single receiver and determines a
location with respect to several satellites, not
from a known point This mode is several
degrees of magnitude (approximately 100
meters) less accurate than differential-mode.
cadastral survey. Surveyed using conventional
methods from a previously iestablished global
positioning system or triangulation control point.
digital or manual interpolation from a map or
photo.
Loran-C navigation device or radiotriangulation.
address-matched to a sub-portion of a street
block.
aerial photography
conversion from state plane coordinate system
conversion from township-section-range (etc.)
system
conversion from Universal Transverse Mercator
(UTM) coordinates
digital ror manual raw photo extraction
remote sensing
zip code centroid
method unknown
14 The National Geodetic Reference System ts the name given to all Geodetic Control contained
in the National Geodetic Survey data base including horizontal and vertical control, gravity data,
astronomic data and satellite data.
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Method Used To Determine Latitude and Longitude
(2) Reference Datum: The national reference datum for latitude and
longitude is a national standard for three dimensional and horizontal
positioning established by the U.S. National Geodetic Survey. In general,
a datum is a mathematical equation used to describe the earth's surface.
There are in existence several national reference datum systems. Nearly
all of EPA's data is in NAD27. Providers of latitude and longitude data
need to specify the reference datum their coordinates are based on in order
for others to accurately interpret the data. If the reference datum is not
available, data providers should specify that this information is not
available.
The current datum is the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83). This
system was completed in July 1986, and adopted by Federal Register Notice
Volume 54, No. 113, June 14, 1989, Docket No. 89-14076. It combines and
replaces several local datums including the North American Datum of 1927
(NAD 27), Old Hawaiian Datum, Puerto Rico Datum, St. Paul Island
Datum, St George Island Datum and St. Lawrence Island Datum.
NAD 83 is based on an earth model (ellipsoid or spheroid) known as
Geodetic Reference System of 1980 (GRS 80), which is functionally
equivalent to the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS 84) developed by
the U.S. Department of Defense for its global positioning system. A
number of U.S. trust territories, including Guam, American Samoa, and
Wake, have not been added to NAD 83 at this time. Ail coordinate
information for these islands should be given in the local datum.
Reference Datum should be in the format BB where BB is the year of the
datum. The following are U.S. National Geodetic Survey codes for the
National Reference Datum for Latitude and Longitude:
83
s North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83)
27
North American Datum of 1927 (NAD 27)
05
> World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS 84)
10
World Geodetic System of 1972 (WGS 72)
15 =
> Old Hawaiian Datum
20
Puerto Rico Datum
25
St. Paul Island Datum
30
• St. George Island Datum
35
= SL Lawrence Island Datum
40
> Guam 1963
45
Wake-Eniwetok 1960
50
» Midway Astro 1961
55
> American Samoa Datum
60
> Johnson Island 1961
00
> Reference Datum not specified
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Method Used To Determine Latitude and Longitude
(3) Scale of Map: indicates the scale of the map used to determine
the latitude and longitude coordinates of the well or spring. If map
interpolation is the method used to determine latitude/longitude
coordinates, the data element for scale should be the "X" value of the
1:X ratio. For example if the scale is 1:24,000 (i.e., one inch on a
map is equal to 24,000 on the ground), the value of the scale is
"24,000". If map interpolation is not the method used to determine
latitude/longitude, then the data element value for scale is NOT
APPLICABLE. If the scale of the map used is unknown, then the
data element value for scale is UNKNOWN. The following codes are
established to ensure consistency and establish a definitive list of the
valid values for the method codes.
Scale
Data Element Value
IS x 7.5' (1:20,000)
IS x 15' (1:20,000)
7.5' x 7.5' (1:24,000)
IS x 15* (1:24,000)
IS x IS (1:25,000)
IS x 15* (1:25,000)
15' x 15' (1:62,500)
7.5' x 20' (1:63360)
7.5' x 36' (1:63350)
1:15,840
1:20,000
1:24,000
Not Applicable
Unknown
20,000
20,000
24,000
24,000
25,000
25,000
62^00
63360
63350
15,840
20,000
24,000
NOT APPLICABLE
UNKNOWN
(4) Latitude/Longitude Date: the Latitude/Longitude Date is the
date on which the data provider determined the latitude and longitude
coordinates. This date is important because it can provide additional
information on the accuracy of the latitude and longitude coordinates.
Due to technological advances in cartography and locational
positioning systems, data users also may want to use this information
to update old latitude and longitude values, especially if they need
very precise location information.
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Method Used To Determine Latitude and Longitude
The Latitude/Longitude Date format is based on Federal Information
Processing Standard (FIPS) Publication 4-115, which sets the standard
for date representation for all Agencies of the Federal Government
as yyyymmdd where y = year, m = month, and d = day.
The following examples suggest three means of expressing a data
convention for this element.
EXAMPLES: MAP
83
24,000
19860305
represents the Latitude/Longitude Method is digitally interpolated
from a map or photo (MAP); the reference datum is based on the
North American Datum of 1983 (83); the scale of the map is 1:24,000
for which the data element value is equal to 24,000 (24,000); and the
Date on which the coordinate was determined is March 5, 1986
(19860305).
NAV-GPS
27
NOT APPLICABLE
19811204
represents the Latitude/Longitude Method is surveyed using absolute-
mode global positioning system (NAV-GPS); the reference datum is
based on the North American Datum of 1927 (27); the scale of the
map is not applicable (NOT APPLICABLE); and the date on which
the coordinate was determined is December 4, 1981 (19811204).
SUR-GPS/83/NOT APPLICABLE/1980
represents the Latitude/Longitude Method is surveyed using
differential-mode global positioning system (SUR-GPS); the reference
datum is North American Datum of 1983 (83); the scale of the map
is not applicable (NOT APPLICABLE); and the date on which the
coordinate was determined is in the year 1980 (1980).
15 U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Representation for Calendar
Date and Ordinal Date for Information Interchange. Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS)
Publication 4-1, January 27, 1988. ,
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r.EOGRAPHir nF.SCRIPTOR
5. DESCRIPTION OF ENTITY
DEFINITION: A textual description of the entity to which the latitude and longitude
coordinate refers.
DISCUSSION: Latitude/longitude coordinates are often collected to represent an
entity but are actually a particular point or portion within the entity.
Secondary users need to know exactly what the latitude/longitude
coordinates define.
Throughout this document, the term "wells" is used to mean wells,
springs or other ground water locations. Although there are certain
data elements that clearly only pertain to wells (e.g., Depth To Well
At Completion and Screened/Open Interval). The data elements in
this document can be used as a tool to collect, use and share
information on ground water locations such as springs and boreholes.
Therefore, as required by the EPA Locational Data Policy, a
description of the entity (exact place where the coordinates are
collected) must be indicated.
The format of the description data element is a free-format, text field.
There should be, however, two components documented for
"Description Of Entity":
Whether the coordinate describes a point, line, or area.
• The specific and exact description of the point, line or area that
the latitude/longitude coordinate is of and not a general
description of what the latitude/longitude represents. For
example, the description should indicate that the
latitude/longitude is of a specific well site within a well field
rather than of the well field in general.
It is very important that data collectors be consistent in their use of
the description field. The exact place used to represent the location
of the entity should be selected when planning the data collection
process.
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Description of Entity
The following examples suggest ways of expressing this data element.
EXAMPLES: Spring - The lat/long coordinate of spring X at the point
where it flows into surface water Y.
Well - The latitude/longitude coordinate is the point where
the well is located within a well field. The well
identifier is ALD98060001."
•See data element number 11, Well Identifier, for explanation of well identification.
.19.
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GEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTOR
6. ACCURACY OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE MEASUREMENT
DEFINITION: The quantitative measurement of the amount of deviation from true
value present in a measurement (estimate of error). It describes the
correctness of a measurement.
DISCUSSION: The distance represented by a degree of latitude remains constant
throughout the world whereas the distance represented by a degree
of longitude varies from the poles to the equator. For example, the
number of meters on the ground represented by a 1.0 second accuracy
for longitude at the equator (0 degrees latitude) would be larger than
± 1 second accuracy at the poles (90 degrees latitude). Additionally,
_t 1.0 second of accuracy for latitude and for longitude is similar only
at the equator. The issue of requiring a particular level of
latitude/longitude accuracy has been addressed by the EPA
Locational Accuracy Task Force (LATF). The Task Force has
recommended an accuracy goal of 25 meters.16 At a minimum, values
for latitude and longitude should always be complete to the second
and in accordance with the 25 meter accuracy goal. However, data
systems should be capable of handling latitude data to the full length
of the format (i.e., either + or - DDMMSS.SSSS) to accommodate
more precise measurements likely in the future. Likewise, data
systems should also be capable of handling longitude data to the full
length of the format (i.e., either + or - DDDMMSS.SSSS) to
accommodate more precise measurements likely in the future.
It is important to keep in mind that the accuracy limit was established
as a goal and not a standard because the achievement of maximum
locational data accuracy is necessarily technology-based (i.e., the
quality of locational data should be as good as the most practicable
data collection technology). Currently technology constraints may
limit the accuracy of locational data to 25 -100 meters. However, the
technology to produce highly accurate locational coordinates is
improving rapidly. Techniques for map digitization, address matching,
and global positioning are becoming more feasible every day.
Therefore, the LATF recommendation is to have the best available
technology applied to collection of locational data.
16 U.S. EPA, Office of Administration and Resources Management, Locational Data Policy
Implementation Guidance • Guide To The Policy. March 1992.
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Accuracy of Latitude and Longitude Measurement
Global Positioning System (GPS) technology has been determined to
be an effective way of producing accurate locational data. When the
constellation of satellites upon which this technology depends is fully
deployed in 1992, means for collecting accurate locational data will be
available. At that time, accuracies of 10 meters or better will be
achievable with a high degree of confidence and precision. Note that
accuracy is not the same as precision. Precision is a quantification of
the range of variation normally present in a measurement technique
(i.e., precision describes the likelihood of the same values being
repeated in another measurement).
To be fully descriptive, coordinate pairs require two accuracy
measurements; one for latitude and one for longitude. Due to the
additional burden on data storage, however, the EPA requires in the
Locational Data Policy (LDP)17 that only the lowest accuracy
measurement be recorded, regardless of whether it is for longitude or
for latitude. With such an arrangement, the user community will
know that both coordinates are at least as accurate as the reported
value.
Accuracy is to be presented as a range within which there is
confidence that the true latitude/longitude value falls. The format for
presentation of accuracy is: _±X units where units are degrees,
minutes, seconds, or decimal fractions of a second. Accuracy should
be presented to one decimal place smaller than the units in which the
latitude/longitude coordinates are reported. Therefore, if coordinates
are presented in whole-tenths-of-seconds, it is because they have been
"rounded up" from some value in hundredths-of-seconds, and the
accuracy is described as the range, in hundredths of seconds. In
general, to meet the 25 meter goal, accuracy should be determined
within fractions of a second.
17 U.S. EPA, Office of Information Resources Management, Information Resources Management
Policy Manual - Locational Data Policy, April
>n.
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Accuracy of Latitude and Longitude Measurement
EXAMPLES: The following examples suggest ways of expressing this data element.
+ 432430.3
_+ 0.05
Represents a latitude value of + 43°24'30.3" ( + 432430.3) which is the
least accurate of the latitude/longitude coordinates, for this example.
This value has an accuracy range of _+ five one-hundredths of a
second (+ 0-05) assuming that the latitude /longitude coordinates
have been reported to the tenths of seconds.
-1295720.8
_+ .03
Represents a longitude value of -129°57'20.8" (-1295720.8) which is the
least accurate of the latitude/longitude coordinates, for this example.
This value has an accuracy range of _+ three one-hundredths of a
second (± 0.03) assuming that the latitude/longitude coordinates have
been reported to the tenths of seconds.
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r.FOGRAPHir PFSfRIPTOR
7. ALTITUDE
DEFINITION: The vertical distance from the National Reference Datum for Altitude
to the land surface or other measuring point in feet or meters. If the
measuring point is above the National Reference Datum for Altitude
a " + " (plus) sign shall precede the reported altitude value. If the
measuring point is below the National Reference Datum for Altitude
a (minus) sign shall precede the reported altitude value.
DISCUSSION: The purpose of this element is to provide a vertical reference for use
in well construction and monitoring activities at wells, springs, or
other ground water locations (for an illustration of Altitude, see
Figure 2). Altitude is commonly referred to as elevation.
Measuring Point: the measuring point is the point at the well which
is used as a reference for making vertical measurements. The
following list presents the measuring points most commonly used by
agencies and suggested associated codes:
A = airline
C = top of well casing
K = Kelly Bushing
L = land or ground surface
U = underground surface (e.g., caves)
The following examples suggest ways to express a data convention for
this element. Meters is the preferred unit of measurement within
EPA systems.
EXAMPLES: L
+00100
M
represents the measuring point is the land or ground surface (L); and
the altitude of the measuring point, as well as the altitude of the land
surface, is 100 (+00100) meters (M) above the National Reference
Datum for Altitude.
C/-5.25F
represents the measuring point is the top of the well casing (C); and
the altitude of the measuring point is 5.25 (-5.25) feet (F) below the
National Reference Datum for Altitude.
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Altitude
Figure 2
n;rlfirar" >a '""Straffl Alf,tune
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GEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTOR
8. METHOD USED TO DETERMINE ALTITUDE
DEFINITION: The method used to determine the altitude value (Altitude Method),
the National Reference Datum on which the altitude measurement is
based (National Reference Datum for Altitude) and the date the
measurement was taken (Altitude Date).
DISCUSSION: The purpose of this element is to provide users with qualitative
information to assess the accuracy of the altitude value. The
definition consists of the following three components: (1) Altitude
Method, (2) National Reference Datum for Altitude and (3) Altitude
Date. Each of these components is discussed below.
(1) Altitude Method: the Altitude Method is the method the data
provider used to determine the altitude value. A description of the
method used provides some indication of the accuracy of the altitude
value. For example, data users may choose to place more confidence
in an altitude determined from using an absolute-mode global
positioning system rather than in an altitude manually interpolated
from a map or photo. In addition, data users may want to check an
altitude interpolated from a map or photo since a chance for gross
error exists if the data provider did not make a correct interpolation.
Data providers or managers also may want to add codes to this
element that provide a more explicit determination of the accuracy of
the altitude value (e.g., ± 0.5 meters or ± 50 feet).
The following presents descriptions of Altitude Methods and
suggested codes:
Altitude Method Codes:
A = surveyed using differential-mode global positioning system. This
mode uses two receivers in which one receiver is set at a known
point. Data are processed relative to a known point over time.
If proper modeling is used, global positioning system heights can
generally be determined to a precision of approximately 0.1
meters.
B = surveyed using absolute-mode global positioning system. This
mode uses a single receiver and determines a location with
respect to several satellites, not from a known point. This mode
is less accurate than the differential-mode.
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Method Used to Determine Altitude
C = surveyed from a benchmark using conventional survey methods.
A benchmark has a known altitude based on a National
Reference Datum. Examples of benchmarks include a disc in
the ground, a chiseled square in a headwall, a nail in a post, etc.
D = digitally interpolated from a map or photo.
E = manually interpolated from a map or photo.
(2) National Reference Datum for Altitude: the National Reference
Datum for Altitude is a national standard for vertical control
established by the National Geodetic Survey. The two National
Reference Data for Altitude are the National Geodetic Vertical
Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29) and the North American Vertical Datum
of 1988 (NAVD 88). The name "NGVD 29" is a synonym for the "Sea
Level Datum of 1929" and was adopted by the National Geodetic
Survey in May 1976. The actual datum, however, remained the same.
Although based on the observed heights of sea level at a number of
tide gauges, the datum is not mean sea level The National Geodetic
Survey is in the process of completing the newer NAVD 88. Data
providers need to use an appropriate code for specifying the National
Reference Datum that they used as the benchmark for the altitude
determination. If the National Reference Datum for Altitude is not
available, data providers should specify that this information is not
available.
The following are suggested codes for the National Reference Datum
for Altitude:
National Reference Datum for Altitude Codes:
29 * National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929
88 - North American Vertical Datum of 1988
00 = National Reference Datum for Altitude is not available
(3) Altitude Date: the Altitude Date is the date on which the data
provider determines the altitude. This date is important because it
can provide additional information on the accuracy of the altitude
value. Due to technological advances in determining altitude, data
users also may use the Altitude Date to identify altitude values they
would like to update, especially if they need precise locational
information.
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Method Used to Determine Altitude
Altitude Date format is based on Federal Information Processing
Standard (FIPS) Publication 4-118, which sets the standard for date
representation for all Agencies of the Federal government as
yyyymmdd, where y = year, m = month, and d = day. The following
examples suggest various ways for expressing a data convention for
this element.
EXAMPLES: B
88
19811204
represents the Altitude Method is surveyed using absolute-mode
global positioning system (B); the National Reference Datum for
Altitude is the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (88); and the
Altitude Date is December 4, 1981 (19811204).
D
29
1986
represents the Altitude Method is digitally interpolated from a map
or photo (D); the National Reference Datum for Altitude is the
National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (29); and the Altitude
Date is the year 1986 (1986).
18 U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Representation for Calendar
Date and Ordinal Date for Information Interchange. Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS)
Publication 4-1, January 27, 1988.
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Region VIII Field SOPs
Version 2
Date: June 1994
Section 1.0 Attachments
ACTIVITY-SPECIFIC STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
Sections 2.0 through 7.0 contain SOPs for specific field
activities. These SOPs are listed on the following
pages, and will be available as separate documents,
until all are complete. Bach section identifies the
SOPs that are complete, and their date of completion.
REG8S0PS\FIELDS0P.R02
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SECTION 2-fl
STANDARD OPERATING PRQggnriPEs pop
SOIL SAMPLING AND BOREHOT.K nPTj.y.TKir-
NOTE: The SOPs listed below have not been completed as of June 1994 As
each is completed and issued, this list will revised.
2.1 BOREHOLE DRILLING AND SOIL SAMPLING
2.2 SOIL CLASSIFICATION AND LITHOLOGIC LOGGING
2.3 SURFACE SOIL SAMPLING
2.4 WELL AND BOREHOLE ABANDONMENT
REQ8SOPS\FIELDSOP.Ra2
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SECTION 3.0
STANDARD OPERATING PROfgDTIRES FOR
MONITORING WBU- TTggT&T.TATTCBg AMD DEVELOPMENT
NOTE: Not all of the SOPs liBted below have not been completed as of June
1994. Those which are complete have the date of issue noted after
the title. As others are completed and issued, this list will
revi sed.
3.1 MONITORING HELL DESIGN AND INSTALLATION
3.2 WELL DEVELOPMENT JUNE 1994
REG8SOPS\FIELDSOP.RQ2
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SECTION 4.0
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES gfm
GRODNO WATER SAMPLING. FIBU) MEASnpragurr nxm nopiFEP trcttwt!
NOTE: Not all of the SOPs listed below have not been completed as of June
1994. Those which are complete have the date of issue noted after
the title. As others are completed and issued, this list will
revised.
4.1 WELL PURGING JUNE 1994
4.2 GROUND HATER SAMPLING
4 .3 WATER LEVEL AND NAPL MEASUREMENT IN A HELL OR «nppimTrg
4.4 SAMPLING OF POTABLE HATER SUPPLIES
4.5 AQUIFER TESTING
4.6 GROUND HATER SPRING SAMPLING
RBGMOPS\FIBLDSOP.Ra2
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SECTION 5.0
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR
SURFACE WATER AMD SEnTMKWT SAMPLING AND MRAfiTTCEMRWTfi
NOTE: The SOPs listed below have not been completed aB of June 1994.
each is completed and issued, this list will revised.
5.1 SURFACE WATER SAMPLING
5.2 SURFACE WATER FLOW MEASUREMENT
5.3 SEDIMENT SAMPLING
REG8S0PSVFIELDS0P.R02
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SECTION 6.0
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOP
BIOLOGICAL. AIR AND OTHER MEDIA SAMPLTNTi
NOTE: The SOPs listed below have not been completed as of June 1994 As
each is completed and issued, this list will revised
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING - TERRESTRIAL
6.2 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING - AQUATIC
6.3 AMBIENT AIR SAMPLING
REG8SOPS\FIELDSOP.RG2
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SECTION 7.0
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR
FIELD INSTRUMENTATION AND FIELD SUPPORT MRaCTTPRMKWTg
7.1 GUIDELINES FOR GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES
7.2 SURVEY CONTROL REQUIREMENTS JUNE 1994
REG8SOPS\FIELDSOP.RG2
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