data review
for ecologic modeling
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May 1974
data review
for ecologic modeling
PUGET SOUND
AND ADJACENT WATERS
prepared for the
Environmental Protection Agency
in cooperation with
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
OFFICE OF WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH
OWRR CZOAA-X
CONTRACT No. I4-3I-OOOI-3383
WRE II9SO
prepared by
Harry M. Nichandros
Gerald T. Orlob
Water Resources Engineers, Walnut Creek, Ca
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1
Objectives and Scope of Study-
General Approach to Mathematical Modeling 3
Purpose and Scope of Data Report 6
Organization and Acknowledgments
CHAPTER II. DATA SUMMARY
Data Requirements
Data Availability-
Recommended Validation Period
CHAPTER III. METEOROLOGICAL, HYDRO LOGICAL AND
WASTE DISCHARGE DATA
Meteorological Data
Hydrological Data
Waste Discharge Data
6
7
7
10
12
14
14
14
21
CHAPTER IV. OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA
Geometric and Tide Data
Current Measurements and Water Quality-Biological Data 39
36
36
60
60
60
CHAPTER V. REFERENCES
References to Chapter I, Introduction
References to Chapter II, Data Summary
References to Chapter III, Meteorological, Hydrological
and Waste Discharge Data ,
References to Chapter IV, Oceanographic Data
60
U.S. EPA, IBRARY REGION 10 MATERIALS
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure I-1 Puget Sound and Adjacent Waters
Figure 1-2 Puget Sound Study Area and Subsystems
Figure II-1 Calibration Procedure for Each Subsystem
Figure II-2 Overview of Data Availability for the Puget Sound Study Area
Figure III -1 Locations of Stations Reporting Meteorological Data
in the Puget Sound Area
Figure III-2 Locations of Stations Reporting Surface Water Discharge
Into the Puget Sound Area
Figure III-3 Location of Stations Reporting Surface Water Quality
in the Puget Sound Area
Figure III-4 Municipal and Industrial Waste Dischargers in the
North Sound
Figure III-5 Municipal and Industrial Waste Dischargers in
Whidbey Island Subsystem
Figure III - 6 Municipal and Industrial Waste Dischargers in
Main Puget Sound
Figure III-7 Municipal and Industrial Waste Dischargers in Hood Canal
Figure III-8 Municipal and Industrial Waste Dischargers in
Dyes and Sinclair Inlets
Figure III-9 Municipal and Industrial Waste Dischargers in
South Puget Sound
Figure IV-1 Locations of Tide Gauge Stations Near and in
the Puget Sound Study Area
Figure IV-2 Locations of Sampling Stations for Three Major
Oceanographic Water Quality Studies
Figure IV-3 Locations of Data Collection Stations Summarized
by Friebertshauser, et al. [1971] 44
Figure IV-4 NOAA Current Measurement Stations in Main Puget Sound 46
Page
2
4
7
10
15
18
22
30
31
32
33
34
35
38
41
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LIST OF FIGURES
(Continued)
Page
Figure IV-5 NOAA Current Measurement Stations in South Puget Sound 47
Figure IV-6 NOAA Current Measurement Stations in 48
Whidbey Island Subsystem
Figure IV-7 Locations of University of Washington Current Measurement
Stations in Main Puget Sound and Hood Canal 55
Figure IV-8 Locations of University of Washington Current Measurement
Stations in South Puget Sound 59
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LIST OF TABLES
Table III - 1 Stations Reporting Meteorological Data in the
Puget Sound Area
Table III-2 Surface Water Gaging Stations Surrounding the
Puget Sound Study Area
Table III-3 Surface Water Quality Stations in the Puget
Sound Study Area
Table III-4 Municipal Wastewater Dischargers in the
Puget Sound Area
Table III - 5 Industrial Waste Dischargers in the Puget Sound Area
Table IV-1 Navigation Charts for the Puget Sound Area
Table IV-2 Water-Level Measurement Stations Near and in
the Puget Sound Study Area
Table IV-3 Water Quality Sampling Stations Catalogued by
Collias [1970]
Table IV-4 Data Collection Station Summarized by
Friebertshauser, et al. [1971]
Table IV-5 NOAA Temperature Measurement Stations
Table IV-6 University of Washington's Current Measurement
Stations in the Puget Sound Study Area
PaSe
16
19, 20
23, 24,25
26
27, 28
36
37
40
43
42
56, 57
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INTROllJCTION
OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF STUDY
The Puget Sound drainage area is approximately 3, 600 square miles
and is bounded on the east by the Cascade Mountains, on the west by the
mountains of the Olympic Peninsula and on the south by the lowlands of Puget
Sound-Willamette Trough. On the northwest the boundary is open to the coastal
waters of Canada and the United States at the Strait of Georgia, Rosario Strait,
and the Strait of Juan De Fuca.
Figure 1-1 shows the location of Puget Sound and the Adjacent Waters
in northwest Washington near the Canadian border. The Study Area encompasses
essentially all those inland waters east of Rosario Strait and south of Admiralty
Inlet. The north-south extent of the Study Area from Bellingham at Bellingham
Bay to Olympia at the southern portion of Puget Sound is approximately 170 miles,
forming the largest protected harbor on the west coast. By comparison, San
Francisco Bay spans only 40 miles north to south.
Puget Sound is a large, glacially formed estuary. It is segmented
into numerous steep sided channels ranging from 300 to 600 feet in depth. These
waters are characteristically stratified with upper layers flowing seaward and
lower layers flowing inward. A multitude of bays and inlets branch from the
channels, and usually contain extensive delta areas formed by tributary rivers.
Over a dozen major streams with a total average discharge of approximately 45, 000
cfs flow into the Puget Sound Study Area.
In 1972, the Office of Water Resources Research (OWRR), U.S.
Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C. , authorized Water Resources
Engineers (WRE) of Walnut Creek, California, to modify and apply mathematical
water quality and ecologic models to the Puget Sound and Adjacent Waters in
Washington. This authorization (contract #14-31-001-9056) was a continuation
of a previous OWRR contract (#14-31-00001-3385) with WRE to develop water
quality and ecologic models [Chen and Orlob, 1972]. Funds for the present
contract are being provided by the Environmental Protection Agency and technical
monitoring is being administered from the Seattle Regional Office of EPA.
The general objectives of this contract are to provide EPA, the state
and local planning organizations with a mathematical simulation capability that will
assist them in:
1) evaluating water quality management strategies,
2) establishing priorities for abatement facilities,
3) estimating future productivity of the Sound,
4) determining the capacity of the studied waters to
assimilate wastes,
5) setting reasonable water quality standards,
6) controlling the rate of eutrophication.
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® IS ! ? 8 8 S8 ® I I I sa # 8 a
Figure 1-1
Puget Sound and Adjacent Waters
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The mathematical models resulting from this study will provide the capability
to assessthe water quality and biologic impact of alternative basin-wide wastewater
management schemes. A further objective of this study includes an evaluation
of the relative sensitivity of the computed values of water quality constituents and
biomass to variations in model parameters and coefficients.
Because of the areal extent and complex geometry of the Study Area,
it has been divided into the eight subsystems shown in Figure 1-2. Six of the
subsystems are essentially deep estuarial bodies; one is a tidally affected non-
branching river system; and one is a lake system. The eight subsystems are:
1) North Sound
2) Whidbey Island
3) Main Puget Sound
4) Hood Canal
5) Dyes and Sinclair Inlets
6) South Puget Sound
7) Green-Duwamish River
8) Lake Washington
Divisions between each of the subsystems are made at logical boundary
points and hence, each subsystem itself forms a logical unit. The boundaries
usually occur at narrow portions of the sounds, and follow the crests of sills or
other shallow bottom features. South Puget Sound is divided at Tacoma Narrows;
Lake Washington at the government locks; Dyes and Sinclair Inlets at Bainbridge
Island; Hood Canal and the Green-Duwamish River at their mouth; Whidbey Island
at Deception Pass and Possession Point; Main Puget Sound at Admiralty Inlet;
and the North Sound along its protected west face.
GENERAL APPROACH TO MATHEMATICAL MODELING
The general modeling approach taken in this study is to 1) develop
conceptual representations of each of the Puget Sound subsystems, 2) modify
and adapt existing models to operate on the subsystems, 3) calibrate the models
to each of the networks, and 4) analyze the sensitivity of computed results to
variations in selected model coefficients. Each of these four phases is described
briefly below.
The first phase is the development of a conceptualized representation
of the Study Area. The conceptualized representation is a network or grid system
which schematically describes the physical system. The network is needed to
represent physical properties in discrete mathematical terms which can be utilized
by the models.
One network will be developed for each of the subsystems and for the
entire Puget Sound system. Special consideration is needed at the boundaries
between the subsystems to assure a proper description of hydraulic behavior and
mass fluxes between the subsystems. At each of the boundaries except the North
Sound, it is possible to specify the hydraulic behavior and mass fluxes with good
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Figure 1-2
Puget Sound Study Area and Subsystems
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accuracy. At the North Sound, the boundary conditions are far from ideal. In
addition, those subsystems with two boundaries pose a more difficult problem
than those with one.
The second phase of the modeling is the application of the computer
programs to the conceptualized subsystems. One of three programs is applied
to each of the eight subsystem networks. These are the 1) estuary, 2) river,
and 3) lake programs. In the Puget Sound study, the estuary program can be
adapted to match the characteristics of most subsystems. However, the river
and lake programs are also required.
The estuary, river and lake computer programs have the same basic
structure. They each have hydrodynamic, water quality and biologic portions.
In practice, the water quality and biologic computations are performed simul-
taneously. Consequently, simulation of each subsystem involves the use of a
hydrodynamic model and a water quality-ecologic model. The water quality-ecologic
model is an adaptation of the model developed by WRE for OWRR [Chen and Orlob,
1972], The hydrodynamic analyses vary from empirical observation to explicit
finite element hydrodynamic solutions. The water quality portion considers the
movement (as determined by the hydrodynamic model) and/or transformation of
conservative and non-conservative water quality constituents and biota. The 21
constituents evaluated, both abiotic and biotic, are:
1)
Tempe rature
12)
Nitrite as Nitrogen (NOz-N)
2)
Toxicity
13)
Nitrate as Nitrogen (NO3-N)
3)
Sulphite Waste Liquor (SWL)
14)
Phosphate as Phosphorus (POi,-P)
4)
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
15)
Algae (1st group)
5)
Coliform
16)
Algae (2nd group)
6)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
17)
Z ooplankton
7)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
18)
Fish (1st group)
8)
Carbon Dioxide (C02)
19)
Fish (2nd group)
9)
Acidity (pH)
20)
Benthic Animals
10)
Alkalinity
21)
Detritus
11)
Ammonia as Nitrogen (NH3-N)
The ecologic portion of the model involves the biologic and chemical interaction
of many of the 21 constituents. In these computations, the response to solar energy,
growth, grazing, uptake and mortality of each constituent are considered.
In addition to adapting the models to the Puget Sound Study Area,, the
models must be individually calibrated for each subsystem. Calibration or
validation, as it is sometimes called, demonstrates the ability of the models to
represent the real systems. The model is set up to simulate an historical period
in time. The degree to which the model results agree with the historical data
determines the degree of model validity. Because the models developed m this
study are expected to be valid throughout a one year period, a validation period
of one year is dictated. Each of the subsystems will be calibrated individually
using identical validation periods for each subsystem if possible.
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In the final phase of model adaptation, sensitivity analyses are conducted
to determine the relative importance of individual model parameters and
coefficients. The purpose of such an analysis is to determine which parameters
need to be most accurately defined to assure reliable" and meaningful results.
PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF DATA REPORT
The purpose of the data report is to review and determine the availability
and adequacy of data required to successfully calibrate the models to the Puget
Sound area and to validate them. The data considered in the scope of the data
report includes all hydrologic and meteorologic data, water quality data, and
biologic data required to simulate one year of historic hydrodynamic and biologic
activity in each subsystem. For the most., part, all historical data known to
be available has been surveyed during the preparation of this report.
The data report that follows consists of a summary chapter describing
the types of data required to calibrate the models, the availability, frequency and
reliability of data, and recommended calibration periods. Following the summary
chapter are two chapters specifying the source, reliability and period of record
for each datatype. The first of these chapters covers meteorological, hydrological
and waste discharge data. The latter covers oceanographic data for the Puget
Sound Study Area. Included in this last chapter is the data on tides, water
circulation, and chemical and biological water quality.
ORGANIZATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The data review reported herein was conducted under the responsibility
and direction of Mr. Harry M. Nichandros of WRE, Walnut Creek, California.
Dr. Gerald T. Orlob, prinicipal consultant to WRE, served as principal investi-
gator and provided general guidance and enthusiasm.
Mr. Eugene E. Collias of the University of Washington, Department of
Oceanography, has helped immeasureably in uncovering some of the most valuable
water quality data. Many others in government and private industry gave their
time and services to help locate additional sources of data.
WRE wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Mr. John Yearsley,
Project Officer, of EPA's Seattle office and Mr. Kenneth D. Feigner, also of
EPA for their assistance in locating and accumulating the massive amounts of
data required. Additionally, WRE wishes to acknowledge Dr. Stanton J. Ware,
OWRR, for his guidance and support through this first phase of the Ecologic
Modeling of Puget Sound and its Adjacent Waters.
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II
DATA' ¦UiMARY
This chapter contains a summary of data required and data available
to calibrate and validate the ecologic model for Puget Sound and Adjacent Waters.
The types of data assembled include all data needed to validate the
operation of the model. Water quality in this survey report refers specifically
to the 21 water quality and biologic constituents that are to be simulated in this
study. All periods of record were considered in the data survey. However,
more recent periods (since 1950) were concentrated on bedause of the greater
amount of data in the latter years and the greater likelihood of using one of these
years as the calibration period. Data is required throughout the Study Area at
specific points in time and space. These points are discussed below.
DATA REQUIREMENTS
The model will be calibrated through a one-year period with
calibration check points every three months. This will assure that the model
performs well throughout the four seasons of the year. The four seasons identified
in Figure II-1 correspond to the hydrologic seasons typical of the northwestern
United States. Winter is characterized by heavy rains and large runoff. Spring
represents a period of lesser rainfall and little snow melt; hence lower stream
flows. Summer brings the late snow melt from the higher elevations which results
in high streamflows. Fall is a period of relatively little rainfall and the lowest
streamflows.
Figure 11-1
Calibration Procedure for Each Subsystem
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Figure II-1 can be used to aid in the visualization of the calibration
process. A calibration run begins by specifying as input data the prototype water
properties (physical, chemical and biological properties) existing at the beginning
of the season. Theoretically the model is operated for a prototype period of three
months under the influence of all the external factors such as sunlight, wind, tides
(and the resultant water circulation), and river inflows. At the end of the run,
the water properties computed by the model are compared to the prototype water
properties. The agreement between the predicted and the actual response of the
system determines the degree of validation.
In practice, the model need not be run through the full three months
of the calibration season. Generally, seasonal averages of the driving variables
can be used (meteorology, hydrology, system boundary conditions, etc.), and it
is sufficient to run only long enough to as sure that the system has stabilized to such
an extent that the seasonal trends can be projected. Usually a run of 30 days
is sufficient. Consequently, the data representing the external influences to the
subsystems need be specified only as the seasonal average.
The required calibration data must be available over a year's time;
however, they need not be continuous. Data representing water properties are
needed only at the five points corresponding to the beginning and ending of each
seasonal calibration run. Data representing the external influences can be specified
as the seasonal average.
In addition to conforming to the temporal requirements discussed above,
data must be compatible with the grid or network utilized by the mathematical
models. A brief, general description of the network structure is provided here
to aid in visualizing the spatial variations in data allowed. In the horizontal plane,
a grid is structured to define surface water properties approximately every 2 to/
4 miles. Consequently, the values of input data need only be estimated at intervals
of 4 to 10 miles to provide adequate calibration. In the vertical plane, the network?
varies depending upon the vertical stratification of the subsystem waters. In
unstratified areas, each value on the horizontal plane is representative of the
water column throughout its depth. In stratified areas, additional water properties
are required at 4 or 5 depths. Adequate representation is obtained with one value
at each depth every 4 to 10 miles along the deep water portion of the Sounds.
The types of data required for the models fall into the following broad
categories: meteorologic, hydrologic, waste discharge and oceanographic. These
categories are explained below.
Seasonal average values of the following types of meteorologic data are
required: solar radiation, cloud cover, wind velocity, relative humidity, air
temperature, and precipitation. Solar radiation and cloud cover data must
represent the average morning, afternoon, evening and night conditions in order
to compute the diurnal response of phytoplankton to solar inputs.
Hydrologic data refer specifically to discharge arid water quality of
inflows to the study area from the surrounding drainage areas. Seasonal averages
ere satisfactory for these data. The average freshwater inflow is used to calculate
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the change in water volume and waste movements within the subsystem. Likewise
the inflow water quality is used to compute the increase in concentrations of the
various constituents.
The waste discharge data requirements are identical to those for
hydrologic data. The average discharge and discharge quality of all municipal
and industrial dischargers surrounding the Study Area are needed.
Included in oceanographic data are geometric, tidal, hydrodynamic and
oceanographic water quality data. Geometric data are used to define the boundaries,
mean depths and average water surface elevations of each water body in the Study
Area. These data, of course, do not vary with time.
Tidal data represent the variation in tides at the open boundaries of
each subsystem. The monthly average tidal pattern for each season is one of
the driving forces for the hydrodynamic models. Additional tidal data (at interior
nodes) can be used to check simulated tidal fluctuations against the actual fluctu-
ations. Tidal bench marks are also need to reference all tide gages to a common
datum.
Hydromechanical data (current patterns) describe the movement of
water within the subsystems. The primary purpose of these data is to validate
the hydrodynamic portion of the model by allowing comparison to be made of model
generated movements against the actual water movements. The data may also
aid iri the adaptation of a hydrodynamic model to Puget Sound by allowing some
complex model variables to be empirically replaced by known current patterns.
Average current pattern data is needed for each season. Because the circulation
is the principal mechanism affecting the status of all water quality and biological
parameters, the hydromechanical data are of primary importance to the success'
of the modeling project. The need for accurate circulation data cannot bej
over-em phasized.
The purpose of the oceanographic water quality data is to provide both
a starting point and a final verification point for the wa.ter quality and ecological
portions of the model. These water parameters must be available at the beginning
and end of each season's calibration run. For each of these times the concentrations
of each of the following water quality and ecologic properties must be known at
all of the node points:
1)
Temperature
12)
Nitrite as Nitrogen
2)
Toxicity
13)
Nitrate as Nitrogen
3)
Sulphite Waste Liquor
14)
Phosphate as Phosphorus
4)
Total Dissolved Solids
15)
Algae (1 st group)
5)
Coliform
16)
Algae (2nd group)
6)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
17)
Zooplankton
7)
Dissolved Oxygen
18)
Fish (1st group)
8)
Carbon Dioxide
19)
Fish (2nd,group)
9)
Acidity
20)
Benthic Animals
10)
Alkalinity
21)
Detritus
11)
Ammonia as Nitrogen
22)
Secchi Disc Reading
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The hydrodynamic data and the oceanographic water quality data are the most
essential data required in this study.
DATA AVAILABILITY
In the Puget Sound Study Area, the availability of data varies from
unavailable to complete. Figure II-2 represents a subjective analysis of the
availability of each major class of data from 1930 to the present. An overall
assessment of availability of data would rank it as very sparse to partial. Important
physical, chemical and biological oceanographic data are completely missing in
early years. In recent years such data are more available but still incomplete.
Circulation data (physical oceanographic data) are very sparse, being unavailable
at times, even in later years. Only one compe rehensive study collected oceano-
graphic data over an extensive area. Less important, but still essential,
meteorological and hydrological data are more abundant in later years. Navigation
charts provide all the data needed to define the geometries of the Study Area.
These data can be used for any selected calibration period. Following is a more
detailed summary of the availability of each class of data.
GEOMETRICS
METEOROLOG/C
STREAM DISCHARGE
STREAM QUALITY
WASTE DISCHARGE
PHYSICAL
OCEANOGRAPHIC
CHEMICAL
OCEANOGRAPHIC
BIOLOGICAL
OCEANOGRAPHIC
1930
COMPLETE dl
partial ma
SPARCE EHJ
VERY SPARCE ~
UNAVAILABLE
1940
I
0
J ELD OIL
J M hi HhJ H
£L
JUL
I-
1950
I960
1970
Figure 11-2
Overview of Data Availability for the Puget Sound Study Area
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Sufficient meteorological data are available from I960 to the present
to satisfy model requirements as set forth above. The weakest portions of the
meteorological data are the cloud cover and wind velocity data. These data are
not readily available before I960. After i960 cloud cover and wind velocity data
are available at a few scattered stations. Conditions between stations can be
estimated with acceptable accuracy. Periods of no data can be represented by
average weather conditions.
Hydrologic (streamflow) data are adequate throughout most of the period
since about 1945. Prior to this date the data are less than adequate in nearly
all subsystems. Many major stream gaging stations were installed in the period
from 1943 to 1947. Consequently, after the mid-1940's the data improve. Since
this time, records for most subsystems are' good but several major streams in
the study area still remain ungaged. After the late 1960's most major streams
have continuous recording devices installed at strategic locations. These data
are rated as partial throughout the Study Area,
In most cases adequate streamflow records can be synthesized or
otherwise estimated as long as records are available for the majority of the
streams. Hence the adequacy of hydrologic data should not weigh heavily in the
choice of calibration periods.
Recent chemical stream quality data for the Puget Sound Study Area
is readily available from the EPA STORET data bank. Currently the data bank
has little data before the early 1960's and none before 1959 and it lacks data
in the later 1960's. The chemical data available for most major streams include,
in order of availability: dissolved oxygen, coliform, temperature, salinity,
nutrients (PO^, NOz, N03), and alkalinity. Other parameters are reported
sporadically. Biological data is unavailable for most streams discharging into
the study area.
Waste discharger data is believed to be available from all dischargers
within the Study Area. Because the bulk of the data are to be obtained from
individual industrial and municipal records or from recent water pollution
investigations, the data are likely to be more accurate in recent years than in
earlier years. Before 1940 accurate discharge records can be expected to be
unobtainable. During the 1940's and into the 1950's the data become more
available and more accurate. After the middle 1960's the State of Washington
began a discharge permit and monitoring program. Records since that time are
expected to be complete. The more recent the calibration period, the larger the
likelihood of obtaining complete discharger data.
Tidal current data (physical oceanographic data) is available primarily
for the years 1952 and 1953. During this period the National Oceanographic and
Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey (NOS), collected circulation
data throughout most of the Study Area except the North Sound. (The circulation
studies were actually conducted by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey which has
now become part of the National Ocean Survey.) The data have been compiled
into the form of generalized surface circulation patterns for each hour of the tidal
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cycle. These patterns are valid for spring and summer but less applicable during
seasons of high surface discharge. A limited amount of subsurface current data
is also available.
The majority of chemical oceanographic data have been collected on
cruises from 1932 to 1942 and 1947 to 1966. In addition, several major studies
conducted in the 1960's and 1970's have provided considerable data of limited
areal extent. The data usually collected, however, have been limited primarily
to temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and sulfite waste liquor. Very few
field investigations have considered nutrients and other water quality constituents.
An extensive data collection effort from October 1952 to September
1954 included chemical data for most of the Study Area. In additional efforts
from 1957-1958 and 1960-1961 data were collected for the western portion of South
Puget Sound and the North Sound, respectively. Together these periods provide
adequate data on water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, phosphate and
sulfite waste liquor.
Biological oceanographic data is, for the most part, unavailable except
in very recent years. Some of the more recent studies, especially since 1965,
have included the effects of pollutants on phytoplankton, zooplankton, and other
very specific types of fauna. Mostwater quality investigations have been concerned
with benthic animals and bottom sediments. The data for this are relatively good.
A good deal of biological oceanographic data will have to be generalized and
accepted as "average" values.
RECOMMENDED VALIDATION PERIOD
Reviewing Figure II-2, it is seen that data availability generally-
improves in later years. However, several notable exceptions make the physical
and chemical oceanograhic categories most complete in the early 1950's. Further,
in each subsystem there is no period for which substantial data are available in
all categories. It is therefore necessary to select a calibration period based
upon the data availability of certain primary categories and then pool information
from other categories and other years in an attempt to represent the simulation
of a typical period. The physical, chemical and biological categories are most
essential to the calibration of the ecologic models. Other data may be averaged
and otherwise pooled from other periods to provide a satisfactory data base.
For the North Sound, the calibration period should be selected to
coincide with the chemical oceanographic data collected in that subsystem from
May I960 through April 1961. Calibration will thus begin in the summer season
as shown in Figure II-1. The Lake Washington Subsystem was calibrated in
a very perfunctory fashion by Chen and Orlob [1972], Further analysis of this
subsystem, including model sensitivity analysis, will use data representing the
period from 1968 to 1970 as used in the calibration procedure.
The remainder of the Study Area data was collected during the 1953 and
1954 water years. Additional data for the western portion of South Puget Sound
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was collected during the 1958 water year. The remaining Study Area is comprised
of five contiguous subsystems: Whidbey Island, Main Puget Sound, Hood Canal,
Dyes and Sinclair Inlets, and South Puget Sound. Because these subsystems are
contiguous several advantages can be gained by selecting a single common cali-
bration period. The major advantage, of course, is to facilitate the simultaneous
calibration of all subsystems. The period selected for these five subsystems
is November 1952 through October 1953. This period, which represents the winter
and fall seasons of 1953, corresponds to the pe'riod of nearly complete physical
and oceanographic data throughout these subsystems. It also corresponds to a
water year with fairly typical hydrographic conditions.
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METEOROLOGICAL, HlB)iI)GICAL,
AND WASTE DISi§jft<£ DATA
meteorological data
Meteorological data is reported from many stations surrounding the
Puget Sound Study Area. The locations of 40 such stations are shown in Figure
III-1, which also indicates the data available from each station. These stations
encompass the region from Bellingham to Olympia and from Port Angeles to
Everett. Additional stations are in the Puget Sound drainage, but only those
stations in the immediate vicinity of the Sound are shown. Table III-1 lists the
stations and the associated period of record through 1972 for temperature,
precipitation, wind velocity and cloud cover. Figure III-1 and Table III- 1 were
compiled from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Adminstration (NOAA)
recent climatological data summaries [USDC, 1972], local NOAA representatives
[Beech, 1973], and the University of Washington [Lincoln and Collias, 1970].
Nearly all stations report daily precipitation and minimum and
maximum temperatures. Recording stations (as indicated on Figure III-X) report
hourly. Eighteen stations report hourly wind velocity; 13 of these also report
cloud cover data. However, several of these stations either operate intermittently
or have very short periods of record. The most comprehensive meteorologic
data in the area is recorded at the Seattle-Tacoma Airport (Seatac). Data available
from Seatac includes hourly temperature, precipitation, wind velocity, maximum
possible sunshine, actual sunshine, solar radiation, and cloud cover. Additional
wind velocity data is available from the Washington Marine Atlas for southern
[Jamison, 1972a] and northern [Jamison, 1972b] inland waterways. The atlas
denotes seasonal average wind magnitude and direction throughout the Study Area.
Twenty-seven of the stations listed in Table III-1 are indexed by NOAA.
Data from these stations are available from the NOAA offices in either Seattle
or Asheville, North Carolina. Stations marked U of W are supplementary stations
operated by the University of Washington, Department of Oceanography. These
stations operated for a brief period from early 1969 through January 1, 1972.
Data from the University stations may be obtained from the Department of
Oceanography in Seattle. The other stations are either airports or U.S. Coast
Guard light stations. Information from these sources is available in unpublished
form from the NOAA office in Seattle or directly from the station operator.
HYDRO LOGICAL DATA
All of the major streams discharging into the Puget Sound Study Area
have established stream gaging stations. Nearly all of these stations are located
sufficiently close to the river mouth to give a reasonably accurate indication of
discharge into the Sound. Figure III-2 shows the location of gaging stations.
The stations are keyed to Table III-2 which shows the data source, station
-14-
.WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERS, INC.
-------
ffi 8! 0 TT 0 $ SI
ffl 8) I 8 a (8 1 ft
LEGEND
O • 3 PRECIPITATION
PRECIPITATION AND TEMPERATURE
- PRECIP, TEMP, AND EVAPORATION
O NON- RECORDING GAGE
• RECORDING GAGE
® BOTH TYPES OF GAGES
Q MORE DETAILED DATA AVAILABLE
X 0 M WIND VELOCITY AND CLOUD COVER
Thousands Of Fit
100
10 20 50 40
KiJom*t*rs
LOCATION MAP
Figure 111-1
Locations of Stations Reporting Meteorological Data
in the Puget Sound Area
-15-
-------
TABLE HI-1
Stations Reporting Meteorological Data
in the Puget Sound Area
USWB Years of Record
Station
Index
No. (1)
County
Elevation
Temp.
Precip.
Evap.
Wind
Cloud
Cover
Alki Point Light Sta
King
Anacortes
0176
Skagit
30
62
89
Arlington
0257
Snohomish
100
34
Bellingham 2 N
0564
Whatcom
140
59
61
6
Bellingham FAA AP
0574
Whatcom
150 -
29
32
10+
10+
Bremerton
0872
Kitsap
162
29
74
Chimacum 4 S
1414
Jefferson
250
44
Coupeville 1 S
1783
Island
50
58
70
Cushman Dam
1934
Mason
750
42
49
Eve rett
2675
Snohomi sh
60
58
58
Grapeview 3 SW
3284
Mason
30
64
64
Kiket Island (closed 1/1/1972)
U of W
Skagit
<30
4
4
4
Kitsap Co. Airport
Kitsap
8+
2
2
McChord
5148
Pierce
292
10+
10+
Mount Vernon 3 WNW
5678
Skagit
14
17
17
Olga 2 SE
6096
San Juan
80
81
83
Olympia WSD AP
6114
Thurston
195
31
31
10+
10+
Paine Field
Snohomish
^ 30
^30
¦v30
30
Point Wilson Light Sta
Jefferson
1
1
Port Angeles
6624
Clallam
99
69
95
/
Port Angeles Air Sta
Clallam
10+
10+
10+
Point No Point (closed 1/1/1972)
U of W
Kitsap
<30
3
3
Point Robinson (closed 1/1/1972)
U of W
King
<30
3
3
Port Townsend
6678
Jefferson
100
74
95
Port Townsend 6 SSW
6693
Jefferson
160
Quilcene 2 Sw
6846
Jefferson
123
51
52
Quilcene 5 SW Dam
6851
Jefferson
1028
Sandy Point (closed 1/1/1972)
U of W
Island
<30
3
3
Seattle Jackson Park
7459
King
335
11
11
Seattle-Tacoma WSD AP
7473
King
400
28
28
10+
10+
Seattle U of W
7478
King
97
48
62
Seattle WSO CI
7488
King
14
82(?)
95(2)
Sequim
7538
Clallam
180
40
54
Shelton
7584
Mason
22
41
41
5
5
Smith Island Light Sta
Island
5
5
Strawberry Point (closed 1/1/1972)
U of W
Island
<30
3
3
Tacoma City Hall
8286
Pierce
267
82
97
Wauna 3 W
9021
Pierce
17
31
West Point Light Sta
King
1
1
Whidbey Islands N A Sta
Island
10+
10+
10+
(1) U of W indicates University of Washington operated station. Blank indicates privately operated.
(?) Closed in October.
-16-
-------
number, average flow rate and periods of record. Unless otherwise stated all
the United States Geological Survey (USGS) stations report flow rate daily
throughout the specified period of record.
Figure III-2 and Table III-2 were compiled from the USGS surface
water records fUSDI, 1971 and 1972] and from a STORET data summary [EPA,
1973]. The data from the USGS is reported in the annual USGS publication Water
Resources Data for Washington, Part I, Surface Water Records. Copies of the
report for any year may be obtained from the Water Resources Division, USGS,
Tacoma, Washington. The data in STORET is available from the STORET data
terminal in the EPA office, Seattle, Washington.
The Skagit and the Snohomish Rivers are the principal tributaries to
the Study Area. Each of these rivers carry one third the total basin discharge.
The Nooksack, Stillaguamish and Puyallup Rivers each carry an additional 8 to
10 percent of the total discharge. Sufficient data is available to estimate discharge
at the mouth of the Nooksack, Samish, Skagit, Sammamish, Cedar, Green,
Puyallup, Nisqually, Deschutes, Skokomish, Hamma Hamma and Duckabush
Rivers. This list includes all the major rivers except the Stillaguamish and the
Snohomish. Data availability for these and other rivers is discussed below.
Lengthy records of excellent data are available for several tributaries
to the Stillaguamish River. However, the only station located on the Stillaguamish
is a partial-record station at Arlington. This station reports only crest stages
which most likely can be related to flow rate using unpublished USGS stage-
discharge curves. The reliability of discharge estimates of the Stillaguamish River
at the mouth will be adequate.
Discharge from the Snohomish River can be estimated with reasonable
accuracy after February 1973 using records from the station near Monroe.
Discharge estimates are hampered because no information is available for the
Pilchuck River which is tributary to the Snohomish below Monroe. Before
February 1963, the three stations upstream from Monroe must be relied upon.
No data is available for the Tahuya, Big Quilcene and Dosewallips
Rivers. However, judging by the closely related Duckabush and Hamma Hamma
Rivers, the discharge from the Big Quilcene and Dosewallips will be small and
easily estimated with little error. The small Tahuya River discharges must also
be estimated; but with less apparent accuracy than the other two rivers.
Many insignificant rivers and creeks not shown in Figure III-2 discharge
into the Study Area and also into the reported rivers below gaging stations. For
the most part these streams which might carry as much as 200 cfs are ungaged.
Individually their effect is minor (amounting to less than 0.5 percent of the total
basin discharge) compared to the larger rivers. However, the total volume of
water discharged to the Study Area by these streams may be significant. Estimates
of this discharge can be made from precipitation data described earlier.
River water quality data is available from many of the same stations
where stream discharge measurements were taken. Figure III-3 shows the
-17-
vVAlcR RESOURCES ENGINEERS,
-------
FERNDALE
DEMING1
>BELLINGHAM
IMT. VERNON
'ARLINGTON
ARLINGTON
:VERETT
MONROE•
Duckabu;
RENTON
TUKWILA
.AUBURN
\ POTLATCH
Auburn •
tacoma"'-^^
PUYALLUP
Otympia
LEGEND
STATIONS REPORTING DAILY FLOWS
, RAINIER
STATIONS REPORTING PEAK FLOWS
LOCATION MAP
Figure 111-2
Locations of Stations Reporting Surface Water Discharge
Into the Puget Sound Area
-18-
-------
TABLE HI-2
Surface Water Gaging Stations Surrounding
The Puget Sound Study Area
Subsystem USGS DOE Ave. Flow Records
River/Station No. No. cfs First Last Source1 Remarks
NORTH SOUND
Nooksack River
At Ferndale
At Deming
Samish River
Nr Burlington
12213100
12210500
WHIDBEY ISLAND SUBSYSTEM
Skagit River
Nr Mt. Vernon
Stiliaguamish River Basin
Pilchuck Cr. Nr Bryant
N. Fork Nr Arlington
At Arlington
S. Fork Nr Granite Falls
Snohomish River Basin
Nr Monroe
Sammamish River
Nr WoodinvLlle
Green River
At Tukwila
Nr Auburn
Puyallup River
At Puyallup
01C120
12201500
12200500 541035
12168500
12167000
12167400
12161000
12150800
Snoqualmie R. Nr Carnation 12149000
Skykomtsh R. At Golden 12134500
Wallace R. At Gold Bar 12135000
LAKE WASHINGTON SUBSYSTEM
12125200
Cedar River
AtRenton 12119000
MAIN PUGET SOUND SUBSYSTEM
05A110
541041
07D070
541046
12113350
12113000
12101500
541052
10A050
4251
3384
243
10/66 cur
7/35 cur
7/43 9/71*
G
G
16820
10/40
cur
G
281
8/29
cur
G
1880
7/28
cur
G
59
cur
GP
1079
7/28
cur
G
10430
2/63
cur
G
3823
10/28
cur
G
3983
9/28
cur
G
7/46
cur
G
344
1/64
cur
G
711'
8/45
cur
G
1159
10/60
cur
G
1365
8/36
cur
G
3390
5/14
cur
G
Records excellent or good
10/57-9 / 64 discharges above 3500 cfs only
Records excellent
Records gap prior to 9/52.
Records excellent or good
Stages only
Records excellent
Records excellent
Records excellent 1951-1963 annual high
stage on file (some in WSP 1932)
Records excellent
Records excellent
Records good
Records excellent
G Records good
-------
TABLE in-2
(Continued)
Subsystem
River/Station
USGS
No.
DOE
No.
Ave. Flow
cfs
Records
First Last
Source
Remarks
SOUTH PUGET SOUND SUBSYSTEM
Nisqually River
Nr McKenna
Muck Cr. At Roy
12088400
12090200
1834
68
8/41
5/56
cur
9/72
G
G
No records 8/63-2/69. Records excellent
Kennedy Creek
Nr Kamilche
12078400
61
2/60
9/71
G
Records excellent
Deschutes River
Nr Rainier
12079000
13A150
269
6/49
cur
G
Records good
HOOD CANAL, SUBSYSTEM
Skokomish River
Nr Potlatch
12061500
16070
1406
7/43
cur
G
Records excellent
Hamma Hamma River
Nr Eldon
12054500
364
6/41
6/71 2
G
Records excellent
Duckabush River
Nr Brinnon
12054000
420
6/38
cur
G
Records good and fair
Dosewallips River
No stations
Big Quilcene River
Nr Quilcene
12052500
200
G
8/26-9/27, 6-9/51, 8/71-7/72 only
'g = USGS
P = USGS partial-record station. A stage-discharge relation for each gage is developed from
discharge measurements made by indirect measurements of peak flow or by current meter.
The date of the maximum discharge is not always certain tiut is usually determined by
comparison with nearby continuous-record stations, weather records, or local inquiry. Only
the maximum discharge for each water year is given. Information on some lower floods may
have been obtained, and discharge measurements may have been made for purposes of
establishing the stage-discharge relation, but these are not published herein. The years given
in the period of record represent water years for which the annual maximum has been
determined.
2Currently operates as a partial-record, see note 1 above.
-------
locations of selected water quality sampling stations. These stations are tabu-
lated in Table III-3, listing the major rivers for which stream quality data is
available, and the dates during which certain selected parameters were measured.
Those chosen; namely, PC\, NOz, N03, dissolved oxygen, coliform, temperature,
alkalinity, and salinity are the parameters sampled most frequently. Other
constituents are measured on a less frequent and sporadic basis. The table shows
a fairly consistent sampling of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and
coliform and somewhat less consistent sampling for nutrients and alkalinity.
Data for stream quality is obtained primarily from the EPA STORET
data bank which contains data from many sources including the USGS, EPA,
Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle (METRO) and Washington State Department
of Ecology. Tabl^ III-3 was compiled from a STORET [USEPA, 1973] data dump
in 1973. At the time the data dump was taken, data was available from STORET
back to approximately 1959 excluding parts of 1966 and 1967 data from the USGS.
Because EPA is currently updating and extending the data bank to include more
periods of record, more data will be available in coming months. It can be expected
that the 1966-1967 gap in USGS data will be filled by that time.
In addition to the STORET data, several river water quality investi-
gations have been conducted. Most of these, done for the Washington Pollution
Control Commission, are old and consider essentially the same basic parameters
abundant in the STORET files. One study of note was conducted by Welch [1969]
on the Duwamish River. He investigated phytoplankton blooms and dissolved
oxygen from 1964 to 1966 at five sampling points. Except for the study mentioned
above, no comprehensive stream biological data is known to be available.
WASTE DISCHARGE DATA
Over 150 agencies and industries discharge wastewater into the Puget
Sound Study Area. Summary information concerning these dischargers have been
compiled and reported in the Washington Marine Atlas for southern [Jamison,
1972a] and northern [Jamison, 1972bJ inland waterways. The information presented
in this section comes from these volumes.
Table III-4 lists the municipal wastewater dischargers. This group
comprises about half the total number of dischargers in the study area. The
table shows that the level of treatment provided by each agency varies from no
treatment to secondary treatment. The average flow rates vary from a negligible
0. 03 mgd to 18. 0 mgd.
Table III-5 lists the industrial dischargers in the Puget Sound area.
The table includes the discharger name, the annual average discharge rate and
a short description of either the type of industry or the quality of wastewater
discharged. Generally, the larger discharges involve cooling water. Ordinarily
the only quality change for such cases is a rise in temperature. Some of the
industries listed in Table III-5, such as food processing companies, discharge
very little wastewater and affect the 21 water quality parameters only slightly.
-21-
vVATER resources ENGINEERS, INC
-------
i R 8 T I 8 03
a e l a as a i a
¦LUNGHAM
)MT. VERNON
> CONWAY
SILVAN A
SNOHOMH
MOUTH
:kabushi
BR/NNON
Bremertc
ELDON
Auburn •'
POTLATCH
TACOMA^to^
PUYALLUP
)NtSOUALLY
OLYMPIA
Jlympia
LOCATION MAP
Figure 111-3
Location of Stations Reporting Surface Water Quality
in the Puget Sound Area
-22-
-------
TABLE HI-3
Surface Water Quality Stations in the Puget Sound Study Area
Subsystem
River/Station
POif N03 NO2 DO Colif. Temp. pH Alka. Salinity
NORTH SOUND SUBSYSTEM
Nooksack River
At Ferndale
1961-65
X
X
X
X
X
X
1965-66
X
X
1970
X
X
1971
X
X
X
X
X
Samish River
Nr Burlington
1959-66
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1967-69
X
X
X
X
X
1970
X
X
X
X
X
1971
X
X
X
X
X
X
WHIDBEY ISLAND SUBSYSTEM
Skagit River
Nr Mt. Vernon
1959-66
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
At Conway
1970-71
X
X
X
X
X
X
Stillaguamish River
At Stanwood
1970-71
X
X
X
X
X
Nr Silvana
1959-66
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1966-67
X
X
X
X
X
1968
X
X
X
X
X
X
1970-71
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Snohomish River Basin
At Snohomish
1961-66
X
X
X
X
X
X
1967-69
X
X
X
X
1970-71
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-23-
-------
TABLE III-3
(Continued)
Subsystem
River/Station
POi, N03 NO2 DO Colif. Temp. pH Alka. Salinity
Pilchuck River
At Snohomish
1970-71 X X
LAKE WASHINGTON SUBSYSTEM
Issaquah Cr (Sammamish R, )
Nr Mouth
X
X
X
1964-65
X
X
X
X
X
X
1966-68
X
X
X
X
X
X
1969-70
X
X
X
X
1970-71
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Cedar River
At Renton
1959-66
X X
X
X
X
X
X
1970-72
X
X
X
X
X
X
1973
X
X
X
MAIN PUGET SOUND SUBSYSTEM
Green River
At Tukwila
1962-63
X
X
X
1964-68
X
X
X
X
X
X
1969-70
X
X
X
Nr Kent
1970-71
X
X
X
X
X
X
Puyallup River
At Puyallup
1960-67
X X
X
X
X
X
X
1970
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1971
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1972
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SOUTH PUGET SOUND SUBSYSTEM
Nisqually River
At Nisqually
1972-73
X
X
X
X
-24-
-------
TABLE III-3
(Continued)
Subsystem
River/Station
PO,,
no3
no2
DO
Colif.
Temp.
pH
Alka.
Salinity
At McKenna
1959-65
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1967-70
X
X
X
X
X
X
Deschutes River
At Henderson Blvd.
1971-72
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Nr Olympia
1962-65
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1966-70
X
X
X
X
X
X
1971-72
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
hood CANAL SUBSYSTEM
Skohomish River
Nr Potlatch
1960-61
X
X
X
X
X
X
1962-65
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1966-70
X
X
X
X
1971-73
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Hamma Hamma River
Nr Eldon
1961-65
X
X
X
X
X
1966
X
X
X
X
1967-68
X
X
X
X
1971
X
X
1972-73
X
X
X
X
Duckabush River
Nr Brinnon
1960-62
X
X
X
X
X
X
1963-65
X
X
X
X
X
1966
X
X
X
X
X
1971
X
X
X
X
X
X
1972
X
X
X
X
Dosewallips River
At B rinnon
1959-66
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1967-69
imi 75
V
V
"V
V
X
V
X
X
V
X
V
-25-
_WAIfK RESOURCES ENGINEERS, |NC
-------
TABLE III-4
Municipal Wastewater Dischargers in the Puget Sound Area
No.
Agency
Type of
Treatment
Average Flow
in mgd
No.
Agency
Type of
Treatment
Average Flow
in mgd
1 LaConner S
2 Skagit Co. S.D. #1 Spt
3 Anacortes P
4 Skyline P
5 Lynwood Center
12 Bellingham (present) P
13 Post Pt. (Projected) P
14 Ault Field S
15 Crescent Harbor - Capehart
Housing - Seaplane Base S
16 Oak Harbor P
17 Penn Cove Sewer District P
18 Coupeville P
19 Langley P
20 Stanwood S
21 Marysville S
22 Everett S
23 Muhilteo P
24 Olympus Terrace S
25 Alderwood Water District S
26 Lynwood P
27 Edmonds P
28 Richmond Beach P
29 Des Moines P
30 Redondo P
32 Miller Creek P
33 Salmon Cre^k P
34 Vashon Sewer District S
35 West Point (Metro) P
36 Carkeek Park (Metro) P
37 AlkL Point (Metro) P
38 Annapolis Sewer District
39 Bangor USN S
40 Bremerton (Charleston) P
41 Bremerton (Manette) P
42 Keyport S
43 Keyport - Navy S
44 Silverdale P
45 Port Gamble (Pope fc Talbot) S
46 Port Orchard P
47 Poulsbo P
48 WLnslow P
49 Manchester P
50 Brownsville S
51 Beans Point Sewer District #7 S
52 Kingston P
53 Suquamish P
1.5
3. 0 peak
.025
1. 3
0. 5
4. 5 Municipal
3. 1 Industrial
Included in
municipal
10. 0 Municipal
6.0 Industrial
. 55
. 55
. 2 Design
.32 Average
0. 1
. 15
. 15
1.5 peak
.9
18,0
. 25
. 5
1. 5
4.0
8. 3
2. 5
1.5
.86
2.0
1.6
.017
. 35
3. 1
7.5
. 37
.08
5.0
2.9
.055
. 13
.23
. 04 peak
. 5
. 25
.03
0. 3
0. 6
0.2
0.2
0.4
59 Port Townsend
60 Port Ludlow
61 Fort Flagler State Park
63 Shelton P
64 Shelton Imhoff Imhoff
Tank
65 Twanoh Spt
66 Alderbrook Inn Spt
67 Marstene Development P
68 Rustlewood Development STP
69 Olympia P
70 Reserve Fleet Spt
71 Point Definance City Park Raw
72 Tacoma City - Northside P
73 Tacoma City - South side P
74 Tacoma City - Central P
76 Navy Imhoff Tank Spt
77 Steillacoom P
78 Westside Water District Lagoon
79 Fort Lewis P
80 Ketron Island STP
81 Taylor Bay Estates S
82 McNeil Island STP
83 Day Island
84 Salmon Beach Development Raw
88 Dash Point State Park Spt
99 Lake Stevens S. D. S
100 Bay View State Park S
101 Messenger House
102 Shelter Bay Recreational
Development S
103 Seashore Villa S
104 Beverly Beach S
105 Olympia Golf and Country Club Spt
• 106 Carlyon Beach Spt
110 Indian Island S
112 Fairhaven Raw
P - Primary
S - Secondary
Spt - Septic Tank
STP - Sewage Treatment Plant
mgd - Million Gallons/Day
1.7 Average
1,0 Minimum
4. 5 Maximum
.03 Domestic
. 7 mgd Storm
.045
6. 5 mgd dry
4.57
. 85
24.0
. 167
. 239
. 239
1.47
.035
.008
.06
-26-
-------
No.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
TABLE III-5
Industrial Waste Dischargers in the Puget Sound Area
Average Flow
Industry Type of Discharge in mgd
Pope & Talbot Lumber Mill Cooling Water . 12
Guilford Packing Company Intermittent discharge Int.
Scott Paper Company 6. 46
Farwest Fisheries Division of
Whitney Fidalgo . 6 max.
Fisherman's Packing Corporation Seasonal .06 max.
Moore Clark Company Intermittent, seasonal . 5
Texaco Refinery pH -7.1, 4.3 mgl oils 3. 0
Shell Refinery pH - 6. 8, 4. 6 mgl oils 2. 1
Allied Chemical • 032 max*
Standard Oil Cooling water . 33
Chevron Asphalt Company Cooltng water . 72
0-25 ppm oils, 0-1 ppm phenol .02
Scott Paper Company - Everett Main sewer 24. 5
Sulfite Pulp and Paper Mill Paper composite 6.4
Weyerhaeuser Company Sulphite Pulp, Mill Bleach 6» 9
Mill Creek . 3
Main sewer 7. 9
Deep diffuser 11.9
Simpson Lee Paper Company -
Kraft Pulp & Paper Mill 9. 1
Weyerhaeuser Company Mill B "S
> Lumber Mills 1.6
Weyerhaeuser Company Mill C J
Weyerhaeuser Company - Kraft Mill Sweet Sewer 3. 2
Lagoon Effluent 23. 8
Weyerhaeuser Company - Kraft Mill,
Sulfite Mille 26. S
Georgia-Pacific Corporation • *\
Pulp & Board Mill I Untreated 18.0
) Treated 24.0
Georgia-Pacific Corporation - J
Paper Mill
Lynden Umatilla Foods 1. 09
Bellingham Cold Storage • 75
Bumble-Bee Seafoods ~ 33
Puget Sound By-Products -
Rendering Plant Aerated Lagoon 0.3
ITT Rayonier 35. 7
Dahl Fish Company >15
Pen Ply .1
Crown Zellerbach 9.7
Crown Zellerbach Domestic .015
Industrial 19.0
ITT Rayonier Solids removal and pH control 1. 16
Simpson Insulating Board Plant Primary clariflers 3.26
American Smelting and Refinery pH and heavy metals 10.34
St. Regis Bark 28,75
Pulp It paper main sewer 1. 33
Sound Oil Refining .08
Penn Walt Chemical Company 9. 5
Hooker Chemical No. 1 Plant pH, CI residual and 4.3
No. 2 Plant / temperature controlled 22.4
Tacoma Boat x006
Boise Cascade fc West Tacoma
Newsprint Division S, CI 8.0
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TABLE III-5
(Continued)
Average Flow
No. Industry Type of Discharge in mgd
54 San Juan Island Cannery Seasonal (.09 Cooling Water) .92
55 New England Fishing Company Seasonal .26
56 Moore-Clark Company (. 03 Cooling Water) .036
57 Glacier Sand & Gravel Mostly wastewater 3.6
58 Tacoma Narrows Lumber Cooling water .001
59 United Grain Intermittent flow .05 max.
with screening
60 Fore Terminal Washup water from animal minor
tallow storage
61 Buffelin Woodworking Cooling water . 22 max.
62 Cascade Pole Phenal, pH, and total .011
oils control
63 Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul Railroad Oil removal e ipment .012
64 Dickman Lumber Cooling water .04
65 Hygrade Meats Mostly Cooling .001
66 Consumer Central Heating Cooling water only .012
67 Kaiser Aluminum pH and F1 problem
68 Menasha Container Corporation Cooling water .05
69 North Pacific Plywood Circulating system .25
70 Puget Sound Plywood Pond saw - Septic . 174
Tank CI effluent
71 Re ichhold Chemical Company pH-Phenol problems, 1.7
heavy metals
72 Stautfer Chemical Company Low pH-super phosphate .2
73 U.S. Gypsum Oils and temperature .032
controlled
74 U.S. Oil & Refinery .241
75 Woodworth Company Scrubber operation . 125
76 Olympia Oyster With screening .013
77 Cascade Poles Enclosed system seepage
78 Delson Sawdust and bark .025
79 Hardel Mutual Plywood Company Glue residue-recycling
80 Werburger Winery int.
81 Werburger Winery int.
82 Simpson Timber Company -
Olympic Plywood Plant Cooling water . 1
83 Simpson Sawmill No. 3 Cooling water .09
Simpson Sawmill No. 4 Cooling water .196
Simpson Power Plant Cooling water 18.0
84 Simpson Veneer Plant Cooling water .795
85 Bornstein Seafoods >47
86 North Pacific Ocean Products >28
87 Vita Food Products -02
88 Sea Pac. >10
mgd - Million Gallons/Day
max - Maximum
ave - Average
CI - Chlorine
mgl - Milligrams/liter
ppm - Parts per million
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The municipal and industrial dischargers listed in the previous two
tables are located on the six subsystem maps shown in Figures III-4 through III-9.
The maps are North Sound, Figure III-4; Whidbey Island, Figure III-5; Main Puget
Sound, Figure III-6; Hood Canal, Figure III - 7; Dyes and Sinclair Inlets, Figure
III-8; and South Puget Sound, Figure III-9.
More detailed wastewater discharge data is available from the State
of Washington, Department of Ecology (DOE) in Redmond. Information on discharge
rates and effluent quality is available for dischargers included in the DOE discharge
permit and monitoring program which began in the mid 1960's. Information prior
to that period may be obtainable directly from the dischargers.
An index of all waste dischargers presently discharging into the Study
Area and the quality of their wastewater can be found in the waste inventory of
EPA s Surveillance and Analysis Division [USEPA, 1973]. In addition, a limited
amount of waste discharge data are available indirectly from the special water
pollution investigations conducted for certain bays and estuaries. Most of these
sources of data have been published by the Washington Pollution Control
Commission and are discussed and referenced in Chapter IV.
It is anticipated that the accuracy and availability of such data will
decrease with their age. Most municipal wastewater agencies maintain extensive
records of their effluent quality and flow rate. Industrial dischargers are likely
to have estimates of their discharge and possibly of effluent quality.
Detailed discharge data will be amassed from the DOE, EPA and the
dischargers for the model calibration and validation periods. The sufficiency
or lack of discharge data in any period will not be the controlling factor in the
determination of model calibration and validation periods.
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Figure 111-4
Municipal and Industrial Waste Dischargers
in the North Sound
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0 R T H
Thousands Of Ftat
LEGEND
#36 Municipal Waste Dischargers
A 51 Industrial Waste Dischargers
Numbers refer to dischargers listed in tables
HI-4(Municipal) and HI-5(Industrial)
Figure 111-5
Municipal and Industrial Waste Dischargers in Whidbey Island
Subsystem
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Thousands Of F$»t
0 IO 20 30 40
I'I I I 'I I l 'I l'
G 8 10 12 14
KHomaters
Numbers refer to dischargers listed in tables
m-4(Municipal) and HI-5(Industrial)
Figure 111-6
Municipal and Industrial Waste Dischargers
in Main Puget Sound
COMMENCEMENT
BAY
TACOM/i
41,66,69,70-^ ^5
~76
^43,59,60,67,68
-44.62.63,71.72
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Figure 111-7
Municipal and Industrial Waste Dischargers in Hood Canal
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m-4 (Municipal) and DI-5 (Industrial)
Figure 111-8
Municipal and Industrial Waste Dischargers
in Dyes and Sinclair Inlets
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Figure 111-9
Municipal and Industrial Waste Dischargers in South Puget Sound
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¥¥¦
OCEANOGFmPlw DATA
GEOMETRIC AND TIDE DATA
Geometric data to support the Puget Sound Study includes the boundary
and bottom configurations of the sounds, bays, estuaries, and rivers. The
geometries of the Green-Duwamish River are described by the Corps of Engineers
in 97 cross sections from Elliot Bay to river mile 35. River mile 35 is 3 miles
past the terminous of the Study Area at Auburn. The Green-Duwamish cross-
sections [U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1961] are available from the U.S.
Army Corps, District Office, Seattle, Washington.
Geometric data for the sounds andestuaries are contained on the National
Ocean Survey (formerly U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey) charts for the Puget
Sound area, available from the National Ocean Survey Office, NOAA, Seattle,
Washington. These navigation charts show the low tide and high tide lines and
the water depths throughout the Study Area. Table IV-1 (USDC, 1973) shows
the chart names, number and scales pertinent to the Study Area.
TABLE IV-1
Navigation Charts for the Puget Sound Area
Number Chart Description Scale
General Charts
6300 Strait of Georgia and Strait of 1:200,000
Juan de Fuca
6401 Admiralty Inlet and Puget Sound 1:150, 000
Medium Scale Charts
6380 Strait of Juan de Fuca to Strait 1:80, 000
of Georgia
6450 Admiralty Inlet and Puget Sound 1:80, 000
to Seattle
6460 Puget Sound-Seattle to Olympia 1:80,000
Detailed Charts
6378 Bellingham Bay 1:40,000
Bellingham Harbor 1:20,000
690-SC Lake Washington Ship Canal 1:10,000
Lake Washington 1:25,000
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Variations in the tide are recorded at tide gauges. Three primary,
or continuously recording, tide gauges in the area are operated by the National
Ocean Survey and are located at Seattle, Friday Harbor and Neah Bay. Of these
only the Seattle gauge is within the Study Area. Neah Bay is west of the Strait
of Juan de Fuca. Friday Harbor is in the San Juan Islands. Eleven supplementary
stations were established and operated by the University of Washington Department
of Oceanography. All tide gauges are located on Figure IV-1 and tabulated on
Table IV-2. As shown in the figure, the stations are uniformly distributed
throughout the Study Area.
TABLE IV-2
Water-Level Measurement Stations
Near and in the Puget Sound Study Area
Location
Primary Stations (1)
Seattle
Friday Harbor, San Juan Island
Neah Bay, Strait of Juan de Fuca
Supplementary Stations (2)
Location
Date Installed
Date Discontinued
Cornet Bay
Reservation Bay
Fort Townsend
Charles Island
Seabeck
Tacoma
Haines Boathouse
Tula lip
Forbes Point
La Conner
B.N. railroad bridge
30 December 1968
30 December 1968
20 March 1968
13 April 1968
21 June 1967
30 December 1969
25 September 1969
18 December 1969
26 September 1969
25 March 1970
2 July 1970
1 April 1972
early 1972
early 1972
early 1972
early 1972
early 1972
early 1972
early 1972
early 1972
early 1972
early 1972
(1) Station operated by NOAA, National Ocean Survey
(2) Stations installed by Department of Oceanography, University of Washington.
Tide gauge data is referenced to a common datum by tidal bench marks.
In the Puget Sound Study Area there are at least 45 tidal bench marks referencing
mean sea level [USDS, 1954] to the 1929 datum. These are fairly uniformly
distributed throughout the Study Area.
Tidal bench mark data as well as primary tidal variation data are
available from the Director, NOAA, National Ocean Survey, Washington, D. C.
Supplementary water level measurement data is available from the University
of Washington Department of Oceanography in Seattle.
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© 08 8 TF fl 8 S • ® L n E3 B I A
.LINGHAM
Fridoy
Horbor
(Lo Conner
EVERETT
.Bremertonj
Auborn •'
TACOMA
Olympia
LEGEND
LOCATION MAP
Figure IV-1
Locations of Tide Gauge Stations
Near and in the Puget Sound Study Area
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CURRENT MEASUREMENTS AND WATER QUALITY-BIOLOGICAL DATA
Since the Puget Sound waterways are large, complex and constantly-
changing under the influence of tides, wind, air temperature, and a host of other
factors, it would be a monumental task for one or even several agencies to conduct
a complete oceanographic data collection program for these waterways. Such
a program has not and probably will not be undertaken in the foreseeable future.
For the most part, the approach has been to conduct short duration studies
concentrating on small areas of exceptional interest.
An attempt has been made to assemble, by subsystem, in this section
of the Data Report all such investigations relevant to the Puget Sound Study Area.
The primary purpose being to determine if sufficient information was available
to define the physical, chemical, and biologic properties of the Study Area waters
for a one year period. In the remainder of this report, the circulation studies
and water quality-biologic studies conducted to date are described. Some of these
are very general and refer to several subsystems of the Puget Sound Study Area.
Others are specific and intensive studies of smaller regions. Areas of very intensive
investigation include Bellingham, Anacortes, Kiket Island, and the Everett area.
General investigations are discussed below followed by the studies of smaller
areal scope listed by subsystem.
Water quality data and some biologic data have been collected by five
principal agencies. These are the University of Washington Department of
Oceanography in Seattle, the Washington State Department of Fisheries Shellfish
Laboratory, the Pacific Oceanographic Group at Namaino, B.C., the U.S. Public
Health Service Pollution Control Commission, and the State of Washington
Department of Ecology (formerly the Washington Pollution Control Commission)
in Redmond. Most water quality-biologic data referenced in this section can be
obtained through one of these agencies or from the University of Washington
Library. In addition, nearly all oceanographic data collected in the Puget Sound
region is available from the University. This is especially true of data collected
between 1932 and 1966 by the first three agencies listed above. Data in this
period has been collected and indexed by the University of Washington [Collias,
1970]. The majority of oceanographic current data has been collected by the
National Ocean Survey (formerly the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey), Rockville,
Maryland.
Data collected and catalogued by these agencies and the University of
Washington Department of Oceanography can be obtained directly from them.
General Puget Sound Data
Chemical Oceanographic Data
By far the most comprehensive reference to the water quality-biologic
data of Puget Sound and vicinity can be found in The Index to Physical and Chemical
Oceanographic Data of Puget Sound and Its Approaches. 1932- l^&jp] by Collias
[ 1970J. The index is a comprehensive catalog of nine important water quality
parameters measured in all six estuarial subsystems during the period 1932 to
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1966. The 35 years of observation covered encompass most of the periods of
intensive data collection in the Puget Sound area. Little data was collected prior
to 1932, and between 1942 and 1947. Data collection has been more frequent
since 1947.
The index lists the location, depth, date, time, and the parameters
measured at each station in the Study Area. The number of stations indexed
in each subsystem are listed in Table IV-3. Unless otherwise stated, the stations
are evenly distributed throughout the subsystem and the temporal coverage is
adequate. The nine parameters catalogued by Collias are temperature, salinity,
DO, dissolved organic phosphate, SWL, NOz, NOa, silicate and alkalinity. These
parameters comprise nearly all the chemical data required for the calibration
studies.
TABLE IV-3
Water Quality Sampling Stations Catalogued by Collias [1970]
Number of
Areal
Subsystem
Stations
Coverage
Comments
North Sound
43
Good
Whidbey Island
24
Fair
Good in Holmes Harbor
Main Puget Sound
34
Fair
Good near Bainbridge
Hood Canal
39
Fair
Good in Dabob Bay
Dyes and Sinclair Inlets
4
Fair
Poor temporal coverage
South Puget Sound
67
Good
According to Collias and Sullivan [1973], three comprehensive data
collection programs encompassing most of the Puget Sound Study Area have been
conducted during the 1932-1966 period covered by the index. The most extensive
program included South and Main Puget Sound, Hood Canal, and Whidbey Island
Subsystems. Data was collected at regular intervals for two years from October
1952 through September 1954. A similar data collection program for the western
portion of South Puget Sound was conducted from August 1957 to October 1958.
North Sound data was collected most intensively from April I960 to May 1961.
Collectively, these three periods of comprehensive data collection provide chemical
oceanographic data throughout all estuarial subsystems except Dyes and Sinclair
Inlets. However, the data available [Collias and Sullivan, 1973] during these
sampling periods is limited to temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and
phosphates. The sampling locations for the three data collection programs are
shown in Figure IV-2.
Studies not covered in the data index are referenced in that report
and more extensively in the Bibliography of Lite ratu re - Puget Sound Marine
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ffl K I T 8 8 SI ® S 1 ffl SS 8 8 &
Figure IV-2
Locations of Sampling Stations
for Three Major Oceanographic Water Quality Studies
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Environment [Collias and Duxburg, 19V1 ]• This reference lists nearly every
published study as well as many unpublished sources within the Study Area. In
additon, Collias, McGary, and Barnes [1974] have compiled much of the available
data into the Atlas of Physical and Chemical Properties of Puget Sound and Its
Approaches expected to be published by July of 1974.
In a report utilizing much of the data indexed by Collias,
Friebertshauser, et al. [1971] compiled and analyzed the seasonal variations
of several types of data. In this five volume work, average variations of
temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, chlorophyll a, Secchi disk
readings, bottom conditions, wind patterns, flushing rate, and tidal currents are
presented. Typically the data were compiledat 65 stations located in every estuarial
subsystem except the North Sound and Dyes and Sinclair Inlets. Figure IV-3 and
Table IV-4 show the location of the typical "stations used for most parameters.
As can be seen by comparing Figures IV-2 and IV-3, Friebertshauser, et al.
utilized the data collected during the October 1952-September 1954 and August
1957-October 1958 sampling periods.
Several types of analyses were made on the data. The areal distribution
of time-constant data is shown on contour plots. Monthly plots are used for time
varying parameters. Also, for these parameters, the monthly average and expected
range is shown at each station at 0, 10, and 20 meter depths. Other plots show
annual fluctuations at each station and depth. Because the data do not apply to
any one year but rather represent an average of many years, they must be used
mainly to fill in for missing data in the calibration period.
Surface water temperatures and densities along the Pacific Coast have
been monitored by NOAA, National Ocean Survey [USDC, 1970]. The seven
monitoring stations located in the Study Area are tabulated in Table IV-5. This ,
table lists station locations and periods of record. Temperatures and densities
are presented monthly throughout the period of record. Prior to 1965 records1
are combined into five year groups.
TABLE IV-5
NOAA Temperature Measurement Stations
Subsystem
Location
Period of Record
North Sound
Anacortes
1922-24, 1934-35
Whidbey Island
Everett
1934-35
Main Puget
Port Townsend
1935-36
Seattle
1922-69
Tacoma
1934-35
Dyes and Sinclair Inlets
Bremerton
1934-35
South Puget Sound
Olympia
1923-24, 1934-35
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TABLE IY-4
Data Collection Stations Summarized by
Friebertshauser, et al. [1971]
SAMPLING LOCATIONS SAMPLING LOCATIONS
1
Head of Eld Inlet
34
West Point
2
Flapjack Point
25
Point Jefferson
3
Cooper Point, S.W. of
36
Point No Point
4
Burns Point
37
Possession Point
5
New Kamilche
38
Point Gardner
6
Windy Point, N.E. of
39
Camano Head, E. of
7
Henderson Inlet, Middle of
40
Port Susan, Middle of
8
Cannery Point
41
Port Susan, Head of
9
Church Point, W. of
42
Camano Head, W, of
10
Shelton
43
East.Point
11
Chapman Cove, N.W. of
44
Holmes Harbor
12
Bud Inlet Buoy No. 12
45
Holmes Harbor, Middle of
13
Gull Harbor
46
Demock Point
14
Hunter Point
47
Strawberry Point, N. of
15
Arcadia
48
Goat Island
16
Graham Point
49
Dewey
17
Dougall Point
50
Deception Island (Juan de Fuca)
18
Johnson Point
51
Bush Point
19
Herron Island
52
Port Townsend
20
Rocky Point
53
Tala Point
21
Allyn
54
South Point
22
Devils Head
55
Hazel Point
23
Nisqually Reach
56
Dabob Bay, Head of
24
Gordon Point
57
Bolton Peninsula, E. of
25
Days Island
58
Tabook Point
26
Still Harbor II
59
Pleasant Harbor
27
Green Point
60
Tekiu Point
28
Wauna
61
Eagle Creek
29
Brown Point
62
Musqueti Point
30
Spring Beach
63
Tahuya River
31
Point Vashon
64
Lynch Cove, Middle of
32
Point Pully
65
Lynch Cove, Head of
33
Alki Point
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B I 8 7 1! 8 83 © @ i S2 8 8 ft
S Ibellingham
/A
Port —
Towosendj
Auborn •'
TACOMA
\ Olympia
LOCATION MAP
Figure IV-3
Locations of Data Collection Stations
Summarized by Friebertshauser, et al. (1971)
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Biological Data
Most biological data studies in the Puget Sound region have been
conducted over small areas within the subsystem. A few studies apply generally
to the entire Study Area. The Washington Department of Fisheries has collected
data since the 1930's on landings of commercially important organisms. The
files are divided into salmon, bottom feeders, and shellfish. The salmon data
are available from Olympia, the bottom feeder data from College of Fisheries,
Seattle, and the shellfish data from the Point Brinnon lab at Hood Canal.
DeLacy, Miller and Borton [1972] categorized the fishes of nine regions
of the Puget Sound Study Area according to their enumeration in unpublished reports
of the University of Washington. Their literature survey recorded 211 species
and rated their occurrence as abundant, average, or rare. Scagel [1957, 1966]
has published a series of papers on identification of the various algal forms found
in the Sound and its approaches.
Water Circulation Data
The primary agency investigating the currents of Puget Sound has
been the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean
Survey (NOS) (formerly this activity was the responsibility of the USC&GS). Since
1908 this agency has measured currents at nearly 200 stations within the Study
Area. Usually an investigation atone station includes the measurements of surface
currents at half-hour intervals for 100 hours. Later measurements have included
currents at three depths: 1/6, 1/2, and 5/6 of the full depth. More measurements
are taken in spring and summer when weather conditions are suitable. Few
measurements represent water circulation during the periods of highest stream
discharge.
During 1952 and 1953 NOS conducted an intensive data collection
program which included all the major subsystems except the North Sound. Although
most stations include surface measurements only, many stations have
measurements at three depths. From this program, data from 50 stations was
prepared in punched card form [Collias and Sullivan, 1973] and is available from
either the University of Washington or NOS, Rockville, Maryland. Figure IV-4
through IV-6 show the locations and duration of measurement for the 50 stations
for which digitized card data is available [Muirhead, 1974], Figure IV-4 shows
the stations in Main Puget Sound, Dyes and Sinclair Inlets, and Hood Canal, Figure
IV-5 in South Puget Sound, and Figure IV-6 in the Whidbey Island Subsystem.
In 1964, NOS collected data north of Admiralty Inlet which included
five stations located in the North Sound Subsystem. However this program was
terminated after the 1964 earthquake in Alaska necessitated the use of the
equipment elsewhere. Consequently, the data has not been put into final form.
In the latter part of 1973, NOS initiated a five year program to collect an extensive
amount of tidal current data throughout the Study Area, Admiralty Inlet and the
San Juan Islands. The study will not be complete until the late 1970's.
In addition to the data described above, NOS has prepared a general
summary of surface currents measured in the 1952-1953 program. This general
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Thousands Of Feet
0 10 20 30 40
I'll'
Figure IV-4
NOAA Current Measurement Stations
in Main Puget Sound
TACOMA
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Figure IV-5
NOAA Current Measurement Stations
in South Puget Sound
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Figure IV-6
NOAA Current Measurement Stations in Whidbey Island
Subsystem
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approximation of the currents in the Study Area south of 48° 11' North Latitude
is available in the navigation charts for northern and southern Puget Sound [USDC,
1961a, 1961b]. The charts give hourly surface currents for that portion of Whidbey
Island Subsystem south of Camano, and for Main Puget Sound, Hood Canal, Dyes
and Sinclair Inlets, and South Puget Sound Subsystems. Because the charts are
generalized for navigation, they do not take into account wind effects, high stream
discharge, or deep water currents.
North Sound
During the summer of 1957 Wagner, et al. [1957] collected water
samples at 52 stations throughout the North Sound. All samples were analyzed
for sulfite waste liquor, chlorinity, and temperature. In addition, 16 stations
established in Bellingham Harbor were analyzed for dissolved oxygen and
coliforms. Twenty-nine stations in Bellingham and Samish Bays were sampled
weekly for six weeks. The remaining 23 stations near and in Padilla and Fidalgo
Bays were sampled for three weeks.
The Washington State Pollution Control Commission and the Federal
Water Pollution Control Adminstration, in a joint project, conducted a compre-
hensive study [USDI, 1967] of pollution in the North Sound and the Everett area
(see Whidbey Island Subsystem). The report from this study on pulp and paper
mill wastes presents the results of an extensive current movement, water quality-
biological data collection program. The Project reviewed past data programs and
made use of previously collected data when possible. The Project's summary
analysis and contour plots of current movement, salinity, dissolved oxygen,
sulfite waste liquor, temperature, and pH are notunlikethe work of Friebertshauser
et al. [1971], Since Friebertshauser's study did not include the North Sound,
the Project's study helps to complete the collection of generalized contour plots.
The project conducted 16 water sampling cruises to at least 17 stations
in Bellingham Bay between October 1962 and December 1964. Salinity, dissolved
oxygen, pH, sulfite waste liquor, and clarity (Secchi disc reading) were measured
at nine or more depths to 70 meters. In the Anacortes area, a single cruise
on November 17, 1962, and additional cruises from July 1963 to July 1964, sampled
54 stations at four depths to 25 meters. The samples were analyzed for salinity,
temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, sulfite waste liquor, and clarity. Other water
quality samples were taken from many locations in Bellingham Harbor.
The Project conducted three surface-current float studies. In October
and November 1962, floats were released from Whatcom Waterway, the northeast
corner of Bellingham Bay and near the entrance to Fidalgo Bay. These float
studies provide a limited amount of information.
In 1948 Saxton and Young [1948] reported on an investigation of sulfite
waste liquor in Fidalgo and Padilla Bays. As with other studies sponsored by
the Washington Pollution Control Commission, their study included the collection
of circulation and temperature data.
In August 1958, the Washington Pollution Control Commission [Wagner
and Ice, 1958] released floats in Guemes Channel (south of Guemes Island) and
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Padilla and Fidalgo Bays to determine current patterns during various tidal phases.
Special attention was given to the area of the Scott Paper Company pulp mill
outfall (Industry #4, Table III-5 and Figure III-4), Tidal currents through
Swinomish Channel into Padilla Bay were estimated by McKinley [1959] in a study
for the Washington State Department of Fisheries.
Two studies concerning benthic organisms in and near the North Sound
include those of Shelford et al. [1935] and Jamison [1970]. Shelford's compre-
hensive study, conducted during the summers of 1926, and 1928-1930, was mainly
in the San Juan Islands. However, 10 sampling stations were located near Samish
Bay in the North Sound. Jamison's work involved the effect of aluminum plant
effluent on epibenthos at Cherry Point just north of the North Sound. His research
was conducted between April 1968 and May 1969.
A recent study identifies the fish population of the North Sound
Subsystem. Tyler [1964] studied the migration of three species of young salmon
and other fishes through Bellingham Bay north of Eliza Island from April to June
of 1963. He sampled at approximately 40 beach seine stations and four east-west
townet traverses plus one traverse within Chuckanut Bay.
Whidbey Island
It is likely the water quality of Everett Harbor and the Port Gardner
area in the southern portion of the Whidbey Island Subsystem has been investi-
gated more frequently than any other area in Puget Sound and its approaches.
The first pollution investigation was sponsored by the State Department of Game
in the summer of 1937. They measured certain water quality parameters and
established pollution zones. In the summer of 1938, the Washington Pollution
Control Commission measured water quality while the Everett pulp mills were
closed down.
Subsequently, the Commission conducted a more extensive study
[Townsend and others, 1941]. This water quality study by Townsend extended
from August 1939 and October 1940 and included the Port Gardner area, the
Everett area and part of Possession Sound, Most water quality samples were
taken on the surface near the harbor. However, many others were taken at
depths and within an area of 10,000 yards of the harbor including the Snohomish
River mouth and sloughs.
The samples were analyzed for temperature, dissolved oxygen, BOD,
pH, chlorinity, sulfite waste liquor, and plant pigments (plant pigments can be
related to chlorophyll a). Townsend obtained information on the variation in these
parameters with depth" and distance from Everett Harbor. He also related the
variation in the parameters to salmon migrations in the Snohomish, Duwamish,
and Puyallup Rivers.
Townsend1 s study included observation of tidal currents and wind
induced movements of pollutants near the harbor. Sixteen floats were released
during flood and ebb tides in August and September 1940.
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In 1942 Cheyne and Foster [1942] published an overview of the pollution
of Everett Harbor. This overview presents the results of past investigation and
is intended to supplement Townsend's report.
In the fall of 1949, Orlob and others [Orlob, 1950; and Eldridge and
Orlob, 1951] studied the effects of pollution in the Port Gardner, Everett and
Snohomish River mouth areas. Samples taken in these areas were measured for
temperature, chlorides, pH, dissolved oxygen, sulfite waste liquor, and coliforms.
They also investigated bottom sediments and benthic life. In the spring of 1951
Orlob and others [1951] reinvestigated pollution in the Everett area. They sampled
12 stations in the harbor and 5 stations in the bay at the surface and at several
depths and measured dissolved oxygen, sulfite waste liquor and ,chloride concen-
tration. Their results give some indication of the stratification of the Everett area
waters to 300 feet.
From August 22-25, 1958, the Washington Pollution Control
Commission [Wagner, Livingston, and Ice, 1958] conducted a float study to
determine circulation patterns southwest of Everett Harbor. They released several
floats about 2,000 feet off shore at various depths down to 68 feet. Circulation
was predominantly counter-clockwise throughout the tidal cycle.
The Washington Pollution Control Commission [1962] conducted another
water quality study of the Snohomish River-Port Gardner Bay region during August
i960 and September 1961. They sampled 17 stations near the port and the river
for temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and sulfite waste liquor.
During the period 1962-1964, Weyerhauser Company [Smith, 1973]
investigated circulation patterns at the entrance to Everett Harbor about 3,000
feet from shore. They released floats at various depths and locations. Although
the study results are unpublished, data is available from Weyerhauser in Everett.
Another study (referred to as the Project) of the Everett area was
conducted jointly by federal-state pollution control agencies [USDI, 1967] to
determine the pollution of pulp and paper mills. The Project included 11 monthly
oceanographic cruises in the Everett area between May 1962 and May 1963,
As in the Bellingham and Anacortes studies observations of temperature, salinity,
dissolved oxygen, sulfite waste liquor, pH, and Secchi disc readings were made
at several depths. The Everett study included 10 depths to 150 meters. Additional
samples were taken in Everett Harbor in April and May 1963,
Bottom deposits and benthic organisms in the Everett area were
measured by the Project in three studies from May 1962 to September 1964.
Plankton productivity was measured between August 1964 and July 1965, inclusive.
Bacterial samples were taken once each month during March, April and May
1965. Other measurements were made e. g. pelagic fish eggs and oyster larvae.
The Project utilized information on salmon migration obtained in the studies
conducted by the University of Washington during 1962, 1963, and 1964.
Currents in the Everett area were investigated by the Project in two
dye studies at the Snohomish River mouth and the entrance to Everett Harbor
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in July 1964. Dye movements in the Everett area were also investigated on the
University of Washington's Puget Sound physical model.
Whidbey Island Subsystem currents were also measured in a circu-
lation study by Cannon [1973] in the summer of 1970. Measurements were made
in June in Port Susan, in July in the channel from Saratoga Passage to Deception
Pass, and in August and September on the sill entering Port Susan near Everett.
The northern portion of Whidbey Island Subsystem has been studied
extensively since 1970 by the University of Washington for Seattle City Light and
Snohomish County Public Utility District, The investigations concern the proposed
Kiket Island Nuclear Power Plant. Two important investigations were made by
the University. The first by the Department of .Oceanography was to determine
currents and other physical and chemical properties of the Skagit Bay region.
The second by the College of Fisheries involved the chemical and biological
properties of the area.
During most of 1970 Lincoln and Collias [1970] investigated the water
quality and currents in and near Skagit Bay, From February to October of that
year they collected salinity, temperature, density, dissolved oxygen and micro-
nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, and silicate) and determined their variability with
location, depth and time.
Also within this period they collected information on current
movements. They measured currents with current meters at fixed locations and
depths with drogues, surface drift poles, and dye. The results of this phase of
the study include generalized current movements in the northern Whidbey Island
Subsystem.
Strober and Salo, from the University of Washington, College of
Fisheries, conducted a three year study [Strober and Salo, 1973] for the proposed
Kiket Island Nuclear Power Plant. It included the collection of surface water
data on temperature, clarity, dissolved oxygen and salinity. The sampling includes
generally that portion of the Whidbey Island Subsystem north of Hope Island (Hope
Island lies just south of Kiket Island) and east of Deception Pass. Measurements
were on 1/4 square nautical mile sections from March through August of 1970,
1971, and 1972. The apparent sampling frequency was 7-10 days. Temperature
and salinity were recorded year around from stations near Kiket Island „at the
mouth of Swinomish Channel.
Strober and Salo's main emphasis was on the collection of biological
data, especially juvenile salmonoid migrations (1970-1972), pelagic eggs and larval
fish (January 1971-April 1972), Dungeness crab (1970-1972), benthic fauna (grab
samples December 1971 and February 1972; trawling August 1970-October 1971;
predator stomach samples June 1971), and marine fish (August 1970-August 1972).
They also qualitatively evaluated zooplankton species at Kiket Island. Sampling
was usually performed at regular intervals throughout the period and usually at
6 to 8 stations or along trawling lines. Stations are located north of Hope Island
exclusively except the pelagic eggs and larval fish sampling stations. In this
case, three stations were in southern portions of the Whidbey Island Subsystem.
Areal coverage and duration of sampling appears to have been very complete.
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Strober and Salo also investigated several chemical-biological
responses: oxygen uptake by bottom sediments, thermal tolerance of several
species, and toxicity of chlorine and heat to salmon.
In addition to the published works discussed above, Snider and Craddock
of the Montlake National Marine Fisheries Service lab have been sampling the
zooplankton in Possession Sound northwest of Everett. Their data are being
analyzed and should be available by the end of 1973. T.S. English [1973] of
the University of Washington Department of Oceanography has collected
zooplankton data in the Everett area. He has stated that the data have not been
published and are presently not available.
Main Puget Sound
The Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle (METRO) has an ongoing water
quality sampling program which began in October of 1965. They take monthly
samples in five areas in the vicinity of their municipal waste discharges to measure
temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity and total and fecal coliforms. Samples
are always taken at the surface and nearly half the stations are also sampled at
depth.
METRO samples the following discharge locations: Richmond Beach,
10 stations; Carkeek, 7 stations; West Point, 10 stations; Alki Point, 10 stations;
Elliot Bay, 5 stations. These correspond to municipal discharge points 28, 36,
35, and 37 respectively on Figure III - 6, At Elliot Bay, station samples are taken
semi-monthly, and an additional 4 stations are sampled for coliforms only. An
additional 12 stations at West Point are sampled weekly. Two stations at West
Point and one at Richmond are measured also for filterable solids.
In 1970 and 1972 METRO made a series of comprehensive tests at depth
and at the surface. In the West Point test, samples taken every 2 hours for 24
hours were measured for temperature and fecal coliforms. Similar 12 hour
tests were made at Richmond Beach, Carkeek, and Alki Point. These samples
were measured for temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, NH3, N02, N03,
PO^, and fecal coliforms.
In the summer of 1950, Orlob et al. [1950] conducted an investigation
of pollution in Commencement Bay at thie mouth of the Puyallup River in the
southern portion of Main Puget Sound. They collected samples of bottom deposits
at 40 stations and examine4 them for hydrogen sulphide and bottom organisms.
Coliform organisms were treasured periodically from May through September
of 1950 at 6 stations within Commencement Bay. A few salinity measurements
were taken at these stations. Orlob's study also included the investigation of
current movements within Commencement Bay. The results show the general
movement of water during a flood and an ebb tide, May and June 1950.
The University of Washingtonhas conducted many oceanographic studies
to collect data on the near surface and deeper currents of Puget Sound. The
majority of investigations considered the currents of Main Puget Sound. However,
South Puget Sound and Hood Canal are also represented. Current measurements
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from June 1948 through November 1955 comprise the bulk of the measurements
and are tabulated by the University in Technical Report 271 [Collias, 1971].
Although measurements were taken continuously throughout the measurement
period, they are reported every 10 to 15 minutes in Technical Report 271. Figure
IV-7 shows the location of each of the 31 measurement stations tabulated. Table
IV-6 shows the date and duration of each station. Nearly all of the Main Puget
Sound stations are located in three groups: either near Point Jefferson, Hood
Canal Inlet or in the Strait of Juan de Fuca near Admiralty Inlet.
Cannon and Laird [1972] investigated currents and other water
properties in Main Puget Sound Subsystem during February of 1972. A current
meter was placed near West Point in the main channel. Numerous salinity-
temperature-depth (STD) surveys were made near the currentmeter and throughout
the main channel into the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Cannon called this supporting
data the most comprehensive STD data obtained from the main channel.
On April 29 and June 22, 1971, Miller [1971] and Paine and Roe
[1971] studied two facets of the marine community in Main Puget Sound. As part
of the Dumas Bay Park environmental impact statement, Miller sampled the fishes
of Dumas Bay 15 miles west of Commencement Bay. He included species numbers
and lengths of captured fishes. Paine and Roe studied the marine intertidal
organisms. Their studies were conducted on April 15, May 13, and May 25,
1971. The intertidal organisms were identified and their relative abundance noted.
The Duwamish Bay and Estuary was studied by Salo [1968]. In it
models were developed for salmon mortality. Most of Salo's report is devoted to
salmon migrations through the area but species and number of other fishes
encountered during trawling in the estuary and control areas of Port Gardner and
Skagit Bay are also included.
Ting [1965] includes data on benthic communities from 48 locations
in the South Sound and Port Madison in the central basin. His benthos sampler
collected an area of several square meters and captured fish and invertebrates
which occupied a zone from a meter above the surface to a few centimeters deep
in the substrata. His work in Port Madison was on November 21, 1961, February
1, 1962, June 26, 1962, July 12, 1962, and October 24, 1962. A map of his
sampling stations accompanies this text.
Lie [1965] made a comprehensive study of species diversity
relationships of benthic animals on a traverse across Puget Sound roughly on a
line from West Point to Suquamish north of Bainbridge Island. Phytoplankton
productivity was also observed at a station near the midpoint of his traverse.
His work was conducted during 1962-1963.
Hood Canal
Current measurements have been taken in Hood Canal at three stations.
As mentioned in the section for Main Puget Sound, these measurements have been
tabulated by Collias [1971]. These stations have been located on Figure IV-7
and are indexed in Table IV-6. Referring to Figure IV-7, stations are located
at the mouth of the Canal and near South Point.
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TABLE IV-6
University of Washington's Current Measurement Stations
In the Puget Sound Study Area
Depth of Depth of Duration of
Station
No.
Measurement
Date
water in
Subsystem meters
measurements measurement
in meters in hours
4
12/8-9/49
Puget Sound
99
5, 74
20
5
1/11/50
Puget Sound
110
5,80
11
6
2/8/50
Puget Sound
100
5, 75
11
7
2/9/50
Puget Sound
64
5,40
11
8
3/1/50
Puget Sound
66
5,40
9
9
3/28-29/50
Hood Canal
95
2,5,30,45,
24
60, 90
10
3/29-30/50
Puget Sound
101-80
2, 5, 20, 30, 60
12
90,102
11
3/30-31/50
Puget Sound
68
5, 36,misc.
5
12
4/26/50
Puget Sound
76
5, 50
4
13
5/1/50
Puget Sound
81
5, 58
6
14
5/2/50
Puget Sound
71
5,48
9
15
5/15-16/50
Puget Sound
51
2, 5,20, 34
AC\
24
16
6/28/50
Puget Sound
76
2,5,4,8
7
17
6/29/50
Puget Sound
73
2, 5,50
9
18
7/7/50
So. Puget Sound
160
30, 10, 50, misc.
4
19
7/11/50
So. Puget Sound
54
2,5,29
4
20
No data
Puget Sound
21
11/6-8/50
So. Puget Sound
75
5, 25,50
38
22
11/8/50
So. Puget Sound
70
5,47
2
23
No data
So. Puget Sound
24
11/9-10/50
So. Puget Sound
61
5,40
16
25
4/30-5/2/51
Puget Sound
48
5,50
38
26
5/2-3/51
Puget Sound
50
5, 50,60
24
27
5/21-22/51
Puget Sound
60
1, 5,40, 10,
20
20,40
28
5/23-24/51
Puget Sound
60
60, misc.
10
29
1/31/52
Puget Sound
196
bottom, misc.
3
30
2/6/52
Puget Sound
189
5, bottom
4
31
7/21/52
Puget Sound
58
5, 20, 30, 50
2
32
7/21-22/52
Puget Sound
220
3, 5, 10, 20, 30,40,
20
50,80,100,150
33
9/30-10/1/52
Puget Sound
200
5, 20, 50, 100,150,
15
bottom
34
10/1-2/52
Puget Sound
182
5, 20, 50,100,150,
24
bottom
35
6/26-27/53
Puget Sound
185
5,20, 50, 100, 150,
24
bottom
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TABLE IV-6
(Continued)
StatLon
No.
Measurement
Date
Subsystem
Depth of
water in
meters
Depth of
measurements
in meters
Duration of
measurement
in hours
37
11/30-
Puget Sound
117
S,10,20,40,80
74
12/1-3/53
38
11/30-
Puget Sound
110
S, 10, 20, 40, 80
74
12/1-3/53
39
11/30-
Puget Sound
47
S,10,20,40
74
12/1-3/53
42
6/1-4/54
Puget Sound
117
S,10,20,30,40,
75
70,100
43
6/1-5/54
Puget Sound
110
S, 10,20,30,40,
102
70,100, 110
44
6/1-4/54
Puget Sound
47
S, 10, 20,40
18
45
6/4-5/54
Puget Sound
114
S, 10, 20,40,70
26
46
6/4-5/54
Puget Sound
122
S,10,20,40
26
47
7/19-20/54
So. Puget Sound
108
3-5,30
25
48
6/20-21/54
So. Puget Sound
145
3-5,30
23
49
6/22-23/54
So. Puget Sound
90
3-5,30
24
50
12/6-8/54
Hood Canal
51
2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50
52
51
12/8-10/54
Hood Canal
55
2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50
51
52
1/31-2/1/55
So. Puget Sound
120
7. 5, 30
26
53
2/1-3/55
So. Puget Sound
150
3, 7.5, 30
26
54
2/3-4/55
So. Puget Sound
90
7. 5,30
26
55
2/19/55
Puget Sound
104
2, 10, 20, 30, 50, 100
10
56
4/29-30/55
Puget Sound
95
2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60,
25
approx.
90
V
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Only a few biological data studies have been attempted in Hood Canal.
Barlow [1958] determined spring changes in phytoplankton abundance. Kollmeyer
[1962] investigated water quality and circulation in Dabob Bay. The College of
Fisheries at the University of Washington has conducted experimental shrimp
trawling in Dabob Bay at the north end of Hood Canal. One of several unpublished
reports [Elder, 1965] includes the results of experiments conducted along two
trawling lines in January 1965.
Dyes and Sinclair Inlets
No additional water quality-biological data or water circulation data are
specifically included in the Dyes and Sinclair Inlets Subsystem.
South Puget Sound
Collias [1971] tabulated ten current measuring stations in South Puget
Sound from 1948 to 1955. As described for the Main Puget Sound Subsystem,
Table IV-6 lists the date and duration of measurements at each station. The ten
stations located in Figure IV-8 lie along a line from the Tacoma Narrows up
to Carr Inlet.
In South Puget Sound, Ting [1965] extensively sampled 52 stations in
Eld Inlet for benthic organisms. His work was done in 1963. Lie [1965]
collected benthic organisms along a line east of Hartstene Island and phytoplanton
data at a station in southern Case Inlet during 1963 and 1964. The techniques
of both Ting and Lie have been described in the section for Main Puget Sound.
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1
Figure IV-8
Locations of University of Washington Current Measurement Stations
in South Puget Sound
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REFElffNCES
REFERENCES TO CHAPTER I, INTRODUCTION
Chen, Carl W. , and G.T. Orlob, 1972, December, Ecologic Simulation for
Aquatic Environments, Final Report, prepared for Office of Water
Resources Research, U.S. Department of the Interior, Water Resources
Engineers, Inc. , Walnut Creek, California.
REFERENCES TO CHAPTER II, DATA SUMMARY
Lincoln, John and Eugene E. Collias, December 1970, Presentation and Review
of Data Obtained Between 11 February and 8 October 1970, Skagit Bay
Study Progress Report No. 3, University of Washington Department of
Oceanography, Seattle, Washington, for Seattle City Light and Snohomish
County Public Utility District No. 1, 88 p.
Strober, Q.J. and E.O. Salo, 1973, Ecological Studies of the Proposed Kiket
Island Nuclear Power Site, University of Washington College of Fisheries,
Seattle, Washington, 537 p.
U.S. Department of the Interior, March 1967, Pollutional Effects of Pulp and
Paper Mill Wastes in Puget Sound, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, 473 p.
REFERENCES TO CHAPTER III, METEOROLOGICAL, HYDRO LOGICAL
AND WASTE DISCHARGE DATA
Beech, C. , 1973, July, Conversation between C. Beech, National Oceanographic
and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington and H. M. Nichandros,
Water Resources Engineers, Walnut Creek, California.
Jamison, David W. , 1973, October, Washington Marine Atlas, Vol*, l_, North
Inland Waters, State of Washington, Department of National Resources,
Division of Surveys and Marine Land Management.
Ibid. , Vol. Z, South Inland Waters.
Lincoln, John and Eugene E. Collias, December 1970, Presentation and Review
of Data Obtained Between 11 February and JJ October 1970, Skagit Bay Study
Progress Report No. 3, University of Washington, Department of Oceano-
graphy, Seattle, Washington, for Seattle City Light and Snohomish County
Public Utility District No. 1, 88 p.
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U.S. Department of Commerce, 1972, Climatological Data: Annual Summary
1972, National Oceanographic and Atmpspheric Administration, National
Climatic Center, North Carolina, Vol. 76, No. 13.
U.S. Department of Interior, 1971, Water Resources Data for Washington,
Part 1, Surface Water Records, United States Geologic Survey, Tacoma,
Washington, 427 p.
Ibid. , 1972, 380 p.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1973, July 23, Summary Report of All
Data for All Stations in the STORET Data Retrieval System, Seattle,
Washington.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1973, (updated), Water Quality
Evaluations and Waste Inventories for Selected Subbasins of Puget Sound,
Region X, Seattle, Washington, approx, 80 p.
Welch, Eugene B. , 1973, Factors Initiating Phytoplankton Blooms and Resulting
Effects on Dissolved Oxygen in Duwamish River Estuary, Seattle,
Washington, United States Geological Survey, Water Supply Paper 1873-A,
62 p.
REFERENCES TO CHAPTER IV, OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA
Barlow, J. P., 1951, "Spring Changes in Phytoplankton Abundance in a Deep
Estuary, Hood Canal, Washington", Journal of Marine Research, 17,
53-67.
Cannon, Glenn A., March 1973, Observations of Currents in Puget Sound, 1972,
U.S. Department of Commerce, National Ocean and Atmospheric Admini-
stration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, Colorado, NOAA
Technical Report ERL 260-POL 17.
Cannon, Glenn A., and Norman P^ Laird, August 1972, Observations of Currents
and Water Properties in Puget Sound, 1972, U.S. Department of Commerce,
National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research
Laboratories, Boulder, Colorado, NOAA Technical Report EI$L 247-POL
13, 42 p.
Cheyne, Harlan and Richard Foster, October 1942, Supplementary 'Report on
Pollution of Eve rett Harbor. State of Washington, State Pollution
Commission, Pollution Series Bulletin No. 23, 16 p.
Collias, Eugene E. , November 1970, Index to Physical and Chemical Oceano-
graphic Data of Puget Sound and Its Approaches, 1932-1966, University of
Washington Department of Oceanography, Seattle, Washington, Special
Report 43.
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Coltias, Eugene E. , October 1971, Current Measurements in Puget Sound and
Adjacent Waters, July 1948-November 1955, University of Washington
Department of Oceanography, Seattle, Washington, Technical Report
No. 271.
Collias, Eugene E. , and Alyn C. Duxbury, December 1971, Bibliography of
Lite rature - Puget Sound Marine Environment, University of Washington
Department of Oceanography, Seattle, Washington, Special Report 49.
Collias, Eugene E., and R.H. Sullivan, October 31, 1973, "Amended Proposal
for Water Resources Engineers, Inc. to Provide Cards and Data Printouts
for Selected Stations in Puget Sound, Washington", letter transmitted from
E. Collias of Northwest Consultant Oceanographers, Seattle, Washington, to
H.M. Nichandros of Water Resources Engineers, Inc.
Collias, Eugene E. , Noel McGary, and C.A. Barnes, 1974; Atlas of Physical
and Chemical Properties of Puget Sound-and Its Approaches, University of
Washington Press, Washington Sea Grant Publication WSG 74-1, publication
expected by July 1974.
DeLacy, A.C., B.S. Miller, and S.F. Borton, 1972, Checklist of Puget Sound
Fishes, Washington Sea Grant Program, Division of Marine Resources,
University of Wshington, 43 p.
Elder, J. A., 1965, "A Primary Study on the Shrimp Population of Dubob Bay,
Washington", University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, Unpublished
Manuscript, 29 p.
Eldridge, E.F.,and G.T. Orlob, June 1951, "Investigation of Pollution in Port
Gardner Bay and Snohomish River Estuary" in Sewage and Industrial Wastes,
Vol. 23, No. 6, pages 732-795.
English, T.S., 1973, Private communication between T. S. English, University
of Washington Department of Oceanography and Water Resources Engineers,
Walnut Creek.
Friebertshauser, Mark, Kathy Krogslund, Venus Wong, James McCulock, and
Pat Stoops, October 1971, Puget Sound and Approaches--Seasonal Variations
of Oceanographic Parameters in Its Near-Surface Waters, University of
Washington Department of Oceanography, Seattle, Washington.
Jamison, D.W., 1970, Design of a Long-Term Benthic, Marine Biological,
Pollution Monitoring Prog ram - - Evaluation of Selected Habitats, Variables,
and Communities, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington, 141 p.
Kollmeyer, R.C., 1972, Water Properties and Circulation of Dabob Bay, Autumn
1962, M.S. Thesis, University of Washington.
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Lie, U. , 19^8, A Quantitative Study of Benthic Infauna in Puget Sound, Washington,
USA, in 1963-1964, Fisk. Dir. Skr. Ser. Havunders, 14 No. 5. , pages
229-55S.
Lincoln, John and Eugene E. Collias, December 1970, Presentation and Review
of Data Obtained Between 11 February and October 1970, Skagit Bay Study
Progress Report No. TT University of Washington, Department of Oceano-
graphy, Seattle, Washington, for Seattle City Light and Snohomish County
Public Utility District No. 1, 88 p.
McKinley, W. , D.C. Brooks, andR.E. Westley, 1959. "Measurements and Water
Transport Through Swinomish Slough, Washington", Fisheries Research
Papers, Washington State Department of Fisheries, pages 84-87.
Miller, B.S., "Inshore Fish Survey of Dumas Bay Park, King County,
Washington", In, "An Ecological Survey of Dumas feay County Park11,
Unpublished Manuscript.
Muirhead, Charles R. , May 2, 1974, Transmittal from C.R. Muirhead, Chief,
Oceanographic Surveys Branch, National Ocean Survey, National Oceano-
graphic and Atmospheric Administration, Rockville, Maryland, to H.M.
Nichandros, Water Resources Engineers, Walnut Creek, California.
Orlob, Gerald T. , M.D. Anderson, Dale L. Hansen, 1950, An Investigation of
Pollution in Port Gardner Bay and the Lower Snohomish River, Washington
State Pollution Control Commission, Olympia, Washington, Technical
Bulletin No. 3, 25 pages, plus tables.
Orlob, G.T., D.R. Peterson and K.R. Jones, 1950, An Investigation of
Pollution in Commencement Bay and the Puyallup River System, Washington
Pollution Control Commission, Technical Bulletin No. 8, ZE pages, plus
appendix.
Orlob, G.T., D.R. Peterson and K.R. Jones, 1951, A Reinvestigation, of^
Pollution in Port Gardner Bay and the Lower Snohomish River, Washington
Pollution Control Commission, Olympia, Washington, Technical Bulletin
No. 11, lip.
Paine, R. T. and P. Roe, "Ecological Survey of Dumas Bay Park--The Marine
Intertidal Portion", In, "Ecological Survey of Dumas Bay Cdunty Park",
Unpublished manuscript.
Salo, E, O. , 1969, Final Report for the Period June 1_, 1965 - September 30,
1968, Estuarine Ecology Research Project, Fisheries Research Institute,
College of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 80 p.
Saxton, W. W., A. Young, 1948, Investigation of Sulfite Waste Liquor Pollution
in Fidalgo and Padilla Bays, Washington Pollution Control Commission,
Technical Bulletin No. 1, 15 p.
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Scagel, R.F., 1957, An Annotated List of Marine Algae of British Columbia and
Northern Washington, Bulletin of National Museum of Canada No. 150, 289 p.
Scagel, R.F., 1966, Marine Algae of British Columbia and Northern Washington
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