86 3 7
Report on the Seabird and Marine Mammal Censuses Conducted
For the Long-Term Management Strategy (L^MS)
August 1990 through November 1991
by
Paul A. crones
us Environmental Protection Agency
and
Isidore D. Szczepaniak
California Academy of Sciences
(Marine Mammals)
for
us Environmental Protection Agency
Region IX
San Francisco
July 1992
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TABLE OF CONTENT8
List of figures , ii
List of tables 111
List of appendices v
Executive summary . . ..vi
1. Introduction 1
2. Methods
Survey protocol 2
Data Analysis 4
3. Results
Weather, Observation,
and Hydrographic Conditions 4
Transect observations 4
General observations 4
Overall observations 5
Seabird Species 5
1. Species Distribution and Density 5
2. Seabird Diversity 8
Mammal Species 10
Sea turtles 13
4. Discussion
Seabirds 14
Mammals 16
Threatened, Endangered, and Other Species 23
5. Acknowledgements 26
6. Literature Cited 27
7. Appendices
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LIST OF FIGURES
1. Maps of station locations for each cruise.
2. Maps of density estimates of seabird species.
3. Canonical Correspondence Analysis biplots of seabird data
from August 1991.
4. Maps of marine mammals sightings by species.
5. Maps of marine mammals sightings for all cruises combined by
categories: 1) large whales, 2) medium-to-small cetaceans,
and 3 pinnipeds.
6. Range of median depth of ocean over which seabirds were
observed for all cruises combined.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9 .
10.
11.
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13
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LIST OP TABLES
Cruise dates and vessels.
Species of birds observed during the 5 cruises-
Species of marine mammals and turtles observed.
Seabird density for the five cruises for the entire study
area from station data.
Percentage of seabird species (and numbers) observed and
expected in each of the study sites for all cruises
combined.
Percentage of mammal species (and numbers) observed and
expected in each of the study sites for all cruises
combined.
Most abundant and most frequently observed species of
seabirds for August 1990 (cruise 1).
Most abundant and most frequently observed species of
seabirds for February 1991 (cruise 2).
Most abundant and most frequently observed species of
seabirds for May 1991 (cruise 3).
Most abundant and most frequently observed species of
seabirds for August 1991 (cruise 4).
Most abundant and most frequently observed species of
seabirds for October 1991 (cruise 5).
Most abundant and most frequently observed species of
seabirds for study site 2.
Most abundant and most frequently observed species of
seabirds for study site 3.
Most abundant and most frequently observed species of
seabirds for study site 4.
Most abundant and most frequently observed species of
seabirds for study site 5.
Number of groups and individuals of marine mammals seen
during August 1990 (cruise 1) .
Number of groups and individuals of marine mammals seen
during February 1991 (cruise 2).
Number of groups and individuals of marine mammals seen
during May 1991 (cruise 3).
Number of groups and individuals of marine mammals seen
during August 1991 (cruise 4).
Number of groups and individuals of marine mammals seen
during October 1991 (cruise 5).
in
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Cruise participants
Descriptive Statistics for seabird and marine mammal
species.
Box plots of environmental variables for seabird and marine
mammal species.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In support of the Ocean Studies Plan (EPA 1991) of the Long-Term
Management Strategy (LTMS), we censused seabirds and marine
mammals from vessels engaged in oceanographic research during
five cruises between August 1990 and October/November 1991. The
Ocean Studies Plan describes the scientific work that "will
support the preparation of a thorough and technically defensible
Environmental Impact statement (EIS) which evaluates the
designation of an ocean dredged-material disposal site." Our
study was performed as part of the Ocean Studies plan. This Plan
describes the full range of research to be done in physical
oceanography, benthic infauna and sediments, epifauna and
fisheries, as well as additional marine bird and mammal studies.
Four study sites were predetermined by US EPA staff as potential
locations for the disposal of dredged material from the San
Francisco Bay. Our study area was the shelf, slope, and offshore
waters in the vicinity of the Gulf of the Farallones, bounded to
the north and south by the 37° and 38° parallels, and to the east
and west by the coastline and the meridian at about 123°41'W.
The goals of the study were:
(1) to generally report on the abundance and distribution of
seabirds and marine mammals in the study area, and
(2) to determine if there were any differences among the
four EPA-designated study sites in usage by seabirds and
marine mammals.
We participated in five cruises that lasted from 5-12 days (in
August 1990; February, May, August, and October/November 1991).
We censused a total of 391 stations that covered 472 km2. The
number of stations sampled during the five cruises was 110, 52,
59, 107, and 63, respectively.
Of the 103 migratory and breeding species of seabirds on the
California state list, we observed 47 species (including
phalaropes, but not including seven other shorebird species).
Overall seabird density for all cruises was 28.2 birds km"2. We
measured a low of 9.0 birds km"2 during the August 1990 (when we
censused mostly slope and offshore waters) and a high of
56.5 birds km'r during the cruise in May 1990.
As expected, the seasonal abundance and distribution of seabirds
and mammals•changed as animals migrated in and out of the study
area and engaged in breeding activities at the Farallon Islands.
During August, several locally breeding seabird species (Western
Gull, Cassin's Auklet, and Common Murre), as well as some regular
visitors (Sooty Shearwater, Pink-footed Shearwater, Black-footed
Albatross, Red Phalarope, and Red-necked Phalarope) were the most
abundant and frequently observed species. In February and
October/November, the avifauna was dominated by wintering
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populations of the Northern Fulmar; Western, California and
Herring Gulls; Black-legged'Kittiwake; and Rhinoceros and
Cassin's Auklet. During the cruise in Hay, the Sooty Shearwater
was the most abundant and most frequently observed species. Also
abundant was the Western Gull, Common Murre, and the two species
of phalaropes.
Preferences by certain seabirds for oceanic conditions described
by depth, temperature, salinity, and distance from land were
indicated by a canonical correspondence analysis. The Common
Murre, Red-necked Phalarope, Brandt's Cormorant, and Western Gull
appeared to have an affinity for water of relatively high
salinity and low temperature close to land. We also found
Cassin's Auklets preferred conditions that were farther from land
where the water was warmer and less saline, opposite to the first
group.
The sooty Shearwater, Brown Pelican, Brandt's Cormorant, both
phalaropes, Western Gull, Common Murre and Rhinoceros Auklet were
found often and in relatively high densities over the shelf.
Also, we censused over twice the expected number of birds within
the study site on the shelf. This finding further emphasizes the
importance of this shelf habitat to a large number of seabird
species. In one of the EPA study areas and adjacent waters on
the slope (from the shelf break to 1800 m), we found several
species (Black-footed Albatross, Pink-footed and Sooty
Shearwaters, Ashy Storm-Petrel, both phalaropes, Western Gull,
and Cassin's Auklet) in moderate to high densities. In a study
site south of Pioneer Canyon, we observed only one quarter of the
number of individual birds (and fewer groups) than expected.
Over a site west of the Farallon Islands, there were one half to
two thirds of the expected number of individuals and groups of
seabirds.
The number of cetaceans (9 species total) and pinnipeds
(5 species total) seen in the study area was generally much
higher in late summer and the fall as compared to the winter and
spring. Blue and humpback whales were seen in relatively high
numbers in August, as were Dall's porpoise, California sea lions
and northern fur seals. The winter cruise was depauperate
(Dall's porpoise, California sea lion, and northern fur seal
accounted for 95% of sightings), unlike the fall cruise during
which 9 species of marine mammals were sighted (including an
uncommon group of short-finned pilot whales). The Dall's
porpoise, northern fur seal, and California sea lion, were again
the most abundant species during the May cruise.
There was no difference between the observed and expected number
of individual marine mammals observed within the shelf study
site. By contrast, there were about 50% more individual marine
mammals seen in the study site north of Pioneer Canyon than
expected. The study site south of Pioneer Canyon and the site
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west of the Farallon Islands had fewer than expected individuals,
though the number of groups seen in latter area was the same as
expected.
Two leatherback turtles were sighted during the study period.
Overall, the study site on the continental shelf and the one site
north of Pioneer Canyon on the slope were the areas of highest
abundance and greatest frequency of usage by marine birds and
mammals during this study period.
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INTRODUCTION
A team of seabird and marine mammal observers, organized by EPA's
Oceans and Estuaries Section, Region IX, conducted surveys on 5
different cruises for the LTMS between August, 1990 and November,
1991 (Table 1 and Appendix 1). The R/V Farnella and R/V Point
Sur conducted geophysical and oceanographic research in waters
west and south of the Farallon Islands off of San Francisco,
California (see Figure 1). The study area was defined
approximately as the waters between the latitudes 37' and 38° N
from the shoreline to the longitude of 123'40'W.
During the study period, from one to four members of the team of
five biologists accompanied the hydrographic research teams (but
usually two or more; see Appendix 1) to census marine birds and
mammals encountered as the vessels conducted side-scan sonar,
coring, photographic, and other hydrographic operations. These
cruises were designed to accommodate the requirements of the
hydrographic studies. For this reason, the study areas were not
surveyed equally and the seabird and mammal censuses were
performed when the conditions of our predetermined protocols (see
Methods) were met.
The goal of the study was to assist EPA Region IX, working under
the auspices of the Long-Term Management Strategy, with the
selection of one of four proposed sites (see map for cruise
during February ,1991 in Figure 1 for locations) to be used for
the disposal of dredged material from the San Francisco Bay-
Delta .
Consistent with EPA's site designation criterion at 40 CFR §
228.6(a)(2), a specific objective of our study was to determine,
as best as possible, which of the four proposed disposal sites
would have the least overall effect on the seabirds and marine
mammals that breed and feed in or migrate through the Gulf of the
Farallones. Additionally, the Endangered Species Act (16 USC §
1531 et seq.) requires special consideration of the listed and
candidate species that reside in or migrate through the area.
For this reason we discuss endangered and specially protected
species in separate sections of this report.
General information on the occurrence, abundance and distributior
of seabird and marine mammal species is well summarized in
several existing publications (Ainley and Boekelheide 1990,
Ainley and Allen 1992, EPA 1991, Briggs et al. 1987) and will not
be discussed here.
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METHODS
Survey Protocol
We performed continuous observations from about sunrise to sunset
according to prearranged standard protocols. Observations were
taken from the ship's bridge from the side that afforded the best
observation conditions (taking wind direction and glare from the
sun into account). We rotated from the observer position to data
recorder every 15-minutes to minimize fatigue.
with exception of a small percentage of on-effort transects from
the cruise in August 1990, there was an observer and recorder
present during all the transects. As the ship travelled at a
relatively constant course and speed, we censused a strip 3 00-m
wide from directly in front of the vessel to 90° abeam. Animals
counted were detected with the unaided eye; however, verification
of number and identification of individuals was permitted using
binoculars as needed. Uninterrupted 15-minute periods were the
basic sampling unit. Whenever possible, we censused for 3
consecutive periods, then skipped one as a rest break.
All other observations were coded as "general observations" (see
Gould and Forsell 1989) and were not used in the density
estimates. However, both transect data and general observations
were used to compile species lists and seasonal occurrence
(Tables 2 and 3). Tables 2 and 3 also list the scientific and
common names for the seabirds, marine mammals, and turtles
referred to throughout this report.
We used US Fish & Wildlife Service data forms, as found in Gould
and Forsell 1989, for both general observations and for data col-
lected while on effort. We recorded data on ship's position,
course, speed, wind speed (knots), cloud cover, elapsed time,
observation conditions [per Gould and Forsell (1989)], transect
width (300 m, weather permitting? see below), water depth (m),
distance to land (nm; February 1991 and August 1991, cruises 2 &
4, only), sea surface temperature (SST, °C), sea surface salinity
(SSS, ppt), barometric pressure (mb), sea state, swell height
[per Gould and Forsell (1989)].
We periodically calibrated transect width using a range finder
(Heinemann 1981). Information on species identification, number
of individuals, group size, and behavior was also recorded. The
speed of the ship varied between 0-12 knots according to the type
of oceanographic work being performed. We considered a sighting
to be a "general observation" (per Gould and Forsell, 1990) if
the ship was traveling at less than 4 knots, or if it
significantly changed speed or course during the observation
period. All other determinations were noted on the data sheets
in accordance with the guidance and recommendations in our
protocols or in Gould and Forsell (1989). Observations were made
from a height-of-eye of 10 m (R/V Farnella) or 8 m (R/V Point
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Sur) from the port or starboard bridge wings, whichever afforded
the best visibility as described above.
In August 1990 (cruise 1) aboard the R/V Farnella, four observers
worked in two teams from 5-10 August. Two biologists censused
seabirds, while the other two censused marine mammals. A single
observer was on board for the remainder of that cruise. Three
observers participated in February 1991 (cruise 2), while two
team members participated in the other three cruises (Table 1 and
Appendix 1).
Data Analyses
The data from the field sheets were entered into dBase IV on a
standard IBM-compatible computer at EPA, Region IX. Data
analyses were performed: (1) by computations made using the
standard functions in dBase IV, (2) by a scientist at Point Reyes
Bird Observatory (PRBO) under contract with EPA [see Methods in
Ainley and Allen (1992) for details], and (3) by an EPA scientist
at the EPA Environmental Research Laboratory in Corvallis,
Oregon.
For statistical purposes, the data from 15-minute census periods
were combined into one "station" if the periods were continuous
in time and if the course of the vessel was constant. Figure 1
shows station locations for each cruise. The overall density
estimates (without confidence measures) and general summary
statistics were computed in dBase IV by EPA staff. The canonical
correspondence analysis (CCA) on data collected during August
1991 (cruise 4, the only cruise for which we had adequate sample
sizes to perform CCA), the maps of densities for the most common
species, the descriptive statistics, box plots of environmental
variables, and other maps were produced by Sarah G. Allen of
Point Reyes Bird Observatory (PRBO) and Dr. Christine A. Ribic of
EPA's Environmental Research Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon.
For more information on the CCA and other methods used to analyze
our data, see the Methods in Ainley and Allen (1992).
Sample sizes, except where noted otherwise, are represented by
the number of stations (e.g., see Table 12, Descriptive
Statistics for Environmental Variables). Ship following birds,
such as albatrosses, gulls, and fulmars, were weighted by a
factor of 0.3 to more equally represent their actual densities at
sea (Ainley and Allen 1992).
In the Results and Discussion sections, the terms "shelf,"
"slope," and "offshore" are used as defined in Briggs et al.
(1987) to correspond approximately to respective depths of 0-199,
200-1999, and >1999 m.
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RESULTS
A. General Sighting and Weather Information
Weather, observation, and Hvdroaraphic Conditions
in general, the weather was moderate throughout the duration of
the five cruises, However, we recorded estimated wind speeds
from 25-45 knots for over 24 h during the cruises in February,
May, and October 1991 (cruises 2, 3, and 5). During these
periods, strip widths were reduced to 200 m (at approximately
Beaufort 5) and 100 m (at approximately Beaufort 7) as required
by the predetermined protocols.
However, because of violations of certain statistical assumptions
in strip-transect analyses (C.Ribic, pers. comm.), the data
collected during the times when strip width was reduced were not
used in the statistical analyses. Detailed weather and
hydrographic information is available from the US Geological
Survey for August 1990 (cruise 1) and the Naval Postgraduate
School for remaining cruises.
Transect Observations
We censused a total of 391 stations (15-minutes each) during the
entire study covering 471.9 km2 (or 1.2 km2 per station). The
breakdown by cruise is as follows: no in August 1990 (cruise
1), 52 in February 1991 (cruise 2), 59 in May 1991 (cruise 3),
107 in August 1991 (cruise 4), and 63 in October 1991 (cruise 5).
The difference in effort is due to the variations in weather,
cruise length, daylength, and the ship's activity during the
cruises. The number of stations that were sampled in the EPA-
designated study sites (Figure 1) is summarized in Table 5.
General Observations
During the time the vessel was stationary or moving slowly, we
recorded birds and mammals observed in a 360" arc around the
ship. We made approximately 110 h of these general observations
during all 5 cruises, and the list of species seen is in Tables 2
and 3. These general observations were not made systematically;
therefore, they were used only to tabulate the species list and
their seasonal occurrence (Tables 2 and 3).
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B. Biological Findings
Overall Observations
We observed a total of 52 species of birds (not including several
landbird species; Table 2), 9 species of cetaceans, 5 species of
pinnipeds, and 1 species of sea turtles (Table 3) during the 39
days at sea that covered the 4 seasons.
Seablrd Species
1. Distribution and Density
The overall measure of seabird density is summarized in Table 4.
The highest concentration of seabirds occurred in May 1991
(cruise 3) with 56.5 birds/km2 estimated in 59 stations, and the
lowest in August 1990 (cruise 1, 9.0 birds/km2, 110 stations).
Except during the August 1991 cruise, statistical difficulties
associated with sample size prohibited the calculation of
confidence intervals for bird and mammal densities.
Density maps (Figure 3) were created for the five most abundant
species per cruise; therefore, not all species are mapped for all
cruises. The following summaries by species are derived mostly
from the maps (Figure 2), and to a lesser degree from the
descriptive statistics (Appendix 2):
Black-footed Albatross Diomedea niaripes August 1990 (Cruise 1)
This species was widely distributed at low densities throughout
the slope, and occurred in study sites 3, 4, and 5. The only map
for this bird was for August 1990 (cruise 1), during which all of
the stations occurred in slope and offshore waters. Though not
plotted, they did occur infrequently farther inshore (pers.
observ., Ainley and Allen 1992).
Northern Fulmar Fulmaris alacialis No maps
As mentioned under the section on Black-legged Kittiwake, this
common spring, fall, and winter visitor to central California was
seen in low densities in all areas. Tables 7, 9, and 11 (and
Appendix 2) show that this species was also on the list of
frequently observed species (though in all cases less than 10% of
the total) and was found in depths that averaged between 970 and
1700 m.
Pink-footed Shearwater Puffinus creatopus August 1990 (Cruise 1)
Pink-footeds, common visitors to the Gulf of the Farallones, were
found in low numbers throughout the slope waters and occurred in
and near study site 3 in moderate densities.
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in August 1990 (cruise 1) they comprised 14% of the total
observations and ranked highest in numbers of individuals seen
(Table 7), and in August 1991 (cruise 4) they were the fifth most
frequently seen species (Table 10).
Sooty Shearwater P. ariseus All Cruises except February 1991
(Cruises 1, 3, 4, & 5)
This very abundant seabird (2.7 to 4.7 million offshore
California, Briggs et al. 1987) was also widespread throughout
the study area in low to moderate densities and in all study
sites. In May 1991, Sooty Shearwaters were in the vicinity of
Pioneer Canyon in very high densities, and in high densities
northwest of the Farallon Islands and north of study site 5. By
contrast, they were absent in February 1991 (as expected since
this correlates with their breeding season in the austral
summer) .
Ashy Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma homochroa August 1990 (Cruise 1)
This species was found in low densities over slope waters south
of the Farallones, consistent with the findings of Briggs et al,
1987, Ainley and Boekelheide 1990, and Ainley and Allen 1992. In
August 1990, they were ranked fifth in the list of the most
frequently observed and abundant species (Table 7).
Brown Pelican Pelecanus occidentalis August 1990 & 1991,
October 1991 (Cruises 1, 4, & 5)
This species was not sighted frequently enough to enable
calculating and plotting densities on a grid map. However,
because of its endangered status, the sightings of Brown Pelicans
were plotted on a contour map. Though more abundant on the shelf
and upper slope, this species was seen in very deep water
(2000 m) to the south and west of the Farallon Islands.
Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus May, August, &
October 1991 (Cruises 3, 4, & 5)
As expected from the findings of Dohl et al. (1983) and Briggs et
al. (1987), this migratory species (over California waters) was
found in sometimes dense patches along the shelf and shelf break
(May), as well as over waters seaward of the shelf (October-
November) . As noted in the field, these birds were often seen
surface feeding in current shear and drift lines as well as in
large migrating flocks.
Red Phalarope P. fulicarius May and October 1991
(Cruises 3 & 5)
This species showed similar distribution and densities to the
closely related Red-necked Phalarope, but were found mostly over
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the slope or at the shelf break.
California Gull T,arus' californicus October 1991 (Cruise 5)
This gull typically migrates to the ocean in the post-breeding
period from September-February where it is a dominant member of
the marine avifauna (Dohl et al. 1983), and we were not surprised
to have found them throughout the study area in low to moderate
numbers. They did occur in somewhat higher densities near study
site 2.
Western Gull L. occidentalis All Cruises
This is the only species seen frequently enough that there are
density maps for all five cruises. Generally we found Western
Gulls throughout the study area in low to moderate densities, but
in high numbers near the Southeast Farallon Island (SEFI) where
there is currently a breeding population of about 25,000 birds.
They were generally scarce in deep water; however, over the upper
and middle slope there were moderate concentrations in all five
cruises south and southeast of SEFI, in or near study sites 2
and 3.
Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa tridactvla February 1991
(Cruise 2)
Like the Northern Fulmar (which was observed too infrequently to
generate a density map), this winter visitor was distributed in
low densities throughout the study area and in each of the study
sites.
Common Murre Uria aalae February, May, August, & October 1991
(Cruises 2 through 5)
Found almost exclusively over the shelf, Common Murres were
concentrated around the Farallones and other breeding sites near
the coast. They were measured in highest densities north of the
Farallon Islands.
Cassin's Auklet Ptvchoramphus aleuticus February & August
1991 (Cruises 2 & 4)
and
Rhinoceros Auklet Cerorhinca monocerata February 1991 (Cruise 2)
Both auklets were widespread in the Gulf of the Farallones, but
were observed in moderate to high (Rhinoceros) and very high
(Cassin's) concentrations between study sites 2 and 3 and south
of SEFI. They were also seen to the west and northwest of the
Islands during the winter and fall.
The range of median depths over which commonly observed seabirds
were seen in the Gulf of the Farallones is graphically presented
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in Figure 6 (descriptive statistics are in Appendix 2). The
abundant breeders, Brandt's Cormorant and Common Murre, were
found almost exclusively in shelf water, up to 100 m in depth.
The other common and abundant species that also breed on SEFI
[Cassin's Auklet, Rhinoceros Auklet (mostly a visitor in the Gulf
of the Farallones), and Western Gull] and several of the visitors
(Sooty and Pink-footed Shearwaters, California Gull, and the
phalaropes) were found in shelf and upper slope waters from a few
hundred to 1000 m.
Clearly, Leach's Storm-Petrel and Murphy's Petrel preferred the
deepest waters, and the Black-footed Albatross and Northern
Fulmar were primarily seen in the 800-2000 m range (though the
fulmar was also seen farther inshore). Ashy Storm-Petrels were
observed over the mid-slope. With exception of the albatross,
fulmar, and Leach's Storm-Petrel, the other species mostly
preferred depths landward of the 1000-m isobath.
In an attempt to determine if there were any tendencies for
seabirds to use certain study sites more than others, the
expected number of sightings (groups) and individual animals was
calculated proportional to the number of stations in each study
area (Table 5). It should be pointed out that this analysis was
performed on combined data (because of sample size limitations)
for all cruises and we recognize the potential bias this
represents.
However, we think the combined results were reflective of the
general patterns of usage among the study sites. In study site
2, the only site located on the continental shelf, we saw roughly
two times the number of individual birds as expected, and the
number of birds seen in study site 3 was also higher than
expected. In site 4, we observed only one quarter of the number
of individual birds (and fewer groups) than we might have seen in
that number of stations, and in study site 5 there were one third
to one half of the expected number of individuals and groups.
2. Seabird Diversity
Of the 103 migratory and breeding species of seabirds on the
California state list (Briggs et al. 1987), we observed 47
species (including phalaropes, but not including seven other
shorebird species). This compares to 74 species counted by
Briggs et al. (1987) in their statewide survey that spanned 8
years. In February, when most species present were gulls or
alcids, species diversity was notably lower than in the other
seasons (Tables 2, 7-11). Gulls and alcids were also numerically
dominant in February and October (Tables 8 and 11). During the
breeding season (Table 9), the Sooty Shearwater was most
abundant, followed by the Western Gull, migrating phalaropes, and
the Common Murre. By contrast, other breeders (such as Cassin's
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and Rhinoceros Auklets) were frequently observed, but not in
large numbers.
Tables 12 and 13 list the most numerous and frequently seen
species in study sites 2 and 3, respectively. Unfortunately, the
cruise tracks did not cross study sites 4 and 5 often enough to
warrant creating a such a table for those areas. We found the
typical assemblage of seabirds in study site 2 (Briggs et al.
1987), characterized by common breeding and wintering visitors
such as the Western Gull, Common Murre, Sooty Shearwater, and
Rhinoceros Auklet that are known to prefer shelf waters at
certain times of the year (Ainley and Boekelheide 1990, Briggs et
al. 1987, Dohl et al. 1983). Study site 3 is a mid-slope site in
which we observed species of tubenoses (Black-footed Albatross,
Sooty Shearwater, Ashy Storm-Petrel, and Northern Fulmar) as well
as gulls, auklets, and phalaropes.
The results of the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) for
August 1991 (cruise 4) graphically represent the relationship of
the species in this seabird community to the environmental
variables that were measured. To perform this analysis, the data
set was divided into two sets, referred to as set A and B [see
the Methods section and Ainley and Allen (1992) for more details
on CCA]. For both sets A and B, temperature and salinity were
important variables along axis 1 and depth and distance from land
were important along axis 2 (Table 14). The species with greater
than 10% variance explained by axes 1 and 2 for both sets of data
are five important local breeders and two of the most abundant
migratory species (Table 14), which means that most of the
ecologically important species found in the area are under
consideration in this analysis. In set A, 60% of the variance is
explained by axis 1 and another 17% is explained by axis 2. In
set B, those number are 48% and 26%, respectively (Table 15).
The cumulative percentage of variance of the species-environment
relation for each of the axes tested of 21 and 27% for set A (and
17 and 2 5% for set B) indicate a strong correlation that was
statistically significant (p<.01, Monte Carlo Permutation Test of
Significance).
The results of the descriptive statistics (Appendix 2) and box
plots (Appendix 3) are pulled together in the CCA biplot in a way
that permits visual groupings of species that are found in
definable sets of environmental conditions. It is probably worth
mentioning that the casual inspection of the box plots of sea
temperature for most species will show that they were found in
warmer water during August 1990, August 1991, and October 1991
(cruises l, 4, and 5 and cooler water in May 1991 (cruise 3).
One might be tempted to interpret these result in terms of
species' seasonal preference for a certain temperature range;
however, it might simply represent the range of ambient
conditions during those seasons.
9
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The CCA integrates these factors and demonstrates that the
distribution of some species of birds appears to have been driven
by the same suite of environmental variables. For example, the
Western Gull, Common Murre, Red-necked Phalarope, and Brandt's
Cormorant were found in an area of the biplot that represented
conditions of higher salinity and colder water (perhaps
indicating upwelling) than an area characterized by warm water
and low salinity where Cassin's Auklets were found. In both sets
A and B, Rhinoceros Auklets appear to have preferred deep waters
far from land and of high salinity. Sooty shearwaters (and to a
lesser degree the other tubenoses) were found to prefer deeper
waters of cooler temperature.
Mammal Species
The following species accounts are from the on-effort station
data and do not include the general observations.
Blue Whale Balaenoptera musculus August 1990 & 1991
(Cruises 1 & 4)
Blue whales have been regularly sighted in the Gulf of the
Farallones since 1983 (Calambokidis et al. 1989a, Webber et al.
1989) . They are most frequently observed starting in August and
continuing through November (Dohl et al. 1984, Calambokidis et
al. 1989a, Webber et al. 1989). All blue whales observed during
these cruises occurred in August, in waters west of the 100 m
isobath. Site 3 was the only one in which blue whales were seen.
Minke Whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata August 1990 & October
1991 (Cruises 1 & 5)
There were two sightings of minke whale during this study, both
sightings occurring on the shelf east of the 100-m isobath.
Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeanaliae August 1990 & 1991
(Cruises 1 & 4)
Humpback whales were the most frequently sighted baleen whale
during this study. This species was most abundant in the waters
between sites 2 and 3, along the edge of the continental shelf
and over the continental slope in a median depth of 385 m.
Pacific White-sided Dolphin Laaenorhvnchus obliauidens All
Cruises (except February 1991)
The Pacific white-sided dolphin was the second most frequently
sighted cetacean during this study. All the sightings were
10
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recorded in August and October in waters over the continental
slope ranging in depth from-290-3200 m. They were roost abundant
in the area in and-around site 3. They were also observed in
site 5. The Northern right whale dolphin is often observed in
mixed schools with the Pacific white-sided dolphin (Leatherwood
and Walker 1979). During this study we encountered two mixed
schools, one in August 1990 and the second in October 1991.
Northern Right Whale Dolphin LissodelPhis borealis August
1990 & 1991, October 1991 (Cruises 1, 4 & 5)
Our four sightings of this cetacean occurred over the continental
slope near study sites 3 and 4 and in association with
Laaenorynchus. This finding agrees with those reported by Dohl
et al. (1983) and Ainley and Allen (1992).
Short-finned Pilot Whale Globicephala macrorhvnchus October
1991 (Cruise 5)
During this study there was a single sighting of pilot whales
just west of study site 4. The pod of 25 animals included
several calves and was travelling at a uniform speed to the
south.
Risso's Dolphin Grampus ariseus October 1991 (Cruise 5)
There was a single sighting of Risso's dolphin in the southeast
corner of site 4 during this study. They were travelling south
in the same direction as the short-finned pilot whales, but were
about 10 miles landward of the pilot whales at the eastern
boundary of site 3.
Harbor Porpoise Phocoena phocoena October 1991 (Cruise 5)
During the entire study, we sighted only 2 animals in 116 m of
water at the southern end of the study area in November 1991.
Dall's Porpoise Phocoenoides dalli All Cruises
This species was the most frequently observed cetacean. They
were sighted in the deeper waters of the continental shelf and
slope. A majority of the sightings occurred in the summer. They
were most abundant in the eastern portion of site 3, although
they were also observed in sites 2 and 5.
Northern Sea Lion Eumetopias iubatus August 1990 & 1991
11
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(Cruises 1 & 4)
were two sightings of northern sea lions during this study,
one in study site 3 and the second in study site 5, both during
the month of August.
California Sea Lion Zaloohus californianus All Cruises
During this study, the California sea lion was observed in all
seasons and in all study sites, and it was the most abundant
pinniped seen overall. This pinniped was most abundant in August
in the vicinity of and within site 3, along the continental
slope, but was also observed in and near study site 5 west of
SEFI. The largest group observed in our study, 210 individuals,
was on the shelf break at the northwest corner of study site 2 in
August 1991. In general, they were found about 25 nm from land
in water depths that ranged from 35-2962 m (median = 385 m).
Northern Fur Seal Callorhinus ursinus All Cruises
This species was the second most frequently observed pinniped
during this study. They were observed on all the cruises in the
deeper waters of the continental slope. They were observed in
site 3, however, almost half of the sightings of this species
occurred in waters west of the study sites.
Northern Elephant Seal Mirouncxa anaustirostris August 1990,
May 1991 (Cruises 1 & 3)
Elephant seals are common in northern California throughout the
year. They feed in deeper waters of the continental slope to
depths of 1500 m (Ainley and Allen 1992). There were five
sightings of Northern elephant seals over the continental slope
during this study, three of which were west of Pioneer Seamount.
The number of cetaceans and pinnipeds seen in the study area was
generally much higher in late summer and the fall as compared to
the winter and spring (Tables 17 through 21). As was done fcr
the bird species observed in the four study sites, we calculated
the number of observed and expected individuals and groups of
marine mammals for all cruises combined (Table 6).
There was no difference between the observed and expected number
of individuals in study site 2; however, there were about 50%
more individual marine mammals seen in site 3 than expected.
Study sites 4 and 5 had fewer than expected individuals, though
the number of groups seen in study site 5 was the same as
12
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expected. The number of observed groups of animals was higher in
study site 3 than expected, which was consistent with the results
for individuals.
Sea Turtles
Leatherback turtle Dermochelvs coriacea August 1990 & 1991
(Cruises 1 & 4)
Soon after some of the crew left the R/V Farnella on a liaison
vessel on 10 August 1990, we sighted a leatherback turtle at
37°39.5'N and 122"49.2'W. Another animal was sighted during a
regular cruise on 17 August 1991 at 37°18.1'N and 123*07.2'W.
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DISCUSSION
1. Se&birds
When attempting to interpret the results of seabird .census work,
it is important to recognize that there is much observer bias,
which exists for several reasons. Ryan and Cooper (1989) found
low observer precision (51% for all birds combined) that was due
to two main sources: (1) failure to correctly categorize birds
(as in or out of the transect strip, ship follower or not), and
(2) failure to detect birds.
The degree to which a bird is conspicuous at sea is a function of
its size, color, and behavior, as well as of the weather and sea
conditions at the time of the sighting (Tasker et al. 1984, Ryan
and cooper 1989). Observer ability and fatigue is another cause
of variation in censusing results (Tasker et al. 1984). Other
elements of study design and methods affect results and
interpretation. For example, absolute abundances are difficult
to calculate because of scale-dependent variability (Haney 1985).
For the reasons explained above (especially when coupled with the
statistical difficulties associated with sample size and
measuring confidence intervals) comparisons on the level of
orders of magnitude are probably most appropriate. Rigorous
statistical comparisons among studies are either not possible or
inappropriate under these circumstances. It is with these
caveats that the results of our efforts were presented and
discussed in this report.
The overall density estimate for all cruises (28 birds km'2,
Table 4) is very similar to the estimate of seabird densities
(> 3 0 birds km"r) in areas of special importance (which includes
the Gulf of the Farallones) in Dohl et al. 1983. However, our
average is less than the average aggregate bird density
(50 birds km"2) in five areas of highest concentration (one of
which is Pt. Reyes to Monterey) reported by Briggs et al. (1987).
The lowest density of seabirds we estimated (9.0 birds km'2)
occurred during August 1990 (cruise 1), which was mostly a survey
of lower slope and offshore waters.
This is approximately equal to the 7.8 ± 0.9 birds km"2 for
offshore waters in Briggs et al. (1987). The highest density we
measured (56.5 birds km"*) occurred in May 1991 (cruise 4), not
surprisingly in the middle of the breeding season on the
Farallones and adjacent colonies on land. The densities
estimated in fall and winter were intermediate to the high and
low estimates. Briggs et al. (1987) measured densities of 111,3
± 19.8, 27.5 ± 2.8, and 7.8 ± 0.9 birds km"2 over the shelf,
slope, and offshore areas, respectively.
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In general, our cruise tracks ran perpendicular to the isobath
lines on the shelf (i.e., the tracks ran northeast-southwest),
which means that the density estimates were (except for August
1990) averages of shelf, slope, and offshore densities. As such,
our densities fall within the range of monthly mean averages for
all seabirds in waters off central and northern California in
Dohl et al. (1983, pp82-86). Briggs et al. (1987) report that in
certain areas along the coastline, including the area from Point
Reyes to Monterey, aggregate bird density exceeded 50 birds km"2,
as we found in May 1992.
Several seabird species were found often and in relatively high
densities over the shelf [Sooty Shearwater, Brown Pelican,
Brandt's Cormorant, both phalaropes, Western Gull, Common Murre
and the Rhinoceros Auklet (February 1991)]. Also, we censused
over twice the expected number, of birds in this area, which
further emphasizes the importance of this shelf habitat to a
large number of seabird species.
Dumping of dredged material at study site 2 could have excessive
negative impacts on the birds (and presumably their prey) that
use this area. Similarly, study area 3, and the waters between
sites 2 and 3, attracted several species (Black-footed Albatross,
Pink-footed and Sooty Shearwaters, Ashy Storm-Petrel, both
phalaropes, Western Gull, and Cassin's Auklet) in moderate to
high densities. Typically, high concentrations of Cassin's
Auklets and Sooty Shearwater are found in these slope waters from
80 m to 1000 m1 (Briggs and Chu 1986, Briggs et al. 1987, and
Ainley and Boekelheide 1990).
The CCA results might be useful in estimating which seabird
species having affinities for certain waters defined by depth,
distance to nearest land, salinity and temperature (Figure 3)
might be most affected by the ocean disposal of dredged spoils in
a certain location. For example, it appears that the Common
Murre, Red-necked Phalarope, Brandt's Cormorant, and Western Gull
all had an affinity for waters of higher salinity and lower
temperature water close to land (Figure 3), conditions suggestive
of study site 2.
However, much caution should be exercised in coming to these
conclusions. In their discussion of seabird habitat and habitat
choice, Briggs et al. (1987) suggest that "the importance of
temperature probably overshadows that of salinity to California
seabirds." Furthermore, they find Cassin's Auklets associate
with Common Murres, Western Gulls and Sooty Shearwaters; whereas,
we found Cassin's opposite of the murres and gulls in warmer,
less saline waters farther from land.
The distribution of seabirds during the study (Figure 3), as well
as the supporting descriptive statistics in Appendix 2 and the
results of the site comparisons in Tables 5 and 6, suggest that
15
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disposal activities in the deep-water sites farther from land,
namely sites 4 and 5, might have an impact on fewer species and
individuals than the same activities in the shallower study
sites 2 and 3. Ainley and Allen (1992) report highest species
densities and abundance in study site 5 (and site 2, though our
results are consistent with their findings regarding this study
site).
Possibly, there were seasonal or annual shifts in area usage by
seabirds and marine mammals that could account for this
discrepancy. Factors such as the El Nino-Southern Oscillation or
ENSO, large-scale population shifts, human activities, and food
and nest-site availability (Briggs et al. 1987, Calambokidis
et al. 1989, and Ainley and Boekelheide 1990) are known to induce
changes in animal numbers and behavior. Because these results
are not mutually exclusive, it.might be most prudent to consider
the combined results that indicate that study sites 2, 3, and 5
are important to the marine fauna of the Gulf of the Farallones.
o
We should also mention that the Ashy Storm-Petrel, whose numbers
in the Gulf of the Farallones represent 85% of the world's
population, forage regularly to the west and northwest of the
Farallones (Ainley and Boekelheide 1990, Ainley and Allen 1992).
Special consideration should be given to impacts to this species,
particularly if study site 5 is selected as the permanent
disposal site.
2. Mammals
Interpreting the results of marine mammal census work has
inherent difficulties [see excellent review by Hiby and Hammond
(1989)]. First, a marine mammal must be at the surface to be
sighted. The intermittent surfacing behavior and movement of
marine mammals, as well as the movement of a survey vessel will
serve to reduce the probability of a marine mammal surfacing
within the sighting region of the vessel (Stern 1992) . Second,
once at the surface, a marine mammal must be sighted by an
observer. The probability of a whale being sighted is a function
of observer behavior, and has been addressed in several studies
(Doi 1974; Doi et al. 1982; Doi et al. 1983; Hiby 1985; Hiby and
Thompson 1985; Thompson and Hiby 1985; Ward et al. 1986; Schweder
1990). Last, sightings are biased toward the daylight hours;
thus, the results of this study and similar studies may not be
representative of the nighttime distribution of nocturnal
feeders.
Of the 37 species of marine mammals known to occur in California,
32 species have been sighted or have stranded in the Gulf of the
Farallones or adjacent northern California waters. Of the six
species of pinnipeds recorded in this region, three have local
breeding colonies here (Huber 1985). Five species of small
16
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cetaceans breed in this area: harbor porpoise, Dall's porpoise,
Risso's dolphin, Pacific white-sided dolphin and northern right
whale dolphin.
During the summer and autumn months, six species of large baleen
whales (blue, humpback, minke, fin, sei, and gray whales) have
been seen feeding in the waters of the Farallon Basin (Webber et
al. 1989). Sperm whales have also been sighted in slope and
offshore waters (Dohl et al. 1983; S. Bailey, P. Jones, pers.
observ., described in the Results section), although none was
seen during this study.
Thus, the waters of the Gulf of the Farallones and the nearby
offshore waters represent an important feeding and breeding area
for many species of marine mammals. Spatial and temporal
distribution patterns of marine mammals have been documented off
the west coast in general (Leatherwood et al. 1982, Dohl et al.
1983) and in the study area specifically (Dohl et al. 1983,
Calambokidis et al. 1990, Webber and Cooper 1983, Webber et al.
1989, Ainley and Allen 1992). Our results support these previous
findings (Tables 3, 16-20).
Many more species of cetaceans and pinnipeds were seen in the
study site during the late summer and fall cruises than in winter
and early spring, which can be partially explained by the
increased food availability during the earlier period (see Ainley
and Boekelheide (1990) for a review of seasonal patterns in the
physical and biological conditions of the marine environment).
The other obvious cause for this difference is due to movement in
and out of the area in relation to the different breeding cycles
of the cetaceans and pinnipeds.
The number of individual mammals seen in study site 3 was 50%
greater than expected, which is similar to the results of the
same analysis for seabirds. We saw no marine mammals in study
site 4, and only one third of the expected number of individuals
in study site 5. These results are consistent with the seabird
usage of these areas from our study, and are slightly different
from the findings of Ainley and Allen 1992, who found that study
site 5 is also important to marine animals during the May-June
period.
Calambokidis et al. (1989a) reported that blue whales were
"significantly^associated with concentrations of marine birds,
primarily Cassin's Auklets and phalaropes." During this cruise,
blue and humpback whales were observed in the area of greatest
abundance of Cassin's Auklets (Figures 2, 4, and 5). Cassin's
Auklets breeding on the Farallon Islands feed primarily on two
euphausiids, Thvsanoessa spinifera and Euphausia oaciflca (Manual
1974, Ainley and Boekelheide 1990). Fecal samples from blue
whales feeding near the Farallon Islands contained primarily
Thvsanoessa spinifera (C. Ewald, personal communication). This
17
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trophic linkage probably explains why Cassin's Auklets and blue
whales were seen together.
Although the minke whale comprises a very small portion of the
baleen whale population of northern and central California (Dohl
et al. 1983), they are observed year round in the Gulf of the
Farallones (Ainley and Allen 1992) and in the Monterey Bay area
(Stern 1991). Mark and recapture analysis of photographs of
individual whales suggests that no exchange of individuals occurs
between the Gulf of the Farallones, the Monterey Bay area, the
San Juan Islands, Washington, and Johnston Strait, British
Columbia (Dorsey et al. 1990, Stern 1991). Resightings of
individuals within and between years suggests the possibility
that some whales may be year-round residents within these area
(Stern 1991). Studies to address this question are planned for
the near future (J. Stern, pers. comm.).
Minke whales were seen twice during this study while on effort,
shoreward of the 100-m isobath. This finding is consistent with
the spatial distribution patterns of minke whales in the Monterey
Bay area (Stern 1991) and in other areas of the northern
hemisphere (Horwood 1989) , suggesting that minke whales are
essentially shelf dwellers.
Minke whales off central California have been observed to feed on
a variety of prey including krill fThvsanoessa spp.) and
Euphausia spp.) and rockfish (Sebastes spp.) in the spring and
anchovy (Enqraulis mordax) in summer and fall (Stern 1991, Stern
and Long, in prep.). Stern (1991) also reports it is possible
that minke whales wintering locally feed on herring (Clupea
harengeus). Minke whales along the west coast of North America
are distributed in small and possibly isolated populations that,
unlike the other balaenopterids, may not make extensive
migrations out of the area. Therefore, they would rely on the
presence of suitable prey on a year-round basis (Stern 1991).
After the gray whale, the humpback whale was the second most
abundant baleen whale along northern and central California (Dohl
et al. 1983). They are most abundant in the Gulf of the
Farallones from August through October (Calambokidis et al.
1989b, Webber et al. 1989). They have been observed feeding on
subsurface schools of bait fish, euphausiids and pelagic red
crabs (Pleuroncodes planipes^ in the Farallon basin (Dohl et al.
1983). They were the most frequently seen baleen whale in this
study, and could be disturbed by dredging disposal activities in
study sites 2 and 3.
Kieckhefer (1991) has reported responses in feeding behavior by
humpback whales relative to prey abundance and red-tide
phenomena. If this species does respond to naturally occurring
phenomena in this manner, it is likely that their response (and
that of other visual-feeding marine predators) to a plume of
18
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dredged material would be at least similar.
Stern (1991; and other work in prep.) has done some modelling on
searching for prey, probability of prey detection, and foraging
rates in feeding whales. From these models, it is clear that a
decreased sweep width as the result of increased turbidity from a
dumping event would reduce the probability of a whale (or any
visual aquatic predator) detecting prey. While this seems
intuitively logical and simple, the implications are perhaps more
complicated and important.
A large mobile predator, such as whale, could simply leave the
area to search for displaced prey or a new patch of prey. This
assumes that individuals can find other areas and that the prey
that were expect to be in the impacted area are similarly
redistributed. It is not only.resource abundance, but also
availability, that dictates patterns of resource use (Weins
1984). The effect of reducing the availability of some
proportion of a finite and patchily distributed resource, or
requiring more effort to locate a unit of biomass of prey by
forcing a predator to search longer within a patch or leave a
patch to find another, will affect functional response.
Functional response is the relationship between the amount of
prey consumed per predator and the density of the prey (Stephens
and Krebs 1986, Pulliam 1989). A change in the amount of time
spent foraging also affects the amount of time available for
other activities, so that fitness in one set of environmental
conditions might be different in other sets of environmental
conditions (Tilman 1989). The question then arises as to what
cumulative effects these changes in predation patterns would have
on population dynamics, food web dynamics, and community
structure [e.g., Hastings and Powell 1991)].
The Pacific white-sided dolphin is the most abundant species of
cetacean in northern and central California (Dohl et al. 1983).
In the Gulf of the Farallones, it was the second most abundant
and third most frequently sighted species of small cetaceans
between 1983-1987 (Webber et al. 1989). They are most abundant
in September and October (Dohl et al. 1983, Webber et al. 1989).
This species feeds on small schooling fish and squid in the
epipelagic and mesopelagic region (Ainley and Allen 1992) . Jones
(1981) reported that squid, smelts, and midshipmen are the major
prey items of this species in northern California. Like many of
the other marine mammals (and seabirds) these dolphins were
sighted in the vicinity of study site 3 in water ranging in depth
from 290-3200 m (Figures 4 and 5).
According to Dohl et al. (1983), the northern right whale dolphin
was the second most abundant cetacean from northern and central
19
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California. They sighted this species in our study area in all
three years of their survey. From 1983 to 1987, this species was
the fifth most abundant species observed in the vicinity of the
Gulf of the Farallones (Webber et al. 1989). Northern right,
whale dolphins feed primarily on squid and mesopelagic fish
(Leatherwood and Walker 1979) feeding in waters over 250 m in
depth (Dohl et al. 1983). Like the Pacific white-sided dolphin
with which this species often associates, they were seen in four
mixed groups from the shelf break to deep water west of study
site 4.
The short-finned pilot whale is a rare visitor to the Gulf of the
Farallones. There is one stranding (Schonewald and Szczepaniak
1979) and one sighting (Webber et al. 1989) of pilot whales
previously recorded from this area. Because of its uncommon
status, this cetacean is unlikely to be affected by the
activities associated with dredged material disposal in the study
area.
Risso's dolphin is regularly sighted in the Gulf of the
Farallones. Dohl et al. (1983) reported sighting Risso's dolphin
in the vicinity of the Gulf of the Farallones during all three
years of their study. They were the fourth most frequently
sighted odontocete in the Gulf of the Farallones between 1983-
1987 (Webber et al. 1989). Risso's dolphin in this area appears
to feed primarily on squid (Orr 1966). Our single sighting of
this species belies its higher sighting frequency in the study
area; however, it seems unlikely that Grampus. like many of the
other smaller, highly mobile cetaceans, would be adversely
affected by dredging activities in the Gulf.
The harbor porpoise is the most commonly sighted marine mammal in
the Gulf of the Farallones (Webber et al. 1989). It is found
here year round, but is most abundant in the summer and autumn
(Calambokidis et al. 1990, Szczepaniak 1990). The population of
harbor porpoise in the Gulf of the Farallones has been estimated
as between 1268-2109 animals (Szczepaniak 1990, Calambokidis et
al. 1990).
The majority (89%) of harbor porpoise sightings occur in water
under 3 8 m (20 fathoms) and they are not usually seen in waters
deeper than 90 m (50 fathoms, Szczepaniak 1990, Ainley and Allen
1992), although during the cruise in October 1991 we sighted one
animal in 116 m (64 fathoms). The most common prey item of
harbor porpoise in the Gulf of the Farallones is juvenile
rockfish Sebastes spp. (Jones 1981). Based on the results of
previous studies (Calambokidis et al. 1990 and Ainley and Allen
1992), the only study site in which we expected to find harbor
porpoise was study site 2. Though impacts due to dredging
activities in study site 2 might heavily impact many other bird
20
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species, the effects on the harbor porpoise would probably not be
detrimental because pf its affinity for shallower waters
(assuming that there were no indirect impacts to the food web).
The Dall's porpoise is the most frequently sighted small cetacean
in the study area (Ainley and Allen 1992). They are found year-
round although they are most abundant in the autumn (Dohl et al.
1983). According to Jones (1981), the preferred food items of
Dall's porpoise from the Gulf of the Farallones is Pacific hake
fMerluccius productus^ and Pacific tomcod (Microqadus proximus).
He did not find squid in the stomach of any specimen examined.
Morejohn (1979), however, reported that squid (Loligo opalescens)
is eaten year round by Dall's porpoise in the. Monterey area.
The northern sea lion is one of the three species of pinnipeds
known to breed in this area. In" this area of California, their
diet consists primarily of rockfish, Pacific hake and flatfish
(Jones 1981). Because this pinniped was seen only twice during
this study, the impacts on this species from dredging activities
anywhere in the Gulf of the Farallones is likely to be minimal.
The California sea lion was the most frequently sighted pinniped
in the Gulf of the Farallones between 1983-1987 (Webber et al.
1989). Ainley and Allen (1992) report that it was the second
most frequently sighted pinniped during their survey of the study
area. California sea lions feed primarily on squid and small
schooling fish (Jones 1981). Pacific hake and northern anchovy
make up 87% of the prey items of this species in northern
California (Jones 1981). During this study, California sea lions
were observed in all seasons and were most abundant in August in
the vicinity of and within site 3.
This is in contrast to the findings of Webber et al. (1989) and
Ainley and Allen (1992), who reported that this species was most
abundant over the shelf. This suggests possible seasonal shifts
in resource usage (since the above authors did not census during
all seasons) or a peculiar event associated with this study
period [which is thought to coincide with the early part of a
weak to moderate El Nino-Southern Oscillation event (S. Ramp,
pers. comm.)].
Ainley and Allen (1992) reported that the northern fur seal was
the most common species of pinniped observed in the study area.
Unlike the California sea lion, the northern fur seal is more
commonly observed in the deeper waters of the continental slope
(Ainley and Allen 1992). Our results support the above findings
and those of Dohl et al. (1983) who report areas of high pinniped
density (>0.61 animals km"*) north and south of SEFI during the
fall and winter and moderate densities (0.151-0.60 animals km"2)
in the summer south of SEFI to Santa Cruz, Calif. During this
21
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study, the only study site in which this pinniped was seen was
site 3.
22
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3. Threatened and Endangered Species
Seabirds
The only endangered bird species seen during the study was the
Brown Pelican, which was observed during the cruises in August
1990 and 1991, and October 1991. They were seen in groups of 2-
10 animals over water depths that ranged from 44-3422 m (median
range was 80-1503, n=18; Figure 2 and Appendix 2). We did not
observe the American Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) or Peregrine
Falcon (Falco perearinus) during this study.
Marine Mammals
Two of the three baleen whales seen during this study (blue and
humpback) were listed June 2, 1970 as endangered under the
Endangered Species Act (50 CFR 17.11 & 17.12, January 1, 1989).
The minke whale, seen twice over shelf waters, is not listed at
this time. Outside of the areas in the western North Pacific,
minke whales were given Initial Management Stock status by the
International Whaling Commission, since no reliable stock size
existed (Horwood 1959). The results of Dorsey et al. (1990)
suggest that North Pacific minke whales are a distinct species
rather than part of a single cosmopolitan species (Amos and
Dover, 1991; Hoezel and Dover 1991; Wada and Numachi, 1991, Wada
et al. 1991; vanPijlenet al. 1991).
The gray whale is also endangered, but was not seen during the
study. Grays were most likely to have been observed in February
1991 (cruise 2), but most of the stations (46 out of 52,
Figure 1) were over deep shelf and slope waters where gray whales
are rarely seen (Rice and Wolman 1971, Poole 1984). They could
be disturbed by disposal activities in study sites 2 and 3. For
a review of the effects of human activities on whales, see Malme
et al. (1983) . They found that gray whales responded to the
sounds of undersea oil exploration activities up to 3 km away.
Both blue and humpback whales were seen over waters of the shelf
break and slope, primarily to the west and south of SEFI
(Figure 5). Nine of the 15 sightings of these species were
either inside study site 3 or between site 3 and the western
boundary of study site 2. Including animals seen while off
effort, we saw in August 1991 (cruise 4) a total of 10 groups of
humpbacks (23 individuals) and 9 groups of blues (17 individuals)
mostly in the areas south and southwest of SEFI. The humpbacks
were observed feeding in 91-1650 m of water, and the blue whales
were in depths from 87-1335 m. Dredging activity in that general
area could affect adults and calves of these species, which are
23
-------
known to use the Gulf of the Farallones as summer feeding grounds
(Calambokidis et al. 1989a 1989b, Ainley and Allen 1992).
Sperm whales are listed as endangered (50 CFR 17.11 & 17.12,
January 1, 1989), but were not seen during this study. However,
there have been several recent sightings of sperm whales in or
near the study area. An adult male was observed on July 29, 1989
from a vessel on a natural history excursion in relatively
shallow water of about 550 m at 37°31.6'N and 123°03.1IW (P.
Jones, pers. observ.). Two different large pods were seen on May
4, 1991 from another vessel on a similar trip in more than 3000 m
(one pod of 18 whales at 37°10.7'N and 123'42.9'W, the other of
17 whales at 37'05.7'N and 123*32.9'W; S. Bailey, pers. comm.).
These sightings support the findings of Dohl et al. (1983) who
report this species as a regular visitor to the area and the
sixth most abundant cetacean in "the offshore waters along the
California coast.
Northern sea lions, recently listed as a threatened species, were
only -seen at two stations during this study; once on the western
boundary of study site 5 and the other at the eastern tip of
study site 3. We agree with Ainley and Allen (1992) that "any
further degradation of habitat by pollution would be of concern
for this species," especially if the term "pollution" includes
impacts to the food web from the disposal of dredged material.
Sea Turtles
mi
The leatherback turtle is the most frequently observed sea turtle
in central and northern California (Dohl et al. 1983). They
reported that leatherback turtles were most common in the summer
and autumn months. Most of their sightings were in waters near
the 1800 m isobath. Our sightings were in much shallower water.
There have been numerous sightings and strandings of this species
in the Gulf of the Farallones since 1983 (Webber and Szczepaniak,
in prep.).
Although most of the sightings and strandings were in the summer
and autumn, there are records of leatherback turtles in this area
in the winter (Webber and Szczepaniak, in prep.). Some recent
work by Eckert (1992) has revealed that this turtle feeds
primarily on organisms in the deep scattering layer (DSL), and
follows the DSL as it makes its known diurnal vertical movements.
As mentioned above, we sighted a leatherback turtle in 54 m of
water at 37°39.5'N and 122"49.2'W. That animal was photographed
eating the inoon jelly, Aurelia aurita. Another animal was
¦ slghte~d~ in (168pm of water during a regular cruise on 17 August
1991 at 37 ° lETTl' N and 123*07.2'W.
24
-------
However, until more information is available on the trophic
relationships of the marine fauna of the Gulf of the Farallones
and on the effects of ocean disposal of dredged material on the
organisms that make up the food web, it will be difficult to
precisely determine the potential negative effects of these human
activities on sea turtles (and other marine organisms).
25
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Paul Jones extends special thanks to Steven F. Bailey, Michael W.
Newcomer, Don Roberson, Isidore D. Szczepaniak, Jon Stern, and
Marc A. Webber for their participation as observers-during this
study. I am also grateful for comments on this report from
Steven F. Bailey, Chrisitine A. Ribic, Sarah Allen, and Jon
Stern. Shelley Clarke, Sarah G. Allen, and Christine A. Ribic
deserve special thanks for their highly valued assistance with
the data analysis. We thank Shelley Clarke, Allen Ota, the crew
of the R/V Farnella, the scientists and staff of the
US Geological Survey and the Naval Postgraduate School, and
Stevenson Bliss and crew of the R/V Point Sur for their
coordination, support, and accommodation during the cruises.
26
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Manual, D.A. 1974. The natural history of Cassin's Auklet.
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30
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31
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Table 1.
Cruise dates and vessels
Cruise
Number Vessel
1 R/V Farnella
2 R/V Point Sur
3 R/V Point Sur
4 R/V Point Sur
5 R/V Point Sur
Date and Year
5-16 August 1990
13-18 February 1991
15-22 May 1991
12-19 August 1991
30 October-3 November 1991
32
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Table 2. Species of birds observed during the 5 cruises (for data collected while on effort and during
general observations.
Cruise
1 2 3 4 5
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
CODE
AUG 90
FEB 91
MAY 91
AUG 91
NOV 91
Pacific Loon
Gavia oacifica
PALO
X
Common Loon
G. immer
COLO
X
X
Black-footed Albatross
Diomedea nicrripes
BFAL
X
X
X
X
X
Laysan Albatross
D. immutabilis
LAAL
X
X
X
Northern Fulmar
Fulmaris alacialis
NOFU
X
X
X
X
X
Murphy's Petrel
Pterodroma ultima
MUPE
X
Pink-footed Shearwater
Puffinus creatoous
PFSH
X
X
X
X
Buller's Shearwater
P. bulleri
BUSH
X
X
X
Sooty Shearwater
P. ariseus
SOSH
X
X
X
X
X
Short-tailed Shearwater
P. tenuirostris
STSH
X
Black-vented Shearwater
P. ooistomelas
BVSH
X
Forked-tailed Storm-petrel
Oceanodroma furcata
FTSP
X
X
Leach's Storm-Petrel
O. leucorhoa
LESP
X
X
X
Ashy Storm-Petrel
O. homochroa
ASSP
X
X
X
X
Black Storm-Petrel
O. melania
BLSP
X
Brown Pelican
Pelecanus occidentalis
BRPE
X
X
X
Double-crested Cormonnant
Phalacrocorax auritus
DCCO
X
Brandt's Cormorant
P. penicillatus
BRCO
X
X
X
Pelagic Cormorant
P. pelaaicus
PECO
X
X
X
Semipalmated Plover
Charidrius semioalmatus
SEPL
X
Whimbrel
Numenius ohaeocus
WHIM
X
Surfbird
Aphriza vircrata
SURF
X
Western Sandpiper
Calidris mauri
WESA
X
Least Sandpiper
C. minutilla
LESA
X
Baird's Sandpiper
C. bairdii
BASA
X
Pectoral Sandpiper
C. melanotus
PESA
X
Red-necked Phalarope
PhalaroDUs lobatus
RNPH
X
X
X
X
Red Phalarope
P. fulicarius
REPH
X
X
X
X
Pomarine Jaeger
Stercorarius pomarinus
POJA
X
X
X
X
X
Parasitic Jaeger
S. parasiticus
PAJA
X
X
X
Long-tailed Jaeger
S. loncricaudus
LTJA
X
X
South Polar Skua
Catharacta mcconuickii
SPSK
X
X
X
X
Bonaparte's Gull
Larus Philadelphia
BOGU
X
Mew Gull
L. canus
MEGU
X
Heerman's Gull
L. heermani
HNGU
X
X
X
33
-------
Table 2, continued
Cruise
1 2 3 4 5
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
CODE
AUG 90
FEB 91
MAY 91
AUG 91
NOV 91
Ring-billed Gull
L. delawarensis
RBGU
X
California Gull
L. califomicus
CAGU
X
X
X
X
X
Herring Gull
L. araentatus
HEGU
X
X
X
Thayer's Gull
L. thaveri
THGU
X
Western Gull
L. occidentalis
WEGU
X
X
X
X
X
Glaucous-winged Gull
L. qlaucescens
GWGU
X
X
Sabine's Gull
Xema sabini
SAGU
X
X
X
X
Black-legged Kittiwake
Rissa tridactvla
BLKI
X
Caspian Tern
Sterna caspia
CATE
X
Common Tern
Sterna hirundo
COTE
X
Arctic Tern
Sterna paradisaea
ARTE
X
X
X
X
Common Murre
Uria aalqe
COMU
X
X
X
X
X
Pigeon Guillemot
Cepphus columba
PIGU
X
X
X
Xantus * Murrelet
Svnthliboramohus hvpoleucusXAMU
X
X
Craveri's Murrelet
S. craveri
CRMU
X
Cassin's Auklet
PtvchoramDhus aleuticus
CAAU
X
X
X
X
X
Rhinoceros Auklet
Cerorhinca monocerata
RHAU
X
X
X
X
X
Tufted Puffin
Fratercula cirrhata
TUPU
X
X
X
X
Horned Puffin
F. corniculata
HOPU
X
34
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Table 3. Species of marine mammals and turtles observed,
while on effort and during general observations).
including species code (for data collected
COMMON NAME
CETACEANS
Blue whale
Minke whale
Humpback whale
Harbor porpoise
Dal1 * s porpoise
Risso's dolphin
Northern right whale dolphin
Pacific white-sided dolphin
Short-finned pilot whales
PINNIPEDS
Northern sea lion
Northern fur seal
California sea lion
Harbor seal
Northern elephant seal
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Balaenoptera musculus
B. acutorostrata
Megaptera novaeangliae
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoenoides dalli
CODE
BLWH
MIWH
HUWH
HAPO
DAPO
RIDO
NRWD
Grampus griseus
Lissodelphis borealis
Lagenorhynchus obliouidens PWSD
Globicephala macrorhvnchus SFPW
Eumetopius iubatus STSL
Callorhinus ursinus NFSE
Zalophus californianus CASL
Phoca vitulina richardsi HASE
Mirounga ancrustirostris NESE
1
AUG 90
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2
FEB 91
X
X
Cruise
3
MAY 91
X
X
4
AUG 91
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
5
NOV 91
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TURTLES
Leatherback
Dermochelvs coriacea
LETU
X
X
35
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Table 4. Seabird density (birds km'2) for the five cruises for
the entire study area from station data only (not
including general observations).
CRUISE NO. DENSITY No. of
No. (birds km*2) STATIONS
1 Aug 1990 9.0 110
2 Feb 1991 24.7 52
3 May 1991 56.5 59
4 Aug 1991 34.2 107
5 Oct/Nov 1991 31,2 £1
Grand Mean 28.2 Total 391
Note: Total number of birds counted was 13,323 and the total
area covered was 471.9 km2).
36
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Table 5. Percentage of seabird species (and numbers) observed
and expected in each of the study sites for all cruises combined
(on-effort data only).
Study
Number
NO.
No.8
No.
Exp.b
Exp.b
Site
Stations
Groups
Spp.
Indiv.
Indiv.
Groups
n (%)
n (%)
n
n
n
n
2
5 (6.1)
29 (9.9)
12
122
56
18
3
46 (56.1)
190 (65.0)
37
669
518
164
4
10 (12.2)
21 (7.2)
11
30
113
35
5
21 (25.6^
52 (17.9^
14.
103
237
75
TOTAL
82 (100.0)
292 (100.0)
74
924
924
292
" number of species is total for that area, but are not unique
among areas.
b number of individuals or observations expected in each area
proportional to the level of effort as measured by the number of
stations censused in each area (i.e., the total number of groups
or individuals multiplied by the percentage of stations censused
in that particular study site).
37
-------
Table 6. Percentage of mammal species (and numbers) observed and
expected in each of the study sites for all cruises combined (on-
effort data only).
Study
Number
NO.
NO.8
NO.
Exp.*
Exp. k
Site
Stations
Groups
Spp.
Indiv.
Indiv.
Groups
n (%)
n (%)
n
n
n
n
2
5 (6.1)
3 (8.1)
2
6
8
2
3
46 (56.1)
29 (78.4)
7
111
72
21
4
10 (12.2)
0 (0.0)
0
0
15
5
5
21 (25.6)
5 f13.5^
1
11
32
9
TOTAL
82 (100.0)
37 (100.0)
7
128
128
37
8 number of species is total for that area, but are not unique
among areas.
b number of individuals or groups expected in each area
proportional to the level of effort as measured by the number of
stations censused in each area (i.e., the total number of groups
or individuals multiplied by the percentage of stations censused
in that particular study site).
38
-------
Table 7. Most abundant and most frequently observed species of
seabirds for cruise ,1 (only species ranking £ 5% listed) .
CRUISE 1 AUGUST 1990
Most frequently observed Most abundant
i I
SPECIES
NAME
No.
of
STN
%
SPECIES
NAME
No.
of
IND
%.
Black-footed
Albatross
61
18
Pink-footed
Shearwater
231
27
Pink-footed
Shearwater
47
14
Sooty
Shearwater
130
15
Sooty
Shearwater
45
13
V
Black-footed
Albatross
107
13
Western Gull
36
11
Western Gull
81
10
Ashy Storm-
Petrel
23
7
Ashy Storm-
Pet re 1
48
6
California
Gull
22
6
Red Phalarope
41
5
Northern
Fulmar
18
5
All others
<5%
All others
<5%
39
-------
Table 8. Most abundant and most frequently observed species of
seabirds for cruise 2 (only species ranking > 5% listed).
CRUISE 2 FEBRUARY 1991
Most frequently observed Most abundant
I i
SPECIES
NAME
No.
of
STN
%
SPECIES
NAME
No.
of
IND
%
Rhinoceros
Auklet
32
14
Common Murre
719
40
Herring Gull
30
13
Rhinoceros
Auklet
362
20
Black-legged
Kittiwake
28
12
Cassin1s
Auklet
342
19
Northern
Fulmar
25
11
Western Gull
99
6
Cassin's
Auklet
22
9
All others
<5%
Western Gull
18
8
Common Murre
14
6
Glaucous-
winged Gull
12
5
Black-footed
Albatross
11
5
All others
<5%
40
-------
Table 9. Most abundant and most frequently observed species of
seabirds for cruise 3 (only- species ranking > 5% listed).
CRUISE 3 MAY 1991
Most frequently observed Most abundaht
I I
SPECIES
NAME
No.
of
STN
%
SPECIES
NAME
No.
of
IND
%
Sooty
Shearwater
50
18
Sooty
Shearwater
1023
26
Western Gull
49
18
Red Phalarope
876
23
Black-footed
Albatross
33
12
Western Gull
542
14
Rhinoceros
Auklet
17
6
Red-necked
Phalarope
492
13
Red Phalarope
16
6
Common Murre
450
12
Red-necked
Phalarope
15
5
All others
<5%
Northern
Fulmar
15
5
Murphy's
Petrel
14
5
Common Murre
13
5
-
Cassin's
Auklet
13
5
All others
<5%
41
-------
Table 10. Most abundant and most frequently observed species of
seabirds for cruise 4 (only species ranking £ 5% listed).
CRUISE 4 AUGUST 1991
Most frequently observed Most abundant
4 i
SPECIES
NAME
No.
of
STN
%
SPECIES
NAME
No.
of
IND
%
Western Gull
76
20
Cassin's
Auklet
3042
62
Sooty
Shearwater
57
15
Western Gull
478
10
Common Murre
32
9
Red-necked
Phalarope
429
9
Cassin1s
Auklet
27
7
Sooty
Shearwater
313
6
Pink-footed
Shearwater
23
6
Common Murre
256
5
Rhinoceros
Auklet
21
6
All others
<5%
Brandt¦s
Cormorant
21
6
Black-footed
Albatross
19
5
Red-necked
Phalarope
18
5
All others
<5%
42
-------
Table 11. Most abundant and most frequently observed species of
seabirds for cruise 5 (only species ranking > 5% listed).
CRUISE 5 OCTOBER/NOVEMBER 1991
Most frequently observed Most abundant
i i
SPECIES
NAME
No.
of
STN
%
SPECIES
NAME
No.
of
IND
%
California
Gull
51
15
Red-necked
Phalarope
520
26
Western Gull
46
14
Western Gull
287
14
Cassin's
Auklet
28
8
Unidentified
Phalarope
213
10
Rhinoceros
Auklet
27
8
California
Gull
213
10
Northern
Fulmar
21
6
Red Phalarope
206
10
Unidentified
Gull
19
6
Rhinoceros
Auklet
120
6
Unidentified
Phalarope
16
5
All others
<5%
Red-necked
Phalarope
16
5
Sooty
Shearwater
16
5
All others
<5%
43
-------
Table 12. Most abundant and most frequently observed species of
seabirds for study site 2 (only species ranking > 5% listed).
STUDY SITE 2
Most frequently observed Most abundant
i *
SPECIES
NAME
No.
of
STN
%
SPECIES
NAME
No.
of
IND
%
Western Gull
5
17
Rhinoceros
Auklet
57
47
Sooty
Shearwater
4
14
Western Gull
31
25
Rhinoceros
Auklet
3
10
Common Murre
7
6
Black-legged
Kittiwake
2
7
All others
<5%
Cassin1s
Auklet
2
7
California
Gull
2
7
Herring Gull
2
7
Northern
Fulmar
2
7
All others
<5%
44
-------
Table 13. Most abundant and most frequently observed species of
seabirds for study sp.te 3 (only species ranking > 5% listed) .
STUDY SITE 3
Most frequently observed Most abundant
ir I
SPECIES
NAME
No.
of
STN
%
SPECIES
NAME
No.
of
IND
%
Black-footed
Albatross
23
12
Red-necked
Phalarope
166
25
California
Gull
18
10
Red Phalarope
77
12
Sooty
Shearwater
17
9
Pink-footed
Shearwater
51
8
Western Gull
15
8
Western Gull
43
6
Northern
Fulmar
13
7
Black-footed
Albatross
36
5
Ashy Storm-
Petrel
12
6
All others
<5%
Cassin1s
Auklet
12
6
Red Phalarope
11
6
Pink-footed
Shearwater
10
5
All others
<5%
45
-------
Table 14. Canonical Correspondence Analysis. (1) Species were
selected from the cumulative fit of species scores, and (2)
environmental variables were selected from the intra- and inter-
set correlations. The results of both data sets A and B are
combined.
CRUISE 4
(1) Important species with > 10% variance explained by axes
1 and 2 for both sets.
SPECIES
CODE
Brandt•s Cormorant BRCO
Cassin's Auklet CAAU
Rhinoceros Auklet RHAU
Common Murre COMU
Western Gull WEGU
Red-necked Phalarope RNPH
Sooty Shearwater SOSH
(2) Environmental variables important for both sets.
AXIS l axis 2
TEMPERATURE
SALINITY
DEPTH
LAND
46
-------
Table is. Results of the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA)
for both sets of data (sets. A and B), indicating the degree to
which variance was explained by species data and species-
environment relationship. Only axes 1 and 2 are necessary to
explain the relationship of the species with the environmental
variables.
Data were collected during cruise 4, August 1991.
Set A
AXIS 1 AXIS 2
Eigenvalues .600 .177
Species-Environment
correlations .862 .704
Cumulative percentage variance
of species data 20.6 26.6
of species-envn relation 59.7 77.3
Monte Carlo Permutation Test of Significance
AXIS 1 OVERALL
F ratio 10.61 4.30
P value .01 .01
SET B
AXIS 1 AXIS 2
Eigenvalues .581 .305
Species-Environment
correlations .818 .758
Cumulative percentage variance
of species data 16.7 25.5
of species-envn relation 48.5 74.0
Monte Carlo Permutation Test of Significance
AXIS 1 OVERALL
F rati° 9.25 4.85
p value .01 mQ1
47
-------
Table 16. Number of groups and individuals (with percentage
total) for the marine mammals seen during cruise 1 while on
effort.
CRUISE 1 AUGUST 1990
SPECIES
NAME
No. of
GROUPS
%
No. Of
INDIV-
IDUALS
%
Blue whale
2
1
1
Humpback whale
4
8
10
5
Northern right whale dolphin
1
2
12
6
Dall's porpoise
11
21
70
35
Pacific white-sided dolphin
7
13
74
37
Unidentified cetacean
1
2
1
1
Northern sea lion
1
2
1
1
Northern fur seal
3
6
3
2.,
California sea lion
17
33
10
20
Northern elephant seal
4
8
5
3
Unidentified pinniped
2
4
2
1
TOTAL
50
100
199
100
n of stations = 110
-------
Table 17. Number of groups and individuals (with percentage of
total) for the marine mammals seen during cruise 2 while on
effort.
CRUISE 2 FEBRUARY 1991
SPECIES
NAME
No. of
GROUPS
%
No. of
INDIV-
IDUALS
%
Dall's porpoise
3
14
7
14
Unidentified cetacean
1
5
2
4
Northern fur seal
11
52
34
66
California sea lion
6
29
8
16
TOTAL
22
100
51
100
n of stations = 52
-------
Table 18. Number of groups and individuals (with percentage
total) for the marine mammals seen during cruise 3 while on
effort.
CRUISE 3 MAY 1991
SPECIES
NAME
No. Of
GROUPS
%
NO. Of
INDIV-
IDUALS
%
Dall's porpoise
4
22
37
67
Pacific white-sided dolphin
1
6
2
4
Unidentified small cetacean
1
6
1
2
Unidentified large cetacean
1
6
2
4
Northern fur seal
7
38
9
16
California sea lion
3
16
3
5
Northern elephant seal
1
6
1
2
TOTAL
18
100
55
100
n of stations = 59
-------
Table 19. Number of groups and individuals (with percentage of
total) for the marine mammals seen during cruise 4 while on
effort.
CRUISE 4 AUGUST 91
SPECIES
NAME
No. of
GROUPS
%
NO. Of
INDIV-
IDUALS
%
Blue whale
7
15
15
4
Minke whale
1
2
1
<1
Humpback whale
8
17
19
6
Dall's porpoise
4
9
16
5
Northern right whale dolphin
1
2
8
2
Pacific white-sided dolphin
1
2
10
3
Northern sea lion
1
2
1
<1
Northern fur seal
4
9
4
1
California sea lion
20
42
266
78
TOTAL
47
100
340
100
n of stations = 107
-------
Table 20. Number of groups and individuals (with percentage of
total) for the marine mammals seen during cruise 5 while on
effort.
CRUISE 5 OCTOBER/NOVEMBER 1991
SPECIES
NAME
No. of
GROUPS
%
No. of
INDIV-
IDUALS
%
Minke whale
1
3
1
<1
Harbor porpoise
1
3
2
<1
Dall's porpoise
5
16
82
8
Risso's dolphin
1
3
4
<1
Unidentified large cetacean
1
3
1
<1
Northern right whale dolphin
2
6
20
2
Pacific white-sided dolphin
3
9
792
82
Short-finned pilot whale
1
3
25
3
Northern fur seal
2
6
4
<1
California sea lion
14
44
36
4
Unidentified pinniped
1
3
2
<1
TOTAL
32
100
969
100
n of stations = 63
-------
Figure 1. Maps of station locations for each cruise.
-------
STAT IONS
CRUISE 1 - AUGUST
L TMS
EPA MARINE BIRD &
MAMMAL SURVEYS
U
SCALE
1 : 2 4 0 0 0
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AREA
MARINE SANCTUARY —-
FARALLON ISLANDS *
123'
-------
STAT I ONS
CRUISE 2 - FEBRUARY
L TMS
EPA MAR I NE BIRD &
MAMMAL SURVEYS
i 8®
, SOUTHEAST^
• FARALLON /vJ
STUDY SITE 5
ISLAND
; • • . -
: ' - • ••• : - - •
STUDY SITE 3
PjlONEER SEAMOUNT
J 7°
STUDY SITE 2
STUDY SITE 4
- * ¦ ' ' ' •' * J r * ' •
ff
SCALE - 1:24000
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AREA
MARINE SANCTUARY —1
FARALLON ISLANDS *
123'
-------
STATIONS
CRUISE 3 - MAY
L TMS
EPA MARINE BIRD
MAMMAL SURVEYS
370
ff
SCALE - 1 : 24000
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AR £A
MARINE SANCTUARY —-
FARALION ISLANDS *
123®
-------
STATIONS
CRUISE 4
AUGUST
L T MS
EPA MARINE BIRO
MAMMAL SURVEYS
3 go
37«>
;jj
SCALE - 1 :24000
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AREA
UAR INE SANCTUARY —
FARALlDN ISLANOS *
1 23
-------
STATIONS
CRUISE 5 - OCTOBER
L TMS
EPA MARINE BIRD
MAMMAL SURVEYS
5 8°
37°
f
SCALE - 1:24000
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AREA
MAR INC SANCTUARY '
FARAllON ISLANDS ~
123'
-------
Figure 2. Maps of density estimates of seabird species,
information is from station data and does not include general
observations.
-------
-------
PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER-CRUISE 1
DENSITY PER K M 2
L T MS
EPA MARINE BIRD &
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO DENSITY
~ NO SURVEY
~ SURVEY/NO BIRDS
g 0.01-10
0 10-50
HI 50-100
g >ioo
1
SCAL E - 1 :24000
GRID = 5km x 5km
STUDY AREA
MARINE SANCTUARY
-------
SOOTY SHEARWATER - CRUISE 1
DENSITY PER K M 2
LTMS
EPA MARINE BIRD &
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO DENSITY
Q NO SURVEY
Q SURVEY/NO BIRDS
g 0 . 0 1 - I 0
0 10-50
H 50-100
m >ioo
T
SCALE - 1:24000
GRID = 5km x 5km
STUDY AREA
MARINE SANCTUARY
12 3
-------
SOOTY SHEARWATER - CRU I SE 3
DENSITY PER K M 2
r
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L T M S
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i
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GRID = 5km x 51cm
STUDY AREA
MARINE SANCTUARY
-------
SOOTY S HE A R W AT ER - CRUISE 4
DENSITY PER K M 2
370
L TMS
EPA MARINE BIRD A
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO DENSITY
~ NO SURVEY
~ SURVEY/NO BIRDS
g 0.01-10
0 10-50
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B >100
I
T
SCALE - 1:24000
GRID = 5km x 5km
STUDY AREA
MAR I NE SANCTUARY
t 23°
-------
ASHY ST-ORM-PETREL - CRUISE 1
DENS 1 TY PER KM 2
L I MS
EPA MARINE BIRO &
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO DENSITY
Q NO SURVEY
[7] SURVEY /NO BIRDS
g 0.01-10
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BREEDING SITE ~
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-------
CASS I N S AUKLET - CRUISE 2
DENSITY PER K M 2
1
i "
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-------
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KCY TO DENSITY
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SCALE - 1:24000
GRID = 5km x 5km
STUDY AREA
MARINE SANCTUARY
BREEDING SITE - major ~
-------
COMMON MURRE - CRUISE 3
DENSITY PER K M 2
L TMS
EPA MAR I ME BIRD &
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO DENSITY
~ NO SURVEY
~ SURVEY/NO BIROS
§ 0.01-10
.0 10-50
H 50-100
m >too
SCALE - 1 : 24000
GRID = 5 km x 5 km
STUDY AREA
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BREEDING SITE - mo j o r *
t 23(
-------
COMMON MURRE - CRUISE 4
DENS I T Y PER K M 2
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STUDY AREA
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BREEDING SITE - major ~
123°
-------
COMMON MURRE - CRUISE 5
DENSITY PER K M 2
L TMS
EPA MARINE BIRD &
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO DENSITY
~ NO SURVEY
(Tj SURVEY/NO BIROS
§ O.Ol-IO
0 10-50
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STUDY AREA
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BREEDING SITE - ma j or ~
-------
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DENSITY PER KM 2
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KEY TO DE NS I T r
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1
ii
SCALE - 1 *.2400 0
GRID = 5km i 5km
STUDY AREA
UARIHC SANCTUARY
BREEDING SITE *
-------
CASS I N S AUKLET - CRUISE 4
DENSITY PER K M 2
L T MS
EPA MARINE BIRD &
M/MMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO DENSITY
Q NO SURVEY
[TJ SURVEY/NO BIROS
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STUDY AREA
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-------
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DENSITY PER K M 2
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SCALE - 1 : 24000
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BREEDING SITE
-------
BROWN PELICAN
AUGUST & OCTOBER
L TMS
EPA MARINE BIRD
MAMMAL SURVEYS
3 7»L
©
KEY TO COUNTS
0 1
o 2-10
© 11-100
@ 10 1-1000
SCALE - 1:24000
GRID = 5km x 5km
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AREA
MARINE SANCTUARY
ROOST ING SITE ~
1 2 3
-------
RED-NECKED PHALAROPE - CRUISE 3
DENS I TY PER KM2
1
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-------
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DENS I TY PER K M 2
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3 7°
L TMS
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KEY TO DENSITY
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gg 50-100
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-------
CAL I FORN I A GULL - CRUISE 5
DENSITY PER K M 2
L T MS
EPA MARINE BIRD &
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO DENSITY
~ NO SURVEY
~ SURVEY/NO B I RDS
§ O.Ol-IO
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gg 50-100
¦ >100
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SCALE - 1 : 2 4 0 0 0
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-------
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-------
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-------
WESTERN GULL - CRUISE 4
DENSITY PER KM 2
L T MS
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KEY TO DENSITY
~ NO SURVEY
Q SURVEY/NO BIRDS
§ O.OI-IO
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H 50-100
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GRID - 5km x 5km
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WAR I NE SANCTUARY
BREEDING S I TE - mo j or ~
-------
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DENS I TY PER K M 2
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BREEDING SITE - ma j or ~
-------
L T MS
BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE-CRUISE 2
EPA MARINE BIRD &
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DENS 1 TY PER KM 2
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-------
Figure 3. Canonical Correspondence Analysis biplots based on the
species scores and environmental variables. The magnitude of the
arrow of the environmental variable illustrates the importance of
the variable. Abbreviations for species are given in Table 14.
Temperature, salinity, wind speed, distance from land, and depth
increase away from the origin of the arrow (the grand mean of
each environmental variable). The scale is in standard deviation
units. The location of the species within the plot explain its
relation to other species and to the environmental variables, and
whether the first (horizontal) or second (vertical) axis better
explains its distribution. For example, the first environmental
axis is composed mainly of sea surface temperature and salinity.
The distribution of Western Gull (WEGU), found in more saline and
cooler water, and Cassin's Auklet (CAAU), found in warmer, less
saline water, are both best described by the first axis.
-------
CCA BIPLOTS FOR EPA CRUISE 4
s SET 1
LAND
TEMP
BFAL
OAAU
-1
ASSP
RHAU
PFSH
DEPTH SOSH
wind BRPE
WEGU
COMU
RNPH
BRCO
-1 -0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
4 SET 2
RHAU
3
ASSP
8ADNITY
BRC
-------
Figure 4. Maps of marine mammals sightings by species.
Information is from station data and does not include general
observations.
-------
BLUE WHAL E
CRUISES 1&4 - AUGUST
LTMS
EPA MAR I NE BIRD
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO COUNTS
0 1
0 2-10
0 11-100
# 10 1-1000
I
SCALE - 1 : 24000
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AREA
MARINE SANCTUARY
1 23"
-------
M I NKE WHALE
CRUISES 1-5
L TMS
EPA MAR I N E. BIRD
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO COUNTS
0 i
o 2-10
© 11-100
# 101-1 000
T
SCALE - 1 : 2 4 0 0 0
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AREA
MARINE SANCTUARY
-------
HUMPBACK WHALE
CRUISES 1&4 - AUGUST
L TMS
EPA MAR INE BIRD
MAMMAL SURVEYS
: • V• ii".-";-¦ • v•.:
KEY TO COUNTS
0 1
o 2-10
® 11-100
101-1000
II
SCALE
1 : 2 4 0 0 0
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AREA
MARINE SANCTUARY
1 23'
-------
MEDIUM-SIZED WHALES
CRUISES 1-5
LTMS
EPA MAR INE BIRD &
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO SPECI ES
R I S S 0 DOLPHIN «&
PILOT WHAL E *
f|l
SCALE - 1 : 24000
BATHYMETRY
MARINE SANCTUARY
STUDY AREA
-------
PACI F IC WH I TE-S IDED DOLPH I N
CRUISES 1&4 - AUGUST
LTMS
EPA MARINE BIRD
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO COUNTS
0 1
O 2-10
© 11-100
101-1000
fl
SCALE
1 : 24000
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AREA
MARINE SANCTUARY
123°
-------
PACIFIC WHITE-SIDED DOLPHIN
CRUISE 5 - OCTOBER
LTMS
EPA MARINE BIRD &
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO COUNTS
0 1
O 2-10
© 11-100
# 10 1-1000
1
I
SCALE - 1 : 24000
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AREA
MAR I NE SANCTUARY
-------
HARBOR PORPO I S E
CRUISE 5 - OCTOBER
LTMS
EPA MARINE BIRD
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO COUNTS
0 1
o 2-10
© 11-100
# 101-1000
fl
SCALE
1 : 2 4 0 0 0
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AREA
MARINE SANCTUARY
123'
-------
DALLS PORPO I SE
CRUISES 1&4
AUGUST
L TMS
EPA MAR I NE BIRD
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO COUNTS
0 1
o 2-10
0 11-100
# 101-1000
II.
SCALE - 1 : 24000
BATHYMETRY
STUOT AREA
MAR I NE SANCTUARY
123'
-------
DALLS PORPOISE
CRUISE 2 - FEBRUARY
LTMS
EPA MARINE BIRD &
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO COUNTS
0 1
o 2-10
0 11-100
# 101-1000
f
SCALE - 1 : 24000
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AREA
MAR I ME SANCTUARY
-------
DALLS PORPO I SE
CRUISE 3 - MAY
L T MS
EPA MARINE BIRD k
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO COUNTS
0 1
O 2-10
© 11-100
® 101-1000
I
T
SCALE - 1 : 24000
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AREA
MARINE SANCTUARY
-------
DALLS PORPOISE
CRUISE 5 - OCTOBER
L TMS
EPA MARINE BIRD &
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO COUNTS
0 1
O 2-10
© 11-100
® 10 1-1000
!
!ji
SCALE - 1:24000
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AREA
MARINE SANCTUARY —-
-------
CAL I FORN I A SEA LION
CRU I SES 1&4 - AUGUST
L TMS
EPA MARINE BIRD &
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO COUNTS
0 1
O 2-10
© 11-100
# 10 1-1000
fl
SCALE - 1 : MOOO
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AREA
MAR INC SANCTUARY
HAUL-OUT SITE *
-------
CALIFORNIA SEA LION
CRUISE 2 - FEBRUARY
L TMS
EPA MARINE BIRD &
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO COUNTS
0 1
0 2-10
© 11-100
® 10 1-1000
i
t
SCALE - 1 : 24000
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AREA
MARINE SANCTUARY
HAUL-OUT SITE ~
-------
CALIFORNIA SEA LION
CRUISE 3 - MAY
LTMS
EPA MARINE BIRD &
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO COUNTS
0 1
O 2-10
® 11-100
# 10 1-1000
I
SCALE - 1:24000
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AREA
MAR INC SANCTUARY —-
HAUL-OUT SITE ~
-------
CALIFORNIA SEA LION
CRUISE 5 - OCTOBER
L T MS
EPA MAR INE BIRD &
MAMMAL' SURVEYS
KEY TO COUNTS
0 1
0 2-10
© 11-100
w 10 1-1000
1
T.
SCALE - 1 : 24000
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AREA
MAR IKE SANCTUARY
HAUL-OUT SITE *
-------
NORTHERN RIGHT-WHALE DOLPHIN
CRUISES 1-5
LTMS
EPA MAR I NE BIRD
MAMMAL SURVEYS
¦vMZ-
KEY TO COUNTS
0 1
o 2-10
0 11-100
# 10 1-1000
I
SCALE - 1:24000
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AREA
MARINE SANCTUARY
1 23'
-------
NORTHERN FUR SEAL
CRUISES 1-5
LTMS
EPA MARINE BIRD &
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO COUN TS
0 1
o 2-10
0 11-100
® 10 1-1000
SCALE - 1:24 000
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AREA
MARINE SANCTUARY —-
HAUL-OUT SITE ~
-------
NORTHERN SEA LION
CRUISES 1&4 - AUGUST
L TMS
EPA MAR IN E BIRD &
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO COUNTS
0 1
o 2-10
0 11-100
# 10 1-1000
1
iji
SCALE - 1 : 24000
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AREA
MAR I NE SANCTUARY
BREEDING SITE ~
-------
NORTHERN EL EPHANT SEAL
CRUISES 1-5
L T MS
EPA MAR I NE BIRD &
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO COUNTS
0 1
o 2-10
© 11-100
® 10 1-1000
SCALE - 1 : 2 4 0 0 0
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AREA
MAR I N C SANCTUARY
BREEDING SITE *
-------
Figure 5. Haps of marine mammals sightings for all cruises
combined by categories: l) large whales, 2) medium-to-small
cetaceans, and 3 pinnipeds. Information is from station data and
does not include general observations.
-------
LARGE WHALES
ALL CRUISES
L IMS
EPA MARINE BIRD &
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO SPECIES
HUMPBACK WHALE o
BLUE WHALE *
M I NKE WHALE +
UNKNOWN WHALE *
I
T
SCALE - 1:2 4 0 0 0
BATHYMETRY .. ..
STUDY AREA
MAR INE SANCTUARY
-------
MED I UM-SMALL CETACEANS
ALL CRUISES
LTMS
EPA MARINE BIRD &
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO SPECIES
RISSO DOLPHIN a
HARBOR PORPOISE *
RIGHT-WHALE DOLPHIN +
WH I TE-S IDED DOLPHIN n
UNKNOWN CETACEAN *
PILOT WHAL E 0
DALLS PORPOISE o
1
f
SCALE - 1 : 2 4 000
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AREA
MARINE SANCTUARY —-
-------
PINNIPEDS
ALL CRUISES
LTMS
EPA MARINE BIRD &
MAMMAL SURVEYS
KEY TO SPECIES
NO . ELEPHANT SEAL #
NO. FUR SEAL *
CAL I F . SEA LI OH +
NO. SEA LI ON *
UNKNOWN SEAL A
I
T
SCALE - 1:24000
BATHYMETRY
STUDY AREA
MARINE SANCTUARY
-------
Figure 6. Range of median depth of ocean for commonly observed seabird species
for all cruises combined.
2400 -
2200 -
2000 -
1800 ~
1600 -
1400 -
1200 -
1000 -
800 -
600 -
400 -
200 -
I i
i <
/Iff f ^ j
-f
i—r
I
t
1 r
r*> ^
xV^
Seabird Species
BFAL Black-footed Albatross n«128
NOFU Northern Fulmar n«83
PFSH Pink-footed Shearwater n-80
SOSH Sooty Shearwater n-171
LSSP Leach's Storm-Petrel n«4
ASSP Ashy Storm-Petrel n-42
BRCO Brandfs Cormorant n=25
RNPH Red-necked Phalarope n-55
REPH Red Phalarope n»52
CAGU California Gull n«101
WEGU Western Gull n=225
COMU Common Murre n»72
CAAU Cassln's Auklet n=74
RHAU Rhinoceros Auklet n»106
-------
APPENDIX 1
Cruise participants
Cruise
Number Name Affiliation
1 Dr. Stephen Bailey California Academy of Sciences
Paul Jones EPA
Don Roberson* Monterey Peninsula Audubon Society
Isidore Szczepaniak California Academy of Sciences
Jon Stern California Academy of Sciences
"only member on board from noon on 10 August to end of cruise.
2
Dr. Stephen Bailey
Michael Newcomer
Don Roberson
Dr. Stephen Bailey
Paul Jones
Dr. Stephen Bailey
Paul Jones
California Academy of Sciences
Independent researcher
Monterey Peninsula Audubon Society
California Academy of Sciences
EPA
California Academy of Sciences
EPA
5
Paul Jones
Marc Webber
EPA
California Academy of Sciences
-------
APPENDIX 2
Descriptive Statistics for seabird and marine maximal species.
See Methods in Ainley and Allen (1992) for details.
-------
CRUISE NUMBER 1
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR ASHY STORM-PETREL
DEPTH
(m)
TEMP
(C)
N OF CASES
23
4
MINIMUM
160
.000
15.
400
MAXIMUM
2000
.000
16 .
900
RANGE
1840
.000
1.
500
MEAN
851
. 217
15.
975
VARIANCE
195446
.451
0 .
522
STANDARD DEV
442
. 093
0.
723
C. V.
0
. 519
0.
045
MEDIAN
781
.000
15.
800
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C
N OF CASES
61
18
MINIMUM
135.000
15.000
MAXIMUM
3065.000
16.900
RANGE
2930.000
1.900
MEAN
1286.000
15.794
VARIANCE
535461.500
0.398
STANDARD DEV
731.752
0.631
C. V.
0 . 569
0.040
MEDIAN
1070.000
15.600
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR BLACK STORM-PETREL
DEPTH(m) TEMP(C)
N OF CASES
14
5
MINIMUM
174 ,
, 000
15.
, 200
MAXIMUM
2700 .
,000
16.
,900
RANGE
2526 .
, 000
1 .
. 700
MEAN
1130 ,
, 214
16.
,100
VARIANCE
56 42 8 3,
. 104
0 ,
. 610
STANDARD DEV
751.
. 188
0 ,
.781
C . V.
0,
.665
0,
.049
MEDIAN
925 ,
. 000
16 ,
. 200
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR CASSIN'S AUKLET
N OF CASES
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
RANGE
MEAN
VARIANCE
STANDARD DEV
DEPTH(m)
12
540.000
1990.000
1450.000
1218.667
154802.242
393.449
15
16
0
15
0
TEMP(C)
5
300
200
900
580
132
0 . 363
-------
c.v.
MEDIAN
0.323
1185.000
0.023
15.400
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR CALIFORNIA GULL
DEPTH(m)
TEMP (
N OF CASES
22
7
MINIMUM
385.000
14.80
MAXIMUM
2650.000
16.80
RANGE
2265.000
2.00
MEAN
1117.818
16,04
VARIANCE
311990.442
0.56
STANDARD DEV
558.561
0.75
C.V.
. 0.500
0.04
MEDIAN
1075.000
16.20
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR NORTHERN FULMAR
DEPTH(m) TEMP(C)
N OF CASES
18
6
MINIMUM
279.000
15.200
MAXIMUM
2691.000
16 .200
RANGE
2412.000
1.000
MEAN
1045.056
15.683
VARIANCE
267506.056
0.186
STANDARD DEV
517.210
0.431
C.V.
0 .495
0.027
MEDIAN
1030.000
15.600
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER
DEPTH(m) TEMP(CI
N OF CASES 47 19
MINIMUM 135.000 15.000
MAXIMUM 2780.000 17.500
RANGE 2645.000 2.500
MEAN 1173.404 15.932
VARIANCE 393207.768 0.532
STANDARD DEV 627.063 0.730
C.V. 0.534 0.046
MEDIAN 1000.000 15.700
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR POMARINE JAEGER
DEPTH(m) TEMP(C)
N OF CASES 9 5
MINIMUM 690.000 15.000
MAXIMUM 2700.000 16.800
RANGE 2010.000 1.800
-------
MEAN
12 4 9 ,
,444
15.760
VARIANCE
331602 ,
,778
0.548
STANDARD DEV
575,
.850
0.740
C. V.
0 ,
.461
0.047
MEDIAN
1200,
.000
15.600
THE'FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR RED PHALAROPE
DEPTH(m)
N OF CASES
10
MINIMUM
690.000
15
MAXIMUM
1920.000
16
RANGE
1230.000
1
MEAN
11-98 .300
16
VARIANCE
200398.456
0
STANDARD DEV
447.659
0
C. V.
0 .374
0
MEDIAN
1145.000
16
TEMP(C)
6
400
,900
,500
,083
,238
,488
,030
,050
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR RHINOCEROS AUKLET
DEPTH(m)
TEMP (
N OF CASES
7
3
MINIMUM
500.000
15.200
MAXIMUM
1070.000
15.400
RANGE
570.000
0 .200
MEAN
785.286
15.267
VARIANCE
53948.905
0.013
STANDARD DEV
232.269
0 .115
C. V.
0 .296
0.008
MEDIAN
872 .000
15.200
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR RED-NECKED PHALAROPE
DEPTH(m) TEMP(C)
NO DATA
N OF CASES
6
MINIMUM
545.000
MAXIMUM
1089.000
RANGE
544.000
MEAN
757.333
VARIANCE
39694.667
STANDARD DEV
199.235
C. V.
0 . 263
MEDIAN
715.000
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR SOOTY SHEARWATER
DEPTH(m) TEMP(C)
N OF CASES 45 17
MINIMUM 160.000 15.000.
-------
MAXIMUM
2966.000
17.500
RANGE
2806 . 000
2.500
MEAN
1281.067
15.912
VARIANCE
466323.336
0 . 540
STANDARD DEV
682.879
0 .735
C. V.
0 . 533
0.046
MEDIAN
1060.000
15.600
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR WESTERN GULL
DEPTH(ra) TEMP(C)
N OF CASES
36
13
MINIMUM
135.000
15.000
MAXIMUM
2140.000
17.500
RANGE
2005.000
2.500
MEAN
1003.472
15.877
VARIANCE
277835.856
0.549
STANDARD DEV
527.101
0.741
C. V.
0 . 525
0 . 047
MEDIAN
S 20 . 000
15.600
-------
CRUISE NUMBER 2
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
LAND(km)
SAL I
NITY
N OF CASES
11
11
11
11
MINIMUM
90.000
11.600
12.780
33 .
100
MAXIMUM
3500.000
12.500
94.450
33.
200
RANGE
3410.000
0.900
81.670
0.
100
MEAN
1826.364
12.327
57 .445
33.
118
STANDARD DEV
1283.606
0 . 272
25.030
0.
040
C. V.
0.703
0.022
0. 436
0.
001
MEDIAN
2000.000
12.400
62.040
33 .
100
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C) LAND(km)
N OF CASES
28
28
30
MINIMUM
75.000
11. 200
12.780
MAXIMUM
3500.000
13 .300
94.450
RANGE
3425.000
2 .100
81.670
MEAN
1159.143
12 . 243
4 6.57 2
STANDARD DEV
1173.081
0 .485
28.163
C . V.
1. 012
0 . 040
0.580
MEDIAN
775.000
12 . 400
46.150
32
33
0
33
0
0
33
SALINITY
30
900
200
300
127
083
002
100
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR CASSIN'S AUKLET
N OF CASES
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
RANGE
MEAN
STANDARD DEV
C . V.
MEDIAN
DEPTH(m)
22
85
2 6 00.
2515.
759 ,
855 ,
1,
125
000
000
000
591
261
126
000
TEMP(C)
22
11.
13.
2,
12,
0,
0.
12,
200
300
100
141
555
046
300
LAND(km)
24
700
780
080
340
535
624
110
8
77
69
39
24
0
31
SALINITY
24
32
33
0
33
0.
0
33
900
200
300
129
091
003
150
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR CALIFORNIA GULL
t'EFWlii) TEMP (C) LAND (km) SALINITY
N OF CASES 23 23 23 23
MINIMUM 75.000 11.200 12.780
MAX!MUM 3500.000 13.300 94.450
32.900
^NGE 3425,000 2.100 81.670
m„,n ^.1UU 81.670 0,300
1326.783 12.335 55 077 17 1
STANDARD DEV 1195.059 0.439 28.393 o!o93
c-v- 0.901
0.036 0.516 0.003
MEDIAN 1100,000 12.500 64.825 asiioo
-------
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR COMMON MURRE
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
LAND(km)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
14
14
16
16
MINIMUM
60.000
11.200
8.700
32.900
MAXIMUM
300.000
13.300
42.230
33.200
RANGE
240.000
2.100
33.530
0.300
MEAN
109.714
11.900
21.356
33.106
STANDARD DEV
57.261
0.568
9 .168
0.100
C. V.
0.522
0.048
0.429
0.003
MEDIAN
100.000
11.800
17.315
33 .100
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
LAND (km)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
12
12
14
14
MINIMUM
85.000
11.200
14 . 820
33.000
MAXIMUM
2800.000
12.600
64.820
33.200
RANGE
2715.000
1. 400
50.000
0. 200
MEAN
1110.417
12.008
36.154
33.150
STANDARD DEV
1077.013
0. 489
19.454
0.065
C. V.
0.970
0 .041
0 . 538
0.002
MEDIAN
960.000
12.000
29.630
33 . 200
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR HERRING GULL
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
LAND(km)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
30
30
32
32
MINIMUM
90,000
11.200
8 .700
32.900
MAXIMUM
3500.000
12.600
94.450
33.200
RANGE
3410.000
1.400
85.750
0.300
MEAN
1213.000
12.190
47 .133
33.134
STANDARD DEV
1116.201
0 .446
25.157
0.079
C .V.
0.920
0.037
0.534
0 . 002
MEDIAN
1050.000
12.350
47.225
33.100
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR NORTHERN FULMAR
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
LAND(km)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
25
25
25
25
MINIMUM
60.000
11.600
12.780
32.900
MAXIMUM
3500.000
12 .600
94.450
33.200
RANGE
3440.000
1.000
81.670
0.300
MEAN
1722.800
12.356
60.397
33.132
STANDARD DEV
1114.490
0.280
23.589
0.069
C. V.
0.647
0.023
0 . 391
0. 002
MEDIAN
2000.000
12.500
64 .820
33.100
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR POMARINE JAEGER
-------
DEPTH{m)
TEMP(C)
LAND(km)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
3
3
3
3
MINIMUM
130 . 000
12.300
35.930
33.100
MAXIMUM
1600.000
12.600
74.080
33.200
RANGE
1470.000
0.300
38.150
0.100
MEAN
776.667
12 .433
52.720
33.133
STANDARD DEV
750.755
0.153
19 .481
0.058
C. V.
0.967
0.012
0. 370
0.002
MEDIAN
600.000
12.400
48.150
33.100
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR RHINOCEROS. AUKLET
N OF CASES
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
RANGE
MEAN
STANDARD DEV
C. V.
MEDIAN
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
LAND(km)
SALINITY
32
32
34
34
60.000
11.200
8.700
32.900
3000.000
13.300
92.600
33.200
2940.000
2.100
83.900
0.300
799.875
12.169
41.266
33.124
893.932
0.495
23.859
0.089
1.118
0.041
0. 578
0.003
215.000
12.300
33.705
33.100
N OF CASES
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
RANGE
MEAN
STANDARD DEV
C. V.
MEDIAN
ARE FOR
SOOTY SHEARWATER
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
LAND(km)
SALINITY
3
3
3
3
100.000
11.600
25.930
33.100
100.000
11.800
27.780
33.100
0 . 000
0 . 200
1.850
0. 000
100.000
11.733
26.547
33.100
0.000
0.115
1.068
0.000
0. 000
0.010
0.040
0. 000
100.000
11.800
25.930
33.100
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR WESTERN GULL
N OF CASES
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
RANGE
MEAN
STANDARD DEV
C. V.
MEDIAN
DEPTH(m)
19
60
2000
1940
444
695
1
100
000
000
000
000
851
567
000
TEMP(C)
LAND (km)
SALINITY
19
19
19
11.200
8 . 700
32.900
13.300
64.820
33.200
2.100
56.120
0.300
12.032
29.271
33.084
0.502
14 .197
0.096
0.042
0 .485
0.003
12 .100
27.780
33.100
-------
CRUISE 3
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR ASHY STORM-PETREL
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
6
6
6
MINIMUM
108 .000
9 .300
33.200
MAXIMUM
2430.000
10.900
33.800
RANGE
2322.000
1.600
0.600
MEAN
1096.333
10.200
33.450
STANDARD DEV
839.438
"0.716
0.243
C. V.
0 .766
0.070
0.007
MEDIAN
1090.000
10.400
33.350
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS
ARE FOR BLACK
-FOOTED
ALBATROSS
DEPTH(rn)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
33
33
32
MINIMUM
86.000
9 .200
32.900
MAXIMUM
3300.000
12.100
33.800
RANGE
3214.000
2.190
0.900
MEAN
1308.424 ,
10.181
33.397
STANDARD DEV
1114.481
0 . 084
0 .271
C. V.
0 .852
9 . 700
0.008
MEDIAN
800.000
9.700
33.400
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR BRANDT'S CORMORANT
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
4
4
4
MINIMUM
55.000
9 .700
33.100
MAXIMUM
60.000
9 . 800
33.800
RANGE
5 .000
0.100
0.700
MEAN
56.250
9 .750
33.600
STANDARD DEV
2 .500
0.058
0.337
C. V.
0 .044
0.006
0.010
MEDIAN
55.000
9.750
33.750
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR CASSIN'S AUKLET
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINI1
N OF CASES
13
13
13
MINIMUM
55.000
9 . 200
33.100
MAXIMUM
1400.000
10.700
33.900
RANGE
1345.000
1.500
0.800
MEAN
398.923
9 .746
33.585
STANDARD DEV
453.784
0 . 407
0.248
C. V.
1 .138
0.042
0.007
MEDIAN
145.000
9.700
33.700
-------
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR COMMON MURRE
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
13
13
13
MINIMUM
55.000
9.200
33.100
MAXIMUM
560.000
9.800
33.900
RANGE
505.000
0.600
0.800
MEAN
119.385
9.585
33.708
STANDARD DEV
135.217
0.212
0.214
C. V.
1.133
0.022
0.006
MEDIAN
79.000
9.700
33.800
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR MURPHY'S PETREL
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
14
13
13
MINIMUM
620.000
9 . 500
32.900
MAXIMUM
3300.000
12.200
33.500
RANGE
2680.000
2.700
0.600
MEAN
2084.500
10.854
33.162
STANDARD DEV
1048.937
0.952
0.206
C. V.
0 . 503
0.088
0.006
MEDIAN
2200.000
10.900
33.100
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR NORTHERN FULMAR
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
15
15
15
MINIMUM
98 ,
,000
9.200
33.100
MAXIMUM
2743 ,
,000
12.200
33.800
RANGE
264 5,
, 000
3.000
0.700
MEAN
1126 ,
,733
9 .907
33.533
STANDARD DEV
9 6 5.
.686
0.815
0.241
C. V.
0 ,
.857
0.082
0 .007
MEDIAN
6 4 0
. 000
9.600
33.500
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
4
4
4
MINIMUM
145.000
9.500
33.400
MAXIMUM
1280.000
9 .700
33.700
RANGE
1135.000
0.200
0.300
MEAN
679.250
9 .575
33 . 525
STANDARD DEV
470.222
0.096
0.126
C . V.
0 .692
0.010
0 .004
MEDIAN
646.000
9 . 550
33 . 500
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR PIGEON GUILLEMOT
-------
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
3
3
3
MINIMUM
74.000
9 .200
33.800
MAXIMUM
80.000
9.800
33.900
RANGE
6 .000
0.600
0.100
MEAN
77.667
9.433
33.833
STANDARD DEV
3.215
0.321
0.058
C. V.
0.041
0.034
0.002
MEDIAN
79.000
9 .300
33.800
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR RED PHALAROPE
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
16
16
16
MINIMUM
74.000
9 . 200
33.200
MAXIMUM
3100.000
10.900
33.900
RANGE
3026.000
1. 700
0 . 700
MEAN
919.625
9.725
33.588
STANDARD DEV
961.836
0. 552
0.236
C. V.
1.046
0. 057
0.007
MEDIAN
605.500
9.-500
33.700
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR RHINOCEROS AUKLET
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
17
17
17
MINIMUM
55.000
9. 200
32.900
MAXIMUM
3300.000
11.200
33.900
RANGE
. 3245.000
2.000
1.000
MEAN
877.588
9.829
33.518
STANDARD DEV
1159.871
0 . 498
0.277
C. V.
1. 322
0 .051
0 .008
MEDIAN
420.000
9 .800
33.500
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR RED-NECKED PHALAROPE
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
15
15
15
MINIMUM
55.000
9.200
32.900
MAXIMUM
3200.000
11.200
33.900
RANGE
3145.000
2.000
1.000
MEAN
409.667
9 . 713
33.653
STANDARD DEV
835.977
0 . 467
0.253
C. V.
2.041
0.048
0.008
MEDIAN
103.000
9 .700
33.800
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR SABINE'S GULL
DEPTH(m) TEMP(C) SALINITY
-------
N OF CASES
9
9
9
MINIMUM
108.000
9 . 400
33.000
MAXIMUM
2800.000
10.800
33.800
RANGE
2692.000
1.400
0.800
MEAN
1014.778
10.033
33.478
STANDARD DEV
1048.996
0.608
0.282
C. V.
1.034
0.061
0.008
MEDIAN
780.000
9.700
33.500
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR SOOTY SHEARWATER
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
50
48
48
MINIMUM
55.000
9 . 200
32.900
MAXIMUM
3300.000
12.200
33.800
RANGE
3245.000
3.000
0 .900
MEAN
1037.440
10.198
33.435
STANDARD DEV
1016.143
0.889
0.277
C. V.
0 .979
0.087
0.008
MEDIAN
670.000
9 . 800
33.450
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR WESTERN GULL
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINI'
N OF CASES
49
48
48
MINIMUM
55.000
9.200
32.900
MAXIMUM
3200.000
12.200
33.900
RANGE
3145.000
3.000
1. 000
MEAN
646.082
9.967
33.531
STANDARD DEV
792.605
0.727
0.260
C. V.
1. 227
0.073
0.008
MEDIAN
420.000
9 .700
33. 500
-------
CRUISE NUMBER 4
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR ARCTIC TERN
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
LAND(km)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
9
9
9
9
MINIMUM
106.000
15.100
24,080
33.180
MAXIMUM
3500.000
15.700
55.560
33.420
RANGE
3394.000
0.600
31.480
0 .240
MEAN
1649.333
15.344
37.698
33.312
STANDARD DEV
1153.863
0.224
11.860
0.087
C. V.
0 . 700
0.015
0.315
0.003
MEDIAN
1557.000
15.300
34.630
33.280
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR ASHY STORM-PETREL
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
LAND (
N OF CASES
13
13
13
MINIMUM
130.000
14.500
24.080
MAXIMUM
2026.000
15.400
55.370
RANGE
1896.000
0.900
31.290
MEAN
802.154
15.077
37.809
STANDARD DEV
522.257
0 . 298
9 . 790
C. V.
0.651
0.020
0.259
MEDIAN
662.000
15.100
35. 560
SALINITY
13
33.260
33.450
0.190
33.352
0.061
0.002
33.340
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS
N OF CASES
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
RANGE
MEAN
STANDARD DEV
C. V.
MEDIAN
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
LAND(km)
SALINITY
19
19
19
19
97.000
14.200
15.370
33.050
3500.000
15.700
61.860
33.450
3403.000
1.500
46.490
0.400
1335.053
15.200
35.811
33.322
1146.951
0.389
12.163
0.088
0 .859
0 .026
0 . 340
0 .003
990.000
15.300
35.560
33.310
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR BRANDT'S CORMORANT
DEPTH(m)
N OF CASES 21
MINIMUM 37 t000
MAXIMUM 3500.000
RANGE 3463.000
MEAN 339.381
STANDARD DEV 895^167
c-v- 2.638
MEDIAN 61.000
TEMP(C)
LAND(km)
SALINITY
21
21
21
13 .900
4 .630
33.240
16.300
45.370
33.410
2. 400
40.740
0.170
15.019
15.601
33.331
0.619
10 .993
0.051
0.041
0.705
0.002
14.900
14 . 080
33.330
-------
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR BROWN PELICAN
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
LAND (km)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
11
11
11
11
MINIMUM
44.000
14.800
10.000
33 .280
MAXIMUM
2000.000
15.800
32.220
33.410
RANGE
1956.000
1.000
22.220
0 .130
MEAN
495.364
15.282
22.139
33.345
STANDARD DEV
766.453
0.306
6.274
0 .051
C. V.
1.547
0.020
0.283
0.002
MEDIAN
80.000
15.400
22.220
33.320
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR CASSIN'S AUKLET
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
LAND (km)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
27
27
27
27
MINIMUM
55.000
14.100
0.000
33.250
MAXIMUM
2410.000
15.500
52 .600
33.450
RANGE
2355.000
1.400
52.600
0.200
MEAN
671.926
15 .067
24.975
33.315
STANDARD DEV
745.374
0 .445
12.739
0.052
C. V,
1,109
0 .030
0.510
0. 002
MEDIAN
347.000
15.300
25.370
33.290
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR CALIFORNIA GULL
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
LAND(km)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
5
5
5
5
MINIMUM
41.000
14.
900
12.590
33.290
MAXIMUM
2150.000
15.
, 300
37.040
33.430
RANGE
2109.000
0.
, 400
24.450
0.140
MEAN
928.400
15,
, 060
26.410
33.352
STANDARD DEV
892.968
0 ,
,152
12.009
0 . 068
C. V.
0 .962
0 ,
.010
0. 455
0.002
MEDIAN
1072.000
15,
.000
33.710
33.320
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR COMMON MURRE
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
LAND(km)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
32
32
32
32
MINIMUM
29 .000
13.900
0.000
33.240
MAXIMUM
146.000
16.300
25.370
33.450
RANGE
117.000
2 . 400
25.370
0 .210
MEAN
70.375
14 .956
13.896
33.330
STANDARD DEV
29.158
0. 541
6 . 814
0.054
C. V.
0 . 414
0.036
0. 490
0.002
MEDIAN
61.500
14.950
13.335
33.325
THE FOLLOWING
RESULTS ARE FOR
LEACH'S
STORM-PETREL
-------
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
LAND(km)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
4
4
4
4
MINIMUM
2000.000
15.000
40.000
33.170
MAXIMUM
3010.000
15.600
64.450
33.310
RANGE
1010.000
0.600
24.450
0.140
MEAN
2374.000
15.375
50 .930
33.270
STANDARD DEV
477.987
0.263
11.193
0.067
C. V.
0 . 201
0.017
0.220
0.002
MEDIAN
2243.000
15.450
49 .635
33.300
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR NORTHERN FULMAR
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
LAND(km)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
4
4
4
4
MINIMUM
80.000
14.900
20.000
33. 280
MAXIMUM
1050.000
15.400
25.370
33.290
RANGE
970.000
0 .500
5.370
0.010
MEAN
342.500
15.275
22.778
33.283
STANDARD DEV
472.182
0.250
2.997
0.005
C. V.
1. 379
0.016
0.132
0.000
MEDIAN
120.000
15.400
22.870
33.280
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
LAND(km)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
23
23
23
23
MINIMUM
48.000
13.900
0.000
33.230
MAXIMUM
2864.000
15.800
64.450
33.440
RANGE
2816.000
1.900
64.450
0.210
MEAN
700.565
15.113
29.181
33.315
STANDARD DEV
882.727
0.520
14.560
0.051
C. V.
1.260
0 .034
0. 499
0.002
MEDIAN
347.000
15.300
24.630
33.300
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR RED PHALAROPE
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
LAND(km)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
7
7
7
7
MINIMUM
55.000
14.100
8 . 890
33.290
MAXIMUM
2612.000
15.400
52 . 600
33.450
RANGE
2557.000
1.300
43.710
0.160
MEAN
863.714
14.929
30.584
33.363
STANDARD DEV
1079.455
0.464
16.236
0.066
C. V.
1. 250
0.031
0.531
0,002
MEDIAN
400.000
14.900
29.630
33.330
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR RHINOCEROS AUKLET
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
LAND(km)
SALINITY
-------
N OF CASES.
21
21
21
21
MINIMUM
55.000
14.100
4 .630
33.250
MAXIMUM
2864.000
15.700
45.000
33.460
RANGE
2809.000
1.600
40.370
0.210
MEAN
965.905
15.181
25.240
33.330
STANDARD DEV
1009.142
0.446
11.257
0.061
C.V.
1.045
0.029
0.446
0.002
MEDIAN
211.000
15.300
25.370
33.320
IE FOLLOWING RESULTS
' ARE FOR RED-NECKED PHALAROPE
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
LAND(km)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
18
18
18
18
MINIMUM
45.000
13.900
0.000
33.250
MAXIMUM
1089.000
16.300
45.000
33.460
RANGE
1044.000
2.400
45.000
0.210
MEAN
170.556
14 .906
16.009
33.334
STANDARD DEV
286.299
0.605
11.892
0.058
C.V.
1. 679
0.041
0.743
0 . 002
MEDIAN
70.000
14.850
13.795
33.330
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR SOOTY SHEARWATER
N OF CASES
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
RANGE
MEAN
STANDARD DEV
C. V.
MEDIAN
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
LAND(km)
SALINITY
57
57
57
57
44.000
14.100
0.000
33.120
3500.000
15.800
64.450
33.460
3456.000
1.700
64.450
0.340
975.228
15.170
30.356
33.327
1112.529
0.430
15.798
0.073
1.141
0 .028
0.520
0.002
375.000
15.300
27.040
33.310
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR WESTERN GULL
N OF CASES
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
RANGE
MEAN
STANDARD DEV
C. V.
MEDIAN
DEPTH(m)
76
29
3500
3471
641
879
1
106
000
000
000
066
349
372
500
TEMP(C)
76
13
16
2
15
0
0
15
900
300
400
093
448
030
100
0
61
61
25
15
0
23
LAND(km)
76
000
860
860
972
046
579
710
SALINITY
76
050
, 500
450
331
072
002
320
33,
33,
0,
33.
0,
0,
33,
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR XANTUS' MURRELET
N OF CASES
MINIMUM
DEPTH(m)
6
347.000
TEMP(C)
6
15.000
LAND(km)
6
22.780
SALINITY
6
33.230
-------
MAXIMUM 3400.000 15.700 55.560 33.500
RANGE 3053.000 0.700 32,780 0.270
MEAN 1640.833 15.483 41.423 33.317
STANDARD DEV 1213.167 0.264 14.177 0.096
C.V. 0.739 0.017 0.342 0.003
MEDIAN 1338.000 15.550 46.855 33.300
CRUISE NUMBER 5
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS
ARE FOR BLACK
-FOOTED
ALBATROSS
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
4
4
4
MINIMUM
626.000
12.600
33.200
MAXIMUM
3330.000
13.300
33.400
RANGE
2704.000
0.700
0. 200
MEAN
1740.500
12.975
33.300
STANDARD DEV
1148 .775
0.330
0.082
C.V.
0 .660
0. 025
0.002
MEDIAN
1503.000
13.000
33.300
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR BONAPARTE'S GULL
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
6
6
6
MINIMUM
94.000
12.400
33.300
MAXIMUM
2650.000
13.500
33.400
RANGE
2556.000
1.100
0.100
MEAN
1344 .833
12.900
33.317
STANDARD DEV
975.015
0.400
0.041
C.V.
0.725
0.031
0.001
MEDIAN
1252.000
12.850
33.300
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR BROWN PELICAN
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
7
7
7
MINIMUM
53.000
12.000
33.200
MAXIMUM
3475.000
13.200
33.400
RANGE
3422 .000
1.200
0. 200
MEAN
965.857
12.686
33.329
STANDARD DEV
1269.215
0.426
0.076
C.V.
1. 314
0.034
0.002
MEDIAN
314.000
12.600
33.300
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR CASSIN'S AUKLET
DEPTH(m) TEMP(C) SALINITY
-------
N OF CASES
28
28
28
MINIMUM
35.
000
12.
,000
33.
,200
MAXIMUM
3330.
,000
13,
.600
33.
,400
RANGE
3295.
,000
1,
.600
0.
,200
MEAN
829.
, 214
12,
.839
33.
,314
STANDARD DEV
869 .
,847
0,
.438
0,
,065
C. V.
1,
.049
0
.034
o,
.002
MEDIAN
59 5,
.500
12
.800
33
.300
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR CALIFORNIA GULL
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
51
51
51
MINIMUM
45.000
12.000
33.200
MAXIMUM
3475.000
13.800
33.400
RANGE
3430.000
1.800
0 . 200
MEAN
1050.882
13 .018
33.310
STANDARD DEV
936.044
0.403
0.057
C. V.
0.891
0.031
0.002
MEDIAN
772.000
13.000
33.300
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR COMMON MURRE
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF'CASES
13
13
13
MINIMUM
35.000
11.300
33.200
MAXIMUM
426.000
13.100
33.400
RANGE
391.000
1.800
0. 200
MEAN
140.154
12.377
33.323
STANDARD DEV
135.479
0.478
0.073
C.V.
0.967
0.039
0.002
MEDIAN
78 .000
12.300
33.300
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
9
9
9
MINIMUM
78.000
12.300
33.200
MAXIMUM
2012.000
13.700
33.400
RANGE
1934.000
1.400
0.200
MEAN
558.444
12.967
33.333
STANDARD DEV
627.623
0.409
0.071
C.V.
1.124
0.032
0.002
MEDIAN
290 . 000
13 .000
33.300
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR HERRING GULL
-------
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
5
5
5
MINIMUM
180.000
12.800
33.300
MAXIMUM
59 6 .000
13.300
33 . 400
RANGE
416.000
0.500
0.100
MEAN
338.800
13.080
33.320
STANDARD DEV
166 .184
0.179
0.045
C. V.
0 .491
0.014
0.001
MEDIAN
290.000
13.100
33.300
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR NORTHERN FULMAR
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
21
21
21
MINIMUM
180.000
12.600
33.200
MAXIMUM
3330.000
13.900
33.400
RANGE
3150.000
1.300
0.200
MEAN
1012.476
13.067
33.314
STANDARD DEV
868.913
0.314
0. 057
C. V.
0.858
0.024
0.002
MEDIAN
765.000
13.000
33.300
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
6
6
6
MINIMUM
170.000
12.600
33.200
MAXIMUM
1097.000
13.300
33.300
RANGE
927.000
0.700
0.100
MEAN
490.500
12.983
33.283
STANDARD DEV
357.469
0 .248
0.041
C. V.
0 . 729
0.019
0.001
MEDIAN
412.000
13.050
33.300
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR RED PHALAROPE
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
19
19
19
MINIMUM
66.000
12.100
33.200
MAXIMUM
3330.000
13.800
33.400
RANGE
3264.000
1. 700
0. 200
MEAN
1052.211
13.037
33.300
STANDARD DEV
940.325
0. 467
0.058
C. V.
0.894
0 .036
0.002
MEDIAN
772.000
13.100
33.300
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR RHINOCEROS AUKLET
DEPTH(m) TEMP(C) SALINITY
-------
N OF CASES
27
27
27
MINIMUM
35.
000
11.
300
33.
,200
MAXIMUM
3330.
,000
13.
,800
33.
,400
RANGE
3295.
, 000
2,
, 500
0.
,200
MEAN
614,
,111
12.
,726
33,
,322
STANDARD DEV
808,
,066
0,
,519
0,
,058
C. V.
1,
. 316
0,
,041
0,
.002
MEDIAN
234,
.000
12,
,800
33,
.300
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR RED-NECKED PHALAROPE
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
16
16
16
MINIMUM
35,000
11.300
33.300
MAXIMUM
1426.000
13.900
33.400
RANGE
1391.000
2.600
0.100
MEAN
455.750
12.719
33.344
STANDARD DEV
512.207
0.662
0.051
C. V.
1.124
0.052
0.002
MEDIAN
144.500
12.800
33.300
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR SOOTY SHEARWATER
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
16
16
16
MINIMUM
35.000
11.300
33.200
MAXIMUM
3330.000
13.500
33.400
RANGE
3295,000
2 .200
0.200
MEAN
677.375
12 .638
33.319
STANDARD DEV
992.085
0.533
0.075
C. V.
1. 465
0.042
0.002
MEDIAN
218.000
12.750
33.300
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR WESTERN GULL
DEPTH(m)
TEMP(C)
SALINITY
N OF CASES
46
46
46
MINIMUM
35 .000
11.300
33.200
MAXIMUM
2962.000
13.800
33.400
RANGE
2927.000
2.500
0.200
MEAN
681.304
12.839
33.324
STANDARD DEV
764.163
0.503
0.057
C. V.
1.122
0.039
0 . 002
MEDIAN
339.500
12.800
33.300
-------
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR MARINE MAMMALS - ALL CRUISES COMBINED
THE FOLLOW IMG RESULTS ARE FOR BLUE WHALE
DEPTH CM) LAND (KM) SALINITY SEA TEMP t.C)
N OF CASES
6
5
5
6
MINIMUM
88.000
22.780
33.260
14.920
MAX[MUM
1072,, 000
37.040
T~> O {-\
W W 4— k.-p
15.590
RANGE
984.000
14.260
0. 060
0. 670
MEAN
479.833
26.338
33.294
15.267
STANDARD DEV
463.512
6.006'
0. 023
0. 21:5
C. V.
0. 966
0. 228
0. 001
0 . 015
MEDI AN
279.000
24.080
33.290
15.290
THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOP CALIFORNIA SEA LION
DEPTH I'M.) LAND CKM) SALINITY SEA TEMP CO
N OF CASE
:s
45
21
21
39
MINIMUM
f-\cr
OvJ .
000
6.
300
Tn
O vJ ¦
100 '
9.
700
MAXIMUM
'J9G2.
000
72.
230
TT
¦
44 0
16.
900
RANGE
2927.
, 000
65.
930
0.
340
7.
, 200
MEAN
666.
467
31.
325
T->
wf wJ 11
246
13.
, 706
STANDARD
DEV
744.
, 767
1 ^
X <-J «
, 653
0.
, 104
1.
.634
0. V.
.1 .
, 117
0 „
, 436
0.
, 003
0,
, 119
MEDIAN
385.
, 000
28.
, 710
33.
, 280
13,
, 200
f ML. FOLLOW TNG RESULTS ARE FOP. BALL'S PROPGISE
DEPTH CM)
LAND (KM) SALINITY
N Of CASES
M IN ]. MUM
MAXIMUM
PANGF:
MEAN
STANDARD DEV
C - V..
MLD TAN
2-1
74. Oo< >
!218. OOO
¦144 . 000
783.9SB
719. 9.19
O . 91V,
715.000
¦2A . 630
82.040
57.410
47.410
24.845
0. 524
35.930
33.400
0. 300
33.242
0,115
0. 003
33.200
SEA TEMP t'C)
5 17
9. 200
17.500
S. 300
12.590
2. 740
0„ 218
12.500
THE .FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR HUMPBACK WHALE
N OF CASES
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
RANG EI
MEAN
ST ANDARD DEV
CV
MEDIAN
DEPTH CM)
12
loi.ooo
35DO.000
3399, 00<")
969. 833
1153.613
1 . 189
38G.000
LAND CKM) SALINITY SEA TEMP CO
8
20.000
94.450
74.450
42.9 6£
3 1 .4 k9
0. 732
. 390
8
)0
33.300
0. 200
33.243
(. > . < J B 8
0. 003
3 3 ¦ +l'z)O
11
12.500
17,. 500
5. OOO
15.057
1. 405
0. 093
l Zi. -V20
-------
thl~ following results are for northern elephant seal
N OF CASES
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
RANGE
MEAN
STANDARD DEV
F . V.
MFD I AM
DEPTH I'M)
4
910.OOO
2090.000
1180.000
1430 .500
493.749
0. 345
136.1 . 000
1 HE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE FOR NORTHERN FUR SEAL
DEPTH CM)
N
MINIMUM
MAX 1 MUM
F'ANiiE
MEAN
STANDARD DEV
i":. V.
MEDIAN
26
466.000
3400.000
2934.000
1954.115
1033.017
0. 529
2000.000
LAND (KM)
17'
32.220
92.600
60.380
74.254
20.136
0.271
82.040
SALINITY SEA TEMP <'C
17
33.100
33.460
O ¦ o & O
33.194
0.114
0. 003
33.200
10.
15.
5.
i::.
j..
200
640
44 0
726
34 9
0. 106
12.500
THE FOLLOWING' RESULTS ARE FOP PACIFIC WHITE-SIDED DOLPHIN
DEPTH CM) LAND (.KM.)
N OF CASES
MINIMUM
MAX!MUM
RANGE
MEAN
STANDARD DE'U
r". V.
MEDIAN
8
290. 00' i
3200.000
2910. 0C>0
1427., 625
993.915
0. 696
13125O0
7
9. 200
15.640
6. 44<.)
829
286
178
12
(.)
13.000
-------
APPENDIX 3
Box plots for seabird and marine mammal species. The middle line
in the box represents the median. The upper and lower lines on
the rectangle are called the upper and lower quartiles, so that
the entire box shows the interquartile range (central 50% of the
values). The solid lines extend above and below the box from the
upper and lower quartiles to the adjacent values. The upper
adjacent value is defined as the largest observation that is less
than or equal to the upper quartile plus 1.5 x the interquartile
range. The lower adjacent value is defined as the smallest
observation that is greater than or equal to the lower quartile
minus 1.5 x the interquartile range (Chambers et al. 1983).
These are representative of the tails of the distribution. An
asterisk indicates a value outside of the adjacent values. In
addition to showing the median and range of values, the box plot
gives a visual indication of the symmetry (or asymmetry) of the
data. See Methods in Ainley and Allen (1992) for additional
details.
-------
BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS
4-000
3000
I 2000
1000
0
1. 2, 3. 4,
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS
T
~T
O
T
*
8
i
1. 2. G. 4. 5.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
NORTHERN FULMAR
4-000
3000
I
& 2000
A
1000
0
1. 2, 3. 4.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
NORTHERN FULMAR
2, 3. 4.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER
3000
2000
I
I—
II
o
1000
0
1. 3. 4.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER
18
16
UJ
GC
z>
£ 14
cc
HI
Cl
5
HI
H 12
6
CO
10
8
1. 3. 4.
CRUISE NUMBER
5.
-------
SOOTY SHEARWATER
1. 2. 3. 4.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
SOOTY SHEARWATER
2. 3, 4,
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
LEACH 'S STORM-PETREL
4-000
3000 -
x
I
fc
d
2000 -
1000
1. 3.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
leach's storm-petrel
17
16 -
UJ
5 15
ffi
I 14
LU
iS 13
CO
12 -
11
1. 3. 4.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
ASHY STORM-PETREL
B:
Ot
2500
2000
1600
1000
500
0
1. 3. 4, 5,
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
ASHY STORM-PETREL
1. 3. 4. 5.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
BRANDTS CORMORANT
4-000
3000 -
I 2000
Ch
1000 -
0
3, 4. 5,
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
BRANDTS CORMORANT
18
16 -
14 -
LU
cc
=}
cc
LU
Q.
2
LLJ
h- 12 -
5
(ZD
10 -
8
3, 4. 5,
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
RED-NECKED PHALAROPE
4-000
3000
i
£ 2000
<2>
1000
0
1. 3. 4. 5.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
RED-NECKED PHALAROPE
18
16
5 14
CL
LU
Q_
2
LU
I- 12
£
CO
10
8
1. 3. 4. 5.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
RED PHALAROPE
4-000
i r
3000
i
t-
fc 2000
D
1000
0
3.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
RED PHALAROPE
3, 4,
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
CALIFORNIA GULL.
4000
3000
i
^ 2000
A
1000
0
1. 2. 3, 4,
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
CALIFORNIA GULL
LD
CC
ZD
ffi
Q.
2
LU
h-
17
16
15
14
u5 13
CO
12
11
1. 2. 3. 4.
CRUISE NUMBER
5,
-------
HERRING GULL
2. 5.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
HERRING GULL
14
13 -
£ 12
CO
11
2. 5.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
WESTERN GULL
4000
3000
I 2000
o
1000
1. 2. 3. 4, 5.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
WESTERN GULL
*
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL
3000
2000
1000
0
2. 5.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL
2, 5.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
ARCTIC TERN
x
1
1, 3. 4.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
ARCTIC TERN
4000
3000 -
I
f-
2000 -
1000 -
0
1. 3. 4.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
COMMON MURRE
3. 4.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
COMMON MURRE
1500
1000 -
500 -
0
2. 3. 4,
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
CASSINS AUKLET
18
16
14
12
10
8
1. 2. 3, 4.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
CASSINS AUKLET
4000
3000
I 2000
Q
1000
0
1. 2, 3. 4.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
CASSINS AUKLET
34.0
D 33.0
co
3. 4.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
CASSINS AUKLET
80
60
40
20
0
-20
1. 2. 3. 4.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
RHINOCEROS AUKLET
2. 3. 4.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
RHINOCEROS AUKLET
4-000
3000
i2000
o
1000
0
2. 3. 4.
CRUISE NUMBER
5,
-------
DALLS PORPOISE
2500
£
&
D
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1.
2. 3. 4.
CRUISE NUMBER
5.
-------
DALLS PORPOISE
2. 3. 4.
CRUISE NUMBER
-------
CALIFORNIA SEA LION
X
I-
1. 2. 3, 4.
CRUISE NUMBER
5.
-------
CALIFORNIA SEA LION
I I I
i i
T
T
I 1
{H
?
i i
-J 1 I jl L
1- 2. 3, 4. 5,
CRUISE NUMBER
------- |