UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
DATE: July 9, 1979
subject Res-5011 VI11 Integrated Toxic Strategy
from: 8AH-TS
to: See Below
This Region has developed a Regional Integrated Toxic Strategy
which is attached. I would like to point out two items which I think
are significant in terms of the Strategy. First, we have a Toxics
Integration Committee made up of the Division Directors and appropriate
office personnel with myself as executive director. Issues related to
toxics needing policy direction or policy approval are forwarded through
this Committee to the Regional Administrator. Resource issues involving
the Divisions are handled promptly through the Committee. Secondly, the
Strategy is further supported by the restructuring of the Branch. As
noted from the attached Branch organizational chart, we have organized
the Branch in a manner to give maximum support to both toxics and pesti-
cide issues.
Our Integrated Strategy has been evolving for several months.
Currently, the staff 1s developing work plans for the priority toxic
chemicals and industry categories. Both the States and the Interagency
Regulatory Liaison Group (IRLG) have provided input to the approach we
are using. In fact, the State/EPA Agreements include an item related
to the development of Integrated Toxic Strategies at the State level.
We would appreciate your comments on our Strategy. In addition,
we would like to acquire a copy of Toxic Strategies for the other
Regions. If you have any questions on this package please contact
either Dean Gill am or myself at FTS 327-3926, (303) 837-3926.
Louis W. Johnson, Chief
Toxic Substances Branch
Environmental Protection Agency
Attachments
Addressees:
Murray Newton
Regional Branch Chiefs
Toxic Coordinators
'20 /, (Rev J 76)
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REGION VIII INTEGRATED TOXICS STRATEGY
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cc* Al SwtH, SE-6
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
date-. March 13, 19 79
subject: Region VIII Integrated Toxi.cs Strategy
FROM: 8AH-P
T0: All Division Directors
OPAIR
ORC
Attached is a summary of the activities of" the Region VIII Toxics
Integration Committee to date. The Committee has selected what it
considers to be the highest priority chemicals and ^Industries in the
Region for development of individual Work Plans wiuiin the Integrated
Toxics Strategy. The chemicals selected were grouped into first and
second priority levels. Asbestos, PCB's and cadmium were selected as
first priority, while lead, mercury and arsenic were second priority
chemicals. Regarding industries, the Committee felt that federal
facilities were the most important "industry" for development of a
Work Plan. Next in importance were smelters and power plants,
followed by chemical plants and refineries.
Please ponder the above selections of the Committee, peruse the
attached sheets which characterize each chemical, and determine those
chemicals and industries to which you would feel best about committing
resources in fulfillment of the Integrated Toxics Strategy. If your
priorities are different than those noted above, please develop your
rationale. They are not unchangeable. A meeting of the Division and
Office Directors will be held on Monday, March 26, at 10 a.m. in the
Elm Room. At this time we will discuss the recommendations which will
go forward to the RA and DRA as to the chemicals and industries for
which we will develop Work Plans within the Integrated Toxics Strategy.
It is important that you attend rather than your Committee designate
so that Division priorities and resources can be reflected in the
development of the package.
Davi sr, Director
Air and Hazardous Materials Division
Attachment
EPA To,,,. I 3?0 6 (Rev 3 761
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Executive Summary
II. Background
A. Rationale
B. Toxics Integration Committee
C. Prioritizing Chemicals for Strategy Development
0. Review of Cancer Rates in Region VIII
III. Integrated Strategy
A.
Description of Work Plan Format
B.
Cooperation with States
C.
Referral To Others
D.
Addressing New Hazards
E.
Public Awareness
F.
Emergency Response
G.
Data Retrieval
H.
Time Schedule
I.
Resources
J.
ZBB
IV. Reports and Assessment
V. Work Plans and Implementation Schedule
A.
PCB's
B.
Asbestos
C.
Federal Facilities
D.
C admium
E.
Lead
F.
Smelters
G.
Mercury
H.
Arsenic
I.
Power Plant
Appendices
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REGION VIII INTEGRATED TOXICS STRATEGY
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
EPA Region VIII developed an Integrated Toxics Strategy to
improve coordination between all of the environmental media
programs (air, water, solid waste, and toxics) to address situ-
ations that impact more than one media. Development and imple-
mentation of the Region VIII Integrated Toxics Strategy occurs
through a Toxics Integration Committee. The principal function
of the Committee is to coordinate Regional strategy and allocate
resources for dealing with high priority multi-media toxics
problems.
The Toxics Integration Committee held a series of meetings
in FY-79 to determine which chemicals and industries should be
addressed under the Integrated Toxics Strategy. A format was
developed by the Committee that defined the criteria for prior-
itizing a chemical. This format was used for the character-
ization of the eleven chemicals selected for preliminary study.
The Committee also asked each of the six states, IRLG agencies
and NIOSH for their input as to what chemicals and industries
they felt were of multi-media concern and which most deserved to
be addressed by the Committee. A map which showed excessive
cancer rates for each county in the Region was overlayed with
maps of various ^industries. This map was used to determine if
any correlations could be made between excessive cancer rates in
a given area and the industries located in that area.
After assessing all of the information provided, the
Committee selected what it considered to be the six highest
priority chemicals (PCB's, asbestos, cadmium, lead, mercury and
arsenic) and the three highest priority industries (federal
facilities, smelters and power plants) in Region VIII for the
development of individual Work Plans. A Work Plan addresses the
health and environmental problems caused by a particular
chemical or industry and outlines Regional and state activities,
resources, public awareness programs, etc., to implement the
corrective actions needed for that specific toxics priority. As
other high priority toxic pollutants surface, they will be re-
viewed and prioritized among the existing toxics problems.
The Integrated Toxics Strategy also addresses the coordi-
nation of toxic problems with each of the states in Region VIII.
It is desirable that an organizational body be designated within
each state to correspond with the Region VIII Toxics Integration
Committee. This will enhance communications between EPA and the
states. Also, when necessary, state resources will be mobilized
as part of the individual Work Plans.
Finally, semi-annual progress reports and annual reports
will be developed by the Committee.
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II. BACKGROUND
A. Rationale
Each EPA media program has its own unique problems which
involve the control of toxic substances. However, control
alternatives often impact on one or more of the other environ-
mental media. Likewise, some toxics problems are common to
several of the media and need a multi-media approach for their
solution. Thus, it was necessary to devise the proper forum
within EPA Region VIII which would maximize cooperation between
the media in these matters. The Region has chosen to make this a
high priority effort and will commit the resources necessary to
carry out this task.
B. Toxics Integration Committee
While nearly every pollutant regulated by EPA might be con-
strued as a toxic substance, it is not the intent of this
Regional Office to control all of these parameters through the
integrated toxics control forum. Only those toxic substances
whose control cannot be effected by a single media will be
addressed by the integrated regional approach.
The Region VIII Toxics Integration Committee has the re-
sponsibility for implementation of the Integrated Toxics
Strategy. The Committee is a policy-recommending group whose
membership is made up as follows:
Chairperson: Division Director, A&HM Division
Executive Director: Chief, Toxic Substances Branch, A&HM
Division
Members: Director, Water Division
Director, Enforcement Division
Director, Surveillance & Analysis Division
Director, OPAIR
Director, Montana Office
Director, Management Division
The principal functions of this group will be to coordinate
Regional strategy and resources and to develop policy for
dealing with toxic substances problems which are multi-media in
nature. Examples of policy issues which might be addressed by
the Committee are: emergency response coordination, Federal/
State liaison, toxic problem assessment, information system
coordination, monitoring, and public participation.
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The Committee has designated six chemicals and three in-
dustries for development of individual Work Plans within the
Integrated Toxics Strategy. The chemicals selected were grouped
into first and second priority levels. Asbestos, PCB's and
cadmium were selected as first priority, with lead, mercury and
arsenic designated as second priority chemicals. Likewise, the
Committee selected Federal facilities as the most important
"industry" to be addressed in Region VIII followed by smelters,
and power plants.
As other toxics problems surface, the Toxics Integration
Committee will address them based on the criteria considered in
characterizing the above-mentioned chemicals and industries and
will assign the new problem a priority.
C. Prioritizing Chemicals for Strategy Development
The first meeting of the Toxics Integration Committee was
held on November 17, 1978. The principal purpose of the meeting
was to review an outline which had been prepared by the staff of
the Toxic Substances Branch for the Integrated Toxics Strategy.
In addition, the objectives and goals of the Committee were out-
lined to the participants. Each Committee member designated a
Division or Staff Office representative. The Toxics Strategies
of Regions IV and X were reviewed for format and content.
There are two general criteria for choosing chemicals to be
studied: (1) release into the environment through more than one
media; and (2) control mechanisms requiring the efforts of more
than one media program. Chemicals which are currently regulated
but which are not being properly controlled in the environment
can also be included.
The second meeting of the Committee was held on January 12,
1979. The purpose of the meeting was to receive suggestions
from each representative as to the chemicals they thought might
be considered under an Integrated Toxics Strategy. Each sug-
gestion was discussed and the list was narrowed down to those
chemicals presenting the greatest hazard. Those chemicals with
the most potential for harm were to be characterized by the
staff of the Executive Director as to their real health and
environmental impact so that the Committee could then further
narrow the list to those of highest priority. The committee
would then develop specific Work Plans for the highest priority
chemicals. The initial list of chemicals suggested by the
various representatives included the following:
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aldri n
electric utility wastes
polychlorinated
ammoni a
electroplating wastes
biphenyls (PCB's)
arsenic
heavy metals
radionuclides
asbestos
hydrogen sulfide
radi um
benzene
lead
sodium hydroxide
beryl 1i um
mercury
sulfuric acid mist
cadmi um
molybdenum
tetraethyl lead
carbon tetra-
nitrates/nitrites
trichlorethylene
chloride
parathion
trihalomethanes
chlorinated
petroleum refinery waste
toluene
hydrocarbons
products
vinyl chloride
chlori ne
polybrominated biphenyls
1080
chlorobenzene
(PBB's)
chlorofluro-
carbons (CFC's)
After discussion of each of the above-listed chemicals the
Committee, voted on those chemicals which they felt deserved
further study. The following are those chemicals which the
Committee chose to characterize:
ammonia heavy metals(generic)
arsenic lead
asbestos mercury
benzene nitrates/nitrites (generic)
cadmium polychlorinated biphenyls
chlorinated hydrocarbons (generic) radionuclides (generic)
The staff of the Executive Director characterized each of
the chemicals selected. Approximately three weeks were spent in
this effort.
On January 19, 1979, a meeting was held with the Committee
to explain the more important chemicals within the generic
groups of chemicals noted above. Preliminary research of heavy
metals showed that only lead, arsenic, cadmium, mercury,
molybdenum, vanadium and zinc were worthy of further study on
the basis of their toxicity and prevalence in Region VIII:
Arsenic - carcinogen found in pesticide products, copper
smelters, power plants, mines
Cadmium - suspected carcinogen; extremely toxic to man and
aquatic life; found in copper smilting, coal-fired power
plants, internal combustion engines; refined at ASARCO Plant
in Denver; mined within the Region
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Lead - carcinogen; highly toxic to man and animals; emitted
from internal combustion engines, flue gas, smelters; found
in printing establishments, paint; being studied by the IRLG
Mercury - toxic to man and animals; found in flue gases
Molybdenum - toxic to farm livestock; mined in Region at a
minimum of three different sites in large quantity
Vanadium - toxic to man; found in flue gas; present with
uranium mi 11ing
Zinc - toxic to aquatic life; mined within the Region
The other heavy metals which were considered are listed in
Appendix A, along with the reason(s) for their rejection from
further study.
Initial review of the radionuclide group, namely uranium,
radium, and thorium, indicated that on-going research through
the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Department of Energy, and
Environmental Protection Agency (Solid Waste, Radiation,
Hazardous Waste programs; and Office of Research & Development)
was adequately addressing the problems and no further need for
study on the part of the Toxics Integration Committee existed.
However, the Committee decided that further research should be
undertaken on the radionuclide group to be sure that enough was
being done. The Waste Management Branch, Air and Hazardous
Materials Division was assigned the task to further characterize
the radionuclide group so that the Committee could get a better
idea as to the need for including those chemicals in the In-
tegrated Toxics Strategy.
These results will be added at a later date.
Cursory research done on nitrates and nitrites indicated
that since the problem is primarily a water pollution problem,
this group of chemicals is not really under the purview of the
Committee. However, the Committee again requested further re-
search into pollution caused by nitrates and nitrites so that it
could have all the facts before making a decision whether or not
to delete these chemicals from consideration. The task was as-
signed to the Control Technology Branch, Water Division. Upon
completion of the assignment, the results were presented to the
Committee. The Committee concluded that the impact of nitrates
and nitrites was generally only a single-media problem and
therefore should be deleted from the Integrated Toxics Strategy.
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The generic group of chlorinated hydrocarbons was also
examined and it was found that there are very few, if any, manu-
facturing sources within Region VIII. Thus, the presence of
this chemical group within the Region will be primarily as a
result of use. Pollution will largely result from many small
direct and indirect sources rather than from a few large point
sources and thus will be extremely difficult to monitor. There-
fore, it was recommended that chlorinated hydrocarbons not be
included in the Toxics Strategy. The Committee concurred and
this group of chemicals was deleted from further consideration.
A format was presented to the Committee for characterizing
each of the chemicals selected for preliminary study. It at-
tempted to characterize the chemical by defining the most impor-
tant parameters to consider when prioritizing a chemical in
order to develop a Work Plan within the Integrated Toxics
Strategy. The parameters selected were:
Specific sources; geography and magnitude of the sources
Population-at-risk or environmental exposure
Health and environmental hazards
Mode of entry into environment
Control mechanisms available
Current EPA and other agency efforts
In conclusion, eleven chemicals were chosen to be researched
and characterized by the Executive Director's staff according to
the format prescribed above. They were:
Ammonia Lead
Asbestos Mercury
Benzene Molybdenum
PCB's Vanadium
Arsenic Zinc
Cadmi urn
Two agencies which are heavily involved in chemicals and
their impact on human health (OSHA and NIOSH) were contacted to
derive from them those industries and chemicals which they felt
were of most importance in terms of environmental contamination.
Their concerns were: carbon monoxide, mercury, asbestos, coal
tar pitch (found in the aluminum refineries and insulation
industries), lead (from smelting operations), silica, organic
solvents and vapors (generated from ski manufacturing, foaming,
insultation, pesticide manufacturers, newspapers and printers).
Foundries and coking plants were also considered environmental
problems.
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In addition, a letter was also sent to each of the six
states along with the IRLG agencies within the Region asking
them to review the list of chemicals and to request any
additions, deletions or corrections that they thought were
necessary. Appendix B is a summary of the comments made by each
state and the IRLG agencies.
A meeting was held on January 26, 1979, wherein names of
staff members characterizing each of the chemicals selected for
study were given to the Committee. The Committee members were
asked to pass any information which they regarded as important
about a given chemical to the staff member researching the
chemical, so that it could be properly reflected in the char-
acterization of the chemical.
Finally, a list of industries which were worthy of study was
requested from the Committee members. The industries suggested
by the group were: fossil-fuel power plants, smelters, oil shale
operations, petroleum refineries, mines, chemical plants,
federal installations, sewage treatment plants, steel mills, and
uranium mills.
Meetings were held on February 22 and 26, 1979. At these
meetings the staff of the Committee reported their findings on
the eleven chemicals chosen for preliminary study. Appendix C
contains the charts and narratives characterizing each of the
eleven chemicals which were studied showing sources, health
hazards, population-at-risk, etc. On the basis of the infor-
mation provided in these charts and a written narrative, along
with Committee discussion, decisions were made as to which
chemicals should be considered for the development of a Work
Plan within the Integrated Toxics Strategy. Of the eleven
chemicals studied, zinc, ammonia, benzene, vanadium, and
molybdenum were deleted from further consideration primarily on
the basis of their lack of demonstrated low-level chronic
health/environmental effects; or that their entry into the
environment is primarily through only one media; and/or the
relative magnitude of the problems created by the chemical is
less than the others considered.
The remaining chemicals were grouped into two categories of
priority for development of Work Plans within the Integrated
Toxics Strategy. The highest priority chemicals are asbestos,
PCB's and cadmium. Second priority chemicals are arsenic, lead
and mercury. A vote was taken to decide which industries should
be characterized by Work Plans in the Strategy. Federal
Facilities seemed to be of the highest priority, followed by
smelters and power plants. These were followed by chemical
plants and refineries. The time table for completion of these
Work Plans is on the following page.
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1st Chemical
2nd Chemical
3rd Chemical
4th Chemical
5th Chemical
6th Chemical
191 Industry
2nd Industry
3rd Industry
TIMETABLE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF WORK PLANS FOR
SPECIFIC CHEMICAL AND INDUSTRIES UNDER
THE INTEGRATED TOXICS STRATEGY
Date
Likely Complete
PCBs A—2 3 — 7 9
Asbestos 5-21-79
Cadmium 6-18-79
Lead 7-16-79
Mercury 8-13-79
Arsenic 9-10-79
Federal Facilities 6-11-79
Smelters 8-6-79
Power Plant9 9-24-79
Apri 1
23
May
21
Calendar
June
July
18
16
11
Aur
13
Sept,
10
2 h
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D. Review of Cancer Rates in Region VIII
During the meeting on January 26, 1979, a map of the Region
outlining excessive cancer rates by county was distributed. The
objective was to have each Committee member refer the map to the
appropriate people within their Division or Staff Office in
order to determine if some correlation exists between the
excessive cancer rates in an area and the industries located in
that area. Excessive cancers of a given type were character-
istically grouped among counties in a given section of the
state.
At a later meeting these cancer maps were added to by super-
imposing the geographic locations of nine different industry
groups within Region VIII over the excessive cancer rates noted
for each county. This was distributed to Committee members and
they were asked to again review the maps for any possible asso-
ciations between excessive cancer rates and industries or any
other environmental problems. These maps appear as Appendix D.
III. INTEGRATED STRATEGY
A. Description of Work Plan Format
A Work Plan is developed to address each of the priority
chemicals and priority industries selected for the Integrated
Toxics Strategy. Each Work Plan will vary but generally the
format of a Work Plan will be: 1) main objective of the
specific Work Plan; 2) introduction on the subject chemical or
situation (i.e., manufacture and use, health and environmental
effects); 3) outline of the problem(s) caused by the priority
chemical or priority situation, the action needed to correct the
problem(s), and assignment of Regional Resources to implement
the corrective actions; 4) public awareness programs; and 5) a
chart of the Resource Allocation Model for each Work Plan.
8. Cooperation with States
Each of the six states within Region VIII is an important
participant in properly addressing toxics control problems. It
is envisioned that as a Work Plan is developed to address a
particular priority chemical or other priority situation, that
the state(s) which are involved will mobilize resources to
address the situation in partnership with EPA. This will
require the development of a strong cooperative spirit in these
matters.
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Likewise, environmental conditions will frequently exist
where the state will be the first to identify the situation.
All states in Region VIII are currently organized along cate-
gorical lines (air, water, solids, etc.) as is EPA and to focus
multi-disciplinery resources on multi-media problems as toxics
requires, a coordinating body in each state similar to Region
VIII's Toxics Integration Committee is necessary. Thus, it is
desirable that each state form such a coordinating body, focus
resources on multi-media problems, and bring such problems to
the attention of the Region VIII Integration Committee. By
directing communication, in a state/Federal direction, EPA can
provide resources, where needed, toward selected multi-media
problems within a state. This would complete a proper commu-
nication circle between EPA and each state.
In the case of Montana, since the EPA Montana Office is part
of the Region VIII Toxics Integration Committee, the above
scenerio will be carried out between the State and the Montana
Office directly. This should lead to even better implementation
programs for multi-media problems.
C. Referral to Others
Implementation of the various Work Plans will necessitate
extensive literature reviews and field inspections to be under-
taken. Information gathered as a result of these activities
will be assimilated by the Hazard Assessment Section, Toxic
Substances Branch, Air & Hazardous Materials Division. As date
patterns or problems develop other organizational entities will
be informed. These entities include the IRLG agencies, other
Federal agencies, industry, other EPA regions, and EPA Head-
quarters. At times a cooperative data gathering or inspection
effort will be performed with the above organizations. Such
cooperative ventures may be called for initially in the various
Work Plans, but also can be precipitated from information
developed as noted above.
D. Addressing New Hazards
New toxic pollutants which may create potential hazards to
the environment will be addressed by the Committee. The
Committee will characterize these pollutants as they did for the
initial Toxics Integrated Strategy. If the new pollutant proves
to be a greater hazard then those currently included in the
Toxics Integrated Strategy, the Committee will reprioritize the
chemicals/industries under the Strategy.
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E. Public Awareness
The purpose of a public awareness section within a Work Plan
will be to achieve the goal of increasing public knowledge for
the specific pollutant or priority situation. Generally, public
awareness programs will be addressed to specific target groups
within the general public, industry, governmental agencies
(federal, state and local), interest groups and in-house
personnel. The types of programs that will be presented will be
educational (training) and reactive (response to inquiries). To
develop a public awareness capability, technical knowledge about
the subject matter will'be drawn from EPA personnel. Tools to
be used for public awareness programs include the listing of
priority concerns and responsible individuals who can provide
assistance, as well as developing PR mechanisms such as work-
shops, newsletters, increased news media coverage, speeches and
cross-training.
F. Emergency Response
Any Emergency Response activity within a specific Work Plan
will be handled according to Regional Order R8 2080.1, Region
VIII, Emergency Response Plan (Appendix E). This plan is for
any imminent action required to protect public health and safety
or the environment.
G. Data Retrieval
Data retrieval will be used extensively for the purpose of
developing toxicological and scientific information, gathering
health and environmental effects and emission data for the
priority chemicals and evaluating situations under the
Integrated Toxics Strategy. The sources to be used for this
effort will be:
a. Automated systems
1. SDC
2. Lockheed
3. National Library of Medicine
b. Library Sources
c. Industry Data
d. Headquarters
e. Source of Problem
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H. Time Schedule
Once all Work Plans have been completed a separate time
schedule will be developed to implement a target date for
completion of each element under the "Problem Identification and
Correction" Section of the various Work Plans.
I. Resources
Until the entire set of Work Plans are completed, a summary
of the resources required cannot be included. However, in the
interim each Work Plan contains its own "Resource Allocation
Model".
J. ZBB
The FY-79 ZBB did not contain any resources for carrying out
multi-media efforts as are outlined in this Strategy. Specific
media resources are still being used to solve problems directly
associated only with that media. It may be necessary for some
resources in a given media to be redirected toward multi-media
high priority projects with the understanding that the media
program will not lose control of the resources that it commits.
Nevertheless, due to the high priority of this effort in
Region VIII it seems that the ZBB must contain some line items
relating to toxics integration activities and funding for these
items should come from headquarters. It seems that the FY-80
budget is unchangable at this point. However, we should
certainly be able to justify resources for the FY-81 ZBB.
IV. REPORTS AND ASSESSMENT
The Toxic Substances Branch, which is the focus of imple-
mentation activities for the Toxics Integration Committee, will
report to the Committee semi-annually beginning November 1,
1979. At that time constructive criticism will be entertained
and alterations will be made in the manner in which the
Committee functions. Also, priorities will be reviewed and
adjusted. It is desirable that the states participate in this
meeting as well but travel funds may be a problem. A briefing
for the Regional Administrator and Deputy Regional Administrator
will result.
A full written report will be made to the Committee and
States annually. The written report on November 1, 1979, will
consist of the entire Integrated Toxics Strategy with all Work
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Plans including implementation action items together with a
report on implementation to date. Accomplishment of major
milestones in the Strategy will trigger ad hoc reports as they
occur.
Assessment of results is an ongoing activity of the Hazard
Assessment Section and will be reported to the Committee at
their regular meetings.
V. WORK PLANS AND IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES
This section will contain the Work Plan and implementation
schedule for each chemical/industry listed below. To date only
the draft copies of the first two Work Plans are available.
A.
PCB'S
B.
Asbestos
C.
Federal Facilities
D.
Cadmium
E.
Lead
F.
Smelters
G.
Mercury
H.
Arsenic
I.
Power Plants
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REGION VIII INTEGRATED TOXICS STRATEGY
PCB
WORK PLAN
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduc tion
Manufacture and Use
Objective
I. Problem Identification and Correction
A.
Regional Inventory of Sources
B.
TSCA PCB Inspections
C.
Laboratory Support
D.
Hazard Assessment
E.
Multi-Media Inspections and Monitoring
F.
Sewage Treatment Plants
G.
Information Dissemination
H.
Enforcement
II. Public Awareness (Participation)
A. Industry Workshops
B. Address Professional and Trade Association Meetings
C. Contributions to Newsletters
D. Cross-Training
III. Emergency Response
IV. Resource Allociation Model For PCB Work Plan
Appendix 1 - Potential Sources of PCB's
Appendix 2 - Region VIII, Emergency Response Plan
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INTRODUCTION
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) is a generic term applied to
certain mixtures of chlorinated organic compounds. The effects of
PCB's on the environment have been widely discussed recently. PCB's
persist and accumulate in the environment and have been found in
samples of air, water, soil, sediments, fish, birds, and mammals
(including humans) all over the world. Although the acute toxicity of
PCB's is not significant, several chronic effects have been observed.
PCB's have, therefore, been considered as a significant hazard to human
health as well as to the environment.
MANUFACTURE AND INDUSTRIAL USES
PCB's have been manufactured in the United States since 1929 by
the Monsanto Chemical Company; it has been estimated that 800 million
pounds have been produced since that time. In 1970, the year of peak
U.S. Production, over 85 million pounds of PCB's were produced in the
U.S. alone. An estimated one-half million pounds per year of PCB's
were imported into the U.S. from foreign manufacturers.
The sole U.S. manufacturer of PCB's was the Monsanto Chemical
Company located near East St. Louis, Illinois. Monsanto has marketed
its PCB products in the U.S. under the trade name AR0CL0R.
PCB's come in both solid and liquid forms and have properties that
give them a wide range of industrial applications. In resin form they
were used as protective coatings, plasticizers and extenders, sealers
in waterproofing compounds and putty, asphaltic materials, printing
inks, and synthetic adhesives. In liquid form they were used as
dielectrics, hydraulic fluids, thermostats, cutting oils, extreme
pressure lubricants, grinding fluids, and heat transfer media. As
solids they were used to impregnate carbon resistors, as sealers, and
as impregnating agents for electrical apparatus. With few exceptions,
other than environmental concerns, the remarkable properties of PCB's
make them the best chemical known to make capacitors, transformers,
hydraulics, gas turbines, and vacuum pumps work efficiently and safely.
In 1971, because of environmental concerns, Monsanto voluntarily
stopped production of Aroclor 1260 and restricted its sales of other
PCB's to only "closed" systems. Closed systems are such things as
PCB-containing insulating fluids used in electrical transformers and
capacitors. These two applications account for essentially all the
current use of PCB's in the U.S. On October 5, 1976, Monsanto
announced that it would cease to manufacture and distribute PCB's by
October 31, 1977. A timetable set by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) called for gradual phasing out of PCB manufacturing by
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-2-
January 1, 1979, and a ban on all PCB processing or distribution in
commerce by July 1, 1979. These steps should reduce the introduction
of PCB's into the environment in the future. However, millions of
pounds of PCB's still exist in transformers and capacitors still in
service. The environmentally safe disposal of these fluids will
continue to be of concern for years to come.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of the Regional PCB Work Plan is to control entry
of PCB's into the environment by:
1. Aggressively enforcing the TSCA PCB regulation.
2. Identifying and preventing air and water pollution by PCB's.
3. Educating the "public", i.e., those industries handling PCB's.
4. Identifying those elements of organization within Region
VIII who will be responsible for the specific tasks detailed
in the plan.
I. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND CORRECTION
The flow chart shown in figure 1 basically describes the
process to be followed by the Region for controlling PCB's. The
following section discusses each portion of the flow chart.
A. Regional Inventory of Sources
The first step is to identify those sites within Region
VIII where PCB's are or have been used, stored, or disposed.
This involves compiling a detailed list of potential and known
sources. A computerized list of potential and known sources
has already been developed and will be reviewed for completeness
and updated when necessary. A short summary of potential
sources is given in Appendix A.
The information gathering can be accomplished by per-
forming the following tasks:
1. Review old city directories, telephone books, trade
association, co-op and other organization directories
for the entire Region.
2.
2. Use of information gathering authorities contained
in CWA, CAA, TGCA, RCRA, if they have been delegated
to the regions.
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3. Search for information existing in Regional files.
4. Search State and IRLG files for existing information.
ASSIGNMENT: Hazard Assessment Section
B. TSCA PCB Inspections
Upon completion of the regional inventory (0r concurredtly)
the Region will strongly enforce the PCB Disposal and Marking
Regulation by conducting inspections of potential and known
sources (40 CFR Part 761). Approximately 90 inspections have
already been performed in the Region with a number of violations
detected. It is contemplated that around 120 such inspections
will be performed in FY 79.
Aggressive enforcement of this regulation will control
PCB's at the source before pollution occurs.
While present at the sites, in addition to conducting a
normal PCB inspection, inspectors will take samples from floor
drains, soil in storage yards, fuel oil storage tanks or in any
area where it would appear that spills have occurred or where
waste oil may be stored.
Results of analysis will be used for enforcement of the
TSCA PCB regulation or trigger multi-media inspections for
additional environmental monitoring, if required.
Recognizing that not all sites can be inspected, random
sampling techniques will be used for choosing inspection sites
where appropriate.
ASSIGNMENT: Field Operations Section
C. Laboratory Support
All samples collected will be submitted to the S&A Division
who will either provide analysis through the Region's laboratory,
contractor laboratories or State laboratories.
The laboratory analysis will be completed in a timely manner
so as not to weaken or jeopardize any imminent hazard
enforcement action the Region may desire to undertake.
ASSIGNMENT: S&A
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PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION/CORRECTION
FIGURE I
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-4-
D. Hazard Assessment
The results of any environmental PCB sample analysis (e.g., air,
water, waste) obtained during TSCA inspections or other
environmental monitoring such as results from NPDS monitoring
or Section 307 of the Clean Water Act will be forwarded to the
Hazard Assessment Section (HAS) within the Toxic Substances
Branch (TSB). The entity which performed the inspection to
obtain the sample will have previously taken any necessary
enforcement action regarding the sample. The HAS will attempt
to determine the source of the positive PCB sample and if such
source has a possible impact on another media or Agency the
situation will be explained to that media or Agency for their
consideration.
The HAS will also obtain data from other sources (Federal/
State agencies) on a continuing basis such as the National
Organic Monitoring System and the U.S.G.S. Alert System.
The HAS will accumulate all PCB sample data and periodically
analyze the information for patterns or possible problem areas.
When such problems manifest themselves HAS will develop a project
protocol which will involve resources from each impacted media
or Agency that will be aimed toward further characterizing the
possible adverse effect on health or the environment. These
protocols will take the form of more involved sampling on a
multi-media basis together with in-plant sampling by NIOSH or
OSHA; sampling organisms in the area for above-background levels
of PCB1s; or possibly epidemiologic studies on the surrounding
population. If enforcement action is warranted from these
study results, HAS will forward such cases for enforcement action
under the applicable EPA authority.
Thus, HAS will serve as the Regional clearinghouse for all
PCB sample data and as a catalyst for additional study in problem
areas as they develop.
ASSIGNMENT: Hazard Assessment Section
E. Multi-Media Inspections and Monitoring
Should a multi-media inspection of a facility be required,
all air, water, and solid waste practices shall be i-.ispected for
compliance with all applicable regulations.
These inspections will include personnel from various
program areas as needed. The inspection team will also include
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IRLG members as required.
These inspections shall be conducted upon request of the
Hazard Assessment Section, Toxic Substances Branch.
ASSIGNMENT: S&A, IRLG, Air Enforcement
F. Pub liely_Owned_Sewa^e_Treatment_P1ants
For 20 selected plants, Regional EPA personnel who conduct in-
spections" of sewage treatment plants and State Agency personnel as
requested, will collect sludge samples for PCB analysis. This will
be done only for the major treatment plants in the Region or for minor
plants where there could be potential PCB problems in the sludge or
plant effluent. The list of plants which should be sampled will be
developed by the Water Division and the Hazard Assessment Section.
Receiving stream and other sampling may be initiated if deemed
appropriate for problem assessment.
ASSIGNMENT: S&A, Water Division, Hazard Assessment Section
All information gathered shall be submitted to the Hazard
Assessment Section, Toxic Substances Branch. After consulting with
appropriate program areas, if deemed necessary, case preparation and
appropriate remedial or preventative measures shall commence with
eventually the case being submitted to the Enforcement Division for
corrective action.
ASSIGNMENT: Hazard Assessment Section
^ f orma^ ion_Dj.s s em_ina^J:Ori
All PCB related information collected shall be disseminated to
the appropriate program area. This also includes the IRLG.
Any information obtained will be periodically discussed at
the meetings of the Toxics Integration Committee since it is
difficult to set specific action levels that apply to all media.
The only clear-cut level will be 50 ppm as defined in the PCB
Ban Regulation. Water and Air programs will be concerned with
much lower levels of PCB1s.
ASSIGNMENT: Toxic Substances Branch
H. Enforcement
Cases involving violation of the TSCA will be prepared by the
Toxic Substances Branch and forwarded to the Enforcement Division.
Violations of Section 307 of the Clean Water Act will be prepared
by the Enforcement and Legal Support Branch and transmitted to the
General Enforcement Branch. Violations found pursuant to multi-media
efforts will be coordinated by the Toxic Substances Branch and forwarded
to the Enforcement Division.
ASSIGNMENT:
Enforcement Division
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II. PUBLIC AWARENESS (PARTICIPATION 1
Public awareness is an important means for achieving reduced
exposure to PCB's in the environment. Region VIII's public awareness
effort will concentrate on informing and alerting the public to PCB
hazards and problems associated with using PCB's. Resolution of
these issues will also be addressed. The flow chart in figure II
shows essentially the public awareness program that will be under-
taken in Region VIII.
Information on PCB regulations, policy and issues has already
been distributed. However, this should not preclude further information
dissemination and feedback from the affected urban and rural public.
It is important that good working relationships be developed and
maintained among all entities of our defined "public". For purposes
of this work plan, the "public" is defined as:
Industry: PCB Sources Possible Within Region VIII
- Transformer Repair
- Electric Utilities
- Scrap Yards
- Investment Casting
- Mines (Surface and Underground)
- Mining Equipment Dealers
- Federal Facilities
- Waste Oil Dealers
- Sewage Treatment Plants
- Major Public Buildings
- Railroads
Labor
- Unions
- Labor Councils
Governing Officials
- Federal:
- EPA (Toxics, Water, Waste Management)
- OSHA
- MESA
- DOT
- State
- Local
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PUBLIC
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-7-
Three public awareness activities will be undertaken as part
of this work, plan:
A. Industry Workshops
Purpose: To discuss PCB regulations under TSCA Section
6, disposal techniques, policy of EPA and other
Federal and State regulating agencies, and
emergency response. Industry and labor views
and needs will also be a part of the program.
Participants: Industry, labor, OSHA, EPA, MESA, DOT,
State and local governing officials, news
media.
Length: 1 to lh days
Location: Major Population Centers in Region VIII
ASSIGNMENT: Toxic Substances Branch, OPAIR, Waste Management Branch,
To Be Completed By October, 1979
B. Address Professional and Trade Association Meetings
EPA employees have already participated in two
such meetings; The Colorado Rural Electric Association
meeting in Montrose, April 11, 1979, and a Joint
Utilities Workshop held in Brookings, South Dakota in
March, 1979.
ASSIGNMENT: Hazard Assessment Section, OPAIR
C. Contributions to Newsletters
All chemical trade newsletters within Region VIII
will be identified and contacts will be made with the
editors. EPA will then attempt to get articles put into
these newsletters periodically. Also, appropriate articles
will be published in the Region VIII newsletter contemplated
by OPAIR.
ASSIGNMENT: Toxic Substances Branch
D • Cross-Traininp,
All regional inspectors shall be briefed on the PCB
regulation and instructed to be alert for PCB containing
2quipment while conducting other types of inspections.
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Should equipment or PCB oil be observed, the Toxic
Substances Branch shall be notified with the name and
address of the firm, along with the inspector's observation.
Regional inspectors in all programs will accompany a Toxic
Substances Branch inspector on a PCB inspection.
ASSINGMENT: Toxic Substances Branch, To Be Completed By October, 1979
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-9-
III. EMERGENCY RESPONSE
The Region's response to any environmental emergency involving
PCB1 s shall be according to Regional Order R8 2070.1, Region VIII,
Emergency Response Plan. The plan is limited to those immediate
actions required to protect public health and safety or the
environment (Appendix B). The flow chart describing the Region VIII
Emergency Response Plan is shown in figure III.
As a follow-up action on any PCB environmental emergency, The
Toxic Substances Branch will conduct a TSCA PCB inspection to ensure
compliance with marking and disposal requirements.
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£Men
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-10-
INTEGRATED TOXICS STRATEGY
RESOURCE ALLOCATION MODEL FOR PCB WORK PLAN
A&HM DIVISION
Level of Effort
Toxic Substances Branch
Hazardous Materials Branch
1 my
Disposal Consulting-1/12 my
S&A DIVISION
Surveillance Branch
Technical Investigations Branch
Emergency Planning & Response Branch
WATER DIVISION
Multi-media sampling (2)—1/12 ray
Analyze samples for PCB's (100)
5 Responses - 1/12 my
Control Technology Branch
Obtain 20 PCB samples from major
STP's
ENFORCEMENT DIVISION
Permits & Compliance Branch
General Enforcement
OPAIR
Permit Development - 1/12 my
Prosecution of violators - 1 my
Workshop development
Consult on newsletters
1/12 my
Depending on the circumstances, other Branches within the Region may be
called upon for various tasks, but it is anticipated that the commitment
of resources would be considered incidental.
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APPEuPi* i
REGION VIII TOXICS INTEGRATED STRATEGY
CANDIDATE CHEMICAL: POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCB's)
Major Sources
The major potential sources of PCB's in Region VIII are as follows:
- Transformer Repair Industry
There are approximately 34 repair shops in the Region. The majority
of shops do not now repair PCB transformers although most did in previous
years. The potential for pollution from past work practices is great
along with the fact that many non-PCB transformers are contaminated with
PCB's. Several shops are still repairing PCB transformers.
- Electric Utilities
There are approximately 283 sites operated by electric utilities
that are potential sources of PCB's. These sites often store large
numbers of transformers and capacitors.
- Scrap Yards
All transformers that cannot be repaired are scrapped in the local
junk yards. Even if transformers are drained, some oil finds its way
to the junk yard. There are approximately 135 scrap dealers in our Region.
- Investment Casting Industry
Only one investment casting shop was located in the Region. Any
PCB's present would probably be from past work practices.
- Mines
There are approximately 1154 mining sources in Region VIII where
one might find PCB transformers, capacitors, or PCB-containing mining
equipment.
- Mining Equipment Dealers
There are approximately 10 dealers where one might find PCB-containing
mining equipment.
- Federal Facilities
There are at least 25 sources that have PCB transformers or capacitors.
This would include Bureau of Reclamation sites, GSA, and Department of
Defense facilities.
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- Waste Oil Dealers
There are approximately 6 waste oil dealers in the Region. Many
electric utilities and rebuilding shops dispose of waste transformer
oil through these dealers.
- Major Public Buildings
Many large buildings contain PCB transformers. It is estimated
that approximately 100 exist in the Region.
- Sewage Treatment Plants
Nfuch of the PCB's in industry finds its way into the sewage treat-
ment plants and comes out in the sludge. There are approximately 1153
sources, many of which have never been checked for PCB's.
- Railroads
Many of the railroad facilities may contain PCB transformers or
capacitors.
Population At Risk/Environmental Exposure
The sources in our Region are located in both rural and urban environ-
ments.
Health and Environmental Effects
PCB's, as a class of compounds, are extremely persistent and non-
biodegradable substances, and tend to bioaccuraulate in the aquatic
environment by factors of a few thousand to several hundred-thousand-fold.
The most serious effect of PCB's on aquatic species is their ability to
interfere in the reproductive process and hatchability (if fish e^gs.
The toxicity of PCB's to humans was demonstrated in 1SCS when a
mass poisoning occurred in Japan. Symptoms included swelling of the upper
eyelids, urinal impairment, acne-like formations, and heightened pigmentation
of the skin. Patients with this disease also exhibited neurological
disorders and showed signs of hearing loss. Gabies born to women patients
were born smaller than the national average.
PCB contamination is almost universal and iias been found in human
milk, human adipose tissue and in brain and liver of small children.
Entry Into The Environment
PCB's from the various sources find their way into the environment
in ail media. When incomplete combustion of waste oil occurs, air pol-
lution occurs, eventually causing water pollution. Improper disposal
practices of PCB equipment can cause pollution in all media.
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Control Mechansims Available
Air - Air pollution from incineration of waste transformer oil can
be prevented only if an adequate temperature and dwell time is
obtained to ensure decomposition of PCB's.
Water - Holding ponds with oil skimmers can be used to remove PCB's
from water. Also carbon adsorption systems are effective,
although expensive in removing PCB's.
Solid Waste - According to the TSCA PCB Disposal and Marking Regu-
lations, certain PCB wastes must go to EPA-approved
landfills.
Strong enforcement of the Marking and Disposal Regulation will con-
trol PCB's at the source before pollution occurs. NPDES permits can
also be used.
Current Agency and Other Efforts
EPA under TSCA has a Marking and Disposal Regulation for PCB's. A
manufacturing, processing , and distribution in commerce regulation is
about to become final.
FDA proposed lowering the existing guidelines for PCB's in certain
foods in April, 1977. NIOSH published a criteria document in September
of 1977.
Cost/Benefit
Since the benefits are health-related, they are difficult to quantify.
The costs involved in controlling PCB's would be the cost of performing
inspections at each facility.
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Environmental
Protection TRANSMITTAL
Agency
APPENDIX II
Region VIII
EMFRGENCY PROGRAMS - ENVIRONMENTAL LMEHGENCILb
MATERIAL TRANSMITTED:
Regional Order R8 2070.1, Reaion VIII, Fmerqency Response Plan.
Addresses
RS 2070.1
.TanaarV 22, 1979
MATERIAL SUPERSEDED.
None.
FILING INSTRUCTIONS:
File the attached material in a
Region VIII Directives System.
three ring hinder established for the
AlarrMer son
Regional Administrator
Dist: 2: Emergency Response Team
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NVIRONMENTAL
Protection
Agency
ORDER
R8 2070.1
January 22, 197 9
Region VIII
EMERGENCY PROGRAMS - ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES
REGION VIII ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN
1. PURPOSE. This Order establishes the Emerqency Response Plan and assigns re-
sponsibi1ity for implementing the Plan.
2. AUTHORITY. EPA authority to respond to a variety of situations that pose
a real or imminent hazard to public health and safety or the environment is
contained in the followina Public Laws: Clean Air Act; Clean Water Act; Safe
Drinking Water Act; Resource Conservation and Recovery Act; Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act; and Toxic Substances Control Act.
3. SCOPE. This Plan applies to all environmental emergencies occurring within
EPA Reaion VIII. Such emerqencies mav involve discharaes of oil into waters of
the United States or release of toxic chemicals or hazardous substances into the
environment. The Plan is limited to emerqency response activities; i.e. those
immediate actions reouired to protect public health and safety or the environ-
ment. The resolution of non-emergency problems will be handled with the non-
emeraency authorities of the Public Laws described in Paraqraph 2. The Plan
supplements EPA-wide emergency procedures and directives and other Reqional emer-
gency plans including the Oil h Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
(OHSPCP), the Air Pollution Episode Avoidance Plan, the Disaster Assistance Co-
ordination Manual, and the Emergency Readiness Manual. This Plan does not
supersede the above mentioned plans, procedures, or directives.
4. PROCEDURFS.
a. Duty Officer. The Chief or Acting Chief of the Emergency Planning and
Response Branch (EPRR) in the Surveillance and Analysis Division serves as the
duty officer during normal working hours. During other than normal working
hours durinq the week, the EPRR Chief will desianate a standby duty officer for
each day in order to maintain 24-hour coveraoe of the emerqency reporting tele-
phone line.
b. On-scene Coordinator (OSC). The ^SC is the desiqnated person in charge
of the EPA response at the scene of an environmental emergency. The OSC is
desiqnated by the EPRR Chief.
c. PROGRAM AREA REPRESENTATIVES. Principal and alternate representatives
of reqional proqrams are desiqnated in Attachment 1 to supplement the EPRB staff
Dist 2: Emergency Response Team Initiated by EPRB
1
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ORDER
R8 2070.1
Region VIII
January 22, 1979
during an environmental emergency. Any or all designated program representatives
may become a part of the EPRB staff during an environmental emergency and func-
tion under the direction and supervision of the OSC. The list of assigned
personnel will be reviewed periodically and adjusted as necessary.
d. Response Activation. Upon receipt of a report that oil has been spilled
into United States waters, or that a toxic substance or hazardous material has
been released into the environment, the duty officer has three options:
(1) If the size of the spill or release and the resultina hazard to
human health and the environment is such that EPA response is not necessary or
warranted, the duty officer will so inform the caller. EPA response may not be
necessarv if adequate response will be provided by another government agency.
A record will immediately be made of the call including the date and time; name,
title, and location of the caller; location of the spill or release; the type and
quantity of substance or material involved; and an explanation of his judqment not
to respond to the episode. This record will be maintained in the EPRB. Copies
of all phone calls involving hazardous waste aenerators, transporters and treat-
ment, storage or disposal facilities, should be hand carried to the Waste
Management Section, Air and Hazardous Materials Division, to determine compliance
with the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Subtitle C regulations or
equivalent state regulations.
. (2) If the information provided by the caller in the report of a spill
or release is insufficient, or the duty officer's information concerning the po-
tential hazard of a substance or material is inadequate to dictate immediate EPA
response, he will promptly consult with appropriate designated program represen-
tatives to determine whether such response is indicated. If a decision not to
respond is made, the duty officer will so notify the caller, following the pro-
cedure contained in paragraph (1) above. If a decision to respond is made, the
duty officer will follow the procedure contained in paragraph (3) below.
(3) If EPA emergency response to a spill or release is clearly indicated
based on information furnished, the duty officer will immediately notify designa-
ted principal or alternate representatives from appropriate program areas, as
needed, that they have become a part of the EPRB as a member of the emergency re-
sponse team for the incident.
The circumstances of the emergency, including the substance, media, and support
necessarv will dictate which proqram area representative(s) will be activated.
The duty officer will notify EPRB Chief (or Actina Chief), who will assign an OSC
for the emergency response team. At the conclusion of the emergency, proaram
area representatives will be deactivated by the CSC or by .joint agreement between
the EPRB Chief and the program supervisor. Deactivation disagreements will be
resolved by the appropriate Division Directors or (as a last resort) by the
Regional Administrator.
2
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ORDER
R8 2070.1
Region VIII
January 22, 1979
e. Response Activities. The OSC will carry out the responsibilities stated
in Chapter 3, Part I of the Regional OHSPCP. Response activities will follow the
5 operational phases described in the Regional OSHPCP -- as follows:
Phase I - Discovery and Notification
Phase II - Evaluation and Initiation of Action
Phase III - Containment and Countermeasures
Phase IV - Cleanup, Mitigation, and Disposal
Phase V - Documentation and Cost Recovery
In addition, the OSC will notify the appropriate state agency. In the event water
supplies may be threatened, the OSC will request the appropriate state agency to
notify downstream water users. If the state cannot respond to this request, EPA
will assume this responsibility.
f. Emergency Funding. The OSC is authorized to verbally obligate funds not
exceeding $400 for iitmediate mitigatory actions during any emergency situation,
providing:
(1) The expenditure of funds is under the direct control of an on-scene
federal or state official;
(2) The spiller or cause of the episode will not or cannot take appro-
priate action;
(3) Manpower and/or equipment are immediately available; and
(4) Immediate action will minimize or preclude significant environmental
damage.
5. RESPONSIBILITIES. It is not practical to staff the EPRB with personnel havinq
the wide ranqe of technical expertise necessary to respond to the myriad varieties
of emergency episodes. To do so would simply duplicate the capabilities contained
in other program areas of the Region Office. This Plan utilizes the capabilities
of various program officers to provide full EPA response to environmental emer-
gencies. The responsibilities of various program offices are described below.
a. Emergency Planning and Response Branch.
(1) Throuqh a duty officer, provide 24-hour monitoring of the emeraency
telephone number (303-837-3880) to accept all reports of oil spills and releases
of toxic chemicals or hazardous materials and activate response.
(2) Designate an OSC to assemble the emergency response team (including
program area representatives as needed) and carry out the responsibilities stated
in paragraph 4.
3
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ORDER
R8 2070.1
Region VIII
January 22, 1979
(3) Monitor the progress of each phase of response.
(4) Assure that the Regional Administrator is apprised of all major
environmental episodes and significant events during response action.
(5) Activate the Regional Response Team in accordance with provisions
of the Regional OHSPCP when appropriate or when required.
(6) Obtain participation of appropriate state and/or local officials.
(7) Inform Office of Public Awareness and Intergovernmental Relations
of significant oil and hazardous substances spills or other environmental emer-
gencies .
(8) Notify the Waste Management Branch representative of an emergency
occurring during the loading, transporting, or unloading of a hazardous waste.
(9) Notify the Waste Management Branch radiation reDresentative of any
emergency event involving radioactive materials.
(10) Notify the Control Technology Branch of emergencies affecting public
water supply systems.
(11) Notify the Toxics Substances Branch of any significant emergency
event involving toxic substances or pesticides.
b. Office of Public Awareness and Intergovernmental Relations (OPAIR).
(1) Oepending on the severity and circumstances of the emergency, the
OPAIR Director will decide their response to the emergency.
(a) For spills or emergencies considered consequential to the
Region, an OPAIR representative will accompany the OSC to the emerqency scene and
serve as the OSC's liaison to the news media.
(b) For less significant emergencies, after consultation with the
OSC, OPAIR may wish to contact news media in the emergency vicinity and provide
them with information about the events.
(2) Issue, when appropriate and after consultation with the On-scene
Coordinator, news releases to inform the public of an existing problem, actions
by EPA, cleanup progress, or other significant occurrences.
(3) Arrange for radio or television interviews or appearances, when
appropriate, of EPA representatives involved in emergency response activities.
(4) Notify Congressional home offices of siqnificant environmental
emergencies.
4
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R8 2070.1
ORDER
Region VIII
January 22, 1979
c. Office of Regional Counsel.
Provide legal interpretations of the emergency or imminent hazard sections of EPA
statutory authorities to determine EPA's responsibilities and limits (if any)
thereon.
d. Technical Investigations Branch, Surveillance and Analysis Division.
(1) Provide personnel for investigation of fish kill episodes and assist
in damage assessment surveys.
(2) Recommend the number, type, and size of samples required to assess
the nature and magnitude of an emergency episode.
(3) Perform laboratory analyses on samples collected.
e. Surveillance Branch, Surveillance and Analysis Division.
(1) Provide on-site monitoring of gaseous releases that may result in
hazardous air quality conditions.
(2) Provide advice on the need to evacuate areas subjected to hazardous
air quality conditions.
f. Control Technology Branch, Water Division.
(1) Alert the appropriate state water supply program(s) and, if neces-
sary, immediately affected water suppliers, of the incident and its potential for
water supply contamination.
(2) Insure that proper tests are conducted on drinking water supplies
that may be affected by spills to assure protection of public health.
(3) Determine appropriate treatment techniques or procedures that may
be used to remove the contaminant from drinkinq water (surface or subsurface).
(4) Provide advice on resolution of ground water contamination problems,
g• Enforcement and Legal Support Branch, Enforcement Division.
(1) Initiate all enforcement actions that are appropriate resulting
from environmental episodes. Prepare all legal documents relating to enforcement
actions, and work with the U.S. Attorney's Office to represent EPA in such actions.
5
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ORDER
R8 2070.1
Region VIII
January 22;?, 1979
(2) Assist the On-scene Coordinator in matters of "right-of-entry,"
search warrants or any other situation which may pose legal questions on-scene or
during the emergency.
h. Toxic Substances Branch, Air and Hazardous Materials Division.
(1) Provide toxicological data and information concerning spilled pest-
icides and toxic chemicals involved in an incident.
(2) Describe the chemical properties, and provide information on per-
sonal safety, protective clothing, decontamination, and disposal of spilled
pesticides or toxic chemicals.
(3) Maintain a list of Poison Control Centers from which emergency in-
formation may be obtained.
(4) If the incident involves a pesticide or a TSCA regulated chemical,
conduct the appropriate investigation for possible violations under FIFRA, as
amended, or TSCA.
i. Waste Management Branch, Air and Hazardous Materials Division.
(1) Provide information and expertise necessary to effect environmen-
tally safe storage, treatment or disposal of such materials or waste as specified
under regulations set forth in Subpart A, 250.10 Criteria, Identification and
Listing of Hazardous Wastes in Subpart C of the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA).
(2) In coordination with appropriate state and local agencies, deter-
mine disposal sites for spilled oil or hazardous materials.
(3) Provide technical expertise, field radiation measurements and
assistance during EPA response to radiation emergencies.
(4) Notify EPA Headquarters of the existence of a radiation emergency.
j. Air Branch, Air and Hazardous Materials Division.
(1) Provide meteorological information, as needed, during any environ-
mental emergency.
(2) Based on meteorological information, provide recommendations on
the area extent of evacuation zones during emeraencies causing hazardous air
quality conditions.
6
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ORDER
R8 2070.1
Region VIII
January 22, 1979
k. Administrative Services Prarch, Management Division .
(1) Provide loaistics (vehicles, space, etc.) and'supplv support durina
environmental emeraencies.
(2) Provide purchasing and contracting support.
1. Montana Office.
For emerqency events in Montana, this office will have the same responsibilities
of the various proaram areas. If this office cannot perform any particular re-
sponsibility, the responsibility will revert to the aopropriate proaram area.
7
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EPA Order R8 2070.1
January 22, 1979
ATTACHMENT I
EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM
PROGRAM AREA REPRESENTATIVES
OFFICE
PRINCIPAL
ALTERNATE
Emergency Planning & Response Branch
Alvin Yorke
Richard Jones
Office of Public Awareness and Inter-
governmental Relations
Richard Lathrop Jo Harrison
Surveillance and Analysis Division
Technical Investigations Branch
Field
Laboratory
Surveillance Branch
Cornelio Runas
John Tilstra
Keith Tipton
Loys Parrish
Bob Tauer
Bill Basbagil
Water Division
Control Technology Branch
Jack Hoffbuhr
Dean Chausse
Enforcement Division
Enforcement and Legal Support Branch
John Lepley
Steve Jones
Greg Halburt
A1 Smith
Air and Hazardous Materials Division
Toxic Substances Branch
Information
Investigations
Waste Management Branch
Hazardous Wastes
Radiation
Air Branch
Ralph Larsen
Dan Bench
Dal 1 as Mi 11er
Henry Bonzek
Henry Schroeder Jon Yeagley
Paul Smith John Giedt
Donald Henderson
Management Division
Administrative Services Branch
Ell is Linn
Alfred Broach
Office of Regional Counsel
Joseph Muskrat Kemper Will
Montana Office
Dick Montgomery Bob Fox
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REGION VIII INTEGRATED TOXICS STRATEGY
ASBESTOS WORK PLAN
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Objective
Introduction
Manufacture and Use
Health and Environmental Effects
I. Problem Identification and Correction
A. TSCA Voluntary Asbestos Control Program for Public Schools
B. Asbestos Disposal
C. NESHAPS Inspections
D. Other Sources of Asbestos
E. Hazard Assessment
F. Information Dissemination
II. Pub!ic Awareness (Participation)
III. Resource Allocation Model for Asbestos Work Plan
Appendix 1 - Characterization of Asbestos Control
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OBJECTIVE
The objective of the Regional Asbestos Work Plan is to control entry of
asbestos into the environment by:
1. Developing a program to enforce EPA regulations contained in Title
40, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 51, as amended; Subpart B -
.National Emission Standard for Asbestos.
2. Conducting an active program as developed under the Toxic Substances
Control Act (TSCA) for the voluntary control of asbestos in public
schools.
3. Encouraging each state within our Region to designate at least one
disposal site suitable for asbestos wastes.
4. Educating the "public" i.e., those idustries or citizens handlinc
asbestos.
5. Promoting interagency cooperation rearding asbestos control.
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-2-
INTRODUCTION
The recognition of the potential health hazards from exposure to asbestos
fiber and the increasing use of asbestos in numerous products over the past
thirty years has resulted in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
and other federal agencies promulgating regulations governing its safe
handling to protect public health and the environment.
Asbestos in all its forms is considered a serious respiratory hazard and
is a known carcinogen. Research is inconclusive as to whether asbestos is a
health hazard in the gastrointestinal tract when ingested. Unlike most
chemical carcinogens, the fibers persist in the environment almost in-
definitely and in certain instances represent a continuous source of exposure.
Manufacture and Use
Seventy-four percent of all asbestos used commercially goes into
construction materials. Only eight percent of this amount is not bonded into
products. Examples of loose asbestos materials include insulation, asbestos
cement powders, and acoustical materials. Twenty-six percent of commercial
asbestos goes into non-construction products. Such products include textiles,
friction materials including brake linings and clutch facings, paper, paints,
plastics, roof coatings, floor tiles, and miscellaneous other products.
Asbestos mining and milling operations are not found in Region VIII except
that some mines are located where asbestiform minerals occur in the soil being
mined. Several different types of asbestos exist, but one type predominates
in commercial products. This is chrysotile asbestos. Other types include
amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, anthophyl11te, and act i no lite. The summary
table which characterizes asbestos includes all of the industrial sources of
commercial asbestos in Region VIII. As can be seen, Region VIII is a rel-
atively small user of asbestos and most of the industries listed are small
operations. Most of the industrial sources listed are found in the Denver-
metro area and in Colorado. There are very few asbestos processing plants
outside of Colorado in Region VIII. In addition to the presence of asbestos
noted above, EPA is currently concerned about asbestos exposure through
sprayed decorative and insulation uses in schools and public buildings
together with asbestos exposure upon building demolition.
Health anc Environmental Effects
Asbestos fibers find entry into the body by inhalation and ingestion.
The retained mineral fibers are found in tissues throughout the life-time of
the host, even long after cessation of exposure. Fibers may mi crate to other
organs following retention in the lung. Asbestosis and certain malignancies
-------
are related to exposure to fibers of the asbestos minerals. Asbestosis is a
progressive, restrictive pulmonary fibrosis associated with inhalation of
asbestos fibers, and is a classic occupational disease.
Malignancies related to the inhalation (and possibly ingestion) of
asbestos fibers by epidemiologic studies include carcinomas of the lung,
mesotheliomas of the pleura and peritoneum, and neoplasms of other sites.
Asbestos has a potent cocarcinogenic effect with cigarette smoking in
carcinoma of the lung. Asbestos workers who are smokers have over 90 times
the risk of nonexposed nonsmoke^s.
The population at risk includes not only those engaged in the manufactur
and use of asbestos products, but also bystanders and others limited to neigh
bornood and familial exposures, including persons exposed to friable, sprayed
asbestos in buildings.
Definition of the relationship of low levels of asbestos exposure and
carcinogenesis remains uncertain and difficult. The extended latency period,
lack of adequate past exposure data, effect of other carcinogens, and vari-
ability of human response makes the quantification of risk only approximate.
Asbestos-related malignancies exhibit latency periods of 20 to ^0 years and
may follow exposures of much less duration and magnitude as seen with
asbestosis.
Excess malignancies have been found in proximity to emission sources and
in households of asbestos workers. In these cases the^exposures seem to have
been variable and generally low (about 100 nanograms/mJ). Asbestos fiber
contamination levels within or exceeding these ranges have been documented
near building sites using sprayed asbestos, in offices, schools, and apartmen
buildings with exposed, friable asbestos ceilings, with use of materials such
as spackling compound, and near roads and other areas covered with asbestos-
containing crushed rock. This indicates continuing environmental contami-
nation and exposure to asbestos at levels considered carcinogenic. An ex-
panding population at risk has been identified by these fineings of .videsprea
exposure. The impressive annual asbestos production and evidence of urban
environmental contamination has led observers to conclude that the incidence
of asbestos-induced malignancies has only begun to be defined.
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-4-
I. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND CORRECTION
A. T5CA Voluntary Asbestos Control Program for Public Schools
On March 16, 1979, EPA alerted State officials across the country to
potential hazards in some school buildings from materials containing
asbestos fibers.
1. Asbestos Control Program
The asbestos control abatement program is designed to encourage
States and school authorities to initiate voluntary efforts to
identify and correct asbestos problems, particularly in public
schools. It has three major components:
- Preparation and dissemination of a detailed technical document
providing guidance on identifying asbestos-sprayed materials,
estimating the potential for exposure to asbestos because of
deterioration of such materials, and procedures for sealing or
removing such materials. The document will provide the criteria
to be used in deciding what action should be taken in various
circumstances. This technical document will be distributed to all
States and school districts and will be available, upon request,
to other interested parties.
- Development of a quality assurance program to ensure that lab-
oratories will be able to correctly identify asbestos. OTS will
suggest analytical protocols and quality assurance procedures that
States may follow to obtain accurate analysis.
- A voluntary reporting program. States and/or school districts
will be asked to furnish EPA information on the extent of the
asbestos problem and their efforts to deal with it.
2. Implementation in Region VIII
The number of school districts in Region VIII are as follows:
Colorado - 131
Montana - 575
North Dakota - 317
South Dakota - 137
Utah - 40
Wyoming - 51
Each school district in the Region .-/ill receive the cuicares
package.
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r
-o-
In .addition to mailing the guidance package to school districts,
private schools, State Health Departments, State Education Departments,
Local Health Departments and other interested parties will receive a copy
of the guidance package.
A training session was held in Denver on April 16, 1S79, at which
approximately 100 persons from school districts and state and local
agencies were in attendence.
Assigned to Region VIII until September 30, 1979, is a civil engineer
from Pullman-Kellogg Corporation who will be available to school districts
for advice and guidance. His assistance has already been requested and
given to numerous districts in our Region.
It is anticipated that through FY '30 the Region will receive numerous
requests for technical assistance regarding asbestos. However, after the
contractor is no longer available there will be no resources available for
on-site assistance.
ASSIGNMENT: Toxic Substances 3ranch
B. ASBESTOS DISPOSAL
1. Background
The code of Federal Regulations Title ^0, Subpart 3 - National
Emission Standard for Asbestos 61.20 - 61.25 declares asbestos to
be a hazardous air pollutant and outlines emission and disposal
standards for asbestos. These regulations specify operational
procedures that if followed, allow the disposal of asbestos waste
without the approval of EPA. Deviation from these regulations
requires approval by the Regional Administrator. Basically, the
regulations require that: 1) there are no visaDle emissions; 2)
the property is posted with warning signs; 3) the site is ^enced
to provide security and; 4} the waste is covered every 2^ hours
with 6 inches of compacted soil or sprayed with a petroleum based
dust suppressant. In addition to these requirements, the regu-
lations published under Section 4004 of this Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act, Criteria for Sanitary Landfills, should also be
followed. The main objective of the air regulations is to prevent
air emissions of asbestos.
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o-
2. EPA Role/Action
Under the T3CA school asbestos program, more asbestos will likely
be removed from schools and present a greater hazard because there
are no sites in Region VIII which meet the above criteria.
Members of both the Toxic Substances Branch and the Waste
Management Branch will develop mechanisms to provide a proper
* disposal facility for asbestos. This will involve requesting that
each state designate a site that meets the disposal criteria. It
is believed that the hazard of future digging is a more serious
problem than leaching of asbestos at this time, so it is desirable
that the placement of asbestos be mapped so that future owners
will not dig in that area.
ASSIGNMENT: Waste Management Branch
C. NESHAPS Inspections and Enforcement
1. Background
In addition to the disposal requirements, the National Emission
Standard for asbestos requires that prior to any demolition or
renovation of structures which contain more than 150 square feet
of asbestos that the contractor performing such renovation must
notify EPA (in Colorado that State has primacy) in writing at
least 20 days prior to the demolition or renovation. The noti-
fication must include information about the proposed operation.
The actual operation can have no visible emission and to ensure
this requirement is met, certain procedures must be followed by
the contractor. These procedures include removal of asbestos
material prior to demolition or renovation of the structure after
wetting the surfaces. Also, such material must be handled without
dropping., it to the ground and if the material is more than 50 feet
above ground level it must be lowered via dust-tight chutes or
containers. Such procedures do not seem consistent with today's
demolition technology without serious dislocations.
The above provisions are generally not currently being complied
with by the construction industry in Region VIII, nor is the
Region placing any enforcement resources toward such compliance.
2. EPA Role/Action
Personnel from the Toxic Substances Branch will survey the other
nine Regions and headquarters inquiring about industry compliance
and EPA enforcement pursuant to the above provisions :f the
asbestos NESHAP.
ASSIGNMENT: Toxic Substances Branch
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-7-
After reviewing the current posture on this issue around the
nation, Region VIII will make a decision as to how the Region wi 11
address this situation. Should it be found that the regulation
and its enforcement are unrealistic, it would be in keeping with
the President's policy on needless or unworkable regulations to
recommend to Headquarters that amenGme.nt of this particular
NESHAPS be embarked upon.
ASSIGNMENT: Enforcement Division; Regional Counsel, Toxic Substances
Branch, Air Branch, Chairman, Toxics Integration Committee
DRA, RA
As developments occur this section of the Asbestos Work Plan will
be amended.
Any inspections pursuant to the enforcement of the asbestos
NESHAPS will be coordinated with OSHA and NIOSH as an IRLG effort.
ASSIGNMENT: Enforcement Division, Toxic Substances Branch
Asbestos removal operations at two schools in the Region will be
monitored for compliance with the asbestos NESHAPS by the enc cf
calendar year 1979. If two such removals are unavailable in that
time-frame, the schedule will be lengthened. These actions will
be coordinated with OSHA and NIOSH.
ASSIGNMENT: Toxic Substances 3ranch, Enforcement Division, Waste
Management Branch
D. Other Sources cf Asbestos
Appendix 1 is a summary of the characteristics of asbestos in Rec'or
VIII including the industrial sources of possible exposures to sur-
rounding neighborhoods. Ambient air sampling in the immediate neigh-
borhood of a small subset of these industries is a viable project as
part of our attempt to control asbestos exposure. However, given the
Regional resources available for all aspects of the Integrated Toxics
Strategy such a compling program is cf lower priority. Therefore, this
section is meant to merely point out that such a project is worth-
while, but that unless future events make this a higher priority
(e.g., an incident resulting in significant neighoornhod exposure or
results of other research indicating that a sicnificant hazard
exists), no resources will be committed at this time.
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E. Hazard Assessment
Unusual or high exposure situations will be referred to the Toxic
Substances Branch by the Enforcement Division and the Waste Manage,Tien
Branch. These situations will be reviewed for possible joint in-
spections or IRLG coordination. Data from such situations will be
reviewed and analyzed by the Toxic Substances Branch for possible
further study or research.
ASSIGNMENT: Hazard Assessment Section
F. Information Dissemination
The Hazard Assessment Section will distribute summary data which
characterize the asbestos problem to Region VIII's field people,
Headquarters, [RLG agencies, school districts and the public.
ASSIGNMENT: Hazard Assessment Section
II. PUBLIC AWARENESS f PART ICI PAT TON)
Public awareness is an important means for achieving reduced exposure to
asbestos in the environment. Region VIII's public awareness effort will con-
centrate on informing and alerting the public to asbestos hazards.
The following tasks will be conducted as part of the Region VIII program
Conduct asbestos training sessions in each state for school districts
by the end of calendar 1979. (Estimate - 6)
Provide video tapes and guidance packages to concerned citizens and
organi zati ons.
Disseminate information to the construction industry informing :'nem o
the NESHAPS requirements in an effort to bring about voluntary
compliance.
ASSIGNMENT: Toxic Substances Branch, OPAIR
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INTEGRATED TOXICS STRATEGY
RESOURCE ALLOCATION MODEL FOR ASBESTOS WORK PLAN
A&HM Division
Toxic Substances Branch 4 my plus contractor supDort
Hazardous Materials Branch Disposal Consulting - U my
Air Branch Review of MESH,APS - h man-month
S&A Division
Water Division
Enforcement Division
Permits & Compliance Eranch Review & Enforcement of NESHAPS - my
General Enforcement Review a Enforcement of MESHAPS - 4 man-ir.cnth
OPAIR
Support with '-:edia - h man-ircnth
Regional Counsel
Decision on Enforcement of ri'ESHAFS -
h man-month
Depending cn the circumstances, ether Branches within the Region may ne
called upon for various tasks, but it is anticipated that the commitment
of resources would be considered incidental.
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APPENDIX A
METALS NOT CHOSEN FOR STUDY IN REGION VIII
AND REASONS THEREFORE
Aluminum (Al) - no chronic toxicity
Antimony (Sb) - acute data only
Barium (Ba) - pneumoconiosis (occupational); not mined in Region VIII;
as sulfate is used in oil 5 gas well drilling
Beryllium (Be) - acute exposure causes Be disease, but environmental
limits can be 10 to 15 times the 2 micrograms/cu. meter
limit
Chromium (Cr) - metal not toxic
Cr+ not toxic
Cr+^ (chromates) - carcinogen
0.05 mg/1 Cr+ USPHS water limit
Cobalt (Co) - no chronic toxicity
Copper (Cu) - no chronic toxicity
Gallium (Ga) - no chronic toxicity; no known present hazard
Indium (In) - no chronic toxicity
Iron (Fe) - benign pneumoconiosis (occupational exposure to high temp.
Fe oxide fumes leads to bronchiogenic carcinoma but the
population at risk is not large
Lanthanons (elements 57-72) - acute data only
Lithium (Li) - no chronic toxicity
Magnesium (Mg) - no chronic toxicity
Manganese (Mn) - chronic toxicity exists in the form of "Manganese
Pneumonia" (occupational); not actively mined in
Region VIII, but exists as a by-product of mining
operations in Montana; greater than 600 ppra creates
adverse health effects
Metal Carbaryls (Me^(CO) ) - Ni(C0)^ - cancer of lung 5 nose (occu-
pational) from nickel refinery
Nickel (Ni) - no chronic toxicity
Niobium (Nb) - no chronic toxicity
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- 2 -
Platinum Group Metals - no chronic toxicity
Strontium (Sr) - no chronic toxicity
Tantalum (Ta) - no chronic toxicity
Thallium (Tl) - no chronic toxicity
Thorium (Th) - no chronic toxicity
Tin (Sn) - inhaled as dust, oil, fume; benign pneumoconiosis (occupa-
tional); not mined in U.S.
Titanium (Ti) - no chronic toxicity
Tungsten (W) - no chronic toxicity
Uranium (U) - no chronic toxicity
Zirconium (Zr) - no chronic toxicity
Source: "Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology", Second Revised Edition,
Vol. II, 1963.
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APPENDIX B
SUMMARY OF COMMENTS RECEIVED FROM
STATES AND IRLG AGENCIES CONCERNING
THE CHEMICALS CONSIDERED
COLORADO
- Particularly concerned about: ammonia, asbestos, zinc, lead, mercury, PCB's.
- Compounds of limited interest: molybdenum, arsenic, beryl 1iura, hydrogen
sulfide, parathion, sodium hydroxide
MONTANA
- Of least importance for study are: ammonia, arsenic, zinc, vanadium,
and molybdenum.
NORTH DAKOTA
- The principle substance of concern is the disposal of lignite-fired boiler
ash in abandoned mines since it contains traces of most of the chemicals
which we are considering for study. However, their position is that
since no contamination has manifested itself, we should take a "wait
and see" attitude regarding the undertaking of further study.
- An adequate data base already exists for all chemicals under consideration,
so a thorough literature review should be done before any studies are
undertaken.
- No further regulations are needled to further control any of the chemicals
listed.
SOUTH DAKOTA
- They concur with the toxics thrust we are developing.
- We should consider studying selenium and nitrates/nitrites from
irrigation return flows.
- Vanadium should be deleted from consideration.
UTAH
- They concur with the toxics thrust and would advocate an industry-by-
industry approach in some cases.
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WYOMING (Solid Waste Management)
- Wyoming's groundwater monitoring program will be designed to monitor
for all of the chemicals. This is from landfills. ETA will do the
same for industrial sites. Hence, from a solid waste point of view,
no strategy is needed.
WYOMING (Land Quality Division)
- Delete from consideration: cadmium, zinc, and vanadium.
- We should consider studying: radionuclides (uranium mining), phenols
( coal gasification), 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, hydrocarbons (coal gasification),
nitrates/nitrites (ammonia to nitrates in in-situ mining process).
WYOMING (Air)
- Consider studying asbestos emissions from the Atlantic City ore deposit.
WYOMING (water)
- Consider studying ammonia compounds released from in-situ mining
operations.
CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION
- Consider studying phosphates in water from detergents, ammonia and
formaldehyde used in insulation -- has been found to be a mutegen).
- They concur with the toxics thrust.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
- Consider studying polybrominated biphenyls.
- They agree with our list and concur with the toxics thrust.
FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION
- They do not understand how the list was compiled and so will not comment.
- Delete from consideration molybdenum.
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APPENDIX C
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REGION VII[ TOXICS INTtGRATED STRATEGY
uANI) 1 DATE CHEMICAL: ASBESTOS
/JOK SUtJRUfcS (REGION Vlll) - AVERAGE
ANNUAL PRODUCTION (RECION Vlll)
Bui lding Demoli1ion
Buildings constructed with asbestos
building materials (facings, insulatioi
fossible Industrial Sources
Faci1lties
Abrasive Products
Adhcsivi-s and Sealants
Asbestos Products
'sphalt Pelts § Coatings
Brick 6 Structural Clay Tile
Ceramic Wall 6 floor Tile
Clay Refractories
i".asVeis, Packages G Sealing
Oe v i c e s
Industrial Furnaces 5 Ovens
'•on-CIay Refractories
^cn-Metallic mineral products
^on-Woven Fabrics
Shipbuilding fi repairing
rteaving
iarn Hills
(3)
(3)
(4)
(8)
(13)
(')
(5)
(13)
(4)
(2)
(15)
(2)
(2)
Loal .ind Ore Mining .mJ Milling
POPUl-AT 10N-AT-R ISK/
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE
Mostly urban neighbor-
hoods
Schools, public Bldgs
Mostly urban neighbor-
hoods
(Highly concent rated
in Denver 6 Colorado)
HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS
Data on the health effects of
low concentrations in ambient
air are very scarce'5 possibl
tenuous.
Diseases related to asbestos
exposure: occupational
asbestosis, bronchogenic
cancer, and mesothelioma
May be cocarcinogenic with
cigarette smoking or
certain metals.
"Family" cases are known to
exist (i.e., exposure from
washing contaminated clothes
resulted in disease)
Good dose-response data is
lacking, but less than 2
fjbers/cc of air seem necessary
to protect against asbestosis.
The epidemiology of various
fiber lengths is lacking
Research has not conclusively implicated
gastrointestina1 disease wi
oral ingestion of asbestos fliers
Occupational exposure data
clearly Implicates asbestos
as a causitivc factor in the
above diseases.
Not demonsti Jlcd
ENTRY INTO
ENVIRONMENT
Air emissions
> 100 ng/m3
Air emissions
some > OSIIA
standard
Air emissions
possible, Lut not
known.
Concentrations ai
unknown.
i.'ONTROL MECHANISM
AVAILABLE
Wetting surfaces
Asbestos removal prior
to razing (in sealed
bags)
Powntrend in use of
loose asbestos
Mu11 i-mod j a filtration
CURKEirr ACF.NCY &
OTHER EFFORTS
F.PA Asbestos Hazardous
Air Pollution National
Emission Standards -- No
visible emissions
CPA voluntary school
inspection program
OSIJA Workplace Stds. of
2 fibers/cc
NIOSH proposal to lower
std to .S fibers/cc
Local Government Action
Ambient Air Limits:
NM 10 ng/ra3
CT 30 ng/ra'
NY City banned asbestos
spray applications
Increasing attention is
being paid to ambient
asbestos levels by local
government s
HAI" for 1 o m s." s Rev i cv.
Rr^OUPLt
ALLOCATION
Costs
in Tnspection for visible
emissions from building ex-
ca vation includes neighborhood
sampllng
b) Carry on technical assistance
witli schools
c) Neighborhood air sampling
Benef11 s
a) Apprehend violators of visible
emissions Neighborhood air
sampling develops baseline data
for probabl) the highest asbestos
concentratlens found in ambient
air (l e., arcund demolition site?
b) Over time this program will
abate relatively high concen=
trations sources from young
children who have long latency
periods in which to develop
d i sea so.
c) Sampling at 5ome of the most
likely sites where higher concen-
trations mn> le found will develop
baseline data This would be a
first attempt at e\eutuall\ con-
tiolling industrial sources if,
in fact, an\' sipnificant emission?
aie occur:ing
1 usiii i i c i cnt l.i'Jllh o t feels d.n.i
due to u it or-l"T!K' mmiiccs i>t
u* m.ili: the co< t /bu'iiL t i t
ol buch stutiv 'cis low However,
jbbtstos di'C-i v "• i fa L in some water
supplies (e c , D'jluih, San Fran-
cisco) and'he- 3 ! Ui effects are
.> L i I 1 limit't ^ I .
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REGION VIII TOXICS INTEGRATED STRATEGY
NARRATIVE ACCOMPANYING THE CHEMICAL ASBESTOS
Sources
Seventy-four percent of all asbestos used commercially goes into
construction materials. Only eight percent of this amount is not bonded
into products. Examples of loose asbestos materials include insulation,
asbestos cement powders, and acoustical materials. Twenty-six percent
of commercial asbestos goes to non-construction products. Such products
include textiles, friction materials including brake linings and clutch
facings, paper, paints, plastics, roof coatings, floor tiles, and mis-
cellaneous other products. The asbestos mining and milling operations
are a small industry and not found in Region VIII. Several different
types of asbestos exist, but one type predominates in commercial products.
This is chrysotile asbestos. Other types include amosite, crocidolite,
tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite. The summary table includes all
of the industrial sources of commercial asbestos in Region VIII. As can
be seen, Region VIII is a relatively small user of asbestos and most of
the industries listed are small operations. Probably the most fertile
ground for investigation of asbestos, as an air pollutant would be in
building demolition and the inspection of buildings already constructed,
since in 1950 more than one-half of all multi-story buildings constructed
in the United States used some form of separated mineral fiber fireproofing.
Most of the industrial sources listed are found in the Denver-metro area
and in Colorado. There are very few asbestos processing plants outside
of Colorado in Region VIII.
Population At Risk/Environmental Exposure
Regarding demolition of buildings containing asbestos, the population
at risk is the general public in the neighborhood or sector of the city
of the construction work. This could be considered mostly an urban
problem. If any emissions are occurring from the industries listed, they
would involve the sector of the city or general neighborhood of the industry,
again mostly urban situations.
It is interesting to note that Dr. Irving Selikoff analyzed almost
2,000 autopsies in three large New York City hospitals and found asbestos
in 40% of the housewives, 50% of the white collar males, and 50% of the
blue collar males. No health significance was related to this finding
but it does indicate that in the urban environment there does exist sig-
nificant asbestos fibers which people aspire into their lungs.
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-2-
Health and Environmental Effects
Most of the health data regarding asbestos involves the asbestos
mineral chrysotile, but little is known about the health effects of other
fibers. Some would assume that the health effect is the same for the
different fibers, but others would dispute that. The variables which
impact health seem to be the concentration of asbestos fibers, the fiber
size (length and width), and the type of asbestos involved. Most of all
asbestos research deals with occupational exposures. As mentioned on
the sheet, the three principle diseases we are examining regarding
asbestos are asbestosis, bronchogenic cancer and mesothielomia. There
is very little data bearing on the health effects of low concentrations
of asbestos in the ambient air. In 196S the British Occupational Hygiene
Society stated after reviewing medical evidence that "as long as there
is any air-borne chrysotile dust in the work environment, there may be
some small risk to health." Nevertheless, it should be realized that
exposure up to certain limits can be tolerated for a life time without
incurring undue risks." We should keep this factor in mind when determining
the necessity of studying asbestos in the ambient air. They also stated
that early clinical signs of asbestosis would be reduced to less than
1% of those exposed to 2 fibers/cc for 50 years of exposure. This means
that given 24-houx exposures of people in the general population, this
level of asbestosis might occur with about H fiber/cc in the ambient air.
If this dose response for asbestosis could be considered accurate, then
this level could be considered an environmental ambient standard. However,
additional consideration should be given to the carcinogenisis aspect.
Of course, as the dose rate becomes progressively lower, the latent
period (the time taken to actually show symptoms of the disease) may
approach or exceed the life span of exposed individuals.
Entry Into The Environment
Nothing is found in the literature to detail the concentrations of
asbestos released into the ambient aix from the industries stated on
the summary sheet. Also regarding demolition activities, asbestos
emission is certain, but concentrations are again unknown. Research has
shown that routine activity in a building containing asbestos-sprayed
materials which are fraying can give rise to levels near to and even
exceeding the occupational limit of 2 fibers/cc, especially during sweeping
and dusting operations. Urban ambient air studies have shown asbestos
concentration levels to be less than 10 nanograms/m3 of air and rarely
exceed 100 nanograms/m3. The relation between nanograms/m3 and fibers/cc
are not precise, but a rough estimate is that 100 nanograms/^ is roughly
equivalent to .02 fibers/cc. Ambient environmental levels of asbestos
found in U.S. cities in 1969 were 4.3 nanograms/m3 and in 1970 2.1 nanogTams/m •
Higher urban readings occured in communities with large asbestos emission
sources such as factories and areas near construction sites where asbestos
spraying was in progress. Even lower levels were found in non-urban areas.
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-3-
P.outine maintenance and repair work on buildings with fraying asbestos-
sprayed surfaces can create greater than 20 fibers/cc. Asbestos removal
operations in a building can create greater than 100 fibers/cc and general
custodial work shows concentrations in the area of 5 fibers/cc. These
levels compare to the occupational standard of 2 fibers/cc. One study
showed that a school with sprayed asbestos surfaces during routine activity
showed between 10 and 50 fibers/cc.
It should be noted that excess malignancies have been found in
proximity to emission sources and in households of asbestos workers. In
these cases the exposures seem to have been variable and generally low,
about 100 nanograms/m^. Asbestos fiber contamination levels within or
exceeding these ranges have been documented near building sites using
sprayed asbestos. This indicates that continuing environmental contamin-
ation and exposure to asbestos still exists at levels considered car-
cinogenic.
Control Mechanisms Available
The level of emissions from industries using asbestos in their processes
are unknown. It is likely that extremely low or no emissions may be occurring
from some of these especially small industries. Regulations promulgated
by EPA in 1973 specify procedures for removal and stripping of frayable
sprayed asbestos fireproofing and insulation materials prior to demolition.
The required work practices include wetting surfaces and disposal of the
removed material to an approved sanitary landfill. Fiber levels in such
operations are not specified, but the regulations require that there be no
visible emissions exterior to the structure. After the removal of asbestos
material from a building, demolition can proceed. It should be noted that
there is a downtrend in the use of loose asbestos material in construction
products due to the known health effects.
Current Agency and Other Efforts
Certain State and local governments have taken an interest in ambient
asbestos concentrations in the environment and New Mexico has promulgated
regulations calling for no mcsre than 10 nanograms/m^ of asbestos in the
ambient air. Connecticut's standard is 30 nanograms/m^. New York City
has banned the spray application of asbestos and local governments are
increasingly concerned about asbestos in the ambient air and are moving
toward promulgation of regulations in this area.
Summary
Region VIII contains few industries which process asbestos materials
and the emissions from such facilities are not known. It would seem that
a research effort is more in order to examine these sources than having a
place in the Toxics Integrated Strategy. Certainly building demolition
is an area that needs our attention as well as existing buildings with
-------
-4-
asbestos-sprayed surfaces. The health effects of high asbestos concentrations
are well documented in the literature, but little is known about low levels
(< 2 fibers/cc) of asbestos in the ambient air. Though such low levels
may in fact create health problems, it gives us little justification in
the Toxics Integrated Strategy to further examine such health effects since
this is more of a research effort. The three conceivable activities of
ETA regarding asbestos containment would be field inspection for visible
emissions from building excavaution sites which would also involve neigh-
borhood sampling. Secondly, we can carry on our technical assistance
effort with schools. Finally, general ambient air sampling from various
neighborhoods containing industries which process asbestos would develop
baseline data. Some of the above ideas border on research but at the same
time can be considered abatement activities since over time these programs
would control or at least characterize relatively high concentrations of
asbestos from building sites and possibly industrial settings. Insufficient
health effects data from water-borne sources of asbestos makes the
benefit of such study minimal and thus such was not considered in this
analysis.
-------
CANDIDATE CHEMICAL
Aflunon 1 a
REGION VIII TOXICS INTEGRATED STRATEGY
MAJOR SOURCES (RhCION VIII) - AVERAG!
-_ annual production (recioh 11 >
Oil Itcfineries:
Colorado - S
Montana - 7
Noith Dakota - 3
Utah - 9
W>oming * 13
Coke Plants:
U.S. Steel - Orcm, UT
CFgl - Pueblo, CO
Wastewater Treatment Pla
leedlots
Hi sc. Industries
(Chemical plants, fertilizer
manufacturers, laboratories, etc)
Combus Cion
(Fuel oil, coal, natural gas,
bottled gas, propane, wood,
forest fires)
POPUWTZON-AT-RISK/
environmental exposure
Urban/Rur
Urban
Urban/Rural
Urban/Rural
Urban/Rural
Urban/Rura I
HEALTH & ENV IROf/MENTAL
EFFECTS
Toxic to humans, animals,
plants, fish
Toxic to humans, animals,
flants
Toxic to Fish
Toxic to Fish
Toxic to huiaans, animal?
plants
Toxic to humans, animals,
plants
ENTRV INTO
ENVIRONMENT
Air/Water
Air
Koter/Alr
Air
Air
CONTROL MECIIANISM
AVAILABLE
Carbon Monoxide
Scrubbers
Saiokeless Charging
of Coke Ovens
Biological Processes
Chlorination
Ion Exchange Process
Tota] Runoff
Conta l nmcnt
Gas wet scrubbers
Impregnated activated
charcoa1
Bag Filters
Wet scrubbers
Electrostatic
precipi tators
Unknown
CURRENT ACLHCY &
OTHER EFFORTS
Proposed OSfIA standards
November 197S.
EPA NPDES Permits
Proposed OSllA Standards
November 1975.
EPA In-stream limitatioi
EPA NPDES Permits
Proposed OSJIA Standard!
November 3 975
Unknown
RESOURU.
ALLOCATION
Resource Allocution. Multimedia
monitoring, including ground-
water sampling, of major sources
and surrounding areas
Benefit: Develop bubcllne dnta
of ammonia levels in suspect
-------
AMMONIA
Major Sources of Ammonia Production (Region VIII)
Oil Refineries: The following list shows Region VIII's oil refineries
and the towns in which each is located, along with the 1970 census popu-
lation figures for each town.
Colorado
Asaraera Oil (U.S.), Inc.
Continental Oil Co.
Gary Western Co.
Morrison Refining Co.
Williams Refining Co.
Commerce City
Commerce City
FTuita
Grand Junction
Denver
17,407
17,407
1,822
20,170
514,678
Montana
Big West Oil Co.
Cenex
Continental Oil Co.
Exxon Co.
Kenco Refining Inc.
Phillips Petroleum Co,
Westco Refining Co.
North Dakota
Kevin
Laurel
Billings
Billings
Wolf Point
Great Falls
Cut Bank
-1,000
2,500-5,000
61,581
61,581
3,000
60,091
2,500-5,000
Amoco Oil Co.
Northland Oil 5 Refining Co.
Westland Oil Co.
Mandan
Dickinson
Williston
11,000
12,400
11,280
Utah
Amoco Oil Co.
Caribou Four Corners, Inc.
Chevron U.S.A.
Husky Oil Co.
Morrison Petroleum Co.
Phillips Petroleum Co.
Plateau, Inc.
Western Refining Co., Inc.,
Phillips Petroleum Co.
Salt Lake City
Woods Cross
Salt Lake City
North Salt Lake
Woods Cross
Woods Cross
Roosevelt
Woods Cross
Salt Lake City
175,885
3,124
175,885
2,143
3,124
3,124
2,005
3,124
175,885
Wyoming
Amoco Oil Co. Casper 39,500
C5H Refinery, Inc. Lusk 1,000
Glacier Park Co. Osage 350
-------
-2-
Kyoroing
Glenrock Refining Co.
Glen Rock
1,515
Husky Oil Co.
Cheyenne
43,000
Husky Oil Co.
Cody
5,161
Little America Refining Co.
Casper
39,500
Mountaineer Refining Co. Inc.
LaBarge
204
Sage Creek Refining Co.
Cowley
366
Sinclair Oil Corp.
Sinclair
445
Southwestern Refining Co., Inc.
LaBarge
204
Texaco, Inc.
Casper
39,500
Wyoming Refining Co.
Newcastle
3,432
The following table was take from Environmental Sources and Emissions
Handbook, Marshall Sittig, 1975:
Ammonia Released From Oil Refineries
Source Lb/100 Barrels Fresh Feed
Compressor - internal combustion 0.2
Fluid - bed catalytic cracking units 54.0
Thermofor catalytic cracking units 5.0
EPA Region VIII has no standards set for ammonia emissions to the
air, and is not currently monitoring ammonia air emissions from any of
the major sources listed.
EPA does set effluent limitations on ammonia as part of its NPDES
permit program. These range from .24 to 8.3 pounds of ammonia as N per
1,000 bbl (barrel) of feedstock, depending on the refining process used
and the control technology available.
Coke Plants
No data could be found on ammonia air emissions from coke-oven plants
in Region VIII.
Wastewater Treatment Plants
The background level of ammonia coming from secondary level wastewater
treatment plants is 15 mg/1. Both chlorination and the ion exchange process
reduce ammonia levels to 0.
Feedlots
EPA NPDES permits now require total containment of feedlot runoff.
Solid waste from feedlots is sometimes used for land treatment. No
figure could be found as to the amount of ammonia in the environment
produced by feedlot operations.
-------
-3-
Miscellnneous Industries
A list of occupations with potential exposure to ammonia is given
as Attachment 1. Accurate figures on the amount of ammonia each of these
industries produce are unavailable.
Combustion
Combustion is the major source of urban-produced ammonia. The
following breakdown is from the Environmental Sources and Emissions
Handbook, Marshall Sittig, 1975:
Ammonia Emissions From Combustion
Combustion Source Amount of Emission
Coal 2 lb/ton
Fuel Oil 1 lb/1,000 gal. ,
Natural gas 0.3 to 0.56 lb/10 ft3
Bottled gas (lindane) 1>7 ib/io6ft3
Propane 1.3 lb/10^ft^
Wood 2.4 lb/ton
Forest fires 0.3 lb/ton
Toxicity
25 ppm in air was selected in the U.S. as the threshold limit value
to protect against eye and respiratory tract irritation and discomfort
among unprotected workers. At high concentrations, ammonia is an asphyxiant.
Attachments II, III, and IV contain tables showing reactions of humans and
certain species of mammals, plants and fish to various ammonia concentrations.
Summary
Approximately 99.9% of ammonia is produced by naturally-occurring
biological processes. The greatest danger concerning ajnmonia appears to
be in the transportation of anhydrous ammonia, where the possibility of
an accident is always present. Most publications referred to and the
people consulted at EPA agreed that ammonia exists in concentrations below
the level considered hazardous to humans, animals and plants and is therefore
not a major pollutant of the environment. Ammonia in water is hazardous to
fish, but high concentrations are currently controlled by EPA's permit
programs.
-------
/! U- / /
^Tj / oco Ai&tTT
TABLE XI-2
OCCUPATIONS WITH POTENTIAL EXPOSURE TO AMMONIA
Acetylene workers
Aluminum workers
Amine workers
/.•monia workers
Ammonium salt makers
An iline makers
Annealers
Boneblack makers
Braziers
Bronzers
Calcium carbide makers
Case hardeners
Chemical laboratory workers
Chemical manufacturers
Coal tar workers
Coke makers
Color makers
Compressed gas workers
Corn growers
Cyanide makers
Decorators
Diazo reproducing machine operators
Drug makers
Dye intermediate makers
Dye makers
Electroplaters
Electrotypers
Explosive makers
Farmers
Fertilizer workers
Galvanizers
Gas purifiers
Gas workers, illuminating
Glass cleaners
Glue makers
Ice cream makers
Ice makers
Ink makers
Lacquer makers
Latex workers
Maintenance workers (janitors)
Adapted from references 7-9
Manure handlers
Metal extractors
Metal powder processors
Mirror silverers
Nitric acid makers
Organic chemical synthesizers
Paper makers
Perfume makers
Pesticide makers
Petroleum refinery workers
Photoengravers
Photographic film makers
Plastic cement mixers
Pulp makers
Rayon makers
Refrigeration workers
Resin makers
Rocket fuel makers
Rubber cement mixers
Rubber workers
Salt extractors, coke oven byproducts
Sewer workers
Shellac makers
Shoe finishers
Soda ash makers
Solvay process workers
Stablemen
Steel makers
Sugar refiners
Sulfuric acid workers
Synthetic fiber makers
Tanners
Tannery workers
Textile (cotton) finishers
Transportation workers
Urea makers
Varnish makers
Vulcanizers
Water base paint workers
Water treaters
Wool scourers
103
-------
TABLE 6-5
Physiologic Response to Various Concentrations of Ammonia by Man and Bats^L
Physiologic Response
Ammonia Concentration, ppm
Man'3
Bat
Odor is detectable
Causes immediate irritation of throat
Causes irritation of eyes
Causes coughing
Maximal concentration allowable for prolonged exposure:
1-9
Maximal concentration allowable for short exposure: 1 h—
0.5-1 h
Dangerous for even very short exposure (0.5 h)
Rapidly fatal for short exposure (0.5 h)—
I53
>_408
>69 8
>.1,720
85-100
50-100
300-500
2,500-6,500
5,000-10,000
>approx. 100
Unknown
>approx. 1,3 50
>approx. 3,500
3,000
3,000-5,000
5,000-5,500
5,500
30,000
—Derived from Henderson and Haggard^ and Mitchell.^
^Periods used in bat study.3
-------
TABLE 6-6
a
Ammonia Tolerance of Selected Mammals—
Animal
Man-
Laboratory mouse
Laboratory rat
M. californicus—
M. lucifugus
E. fuscus
T. brasiliensis
Elapsed Exposure Time until Death at Various Ammonia Concentrations
500 ppm 1,00 0 ppm 3,000 ppm 5,000 ppm 7,000 ppm 10,000 ppm
0.5-1 h
16 h-
16 h-
2.5-3 h
1-9 h
10-20 min
30-40 min
>4 days®
35-45 min
1-2 h
2-3 h
10-20 min
10-20 min
"Derived from Studier et al.
b • 9
"Data from Henderson and Haggard.
c O
-Data from Weedon et al.
j "3
-Data from Mitchell.
^Data from Studier.
-------
Jib.
TABLE 2
TIME IN MINUTES UNTIL 50% INJURY - 71
TO EXPOSED PLANT SURFACES AT 700,000 ug/m
Part of Plant
Plant
Time (min)
Leaves
Tomato
3
Buckwheat
5
Tobacco
8
Stems
Tomato
60
Buckwheat
30
Tobacco
240
Benedict and Breen fumigated 10 species of common weeds
which occur throughout the United States in an effort to
develop a method for identifying pollutants causing damage.
The ammonia produced spots of cell collapse and death, primar-
ily along the margins of the leaves. With grasses, small spots
developed over the area where the leaf bends, giving a powdery
appearance. The powdery marking increased in the region be-
tween the bend and the tip as the intensity of fumigation was
increased. Table 3 shows the percentage of leaf area marked
by ammonia at concentrations of 8,400 pg/m and 2,100 pg/m .
Table 4 shows the relative sensitivity of the weeds to ammonia.
g
Barton exposed radish seeds and spring rye seed to
700,000 i_ig/m^ and 175,000 pg/m^ of ammonia in air. Both dry
and soaked seeds were used in each case. The germination of
soaked radish seeds exposed for as long as 240 minutes to
700,000 pg/m"' of this gas was not only delayed but actually
-------
7
TABLE 3
PERCENTAGE OF LEAF AREA MARKED BY AMMONIA"
(Four-hour fumigations)
Plant
8,400 uq/m3
Concentration of Ammonia
3 wk? 6 wka 6 wka
Moist Moist^ Dry
3 wk?
Mo ist
2,100 uq/n
6 wk? 6 wkc
Moist" Dry
Mustard 33 48 8
Sunflower 3 2 3 2 2
Lamb's-quarters 5 20 11
CliecsGwecd 5 19 3
/¦jmual bluegrass 6 11 1
Kentucky bluegrass 4 13 1
Dandelion 3 8 2
Chickweed 19 1
Pigweed 2 4 2
Nettle-leaf goosefoot 111
15
4
2
1
2
0
0
0
1
0
10
2
2
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
8
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
Age of plants.
^Soil condition.
TABLE 4
RELATIVE SENSITIVITY OF WEEDS TO AMMONIA9
Sensitive Intermediate Resistant
Mustard
Sunflower
Lamb's-quarters
Cheeseweed
Annual bluegrass
Kentucky bluegrass
Dandelion
Chickweed
Pigweed
Nettle-leaf Goosefoot
-------
Tgfele I. Summary of To?tieity Dgta
/iiild'f m&rr J2.Z=
Organism
I'FQUt §p§wn
gr-ewn treut fry
Raipfegw trgut
Rainbow tpgut
Rainbow tr-QUt
Rainbow troyt
Rainbgw trgyt
Rainbow trgut;
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
Rainbgw trout
Rainbow trout
Atlantic salmon smolt
Reach
Rudd
Bream
Perch
Contnon carp
CowiQn carp
Gold fish
Brook trout
Tensity mi/1 a§ N
Un=1oniged"Anypenja
0.25=0.33 LCgQ
Or33 10 hp: LggQ
0:4 LggQ
1•§ LQgg
0.4 24 hi5: LCgQ
e = § 1%
0.4=0.§8 24 hr? Le5Q
0.39 24 hp: LQ5q
0.18 48 hr, L6j§
0.09 48 hr; LQg
O.BB 44 hp. Le§
6 weeks expoiure to
O.QOl caused g1T1
hyperplasia
0,23 24 hr.. LCgg
0.35 96 hr, Le50
0,36 96 hr. LCgg
0,4 9§ hp. LEgg
0,2? 96 hr. LCgg
0.74=1,1 10=day LC^
0,09 3May LGg
1»6=2,0 LC-jqq
2.5 24 hr, Le-jgg
Source
WyfiFirann §ng WsteF (1§4§)
Pepaz (]-965)
§n& HipfegFt (')§§§)
M§Fk§n§ §nd §§mng (19§7)
Ball (19§7)
Herbert afjd ghyrberj 09§3f
Herbert ajid Shypbgij (]9§§)
§fl£! ©FF {')§§§)
Ball ()9§7)
Ball (]?§7)
Bal l (196-7)
Burrows (196.4)
Hgrfeert and Sfturbgr) (
Ball (196§)
Ball (1968)
Ball (1968)
Ball (
Ball
m§ (i
lieK§e & Wolf (im)
m§§ § Wol f (19^:3)
2
-------
Table I. Summary of Toxicity Data
Oraani sm
Toxicity mg/1 as N
Un-ionized Ammonia
Source
Carp, Shiner
4.0 LC100
McKee
&
Wolf
(1963)
Suckers, Trout
4.0 LC10g
McKee
I
Wolf
(1963)
Creek chub
4.0 24 hr. LC , 15-21C
McKee
£
Wolf
(1963)
Suckers, Shiner, Carp
5.2 24 hr LC^g
McKee
&
Wolf
(1963)
Bluegill, Sunfish
6.0 48 hr. LC^g
McKee
&
Wolf
(1963)
Fathead minnows
7.0 48 hr. LC^g
McKee
I
Wolf
(1963)
Bluegill, Sunfish
7.4 48 hr. LC^g
McKee
R
Wolf
(1963)
Sucker, Shiner, Carp
8.0 15 min. LC^g
McKee
£
Wolf
(1963)
Small fish
12.0 24 hr. LC100
McKee
&
Wolf
(1963)
Creek chub
12.0 24 hr. LC10Q
McKee
£
Wolf
(1963)
Perch
12.0 LC100
McKee
ft
Wolf
(1963)
Mosqui tofish
14.8 96 hr. LC5Q
McKee
&
Wolf
(1963)
From a review of the literature regarding the toxicity of ammonia to
aquatic biota, the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (1970)
concluded that it was unlikely that concentrations lower than those
adversely affecting fish would be toxic to other organisms. Therefore,
it appears that fish will be the critical organisms when establishing
an in-stream limitation and although it may appear that different species
of fish exhibit dissimilar susceptibilities to un-ionized ammonia, such is
not the case. Trout and carp are equally susceptible to un-ionized
ammonia given time to react; although time-based responses are different,
the ultimate response to a given concentration of un-ionized ammonia is the
same (Ball, 1967).
-------
REC ION VIII TOXICS INTECRATKD 5TRATECI
CANDIDATK CHEMICAL: Arsenic (Inurijaiiic) As
MAJOR SOURCES (KECIOH VIII) - AVERACE
ANNUAL PRODUCTION (REGION VIII)
(.1) Copper Smelters
(_a) Anaconda
J. Anaconda, Kr - 12.S ton/mo
(b) Kennecott Copper Corp.
Magna, UT - 12 . Si "ii/nio
(2) Lead Smelters
(a) American Smelting 5 Refining
Company
Uast Helena, Mr
(3) Miscellaneous Emissions
POPULA TION-AT-R]SK/
ENV1R0NMENTAL EXPOSURE
Large human population
located near these
sme1ters:
Anaconda - pop. 10,000
Helena - pop
Salt Lake City
pop. 175,885
12, 730
Chronic toxicity -
exposure to greater than
0.lmg/ cubic meter.
Aquatic toxicity -
iah tolorajices range from
I.Smg/1 with no effect to
0.0rag/l which is 48 hr.
nedlan tolerance limit.
HEALTH & ENVIROrirtENTAL
EFFECTS
Arsenic is a notorious poisoj
thdt in concentrated amounts
can cause adverse effects
such as liver and kidney
damage. It is also a suspect
human carcinogen and birth
defect agent in the environ-
ment in proximity to the
source.
ENTRY INTO
ENVIRONMENT
Air (90%)
Arsenic
trloxlde
(as2°3)
Water (10»)
Arsenous acid
(H3As° )
CONTROL MECHANISM
AVAILABLE
so aablent air std.
So landfill requirement
haste water discharge
per»iC3 allow 2.0 rag/1
raax. per day.
Clean Hater Act-
0.05og/1
CURRENT AGENCY &
OTl[ER EFFORTS
0S1H worker limit:
4.0 ug/ffi"5
T.h.A. 5|ir
RLSOURCt
ALLOCATION
Resource Allocation
(,1) Multimedia inspection of
of major producers.
[2) Check neighborhood* in
close proximity to t lie
producers and check the
hospital records for
increased mortality rates
and chronic arsenic poison-
ing effects.
Benefits realized from resource
allocation:
(1) Increased knowledge of
background for future
studies.
(2) To ensure that pollution
abatement is working and
no futher environmental
degration is taking place.
-------
ARSENIC
Although arsenic is ubiquitous in the environment, there are
activities which cause arsenic to accumulate in the environment.
The major arsenic activities in Region VIII are copper and lead
smelting and the mining of copper, lead and gold-bearing ores. The
copper and lead smelting activities expose a greater human population
to arsenic than do the mining operations.
The acute health effects of arsenic to humans are well documented
but the chronic health effects are not well understood. Some studies
suggest that arsenic is a carcinogen while other researchers using
the same data do not reach the same conclusions. Toxicity data suggest
that herbivores are more tolerant of arsenic than are the carnivores.
In fact, arsenic may be a micro-nutrient in the herbivores' diet. The
aquatic environment also has a high tolerance. Arsenic seems to bio-
accumulate more in marine fish and shellfish, suggesting a higher
tolerance of arsenic than fresh water fish.
Arsenic enters the environment in many forms, both inorganic and
organic. The primary inorganic form is that of arsenic trioxide (As 0 ).
This form of arsenic, As(III), is more toxic than As(V). The chief use
of organic arsenic is in pesticides and desiccants. These uses are
now undergoing R.P.A.R. by EPA.
Even though arsenic is regulated by EPA, OSHA, and FDA, these
agencies now are preparing plans to coordinate monitoring, compliance
and enforcement when appropriate in order to decrease duplication
-------
- 2 -
among these agencies or within an individual agency. This work group
also recommends that in the future, for pollutants of interest to
several regulatory programs, a comprehensive health/risk assessment
be completed for all media and not a specific assessment of exposure
for each route individually.
-------
FIGURE 2: MATERIAL FLOW THROUGH THE ECONOMY SHOWING PRIMARY EMISSION SOURCES - ARSENIC
Source: Reference (6)
-------
TABLE 3-22
a
Chemical and Biologic Transformation of Arsenlcals In Soil
Reactions
and Changes
1. Salt
formation
2. Adsorption
3. Ion exchange
Relative
Rate of
Change
Fast
Products
Insoluble
arsenical
salts
Biologic Probability of
Activity Occurrence
Fast Soll-
arsenlc
complex
Fast Soil-
arsenic
complex
Insoluble
and
lnacclve
Fixed and
Inactive
Fixed
and
Inactive
A. Demethylation Slow Inorganic Reacts as
ortho-arsenic acid 1, 2, and
3
5. Reduction
b
6. Oxidation
7. Methylatlon
Slow Arsinee
Moderate Pentavalent
arsenlcals
Slow Methylarsines
Very
active
Very
active
Very high
High
High
Low
Low
React as 1( High
2, and 3
Low
a 19a
^Adapted from The Anaul Company report.
-"Refers to oxidation of arsenic from trivalent to pentavalent.
Conditions for
Occurrence
Presence of iron,
aluminum, calcium,
and magnesium in
soil
Pine soil
(colloidal and
organic matter)
Soil with high
exchange capacity
Microorganisms for
demethylation
(aerobic)
Further Possible
Changes
Formation of an arsenic
analogue of fluoroapatlte,
an extremely insoluble
complex mineral
Formation of sediment in
aquatic systems
Exchange release by
other salts to react
further as 1 or 2
Same as 1, 2, and 3
Aerobic and anaerobic Reacts rapidly to font
conditions or specific pentavalent arsenical;
microorganisms then saae as 1, 2, and 3
Normal soil condi-
tions (aerobic)
Same as 1, 2, and 3
Presence of Reacts rapidly to form
specific bacterial pentavalent arsenical;
microorganisms then same as 1, 2, and 3
(anaerobic and aerobic)
-------
o
00
Magma Arumc
Unavailable Arwrite
Intolublt Said
Surf ace-Ad torbed
Organically Bound
Natural Aritnic
Coal
Oil
Minarali
Ground Wattr
Figure 3-4. Environmental transfer of arsenic.
-------
TABLE 3-20
a
Estimated Industrial Materials Balance for Arsenic. 1968~
Arsenic, tons
Item
Coal consumption
Fuel-oil consumption
Nonferrous metal production:
Mining and milling
Smelting and refining
Total
Input
4,300
20
43,100
14,800^
Atmospheric
Emission
800
20
300
2,500
Solid
Waste
3,500
0
28,000
2,000
Intermediate
Product
0
0
14,800-
Commercial
Product
0
0
10,300-
3,620
33,500
10,300-
1.70
~Calculated on the basis of Davis and Associates, 1968, Minerals Yearbook 1972, and
tMlnerala in the U. S. Economy, 1975.723a
—Includes arsenic in imported concentrations and intermediate smelter products.
•^From Minerals in the U. S. Economy, Bureau of Mines, 1975.
-------
Table 3-21. Summary of U.S. Arsenic Flow, Dissipation, and Emission, 1974-
Locatlon of Arsenic
End products;
Steel
Cast iron
Other
Dissipation to land;
Steel slag
Pesticides
Copper leach liquor
Other
Airborne emissions;
Losses from copper smelting
Pest icides
Coal
Other
VJaterborne effluent;
Phosphate detergents
Other
Landfill wastes:
Copper flue dusts
Copper-smelting slag
Coal fly ash
Other
Arsenic Flow,
tons
26,438
17,089
3,638
5,711
63,030
39,690
11,565
9,702
2,073
9,757
5,292
2,536
717
1,212
165
121
44
19,691
10,584
3,748
1,984
3,375
Ready Environ-
ment a^Transport
No
No
No
Unknown
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Derived from Carton.
703a
-116-
-------
¦ into the Sound.
161a
The installation of more pollution control equipment
at this smelter is planned, so the amount of arsenic released into the
Information has been collected, to the extent available, to
develop a pattern of arsenic emission into the environment. It included
information on the arsenic associated with mineral raw materials and
fuels, on the arsenic content of salable mineral products, on solid
waste discarded by mineral processors, and on effluents from mineral
plants. Complete material balance reports were obtainable for only a
feu plants. However, considerable incomplete evidence was accumulated.
These data were used to trace the disposition of arsenic—through mineral
processing steps and consumption—in commodities containing significant
quantities of arsenic. They were also used to determine the distribution
of arsenic throughout commercial production and the disposition of arsenic
used in agriculture and industry. Arsenic emission to the atmosphere was
calculated with the factors listed in Table 3-19.
air and water will decrease significantly.
161a
TABLE 3-19
Arsenic Emission Factors-
Arsenic Source
Arsenic Concentration
Mining and milling
0.45 ton/million tons of copper, lead,
zinc, silver, gold, or uranium ore
Smelting and refining
955 tons/million tons of copper produced
591 tons/million tons of zinc produced
364 tons/million tons of lead produced
Coal
1.4 tons/million tons of coal burned
Petroleum
11.5 lb/million barrels of petroleum
"Calculated on the basis of Davis and Associates'"^ and Minerals Yearbook
-109-
-------
TABLE 3-18
Method of Disposal of Principal Arsenic Compounds Manufactured In the United States
Compound
Arsenic trloxlde
Cacodyllc acid
DSMA and MSMA
Calcium arsenate
Lead arsenate
Copper acetoarsenlte
Sodium arsenlte
Current Disposal System
1. Entrapment of smelter flue dust and shipment to ASARCO for arsenic trloxlde
recovery
2. Long-term storage
1. Concrete storage vaults (currently contain 60,000,000 lb with 1-1.57,
cacodylate)
2. Recycling and reuse
3. Landfill in class 1 sites
1. Recycling and reuse
2. Long-term storage
3. Landfill In class 1 sites
Same as for DSMA
Same as for DSMA, plus recovery of metals by ASARCO
Same as for DSMA, plus recovery of metals by ASARCO
Same as for DSMA
-------
FIGURE 3-3. A proposed model for the arsenic cycle in an agronomic
ecosystem. (Reprinted from Sandberg and Allen . )
(Dotted lines indicate minor or negligible transfers.)
ARS-Zf.'IC COV.HOUVUS
l.'J SOIL, L/-.\D, V/VTEf?
the sea
VOLATILE
ARSINE5
¦v.irrroeiAL
DECC.V.POSIl'ION
:als
ARScf.'IC
1(1
PLA.'JTS.
MICROBES
CRUS1 ACEA.'jS
* y "
ALL Ar-.'iUAL LIFE
( OfCGANlC /•rTSC.'JICALS)
FIGURE 3-2. A proposed arsenic cycle. 1) the cycle in nature involves
organic arsenicals, few identified. 2) marine algae may
contain arsenic at up to 9 ppm, land plants generally at
less than 0.5 ppm. 3) edible tissues of food animals con-
tain, on average, below 0.5 ppm; fish, 0.5-3 ppm; and
crustaceans, 3-100 ppm. (Reprinted with permission from
Frost.)
-------
Table 6-5-
Observed Deaths and Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMR) at Ages 65 snd Over
for the Period January 1, 1949, through December 31., 1973, among 530 Men ^
Retiring from the Tacoma Smelter, by Cause of Death and Arsenic Exposure Index at Retirement —
Arsenic Exposure Index —
Cause of Death- Total Under 3,000 3,000-5,99? 6,000-8,99? 9,000-11.99? 12,000+
(7th Revision)
Oba
SMR
Obs
SMR
l
Obs
SMR
Oba
j, . -
SMR
' i ---
Obs
SMR
--1
Obs
SMR
All causes
324
111.1-
87
98.1
124
110.3
70
129.2-
24
117.7
17
130,0
Cancer (140-205)
69
146.6£
15
107.9
28
156.0-
14
151.6
7
218.7
5
217.2
Digestive (150-159)
20
120.3
6
121.2
9
140.4
2
62.7
3
264.7
0
0.0
Respiratory (160-164)
32
300.3—
5
165.6
11
279.4-
7
306. 9^-
4
568.5-
5
810.5-
Lymphatic (200-203, 205)
2
94.9
1
166.1
1
126.1
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Other cancer
15
84.8
3
56.3
7
102.8
5
150.4
0
0.0
0
0.0
Stroke (330-334)
44
114.7
18
150.3
12
80.0
7
104.5
6
218,4
1
64,7
Heart disease (400-443)
144
107.7
33
81.4
63
122.4
36
144.2-
5
53.6
5
83.2
Coronary (4 20)
118
105.9
25
74.9
52
122.2
31
145.1-
4
51.7
5
95.5
Other heart
26
116.6
8
111.5
11
123.2
5
138.4
1
62.9
0
0.0
Respiratory disease
(480-493, 500-502)
10
91.6
4
116.8
3
70.9
1
52.4
2
250.8
0
0.0
All other causes
57
91.2
17
89.2
18
74.8
12
104.1
4
91.3
6
212.4
£ Pinto, S. S., V. Henderson, and P. Enterllne. Mortality experience of arsenic exposed workers. Unpublished data,
b^ Expected deaths were estimated on the basis of Washington State experience, 1949-1970. Includes four men with unknown
exposures.
£ Arsenic exposure Index derived from Raetjer, A., M. Levin, and A. Ullenfeld. Analysis of mortality experience of
Allied Chemical plane. Unpublished data. 760b
d Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death.
£ Statistically significant (P_ ^ 0.05).
-------
RECION VIII TOXICS INTEGRATED STRATEGY
CANDIDATE CHEMICAL
MAJOR SOURCES (REGION VIII) - AVERACF,
ANNUAL PRODUCTION (RECIOH VIII)
IVirolcmn Refineries:
< »> 1 orjdo - 5
''ont .mo - 8
Utah - 1
'Jorth Dakota - 3
South Ddkot«j - 0
Wyom i ng - I 7
Coking Plants'
Colorado Fuel and Iron Curp , Pueblo
Co 1 orotic
U S. SLeel Corporation, Orcm, Mlali
Casoliue Industry*
Termina Is
liti lk PI on l s
Cas Stations
All t OS
Terminals 0 /»-6 8X benzene by
volume resulted in environmental
benzene concentration of 0 I - 7 7 pj
Loading Trucks - 10-332 benzene by
volume produced airborne concerttratio|
of benzene of I U-') .h ppn
Las Stations - 2 8-5 8E benzene by
volume losnlled in env i ronni'jn i a 1
hi-uzi'iu- of 0 2-3 2 ppm
Solvent Re f i iter ies
Dig West Refinery, Kevin, Mt.
<>il Spills - benzene content in
crude oil varies from U 001.1 to
0 '»7.
POPULATION-AT-RISK/
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE
Urban/lUiral
Urban/pop. 97,^53
Urban/ pop. 25,729
Urban/Rura 1
IJrb.m/Riira 1
HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS
3,000 pptn - endurable
for 30-60 minutes.
7,500 ppm - dangerous after
30-60 minutes (acute
poi son ing symptoms)
20,000 ppm - fatal after
5-10 minutes
Acute produces toxic
effects on the central
nervous system
Chronic* marked changes in
the blood, chromosone
alterations with diagnosis
of leukemia.
ENTRY INTO
ENVIRONMENT
CONTROL MECHANISM
AVAILABLE
Air - hydro-
carbon ennssons
Air - hydro-
curbon eraisaons
Air, Water
Scrubbers
For coke ovens -
steam ejector
1 ids
double gas off-take
relief piping to
alleviate possible
internal pressures
Floating roof tank or
f ixed roof tamls
Vapor recovery units
CURRENT AGENC* &
OTHER EFFORTS
OSIIA - Occupa 11 ona 1
f»Kpostire set at 10 pptn
TWA of 8 hours
NlOSIl - occupational
exposure not greater
than 10 ppm of air
deteimined as a T./A
exposure for up to
10 hr workda>/'»0 hr.
workweek with ceiling
of 25 ppm
EPA - no anbtenc air
quality standards but
it is listed as a
hazardous pollutant
under the Clean ^lr
Ac t «
EPA - no effluent
1imi tat ions
EPA-no standard set
under the Safe
Drinking Water Act but
11 16 designated as
a hazardous substance
under FWPCA
OSHA 4 ::PA are
coordinai )ni; health
research on the use
of benzene in rasolin
Draft ll'IS'LAPS on
Benzene Emis5."»ns
from gasoline
indu stries
DU o(
*port
EPA-llQ - hod a
moot in;* on i.
Draft PI13s^ 1 :
on Benzene ' he
Sasolirc) ! Flie group
recommended further
literature re. ic j on
i L s health effects,
fiiiv i ronrion l j I fate &
environmental i-npoct
as wool as a clocer
benzene- in
wl
;.i;ol me
kusourcc
ALL0CA1ION
1) Multi-media sampling of all
ma jor sources
Benefit - Determine the lo.vol
of benzene being emitted from
these sources.
2) Sampling of the
neighborhoods surrounding the
ma jor sources
Benefit - Determine the
levol of benzene present in
these areas.
3* Survey local health effects
of the neighborhoods
surrounding the major sources
Benefit - Determine if there
ure any chronic health effects
in these areas relating to
benzene.
**Tentalive Schedule for EPA to
promulgate first set of benzene
regulations is for Fall '79'
hoi i t
r.a^ol i
be t t «'i t o con t ro I
i t s e 1 I >
-------
BENZENE
Major Sources
Two major sources of benzene, which produce benzene as a by-product, are
the petroleum refineries (9AZ) and the coke oven industries (6%). There
is 110 information .iv.i i 1 able on the amount of benzene that is cmittc-d
into the :i t mt> •; pherc from petroleum refineries but it is thought to be
a considerable amount. Attachment 1 is a list of all the petroleum
refineries in Region VIII. For the coke industries each ton of
coke produced, a yield of 3.2 gallons of light oil is realized of which
1.85 gallons are benzene. Emissons of benzene from the coke ovens are
not known. Emissions of hydrocarbons calculated as methane for coke
ovens with no emission controls are estimated at 1.96 lbs. of benzene
emitted into the atmosphere for each ton of coke produced.
Major Uses of benzene are as a solvent (mainly in chemical labs \ gasoline
additive, and in the petrochemical industries (86%). Benzene is also
found in printing and lithograph, paint, rubber products, dry cleaning,
adhesives, detergents, oil and gas wells, transportation companies.
Benzene in Air
OSHA in 1974 , analyzed 269 industrial atmospheric samples for the
presence of benzene. The expected concentration of benzene in urban
air is reported to be 0.01 to 0.05 ppm. Based on vapor pressure and
chemical stability benzene is quite mobile and persistent. Its
persistence suggests that it degrades slowly.
Benzene in Gasoline
The current national average of benzene content in gasoline is
1.3 liquid volume percent. There is 0.008 gram of benzene being emitted
with every gram of hydrocarbon.
Bulk Terminals - benzene test data indicate that outlet emissions are
in the range of 0.003 to 0.33 mg/L of gasoline loaded. Usually, bulk
terminals have a storage capacity of 2.1 million gallons of gasoline.
Storage Tanks - losses of benzene are relatively small, approximately
20 kg/year.
Tank Trucks - losses of benzene are approximately 1300 kg/year.
Autos and Gas - this emission data is difficult to estimate. In urban
environment approximately 20% of hydrocarbon emissions (terms of grams
per vehicle mile for passenger vehicles) are due to evaporation.
Benzene found in gasoline is; regular 1.35% by wt. , premium 0.81% by
wt. , unleaded - no figures available. It is assumed that benzene is
1% of gasoline vapors and gasoline vapors are 20% of the total annual
motor vehicle emissions.
-------
Controls can be applied to bulk terminals, bulk plants, and service
stations which would reduce benzene significantly. All service
stations in Denver have vapor recovery units which are used to reduce
benzene emissions. There is a 2 phase plan to reduce benzene emissons
from these sources but it is in a stage of political standstill.
Health Effects
Acute: Exposure to massive concentration in the region of 2.5% by
volume in air is rapidly fatal. The symptoms are those of central
nervous depression which may be preceded by convulsion and death
usually follows from cardiovascular collapse. Severe non-fatal symptoms
are similar but recovery may come after a period of unconsciousness.
Mild exposure symptoms show euphoria followed by giddiness, headache,
nausea, staggering gait and unconsciousness if exposure continues.
The severity of symptoms of acute benzene toxicity depends upon the
concentration and duration of exposure, but it is documented that
marked variations exist in individual susceptibility.
Chronic: The signs of chronic benzene exposure can appear any time from
a few weeks to several years of exposure. Symptoms may be headache,
dizziness, nausea, vertigo at the end of the work day, stomach pain,
loss of appetite, feeling cold. With severe exposure clinical signs
are more pronounced; i.e., decrease in red blood cells with a fall
in hemoglobin level, indicating a form of anemia. With repeated exposures
to benzene recurrences may readily appear and be more severe. Chromosone
alterations have been reported in patients with a history of benzene
exposure followed by diagnosis of leukemia.
Attachment 2 is a chart of exposures levels to benzene for humans,
animals, and aquatic life.
Summary
Benzene studies to date have been in the range of 50 ppm to 100 ppra.
Conclusions from these studies have shown that the unique aspect of
chronic benzene poisoning effects the blood forming system. Also,
because of the lack of data evidence that chronic exposure to benzene
produces leukemia in humans is incomplete but sufficient enough to
command serious consideration.
-------
Bibliography
GCA Corporation. Assessment of Benzene as a Potential Air Pollution
Problem. Volume IV. January, 1976. PB 258 356
National Research Council. Health Effects of Benzene: A Review.
June 1976. PB 254 388
NIOSH. Criteria for a recommended standard...Occupationa1 exposure
to Benzene.
Mitre Corporation. Air Pollution Assessment of Benzene. April, 1976.
PB 256 734
P.H. Howard, et al Syracuse University P>esearch Corporation. Benzene.
Environmental Sources of Contamination, Ambient Levels and Fate.
December 1974.
fesearch Triangle Park. Standard Support Environmental Impact Statement
for Control of Benzene from the Gasoline Marketing Industry, Draft
Report. May, 1978.
-------
Colorado
£rgjQLeum ftZfzjoe/ttEs
Ar.nmera Oil (U.S.), Inc.
Continental Oil Co.
Gary V,'er-lcm Co.
Morrison Refining Co.
Williams Refining Co.
Commerce City
Commerce City
Fruita
Grand Junction
Denver
17,407
17,407
1,822
20,170
514,678
Kontana_
Big Kest Oil Co.
Cenex
Continental Oil Co.
Exxon Co.
Kenco Refining Inc.
Phillips Petroleum Co.
Westco Refining Co.
Is'orth Dakota
Amoco Oil Co.
Northland Oil 5 Refining Co.
West!and Oil Co.
Kevin
Laurel
Billings
Billings
Wolf 'Point
Great Falls
Cut Bank
Mnndan
Dickinson
Wi1li ston
-1,000
2,500-5,000
61,581
61,581
3,000
60,091
2,500-5,000
11,000
12,400
11,280
Utah
Amoco Oil Co.
Caribou Four Corners, Inc.
Chevron U.S.A.
Husky Oil Co.
Morrison Petroleum Co.
Phillips Petroleum Co.
Plateau, Inc.
Western Refining Co., Inc«
Phillips Petroleum Co.
Wyoini ng
Amoco Oil Co.
CGH Refinery, Inc.
Glacier Park Co.
Salt Lake City
V'oods Cross
Salt Lake City
North Salt Lake
Woods Cross
Woods Cross
Roosevelt
Woods Cross
Salt Lake City
Casper
Lusk
Osage
175,885
3,124
175,885
2,143
3,124
3,124
2,005
3,124
175,885
39,500
1,000
350
Wyoming
Glcnrock Refining Co.
Husky Oil Co.
Husky Oi1 Co.
Little America Refining Co.
Mountaineer Refining Co. Inc.
Sage Creek Refining Co.
Sinclair Oil Corp.
Southwestern Refining Co., Inc.
Tc.\pco, Inc.
Kyoning Refining Co.
Glen Rock
Cheyenne
Cody
Casper
LaEarge
Cowley
Sinclair
LaBarge
Casper
Newcastle
1,515
43,000
5,161
39,500
204
366
445
204
39,500
3,432
fi-rrACtimEfJT -X
-------
Orimtn
of
Kapotura
Concantritiflf)
of Iwpoauro
(pp»>
Duration of
Eipoiur*
err«ct
'•faranra
Oral
Oral
--
Acuta
Acuta
Death
Hue out atofcrm* Irritation and ay ataalc l»(oilc«ll«n
», n
DtrMl
Imtilon
of tlaaua
Acuta
Eryttiena, akin detailing, dry
acallng, secondary Infactlona
17
Inhalatton
20,000
J-10
¦Inutca
Convulalona, piralyata, coat, and death
2J
Inhalation
High
Acuta
retechlel hemorrhage la body tlaaiMa, respiratory tract
Infectlone, hypoplaela and hyperplaala In ataraal bona
no rrov, kidney conization, and cerebral edema, death
21. J4-J6
Inhalattoo
Sublethal
Chronic
Insoanla, agitation, headache, dlnlneeo, 4rowel-
neao, breathlaaeneee, unsteadlneta, Irritability,
21. 21. 37
lohalatIon
2.8 og/a'
(0.87J ppo)
(odor
threshold)
Acuta
¦rain oloctropotentlal enhancement
)9
Inhititloo
Sublethal
Chronic
Anemia, thrombocytopenia, throeAocytopetby,
leukopenia, lov Imotlobli cancel, t rat Ion, In-
creased call aiu, eosinophil count elevstlon.
)), J4. 42
Inhalation
Sublathal
Chroalc
Stabla sad unatabla chroaosooa aberrations
« -*1
Inha1 at loo
100 fpa
Chronic
(wort
houre)
Lsukopenls
to
0
-------
TABU 111 (COHTIHUED)
OrQ«nlcra
Hod*
Eipotur*
Concentration
of Eipopuro
(pp»)
Duration of
Eipoauro
Effect
Reference
Huncn
Inhalat(on
? 5 ppn
Ch raff 1 c
(vofk houfe)
Lover heao|lobln levela# nl-
nor hsnatoloilcal devlatlone.
61
IV.|
Inhalat Ion
Sublethal
Acutq
Ilypert cnelon and vaaoaotor paralyala
71
Oral
Sublethal
Acutf
Hueout eeabran* Irritation,
pulmonary edeaa and htwrha|i
7}
Rat
tnhalatIon
20 ppo
6 houra/day
4 deya/v*ek
j 1/J aonth*
Delay in conditioned raaponee tine
81
In talai Ion
100 ppa
6 houra/day
5 Jaya
82
Inhalat Ion
450-500 ppo
^ houro/dajr
ip daye
Increase In cjrctchrtm* P4J0 en J
aalnopyrtne detMthylaae activity
85
1nhj(*i1 on
ThreehoId
Acute
Dlaturbad oxidation-reduc-
tion and albualn production
79
(pr#f-
nint )
Inha)ai Ion
1-6J.5 ¦g/n'
(0.312 5-19.84 pp»)
Chronic
Significant blochenlcal alteratlona
In 'joth prrgnant fenale and fetua
87
Oral
0.9) (0.71-
1.:) a/kB)
Acute
LD50
67
(young
adu11 )
Oral
3.4 B/k»
Acuta
LDS0
67
(older
adult)
Oral
4.9 |/k|
Acute
L050
67
-------
OrgoM c*
Uf
Eipoaura
ConeantratIon
of Eipoaura
(pp«)
Duration of
Cxpoaure
Ef fact
Reference
Bat (oldar
• dull
Oral
1.6 g/kg
Acute
L050
67
Inhalation
U ppa
7 hogra/.lajr
) daya/wtrk
Leukopenia
71
Jnhalat!
-------
TULt III (COHCtUWD)
Organ loo
H. of
\ ¦ rt
ConcmtritloA
of Eipofurv
-------
TABLE IV
REPORTED ACUTE BENZENE TOXICITY TO AQUATIC ANIMALS
Concentration
ORCAN1SM
(ppm) resulting
In death of all
organisms within
Reference
2 Hours 24 Hours
24 Hours
48 Hours
96 Hours
Plaphalee prooelas
(fathead nlnnow)
—
35.56
35.08
33.47
115
Leposls aacrochlrua
(blueplll)
--
22.49
22.49
22.49
115
Carasalua ourltus
(goldfish)
--
34.42
34.42
34.42
115
Leblstes retlculatua
(gupples)
—
36.60
35.60
36.60
115
Lepoala ¦achrochlumus
60 34
114
(bIueg111)
Source: Modified frota Assessing Potential Ocean Pollutants, National Academy of Sciences,
Washington, D.C. 1975.
-------
KECION VIII TOXICS INTEGRATED STRATECY
CANDIDATE CHEMICAL:
MAJOR SOURCES (RECtON VIII) - AVERAGE
ANNUA}. PRODUCTION (RECION VIII)
f. one
// SwittS £
a. iuc. £~j(tAacvoaJ *-
'RfLobx'C "noa/
^ 5 c? l-TC e S
J. fiffcrnop^r/«G
J7 5ot/ace3
4. P/6«fHT" M4W FACTt/(l(r
none
$. sTue/i/ieTS*- tAAfJUF^en/Ac
d. /iCi-Ofr /*4*AJ\/f*ACT 7>£0t,OCr'i.
Ajo*Jcr
\l. 7lvt,li£Tt. 71A e U/E/ML,
WICUMM
/\ £aM4ij-yn°Kj £V«*V*-
-J V (WA«l-
OH.6AK)
-i/
ls£&AfJ
Kbits-
A/AL-
A/lL- WtlTV
fi/B-
u/AT&/*-j i"*'/
u*5T
ocSA
..0 £irtr**ir/rte.
Stat fie*,
(feiaums
vtrsfl- r&srcif/ritcAj
J-fm'Ma /HuiS^
7~H/tK.
r/t rm-'V&s
cf-vrfi,pvs / ms
U/4J7& -
<2o*Cfl 4no*J •f-rv'
C/MCT 3fpH*rt/TA30"s
Sf SJUf
F'irAtr, ,*J.
Fxomm:*-
-
TKr*s rv S//***&
C#tr»>. CAA*f/c<-~ .
CURRENT ACENCY &
OTHER EFFORTS
Gfrt
SV Pi
ST ft
«WV1
(re-A
SfYt
RI". SOURCE
ALIiOCATlON
-------
REGION VIII TOXICS INTEGRATED STRATEGY
CANDIDATE CHEMICAL: CADMIUM
Major Sources
Cadmium is found in nature most generally in low concentrations
associated with a similar metal, zinc. It is present as an impurity
in the more common galvanized zinc coatings (0.03%) and is also used
in many other everyday items such as pottery pigments, paint and plastics.
Automobile tires also contain cadmium which is introduced as an impurity
in the zinc used in the production of tires. Cadmium is a by-product
of zinc smelting and to a lesser extent, cadmium can be recovered from
lead and copper ores.
In Region VIII the summary of sources was obtained from literature
detailing the mining industry and our NPDES files. There are 11 sources
involved in zinc ore mining with two sources extracting, refining and
producing zinc. There are approximately 37 shops in the Region doing
electroplating and could be sources of cadmium. With many power plants
switching to coal, there are a total of 63 potential sources. This
includes existing and proposed coal burning power plants. There are
approximately 18 potential sources of cadmium from the secondary non-
ferrous metals and the iron and steel industry.
The amount of cadmium introduced into the environment in Region VIII
through tire wear is unknown. There are approximately 1153 sewage
treatment plants in the Region, many of which may have cadmium present
in sludge.
Population At Risk/Environmental Exposure
The range of exposure to potential sources runs from rural areas
to urban environments.
Health and Environmental Effects
Health problems from cadmium became known when it was identified as
the probable cause of Itai Itai disease in Northern Japan. The deaths
and deformities experienced by over 200 people in Northern Japan have
been attributed to cadmium from mining wastes which polluted the water
supply, resulting in contamination of food-growing areas.
Cadmium has unquestioned chronic toxicity leading to serious
pathological consequences when ingested in quantities only 3 to 13 times
greater than present average intake rates. Cadmium and its compounds are
toxic substances by all means of administration.
-------
-2-
Inhalation of cadmium fumes, oxides and salts often produces
emphysema, which may be followed by bronchitis. Prolonged exposures to
air-borne cadmium frequently cause kidney damage resulting in proteinuria.
Cadmium also affects the heart and liver.
Cadmium may also be a carcinogen. While there is little evidence
to support this conclusion from studies of industrial workers, animal
experiments have shown cadmium to be carcinogenic.
There is also concern since a statistical study of cadmium in the
air of U.S. cities showed a correlation between cadmium levels and increased
arteriosclerosis heart disease, high blood pressure and decreased life
expectancy.
Entry Into The Environment
We ingest cadmium from a number of sources; air, food, and tobacco.
Cadmium is carried through vate;r onto the land and taken up in the food
we eat.
Control Mechanisms Available
Electrostatic precipitators, baghouses, and cyclones are effectively
used for abatement of air pollution. From combustion sources, a removal
efficiency of 97 to 99 percent is indicated.
In water, if cadmium is present in the form of suspended particu-
lates, the discharge can be controlled by using settling ponds or
thickeners. Filtering or centrifuging wastes can also be considered.
If cadmium is present as a soluble compound, it can be removed by
precipitation, or using the techniques of ion exchange, solvent extraction,
or electrolytic deposition.
The only adequate method for disposal of concentrated cadmium wastes
is coagulation with lime; then sedimentation followed by sand filtration.
The effluent from this process should be treated further to reduce the
cadmium concentration to an acceptable level.
Current Agency and Other Efforts
EPA has addressed cadmium in its effluent guidelines only for the
mining industry. Several guidelines are given in EPA's Quality Criteria
for Water. There is also a drinking water standard.
-------
-3-
The folliwing schedule is in place:
Fall 78 " EPA/FDA/CPSC Statement on Cadmium and other heavy
metals leached from decorated glassware.
10/8/78 - FR Notice on EPA air programs decision
12/78 - FR Notice on proposed OSHA decision
Spring 1979 - Final decision on cadmium RPAR.
Cost/Benefit
The benefits are health related and therefore difficult to quantify.
-------
'•01uME CHEMICAL Inorg.inic l.coJ (Pip
REC ION Wl TOXICS INTEGRATED STRATEGY
'IAJtj? SOURCES HihCIOH VIII) - AVERACE
AHhTjAL PRODUCTION (REGION VIII)
I cdJ jjroJjicion in Region 8 = 33,840
short tons, appro*. 5\ of U.S. total
( 1977j. Co-produced with gold, silver
anJ :in:
Major production in:
Co Krado
N. Dakota
S. J) ji oirf
Moi.t;-na
Ut:.h
Wyoming
Sinel tors.
22,994 short tons
None
None
106 short tons
10,740 short Ions
Nunc
Ajnciican inciting and Refining Co.,
Cast Helena, MT
Miscellaneous Emissions
AutoouLiJe - 300,000 tons/yr (1970)
Lead L-ission Factors:
Mining and mi 1)ing
0.2 lb/ton lead mined
Primer; lead production
S 0 lli/ton of product
Y rirear^ copper product ion
0.6 lb/ton of product
Cire> iron foundries
U.3 In/ton of iron
1'OPUJ.ATION-A T-R ISK/
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE
mostly rural environmen
pop. 10,000
all urban populations
HEALTH i ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS
l.ow level (chronic) lead
exposure caji cause central
nervous system disorder.
High level (acute) exposure
can cau^e brain damage.
Fish Toxicity-
Acute-
llard Water. .
Total Lead-471 mal-DGhr LC
Free Lead_ 1.38mg/l -96hrLC
50|
Soft Wjter
Tree Lead- 0.14mg/1 -18davLC
50]
Ch roiuc
Hard Hater
Total Lead ' 3.24 rag/1
Free Load - 0.064mg/l
Soft Water-
Free Lead 0.028rog/l
ENTRY INTO
ENVIRONMENT
Air-$tack emiss10]
Water-jcld nine
drainage
Tal1Ing ponds
Land- stack
emission
Fallout from
auto emission
ICONTROL MECHANISM
AVAILABLE
Mines: Federal metal
and non-metal mine
safety Act
Air: Clean Air Act
19 70 1 . 5ug/cu m
Hater: discharge
permits - not to
exceed i).06raj/J
Drinking Hater A:t -
0.05 mg/1
OSIIA 0. lmg/cu n
CURRENT ACENCY t.
OTHER EFFORTS
IKLG agencies are parti-
cipating in developing
an air pollution control
standard for lead. Thes
agencies are considering
a joint assessment both
of lead exposure and
economic impact of multi
regulatory action.
RLSOURCE
ALLOCATION
(1) Multimedia inspection of
Major producer?.
(2) Check community for visible
damage and health effects
Benefits from resource allocation
(J) Better background l/ifomutioii
for future studies.
(2) To insure that pollution
abatement is working and
futher environmental
degradation is slowed.
-------
LEAD
Lead emissions have been extensively studied over the past few years
because of its chronic effects.
The emission to the air, excluding the automobile, is approximately
18,000 tons/yr for the United States, of which 5% is emitted in Region 8.
To account for this amount: 18% is from burning waste oil; 13% is from
municipal sewage incineration; 13% grey iron foundries; 11% from producing
gasoline additives; 9% from production'of primary lead smelting; 9% from
copper smelting; and 8% from the production of steel.
The discharge of lead and its salts occurs mainly from the production
of batteries and from acid mine drainage. These values range from 0 to
145 mg/1.
Annual consumption of lead is approximately one million tons andc£
this amount 20% is used in the production of gasoline. The annual emission
of lead to the atmosphere is approximately 300,000 tons/yr. (1970).
This amount of emission to the atmosphere gives the average background
3
of lead to be 0.6 micrograms per cubic meter (ug/m ). The lead emitted
into the atmosphere from automobiles is quickly diluted to about 22% of
its initial value within 1300 ft. of the roadway. The half life of the
lead aerosol is 3 hr. and when these break down they can contaminate both
land and water directly. Two thirds of the lead emitted in the urban
environment is in the form of soluble lead salts which go into the storm
sewers and contaminate the ( ? ). This amount is approximately
8,800 tons/yr.
Attached are some tables from the 1978 criteria document on exposure
-------
- 2 -
to inorganic lead which lists persons who are likely to be exposed;
data of lead exposure in printing industry, battery manufacture, welding
operations, and other occupational groups.
-------
i ¦ — wo, " . J%^ .1..' jj . i _ > • - j —T :—^—rr-~T-rt rr^!—
. ¦¦ill * * - • ' - - V?*, . ' *' -
£Jfl *FQi
' ' ' - ' ¦ -*i ¦ - M I ~A-' ' I - - ¦ ' ' i I »¦¦-->¦-¦ ¦ * - ¦ >- " ..j
CRITERIA FOR A RECOMMENDED STANDARD....
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO
INORGANIC LEAD
Revised Criteria - 1978
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Center for Disease Control
National Institute fox Occupational Safety and Health
-------
TABLE X-4
General Exposure from Operations Utilizing Lead
Incidence
Average Lead
Concentrations
Found
o f
Air (
mg/m3)
Urine
(mg/1)
Operat ion
Plumbism
Avg
Max
Avg
Max
Me talizing
High
Paint spraying: red lead
High
1.8
3.5
Brush painting: red lead
Some
0.26
0.35
Paint sanding, scraping
High
0.32
0.30
0.48
Leaded iron pouring
High
19.5
Bearing bronze pouring
Some
1.86
3.A
0.54
0.82
Bearing bronze grinding
Low
0.84
0.33
Storage-battery manufacturing:
Mixing
Some
0.73
3.8
0.70
1.00
Pasting
Some
0.75
2.1
0.26
0.48
Grouping
Some
0.50
4.0
0.22
0.68
Separating
Low
0.15
0.41
0.15
0.27
Casting
Low
0.26
0.65
0.19
0.31
Lead smelting, refining
Some
0.35
1.45
0.35
0.88
Lead burning
Some
0.57
1.5
0.26
0.37
llomogeniz ing
Some
3.0
Painted-steel burning
Some
0.41
0.50
Lead powder mixing
Some
2.2
10.2
0.22
0.32
Lead sanding, grinding
Some
A.2
7.4
0.26
Paint mixing
Low
1.75
5.8
0.17
0.29
Painting, N.O.C.
Low
0.09
0.16
Paint spraying: chrome yellow
Low
3.9
0.10
Wire patenting
Low
0.29
0.60
0.12
0.21
Steel tempering
Low
0.13
0.22
0.10
0.21
Bronze pouring
Low
0.34
1.56
0.20
0.34
Bronze grinding
Low
0.47
1.24
0.17
0.34
Lead casting
Low
0.12
0.35
0.14
0.37
Printing:
Stereotyping
Low
0.26
0.51
0.15
0.22
Linotyping
None
0.07
0.24
0.08
0.14
Soldering, tinning
Low
0.25
0.62
0.15
0.23
Lead sawing
Low
0.25
Lead glass working
Low
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.10
Gasoline-tank cleaning
Low
0.07
0.14
-------
TABLE X-6
Representative Lead Exposures in the Printing Industry
Location
Linotype
Room
Monotype
Room
Remelt
Room
i
Os
Composing
Room
Stereotype
Room
Nature of Operations or Exposure
Lead concentration about 12" above
lead pot of one of centrally loca-
ted machines
Exposure of machine operators
Lead concentration about 12" above
lead pot of one of centrally loca-
ted machines
Exposure of machine operators
Average room concentration
Workers' exposure while filling
molds
Room concentration while drossing
kettles and while removing cop-
per plates from electrotype
Average room concentration
Concentration at or near the
breathing level of workers
operating lead pots, pouring
molds, etc.
Exposure of operators of trimming
nnd finishing machines such as
saws, bevelers, planers and
routers
Lead Concentration
in mg/m^
Max. Min.
0,007
0.027
Ave.
0.014
0.020 0.006 0.012
0.570 0.056 0.163
0.096 0.027 0.056
0.158 0.004 0.041
0.132 0.035 0.073
0.257 0.149 0.196
0.118 0.016 0.062
0.026 0.003 0.008
0.442 0.002 0.104
Remarks
Pot temperature ranged from
515° to 550" F.
Pot temperature ranged from
660° to 835" F.
,11
Melt kettles enclosed are
exhaust ventilated
Worker's face about 18 to 24J
above molds while being
poured. Lead temperature 600°
to 700° F.
Several kettles drossed during
sample but only one kettle
door open at a time
Pot temperature ranged from
550° to 600° F.
Adapted from reference
-------
TABLE X-7
REPRESENTATIVE LEAD EXPOSURE IN PRINTING OPERATIONS
No. Of Range Mean
Description of Exposure Samples njg/m^ ng/m3
Lead Concentrations over Linotype Melting PotB
9
< 0.01 - 0.054
0.029
Concentrations While Cleaning Linotype Plungers
6
0.06 - 2.8
0.783
Concentrations Around Metal Pots
While Removing Dross
9
1.4 - 160.0
29.30
Atmospheric Lead at Breathing Zone of Linotype
Ope rators
17
< 0.01 - 0.049
0.021
Atmospheric Lead in Hand Composing Areas
Adjacent to Linotypes
7
< 0.01 - 0.045
0.017
Lead in General Atmosphere of Monotype Rooms
12
< 0.01 - 0.060
0.028
Lead Concentration 6 inches Above Monotype
Metal Pots
22
< 0.01 - 10.0
1.070
Lead Concentrations 19 Inches Above Monotype
Metal Pots
8
<0.01 - 0.38
0.148
Atmospheric Lead In Vicinity of Unexhausted
Renelt Furnace During Various Phases of Operation
1. Loading & Heating
8
<0.01 " 0.16
0.052
2. Cleaning 4 Drossing
7
5.10 -50.0
15.26
3. Pouring
7
0.094 " 0.78
0.313
Atmospheric Lead in Vicinity of Exhausted Remelt
Furnace During Various Phases of Operation
1. Loading & Heating
2
0.881 - 0.15
0.116
2. Cleaning & Dressing
2
1.8 ~ 5.3
3.55
3. Pouring
2
0.053"- 0.15
0.102
Sampling - Electrostatic Precipitator
Analysis - Dithizone
Adapted from reference ^
X-7
-------
TABLE X-8
Representative Lead Exposure in the Printing Industry
Linotype Operators
Monotype Operators
Remelt Men
Years in
Printing
9
16
15
6
20
15
19
38
12
22
11
AO
18
3
8
6
4
15
20
3
10
19
7
17
2
7
1
10
3
5
Q
Calculated
Exposure rnR/m"
0.03
0.03
0.10
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.09
0.02
0.02
0. OA
0.02
0.02
0.10
0.10
0.04
0.09
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.38
0.15
0.04
0.09
0.50
0.03
0.13
Urine Lead
cpr/liter
0.11
0.04
0.17
0.11
0.17
0.16
0.11
0.32
0.21
0.19
0.24
0.28
0.26
0.03
0.28
0.17
0.10
0.18
0.17
0.13
0.28
0.06
0.19
-------
TADLE X-8 Cont.
Stereotypers
Others
Years in Calculated Urine Lead
Printing Exposure mR/m^ mfi/liter
1 0.09 0.27
10 0.10 0.17
A 0.0ft 0.29
1 0.10 0.26
26 0.02 0.23
1 0.03 0.36
2 0.07 0.23
6 0.02
10 0.02
Sampling - Electrostatic Precipitator
Analysis - Dithizone
Adapted from Reference 55
-------
TA3LE X-10
Average and Median Blood Lead Content in mg/100 g of Blood in Storage-
Battery Workers, by Exposure and Duration of E.-nploy-ment.
Duration of Lead
Exposure, Years
Air Lead
Content,
0-0.074
0.075-0.14
0.15-0.29
>0.3
I >0.15
0-4
Sumb er
17
16
32
20
Average
0.0187
0.0316
0.0378
0.0463
59
Median
0.021
0.030
0.038
0.050
5-9
Number
10
13
40
24
Average
0.0278
0.0405
0.0501
0.0505
74
Median
0.033
0.040
0.043
0.050
10-14
N' umber
23
24
30
32
Ave rage
0.0198
0.0375
0.0502
0.0481
57
Median
0.018
0.038
0.046
0.048
15+
Nunbe r
44
30
59
45
Ave rage
0.0293
0.0407
0.0457
0.0493
58
Median
0.023
0.036
0.045
0.045
Analysis - Dithizone
Adapted from references 4 and H
X-ll
-------
TABLE X-ll
REPRESENTATIVE LEAD EXPOSURES WHILE PERFORMING
WELDING OPERATIONS UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS
Coating Type weld Location of sampling probe Lead Avg.
POOR VENTILATIONt EXPERIMENTAL AREA mg/ra3
Zinc-slllcate
Elect.
arc
2'
directly
above welding
15.2
II M
II
ii
3'
above
and
2-1/2 back of welding*
0.86
II ; t«
II
M
3'
above
and
2' back, of welding*
3.27
5 .63
II II
II
it
3'
above
and
2' back of welding*
3.65
II II
II
ii
Attached
to 1
welder's shoulder*
5.16
Zinc-3ilicate
Oxy-acetylene
1'
above
and
1' back of welding*
3.53
II tl
II
ii
3'
above
and
2-1/2' back of welding*
1.24
ll It
It
ii
3'
above
and
2-1/2 back of welding*
1.56
Il ll
tl
ii
3'
above
and
2' back of welding*
1.80
1.9 6
II tl
11
it
3'
above
and
2' back of welding*
1.00
II II
H
H
3'
above
and
2' back of welding*
1.76
II II
II
II
3'
above
and
2' back of welding*
2.00
Galvanized steel
Elect.
arc
2'
above
and
1* back of welding*
0.40
"o
II
it
2'
above
welder's face
0.69
It II
ll
ii
6'
above
floor, 5' in front of welder
0.35
0.52
II II
II
it
Attached
to i
welder's shoulders*
0.6 ^
Galvanized steel
Oxy-ace
tylene
2 1
ab ove an d
2' back of welding*
0.66
I) tt
II
11
3'
above
and
2-1/2' back of welding*
0.24
II II
II
11
2 1
above
and
1' back of welding*
0.41
0.43
II II
II
II
6'
above
and
5' back of welder
0.30
II II
II
tl
3'
above
and
1' back of welding
0.55
-------
TABLE X-ll (CONTINUE)
Coating Type weld Location of sampling probe Lead Avg
Clean steel Elect. arc 2' above and 1' back of welding. (Control sample) 0
" " Oxy-acetylene 20' from welding enclosure (Room air. 0
Control sample)
" " Elect. arc 20' from welding enclosure (Room air. 0
Control sample)
GOOD VENTILATION (BREATHING ZONE SAMPLES)
Zinc-silicate
Oxy-acetylene
Attached
near welder's nose**
0.18
cutting
Zinc-silicate
Electric arc
Inserted
in welder's hood**
0.08
beading
Zinc-silicate
Electric arc
Inserted
in welder's hood**
0.14
welding
Galvanized steel
Oxy-acetylene
Attached
near nose**
0.01
cutting
Galvanized steel
Electric arc
Inserted
in welder's hood**
0.01
welding
ROOM AIR SAMPLES (DOWNWIND FROM WELDER)
Zinc-silicate Elect, arc 3' downwind from the welder. 3* from floor 0.81
" " " " 3' downwind from the welder. 3' from floor 0.76 0.78
" " " " 20' downwind from the welder. 3' from floor 0.26
" " " " 20' downwind from the welder. 3' from floor 0.24 0.25
" " " " 20' downwind from the welder. 6' from floor 0.27
" " , " " 20' downwind from the welder. 6' from floor 0.53 0.40
-------
TABLE X-ll (CONTINUED^
Coating
Type weld
Location of sampling probe
Lead
Avg
OUTDOOR SAMPLES
(10 I-tPH WIND)
Zinc-silicate
Galvanized steel
Galvanized steel
Elect, arc
Elect, arc
Oxy-acetylene
(cutting)
Welder sat upwind. Probe Inserted in hood. 0.06
Welder sat upwind. Probe inserted in hood. 0.01
Welder sat upwind. Probe was held 3" from nose. 0.00
t Samples were not collected inside welder's hoods.
* Sample probe located near welder's face.
** Welder located upwind from welding.
Analysis - Di till zone
Adapted from Reference ^6
-------
TABLE X-12
Lead Exposures and Urinary Lead Levels from
the Cutting of Painted Structural Steel
Exposures
(Breathing Zone)
Urine-Lead
No.
1
Exposure
0.18
2
0.50
3
2.40
4
1.70
Avg„
1.20
Respirator
Sp. Gr.
Mc. Lead/Liter
Urine
Mech.
Filter
1.014
0.06
Mech.
Filter
1.025
0.34
Mech.
Filter
1.026
0.30
Mech.
Filter
1.030
0.53
Mech.
Filter
1.016
0.36
Mech.
Filter
1.020
0.58 Avg.
0.39
Mech.
Filter
1.034
0.28
Mech.
Filter
1.025
0.70
Mech.
Filter
1.031
0.50
Mech.
Filter
1.020
0.49
Mech.
Filter
1.030
0.33
Mech.
Filter
1.020
0.26
Canister-Type 1.020 0.26 A 0.25
Canister-Type 1.030 0.24
Adapted froa Reference 57
X-15
-------
TABLE X-13
DISTRIBUTION OF PERSONS IN VARIOUS OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS ACCORDING TO
CONCENTRATIONS OF LEAD IN BLOOD-CINCINNATI
Service
Refinery
Park-
Police
City
Lead in blood,
s Cation
handlers
ing
Garage
Po9 t-
Health
mg/lOOg
at tend-
of
attend-
Me-
Drivers of
Traffic
All
Fire-
Office
Dept.
ants
gasoline
ants
chanics
cars
officers
police*
men
Emp.
Emp.
1956
1956
1956
1956
1956
1963
1956
1963
1963
1963
1963
1963
0-0.009
0.010-0.019
1
2
1
3
12
18
22
10
0.020-0.029
42
30
1
8
17
4
7
23
78
123
90
24
0.030-0.039
71
46
26
43
19
9
9
9
27
44
24
2
0.040-0.049
14
8
20
72
9
1
4
5
6
2
0.050-0.059
2
25
1
0.060-0.069
1
4
1
1
1
Totala
130
86
48
152
45
14
17
40
123
191
140
36
Hean
0.028
0.027
0.034
0.038
0.033
0.031
0.031
0.030
0.025
0.025
0.023
0.021
Std. Dev.
0.007
0.006
0.006
0.009
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.009
0.007
0.006
0.007
0.005
^Includes traffic officers for 1963.
From reference 58
-------
TABLE X-14
DISTRIBUTION OF PERSONS IN VARIOUS OCCUPATIONAL CROUPS ACCORDING TO
CONCENTRATIONS OF LEAD IN URINE-CINCINNATI
Service
Refinery
Park-
Police
City
Lead in urine,
a tation
handlers
ing
Garage
Pos t-
Health
mg/lOOg
attend-
of
attend-
Me-
Drivers of
Traffic
All
Fire-
Of fice
Dept.
ants
gasoline
ants
chanics
cars
officers
police*
men
Emp.
Emp.
1956
1956
1956
1956
1956
1963
1956
1963
1963
1963
1963
1963
0-0.009
1
1
1
4
1
2
2
0.010-0.019
1
4
2
28
9
6
47
49
12
0.020-0.029
74
49
21
39
11
5
5
13
29
71
52
18
0.030-0.039
33
22
12
33
2
4
7
21
36
19
6
0.040-0.049
13
9
7
30
2
4
3
8
30
19
9
1
0.050-0.059
5
2
21
1
2
12
9
1
0.060-0.069
3
4
1
16
1
7
2
0.070-0.079
4
1
1
3
1
0.08-0.12
1
3
3
6
Totals
130
86
48
152
45
14
17
37
116
185
130
37
Mean
0.027
0.028
0.028
0.040
0.020
0.036
0.023
0.039
0.038
0.027
0.022
0.022
Std. Dev.
0.010
0.013
0.011
0.020
0.011
0.010
0.011
0.020
0.018
0.011
0.009
0.007
^Includes traffic officers for 1963.
From reference 5B
-------
RECION VIII TOXICS INTEGRATED STRATEGY
CANDIDATE CUtMlCAL1 Mercury (Inorganic)
"8
MAJOR SOUKCES (REGION VIII) - AVERACE
annual production (region viii)
I (1) Copper i>sn<_ i l ing
i
(a) AjijcciiJj
1. Anaconda, Kl - 8 kg/day
2
(b) Kemiecott Copper Corp.
Hjgna, UT - 8 kg/day
(.2) Couuucrci.il toss 11 fuel BD- fired
power plants (1973J
(.a) Colorado (4 1J
1.8 * 1 (J gm/k1lowatt-hr
(b) Montana (7)
-5
2.3 x 10 gin/ki lowatt-hr
(c) Utah (21 J
2.3 x 10 5 gra/kilowatt-hr
(d) Wyoming (22)
3 x 10 gm/kllowatt-hr
(c) N. Dakota (35 J
-5
3.3 x 10 gni/ki lowntt-hr
(f) S Dakota (.5U)
_U
2.1J a 10 gw/kilowatt-hr
IOTA1, = 1. 2 a 10 * gm/kIlowatt-hr
P0PU1J\T10N-AT-RISK/
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE
Large human popuiac
located near sraelte
Anaconda, Mr -
pop. 10,000
Salt Lake City, UT
pop. 175,885
ion
rs:
Depending on form of mercury,
this metal can ciuse severe
nervous system damage and
kidney destruction.
Pish Toxicity No clear data
Problem occurs from fish
because of biomagnificat ion
HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS
ENTRY INTO
ENVIRONMENT
Copper saeitin^:
Air - 90'.
Water - 5*
Solid haste - 5'
Power plants:
Air - 9S\
Water - 2.St
Solid waste -
2.5*
CONTROL MECHANISM
AVAILABLE
Ambient air quality
standards promulgated
1971 .
Drinking water limit
2 ug/1.
Waste water permits
allow 2 ug/1.
Solid wastes: mercury
wastes not allowed to
be dumped - recycled.
CURRENT AGENCY &
OTHER EFFORTS
CIcan Ai r Act 1970
F.l.F.R.A. 1972
Drinking Water Act 197-1
OSHA standard: 50 ug/m3
8 hr. T.W.A.
F.l.F.H.A. 1972 cancelled
all uses of Mercury a
a pesticide except for tl|i
following.
fungicide - textiles and
fabrics for continous
outdoor use , to control
brown mold on freshly sa
sawn lumber; to control
Dutch elm disease, in
water based pjlnts for
exterior use; to treat
"summer turf diseases"
and "winter Turf diseases
as a seed treatment
and as an ln-can preserv-
ative in water based
paints and coatings.
RFSOtJRCr.
ALLOCATION
Resouice Allocation.
(1) Multimedia inspection of
each of the major producers
(2) Inspection of the neighbor-
hoods in the community tor
visible damage and health
e f feet s.
Benefits from resource allocation:
(1) Increased background knowledge
of pollution levels of the
major pronducers for future
stud ies.
(2J Increased knowledge of current
pollution abatement equipment
and to ascertain if environ-
mental degradation is slowed.
(.3) To ascertain if any inciease
in mortality or increase in
diseases related to mercury
poison i ng.
(. >) Miscellaneous Lmissions
Past mi 11 nig al11 vlty
Piiinaily Cold .Hid Silver oies
Present Mining acLivites
Co.) 1
-------
MERCURY
The toxicity of Mercury and its compounds has been recognized from
historical times. However, recent evidence indicates the relative ease
that these materials enter into the food chain of man when improperly
discharged into the environment. The scarcity of reliable data about
these materials in the environment makes it difficult to access whether
mercury is building up 1n the environment.
Due to the physical nature of mercury, many diverse uses are made of
it. These uses range from electrical switch manufacture, to battery manu-
facture, to laboratory use and to paint manufacture. Therefore, the sale
of mercury is to industry as well as the individual consumer. This wide
range of consumption creates special control problems, since there are
many small losses by many users. These man-related emissions, which are
out-weighed by natural emissions, are in highly populated areas, and a
direct relationship can be shown between population and total mercury
discharge. It has been found, that aside from industrial and mining
applications, the estimated emission of mercury on a per capita basis
are: air 1.80 g; water 0.39 g; and land 4.25 g.
Mercury has been the subject of many epidemiological studies. These
studies indicatethat at levels below 0.01 mg Hg/cubic meter there 1s no
apparent health hazard; that at levels between 0.01 and .27 mg Hg/cubic
meter some signs of mercury poisoning appears and at levels above 0.3 mg
Hg/cubic meter signs and symptoms of chronic Hg poisoning appear.
The attached appendix shows two primary air sources of mercury
emissions; a typical copper smelter and a coal-fired power plant. The
conclusion of the paper is that the emission of mercury from smelting
and fossil fuel plants presents no apparent health hazard and no addi-
tional controls are necessary.
-------
VTtorx z
poixt soatcx Ttasszaa ar kekuht
prturry eourcea of nercury vapor that enters tha ataosphere arc
eoal-flmd poxar plants and copper oaeltors. Such sources My subsequent-
ly also contribute to relatively high ground lml concentrations. With
thin la Kind, dispersion cuialyoas war* perforaod for a large coal-burning
poatr plant for wtvlch m&rxruxy cciislorvi data were available, and for a
coppor nasi Iter.
rig«r®o E-l through E-3 are laopleths of oarcury vapor conc*ntxntiona
wfeich result frost a copper a&eltlng operation in Arizona. Throe caaos
wore analysed for wen, my vapor concentrationi (a) adverse aeteorolo^i-
ral corvHtioro (very unstable and 1 bo tor par second wind sp»«d) and an
8-Soar averaging tinsi fb) average sateorological conditions (neutral sta-
bility tod 3 oaten par soennd *»lnd speed) and a 3-ttinut.j averaging tJaej
(c) adver&a iwteoro logical conditions (vary unstable and 1 aeter per sec-
ond wind rpecd.) and 3-«lauta averaging tiste. The three eaves were run to
coa^ara with tha occupational eight-hour average, and to deternine what
shart-t«r» concentration night exist under average and adverse conditions.
The highest concentration C-40 jg/a') occurs in Case 3, whera the averag-
ing tine is shortened and tha aeteorological conditions are nost conducive
to proctucing high ontoiant levels.
Case 4 (Tig. £-*) pertain to e large coal-burning power plant
(*-12,000) tons of coal consul.>d per day). Stack gas concentrations of
sercury were determined to be approximately 16 ug/m . (This ccsapares to a
concentration of approximately 167 ug/a' in the *tack gases of the copper
snsaltars.) The aaximua concentration generated from two stacks (300 and
SCO feet is V ug/a' -- well below any dangerous levels.
C-
-------
Figure E1 CASE 1 COPPER SMELTED MERCURY VAPOR CONCENTRATION
UNDER ADVERSE METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
(8 >">cxjr average I
-------
SOuf»CH URJ Hwmarai Ccmm
F.gur«E2 CASE 2 COPPER SMELTER MERCURY VAPOR CONCENTRATION
UNDER AVERAGE METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS (3-
-------
Kilomtttrt
SOuHCf uA|
f Kfjtt £ 3 CASE 3 cohpeh smelter mercury vapor concentration
UNDER ADVERSE METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
(3 nunuta tfvefaga)
F.-4
-------
Kikwneten
SOURCt URS flwrth Conwanv.
Figur* E-4 CASE 4: POWER PLANT MERCURY VAPOR CONCENTRATION
UNDER ADVERSE METEOROLOGICAL CCNOlTICNS
(3 mu-.uie Jrvwaqel
r-5
-------
7be aexcury vapor concentrations generated fro* these t*o point
eo-arces era therefore going to bo relatively snail, ovtm under th* no«t
fch*n« natoorologicAl conditions. Although appreciable quantities of
sacr-cury era nlus*d froa these two sources each year (1,372 kfl fran the
csaaltar And 589 kg frao tho power plant in 1973), the amissions occur u«ex
a widespread axtm and are well dispersed before they ceroid pose a huud
to tha yBDaral population at ground lovvl.
Anothar concern la the potential buildup of aercury is tba soil ad-
jacent to uuch sources as power plants and sraltars. In order to arrive
at an entiaata of oercury in tha soil, various assumptions had to b
&ad«i
o Tha mercury will ba found to a soil depth of 10 as.
o Tha average density of tha soil is 2.5 gn/aa3.
a XpproxiMtaly 10 percent of tha penary aaiittad frca
an alevatsd point sourca is locally deposited within
a radius of 10 tea.
o Sena 80 percent of the deposited aanrury roaains ia
tha toil.
0 Tha avoraqa background soil concentration of aercury
is 71 ppb.
o Tha average life of Mrcur; in soil is 20 years.
Using these relatively gross assumptions, a nercury concentration in
soil adjacent to tha copper smelter discussed previously was calculated.
It was found that the saelter could contribute an additional 111 ppb to
existing background. However, by chanqir.g the assumptions tbov« to ~>ot
unreasonable figures, the range of aercury concentrations m soil
be 70 to 890 ppfa. Unfortur-ately, no 3pociiic data are jvailxsla to :or:i
lata with these findings, although data points in the general arte zi
smltar do shew alavated levels (>2C0 ppb).
E-6
-------
twt as tha < 1 proocatad ibovo, it «pp««x» that coppor
g—. 1 ti-eq Gp*r»tloaa do not poea a hecltb hazard In tarns of airborne atoln-
olona erf uney. It 1b T*ry difficult to predict what hapv°na to ti"° aor'
ocrr aatoe It la r»1 tinnnrt *roa tho atack, an It say ajShmra to portlclaa and
•vttl* o«t to fr+w. pXtnt, ax It oaf ba transported long dlataocea, la
c*un» it »—put of a national tranapart phenoaaooa. In mar
oaa*. eppcroatly ao hazard to will b« produced aa a cooaaqoanc* of
air,eotissleee troa tho ecalter atadied. Baaad on thaaa {ladings and aa
uaxcui'j aelesloca data fxaa othar ansaltlaq opaxatioaa, It imima tiut no
Cnrthnrc ctartallaaat of opratlooa( and no no control*, ar* nacoaanry to
rwduc* BM&i.-m.j wlwian.
E-7
-------
REGION VIH TOXICS INTEGRATED STRATEGY
CANDIDATE CHEMICAL. MoLTBDE-NUM
MAJOR SOURCES (REGION VIII) - AVERAGE
ANNUAL PRODUCTION (REGION VIII)
AM£*.lC4H MtrAt CUMA* MC.
£L(t£HU>4 MINZ
C±/MAEP$OH NUNC , SO* 6 6
£MPJX6teo. OOV39 -30,000 Mu*
3. lMi irtf
pvag** /r/1wt-
Ct/M<4X C0-. d# Of 4#AX
MttiE , ££/*4x do.
M/U/46
s CC/MAX MOLYQt>£N(Jtf CO. , CM 0F AM4K
MOUKT 6MM0NS PR0J8CT~
¥ Ml wesr of ctssret Bvrre
COHNtioM, Co. (F>0T&tt-TlftL)
iy,vj*m him
^*o.
^ Ji A
' ¦ v * f
NCiftj b*«A, en , g «.» j
- FJ& 2.0
TO /CO PF>M M0LY6DGWM MM
ffybuce /i otsetse Rtfcnt£t\
to as * t£**t" m c/trrt-e
MO SHEfP. IT is
CHARACTIR/ZEO BY £HUtf
Taticirv in f,tsy oue to
tH OUST RIAL EXPOSURE.
ENTRY INTO
ENVIRONMENT
\OA rarrt-
uJirc*—
t/ATTR-
uJArr/i, fi)p-
CONTROL MECHANISM
AVAILABLE
cooooo *ye
MUSI CO OOCO HO
veers Co mi fOO\
HPCtr> <2c? oo 3 S" 3 9*/
fj*ixs> lift 8
ACL txA'S mh£~?>
Ate Atsttr> Pe
/a*j &ftt{A*XaG**au\rt-4rr/)
;*--4 'joljj j*
current ACENCY i
OTHER EFFORTS
RESOURCF.
ALLOCATION
em
em
OVA
C~Pf)
I»A1 -
TLW ¦ S" ScivQt£~
H* ttie)*"* (oHttuuti.
TLV * l
Moli lte>*>+K Co^fouaa
iftRiG/irio" m«rf 8 ;
O.OOS «AJ (i Fort-
OSff .
ToC£AANC«f po*. M*A.T
/A/ FiUi Tf'^O Jot
/s a. os (t.
-------
REGION VIII TOXICS INTEGRATED STRATEGY
Candidate Chemical: Molybdenum
Major Sources:
Molybdenite is the greatest source of molybdenum, the largest known
deposit being the one in Climax, Colorado. Seventy five percent of the
world's known reserves of molybdenum are in the western parts of North
and South America. Large deposits are known to exist in the U.S.S.R.,
Canada, and Chile. In the U.S. most molybdenum comes as the primary
product from the processing of molybdenite, but a substantial fraction
is obtained in connection with processing of copper, tungsten, or uranium
ores. Moleybaenum can also be obtained by recycling of scrap materials.
In Region VIII there are two major molybdenum mines presently in
operation. These are the AMAX Mine in Climax, Colorado and the AMAX
Henderson Mine in Empire, Colorado. AMAX is also proposing to mine
molybdenum 4 miles west of Crested Butte, Colorado (Mount Emmons
Project). A draft environmental impact statement on the Mount Emmons
Project should be available sometime during 1980.
Secondary sources 1n Region VIII Include two tungsten mines, five
copper mining and smelting sites and thirty eight uranium mining sites.
Population-at-R1sk (Environmental Exposure)
The majority of the molybdenum sources are in a rural setting. Many
are sited on U.S. Forest Service land.
Health and Environmental Effects
A limited amount of data suggests that molybdenum has a relatively low
order of toxicity. Despite the fact that human beings are exposed to
relatively high amounts of molybdenum (100-500 mg/day), primarily via food,
there 1s no substantial age-related accumulation of molybdenum in the body.
Pastures containing 20-100 ppm molybdenum may produce a disease referred
to as "teart" 1n cattle and sheep. It 1s characterized by anemia, poor growth
rate, and diarrhea. The disease may be prevented or cured by the adminis-
tration of copper compounds or removal of animals from the areas high in
molybdenum. The disease may be reproduced experimentally.
-------
Information into possible toxic effects in human beings is scarce.
There are data from the U.S.S.R. literature pointing towards the possi-
bility that exposure to some molybdenum dusts may give rise to pulmon-
ary disorders in the form of pneumsconiosis.
Entry into Environment
The primary route for entry into the environment is in water. All
the sources in Region VIII have NPDES permits.
Contra! Mechanism Available
Information on molybdenum removal from wastewaters 1s not available
in the literature.
Current Agency and Other Efforts
There exists a TLV of 5 mg/m^ for soluble molybdenum compounds and a
TLV of 10 mg/m^ for insoluble molybdenum compounds.
In irrigation water a maximum of 0.005 mg/1 1s suggested when used
continuously.
Tolerance for short term use 1n fine textured soil 1s 0.05 mg/1
Cost/Benefit
Unknown.
-------
RF.CION VIII TOXIC!; INTEGRATED S TRA1ECY
land I date culm ical : Nitrates/Nitrites
MAJOR SOURCES (REGION VIII) - AVERAGE
ANNUAL PRODUCTIOH (REGION VIII)
Ferti11zers
,Municipal a
! Heat preservatives
1°
containing nitrogen
nd industrial wastewaters
It. J-]«. o , S.^lid
I'OPULATIOH-AT-RISK/
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE
It 1s estimated that
public coirmunlty water
systems serving approxl
mately 25,000 people 1n
Region VIII contain
nitrates In excess of
the maximum allowable
level of 10 mg/1 HO3-N
1n the primary drinking
water regulations. If
It Is assumed that In-
fants under 6 months of
age constitute It of the
population at any one
then approximately 250
infants are under direct
exposure at any given
time. This exposure
presents a serious risk
Further, over a period
of time the number of
Infants potentially
affected rises con-
siderably.
In addition, the
conmuntty water systems
with high nitrate con-
centrations do not 1ne 1
elude the many small
public water systems
that are classified as
non-community systems
and the individual
systems or other small
non-public systems
serving less than 25
people or which have
fewer than 25
connections
HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS
Nitrates and nitrites exert
a toxic effect primarily
by Ingestion of drinking
water by Infants under 6
months of age. Ingestion
of water containing approxi-
mately 10 mg/1 NO3-N can
result 1n a blood disorder
known as methemoglobinemia.
Within the body there 1s
bacterial conversion of
nitrate to nitrite. Nitrite
converts hemoglobin to
methemoglobin which can no
time 1n these cofimunl tic slonger act as an oxygen
transport mechanism In the
blood and the Infant suffers
from o/ygen deprivation
or suffocation. Ingestion
of nitrite directly Is
obviously even more
dangerous; however,
fortunately, nitrites
seldom exist 1n water in
significant amounts.
Waters with nitrite
nitrogen concentrations of
1 mg/1 or greater should
be avoided for Infant
feeding as should waters
with nitrates In excess
of 10 mg/1 NO3-N.
ENTRY INTO
ENVIRONMENT
As Indicated else-
where, the princi-
pal mechanism for
entry Into the
environment 1s
through public anc
private drinking
water systems.
Nitrates also are
Introduced Into thj=
environment as
preservatives
1n meat products;
lionever: this Is
not believed to
be an Important
source of nitrate
for Infants under
6 months of age.
CONTROL MECHANISM
AVAILABLE
The principal control
mechanism 1s through
public drinking water
programs (state and
federal) end publ1c
health programs.
Since 1t 1s not
practical to remove
nitrates 1n drinking
waters, most programs
are aimed at problem
identification, publ1
notification, and
making provisions to
supply Infants w1 th
alternate sources of
waters with safe
nitrate levels which
are otherwise safe
for drinking. Long
range control
utilizes the develop-
ment of alternate
sources of water low
In nitrates, regional
Izatlon of small
systems Into larger
systems and connec-
tion of Individual
residences to public
water systems which
delIver water of
satisfactory
qual1ty.
CURRENT AGENCY &
OTHER EFFORTS
[PA Region VIII currently
is Involved in the
administration of the
federal safe drinking
water programs In
Region VIII states.
Three states - Colorado,
North Dakota and Montana
Implement the federal
program within their
boundaries. In the
other three states of
Utah, Wyoming and
South Dakota, the
Regional Office
Implements the federal
program.
COST/BENEFIT
In almost all states the
benefits of control programs
are considered to far
exceed the costs. This
even Includes programs
aired at Individual water
systemlusers 1n most states.
However, small non-community
public water systems have
sometimes escaped control.
These are now coning under
the provisions of the federal
safe drinking water program.
-------
RECION VIII TOXICS INTEGRATED STRATEGY
CANDIDATE CHEMICAL:
PCB^v
f/ lAAiertJ
\
MAJOR SOURCFS (RECIOtl VIII) - AVERACE
1 ANNUAL PRODUCTION (RECION VIII)
POPUIJUIOH-AT-RLSK/
EHVlROifMENTAL EXPOSURE
HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS
EN1RY INTO
ENVIROtWENT
CONTROL HECIIANISM
AVAII^BLE
CDRREMT AGENCY b
OTHER EFFORTS
RLSOURCL ALLOCATION , ^
/ wsfiecr/ofij • /}o ose-
co-/& s-o.-e t/rAH-i
momt.- wra. • 3 /V.O.- 0
2. £t£ CTKlC UTILir/£S
RFpro*. Z83
COr iO N O. Vb
or. - v3 u/r.-sf Mr. -3z.
SCRfiP YARDS
4. /HV£SrM£NT c/?srm INbUSTtY
/¦ mi/Acs m dsurzR. c<).
ORtnH AUt RVA.AL
~ / Mi. RAM/S
oneau am rural
h ! Hi. XAtiVS
v*t/> H A*/i RURAL
a- i/l Mi KAt>/U%
! O
c/eenfj
If IV ACfTS TOXICITY, SMcm/to-
i*rr tu risjvrs of mrhv
3fec/g$,
Ttf-AH^T&K/C/rV TO /Mrfvy
SfCtiSl £Y£H WHffV THf nfiOlUBf
/i n» veAV Lous coucevrtt/QnoHS
EFFfC r* KOtfGHlY COH?A£A6t4T
TV rues* OF t>£>T".
t/rne /S km OWN A6wr rKt~
TVXit SFPfCT$ OF PCS'* iN
WMAtfS- PC 6 C0trrAMiH4TJ0H
t% FOVHb TO BS ALMOIT
VNiVefiSAL, iNCLUti>H,
sroHAae, D'SAostc fisa.
Hfta yesrwrj.
rtfA *£» necf.
TS£A P£& XCCi.
ntA fC/i Re r
ef*
^/so,o Z.O
i, m/n/ug eauitMeur aeaiwl
/o jouncei
I/USA* ANt fO/tAL
APPRO* ii «' S*H»i
Saae uJAire
t$c4 pcs peec.
ePA
7. ffcsral F/)ciL/nes
JS
cut AH AND RvAAL
¦y //» m/. KAtw%
U/AraR.ituD ttUirs
TJf/9 P*6 xvs.
em
n. WASTE Oil DEALERS
6 5o<-«.eirs
VGtAH Alt RvAAC,
Jr //j Ml. R4W> %
fjtt, UJA!T*. S"li£
cutsrr
rs*A /V/#
rse* PCS X£K.
£-f/9
o
II. USE M HYbRAULIC AMD HEAT
TtffiNSF&K PLI//DS
MKWWA/
watch, sh*um vr
r$c4 Pes /fee.
CM
t/Nkt/OijJN
tZ sewage rRtirneur Piters
Source % - 1,1 S3
V(Z»Ay AW> kv*.al
U/ATeH, St-VSHS
HPt>e\ P^k *i. r.
EPA
Br'M/UOZ PU6HC BUILDINGS-
HOSPIT/11%. OFF/Ct Sit)£S. £TC.
/oo SoA
-------
REGION VIII TOXICS INTEGRATED STRATEGY
CANDIDATE CHEMICAL: POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCB's)
Major Sources
The major potential sources of PCB's in Region VIII are as follows:
- Transformer Repair Industry
There are approximately 34 repair shops in the Region. The majority
of shops do not now repair PCB transformers although most did in previous
years. The potential for pollution from past work practices is great
along with the fact that many non-PCB transformers are contaminated with
PCB's. Several shops are still repairing PCB transformers.
- Electric Utilities
There are approximately 283 sites operated by electric utilities
that are potential sources of PCB's„ These sites often store large
numbers of transformers and capacitors.
- Scrap Yards
All transformers that cannot be repaired are scrapped in the local
junk yards. Even if transformers are drained, some oil finds its way
to the junk yard. There are approximately 135 scrap dealers in our Region.
- Investment Casting Industry
Only one investment casting shop was located in the Region. Any
PCB's present would probably be from past work practices.
- Mines
There are approximately 1154 mining sources in Region VIII where
one might find PCB transformers, capacitors, or PCB-containing mining
equipment.
- Mining Equipment Dealers
There are approximately 10 dealers where one might find PCB-containing
mining equipment.
- Federal Facilities
There are at least 25 sources that have PCB transformers or capacitors.
This would include Bureau of Reclamation sites, GSA, and Department of
Defense facilities.
-------
-2-
- Waste Oil Dealers
There are approximately 6 waste oil dealers in the Region. Many
electric utilities and rebuilding shops dispose of waste transformer
oil through these dealers.
- Major Public Buildings
Many large buildings contain PCB transformers. It is estimated
that approximately 100 exist in the Region.
- Sewage Treatment Plants
Much of the PCB's in industry finds its way into the sewage treat-
ment plants and comes out in the sludge. There are approximately 1153
sources, many of which have never been checked for PCB's.
- Railroads
Many of the railroad facilities may contain PCB transformers or
capacitors.
Population At Risk/Environmental Exposure
The sources in our Region are located in both rural and urban environ-
ments .
Health and Environmental Effects
PCB's, as a class of compounds, are extremely persistent and non-
biodegradable substances, and tend to bioaccumulate in the aquatic
environment by factors of a few thousand to several hundred-thousand-fold.
The most serious effect of PCB's on aquatic species is their ability to
interfere in the reproductive process and hatchability of fish eggs.
The toxicity of PCB's to humans was demonstrated in 1968 when a
mass poisoning occurred in Japan. Symptoms included swelling of the upper
eyelids, urinal impairment, acne-like formations, and heightened pigmentation
of the skin. Patients with this disease also exhibited neur»logical
disorders and showed signs of hearing loss. Babies bom to women patients
were born smaller than the national average.
PCB contamination is almost universal and has been found in human
milk, human adipose tissue and in brain and liver of small children.
Entry Into The Environment
PCB's from the various sources find their way into the environment
in all media. When incomplete combustion of waste oil occurs, air pol-
lution occurs, eventually causing water pollution. Improper disposal
practices of PCB equipment can cause pollution in all media.
-------
-3-
Control Mechansims Available
Air - Air pollution from incineration of waste transformer oil can
be prevented only if an adequate temperature and dwell time is
obtained to ensure decomposition of PCB's.
Water - Holding ponds with oil skimmers can be used to remove PCB's
from water. Also carbon adsorption systems are effective,
although expensive in removing PCB's.
Solid Waste - According to the TSCA PCB Disposal and Marking Regu-
lations, certain PCB wastes must go to EPA-approved
landfills.
Strong enforcement of the Marking and Disposal Regulation will con-
trol PCB's at the source before pollution occurs. NPDES permits can
also be used.
Current Agency and Other Efforts
EPA under TSCA has a Marking and Disposal Regulation for PCB's. A
manufacturing, processing , and distribution in commerce regulation is
about to become final.
FDA proposed lowering the existing guidelines for PCB's in certain
foods in April, 1977. NIOSH published a criteria document in September
of 1977.
Cost/Benefit
Since the benefits are health-related, they are difficult to quanitfy.
The costs involved in controlling PCB's would be the cost of performing
inspections at each facility. These are summarized on the attached sheet.
-------
CANDIDATE CHEMICAL. Van.idiiim
REGION Vtfl TQXfCS INTEGRATED STRATEGY
uAJOR SOURCES IREClOtl VII 1) - AVtRACE
AHttlJAL PRODUCTION (REGION VIII)
Vanadium Mines
Colorado - 118
Utah - 46
Vanadium Mills
Union Carbides
Pffie Mill, R1gle, CO
Union Carbides
Urovan Mill
UrQvan, CO
Mines Development, Inc.
fdgemont, S.D.
(Inactive)
Atlas Minerals - Mrah nt-»k
Coal and 011 Combustion
POPULAT JON-AT-RISK/
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE
Rural
Rural
Urban/Rural
HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS
Acutely toxic to humans
and animals
Toxic effects to aquatic
life unknown; under study
Acutely toxic to humans
and animals
ENTRY INTO
ENVIRONMENT
Acutely toxic to humans
and animals
Water
Air/Water
CONTROL MECfWMISH
AVAILABLE
Unknown
Unknown
Air
[Cyclones
Electrostatic
precipitators
CURRENT AGENCY &
OTHER EFFORTS
Unlnown
Uranium Mil 1 TallIngs
Radiation Control Act
of 1978 - regulated by
NRC & FPA
EPA-sponsored
"Coal Fired Power Plant
Trace Element Study"
rl-sco:":e
Al.iijC'TION
[Resource Allocation- Multimedia
sampling of najcr sources and
surrounding areas
Benefit: L/owijp baseline data
of vanadium lo-els in suspect area
-------
VANADIUM
Major Sources
Vanadium Mines and Mills: Vanadium is almost always found in con-
junction with uranium. Union Carbide's Rifle Mine is the only mine
currently producing vanadium as its principal product. Colorado is the
second highest producer of vanadium among the states. San Miquel,
Montrose, Garfield and Mesa were the leading counties of vanadium-
bearing ore and vanadium production. Exact figures pertaining to
vanadium production are confidential.
Coal and Oil Combustion: Atmospheric emissions during the year
1968 in the U.S. due to the combustion of fuel oil and coal were
17,000 tons and 1,750 tons respectively. Current studies of vana-
dium emissions from coal and oil-fired power plants in Region VIII
could not be found. Emissions from each plant would vary with the
amount of vanadium residue present in the coal and oil burned and
with the control mechanism used.
Population at Risk
In addition to the segment of population living in the vicinity
of vanadium mines and mills and power plants turning vanadium-rich
coal and oil, workers 1n the following occupations also have pGtential
exposure to vanadium:
alloy makers
boiler cleaners
ceramic makers
dyemakers
ferrovanadlum workers
glassmakers
Inkmakers
organic chemical synthesizers
petroleum refinery workers
photographic chemical workers
textile dye workers
uranium millers
vanadium alloy makers
vanadium miners
vanadium millers
vanadium workers
According to 1977 NIOSH estimates, approximately 174,000 employees
1n the U.S. have potential exposure to vanadium.
Toxicity
Vanadium is nontoxic as a metal, but is acutely toxic to humans and
animals 1n its pentavalent form. (Vanadium in the atmosphere is usually
found as vanadium pentoxide.) Workers exposed to high concentrations of
vanadium dust have suffered symptoms ranging from eye and skin irritations
to coughing, difficulty in breathing, bronchitis and chest pains. Chronic
effects from vanadium exposure have not been adequately studies, although
-------
chronic exposure to environmental air containing vanadium has been
statistically linked to mortality rates from heart diseases and
certain cancers. No studies were found on adverse effects of vana-
dium on plants.
Aoency Ffforts
In 1977, NIOSH published a criteria document for a recommended
standard for occupational exposure to vanadium. OSHA has not yet
published a standard for same. EPA has no drinking water standard
established for vanadium. EPA has also not established vanadium
effluent and emission guidelines in connection with the issuance of
NPDES permits. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists recommended the following threshold limit values for
vanadium:
Vanadium pentoxide dust: 0.5 mg/m^ as V2O5
Vanadium pentoxide fume: 0.1 mg/n)3 as V2O5
-------
RECION VII [ TOXICS INTEGRATED STRATEGY
CANDIDATE CHEMICAL.
MAJOR SOURCES (REGION VIII) - AVERAGE
ANNUAL PRODUCTION (KECION VIII)
Hinos tnd Hills
New Jersey Zinc Company, Kagle4 Co.
(m1ne/miIM
ASARCO, Inc. & Resurrection Mine,
1. en civ i 1 1 e , Co . ( m i ne /m i I 1 )
Newmoiit Idarado Mine, Ouray Comity
Standards Metal Corp., Sunnyside Mine,
Si IvcrLon, Co.
Park City Ventures, Ontario Mine, Juab
County
Tl hi r i c Division of Kunnecutt Corp. ,
Burgcu Mine, Utah County
Anacucnlu Co., ButLc, Ht
llocnr- s take Bulldog, Crcedc, Co. (mine/
mill)
Kn-cstakc, Lead, S D. fntnc'will
Am.ix, Inc., He. Emmons, Crested Dutte,
Co. , ' in I ne )
Eini ss ion Fact or •
mined
0.2 lb/ton zinc
Precisions Foundries
Denver, Co
ASARCO, Inc.)
Hrass Foundries - IJtoll - 2, Montana - 2
Coloiado - 7
0 18 lb/ion <•»f process weight .
1'OPULATION-AT-R ISK/
ENVIRONKENTAL EXPOSURE
7,690 pop - --iral
^ , 31(* pop - rura I
741 pop - rural
7D7 pop. - ruraI
pop. unknown - rural
pop. unknown - ryral
23,358 pop - urban
HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS
Acute* Metal fume fever
usually occurs after
respiratory exposure to
freshly generated 2inc
fumes Symptoms are headache
fever, chills, aching,
nausea , (ma 1aria-1ike
symptoms) Non-fatiil .
Recovery is usually in 2
Jays It is estimated th.it
metal fume fever does not
occur below 15 nig/m^ Air
concentration of zinc oxides
and exposure time causing
T>etal fume fever is unknown.
Chrouic: Unknown
Zinc is also toxic to
aquatic life.
ENTRY INTO
ENVIRONMENT
Air - moderate
loses of zinc in t
the atmosphere
during mining
Water - treatment
by wet flotation
in mi 1)ing result
in emissions into
water
Sol id Waste- - 2
sources - one
saying there is
significant con-
taminat Lon and
Ihe other saying
no potent la t haz-
ardous wastes
from treatnenc &
disposal of waste:
generated in riinn
of zinc ores
Air - large
emissions which
ofren results in
cadmium emissions
Sol id Waste - h l cl
zinc wastes aroundl
smelters then con-|
pared to cont rollc
Iime
precipitation uettlin
hoods, baghouses
prec ipicators
Baghouses &
f 111 rat i on
CURRENT ACENCY 6
OTHER EFFORTS
NIOSU - criteria
document on zinc
oxide
Safe Water Drinking
Act is 5 mg/L
No ambient air
standards
Water standard is
.05 mg/L
RfcSOURC.l.
ALLOCATION
I) Mu 11 ! -iiied i a sampling of the
major sources
Benefit - none All tht»
data available reports that
zinc is non-toxic
-------
ZINC
Zinc is UHfient i.'il to nil living org.'in i fiin.s. It is
-------
-2-
Smelters
Primary Smelter
Precisions Foundries (ASARCO, Inc.) - 3055 E. 52nd Ave., Denver, Co.
Primary and Secondary Smelters of Non-Ferrous Metals
U.S. National Metals, Salt Lake City, Ut.
ASARCO, Inc., 495 E. 51st Ave., Denver, £o.
Beryl Ores Co., 100 Ave. and Alkire St., Broomfield, Co.
Great Falls Refinery, Great Falls, MT.
Canyonlands 21st Century Corp., Blanding, Ut.
Mackay, B.R. & Sons, Salt Lake City, Ut.
United Refinery, Salt Lake City, UT.
Cozinco, Inc., S.ilida, Co. (zinc sulfate)
Wcnslcy Metal Products Co., 1445 Osage, Denver, Co.^
(lead, zinc, tin, bablitt, solder) /
Brass Foundries
Pr imary
Secondary
Star Brass Foundry & Ref. Co., Salt Lake City, Ut.
State Brsss Foundry, Salt Lake City, Ut.
Act Powell Bronze Foundry, Kalispell, Mt.
Brubaker and Associates, Inc., Kalispell, Mt.
Advance Foundry Inc., Lafayette, Co.
American True Foundry Co. Inc., Broomfield, Co.
Fountain Foundry, Inc., Pueblo, Co.
Mile -Hi Metal Foundry, Inc., Denver, Co.
Quest Corp., Boulder, Co.
Reffel, J.W., Metal Foundry, Englewood, Co.
Slack Horner Foundries, Longmont, Co.
Other misc. uses of zinc include diecasting, dry cell batteries, household
utensils, castings, printing plates, building materials, fiber production,
railroad car linings, automotive equipment, as a reducing agent in organic
chemistry, deoxidizing bronze.
Environmental Exposures
Plants - 10-100 mg/kg of zinc are found in most crops and pasture land.
Insufficient concentrations of zinc is a common micro-nutrition deficiency
in crops. Toxicity of zinc amoung plants is rarely seen in areas other
than those close to emission sources.
-------
-3-
Animals - various epidemiological studies have been done on experimental
animals. See Attachment 2.
Human - food po i son i nj; from acidic: fond pn'p.ircd in zinc j',.11 v.m i/. i ii)',
containers.
Water. - zinc content in water may be increased if water flows through
galvanized copper or plastic pipes.
Effluent Limitations (NPDES)- Daily and 30 day Average
Ore Mining: Mine draining from underground or open pit
Daily: 1.0 mg/L
Average: 0.5 mg/L
Milling:
Daily: 0.4 mg/L
Average: 0.2 mg/L
Zinc: Best practical control technology available
Daily: 0.08 lb/1000 lb. product
Average: 0.04 lb/1000 lb. product
Zinc: Best available technology economically available
Daily: 0.054 lb/1000 lb. product
Average: 0.027 lb/1000 lb. product
Wastewater
Industries discharging significant quantities of zinc into wastewater
streams include zinc and brass metal works, zinc and brass plating,
silver and stainless steel tableware manufacturing, viscose rayon yarn
and fiber production, groundwood pulp production and newsprint paper
pj oduc t i on .
Toxic ity
Chronic toxicity in humans is unknown but cadmium (highly toxic) is
closely related to zinc and is obtained as a by-product wherever zinc
is refined. Therefore, cadmium exposure should be taken into account
when zinc and zinc compounds are handled.
-------
Emission Factors
The following is a list of zinc emission factors for various processes:
Metallurgical Processing:
Electrolytic Plants
Vertical-Retort Plants
Horizontal-Retort Plants
Secondary Production
End Product Uses of Zinc
Zinc-Base Alloys
Zinc Coatings
Brass and Bronze
Zinc Oxide Production
Rubber Tire Wear
Other Emission Sources
Coal
Oil
Blast Furnaces
Open-Hearth Furnaces
Basic Oxygen Furnaces
Electric Furnaces
60.0 lb/ton of product
80.0 lb/ton of product
170.0 lb/ton of product
20.0 lb/ton of zinc produced
10.0 lb/ton of zinc processed
4.0 lb/ton of zinc processed
2.0 lb/ton of zinc content
60.0 lb/ton of zinc oxide
4.2 lb/million miles
17.0 lb/1000 tons of coal burned
1.4 lb/1000 bbls of oil burned
0.02 lb/ton of pig iron produced
1.3 lb/ton of steel produced
0.03 lb/ton of steel produced
0.74 lb/ton of steel produced
Other Environmental Levels & Exposures
Solid Waste - concentration varies between 10 and 300 mg/kg dry weight.
Air - urban areas less than 0.01 to 0.84 micrograms/m3,
rural areas 0.01 to 0.2 micrograms/m^.
-------
Bibliography
Midwest Research Institute. A Study of Waste Generations, Treatment,
and Disposal in Metal Mining Industry. October, 1976.
Bureau of Mines. Minerals in the Economy for Colorado, Montana and
Utah. 1978.
Bureau of Mines. Minerals Yearbook, Volume T and TI. 1974, 1976.
Code of Federal Regulations. Part 400 to End. July 1, 1976.
Sittig, Marshall. TOxic Metals Pollution Control and Worker Protection.
1976.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Toxicology of Metals, Volume II.
EPA 600/1-77-022. May, 1977.
NIOSH. Criteria for a recommended standard ...Occupationa1 Exposure to
Zinc Oxide. 1975.
EPA. Metals Mining and Milling Process Profiles with¦Environment.Aspects.
June, 1976.
Stokinger, Herbert E. Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Volume II.
Litton Systems, Inc. Preliminary Air Pollution Survey of Zinc and Its
Compounds. October, 1969.
-------
OtlMT >
Mirwitt
Cone.. • s .
CwgSbjS?
. ~ ^ ' S L. L -i. Cs I . l'l L~k- ( , M- . - - c
- - ' fi0w/n£W-± ~ 7
-------
r
i\i"' c f t'.cic. - / ,.vi//in/' v/.«'//¦ a-/'v . 1"1 -'
- 77 !s ' / C'':'/A' 15
TABLE 1
SELECTED DATA ON ACUTE ZINC TOXICITY
IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS59
Zinc Compound
Animal3
Route
°f b
Admin.
Dosaqe uq/kq
Zinc acetate
Rabbit
or
MLD
976,000-1,966,000
Zinc chloride
Rat
iv
LD
60,000-90,000C
Zinc diethyldithio-
carbajnate
Rabbit
or
LDs o
600,000
Zinc ethylene-b.is—
d i th ioca rbamate
Rat
or
kDg 0
>5,200,000
Zinc phosphide
Ratd
or
ldb 0
40,500±2,900
Rat
or
ld60
46,700
Zinc sulfate,e ZnSO-*7H_0
Frog
sc
LD
149,000
Rat
or
LD
2,200,000
Rat
sc
LD
330,000-440,000
Rat
iv
LD
49,300-61,000
Rabbit
or
LD
1
,914,000-2,200,000
Rabbit
sc
LD
>220,000-440,000
Rabbit
iv
LD
44,000
Dog
sc
LD
78,000
Dog
iv
LD
66,000-110,000
Ziram
Mouse?
ip
LDg o
7 3,000-1,000
Rat
or
LDs 0
1
,400,000-99,000
Ratd"
ip
LDe o
23,000^2,000
Rat?
ip
LD6 0
33 , 000-5 , 000'
Guinea pig
or
LD6 o
100,000-150,000
Guinea pig
ip
LDbo
20,000-30,000
Rabbit
or
LDb 0
100,000-1,020,000
Rabbit
or
ldb o
400,000
Rabbit
ip
LDB 0
5,000-50,000
3$: female; cT: male.
b. ,
ip: intraperitoneal;
iv: intravenous; or:
oral;
sc: subcutaneous.
1% solution in HO.
3 2
Norway.
"The most common form of zinc sulfate.
ftrrftcmSfJT
-------
APPENDIX D
CANCER MAPS FOR REGION VIII
Attached are maps for each state within the Region. One set of
maps show which counties have excess cancer mortality along with the
body site where the cancer occurs. The other set of maps show geographic
locations of various industry groups.
"Excess cancer mortality" means that the county exhibited an age-
adjusted mortality rate from 19"30 to 1969 for a specific body site
which was significantly higher tli'in the national, average. Notice that
cancer of a particular body site often clusters in certain areas of
a given state and patterns begin to appear. The obvious question is,
"What is the cause of these definite patterns?" Certainly ethnic back-
ground is an important factor along witti diet and habits of a particular
region. It has been stated that a high percentage of cancers are
environmentally caused. Statistically speaking, about 5% of the
significant excesses shown are artifacts in the data and are false
positives meaning they are not, in fact, significant excesses at all.
Given these caveats it is still a worthwhile exercise to examine the
cancer patterns to see if they might be remotely associated with
environmental pollution factors (e.g., cancers follow a river basin,
occur near certain major industires or agricultural operations, surround
a water supply characteristic, etc.).
-------
1
2
3
i»
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
a
b
KEY
Cancer Sites
All Si tes Combined
Biliary Passages and Liver
Brain and Other Parts of Nervous System
Breast
Cervix Uteri
Connective Tissue
Other Endocrine Glands
Eye
Hodgkin's Disease
Kidney
Leukemi a
Lip
Lymphosarcoma and Reticulosarcoma
Multiple Myeloma
Nasopharynx
Nose, Nasal Cavities and Sinuses
Ovary
Pancreas
Prostrate
Rectum
Salivary G1ands
Stomach
Test is
Trachea, Bronchus and Lung
Thyroid Gland
Other and Unspecified Sites
Highly Sign if icant
Significant
-------
LEGEND
Chemicals and Allied Products (including Pesticide Producing Estab-
1 i shment s)
X. Federal Installations
C Minerals Min ing
4? > Petroleum Refineries
r: Power Plants
0 (Major) Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW's)
^7 Smelters
Steel Mills
I." Uranium Production Areas
-------
7b (End ocr ine
8a EYE
Stomach
COLORADO
-------
METROPOLITAN DENVER
-------
Cancer Site
Area Affected
:omach
liary Passages 5 Liver
increas
rain and Other Parts of
jrvous System
ther 5 Unspecified Sites
ervix Uteri
ip
'asopharynx
ye
)ther Endocrine Glands
Northeast
Southeast
South Central
Southeast
West Central
North Central
South Central
Southeast
South Central
North Central
Metro-Denver
Metro-Denver
Northeast
East Central
Nortli Central
Northeast
Metro-Denver
Northwest
North Central
Central
COLORADO
(White)
Counties Affected Significance Population Affected
Logan Highly Sig. M
Las Animus, Conejos " M
Huerfano, Rio Grande " F
Las Animas " F
Mesa 11 M
Boulder Significant F
Rio Grande Highly Sig. F
Bent " F
Huerfano " P
Clear Creek " P
Denver, Jefferson, Adams Significant F
Arapahoe
Denver, Jefferson, Adams Highly Sig. F
Araphahoe
Phillips, Yuma, Kit Carson
Cheyenne, Elbert Highly Sig. F
Washington, Lincoln, Douglas " F
Larimer, Weld, Logan " M
Sedgwick, Morgan " M
Jefferson Significant F
Moffat, Routt, Jackson Significant F
Rio Blanco, Grand Significant P
Garfield, Eagle, Summit, Significant P
Clear Creek, Gilpin, Teller,
Park, Chaffee, Lake, Gunnison,
Pitkin, Ouray, San Juan» Hinsdale,
Mineral, Weld, Morgan
-------
Cancer Site
Area Affected
COLORADO Con't
Counties Affected
Connective Tissue Metro-Denver Denver, Jefferson, Adams
Arapahoe
odgkin's Disease Central El Paso
ymphosarcoma 5
eticulosarcoma, Etc. Metro-Denver Denver, Jefferson, Adams
Arapahoe
'estis Metro-Denver Denver, Jefferson, Adams
Arapahoe
(White)
Significance Population Affected
Significant M/F
Highly Sig. M
Significant M
Highly Sig. P
Significant M^
-------
COLORADO
-------
COLORADO
-------
v.r
S »
~ /* i ."0»
/
3
J—
-------
-------
Cancer Site Area Affected
itoraach Northwest
Northeast
East Central
South Central
Southeast
Southwest
West Central
lectum Southeast
miliary Passages 6 Liver Northwest
South Central
Kidney Northeast
East Central
Central
Brain 5 Other Parts of East Central
Nervous System
Breast North Central
Ovary
East Central
North Central
NORTH DAKOTA
(White)
Counties Affected Significance Population Affected
Williams, Burke, Mountrail Highly Sig. M
Ward
Burke, Bottineau, " F
Pembina, Walsh " M
Towner, Cavalier, Grand Forks " F
Steele, Barnes " M
Barnes 11 F
Logan " M\
Kidder " F
Richland " M/F
Adams " M
Stark, Mercer, Morton " M
McLean, Stark " F
Dickey, La Moure Significant M
Burke Highly Sig. F
Mcintosh " F
Grand Forks n M
Cass " M
Barnes " F
Burleigh " F
Cass " F
Renville " P
Cass " P
McHenry " P
-------
NORTH DAKOTA Con't
Cancer Site
Area Affected
Counties Affected
Significance
(White)
Population Affected
Prostrate
Lip
Nasopharynx
Other Endocrine
31ands,
Hodgkin's Disease
Multiple Myeloma
East Central
North Central
Northeast
West
Southwest
West
Southwest
Southeast
North Central
Central
Southeast
Southwest
Northeast
Highly Sig.
ii
Cass
McHenry
Pembina, Walsh, Grand Porks,
Traill, Cass
Sioux, Grant, Morton, Oliver Significant
Mercer, Dunn, Stark, Hettinger
Adnjns, Bowman, McKenzie,
Dillings, Golden Valley, Slope
Sioux, Grant, Morton, Oliver Highly Sig.
Mercer, Dunn, Stark, Hettinger,
Adams, Bowman, McKenzie, Billings
Golden, Valley, Slope
Richland, Ransom, Sargent "
Dickey
Cavalier, Ramsey, Nelson, Renville, "
Steele, Barnes, La Moure, Griggs,
Stuttsman, Wells, Foster, Eddy,
Bottineau, McHenry, Rollette,
Towner, Pierce, Benson, Ward
Richland, Ranson, Sargent, Significant
Dickey
Sioux, Grant, Morton, Oliver Highly Sig.
Mercer, Dunn, Stark, Hettinger,
Adams, Bowman, McKenzie, Billings,
Golden Valley, Slope
Pembina, Walsh, Grand Forks, "
Traill, Cass
M
M
M
M
M
-------
Cancer Site
Area Affected
NORTH DAKOTA Con't
Counties Affected
iltiple Myeloma
ukemia
Northwest
Central
South Central
Southwest
Divide, Williams, Burke,
McLean, Mountrail, Sheridan
La Moure, Burleigh, Kidder,
Emmons, Logan, Mcintosh
Sioux, Grant, Morton,
Oliver, Mercer, Dunn, Stark,
Hettinger, Adams, Bowman,
McKenzie, Billings, Golden
Valley, Slope
(White)
Significance Population Affected
Highly Sig. F
-------
NORTH DAKOTA
-------
NORTH DAKOTA
-------
Note the absence
of Leukemia here
-------
UTAH
Cancer Site
Area Affected
Counties Affected
Prostrate
Eye
Southeast
Northeast
Northwest
North Central
Central
San Juan
Uintah, Carbon
Box Elder, Cache, Rich,
Morgan, Summit, Wasatch
San Pete, Sevier
Pancreas
East Central
Carbon
Other, and Unspecified
Sites
West Central
Millard
(White)
Significance Population Affected
Highly Significant M
Highly Significant M
Highly Significant F
Highly Significant M
Highly Significant
P
-------
UTAH
-------
UTAH
-------
Yellowstone L
National Park
(7i^
'¦> 0
r25~a
x'l
C
i.
Park
i Bighorn . V
Sherldan
"l
(prg
WaTfiakle
Johnson
22 STOMACH
WYOMING
-------
Cancer Site
Area Affected
Stomach
Rectum
Nose, Nasal Cavities
5 Sinuses
Thyroid Gland
West
Southwest
North Central
Northwest
North Central
Northeast
East Central
Central
Southeast
Northwest
North Central
Northeast
East Central
Central
Southeast
WYOMING
[white)
Counties Affected SIgnificance Population Affected
Lincoln
Sweetwater
Big Horn
Yellowstone National Park,
Fremont, Hot Springs, ParK /
Washakie, Big Horn, Sheridan,
Johnson, Campbell, Crook,
Weston, Converse, Niobrara,
Platte, Goshen, Laramie
Yellowstone National Park,
Fremont, Hot Springs, Pt\r£.,
Washakie, Big Horn, Sheridan
Johnson, Campbell, Crook
Weston, Converse, Niobrara,
Platte, Goshen, Laramie
Highly Significant M
Highly Significant M
Highly Significant M
Highly Significant M
Highly Significant M
-------
X
A +
WYOMING
-------
-------
SOUTH DAKOTA
-------
Cancer Site
Area Affected
stomach
iliary Passages 6 Liver
-Ldney
(rain f} Other Ports of
Jervous System
3reast
Prostrate'
Northeast
Sou^h Central
Northeast
South Central
Northeast
Northeast
Southeast
East Central
fose, Nasal
ind Sinuses
•ye
Cavities,j
Southeast
i
Norjtheast
East Central
I
Northeast
East Central
West
North and South
Central
SOUTH DAKOTA
Cotinties Affected
Significance
(W|ite)
Population Affected
Roberts, Deuel, Brbokings
Gregory
«
Brovm :
Aurora!
I
Brown i
Brown
Highly Sig.
It
I
Significant
Highly Sig.
M
M
I
F
F
F
M
Minnehaha
1
Codington, Brookings, Lake
Beadle
F
M
Douglas
i
Robertp, Grant, Deuel, Brookings "
Kingsbury, Hamlin,' Codington j
i
Roberts, Grant Deuel, Significant
Brookings, Kingsbury,
Hamlini, Codington
Harding, Perkins, Corson, Highly Sig.
Dewey,1 Stanley, Lyman, Todd
Mellette, Jones, Bennett,
Jackson, Washabaugh, Shannon,
Fall Riveri Custer', Pennington,
Ha&kom, Meade, Low(rence,
Butte, Ziebach
M
F
M
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Cancer Site
Area Affected
Connective Tissue
todgkin's Disease
Breast
Northeast
East Central
East Central
Southeas t
Northeast
East Central
SOUTH DAKOTA Con't
(White)
Counties Affected Significance Population Affected
1 I
Roberts, Grant, Highly Sig. F
Codington, Deuel, Hamlin,
Kingsbury, Brookings
Moody, Lake, " M
Minnehaha, Lincoln,
Union, Clay, Turner, Yankton
Roberts, Grant " M
Codington, Deuel, Hamiin
Kingsbury, Brookings
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SOUTH DAKOTA
»n———
o id z« -30 jfa 5"o
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SOUTH
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¦ I l' (LEUKEMIA)
A 8 (EYE)
14 (MULTIPLE MYELOMA)
12 (LIP)
8 (eye:
21 ( SALIVARY GLAI3DS)
MONTANA
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Cancer Site
Area Affected
All sites combined
Stomach
Biliary Passages 6 Liver
Trachea, Bronchus 3 Lung
Other Q Unspecified Sites
Prostrate
Lip
Southwest
Southwest
West Central
Southwest
Central
West Central
Northwest
West Central
Southwest
Salivary_ Glands
Northwest
West Central
Southwest
Eye Northeast
North Central
Central
South Central
MONTANA
(White)
Counties Affected Significance Population Affected
Silver Bow Highly Sig. M
Silver Bow Significant M
Powell Highly Sig. M
Silver Bow, Deer Lodge Highly Sig. M
Meagher " F
Lewis 8 Clark " M
Park, Meagher Significant F
Flathead, Lincoln, Sanders,
Lake, Powell, Lewis 3 Clark,
Broadwater, Gallatin, Madison,
Jefferson, Silver Bow, Deer
Lodge, Beaverhead, Granite,
Missoula, Mineral, Ravalli
Park, Meagher, Flathead Highly Sig. F
Lincoln, Sanders, Lake,
Powell, Lewis 6 Clark,
Broadwater, Gallatin, Madison
Jefferson, Silver Bow, Deer
Lodge, Beaverhead, Granite,
Missoula, Mineral, Ravalli
Glacier, Toole, Liberty, Hill " F
Blaine, Phillips, Valley
Daniels, Sheridan, Roosevelt,
Richland, Wibaux, Fallon, Prairie,
Dawson, McCone, Fergus, Teton,
Pondera, Giouteau, Cascade,
Judith.Basin
Big Horn, Carbon, Still Water Highly Sig.
Yellowstone Significant
M
F
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MONTANA Con't
Cancer Site
Area Affected
Counties Affected
Significance
(White)
Population Affected
re
her Endocrine Glands
lltiple Myeloma
jukemia
Northwest
West Central
Southwest
South Central
South Central
Northeast
North Central
Central
Park, Meagher, Flathead Significant
Lincoln, Sanders, Lake
Powell, Lewis (} Clark,
Broadwater, Gallatin, Madison,
Jefferson, Silver Bow, Deer
Lodge, Beaverhead, Granite,
Missoula, Mineral, Ravalli
Big Horn, Carbon, Still Water Significant
Yellowstone
Big Horn,Carbon, Still Water Highly Sig.
Yellowstone
Glacier, Toole, Liberty, Highly Sig.
Hill, Blaine, Phillips,
Valley, Daniels, Sheridan,
Roosevelt, Richland, Wibaux,
Fallon, Prairie, Dawson, McCone,
Fergus, Teton, Pondera, Chouteau,
Cascade, Judith Basin
M
M
M
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DEER LODGE/SILVER BOW
MONTANA
-------
ui
r
S TZ
X
C?:
Jl
\ 8
7 r
a
MONTANA
-------
[L \~1 , '¦/¦/• I /
Addrcssoe
F.mvip.onmental
Protection TRANSMIT
Agency
APPENDIX E
Region VIII .lanwarv' 7.2, 1979
_______ i.NViRowffrarTT-or,iNnT5
R3 2070.1
MATERIAL TRANSMITTED:
Regional Order R8 2070.1, Reoion VIII, finerqency Response Plan.
MATERIAL SUPERSEDED:
None.
FILING INSTRUCTIONS:
File tho attached material in a throe ring hinder established for the
Region VIII Directives Svstem.
Alan Merson
Regional Administrator
Dist: 2:Tnergency Response Team
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'[ ;nvironmental
Protection
A
ORDER
GENCY
!ii'c inn VII 1
U8 2070.1
.l.nmary 2?, ]
-------
Rrj; ion VIII
ORDER
R3 2070.1
.l.-inunry 22, 1 979
dui" l n q mi environmental emergency. Any or all designated program repr esen t a t i veb
may become a part of the [PRB staff during an environmental cmeroency and func-
tion under the direction and supervision of the OSC. The list of assigned
personnel will be reviewed periodically and adjusted as necessary.
d. Response Activ_ation_. Upon receipt of a report that oil has been spilled
into llni ted "States' waters , or that a toxic substance or hazardous material has
been released into the environment, the duty officer has three options:
(1) If the size of the spill or release and the resultinq hazard to
human health and the environment is such that EPA response is not necessary or
warranted, the duty officer will so inform the caller. F.PA response may not be
necessarv if adenuate response will he provided by another government agency.
A record will immediately be made of the call including the date and time; name,
title, and location of the caller; location of the spill or release; the type and
quantity of substance or material involved; and an explanation of his judgment not
to respond to the episode. This record will be maintained in the F.PRB. Copies
of all phone calls involving hazardous waste aenerators, transporters and treat-
ment, storage or disposal facilities, should be hand carried to the Waste
Manaaement Section, Air and Hazardous Materials Division, to determine compliance
with the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Subtitle C regulations or
equivalent state regulations.
{d) If the information provided by the caller in the report of a spill
or release is insufficient, or the duty officer's information concerning the po-
tential hazard of a substance or material is inadequate to dictate immediate EPA
response, he will promptly consult with appropriate designated program represen-
tatives to determine whether such response is indicated. If a decision not to
respond is made, the duty officer will so notify the caller, following the pro-
cedure contained in paragraph (1) above. If a decision to respond is made, the
duty officer will follow the procedure contained in paragraph (3) below.
(3) If EPA emergency response to a spill or release is clearly indicated
based on information furnished, the duty officer will immediately notify designa-
ted principal or alternate representatives from appropriate program areas, as
needed, that they have become a part of the EPRB as a member of the emergency re-
sponse team for the incident.
The circumstances of the emergency, including the substance, media, and support
necessary will dictate which proqram area representative(s) will be activated.
The duty officer will notify EPRR Chief (or Actina Chief), who will assign an OSC
for the emergency response team. At tfie conclusion of tfie emergency, proqram
area representatives will be deactivated by the OSC or by joint agreement between
the EPRB Chief and the program supervisor. Deactivation disagreements will be
resolved by the appropriate Division Directors or (as a last resort) by the
Regional Administrator.
2
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ORDER
Rrgion VIII
R8 2070.1
.l.munry 22, 1979
e. response Activities. The OSC will carry out the responsibilities stated
in ChaptFr 37~Part I of the Regional OHSPCP. Response activities will follow the
5 operational phases described in the Reqional OSHPCP -- as follows:
Phase I - Discovery and Notification
Phase II - Evaluation and Initiation of Action
Phase III - Containment and Countenneasures
Phase IV - Cleanup, Mitigation, and Disposal
Phase V - Documentation and Cost Recovery
In addition, the OSC will notify the appropriate state agency. In the event water
supplies may be threatened, the OSC will request the appropriate state agency to
notify downstream water users. If the state cannot respond to this request, EPA
will assume this responsibility.
f. emergency Fundinq. The OSC is authorized to verbally obligate funds not
exceed ing~~$400 for "immeclTato mitigatory actions during any emergency situation,
providing:
(1) The expenditure of funds is under the direct control of an on-scene
federal or state official;
(2) The spiller or cause of the episode will not or cannot take appro-
priate action;
(3) Manpower and/or equipment are immediately available; and
(4) Immediate action will minimize or preclude significant environmental
damage.
5. RFSPONSIP_IJLITIES_. It is not practical to staff the FPRR witii personnel having
the wide range of technical expertise necessary to respond to the myriad varieties
of emergency episodes. To do so would simply duplicate the capabilities contained
in other program areas of the Reqion Office. This Plan utilizes the capabilities
of various program officers to provide full EPA response to environmental emer-
gencies. The responsibilities of various program offices are described below.
a. Tnim-gency Planning and Response Rranch.
(1) Through a duty officer, provide 24-hour monitoring of the emergency
telephone number (303-837-3880) to accept all reports of oil spills and releases
of toxic chemicals or hazardous materials and activate response.
(2) Desiqnate an OSC to assemble the emergency response team (including
program area representatives as needed) and carry out the responsibilities stated
in paragraph 4.
3
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ORDER
R8 2070.1
Rcr1 on VIII
.l.um.-iry 22, 1 979
(3) Monitor the progress of each phase of response.
(4) Assure that the Regional Administrator is apprised of all major
environmental episodes and significant events during response action.
(5) Activate the Regional Response Team in accordance with provisions
of the Regional OHSPCP when appropriate or when required.
(6) Obtain participation of appropriate state and/or local officials.
(7) Inform Office of Public Awareness and Intergovernmental Relations
of significant oil and hazardous substances spills or other environmental emer-
gencies.
(8) Notify the Waste Management Rranch representative of an emergency
occurring during the loading, transportina, or unloading of a hazardous waste.
(9) Notify the Waste Management Branch radiation representative of any
emergency event involving radioactive materials.
(10) Notify the Control Technology Branch of emergencies affecting publi
water supply systems.
(11) Notify the Toxics Substances Branch of any significant emergency
event involving toxic substances or pesticides.
b. Office of Public Awareness and Intergovernmental Relations (OPAIR).
(1) Depending on the severity and circumstances of the emergency, the
OPAIR Director will decide their response to the emergency.
(a) For spills or emergencies considered consequential to the
Region, an OPAIR representative will accompany the OSC to the emergency scene and
serve as the OSC's liaison to the news media.
(b) For less significant emergencies, after consultation with the
OSC, OPAIR may wish to contact news media in the emergency vicinity and provide
them with information about the events.
(2) Issue, when appropriate and after consultation with the On-scene
Coordinator, news releases to inform the public of an existing problem, actions
by EPA, cleanup proqress, or other significant occurrences.
(3) Arrange for radio or television interviews or appearances, when
appropriate, of EPA representatives involved in emergency response activities.
(4) Notify Congressional home offices of sianificant environmental
emergencies.
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Region VIII
ORDER
c. Office of Rcujonal CcujnseJI_.
Provide legal interpretations of the emergency or imminent hazard sections of EPA
statutory authorities to determine EPA's responsibilities and limits (if any)
thereon.
d . Technical Investiaations__Bra_ncjv, _SurveiJJ_ance_andAna 1 y sis Div i sion.
(1) Provide personnel for investigation of fish kill episodes and assist
in damage assessment surveys.
(2) Recommend the number, type, and size of samples required to assess
the nature and magnitude of an emergency episode.
(3) Perform laboratory analyses on samples collected.
e. Surveillance Branch, Surveillance and Analysis Division.
(1) Provide on-site monitoring of gaseous releases that may result in
hazardous air quality conditions.
(2) Provide advice on the need to evacuate areas subjected to hazardous
air quality conditions.
f. Control Technology Branch, Water Division.
(1) Alert the appropriate state water supply program(s) and, if neces-
sary, i;'::ied lately affected water suppliers, of the incident and its potential for
water supply contamination.
(2) Insure that proper tests are conducted on drinking water supplies
that may he affected by spills to assure protection of public health.
(3) Determine appropriate treatment techniques or procedures that may
be used to remove the contaminant from drinkinq water (surface or subsurface).
(4) Provide advice on resolution of ground water contamination problems.
g. Enforcement and Legal Support Branch, Enforcement Division.
(1) Initiate all enforcement actions that are appropriate resulting
from environmental episodes. Prepare all legal documents relating to enforcement
actions, and work with the U.S. Attorney's Office to represent EPA in such actions.
5
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ORDER
Region VIII
(?) Assist the On-su-iio Cuunl iiuLor in matters of "rinlit-of entry,"
mmm.Ii v;.in.nits or any other situation which may pose legal Linns on '.cono or
during the emergency.
h. Toxic Substances Branch, Air and Hazardous Materials Division.
(1) Provide toxicological data and information concerning spilled pest-
icides and toxic chemicals involved in an incident.
(2) Describe the chemical properties, and provide information on per-
sonal bjfety, protective clothing, decontamination, and disposal of spilled
pesticides or toxic chemicals.
(3) Maintain a list of Poison Control Centers from which emergency in-
formation may be obtained.
(4) If the incident involves a pesticide or a TSCA regulated chemical,
conduct the appropriate investigation for possible violations under F1FRA, as
amended, or TSCA.
i. WasteManagement Branch, Air and Hazardous Materials Division.
(1) Provide information and expertise necessary to effect environmen-
tally safe storage, treatment or disposal of such materials or waste as specified
under regulations set forth in Subpart A, 250.10 Criteria, Identification and
Listing of Hazardous Wastes in Subpart C of the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA).
(2) In coordination with appropriate state and local agencies, deter-
mine disposal sites for spilled oil or hazardous materials.
(3) Provide technical expertise, field radiation measurements and
assistance during EPA response to radiation emergencies.
(4) Notify EPA Headguarters of the existence of a radiation emergency,
j. Air Branch. Air and Hazardous Materials Division.
(1) Provide meteorological information, as needed, during any environ-
mental emergency.
(2) Based on meteorological information, provide recommendations on
the area extent of evacuation zones during emergencies causing hazardous air
guality conditions.
R8 2070.1
January 22, 1979
6
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ORDER
K8 2070.1
P.r-gion VIII
January 22, 1979
. Administrative Services Pr-irth, Manaccnirnt Division
(1) Provide looistics (vehicles, space, etc.) and" u ppl v support riurinq
i nviroiinicnL.il eiiicrnrncios.
(2) Provide purchasino and contractino support.
1. Montana Office.
Tor mercioncv events in Montana, this office will have the same rosporisil>i 1 ilies
of the various prociram areas. If this office cannot perform any particular re-
sponsibility, the responsihi 1ity will revert to the appropriate prooram area.
7
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EPA Order KB Z070.1
January 22, 1979
ATTACHMENT I
EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM
PROGRAM AREA REPRESENTATIVES
OFF ICE
PRINCIPAL
ALTERNATE
Emergency Planning & Response Branch
Alvin Yorke
Richard Jones
Office of Public Awareness and Inter-
governmental Relations
Richard Lathrop Jo Harrison
Surveillance and Analysis Division
Technical Investigations Branch
Field
Laboratory
Surveillance Branch
Cornelio Runas Loys Parrish
John Tilstra Bob Tauer
Keith Tipton Bill Basbagill
Water Division
Control Technology Branch
Jack Hoffbuhr Dean Chausse
Enforcement Division
Enforcement and Legal Support Branch
John Lepley
Steve Jones
Greg Halburt
A1 Smith
Air and Hazardous Materials Division
Toxic Substances Branch
Information
Investigations
Waste Management Branch
Hazardous Wastes
Radiation
Air Branch
Ralph Larsen
Dan Bench
Dallas Miller
Henry Bonzek
Henry Schroeder Jon Yeaglcy
Paul Smith John Giedt
Donald Henderson
Management Division
Administrative Services Branch
El 1 is Linn
Alfred Broach
Office of Regional Counsel
Joseph Muskrat Kemper Will
Montana Office
Dick Montgomery Bob Fox
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