U.S. EPA REGION VIII
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS
FOR
FIELD SAMPLING ACTIVITIES
September 1996
This replaces the document "U.S. EPA Region VIII Standard Operating Procedures for Field
Sampling Activities, Version 2" dated June 1994.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Technical and Management Services
Denver, Colorado
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U.S. EPA REGION vm
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS
FOR
FIELD SAMPLING ACTIVITIES
September 1996
This replaces the document "U.S. EPA Region VIII Standard Operating Procedures for Field
Sampling Activities, Version 2" dated June 1994.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region Vm
Denver, Colorado
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TABU or CONTENTS
SECTION 1.0 GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR TTFT.n SAMWJWG ACTIVriTCS
1.1 INTRODUCTION .. 1 of 5
1.1.1 Use of this Document 1 of 5
1.1.2 Standard Operating Procedures 3 of 5
1.1.3 Document Revision and Distribution 4of5
1.2 PREPARATION FOR FIELD ACTIVITIES 1 of 6
1.2.1 General Requirements for Designing t Field Investigation lof6
1.2.2 Media Sampled and Activities Conducted 3 of 6
1.3 GENERAL SAMPLING PROCEDURES lofl7
1.3.1 Purposes for Sampling lofl7
1.3.2 Types of Samples lofl7
1.3.3 Required Sample Volumes and Containers 5 of 17
1.3.5 Calibration of Field Instruments 9 of 17
1.3.6 Field Equipment ud Collection Procedures 10 of 17
13.7 Sample Handling and Mixing 12 of 17
Wgtl^ Ra™plr Virii amd Rrplirarn i2ofi7
1-3-7.2 Soil Sample Split* and 13 of 17
1.3.7.3 Sampling for Volatile Organic Compounds 14 of 17
1.3.8 CaBecitiw of Quality Control Samples 15 of 17
1.4 SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION AND CHAIN OF CUSTODY 1 of 10
1.4.1 flnml loflO
1.4.2 Sample Identification 2 of 10
1.4.3 In Situ Field Measurements 5 of 10
1.4.4 Sample Custody 6 of 10
1-4-4.1 Definition and Required Documentation 6 of 10
1.4.4.2 Fi»1d fi.fr/vty 6 of 10
1-4-4-3 Transfer ofCratodv and Shipment 8 of 10
1.4.5 Sample Receipts 10 of 10
1.5 FIELD RECORDS AND DOCUMENTATION 1 of 3
1.5.1 Purpose 1 of 3
1.5.2 Field Records 1 of3
1.5.3 Photograph Identification 3 of 3
1.6 DECONTAMINATION AND DISPOSAL OF WASTES GENERATED 1 of 12
1.6.2 Available Decontamination Methods lofl2
1.6.3 Decontamination of Small Equipment 3 of 12
1.6.4 Decontamination of Large Equipment 5 of 12
1-6.5.1 Description of Invwrtiphrm.TVriwd VI—tr 6 of 12
1.6.5.2 Management nf N«n.H»r«w4«n« TT>W 7 of 12
1.6-5-3 ""'frriii "ffftiirrinm Pw 9 of 12
1.7 SITE SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS 1 of 3
1.7.1 General 1 of3
1.7.2 Site Specific Health and Safety Plans 3 of 3
1.7.3 Training of Field Personnel 2 of 3
18 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (References) 1 of 2
1*9 SELECTED REFERENCES and ACRONYMS 1 of 5
1.9.1 REFERENCES 1 of 5
1.9.2 ACRONYMS 4 of5
iii
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LIST OF TABLES
1 Required Containers, Preservation Techniques and Holding Times for Aqueous
Matrices for Hazardous Waste Sampling
2 Recommended Containers, Preservation Techniques and Holding Times for Soils
for Hazardous Waste Sampling
3 Required Containers, Preservation Techniques and Holding Times for Aqueous
Matrices for Non-Hazardous Waste Programs
4 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLF) Sample maximum holding
times
5 Guidelines for Minimum QA/Qp Samples for Field Sampling Programs
6 EPA exemptions from DDT for the preservation and shipment of water, effluent,
biological, sediment and sludge samples
usTOFExmgrrs
A
Example Outline for a Sampling and Analysis Plan
B
Outline for a Quality Assurance Project Plan
C
EPA Sample Tag
D
Chain-of-Custody Record
E
EPA Custody Seal
F
Receipt for Samples Form
G
Decision Tree for Management of Investigation-Derived Waste
iv
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MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS
FOR
FIELD SAMPLING ACTIVITIES
SECTION 1.0 GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR FIELD SAMPLING ACTIVITIES
hi INTRODUCTION
U.S. EPA REGION VIII
Region VIII Field Activities
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This document was prepared to assist all U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region VIII
personnel, state personnel, and contractor/subcontractor personnel who conduct field activities for
or on behalf of EPA Region VIII. This document presents minimum requirements for field
sampling activities.
An important purpose of this document is to serve as a guide in the planning and implementation
of field sampling programs. The minimum requirements described in the document are intended
to ensure consistency in .data collection activities in order to produce comparable quality data on a
Region-wide baas. The sampling sections outline the minimum requirements and general guidelines
for completing the specified activities. The minimum requirements allow for flexibility (as
appropriate) to accommodate program or project-specific goals and other governing requirements
(e.g., regulatory mandates).
1.1.1 TTcf r>f this "Document
The minimum requirements specified in this document apply to field activities carried out by or on
behalf of EPA Region VIII unless they are superseded by other requirements such as those
contained in applicable regulations, contracts, existing enforcement documents (e.g., Consent
Decrees), and other existing governing/binding documents. Note that the scope of applicability of
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some of the Regional requirements presented in this document may be further defined in the
section(s) in which the requirements) are explained.
The personnel and organizations to wham the requirements apply must consult this document when
developing new plans and standard operating procedures (SOPs) that include activities addressed
in this document. Existing SOPs also must be reviewed for consistency with the corresponding
requirements in this document before being implemented for new activities. Deviations must be
handled as described below.
Deviations from the minimum requirements specified in this document must be documented. The
documentation must address the reason few the deviation and the potential impact, if any, on
Regional data comparability, and on use of the data for its intended purpose. Deviations which are
identified during the planning stage must be documented in the appropriate planning documents)
(e.g., Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) and/or Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP) or in
amendments to the plan(s). (It is important that the data users are aware erf any deviations which
would affect their use/interpretation of the affected results). Deviations identified in the field (e.g.,
"field changes") must be addressed to the laboratory, if numbers of samples or analyses change.
These changes well be identified in an addendum sent to the project officer and Regional Quality
Assurance Officer within nnp of the change and documented in the results report for the
affected data. Deviations identified in the field also need to be recorded in the appropriate field
document® (e.g., bound logbook), although it might not be feasible for the field documentation to
include a discussion on the potential data impact. Questions regarding the applicability of the
requirements or the handling of deviations should be addressed to the Regional Quality Assurance
Officer.
Ideally, the likely field conditions and corresponding procedural modifications (e.g., "Han Bs") will
be anticipated in the Quality Assurance (QA) planning document and approved in advance along
with the plan. For example, the SAP could describe how alternative sampling locations will be
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selected if die anticipated sampling location is found to be unsuitable in the field. The potential for
changes in data needs, such as additional samples, could also be addressed in advance in the plan.
1-1-2 Standard Operating Procedures
The main objective for this document is to communicate in one convenient compilation the Region's
minimum requirements and recommendations for procedures related to field sampling activities.
It is anticipated that most users of this document will consult it for clarification of Regional
requirements and recommendations for field-related work. It is not expected that most users will
either need or want to use the procedures in the this document as their own SOPs. In fact, the
presentation of most of the information in this document is not appropriate to use "as is" for step-by-
step procedures to guide field personnel. Most users are expected to consult this document to ensure
that their own SOPs are compliant with the Regional requirements, and use any recommendations
as guidance.
The compilation of Regional requirements and recommendations in this document may be
incorporated by reference in work assignments and Statements of Work (SOWs) for enforcement
agreements, such as Consent Decrees, etc.
This document replaces the June 1994 field guidance entitled, "U.S. EPA Region VIII Standard
Operating Procedures for Field Sampling Activities, Version 2." This document incorporates
portions of the documents that were referred to as SOPs (e.g.,"SOP #4.1 for Well Purging") in the
June 1994 field guidance. The full text of many of these "SOP" documents, referenced in Section
1.8, is still available separately. These separate "SOP" documents are referenced in the sections of
this document which correspond to the subject matter of each "SOP". Therefore, the "SOPs" have
been retained as supporting documents which contain more detailed information on the procedures.
It is anticipated that project managers will consult the excerpts in the main document, and that the
personnel responsible for writing plans and/or carrying out the procedures will also consult the
relevant supporting "SOP documents. These documents are available from either Technical and
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Management Services Laboratory program (Biology) or the Programs Support program in
Environmental Protection and Remediation.
In this revised document, the use of the term "SOP" refers to documents containing step-by-step
cookbook-type procedural descriptions. The existing documents previously referred to as "SOPs,"
such as "SOP #4.1 for Well Purging", are not generally presented as stepwise procedures.
It would be impractical to issue step-by-step procedures or procedures that would cover every
potential field application, especially those that may have a potentially wide variety of applications,
such as groundwater well sampling. The sections in this document describe the appropriate order
of activities when order is important. The Q/L Program does present the procedures in a step-by-
step format for routine procedures that are relatively simple and have a more manageable range of
applications, such as sample packaging.
The existence of this document and any directive regarding its use will not preclude individual
programs (e.g., Superfund) or technical groups (e.g., Regional groundwater forum) from developing
and issuing their own SOPs, standards, etc. for field procedures. It is required that these separate
SOPs, etc. be compliant (within the allowed flexibility described in this document and/or related
directive) with any corresponding requirements in this document.
1-1-3 Document Revision and Distribution
This document or selected sections will be revised periodically, to incorporate improvements in
technology, reflect changes in policy, and add requirements and/or guidelines for additional field
activities. Whenever this occurs, revisions will be sent to those individuals identified on a mailing
list prepared and maintained by the Region VIII Quality Assurance Program. The use of document
control headers in this document will allow for revision and replacement of individual sections,
without requiring regeneration of the entire document. For example, when new SOPs or other
pertinent documents are developed or revised in the Region, these documents may be listed in a
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revised reference section for this document, and this revised section alone could be distributed to
document users. Users of this document are encouraged to maintain it in a 3-ring binder or similar
arrangement to facilitate the incorporation of revisions.
To obtain a copy of this document and/or be added to the mailing list for updates, call the EPA
Region Vm office in Denver at (303) 312-6312 and ask to be connected to the Quality Assurance
Program. This document also may be made available on diskette or via electronic file transfer in
Wordperfect 5.1, 6.0, 6.1 or ASCII format. (The requestor may need to supply an appropriate
diskette). Please contact the QA Program to ask about the availability of the document in these
formats.
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1.2 PREPARATION FOR Ki k.tt> ACTIVITIES
RgqwrciPgnts for !>e«{|p«l^ff Iwy-g+jpari™,
The same caremua be exercised in planning the design and implementation of field investigations
and sampling programs that is exercised in the analysis of samples in the laboratory. No analytical
result is better than the sample from which it was obtained.
When designing a field investigation or a monitoring program, the study objectives must first be
defined with respect to the desired use of the data to be generated and the corresponding quality
of data that is needed. A systematic planning process called the Data Quality Objectives PQOs)
process was developed by EPA to ensure that the type, quantity, and quality of environmental data
generated are appropriate for their intended use. The DQOs identified through the planning
process are qualitative and quantitative statements intended to accomplish the following:
• Clarify the study objective®;
• Define the most appropriate type(s) of data to collect;
• Determine the most appropriate conditions under which to collect the data
Define the precision, accuracy, completeness, representativeness and comparability of the
data required for the project; and
• Specify the acceptable level of decision errors that will be used as the basis for establishing
the quantity and quality of data needed.
The procedures for developing DQOs are described in EPA QA/G-4 "Guidance for the Data
Quality Objectives Process, Final Guidance." DQOs should be evaluated and modified as needed
after each stage or phase of an investigation.
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Every field investigation which generates environmental data must be conducted in accordance with
an approved Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) to ensure that DQOs will be met. Policy
established by EPA Order 5360.1 requires participation by all EPA programs in a centrally-managed
quality assurance program to ensure that environmental produced is of known quality. Each
program has the responsibility to identify in a QAPP the minimum procedures required to assure
that goals for precision, accuracy, completeness, representativeness, and comparability of data
generated are satisfied. In Region VIII, QAPPs may be either generalized to address an entire
program, or may be project/site-specific. Exhibit B (following the Section 1.0 tables) shows the 16
topics ("dements") required to be addressed in Region VIE QAPPs. A detailed discussion of the
required QAPP dements and development of DQOs is presented in a document entitled "EPA
Requirements for Quality Assurance Project Plans for Environmental Data Operations" (EPA
QA/R-5) August 1995 (25). The Region VIIIQA Program has also developed work sheets based
on the EPA QA/R-5 document which can be consulted when preparing or reviewing QAPPs.
Please note that while most recent QAPPs prepared fir Region VIII are written to meet the required 16 QA/R-5
elements, some QAPPs must meet other superseding or additional requirements. For example, some remaining contract
work assignments require QAPPs to folbw the older guidance, EPA-600/4-83-004 Interim Guidelines and
Spec^tims jm Preparing Quality Assurance Project Plans (005/80)." Consult the applicable requirements (e.g.,
regulations, enforcement agreement, contract, Regmal Quality Management Plan, etc.) to determine what QA planning
specifications must be met
Region VIII allows the required EPA QA/R-5 QAPP elements to be addressed for a fidd
investigation using a combination of a QAPP and a sampling and analysis plan (SAP). A SAP is
typically based on a parent QAPP and used to provide details of particular fidd investigations, such
as sample numbers and locations. In Region VIII, there is no requirement for a separate SAP if the
required QAPP dements provide the specifics for the fidd investigation. An example outline for a
SAP is provided as Exhibit A, following the Section 1.0 tables. Note that the terms far QA planning
documents, such as SAPs, may be used somewhat differently by individual programs. For example, the term field
sampling plan (FSP) is used in Superfimd to refer to a SAP as it is described in this paragraph.
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Project managers must be familiar with the applicable QA requirements when planning field work.
Field personnel must be familiar with the governing QA plans (e.g., QAPP, project-specific SAP,
any applicable SOPs), before performing the corresponding field work. The QAPP and any
applicable SAP nms be prepared and approved in writing before the sampling activities begin.
Consult the Regional Quality Management Plan (27) for any exceptions to this requirement. Both
QAPPs and any applicable SAPs must be approved by the responsible official, such as a project
manager, who is designated by the program/functional area to have approval authority. The
Regional Quality Assurance Management Plan should di«n«s the approval authorities for each
program/functional area or administrative situation (e.g., State-lead effort funded by EPA). Note that
the term "program"-refers to the current Region VIII organization (Oct. 1, 1995) and does not necessarily refer to
specific programs such as water, at, hazardous waste, etc. If the approval authority is not clear, contact the
Regional Quality Assurance Officer for acgjgtan~ The Regional Quality Assurance Office can also
provide technical review assistance as requested, but program/functional area is responsible
for approval. An exception to this is in the case of QAPPs for certain assistance grants involving
environmental data collection where QAPP approval by the Regional Quality Assurance Officer is
required.
If significant changes to the approved plans arc required due to changes in field conditions or data
needs, the changes must he approved by the Project Manager. Copies of the changes and
documented approval must be included as (e.g., amendments) to the QAPP and any
other affected documents, such as the SAP, Work Han, and most important, the results report.
Changes that are made in the field must also be documented in field records.
1*2.2 Media Sampled and Activity Conducted
Several media can be sampled in the process of conducting a sampling program, and the samples
collected can be analyzed for biological, chemical and physical characteristics. The media sampled
may include source or waste material, ground water, surface water, soil, sediment, air, and biological
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specimens. Examples of sample types or media, and examples of the measurements that can be
collected from each medium are as follows:
¦ Source and Waste Sampling
Sample type or medium sampled
- Drums and tanks
- Impoundments, lagoons, and seeps
- Solid waste
- Highly contaminated environmental media near sources
-Waste streams
Measurements
- Flow rate
- Physical characteristics (fluid, solid, density, viscosity, etc)
- Chemical characteristics and Contaminants present
¦ Ground Water Sampling
Sample type or medium sampled
- Monitoring wells
- Industrial Production wells
- Municipal and Public Supply Wells
- Domestic supply wells
- livestock supply wells
- Springs and seeps
- Test borings or test pits
Measurements
- Field parameters (turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, etc.)
- Water levels
- Discharge or recovery rates
- Aquifer characteristics (from pumping tests)
- Water chemistry
- DNAPLs and LNAPLs present: chemical & physical parameters
- Contaminants present
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¦ Surface Water Sampling
Sample type or medium sampled
- Ponds and lakes
- Streams and rivers
- Surface Runoff
Measurements
- Field parameters (e.g. pH, conductivity, temperature, etc.)
- Flow rates
- Water chemistry
- Biologic parameters
- Depth and bottom configuration
¦ Soil Sampling
Sample type or medium sampled
- Surface soil
- Subsurface cuttings
- Subsurface core
- Rock core
Measurements
- Depth of collection
- Chemical and contaminant characteristics
- Physical characteristics (moisture, density, etc.)
- Physical appearance (color, particle size, etc.)
- Laboratory permeability and/or porosity
- Organic content
- Geophysical properties with borehole logging
- Headspace and other field monitoring for volatiles
¦ Sediment Sampling
Sample type or medium sampled
- Stream and lake bottom grab samples
- Stream and lake bottom cores
Measurements
- Depth below water and below surface
- Chemical and contaminant characteristics
- organic content
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- Physical characteristics and appearance (color, particle size, density, etc.)
¦ Ambient Air Sampling
Sample type or medium sampled
- National Air Monitoring Sites (NAMS)
- State and Local Air Monitoring Sites (SLAMS)
- Special Purpose Monitoring Sites (SPMS)
• Stationary source locations
Measurements
- sulfur dioxide
- nitrogen dioxide
- carbon monoxide
- ozone
- lead
- particulates
¦ Biological Sampling
Sample type or medium sampled
- Terrestrial and aquatic flora
- Terrestrial and aquatic fauna
Measurements
- chemical composition
- contaminant concentrations
- species and age
The SOPs referenced in Section 1.8 describe procedures for sample collection activities for those
media listed above (excluding unknown wastes). Waste sampling procedures cannot be generalized
because the chemical characteristics and potential hazards of exposure to the concentrated material
vary significantly, depending on the type of waste.
Each SOP outlines the basic components and requirements for completing a specific field activity,
and indicates the level of detail required for project-specific SOPs and SAPs.
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1.3 GENERAL SAMPLING PROCEDURES
1.34 Purpnggfi far Sampling
Environmental media samples for chemical analyses are most commonly collected and analyzed to
confirm the presence or absence of pollutants or contaminants, determine levels of concentration,
delineate the horizontal and vertical distribution, evaluate rate and direction of transport, and
determine eventual fate of the identified pollutants. Sampling activities may be conducted for site
characterization, for ongoing monitoring programs, for compliance with permit conditions or during
remediation and removal activities.
Appropriate sample collection requires consideration of many factors including the following:
-minimum sample volumes;
-selection of sample containers;
-sample preservation and holding times for matrix and requested analyses;
-general sample handling and subsampling;
-special handling of samples to be analyzed for volatile constituents;
-special handling of samples to be analyzed for low-concentration (trace) constituents; and
-quality control (QC) requirements.
These considerations are discussed in Sections 1.1 through 1.6 of this document.
1.3,2 Typci of Sample#
Different types of samples can be collected, depending on the needs of the data users and the
eventual use of the data. One of the most important considerations in selecting the appropriate type
of sample to collect is determining what the sample should represent. Note that some regulations and
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tvrresp
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¦ Time A
collected at equal time intervals fro ^ a number of discrete samPles
TC sample is typically used to . $ame location during ^e compositing period. The
appropriate only if flow rate is JS?.wa51<:wa'er OT streams' ^ «
area)1 m from ""iividual grab samples collected on an
samples. Each grab sample is coll"P * ^ V0hm"5 °f
composites include sediment grab sa^f *" mamKr' EB'mpIeS *
streams, and soil grab samples COnfMted fr"1" q<««er-point sampling of
P collected from grid points and composited.
conyoated from indhddual grab samples collected from
Earh ora k i • composites are made up of equal volumes of grab samples.
SSrST"wocal proae'rf •oa/,ediment c°h,mM>w p"®"rf
p po ed composite sample applies mainly to flowing water or wastewater sampling and
can be further divided into two baoctype^ 1) where the amount of sample colleaed is varied w.th
flow, or 2) where the frequency of collection is varied wfth flow. A Plow Proportioned Composite
(FTC)is a sample collected proportional to the flow rate dura* the comporting period by either a
time-varying constant volume (TVCV) or time-constant varying volume (TCW) method. The
TVCV method is typically used with automatic samplers that are paced by a flow meter. The
ethod is a manual method that individually proportions a series of discretely collected
samples. The FPC is typically used when sampling wastewater.
Dcpth-Inrrprated- EWW^trd Str.,m
situations where chemical homogeneity of a stream cross-seed on is uncertain, EPA Region VIII
recommends the collection of Depth-Integrated, FWWeighted suaple. flHFW). The coBection
method is similar to the equal width increment (EWI) method published by the U.S. Geological
Survey. A summary of the DIFW method is provided in the following paragraphs:
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After the total cross-sectional flow for a sampling station is estimated, the vertical flow point
demonstrating the highest discharge rate is selected as the sample calibration point. At the
calibration point a standard suspended sediment sampling device, fitted with a 1000 ml
polypropylene sample container, is used to collect a depth-integrated sample from the water column.
The suspended sediment sampler is lowered from the surface of the water to the stream bed, without
disturbing the stream bed, and back to the surface at a constant transit rate. The rate used must not
allow the sample container to overfill, because the calibration point is the point of maximum
discharge.
The sample is then poured into a graduated cylinder and the volume is measured. The transit time
and volume are recorded. Several attempt* are generally required to estimate the appropriate transit
time required to obtain the optimal volume. Once the optimal transit time has been
established, the process is repeated two more times and the average volume (from three collections)
at the fixed transit time is ralpul^t^H for the calibration point. The fixed transit time for the
calibration point becomes the fixed transit time for collecting a depth-integrated sample from each
location along the section.
The sample volume to be collected from each location along the stream cross-section is estimated
from its discharge rate; location's volume must be proportional to the calibration
point Each location's par"plr collected with the sediment sampler is measured into a graduated
cylinder and the actual volume collected is recorded; volume in excess of the calculated volume is
fliy-ardcd into the stream. The discharge-proportioned volume is then poured into a 10-liter high-
density polypropylene container, which is used to mix the composite sample and prepare the splits.
No decontamination is conducted between locations along a cross-section. However, all sampling
equipment is rinsed with hydrochloric acid and deionized water between sampling station cross
sections. Prior to collecting samples at each new station, the equipment is also rinsed three times
with native water to further ensure no contaminant carryover. Equipment blanks shall be taken to
ensure that the equipment decontamination procedure is adequate.
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Continuous .Samples
Continuous samples consist of a series of discrete samples collected from a medium at set time
intervals, over a period of time. They are collected and analyzed to allow evaluation of changes in
contaminant concentrations due to environmental, climatic or site influences, such as periods of
facility operation. Continuous air samples are commonly collected to the impact of facility
operations or the ambient air quality of a populated area over a specified period of time.
Continuous surface water samples may be collected near an outfall to assess both the impact of
discharges on the water quality, and the time and distance required for complete mixing.
General:
In the collection of water samples, the sample must be Hmed hriow the surface film of the water.
Parameters of concern may be concentrated in the surface film and bias a sample high. If the
parameter of concern (e.g. oil and grease) is to be collected from the surface, then the QAPP or SAP
shall indicate that the surface film will be collected to determine die concentration of floating
contaminates (less dense than water).
1.3.3 Required Sample Volume and
The volume of each sample obtained should be sufficient both to perform all required analyses and
provide an additional amount to allow for field QC, laboratory QC needs (e.g. matrix spikes and
duplicates), or repeat analyses. The volume of sample required by the laboratory may depend on
the analyses to be performed, the sample matrix, the method chosen, the QC requirements, and
perhaps the laboratory SOPs. The analytical method typically prescribes the required minimum
sample volume, and the method often specifies the ratio of laboratory QC samples per investigative
samples needed. If minimum sample volumes are not specified in the analytical method, contact
the Sample Broker, in the Quality Assurance Program, in Region VIII or a chemist for assistance.
Not all analytical methods have built-in laboratory QC sample requirements, therefore the QC
requirements need to be specified in the work agreement (e.g., contract, plans, etc.). Additional
information on the required QC samples is provided in Section 1.3.8.
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Sample bottles should never be allowed to heat up before or alter filling, such as by allowing them
to sit in the sun. Volatile Organic Constituents (VOG) vials in particular should be kept cool before
the sample is collected to prevent degassing of trace amounts of volatile components from the water
when it contacts the warm containers. The type of sample container is dictated by the analyses
required Standard sample containers required for hazardous waste investigations are identified in
Table 1 for aqueous materials, and Table 2 for soils and solids. This information is from Table 2-21
and 4-1, respectively, of "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste Physical/Chemical Methods"
(EPA SW-846, 1992). Required sample containers for aqueous sampling under non-hazardous
programs are listed in Table 3, taken from 40 CFR 136.3(b) Table II.
1*2*1 S-T1* WwMwiy
Became few analyses take place at the sampling site, samples generally require preservation before
submission to the laboratory for analysis. Preservation is achieved through the addition of chemicals
(commonly nitric, sulfuric or hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide) and/or by chillingto 4° Celsius
(39° Fahrenheit). Samples for some analyses are always preserved to maintain their integrity, and
others are preserved to extend the holding times. The sample holding time is the maximum allowed
elapsed time between sample collection and initiation of laboratory processing that can result in
accurate analytical results. Preservation techniques and sample holding times for all environmental
samples collected undo- hazardous waste programs are listed in Table 1 for aqueous samples, and
Table 2 for soils and solids. Required preservation techniques and holding times for routine
samples collected under non-hazardous programs are luted in Table 3. Holding times for the
toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLF) are provided in Table 4. (Note: the holding time
for a composite sample starts after the last aliquot is collected)
All requiring preservation should be preserved in the field after the medium is placed in the
sample container, prior to sealing and labeling. When grab sampling, preservation must be
performed immediately upon collection; laboratory-prepared containers can be used. When
composite sampling, sample preservative must be available at the time the initial portion of sample
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is obtained and for all subsequent proportional parts. If chemical preservatives are handled in the
field, care must be taken not to contaminate other samples with preservatives intended for a specific
sample.
R eservation techniques differ for soils and liquids, and vary according to the requested analysis. Soil
samples are preserved by chilling to 4°C, and not by addition of acids or other chemicals. Water
samples may be preserved by chilling to 4°C, and by addition of acids or other compounds as listed
in Tables 1 and 3. Several examples of preservation techniques for specific liquid analyses are
described in the following paragraphs:
When the liquid sample to be preserved is contained in a bottle with headspace, (i.e., noi VOC vials)
the acid or base is added at the calculated proportion to achieve the desired pH (Tables 1 and 3),
after the sample has been collected. The bottle is then capped and gently rotated to disperse the
acid through the sample. If the buffering capacity of the sample is unknown you will have to check
the pH of the sample, after preservation. After the acid or base and sample are mixed, the bottle
is uncapped, and narrow range pH sensitive paper is used to check the pH of an aliquot of the
sample. Additional acid or base is added if needed, and the «mipl» is then mixed and rechecked for
pH. (Note: If your samples contain residual chlorine then you may need to add sodium thiosulfate,
see Tables 1-3.)
Suspended solids in samples can produce biased results due to their affinity for metal ions, therefore,
when liquid samples for dissolved metals analysis are collected, the samples must be preserved with
acid after they are filtered. If any total metals analysis is to be conducted, acid is added direcdy to
the sample and no filtration is conducted.
Samples that should not be chemically preserved in the field are as follows:
¦ Samples collected within a hazardous waste site that are known or thought to be highly
contaminated with toxic materials. Barrel, drum, closed container, spillage, or other source
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samples from hazardous waste sites are not to be preserved with any chemical. These
samples may be preserved by placing the sample container on ice, however caution should
be exercised as the cold may induce a adverse chemical reaction (e.g. crystallization and/or
stability changes.)
¦ Samples that may generate potentially dangerous gases, if they were preserved using the
chemicals listed in Tables 1 and 3 (e.g. mining or plating wastes.)
All samples preserved with chemicals shall he clearly identified by indicating on the sample tag that
the sample is preserved and with which chemical. If samples normally requiring preservation are
not preserved, field records shall indicate why, and an addendum to the QAPP and/or SAP must
be completed. Any major deviation from the approved QAPP or SAP must be documented and
approved by the EPA Project Manager, as discussed in Section 1.2.1. Preserved samples, if being
transported by common carrier, may be governed by DOT hazardous materials regulations for
shipping. For example:
¦ Samples for metals analyses that are shipped by air cannot be preserved with nitric acid in
excess of the amount allowed by Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations regarding
the transport of hazardous materials. DOT regulations are provided in 49 CFR 171-177.
Other pertinent EPA requirements are described in EPA-330/9-78-001-R, "NEIC Policies
and Procedures" manual, table C-l; see Table 6, this document.
¦ Samples for volatile organic compounds analyses which are shipped by air cannot be
preserved with hydrochloric acid in excess of the amount allowed by DOT regulations
regarding transport of hazardous materials DOT regulations are provided in 49 CFR 171-
177.
Always check with the shipper as their requirements may be more stringent than DOTs.
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1.3.5 Calibration of Field
The calibration process is necessary to ensure that the instrument is working properly, and that the
results are within the range of acceptability as determined by the manufacturer's specifications.
Calibration data are recorded in a bound field notebook to maintain a record of the calibration for
later challenges and proof of acceptability.
All instrumentation used in field activities must hp calibrated prior to field use and periodically
during use. The minimum requirements for frequency of calibration are based on the
manufacturer's recommendations and acceptance criteria through the DQO process. More
frequent calibration is commonly necessary, depending on the reliability and inherent stability of
the instrumentation, extreme field conditions (weather/climate), continuous or heavy use, or high
concentrations of monitored parameters.
Field instruments should be calibrated and operated in areas unexposed to temperature and
humidity extremes, if possible. Calibration standards should be stored in a manner such that large
temperature fluctuation do not occur, because certain parameters (e.g. pH and specific conductance)
will vary with temperature.
Continuous sampling devices must be calibrated according to manufacturer's specifications at the
time of field set-up, and checked as often as necessary. Depending on the instrumentation, it may
be necessary to check and clean the equipment on a routine and re-calibrate as necessary.
Sample lines for continuous devices must be cleaned or replaced prior to each installation and
periodically thereafter. These device may be either temporary or permanent installations.
In those instances where field equipment will not calibrate, attempts should be made to repair the
affected equipment. The field manager is responsible for ensuring that spare parts and other
appropriate items for field equipment are available for field repairs and to minimize equipment
down time. To the extent practical, backup field equipment should be available.
All equipment calibration information must be recorded in permanent ink in a permanently bound
logbook assigned to the specific instrument, or in a permanently bound field logbook assigned to the
ate and project where the equipment is in use. Instrument calibration information must be entered
into these logbooks at all times. The calibration information to be recorded includes the date and
time of calibration, method of calibration, standards used for calibration, person or persons
performing the calibration, results of calibration attempt, and additional comments if the attempt
was unsuccessful. Also included should be any recommendations regarding more frequent or less
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frequent calibration, equipment maintenance and repair needed, or changes to the calibration
procedures or standards used. If any changes are made to entries in any bound logbook, a single
horizontal line must be drawn through the old entry. The individual making the alteration must
then initial and date the change, and incorporate any additional entries.
NOTE: Calibration standards must be traceable to nationally recognized standards, such as NIST
and documentation demonstrating traceability must be kept on file.
All instrument logbooks returned from the field should be examined for maintenance/repair
recommendations, and the instrumentation checked for proper operation by the field manager or
a designated individual. Any necessary maintenance should be performed immediately to assure
instrumentation is in operating condition prior to the next use. All maintenance and repairs
performed will be entered into the logbook(s) with the name of the individuals) doing the work.
The appropriate use of gloves and sample handling to prevent cross-contamination of samples is
described below.
¦ A dean pair of new, disposable non-contaminant contributing (powderless) gloves shall be
worn at each sampling location and shall donned immediately prior to collection of each
sample. Gloves must h* changed immediately after handling potentially contaminated
equipment, etc.
¦ If possible, one member of the field team should take notes and fill out sample tags, etc.,
while the other members collect all die samples.
¦ All surfaces used for sample preparation or field measurement should be covered with
waterproof plastic. This procedure is normally used during well sampling events.
The use pf appropriate sample containers and the configuration of the sampling area requires
consideradon of the following items:
Sample containers must be appropriate for the sampled analytes.
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¦ All sample containers must bff properly precleaned before collecting samples.
¦ Sample containers constructed of plastic shall not be used to orJIwt sample* for trace organic
compound analyses. Samples for organic analyses should be collected in glass containers
with teflon lined caps.
¦ Sample containers filled with source samples or sample suspected of containing high
concentrations of contaminants shall bp placed in separate plastic bags immediately after
collecting, preserving, tagging, and labeling the sample container.
¦ PCBs, oil and grease, phenols and hazardous waste cample should be taken directly with
the sample container if possible. If collection equipment is needed for PGBs or hazardous
waste, one-time-use equipment should be used.
¦ Sample collection and packaging should be conducted upwind of any internal combustion
engines at the sampling site, even if the-engines are not operating. The volatiles in
petroleum based fuels can contaminate samples for VOC analysis.
¦ If a 12 volt automobile battery is used to power pumps, filters or other sampling equipment,
the battery must be located as far from the sample collection and preparation area as is
practical. Batteries produce H2S gas that can contaminate samples collected for VOC
analysis.
If background or uncontaminated samples will be collected from a ate in addition to samples that
are expected to be contaminated, the following precautions should be considered:
¦ Separate collection equipment (buckets, automatic sampler, shovels, bailers, coring tools,
etc.) should be used in background/uncontaminated sample areas and in suspected or
known contaminated areas. Where this is not possible or practical, sampling should progress
from the uncontaminated areas to the contaminated areas, with thorough decontamination
between each area and all sample locations. This reduces the chance of the unintentional
cross-contamination of samples from uncontaminated areas, through the use of
contaminated sampling equipment. The procedure of collecting samples from the least
contaminated area to the most contaminated area (if known) applies primarily to soil and
groundwater sampling. This should be a consideration in all sampling, however, in the case
of ambient water, rivers and streams, the sampling must start the most downstream station
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and progress upstream. This procedure ensures that the samplers are not collecting
additional sediments that they may have disturbed by wading into the water course.
Background/uncontaminated or control samples in this case are generally taken from the
furthest upstream location that will be least affected by any contaminates of concern.
¦ Unknown waste samples (barrel, tanks, etc.) or highly contaminated media (e.g, product
spills) shall never be placed in the same ice chest as samples with low concentrations
(ambient or environmental).
1*L2 w—"flfrg n-d Miffing
After collection, all sample handling should be minimized to avoid affecting the composition and
character of the samples. Held personnel should use extreme care to ensure that samples are not
contaminated by other samples, by environmental or climatic conditions or media, or by
preservatives not intended for those samples. If sample are chilled in an ice chest, personnel should
ensure that melted ice cannot cause sample containers to become submerged, as this may result in
sample contamination. Sample containers should be soled in a plastic bag within the cooler to
avoid this problem. The cooler should be filled with a sufficient amount of ice before samples are
added, so that sample bottles will begin to chill immediately. "Blue ice" may be used if it can be kept
frozen in an electric on-site freezer located in afield trailer or other structure at the site. If a freezer
is not available, regular bagged ice should be used.
After a sample has been collected, it may require splitting into separate containers for different
analyses or preparation of field replicates or splits. Preparation of splits from water samples and soil
samples is described in the following sections:
1.3.7.1 Water Sample Splits and Rgplieates
Water samples collected for VOC analyses must not be split by stirring or transferring from a larger
container |o sojaller containers. These actions can cause "degassing" or volatilization of the
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compounds of interest from the samples. Section 1.3.7.3 provides more information on sampling
forVOCs.
Ground water collected from a well after the well is properly purged is generally homogenous with
low turbidity, and field replicates and splits are more easily prepared than for water samples.
Multiple ground water samples and field replicates are prepared from subsequent flows or pours as
described for the VOC samples in Section 1.3.7.3. Equivalent splits or replicates are prepared by
pouring through a device that splits die flow into two streams. The individual streams are then
directed into separate sample containers.
Surface water may be less homogeneous than ground water because of the possible presence of
sediments and biological materials, and therefore requires specific steps to prepare equivalent
replicates and splits. The recommended method for preparing split surface water samples is to
continually agitate the sample contents and alternately siphon or pour into respective sample
containers. Agitation of the sample will result in degassing and loss of volatile constituents. Please
see Section 1.3.7.3 for a description of VOC sampling.
1.3.7.2 Soil Sample Splits and Collocated Sampfa
Truly equivalent field duplicates of soil, sediment, or sludge samples cannot be collected in the field
due to die heterogeneous nature of these media. However, collocated soil samples can be collected.
Except for samples to be analyzed for VOCs, it is extremely important that a sample be mixed
thoroughly to ensure that all portions of the sample are as homogeneous as possible. The sample
should be collected and placed in a stainless steel bowl. Once a sufficient volume of sample is
collected, the sample should be mixed by stirring the material in a circular motion or fashion and
occasionally turning the material over. The sample is then transferred to the sample containers
using a plastic or stainless steel spatula.
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To prevent volatilization and loss of the chemicals of interest, soil and sediment samples collected
for VOCs analyses must never be mixed as described above. Section 1.3.7.3 describes the
procedures for collecting soil samples for VOC analysis.
1.3.7.3 Sampling for Volatile Organic Compounds
Water or liquid samples to be analyzed for VOCs are collected in 40-ml septum vials with screw cap
and Teflon-silicone disk in the cap to prevent contamination of the sample by the cap. The vials can
be pre-preserved by the laboratory with four drops of concentrated HCL and should be completely
filled in the field with the sample medium to prevent volatilization during transport.
The VOC vials can also be preserved in the field by adding appropriate acid per the required
analytical method, to apH of < 2. Care should be taken to avoid rinsing out the preservative with
the sample water. If the sample is not preserved with acid, the holding time (to extraction) is reduced
from 14 days to 7.
Field replicate samples or field splits for VOC analyses are prepared by filling vials directly from the
sample collection device, and from subsequent flows from the sampling device. The use of bailers
is discouraged fen* sampling volatiles in ground water. Fa bailer is used, it should be bottom loading
with a stopcock. The sample should be allowed to flow down the inside of the tilted vial to minimize
turbulence that could produce volatilization. G«ntly pour the last few drops into die vial as the vial
is leveled out to a vertical position, so that surface tension holds the water in a "convex meniscus."
The cap is then gently placed on the vial, and tightened. Although some overflow may occur, air
space in the bottle is eliminated.
After capping and tightening the cap, invert the bottle and tap it to check for bubbles. If any
bubbles are present, discard this sample and repeat the procedure. If the VOC vials are pre-
preserved with add, they can not be re-used unless acid for preservation is available in the field.
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Extreme caution should be exercised when using the vial to collect surface water samples directly
from the surface water body to prevent loss of the preservative(if the vial is pre-preserved). When
collecting water samples for volatile organic compounds, two 40-ml vials should always be collected
for each sample.
When collecting soil and sediments for VOC analysis, 4 oz. glass jars with teflon lined screw rap8
should be used. A spatula or spoon is used to collect the sample which is gently placed and
compressed into the jar. Each jar should be completely filled with minimal head space remaining
in the container.
Trip blanks shall bft prepared for shipment with both liquid and solid VOC samples (see section
1.3.8.).
1.3.8 finllrrfii*" Samrlrt
All field sampling programs require the collection of n&Htinnal samples to provide Quality Control
(QC) for the field or laboratory procedures. These include background/control samples, field
duplicates, trip blanks, equipment rinseate Manlt^ several kinds of field blanks, and performance
evaluation samples. A description of each of the various QC sample types is provided below.
Background/Control samples are samples collected from the same medium outside of the known
area of contamination, under conditions as similar to conditions in the contaminated area as
possible. Background samples are generally collected in upgradient areas for ground water and
subsurface soil samples, in upstream locations for surface water, and in upwind areas for surface
and shallow subsurface soil samples and air samples.
Field duplicate samples are independent (two separate) samples of the same medium collected
at the same time from the same location. True duplicate samples, to ascertain field precision,
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can only be taken from a open water sample location. Other "duplicate" field samples should
be identified as collocated, as in the case of most soil and air samples.
-Trip blanks are required only when samples are collected for analysis of VOCs. They are
prepared from analyte-free water by the laboratory, and are transported to the sampling site
with the VOC sample bottles for the investigative sampling. They are kept with the investigative
samples throughout the sampling program and are shipped for analysis with the investigative
samples. They are not opened cm ate, and are design to evaluate VOC contamination
encountered within the coolers during the shipping and handling procedures. Trip blanks are
prepared in 40 ml VOA vials with teflon septum lids, and must he chilled and handled in the
same manner as a water sample for VOC analysis. Two trip blank vials per each shipping
container or cooler containing VOC samples are required. Trip blanks are required both for
water and solid media sampling. If field samples are acidified, the trip blanks shall be acidified
with the same acid batch before leaving the laboratory. (Note: the field samplers will have to
provide the laboratory with the add unless they are getting their acid from the laboratory.)
Equipment blanks or Rinse hlankp are obtained from the last rinse of analyte-free water during
decontamination of sample collection equipment. No extraordinary decontamination
procedures should be followed when a rinse blank is collected. The date and time of collection
should be noted, as well as the ID number of the investigative sample collected just prior to
decontamination, and the ID number of the next sample collected with the decontaminated
equipment. If dedicated equipment is used, rinseate samples need not be collected.
If contamination is detected in a rinse blank, extensive resampling may be required, based on
the rate of rinse blanks collected, (e.g. 20 locations resampled if rinse blanks are collected at the
rate of 1 per 20 samples; 10 locations resampled if rinse blanks are collected at the rate of 1 per
10 samples.)
The term Fuld blsrik no longer defines a single type of QC sample, due to misuse and
misidentiflcation of other types of blank samples. The original definition of "field blank",
according to SW-846, was a sample prepared in a VOA vial in the field from analyte-free water,'
and intended to indicate the presence of VOC contamination in the air at a contaminated site.
The term "field blank must always be defined when used, and usages with other definitions are
discouraged.
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A Performance Evaluation fPE) Sample is a sample with known concentration of a target
analyte, that is sent to a laboratory for blind analysis. The performance of the laboratory is
tested by comparing the known values with the laboratory results.
Table 5 summarizes the minimum rate at which QC samples must be collected. PE samples must
be submitted for analysis "blind", meaning they should not be identified to the laboratory as QC
samples. Other QC samples should be submitted "blind" if possible. The PE samples should be
identified with the number of a nonexistent location that is similar to, but different from the other
locations at the site. All other labeling should be identical to the investigative samples. The true
identity of the PE samples should be recorded in the field logbook, but not on the chain-of-custody
form or sample labels and tags that are sent to die laboratory.
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1.4 SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION AND CHAIN OF CUSTODY
1.4.1 General
Prior to shipping any samples, the field manager must classify the samples collected as either
environmental or hazardous materials samples. In general, environmental samples include drinking
water, most ground water and ambient surface water, soil, sediment, treated municipal and
industrial wastewater effluent, biological any samples not expected to be contaminated
with high levels of hazardous materials.
Due to the possible evidentiary nature of all the samples collected during investigations, possession
must be traceable from the time the samples are until the data or the samples are
introduced as evidence in legal proceedings. The use of sample tags to assign a distinct ID number
to each sample is described in Section 1.4.2. Appropriate documentation of in situ field
measurements is described in Section 1.4.3. Chain-of-custody procedures are summarized in
Sections 1.4.4 and 1.4.5. Documentation of all field activities is described in Section 1.5.
1.4.2 Sample Identifipntirm
The minimal requirements for the use of sample tags are described below. Samples and physical
evidence collected are identified by a sample tag that is attached to the sample container. An
example of a sample tag is included as Exhibit C, following the Section 1.0 tables. All samples
should be placed in the proper sample containers and preserved in accordance with applicable
procedures described in Tables 1,2 and 3, and identified with sample tags before bong transported
off-site. Sample tags are ordinarily attached to the sample jar or container, but in some cases,
particularly with biological samples, the sample tags may have to be included with or wrapped
around the sample itself. Sample tags shall be completed using waterproof ink and may be partially
filled out before the sample is collected. The sample tags are sequentially numbered and are
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accountable documents once they are completed and attached to a sample or other physical
evie.ence. The following information shall be included on the sample tag:
Project/site code
Station Number -
Station Location
Date -
Time -
Designation -
A three digit number assigned by EPA (if applicable)
The sample identification number composed of the project or site
code, the g?rnp1p station location number as specified in the sampling
plan, an alphabetic abbreviation for the sample type or medium
(ground water, soil, surface water, etc.), and a three digit code
indicating sampling event, sequence or depth.
Sampling ate location number assigned in the sampling plan.
A number indicating month, day, year (mm/dd/yy)
A four-digit number (military time)
Grab or composite sample
Sampler's Signature - Signature of person(s) collecting sample
Tag Number <
Preservative -
A unique serial number stamped on each tag that identifies the
Region and has a consecutive number (i.e., 8-1239)
Whether the sample is preserved or unpreserved and the type of
preservation
Type of Analyses - Type of analyses to be conducted on the sample
Remarks -
Signifirant observations regarding appearance, odor or other physical
characteristics of the sample.
The station number is assigned by the field manager or project manager. This number is ordinarily
a combination of the project or site code, an alphabetic abbreviation of the medium sampled, a
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sample location number, and a three digit numerical code indicating the sampling event or sample
sequence (in the case of samples from multiple depths at the same location). For example, a site ID
number for the Abercrombie Widget Company might be 404. A surface soil sample would be
identified as SS. The location of the sample might be identified as 15, and the second sampling
event at the site would be indicated by 002. The complete field sample station number for the
surface soil sample described would be 404-SS-15-002. Each separate sampling or monitoring
location must have a different alpha-numeric designation. The station number does not have to be
as descriptive as above, however the number has to be unique to the location.
Frequently, surface water and sediment samples are collected from the same sampling station and
could have the same numerical designation. In this case, the two samples would be distinguished
by their labeling with an SW and an SD, respectively. likewise, ground water (GW) and subsurface
soil/deep boring (DB) samples could be distinguished when collected from the same location. Soil
samples may be collected from several depths while drilling a soil boring, and these must be
distinguished from each other with the use of the three digit sequence code, and from ground water
samples subsequently collected from the well installed in the boring.
The field manager and field sampler shall exercise caution to ensure that station numbers and
sample numbers are not duplicated during investigations or studies. The exact description of all
sampling stations associated with field identification or sample and station numbers shall be
documented in the field logbook.
Fa sample is split with a facility, state regulatory agency, or other party representative, sample tags
or labels with identical information should be attached to each of the split sample containers.
Sample tags shall be completed, marked "split", and attached to each split sample. The split sample
shall also be identified on the Chain-of-Custody Record and in the field notebook.
When samples are collected from vessels or containers which can be moved (e.g., barrels) or from
a portion of an on-site structure, the field investigator shall mark the container or structure with the
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field identification or sample station number for future identification, if necessary. The container
or structure shall be marked by utilizing a permanent marker pen or spray paint, but should not be
marked if it already has a unique marking or serial number. If unique serial or ID numbers are
present, these numbers shall be recorded on the sample tag and in the field logbook. In addition,
it is suggested that photographs be taken of any container that samples are collected from and the
necessary information recorded in the field logbook.
1A£ In situ Field
Forms and records that report the results of in situ measurements collected do not require a sample
tag. When in situ measurements are made the data are recorded directly in field logbooks or field
sample records (FSRs) with identifying information (project/site code, sample numbers, station
numbers, date, time, samplers, field observations and remarks). Examples of in situ measurements
include temperature, pH, specific conductance, flow measurements, geophysical measurements,
surveying measurements, continuous air monitoring, etc.
In the case of well sampling, in situ field measurement are made continuously until certain
acceptance criteria/performance standards are met. That is, pH, temperature and conductivity are
continuously measured during purging until stabilty is obtained. Stabilty measurements start after
the first casing volume has been removed. The turbidity is also measured during the purging until
the dat?, nephelometic turbidity units (NTUs) a«». less than 10. When these acceptance criteria are
met, sampling can begin. By using these criteria, purging time may be reduced.
If recorder and/or instrument charts are obtained from facility-owned analytical equipment such
as flow recorders, the following information should be written on the charts.
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¦ The starting and ending time(s) and date(s) for the chart;
¦ A description of the location being monitored and any other information required to
interpret the data such as type of device, chart units, etc.
¦ The field investigator's initials; and
¦ Results of an instantaneous measurement of the media being measured by the recorder.
The instantaneous measurement shall be entered at the appropriate location on the chart
along with the date and time of the measurement and the field investigator's initials.
After the chart has been removed, the field investigator shall indicate on the chart from whom the
chart (or copy of the chart) was received, and will enter the date and time, as well as the
investigator's initials.
1.4.4 Swwnpk Custody
1.4.4.1 Definition and Required Documentation
A sample or other physical evidence is under custody if:
1. It is in your possession;
2. It is in your view after being in your possession;
3. It was in your possession and then you locked it up or placed it in a sealed container to
prevent tampering; or
4. It is in a designated secure area.
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The field Chain-of-Custody Record is used to record the custody of all samples or other physical
evidence collected for Region VIII EPA. The Chain-of-Custody Record also serves as a sample
logging mechanism for the Region's sample custodian. Region VIII EPA uses three types of
Chain-of-Custody Record forms : 1) Organic Traffic Report and Chain-of-Custody Record,
2) Inorganic Traffic Report and Chain-of-Custody Record for the Contract Laboratory Program
(CLP) and 3) a Chain-of-Custody form for transmitting custody of non-CLP samples and all
samples sent to the Region VQI Laboratory. An example of a chain-of-custody form is included
as Exhibit D, following the Section 1.0 tables. These forms are not to be used to provide a
receipt for samples where there is a legal requirement to document the collection erf split or
duplicate samples. Section 1.4.5 addresses the use of receipts to document collection of samples.
The Chain-of-Custody Record is a serialized, multi-carbon document. Once the Record is
completed, it becomes an accountable document and must be maintained in the project file.
The suitability of any other form for chain-of-custody should be evaluated prior to use, based
upon its inclusion of similar information in a legible format.
1.4.4.2 Field Custody Procedures
¦ To simplify the Chain-of-Custody Record and eliminate potential litigation problems,
as few people as possible should handle samples.
¦ Sample tags shall be completed for each sample (as discussed in Section 1.4.2), using
waterproof, non-erasable ink.
¦ If possible, the field sampler should keep the samples in his/her continuous custody from
the time of collection until they are delivered to the laboratory analyzing the samples.
If this can not be accomplished, the samples must be placed in a container that is sealed
with an EPA custody seal (Exhibit E, following the Section 1.0 tables). The field sampler
shall write the date and his/her signature on the seal. It is not practical to seal individual
sample bottles.
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¦ A Chain-of-Custody Record will he completed for all samples or physical evidence as
specified in Section 1.4.4.1. A separate Chain-of-Custody Record will be utilized for
each final destination or laboratory utilized during the inspection or investigation.
¦ The field manager and/or the field sample custodian is personally responsible for the
proper handling and custody of the collected samples until they are properly and
formally transferred or dispatched to another person or facility.
¦ The field manager is responsible for determining if proper custody procedures were
followed in the field and if additional samples are required.
¦ Physical evidence such as video tapes, documents or other small items shall be placed in
sealable plastic bags or envelopes. An EPA custody seal should be affixed so that they
cannot be opened without breaking the seal. A Chain-of-Custody Record shall be
maintained for these items. Any time the custody seal is broken, this shall be noted on
the Chain-of-Custody record, and a new seal shall be affixed. The information on the
seal shall include the field investigator's signature, as well as the date of sealing.
¦ In general, Region VIII EPA personnel shall not accept samples from other sources
unless the sample collection procedures used are known to be acceptable, can be
documented, and the sample Chain-of-Custody can be established. If such samples are
accepted by Region VIII personnel, standard sample tags containing all relevant
information and the Chain-of-Custody Record shall be completed for each set of
samples.
1.4.4.3 Transfer of Custody and Shipment
The transfer of custody is an important aspect of Chain-of-Custody. The procedures listed
below must be followed.
¦ When transferring the possession of samples, the individuals relinquishing and receiving
the samples aail sign, date, and note the transfer time on the record. This record
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the analyst in^ab^^0^ trans^er from the sampler, often through another person, to
Re H , m *Iaboratc*y. All shipments will be accompanied by the Chain-of-Custody
a co n!L ^ ^ contents- The original record will accompany the shipment and
hanfdT ** Ae team lea
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hazardous materials. Hie transportation of hazardous materials by EPA personnel is covered
by EPA Order 1000.18. If a sample is collected of a material that is listed as a dangerous good,
then that sample must be identified, packaged, marked, labeled, and shipped according to the
instructions given for that material. No samples may be offered for transport without DOT
hazardous materials markings and labels if the composition is unknown or only partially known,
yet the project leader knows or suspects that they may contain hazardous materials.
Samples shall be properly packaged for shipment and dispatched to the appropriate laboratory
for analysis with a separate Chain-of-Custody Record accompanying each shipment.
Samples collected and designated as environmental samples shall be packed prior to shipment
using the following procedures:
¦ Select a sturdy cooler in good repair (i.e. does not leak and has secure closure.) Secure
and tape the drain plug with fiber or duct tape. Line the cooler with a large heavy duty
plastic bag.
¦ Be sure the lids on all bottles are tight and will not leak.
¦ Place all sample containers into the large heavy duty plastic bag. Wrap each glass bottle
with bubble wrap if possible. Securely fasten the top of the large plastic bag with tape.
A signed and dated custody seal must then be placed around the top of the plastic bag,
over the tape. If the shipping container has a smooth surface that the seal will stick to,
sealing the plastic bags with a seal is optional.
¦ Put "blue ice" (or ice that has been placed in heavy duty polyethylene bags and properly
sealed) on top of or between the samples.
¦ To meet refrigeration requirements, the temperature in a cooler must bs measured and
documented prior to shipment and upon receipt of the samples at the laboratory.
Another option is to safely pack a min-max thermometer within the cooler, and record
the temperatures upon opening the cooler at the laboratory.
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¦ Place the Cham-of-Custody Record into a plastic bag, tape the bag to the inner side of
the cooler lid, and then close and securely tape the cooler lid shut.
A laboratory custodian or clerk should receive and check all samples against the Chain-of
Custody Record, when the samples arrive at the laboratory and then place them in a secure
area.
I»l»5 Sample ftygyfrtr
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Tvqnirethat a "receipt" for all facility
samples collected during inspections and investigations be given to the owner/operator of each
facility before the field sampler departs the premises. Receipts are generally not used on
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and liability Act (CERCLA) sites
because the owner/operator is rarely on site when sampling is conducted.
A Receipt for Samples Form (Exhibit F, following Section 1.0 tables) will be required to satisfy the
receipt for samples provisions of RCRA TSCA and FIFRA. This form also documents if split
samples were required and if they were provided to the owner/operator of the facility or site being
investigated.
The copy of the Receipt for Samples Form is to be given to the facility or site owner/operator.
The original copy of this form must hp maintained in the project file for the facility/site.
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1 FIELD RECORDS AND DOCUMENTATION
Purpose
documentation establishes procedures, identifies written records, enhances and facilitates sample
trackings standardizes data entries, and identifies and establishes authenticity of the sample data
collected. Proper documentation also provides the following:
¦ Ensures that all finmTial and required information is consistently acquired and
preserved;
¦ Documents timely, correct, and complete analysis;
¦ Satisfies quality assurance requirements;
¦ Establishes Chain-of-Custody,
¦ Provides evidence for court proceedings; and
¦ Provides a basis for further sampling.
1*5*2 Field Records
Appropriate field records written in a bound field logbook or on data sheets must he completed at
Ihe timp nf gamplf collection. Bound logbooks are required for CERCLA investigations, and are
highly recommended for other site investigations, including RCRA.
Tlie bound field log book or daily log sheets must be maintained by the field personnel to provide
a daily record of significant events. The field logbook should be constructed such that pages cannot
be removed without tearing them out and pages should be numbered as they are filled. Preferably,
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field logbooks should be dedicated to an individual project In general, field logbooks as well as field
records should provide the following information:
¦ Record, identify, and describe all pertinent sampling and monitoring activities;
¦ Record quantitative and qualitative information for each sample collected; and
¦ Record and describe any team activities, including observations and events.
The investigator s name, project name, and project code should be entered on the inside cover of
the logbook. All entries should be signed and dated with the time of entry recorded, and each page
must be initialed and dated. At the end of each day's activity, or entry of a particular event, if
appropriate, the investigator should draw a diagonal line on the page below the last entry, and initial
and date the line.
All aspects of sample collection and handling as well as visual observations shall be documented in
the field logbooks. All sample collection equipment, field analytical equipment, and equipment
utilized to make physical measurements shall he identified in the field logbooks, by serial number
where appropriate. All calculations, results, and calibration data for field sampling, field analytical,
and field measurements and analyses must be traceable to the specific piece of field equipment
utilized and to the field investigator collecting the sample, making the measurement, or performing
the analyses.
All entries in field logbooks shall be legible, and shall contain accurate and inclusive documentation
of all project activities. Because field records are the basis for later written reports, language should
be objective, factual, and free of personal feelings or other terminology which might prove
inappropriate. Once completed, field logbooks become accountable documents and must
maintained as a permanent record in the project files.
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Illegal pro^ noccs, if referred to,« ^ ^ ^ md ^
admissible as evidence and subject to cross-examination
1*5*2 Photograph Identificatinp
All photographs taken by field per»nnei ^ ^ ^ rf ^ ^ ^
following information:
¦ An accurate description of what the Dhotnor»«k u . ,
or site and the location; ? mdudm* ^ ^ of **
m The date and time that the photograph was taken
the filter type (if any), film speed and F stop;
¦ The orientation of the photogranh fi *
K pn ^e-> looking northeast, etc.); and
¦ The signature of the photographer.
the photograph is taken with a Polaroid camera th. ;~c ,
era, the information shall be entered on the of
eac*1 photograph with an indelible marker as soon as the photo is taken. If a 35 mm camera is u«d
a serial type record of each frame exposed ahall_hc kept in the fidd logbook along with the'
'"formation required for each photogrcph. ^ m aaajam ^
W^on on the print* using the serialized photographic record ^ ^ fidd logbook> md ^
"Umbers on the negatives to identify each photograph. For criminal investigations, negatives mils
« maintained with the field logbook in the project file and stored in a secured file cabinet.
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1.6 DECONTAMINATION AND DISPOSAL OF WASTES GENERATED
MJL Requirements for Decontaminate
When sampling contaminated soils, sediments, surface water, and ground water, sampling devices
and equipment must be carefully cleaned prior to and between each sample collected to avoid cross-
contamination between samples. Cross-contamination can be minimized with thorough
decontamination as described below, by encasing equipment with disposable outer wrappings
(plastic/foil) after cleaning, and by using disposable sampling devices. Analysis of the distilled or
deionized (DI) water used for the final rinse must also be conducted unless the water was prepared
in a laboratory, however, records of analysis, contaminates of concern, of the laboratory-generated
water must be available for review.
Equipment and sampling devices that are relatively inexpensive and easily obtainable can be
properly discarded after a single use. However, many of the sampling devices used are expensive
and will be re-used, requiring decontamination after each use. When cleanup of contaminated
equipment is necessary, it should be done in the field, whenever possible. When equipment
becomes contaminated to such an extent that decontamination in the field is not feasible, it should
be properly discarded at the site, after proper permission has been obtained, for disposal with other
contaminated materials (Section 1.6.5). Ideally, dedicated equipment for each sample location is
recommended to reduce the possibility of cross-contamination between locations.
1.6.£ Availably Decontamination Method*
Selection of a decontamination method requires consideration of the following items:
¦ Contaminants present or suspected;
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¦ Effectiveness of different decontamination methods for the specific substances present;
¦ Health or safety hazards of the decontamination method;
¦ The location where the decontamination procedures will be conduct
• The size and types of equipment that will require decontamination;
• The frequency that specific equipment will require rWnntaminatinn;
¦ Available methods for containing and disputing of the residual contaminants, cleaning
solutions, and nnseate from the decontamination process; and
¦ The use of a quality control measure, such as equipment blanks or wipe testing, to
determine the effectiveness of the decontamination procedure.
Decontamination is the process of neutralizing, washing, rinsing, and removing contaminants from
the exposed outer surfaces of equipment and personal protective clothing to minimize the potential
for contaminant migration. Decontamination methods either physically remove contaminants,
inactivate contaminants by chemical detoxification or disinfection/sterilization, or remove
contaminants by a combination of both physical and chemical means. Available physical and
chemical decontamination procedures are described below.
Phvsiral removal involves dislodging, displacing, rinsing, wiping off, or evaporation of the
contaminants. Removal of gross contamination (visible) should first be attempted by physical
means. Loose contaminants can be removed by rinsing with tap, distilled or deionized water. High
pressure water or steam is used to remove contaminants that adhere more tightly. Scraping,
brushing and/or wiping may also be used before high pressure or steam is used.
Some volatile liquids will be removed by evaporation. Evaporation can be enhanced by rinsing or
steam cleaning, followed by a water rinse and exposure to the sun.
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Chemical removal involves a wash/rinse process using cleaning solutions. This wash/rinse process
should follow the physical removal of gross contamination, if the contaminants are not soluble in
water or are present in high concentrations. Surfactants (detergents) are commonly used to reduce
adhesion forces and encourage dissolving and dispersal of the contaminant in the detergent.
Solvents (including hexane) are used to dissolve selected chemicals that are not soluble in water and
are only somewhat soluble in detergents. The solvent selected for dean up cannot be a potential
contaminant at the site. Washing with either surfactants or solvents must be followed by a minimum
of thrre rinses with clean tap water and three rinses with deionized or distilled water to remove the
chemicals.
A decontamination plan describing the solutions to be employed, and the methodologies to be used
to determine the effectiveness of the decontamination shall be referenced or stipulated in detail in
a QAPP or site-specific SAP. The use of decontamination rinseate blanks and other quality control
procedures serve to document the decontamination process and effectiveness. Disposal of the
rinseate from decontamination is different for non-hazardous versus hazardous rinseate. Sections
1.6.5.2 and 1.6.5.3 describe appropriate disposal for nonhazardous rinseate and hazardous rinseate,
respectively.
1.6.3 nf Small Ryiipment
Hand-held sampling devices and equipment and small samplers used with drilling rigs, such as split
spoon samplers, must be decontaminated after each sample is collected. The equipment must be
brushed and scraped so that most gross contaminants are removed. The equipment must then be
washed with a strong non-phosphate detergent/soap mixture. After all gross contaminants have
been removed, the equipment must be nnscd three flfflSS with tap water followed by three rinses
writh deionized water. The equipment must be allowed to air dry thoroughly, in a clean
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If the contaminants consist of organic chemicals with low solubility in water and detergents, the
equipment must be rinsed with a organic solvent following the tap and deionized water rinses
described above. Following the solvent rinse, the equipment must be rinsed three times with tap
water followed by three rinses with deionized water, and allowed to dry again. If the constituents
of interest are inorganic, the equipment must be rinsed with dilute acid instead of organic solvent.
Site-specific decontamination procedures depend on the contaminants present, and sfaaU-fce
approved by EPA in the QAPP or the site-specific SAP.
A typical decontamination procedure for small equipment includes the following steps:
1) Scrape or wipe to remove all visible contamination.
2) Scrub with a brush and non-phosphate detergent.
3) Rinse three times with potable tap water.
4) Rinse three times with deionized (DI) or distilled water.
5) If significant concentrations of inorganic compounds are expected, rinse with dilute (10
percent) acid.
6) If significant concentrations of organic compounds are expected, rinse with acetone and/or
pesticide-quality Hexane.
. _ir J-. and wrap in plastic before transporting to the next sampling
7) ^J^^IfSe equipment will be used to sample for volatiles analysis, it should be wrapped
in metal foil rather than plastic.
. h, collected from the tot rime by DI or distilled water, at a minimum rate of
dav. rrnr ,n derontmniTlMifln procedure, whichever is more. These
t -a fnr contaminates of concern to verify the effectiveness of the
rinseate blanks are analyze
i r^ii/.rrion of additional nnseate blanks may be desirable if a potential
decontamination procedure. ^
contaminant is particularly difficult to remove from samplmg eqmpment. If laboratory ^
indicates to a single rinseate sample collected for 20 samphng sites is contaminated with ,
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contaminate of concern, resampling of all 20 locations may be required. Collection of rinseate
samples, and the risk of cross contamination can be avoided if dedicated sampling equipment is
used.
ULi Decontamination nf Large Equipment
Decontamination of drilling equipment and other large formation sampling equipment involves
cleaning tools that are used in boreholes or monitoring wells. Drilling equipment should be
decontaminated between each borehole. More frequent cleaning should be performed if cross-
contamination between vertical zones within a borehole is possible.
The most common and generally preferred methods of drilling equipment decontamination involve
either a clean potable water wash, steam cleaning, or a water wash/steam cleaning combination.
A non-phosphate detergent is also commonly used.
A sequence for decontamination of low to moderately contaminated equipment should be as follows:
¦ Water or steam rinse to remove particulates.
¦ Steam wash with water and non-phosphate detergent.
¦ Steam or water rinse with potable water.
Additional wash/rinse sequences may be necessary to remove the contaminants completely. A
rinseate sample fllUStbs taken after every 20 decontamination procedures, or at least once per day,
to document the effectiveness of the decontamination procedures. Rinseate samples should be
collected more frequently if cross contamination is likely to be a concern (such as at heavily
contaminates ^ without dedicated sampling equipment). Samplers should be aware that the
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specific source of contamination will not be known if a contaminated rinseate sample was collected
after numerous sampling and decontamination procedures. All of the locations associated with that
rinseate blank may require resampling to identify the error.
Section 3 of the March 1991 "Handbook of Suggested Practices for the Design and Installation of
Ground-Water Monitoring Wells" (EPA 600/4-89/034) should be consulted for a more complete
discussion on field decontamination programs and procedures related to drilling and sampling
equipment.
1,6.5 TTimifTi"f ofinvi»*riretipn-P?rfvcd Waste
1.6.5.1 PnTfptinn nf TnypstiratiQn-Derived Waste
All waste materials generated during field investigations at potential hazardous waste sites are
known as investigation-derived waste (IDW). Examples of IDW that may require treatment,
storage, and disposal are as follows.
¦ Personnel protective equipment (PPE). This includes disposable coveralls, gloves,
booties, respirator canisters, splash suits, etc.
¦ Disposable equipment pE). This includes plastic ground and equipment covers,
aluminum foil, conduit pipe, disposable bailers, pump tubing, etc.).
¦ Soil cuttings from drilling or hand augering operations.
¦ Drilling fluids (mud or water) used for drilling.
¦ Ground water obtained through well development or well purging.
¦ Decontamination fluids including spent solvent, detergent water and rinse water.
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Some of these waste materials may be hazardous wastes and must be property disposed in
accordance with EPA regulations. The decision as to whether materials are hazardous should
be based on the results of sample analyses.
The project leader or site manager should determine the appropriate handling approach upon
designating the IDW as either RCRA hazardous or RGRA nonhazardous. (See U.S. EPA
"Management of Investigation-Derived Wastes During Site Inspections" EPA/540/G-91-009,
1991.) The project leader or site manager should use the decision tree shown in Exhibit G of
this document following the Section 1.0 tables) for help in selecting the best approach for IDW
management, and identifying the steps that are involved in executing the approach. The
decision tree summarizes basic elements of planning for IDW handling such as waste
minimization, characterization, and management, and indicates when and how IDW should be
handled on-site or disposed off-site. Management of IDW must also be described in detail in
the QAPP or site-specific SAP.
1.6.5.2 Management of Non-Hazardous IDW
The management and disposal of non-hazardous IDW from all sampling sites should be
addressed in the QAPP or site-specific SAP. If PPE and DE is non-hazardous or can be
decontaminated and rendered nonhazardous, these wastes should be double-bagged, and
deposited either in an industrial dumpster (on-site or at the EPA warehouse), or in a municipal
landfill (RGRA Subtitle D facility). Non-hazardous IDW such as soil cuttings, drilling fluids,
development or purge water, decontamination fluids, etc. should be left on-site unless other
circumstances require off-site disposal. These circumstances include a state ARAR or a high
probability of serious community concerns.
At al hteardous waste sites, without adequate information to define the waste hazard,
the iwy venerated should be considered potentially hazardous until the results of testing
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indicate otherwise. All drilling, development and decontamination fluids and soil cuttings should
be containerized on site until testing to verify that they are not contaminated.
The on-site handling options available when the results of analytical testing indicate that the
IDW are nonhazardous. are listed below.
¦ For decontaminated PPE and DE:
1. Double bag and deposit in an on-site dumpster, or in any municipal landfill.
2. Dispose of at the site's treatment or disposal unit.
¦ For soil cuttings:
1. Spread around the well.
2. Put into a shallow pit above the water table, within the area of contamination
(AOC).
3. Dispose of at the site's treatment or disposal unit.
4. If the boring is less than 10 feet deep and did not penetrate the water table, cuttings
may be placed back into the boring. All borings deeper than 10 feet or that
encountered ground water shall be plugged.
¦ For drilling fluids and ground water (development and purge water):
1 Pour onto ground (from containers) down gradient from the well to allow infiltration.
2. Dispose of at the site's treatment or disposal unit.
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¦ For decontamination and rinse fluids:
1. Pour onto ground (from containers) downgradient from the well to allow infiltration.
2. Dispose of at the site's treatment or disposal unit.
3. Evaporate dilute decontamination fluids on site if placed in an acceptable treatment
container.
(Note: Permission must be obtained in writing from the site manager before disposal of any waste
on site.)
1.6.5.3 Management of Hazardous IDW
Disposal of hazardous or suspected hazardous IDW from hazardous waste sites should be
addressed in the QAPP or site-specific SAP. If IDW consist of hazardous soil cuttings that pose
no immediate threat to human health and the environment, then the soil cuttings can be left on-
site, with permission of the site manager, within a delineated Area of Contamination (AOC) if
they are containerized.
All soil borings that generate soil cuttings determined to be hazardous, must be plugged with
cement grout from total depth to within two - three feet below land surface. Cuttings can not
be placed in a borehole, regardless of depth, if analysis indicates that the cuttings are
contaminated.
If on-site disposal is not feasible, and if the wastes are suspected to be hazardous, appropriate
tests must be conducted to make that determination. If they are determined to be hazardous
wastes they F"st be properly contained and labeled. These hazardous wastes may be stored
on the site for a maximum of 90 days before they must be manifested and shipped to a permitted
treatment or disposal facility. If possible, the generation of hazardous IDW should be
anticipated so that permits for the proper containerization, labelling, temporary storage,
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transportation, and disposal/treatment of these wastes can be arranged in accordance with EPA
regulations.
IDW should be disposed off-site at a permitted, RCRA subtitle C, TSD facility in the following
situations:
¦ They are RCRA hazardous PPE and DE.
¦ They are RCRA hazardous soil cuttings that may pose a substantial risk if left on site.
¦ They are RCRA hazardous drilling fluids, ground water, or decontamination fluids.
¦ Leaving them on-site would create increased risks at the site.
Planners for off-site disposal of hazardous wastes should consider the following EPA guidelines:
¦ Incorporate a provision in the site access agreement form to inform the site owner that
containerized IDW may be temporarily stored on-site while awaiting pickup for off-site
disposal. The agreement should also request the owner's cooperation.
¦ Initiate the bidding process for IDW testing, pick-up, and disposal. If there are any
subcontracting needs in planning the off-site disposal, the means of disposal should be
specified Since RCRA hazardous IDW must go to RCRA hazardous waste disposal
facilities that comply with the off-site policy, the site manager should obtain a list of
available facilities. Each EPA Region maintains a list of RCRA Treatment, Storage and
Disposal (TSD) facilities that meet the conditions of the off-site policy. The ate manager
must ^ check the selected facility's compliance before arranging for IDW pick-up. If
IDW are RCRA nonhazardous, the site manager must also check if the receiving RCRA
nonhazardous wa*e facility complies with the offite policy.
¦ Coordinate IDW generation with testing and pick-up. IDW samples should be collected
' Accordance with "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, SW-846," and shipped
for RCRA tests (and other tests, if necessary) as early as possible during the site
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investigation. IDW need not be analyzed by a CLP laboratory. The site manager
should use the laboratory services of the pickup and disposal subcontractor, obtain an
EPA ID number and manifest form for RCRA hazardous IDW, and a bill of lading for
RCRA nonhazardous IDW.
¦ Prepare adequate numbers and types of containers. Drums should be used for collecting
small amounts of IDW. Larger amounts of soil and water can be contained in Baker
tanks, poly tanks, and bins. PPE and DE should be collected in drums for disposal at a
hazardous waste facility.
¦ Designate a storage area (either within the site's existing storage facility, existing fenced
area, or within a temporary fence constructed for the site investigation). No
unauthorized personnel may have access to the storage area. If a temporary storage
facility is to be constructed, its location and size must be agreed upon with the site
owner, and all construction materials should be delivered to the site before or on the first
day of the site investigation.
¦ All RCRA hazardous wastes stored on ate must comply with the 90 and 180 day storage
requirements, as specified in RCRA regulations.
¦ All hazardous wastes generated at CERCLA sites must comply with requirements
specified in the CERCLA and SARA regulations.
Hazardous investigation-derived waste should be kept to a minimum. Many of the above PPE
and DE wastes can be deposited in industrial dumpsters if care is taken to keep them segregated
from hazardous waste contaminated materials and environmental media. Disposable equipment
and some PPE can sometimes be cleaned to render it nonhazardous. The volume of spent
solvent waste produced during equipment decontamination can be reduced or eliminated by
applying only the minimum amount of solvent necessary.
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The reader is referred to "Management of Investigation-Derived Wastes During Site
Inspections" (EPA/540/G-91/009) (21) for further guidance on the management and disposal
of investigation-derived waste.
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1.7 SITE SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
1-7.1 Qgngral
Protecting the health and safety of workers is a major consideration during the execution of any field
work. The following information is geared toward safety considerations at hazardous waste sites,
but many of the precautions apply to all sampling activities.
The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has established regulations
governing the health and safety of employees engaged in hazardous waste operations and emergency
response. The regulations codified at 29 CFR 1910.120, contain general requirements for health
and safety programs, site characterization and analysis, site control, training, medical surveillance,
engineering controls and work practices, personal protective equipment, exposure monitoring,
informational programs, materials handling, decontamination, and emergency procedures. EPA
has incorporated these standards by reference into its regulations at 40 CFR 311, however, the
actual standards are not reported herein.
All field activities conducted at hazardous waste sites in EPA Region VIII shall be conducted in
accordance with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.120. The requirements are complex, and it is
the responsibility of each employee involved in field work to understand and follow these
requirements. It is always the responsibility of each field sampler to use common sense and the
health and safety equipment/training received. It is the responsibility of the samplers supervisor to
make sure that the sampler has all required training and updates before the sampler is allowed to
participate in field activities.
EPA has published a document entitled "Standard Operating Safety Guides" (June, 1992, EPA
publication no. 9285.1-03) which summarizes topics that include the following: components of a
health and safety program, development of a Health and Safety Plan (HSP), required training, site
control, personal protective equipment, air monitoring, medical surveillance program, heat stress
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and cold exposure, decontamination, drum handling, hazards, confined space entry. Consult this
document for explicit guidance on any aspect of health and safety considerations.
1.7.2 Site Specific Health and Safety Plans
A site-specific Health and Safety Plan (HSF) shall be developed for every hazardous waste site
project. When there is more than one organization involved at the site, the development of the
safety plan should be coordinated among the various groups. The plan for a non-hazardous site will
include, at a minimum, the name(s), location(s) and {Aone numbers) of the local emergency medical
facilities.
Before commencing any ate activities, field personnel will be required to read jthe site specific HSP,
and sign a statement that they have read and understand the HSP. An on-site meeting will also be
held at the beginning of the project, and all field personnel will, be briefed on the potential hazards,
level of PPE and safety procedures specified in approved site HSP. In addition, the plan's
emergency instructions, telephone number and directions to the designated emergency medical
facility shall be posted in a conspicuous location at the site command post, and shall be available at
each work site. At non-hazardous sites the field personnel will be made aware of the local health
facilities and their locations.
An assessment of the potential dangers must fre completed to determine the hazards that could affect
site personnel. The site HSP must specify the potential hazards and specify the necessary
precautions to mitigate the hazards.
Region VIII does not approve or disprove Health and Safety plans. It is the responsibility of every
inspector to ensure compliance with 29 CFR 1910.120.
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Region VIII Field Activities
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Section 1.7
Pg: 3 of 3
Health and Safety Plans must be submitted as a separate document and not be included as part of
a QAPP/SAP. The rationale for this is the potential liability an employee faces if these are
approved as part of a QAPP/SAP.
1.7.3 Training of Field Personnel
The required training and medical monitoring for field personnel who work at any field sites, in
accordance with 29 CFR 1910.120, is summarized below.
¦ Medical monitoring physicals (annual renewal if on-site more than 30 days per year).
¦ 40-hour hazardous waste ate training (no renewal required).
or
24-hour non-hazardous waste site training (no renewal required).
¦ 8-hour site safety refresher training (annual renewal).
¦ Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) certification (annual renewal).
¦ First aid certification (tri-annual renewal)
¦ Respirator fit testing (annual renewal or otherwise as required).
Hazardous waste site workers only.
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Region VIII Field Activities
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Section 1.8
Pg: 1 of 2
1.8 Standard Operating Procedures
NQXZ Not all of the following sections have been completed as of 8/96. Those that are complete have the date
of issue noted after the title.
SOIL SAMPLING AND BOREHOTJE TYRTT.T.rMr^,
BOREHOLE DRILLING AND SOIL SAMPLING
SOIL CLASSIFICATION AND UTHOLOGIC LOGGING
SURFACE SOIL SAMPLING
WELL AND BOREHOLE ABANDONMENT
MONITORING WF.T.T. INSTALLATION AND DEVELOPMENT
MONITORING WELL DESIGN AND INSTALLATION
WELL DEVELOPMENT JUNE 1994
GROUND WATER SAMPLING FTFJ.D MEASUREMENT AKTi A^rprpR
WELL PURGING JUNE 1994
GROUND WATER SAMPLING
WATER LEVEL AND NAPL MEASUREMENT IN A WELL OR BOREHOLE
SAMPLING OF POTABLE WATER SUPPLIES
AQUIFER TESTING
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Region VIII Field Activities
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Section 1.8
Pg: 2 of 2
SURFACE WATER AND
SURFACE WATER SAMPLING
SURFACE WATER FLOW MEASUREMENT
SEDIMENT SAMPLING
BIOLOttirAT , AIR. ANT) OTHlffll MTiPTA SAM1*1-™0
BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING - TERRESTRIAL
BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING - AQUATIC
AMBIENT AIR SAMPLING
FTCT n TvgrB^T^i^TATION ANT> ymP ffTTPOBT MEASUREMENTS
GUIDELINES FOR GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES
SURVEY CONTROL REQUIREMENTS JUNE 1994
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Region VIII Field Activities
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Date: September 1996
Section 1.9
Pg: 1 of 5
1.9 SELECTED REFERENCES AND ACRONYMS
i Q i CT^ f-rTPn REFERENCES
1. U.S. Department of the Interior. 1969. A Practical Guide to Water Quality Studies of
Streams. CWR-5.
2. U.S. Department of Energy. 1980. The Environmental Survey Manual. DOE/EH-0053.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1973. Biological Field and Laboratory Methods for
Measuring the Quality of Surface Waters and Effluents. EPA/670/4-73-001.
4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1974. Wastewater Sampling Methodologies and
Flow Measurement Techniques. EPA/907/9-74-005.
5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1977. Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution
Measurement Systems. EPA/600/4-77-027a.
6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980. Samples and Sampling Procedures for
Hazardous Waste Streams. EPA/600/2-80-018.
7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1981. NEIC Manual for Groundwater/Subsurface
Investigations at Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA/330/9-81-002.
8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1982. Handbook for Sampling and Sample
Preservation of Water and Wastewater. EPA/600/4-82-029.
9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1982. Environmental Monitoring at Love Canal.
EPA/600/4-82-030 a-d.
10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1984. Documentation of EMSL-LV Contribution
to the Kellogg Idaho Study. EPA/600/4-84-052.
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Region VIII Field Activities
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Date: September 1996
Section 1.9
Pg: 2 of 5
11. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1985. Quality Assurance Project Plan for the TSCA
and FTFRA Investigation Programs. EPA Region VIII. Air and Toxics Division.
12. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1985. Occupational Safety and Health Guidance
Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities. Publication No. 85-115.
13. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986. RGRA Ground-Water Monitoring Technical
Enforcement Guidance Document (TEGD). OSWER-9950.1.
14. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986. Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste.
EPA SW-846.
15. US. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986. The Quality Assurance Project Plan for the
NPDES Compliance Inspection Program. EPA Region VIII. Environmental Services
Division.
16. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986. Protocol for Ground Water Evaluations. EPA
Hazardous Waste Ground Water Task Force.
17. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1987. A Compendium of Superfund Field
Operations Methods. EPA/540/P-87-001.
18. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1989. Soil Sampling Quality Assurance User's
Guide. EPA/600/8-89-046.
19. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1989. Handbook for Suggested Practices for the
Design and Installation of Ground-Water Monitoring Wells. EPA/600/4-89-034.
20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1993. The Data Quality Objectives Process for
Environmental Decisions. QAMS Draft.
21. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. Management of Investigation-Derived Wastes
During Site Inspections. EPA/540/G-91-009.
22. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. Guide to Management of Investigation-
Derived Wastes. Publication No. 9345.3-03FS.
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Region VIII Field Activities
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Date: September 1996
Section 1.9
Pg: 3 of 5
23. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. Standard Operating Procedures and Quality
Assurance Manual. EPA Region IV. Environmental Services Division.
24. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1992. Standard Operating Safety Guides. June
1992. EPA Publication No. 9285.1-03.
25. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. EPA Requirements for Quality Assurance
Project Plans for Environmental Data Operations. EPA QA/R-5.
26. U.S. Fish and "Wildlife Service. 1989. Decontamination Reference Field Methods. Prepared
by USDOE/INEL/EG&G.
27. USEPA Region VIII Quality Management Plan, 1996.
28. NEIG Policies and Procedures Manual, EPA 330/9-78-001-R.
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Region VIII Field Activities
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Date: September 1996
Section 1.9
Pg: 4 of 5
1.9.2 LIST OF ACRONYMS
AC
Areal composite
AOC
Area of Contamination
ARAR
Applicable Relevant and Appropriate Requirements
CERCLA
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and liability Act
CFR
Code of Federal Regulations
CLP
Contract Laboratory Program
DE
Disposable Equipment
DIFW
Depth-Integrated Flow-Weighted (sample)
DNAPL
Dense Non-Aqueous Phase liquid
DO
Dissolved Oxygen
DOT
U.S. Department of Transportation
DQO
Data Quality Objective(s)
DTW
Depth to Water (in a monitoring well)
Eh
Oxidation/Reduction Potential, A.K.A (ORF)
EWI
Equal Width Increment
FPC
Flow proportioned composite
FQAO
Held Quality Assurance Officer
FSP
Field Sampling Ran
FSR
Held Sample Records
HSP
Health and Safety Han
HWC
Height of Water Column (equal to TWD-DTW)
IDW
Investigation-Derived Waste
lnapl
Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid
NAMS
National Air Monitoring System
NAPL
Non-Aqueous Phase liquid
NTU
Nephelometric turbidity units
OSHA
Occupational Health and Safety Administration
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Region VIII Field Activities
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Section 1.9
Pg; 5 of 5
PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyls
POTW Publicly Owned Treatment Works
PPE Personnel Protective Equipment
QA Quality Assurance
QAPP Quality Assurance Project Han
QC Quality Control
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RQAO Regional Quality Assurance Officer
SAP Sampling and Analysis Plan
SLAMS State/Local Air Monitoring Station
SPMS Special Purpose (Air) Monitoring Stations
SOP Standard Operating Procedure
TC Time composite
TCLP Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure
TCW Time-constant varying volume (flow composite collection method)
TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act
TSD Treatment, Storage and Disposal (Facility)
TVCV time-varying constant volume (flow composite collection method)
TWD Total Well Depth
VOA Volatile Organic Analysis
VOC Volatile Organic Compound
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Region VIII Field Activities
Revision 0
Date: September 1996
Tables
TABLES FOR
FIELD ACTIVITIES
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Region VIII Field Activities
Revision 0
Date: September 1996
Tables
TABLE 1
REQUIRED CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HOLDING TIMES FOR AQUEOUS MATRICES
FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE SAMPLING
(page 1 of 3)
Hame
Container1
Preservation
Maximum holding time
BACTERIAL TESTS:
Coliform, total
INORGANIC TESTS:
Chloride
Cyanide, total and
amenable to
chlorination
Hydrogen ion (pH)
Nitrate
Sulfate
Sulfide
METALS:
Chromium VI
Mercury
Metals, except
chromium VI and
Mercury
ORGANIC TESTS:
Oil and grease
Organic carbon, total
(TOC)
Purgeable Halocarbons
Purgeable aromatic
hydrocarbons
P. G
P, G
P. G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
G, Teflon-
lined septum
G, Teflon-
lined septum
Cool, 4°C, 0.008* Na2S203
None required
Cool, 4°C; if oxidizing
agents present add 0.6 g of
ascorbic acid per L;
adjust pH2l2 with ION NaOH
None required
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4°C, add zinc acetate
Cool, 4°C
HNOj to pH<2
HNOj to pH<2
Cool, 4°C2
Cool, 4°C*
Cool, 4°CJ
Cool, 4°C, 0.008% Na2S2032'3
6 hours
28 days
14 days
Analyze
immediately
48 hours
28 days
7 days
24 hours
38 days in glass,
13 days in plastic
6 months
28 days
28 days
14 days
14 days
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Region VIII Field Activities
Revision 0
Date: September 1996
Tables
TABLE 1
REQUIRED CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HOLDING TIMES FOR AQUEOUS MATRICES
FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE SAMPLING
(page 2 of 3)
Name Container1 Preservation Maximum holding time
ORGANIC TESTS, cont'd:
Acrolein and
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C,
0.008% Na2S20,
14 days
acrylonitrile
lined septum
adjust pH to 4-5
Phenols
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4 C|
0.008%
Na2S20j
7 days until extraction,
lined cap
40 days after extraction
Benzidines
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C,
0.008%
Na2S2Oj
7 days until extraction,
lined cap
40 days after extraction
Phthalate esters
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C
7 days until extraction,
lined cap
40 days after extraction
Nitrosamines
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C,
0.008%
Na^SjOj
7 days until extraction,
lined cap
store in
dark
40 days after extraction
PCBs
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C
7 days until extraction,
lined cap
40 days after extraction
Nitroaromatics and
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C,
0.008%
7 days until extraction.
cyclic ketones
lined cap
store in
dark
40 days after extraction
Polynuclear aromatic
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C,
0.008%
Na2s203
7 days until extraction.
hydrocarbons
lined cap
store in
dark
40 days after extraction
Haloethers
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C,
0.008%
7 days until extraction,
lined cap
40 days after extraction
Chlorinated
0, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C,
0.008%
N3 2 S 20 3
7 days until extraction,
hydrocarbons
lined cap
40 days after extraction
Dioxins and
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C,
0.008%
Na2S203
7 days until extraction,
Furans
lined cap
Cool, 4°CJ
40 days after extraction
Total organic
G, Teflon-
28 days
halides (TOX)
lined cap
Pesticides
G, Teflon-
Cool, 4°C,
pH 5-9
7 days until extraction,
lined cap
40 davs after extraction
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Region VIII Field Activities
Revision 0
Date: September 1996
Tables
TABLE 1
REQUIRED CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HOLDING TIMES FOR AQjUEOUS MATRICES
FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE SAMPLING
(page 3 of 3)
Name Container1 Preservation Maximum holding time
RADIOLOGICAL TESTS:
Alpha, beta and P, Q HNO3 to pH<2 6 months
radium
Polyethylene (P), or Glass (G)
2 Ad just to pH<2 with H2S04, HCL or solid NaHSO,
3Free chlorine must be removed prior to addition of HCL by
Source: SW-846, chapter 2
Revision 1, July 1992
Table 2-21
the appropriate addition of Na2S2Oj
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TABLE 2
Region VIII Field Activities
Revision 0
Date s September 1996
Tables
RECOMMENDED SAMPLE CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HOLDING TIMES
FOR SOILS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE SAMPLING
(page 1 of 2)
Analyte Class
Container
Preservation
Maximum holding time
VOLATILE ORGANICS
Concentrated Haste Samples
Liquid Samples
Ho Residual Chlorine
Present
Residual Chlorine
Present
Acrolein and Acrylonitrile
Soil/Sediments and Sludges
8 oz. wide-mouth glass
jar with Teflon liner
2 X 40 mL vials with
Teflon lined septum
caps.
2 X 40 mL viala with
Teflon lined septum
caps. See preservation
requirements at right.
2 X 40 mL vials with
Teflon lined septum
caps.
4 oz wide-mouth glass jar
with Teflon liner, or wide
mouth glass container
sealed with aseptum.
None 14 days
Cool to 4°C1 14 days
Collect sample in a 4 oz. 14 days
soil VOA container which
has been pre-preserved with
4 drops of 10 % sodium
thiosulfate. Gently mix
sample and transfer to a 40
mL VOA vial1. Cool to 4°C.
Adjust to pH 4-5, 14 days
Cool to 4°C
Cool to 4 C 14 days
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Region VIII Field Activities
Revision 0
Date: September 1996
Tables
TABLE 2
RECOMMENDED SAMPLE CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HOLDING TIMES
FOR SOILS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE SAMPLING
(page 2 of 2)
Analyte Class
Container
Preservation
Maximum holding time
BBMIVOIATIIJ; ORQANlCS/ORGftNOCHLORINE PESTICIDES/PCBs AMD HERBICIDES
Concentrated Waste Samples
Water Samples
No Residual
Chlorine Present
Residual Chlorine
Present
8 oz. wide-mouth glass
jar with Teflon liner
None
1 gal. or 2.5 gal.
amber glass with
Teflon liner
1 gal. or 2.5 gal.
amber glass with
Teflon liner
Cool to 4°C
Add 3 mL 10% sodium
thiosulfate per
gallon,
Cool", 4°C
Samples must be
extracted within
14 days and
extracts analyzed
within 40 days
following extraction.
Samples must be
extracted within
7 days and extracts
analyzed within 40
days following
extraction.
Samples must be
extracted within
7 days and extracts
analyzed within 40
days following
extraction.
Soil/Sediments and Sludges
8 oz. wide-mouth glass
jar with Teflon liner
Cool to 4°C
Samples must be
extracted within
14 days and
extracts analyzed
within 40 days
following
extraction.
'Adjust pH <2 with H2SO|, HCL or solid NaHSO,.
Source: SW-846, Chapter 4
Revision 1, November 1990 - Table 4-1.
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TABLE3
Region VIII Field Activities
Revision o
Date: September 1996
Tables
REQUIRED CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HOLDING TIME
FOR NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE PROGRAMS
(page 1 of 5)
Parameter No./Name
Container*
Preservation1'3
Maximum holding time'
BACTERIAL TESTS:
1-4. Coliform, fecal and total
5. Fecal streptococci
P.G
P.G
Cool, 4°C, 0.008% Na2Sj03s
Cool, 4°C, 0.008% Na2S}03s
6 hours
6 hours
INORGANIC TESTS:
1. Acidity P.G
2. Alkalinity P,G
4. Ammonia P,G
9. Biochemical oxygen demand P,G
11. Bromide P,G
14. Biochemical oxygen demand, P,G
carbonaceous.
15. Chemical oxygen demand P.G
16. Chloride P,G
17. Chlorine, total residual P,G
21. Color P,G
23-24 Cyanide, total and amenable to P,G
chlorination
25. Fluoride P
27. Hardness P,G
28. Hydrogen ion (pH) P.G
31, 43. Kjeldahl and organic nitrogen P.G
METALS:7
18. Chromium VI P,G
35. Mercury P.G
3. 5-8,10,12,13,19.20,22.26,29,30,32- P.G
34,36.37,45.47,51,52,58-60,62,63,
70-72,74,75. Metals, except
chromium VI and mercury.
Cool,
Cool,
4°C
4°C
4 C, H;SO( to pH<2
4°C
Cool,
Cool,
None required
Cool, 4dC
required
Cool, 4 C, H3SO, to pH<2
None required
None rec
Cool,
Cool, 4°C, NaOH to pH>12,
0.6g ascorbic acid5
None required
HNOj to pH<2, H2SO, to
pH<2
None required
4 C, H,SC
Cool,
HzSO, to pH<2
Cool, 4°C
HN03 to pH<2
HNOj to pH<2
14 days
14 days
28 days
48 hours
28 days
48 hours
28 days
28 days
Analyze immediately
48 hours
14 days6
28 days
6 months
Analyze immediately
28 days
24 hours
28 days
6 months
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Region VIII Field Activities
Revision 0
Date: September 1996
Tables
TABLE 3
REQUIRED CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HOLDING TIME
FOR NON-HAZARDQUS WASTE PROGRAMS
(page 2 of 5)
Parameter No./Name
Container1
Preservation2,3
Maximum holding time*
METALS, cont'd:
38. Nitrate
p,a
39. Nitrate-nitrite
p,a
40. Nitrite
p,g
41. Oil and grease
G
42. Organic carbon
p,g
44. Orthophosphate
p,g
46. Oxygen, Dissolved Probe
G bottle
and top
47. Winkler
G bottle
and top
48. Phenols
G
49. Phosphorus (elemental)
G
SO. Phosphorus, total
P,G
S3. Residue, total
P,G
54. Residue, Filterable
P ,o
55. Residue, Nonfilterable (TSS)
P.G
56. Residue, Settleable
P, G
57. Residue, volatile
P,G
61. Silica
P
64. Specific conductance
P, G
65. Sulfate
P# G
66. Sulfide
P,G
67. Sulfite
P,G
68. Surfactants
P,G
69. Temperature
P,G
73. Turbidity
P,G
4°C
4°C,
Cool,
Cool,
Cool, 4°C
Cool,
to pH<2
Cool,
to pH<2
Filter immediately,
Cool, 4°C
None required
4°C,
4°C,
H2SO, to pH<2
HCI or HzSO,
HCI or H2SO,
Fix on site and store in
dark
4 C, H2SO, to pH<2
HjSO, to pH<2
Cool,
Cool,
Cool,
Cool,
Cool,
Cool,
Cool,
Cool,
Cool,
Cool,
Cool,
Cool, 4°C add zinc acetate
plus sodium hydroxide to
pH>9.
None required
Cool, 4
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Region VIII Field Activities
Revision 0
Date: September 1996
Tables
TABLE3
REQUIRED CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HOLDING TIME
FOR NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE PROGRAMS
(page 3 of 5)
Parameter No./Name
ORGANIC TESTS1
13, 18-20, 22,24-28, 34-37, 39-43,
45-47, 56, 66, 88, 92-95,97.
Purgeable Halocarbons
6, 57, 90, Purgeable aromatic
hydrocarbons
3, 4, Acrolein and acrylonitrile
23, 30, 44, 49, 53, 67, 70, 71, 83,
85, 96 Phenols11.
7, 38, Benzidines11
14, 17, 48, 50-52. Phthalate esters11
72-74. Nitrosamines11'11
76-82, PCBs11 acrylonitrile
54, 55, 65, 69. Nitroaromatics and
isophorone11
1, 2, 5, 8-12, 32, 33, 58, 59, 64, 68,
84, 86. Polynuclear aromatic
hydroca rbons11
15, 16, 21, 31, 75. Haloethers11
29, 35-37, 60-63, 91. Chlorinated
hydrocarbons11
87. TCDD11
Container1
Preservation1
Maximum holding time*
0, Teflon- Cool, 4°C, 0.008% Na2S203s
lined septum
0, Teflon- Cool, 4°C, 0.008* Na2S203s
lined septum HC1 to pH2#
a, Teflon- Cool, 4°C, 0.008% Na2S20,5
lined septum Adjust pH to 4-51#
G, Teflon- Cool, 4°C, 0.008% Na2S2035
lined cap
G, Teflon-
lined cap
G, Teflon-
lined cap
G, Teflon-
lined cap
G, Teflon-
G, Teflon-
lined cap
G, Teflon-
lined cap
G, Teflon-
lined cap
G, Teflon-
lined cap
G, Teflon-
lined cap
Cool, 4°C, 0.008% Na2S20,s
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4°C, store in dark,
0.008% Na2S20,'
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4°C, 0.008% Na2S203s
store in dark.
Cool, 4°C, 0.008% Na2S20,5
store in dark.
Cool, 4°C, 0.008% Na2S20,s
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4°C, 0.008% Na2S203s
14 days
14 days
14 days
7 days until
extraction;
40 days after
extraction
7 days until
extraction11
7 days until
extraction;
40 days after
extraction.
7 days til extr.,
40 days after
7 days til extr.,
40 days after
7 days til extr.,
40 days after
7 days til extr.,
40 days after
7 days til extr.,
40 days after
7 days til extr.,
40 days after
7 days til extr.,
40 days after
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Region VIII Field Activities
Revision 0
Date: September 1996
Tables
TABLE 3
REQUIRED CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HOLDING TIME
FOR NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE PROGRAMS
(page 4 of 5)
Parameter No./Name
Container1
Preservation2,3
Maximum holding time'
PESTICIDES TESTS:
1-70. Pesticides11
<3, Teflon- Cool, 4°C, pH 5-9"
lined cap
7 days til extr.,
40 days after
6 months
RADIOLOGICAL TESTS:
1-5. Alpha, beta and radium
P,0
HNOj to pH<2
TABLE 3 NOTES:
Polyethylene (P) or Glass (G)
2Sample preservation should be performed immediately upon sample collection. For composite chemical samples each aliquot
should be preserved at the time of collection. when use of an automated sampler makes it impossible to preserve each
aliquot, then chemical samples may be preserved by maintaining at 4eC until
compositing and sample splitting is completed.
3when any sample is to be shipped by common carrier or sent through the United States Mails, it must comply with the
Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations (49 CFR part 172). The person offering such material for
transportation is responsible for ensuring such compliance. For the preservation requirements of Table II, the Office of
Hazardous Materials, Materials Transportation Bureau, Department of Transportation has determined that the Hazardous
Materials Regulations do not apply to the following materials: Hydrochloric acid (HCI) in water solutions at concentrations
of 0.04*:by weight or less (pH about 1.96 or greater); Nitric acid (HN03) in water solutions at concentrations of 0.15* by-
weight or less (pH about 1.62 or greater); Sulfuric acid (HzS0() in water solutions at concentrations of 0.35* by weight
or less (pH about 1.15 or greater); and Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in water solutions at concentrations of 0.080* by weight
of less (pH about 12.30 or less).
'Samples should be analyzed as soon as possible after collection. The times listed are the maximum times that samples may
held before analysis and still be considered valid. Samples may be held for longer periods only if the permittee, or
monitoring laboratory, has data on file to show that the specific types of samples under study are stable for the longer
time, and has received a variancB from the Regional Administrator under S 136.3(e) . Some samples may not be stable for the
maximum time period given in the table. A permittee, or monitoring laboratory, is obligated to hold the sample for a
shorter time if knowledge exists to show that this is necessary to maintain sample stability. See § 136.3(e) for details.
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Region VIII Field Activities
Revision 0
Date: September 1996
Tables
TABLE3
REQUIRED CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HOLDING TIME
FOR NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE PROGRAMS
(page 5 of 5)
^Should only be used in the presence o£ residual chlorine.
Maximum holding time is 24 hours when sulfide is present. Optionally all samples may be tested with lead acetate paper
before pH adjustment in order to determine if sulfide is present. If sulfide is present, it can be removed by the addition
of cadtatxum nitrate powder until a negative spot test is obtained. The sample is filtered and then NaOH is added to pH 12.
^Samples should be filtered immediately on-site before adding preservative for dissolved metals.
^Guidance applies to samples to be analyzed by GC, LC, or GC/MS for specific compounds.
'Sample receiving no pH adjustment must be analyzed within seven days of sampling.
1QIhe pH adjustment is not required if acrolein will not be measured. Samples for acrolein receiving no pH adjustment must
be analyzed within 3 days of sampling.
nWhen the extractable analytes of concern fall within a single chemical category, the specified preservative and maximum
holding times should be observed for optimum safeguard of sample integrity, when the analytes of concern fall within two
of more chemical categories, the sanyare may be preserved by cooling to 4C, reducing residual chlorine with 0.008% sodium
thiosulfate, storing in the dark, ana adjusting the pH to 6-9; samples preserved in this manner may be held for seven days
before extraction and for forty days after extraction. Exceptions co this optional preservation ana holding time procedure
are noted in footnote 5 (re the requirement for thiosulfate reduction of residual chlorine), and footnotes 12, and 13 (re
the analysis of benzidine).
"if l,2-diphenylhydrazine is likely to be present, adjust the pH of the sample to 4.0±0.2 to prevent rearrangement to
benzidine.
"Extracts may be stored up to 7 days before analysis if storage is conducted under an inert (oxidant-free) atmosphere.
"For the analysis of diphenylnitrosamine, add 0.008% Na2S203 and adjust pH to 7-10 with NaOH within 24 hours of sampling.
l5The pH adjustment may be performed upon receipt at the laboratory and may be omitted if the samples are extracted within
72 hours or collection. For the analysis of aldrin, add 0.00B% Na2S2Oj.
Source .* 40 CFR 136.3(b) Table II
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Region VIII Field Activities
Revision o
Date: September 1996
Tables
TABLE4
TOXICITY CHARACTERISTIC LEACHING PROCEDURE (TCLP)
Sample Maximum Holding Tim** (Day*)
From Field
Collection to
TCLP
Extraction
From TCltP
Extraction to
Preparative
Extraction
From Preparative
Extraction to
Determinative
Analysis
Total
Time
Volatiles 14
Semivolatiles 14
Mercury 28
Metals 180
NA
7
NA
NA
14
40
28
180
28
61
56
360
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Region VIII Field Activities
Revision 0
Date: September 1996
Tables
TABLES
GUIDELINES FOR MINIMUM QA/QC SAMPLES1
FOR FIELD SAMPLING PROGRAMS
I Medium
Repli*
catea
Field ,
Blanks
Trip ,
Blanks
Rinseate Blanks3
Background
Samples
Aqueous
one in
twenty
one
per
samp-
ling
area
one per
shipping
container
with VOC
samples
one per 20
decontaminat ion
procedures
minimum of one
per sampling
event per
medium
Soil,
Sediment
one in
twenty
one
per
samp-
ling
area
one per
shipping
container
with VOC
samples
one per 20
decontamination
procedures
minimum of one
per sampling
event per
medium
Air
one in
twenty
one per
shipping
container
with VOC
samples
one per 20
decontamination
procedures
minimum of one
per sampling
event per fl
medium 1
Source
Material
one in
twenty
one
per
samp-
ling
area
one per 20
decontamination
procedures
NOTRSi l) QA/QC requirements on a site-specific basis may dictate a more stringent frequency. Laboratory blanks
and spikes are method-specific and are not included in this table. However, as a minimum. 10% of laboratory
analyses must be QC samples.
2) Field blanks are reguired when background contamination of the breathing zone is detected. One should be
collected from each different industrial or functional area sampled during the most active time of day.
3) Replicate and rinseate samples are collected at the minimum rate of 1 per 20 samples/decon. procedures.
If fewer than 20 samples are collected, one replicate and one rinseate sample must be collected.
4) Trip blanks are prepared in the laboratory or at another off-site location from distilled or deionized
water. They are -never prepared on-site, or from soils or other solid material.
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Region VIII Field Activities
Revision 0
Date s September 1996
Tables
TABLE 6
STANDARD PRESERVATIVES LISTED IN THE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
TABLE (49 CFR 1 172.101) USED BY EPA FOR PRESERVATION OF WATER,
EFFLUENT, BIOLOGICAL SEDIMENT AM) SLUDGE SAMPLES
Preservative
San^jle Type/Parameter
RecomncnJed pH
Quantity of
Preservative Added
Weight X
of
Preservatf
on
Hazard
Class
DOT Label
Packaging
Exceptions
Specific
Requirements
<49 CFR)
HCX
Organic Carbon
< 2 (»1.9)
2 ml of 1:1
0.04
Corrosive
material
Corrosive
173.244
173.263
HgCl,
Nitrogen Species
N.A.
40 mg
0.004
Poison B
Poison
173.364
173.372
HNO,
Metals, Hardness*
< 2 <«1.6>
3ml of 1:1
0.15
Oxidizer;
corrosive
material
Oxidizer
and
corrosive
; t
poison
corrosive
None
173.260
H,SO,
Nitrogen species,
COD,
Oil&Srease P
(hydrolyzable),
Organic Carbon
< 2 ("1.1SJ
2 ml of 36N
0.35
Corrosive
material
Corrosive
173.244
173.248
173.272
1 NaOH
Cyanide
> 12 (*12.3)
2 ml of ION
o.oeo
Corrosive
material
Corrosive
173.244
173.245(b)
H.PO,
Phenollcs
< 4
Sufficient to
yield desired pH
Varies
Corrosive
material
Corrosive
173.244
173.245
Freezing
0°C
(Dry IceJ
Biological -
Fish t shellfish
tissue**
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
None
None
None
173.615
If samofe must be shipped by passenger aircraft or raHcar. the sample may be Initially preserved by kino and ^mediately shipping It to the laboratory. Upon mcefpt In the laboratory, the sample must be
ackflfted with conc. HNO, topH2. Aftlme of analysis, sample container should be thoroughly rinsed wroi I; 1HNO* washings should be adddd Id sample.
Dry Is classified as an ORN-A hazard by DOT. Them are no labeling requirements for samples pmsarved with dtyba. but samples must be packaged In accordance with the requirements of 49 CFR
173.615 and advance arrangements must be made between the shipper and the air carrier.
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Region VIII Field Activities
Revision 0
Date: September 1996
Tables
EXHIBIT A
EXAMPLE OUTLINE OF A SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS PLAN
(page 1 of 2)
I. TITLE PAGE
A- Name of Project
B. Name of Lead Group (State, County, Contractor, etc.)
C. Signature Lines for approval
1. Project Officer
2. Project Officer's First Line Supervisor
3. Others if wanted (e.g., Section, Branch Chiefs)
II. BACKGROUND
A. Site Location
B. What has happened (spills, ponds - covered, constructed, etc.)
C. What types of samples have been taken and summary of data.
Consider the hazard and include (i.e., 0-10 ppm, 10-150,000 ppm,
>150,000 ppm).
III. DATA QUALITY OBJECTIVES
A. What needs to be proved?
B. How can we prove it with resources available?
C. Consider health problems for humans, wildlife, and livestock
IV. SAMPLES AND PARAMETERS (volatile organics, semivolatiles, metals, etc.)
A. Locations (surface, ponds, streams, air, tanks, barrels, etc.)
B. Types
1. Soil
2. Sediment
3. Water
4. Animal tissue
5. Plant tissue
6. Bioassay
C. Preservation, holding times, containers
D. How will samples be collected?
E. Decontamination of sampling equipment (if needed)
F. Disposal of purged waters (groundwater sampling)
®. Disposal of decontamination rinsates
v. FIELD QUALITY CONTROL (QC) SAMPLES
A. Background (Least Affected/natural Area)
B• Duplicates (surface water or other homogeneous matrix)
C. Field blanks
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Region VTII Field Activities
Revision 0
Date: September 1996
Tables
EXHIBIT A
EXAMPLE OUTLINE OF A SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS PLAN
(page 2 of 2)
D. Equipment/decontamination blanks
(only if equipment needs to be decontaminated)
E. Trip blanks (VOAs only)
F. Other background or control samples
VI. CALIBRATION AND MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENT
A. Calibration Methods
B. Documentation
C. Equipment Repair
VII. ANALYTICAL METHODS AND QUALITY CONTROL SAMPLES
A. 40 CFR 136
B. SW-846
C. Other approved methods
(consider the detection levels you need for data quality objectives)
VIII. LABORATORY
A. Name and location
B. How shipment will be made
IX. CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY
A. Tags
B. Custody Sheets - Discuss documentation
<«ho .ign., what information i. included on both
c. Shipping container. - Hov win the,, ^ sealsd? '
X. DATA VALIDATION
A. Check for QC contamination
B. Check precision of field samples
C. Check precision and accuracy of laboratory anal •
d. Overall data usability ysis
XI. HEALTH AND SAFETY
A. Site safety plan
1. Safety equipment and clothing
2. Local and emergency facilities
xii. repqrt^genitcation^ generate ^ in what t.me
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Region VIII Field Activities
Revision 0
Date: September 1996
Tables
EXHIBIT B
ELEMENTS REQUIRED IN A
QUALITY ASSURANCE PROJECT PLAN
A1 Title and Approval Sheet
A2 Table of Contents
A4 Project/Task Organization
A5 Problem Definition/Background
A6 Project/Task Description
A7 Data Quality Objectives £or Measurement Data
Bl Sampling Process Design (Experimental Design)
B2 Sampling Methods Requirements
B3 Sample Handling and Custody Requirements
B4 Analytical Methods Requirements
B5 Quality Control Requirements
B7 Instrument Calibration and Frequency
CI Assessments and Response Actions
Di Data Review, Validation and Verification Requirements
D2 Validation and Verification Methods
D3 Reconciliation with DQOs
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AQENCY
REGION VIII
99918TH STREET
Denver, Colorado 80202-2405
®EFA
MEPA414A(T-M)
6USQPO: 1997-575-0Z2
Protest Code
Station No.
Month/Oay/Yaar
Him
DMigmir.
Comp. 0«fc
00
E
or
§
Station Li
m«M
Ml
4
I Bacteriology
1
1
f
Priority PoUutants
OrgamcsGC/MS
Oil and Grease
Cyanide
Mercury
1
COD, TOC, Nutrients
P
!
w
w
ANALYSES
* 1
~ ••
s
*,
m'
S 5
fl U
» M
« 3
•8 £
rt p.
ft H H
Isgg
8So8
-------
U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AQENCY
region vin, one Denver place
PROJ.NO.
PROJECT NAME
NO.
/////// REMARKS
SAMPLERS: (SigilMtui*)
OP '
CON.
STAT. MO
| DATE
TIME
I
J
STATION LOCATION
TAMERS
1
I HUnquWwd by:
NwnM
1
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1
f
1
DttofTkn*
1
by: (S/fnHur*).
R*Un<|ut*tod <>y: ISIgi*tUM)
Oiwnw
1
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W»>hiqMlHnd bptSJ/rtttyrr}
DMlffllM
1
Wte*l»»d by.(SJei>*lw»)
R*Hnquteh«d by: (^fgnatun)
DbWTHm
1
n»e»lv< to* LabotHoty by:
(Stfn*vr*i
OMfflM
1
Hum lit
WW .In Om»inll»«n«IHi«»Hi^IIIIW.fXHIUlWO—OmTI^WW:
~ *MXM U Bllfc'l* "" "" llantlwi
i
*!
I j
a
c
3
o
I
t &
.? H
CO
4 P-
ft p.
Q
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hi »id
B.H- H-
&C8P-
8So8
-------
J",,D "4V, UNITED STATES
«. fx r, ENVIRONMENTAL protection agency
I . J 1 OFFICIAL SAMPLE SEAL
SAMPLE WO. pTB
t
S
5IONATURE
''•"NT Uame AND TITLE (bupedor, Anatr* at ibchakMiQ
I
1
a
S
to
&
ft
B
3
H-
I
0.
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hh 5 5
Esse
(o *0 J5
n noli
-------
Region VIII Field Activities
Revision 0
Date: September 1996
Tables
XXHX8XT r
RKOSXPT FOR 8AKPLSS FORM
RECEIPT FOq CAMPfffg
• EPA
(0*K
(Name 4 TtUa at EPA Rmwimd (Signaum
OBCWPTTQW OF SAiimSS COL1PCTTO
W*# SaBt 8ainnt>
Nunser Tim CaWaead Type Vi
-------
EXHIBIT a
DECISION TREE FOR MANAGEMENT OF
INVESTIGATION-DERIVED WASTE
(Figure 1 of 3)
Region VIII Field Activities
Revision 0
Date: September 1996
Exhibits
to Figure 3 to Figure 2 to Figure 3 to Figure 2
(11 Soil cuttings, ground water, and decomemlnation fluids creating increased hazards at the site should be disposed off-site. Before and after the Site Investigation, determine anticipated waste
quantity and applicable regulations far waste generators.
(21 If not prohibited by other legally enforceable requirements such as state ARARs.
Justified only in rare circumstances when a RCRA nonha*atdous waste is a state hazardous waste, and the state's legally enforceable requirements call for waste removal; or If leaving the
waste on-site would significantly affect human health and the environment.
-------
EXHIBIT <3 Region VIII Field Activities
DECISION TREE FOR MANAGEMENT OP Revision 0
INVESTIGATION-DERIVED MASTS Date: September 1996
(Figure 3 of 3) Exhibits
(1) Only RCRA nonhazardous waste.
(21 Only RCRA hazardous waste generated in quantities greater than 100 kg/month when sent off-site.
13) In accordance with accumulation requirements for RCRA hazardous wastes.
(41 Only if the conditionally exempt small quantity generator exception applies.
(5) If the conditionally exempt small quantity generator exception applies, off-site disposal of decon fluids may not require subcontracting.
-------
EXHIBIT O
DECISION TREB FOR MANAGEMENT OP
INVESTIGATION-DERIVED WASTE
(Figure 2 of 3)
Region VIII Field Activities
Revision 0
Date: September 1996
Exhibits
(1) Clean PPE and DE may also go to the nearest landfill or to an EPA warehouse dumpster.
(2) If the receiving unit meets the oil-site policy acceptability criteria.
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