-------
Kriged Potentiometric Surface
49
o-
710
'04
::o
730
O"
600
500
575
475
525
EAST COORDINATE, 100 FT
Kriging Outputs
POTENTIAL SURFACE
ERROR
.860
7 0
SITE
[850
SIT E
'800
840
840
060
20
1-10
-------
Hand-Drawn Fotentiometric Surface
133
190T-*
/' /
128
196
194
192.
185
184
300
900
Kriged Potentiometric Surface
300
METERS 0
9QQ
1-11
-------
FLCW KJDli DEVELOPI-Orr AND CALIBRATION
POTENTIAL
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
STRUCTURE
STRESS
POROSITY
PERMEABILITY
TRANSPORT MDDEL DEVELOPMEfn1 AND CALIBRATION
DISPOSAL HISTORY AND AMOUNTS
DISPERSION (LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE)
RETARDATION FACTOR
DEGRADATION
VOLATILIZATION
Finite Element Model Grid
' /-A_-,c/\ a i
. " /\/-V/\>vK' V-v\ /. /-V \ A V
/u ฆ /X- /\/-Xv>"/.\/N/v:vo/A/.\a \ ฆ'
1/Av - / ^ ' ฆ A x- /\ 7 V V'.V-V-V \ / \ A \ /
-N/'A/"/ V ฆ A".' \/ V.V-V\"'V V -
Aj\ \'vX'\ 7- /\ / V-VA -'Wซ-\ 'ฆ
AA'A'v)-..
ฆ* -\- \j\, \
>._xX-yxV.
>^AAv>
t
mens 533
rtrr 9X1
1- 12
-------
Model-Predicted Potentiometric Surface
190
METERS
300
FEET
900
1 - 13
-------
Critical Elements in Site Characterization
Hydrogeologic Settings, Subsurface Hydraulics,
and Ground-V\fater Quality Impacts
Flow and Transport Characteristics
RELEASE
INFILTRATION
TRANSPORT
SOURCE
AQUIFER
UNSATURATED ZONE
MONITORING WELL
y
RECHARGE
\
FLOW
\
/
0,
SCHARGE
Hydrogeologic Settings
Has Common Hydrogeologic Characteristics
Useful in Developing initial Conceptual Model
Factors
o Geologic Fabric
o Recharge
o Discharge
o Topography
o Depth to Ground Water
Nalural Ground-Water Constituents
o Inorganics
o Organics
o Gases
l- 14
-------
HYDROGEOLOGIC SETTINGS
Considerations
Depositional Enviroments: Permeabiliiy
Aquifer Interconnection: Recharge/Discharge
Depth to Ground Water: Time of Travel
Unsaturated media: Sorption
Principal Groundwater Regions in the U.S.
Kv.-/ซv,kปy.v
0 100 200 300 400 600
MILES
Ranges of DRASTIC Parameters for
Piedmont and Blue Ridge Region
Min
Max
Depth to Water Table, ft
5
100+
Net Recharge, in/yr
0
10
Topography, %
2
18+
Hydraulic Conductivity, GPD/ft2
1
2,000
Soil Media
Aquifer Media
i-
Absent, Loam, Clay Loam,
Sandy Loam
Metamorphic/Igneous; Sand
and Gravel; Thin Bedded SS,
LS, SH; Weathered
Metamorphic/Igneous
-------
Typical Piedmont Flow System
FLOW MODEL
LAYER
GROUND SURFACE
LAYER
LAYER
B
CONCEPTUAL
MODEL
LAYER
ALLUVIAL AND RESIDUAL ฃฃ&
SILT WITH CLAY|^;p
LAYER 1
.0 ฎ
v a
:o*>
: o
0
O 0 0 o-
0 o 0 '-3. a
oซ
n " 0 .
U0-ป * <',
0 o ฆ Q O
' 0 V*7
r\ ฆ ฆ? r>
o ^ SAND AND GRAVEL ฆ % o
- ป ~o fc' O " ' 1} Q ป0
0 tf O Qฐ. Oo's^oaoo
O o o a , ฐ t -
U o o ฐ-o D 0 . o ฆ o ฐป ฐ r>
/'. O-.-Q a.' o ซ * o ฐ
v 11 ''^s-T:
LAYER 2
ฆ c
n v-
o
WEATHERED BEDROCK:-':
T;'.'.'.;-. " (DOLOMITE) -
IMPERMEABLE
UNWEATHERED
BEDROCK
/ T
, >ฆ LAYER 3
LAYER 4
NOT TO SCALE
Basic Flow Equations
V = KAh/Ax
v K Ah
ne Ax
v = kdg Ah
une Ax
K = f(water, formation)
k = f(formation)
1" 16
-------
FLOW DIRECTION
LOCAL FLOW DIRECTION = f (local gradient)
GROSS FLOW DIRECTION = K I (local gradient)
= K J (local flow gradients)
UNCERTAINTIES DUE TO:
TIME INEQUIVALENCE
MEASUREMENT ERROR
SPATIAL INEQUIVALENCE
SPATIAL CONSIDERATIONS
HYDROSTRATIGRAPHIC EQUIVALENCE BASED ON:
GEOLOGIC FABRIC (STRUCTURES, STRATIGRAPHY)
IIYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS (MEAN VALUES, HETEROGENEITY AND
ANISOTFOPY OF HYDROLOGIC PARAMETERS)
HYDROatEXICAL EQUIVALENCE BASED ON:
PROPERTIES OF TOE FLOW SYSTE-l (HYDROSTEATIGRAPHY, REQIARGE,
VELOCITY, DIFFUSION, AND DISPERSION)
CONTAMINANT CHARACTERISTICS (DENSITY, SOLUBILITY, VISCOSITY,
CONCENTRATION, CHEMICAL PROPERTIES]
TEMPORAL CONSIDERATIONS
GROUND-WATER REQIARGE
GROUND-WATER '..TIHDRAWf\L (DISCHARGE)
PERCHING
FLOW RATE
FLOW RATE = f (permeability, porosity, gradient)
UNCERTAINTY IN GRADIENT AS BEFORE
UNCERTAINTY IN POROSITY IS SMALL
UNCERTAINTY IN FLOW RATE - f (uncertainty in permeability)
FIELD PERMEABILITY * LAB PERMEABILITY
(Samples and Procedures not representative)
1-17
-------
Factors Affecting Conductivity Measurements
Medium Factor Measured in Lab?
Soil Fractures, Desiccation No
Sand Stringers No
Sample Integrity No
Aquifer Fractures, Solution Cavities ?
Vertical Component Yes
Horizontal Component No
Sample Integrity ?
Aquifer Hydraulic Conductivity Variations
Data Range
Generic in Orders Mean
Classification of Magnitude Value, cm/s
Fractured crystalline 3.0 1.53 x 10 "3
silicates
Fractured-solutioned 4.0 6.42 x 10 ~2
carbonates
Porous consolidated 4.6 1.16 x 10 ~2
carbonates
Porous consolidated 3.0 1.79 x 10 ~3
silicates
Porous unconsolidated 5.9 5.55 x 10 ~2
silicates
Fractured consolidated 4.0 2.4x10~3
silicates-shale
1-18
-------
Transmissivity Distribution for Rotary Wash and
Air Drilled Wells
10
15 8
8. 6
Mode (Wash)
\
Mean (Washl
\
Mode (Air)
/Mean (Air)
ri
r -1 flotary Wash
~ Air Rotary
n
ฃ1
10 10 10ฐ 10 10
Transmissivity (m'/day)
10'
FOUR IRENES PEDALED BY PUMPING TEST DATA:
SANDS AND GRAVELS HAVE HIGIER TRANSMISSIVITIES THAN
FRACTURED BEDROCK, REGARDLESS OF HE DRILLING METHOD
BEDROCK WELLS DRILLED BY ROTARY WASH HAVE LCMER TRANSMISSIVITIES
THAN BEDROCK WELLS DRILLED BY AIR ROTARY, REGARDLESS OF THE
TYPE OF SCREEN OR SAtฉ PACK
FOUR-INCH DIAMETER MONITOR WELLS HAVE HIGHER TRANSMISSIVITIES
THAN 1W>INCH DIAMETER WELLS (ALL DRILLED BY AIR RCTAKY)
TRWEMISSIVITICS OF SIX-INCH DIAMETER WELLS WERE LESS THAN
rOUR=INdl DIAMETER WELLS
1- 19
-------
HYDROLOGIC ERROR ROOTS
1. 3-D Well Location
2. Improper Well Construction
o Diameter
o Installation Techniques
3. Improper Measurements
Length of Well Tests
o Type of Wei! Test
4. Improper Interpretation
SAMPLING UNCERTAINTIES
GROUNDWATER
Inadequate development and purging
Improper construction
ฎ Fracture flow - chemostratigraphic equivalence
0 Domestic and Production Wells
Improper Sampling Methods
Preservation and Shipping
(anaerobic, static) -*ฆ (aerobic, agitated)
SOILS & SEDIMENTS
0 Cross Contamination
ฎ Spikes
ฎ Representativeness
DATA SUSPECTS
CONTAMINANT LEVEL
SUSPECT
HIGH
IMPROPER SAMPLING
MISSING ANALYTES
CONTAMINATION OF OTHER SAMPLES
LOW
SAMPLE CONTAMINATION
DEGRADATION
IMPROPER SAMPLING
PERMEABILITY VALUES
SUSPECT
HIGH
IMPROPER TESTING OR ANALYSIS
MISCONCEPTUALIZATION
LOW
IMPROPER WELL CONSTRUCTION
LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS
1-20
-------
Critical Elements in Site Characterization
Contaminant Properties Affecting Transport
PROPERTIES AFFECTING FLOW AND TRANSPORT
Physical Properties
Density
Solubility
o Viscosity
Surface Tension
Chemical Properties
Oxidation-Reduction Behavior
Sorption/Retardation
Degradation
Depth to Water in a Confined and
Unconfined Aquifer
DEPTH
TO WATER
(UNCONFINED)..:- 7
WATEpi TABLE '..7>
jiT * * ^' 1 ,
STREAM
ฆ DEPTH TO WATER
: _ (confined) -fVv^ J
' UN CON FINED AQUIFER
1- 21
-------
Infiltration Through Clay Liner and Soil Column
PONDED
LEACHATE
CLAY
LINER
SOIL
COLUMN
MOISTURE
CONTENT
0 0
FLUX
CONTROLLED
BY CLAY
LINER
PARTIALLY
SATURATED
ZONE
Time of Travel Formulas
T = L (~K~r)
8_
l^sat ฎsat
Unsaturated Steady State
T =
L2 nf
AH Ksat
Saturated Steady State
1-22
-------
Contaminant Movement in Discharge Area
A. CONTAMINANTS MOVE
-WITH WATER
B. WITH DENSE
CONTAMINANT
Movement of Dense Soluble Contaminant Plume
in Discharge Area
1-23
-------
Mixing of Release and Flux to Produce
Downgradient Concentration
1 kg/day
1000 f/day
1 kg/day
C = 2 =1000 mg/l
1000 i'/ day
Solubility of Various Chromium Species Under
Reducing Conditions
Cr(OH)
O "10
1-24
-------
Solubility of Various Chromium Species Under
Oxidizing Conditions
-2
;0 *
-4
-6
-8
0\
Cf(OH)
O -10
-12
-14
-16
2
4
6
7
5
3
8
9
10
1 1
12
pH
Reduction of Copper Concentrations from
Unsaturated Zone to Saturated Zone
20.33
17.16
7.63
0.0E 00 25.4 50.8 76.2 101.6 127
UNSATURATED ZONE COPPER INPUT CONCENTRATION (mg/L)
1-25
-------
"Oxidation States" of Functional Groups
Increasing Oxidation State
>
R-H
i t
-c=c-
-C=C- RCOH
o
o
M
R-OH
-c-c-
OH OH
i
o=o
1
R-CI
r2cci2
-cci3
o
o
-H
r-nh2 r-n-r r-n = n+ r - no2
' H
SORPTION/ATTENUATION
Freundlich Sorption
= ^ D ^ W "
Soil Sorption
^OC= ^D^OC
= ^ ocfoc C wn
Retardation Factor
R = V(Water)
V(contaminant)
R = 1 + BKD /ne
1-26
-------
Delineation of Contaminant Plume to Calculate
Contaminant Mass
PLAN VIEW
FLOW DIRECTION
CONTAMINANT
CONTOURS
FACILITY
BOUNDARY
1 ug/f
10 ug/f
DISSOLVED MASS
1,000 kg
SOR8ED MASS
9.000 kg
MONITORING
WELL
ELEVATION VIEW
100 ug/f )10
1 ug/f
Estimating Sorption (Organics)
For Water:
log Koc = -0.55 logS + 3.64
log K qq = 0.937 log Kow 0.006
For Oily Wastes:
C(Sample) = S(Water) ( 1 + fow Kow)
1-27
-------
Relative Migration of Plumes of Mobile and
Attenuated Contaminants
n
PLUME OF ATTENUATED
CONTAMINANT. KD =5
PLUME OF MOBILE
CONTAMINANT. K0 =0
Multiple Contaminant Plumes
A. ORIGINAL PLUME
FLOW DIRECTION
SfTE
CONTAMINANTS A. B, C
B. DEVELOPED PLUMES FOR CONTAMINANTS
WITH DIFFERING SORPTION COEFFICIENTS
FLOW DIRECTION
CONTAMINANT C CONTAMINANT B
Kd =30 KD =10
CONTAMINANT A
Kd = 3
1-28
-------
Degradation Reaction of Trichloroethyiene
TCE
DAYS
34
TRANS 1, 2 DCE
1, 1 DCE
Cis 1. 2 DCE
DAYS
25,600
VINYL CHLORIDE
Contaminant Plumes Showing Movement of
Degradation Products
TCE PLUME
FACILITY
DCE PLUME
]- 29
-------
TCE Decay Profiles
VINYL CHLORIDE
TRANS-1, 2-DCE
2.0 3.0
TIME (YEARS)
Multiple Contaminants Plumes Showing
Degradation Products
LOW PERMEABILITY
DEPOSITS
SITE
CREEK
OBSERVED
TCE
CONTAMINATION
OBSERVED VC
CONTAMINATION
1-30
-------
TRENCH AREA
LASER RANGE / WATER TANK
SEWAGE TESTTRACK
POWER TREATMENT
SUBSTATION PLANT
METAL PLATING
FACILITY
IVYTP
MAIN DIVERSION
CHANNEL
;-T;Trr*tป
CATFISH
POND
LAYER 1
SATURATED
RESIOUUM
WILCOX AGE
ALLUVIUM
MAIN DIVERSION
CHANNEL
LAYER 2
GRANULAR
POROUS MEDIA
LAYER 4
IMPERMEABLE
UNWEATHERED
BEDROCK
LAYER 3
WEATHERED
OOLOMITE
BEDROCK
VR7ER LEVEL MEASUREMENTS
19800
19780
19760
2:
o
w 19743
z
o
ฃ 19720
LJ
ฃ 19703
> 19680
UJ
c 19669
UJ
c
> 19640
19620
19600
1 1 1 I
* ซ WELL 61504
* < VELL 81B05
* ป VELL 81
_i 1 i_
RAINFALL HISTORY
ฃ 100
ง sz
c
ฃ 30
G_
ฃ 20
c
Q_
Q 10
L
-A. A
23 25 30 35 10
ELAPSED TIME CDAYS3
t
55
1-31
-------
20160
WELL 81302
VELL 81 BO 1
19570
19530
19(190
r
60
55
15
35
53
0
5
25
ELAPSED TIME CDflYS)
1-32
-------
MONITORING SYSTEM DESIGN
Presented By:
Charles Kufs
Raymond Scheinfeld
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Weston Way
West Chester, Pennsylvania
Overview Of Presentation
Indirect Methods for Characterizing Subsurface Migration
Aerial Photographs
Environmental Surveys
Existing Well Surveys
Surface Water Surveys
Biota Surveys
Geological/Hydrological/Soil Surveys
Geophysical Surveys
Methods
Magnetometry
Metal Detection
Electromagnetic Conductivity (EM)
Resistivity
Seismic
Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Borehole Geophysical Devices
Cost
Factors in the Selection of Geophysical Techniques
Evaluation of Geophysical Data
Soil Gas Surveys
2-1
-------
Direct Methods For Characterizing Subsurface Migration
Soil and Rock Sampling
Hydrologic Measurement
Aquifer Testing
Monitoring System Design
Overview of Monitoring Program Design
Objectives of Monitoring
Monitoring System Components
Data for System Design
Selecting Well Locations
Selecting Well Depths
Selecting Well Configurations
Hypothetical Example 1Pattern of Contamination
Hypothetical Example 2Evolution of a Monitoring
System
Problems in Monitoring System Design
Planning Problems
Implementation Problems
Site Condition Problems
Special Problems
Irregularly Shaped Aquifers
Fracture Flow
Aquifer-Contaminant Interactions
Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids
Case Histories
2-2
-------
to
I
CO
Monitoring
System
Design
-------
Monitoring System Design
Indirect Methods for Characterizing Subsurface Migration
Direct Methods for Characterizing Subsurface Migration
Using Direct and Indirect Data in System Design
Problems in Monitoring System Design
-------
Indirect Methods For
Characterizing Subsurface migration
Background Records and Literature
ซ Aerial Photography
Environmental Surveys
Geophysics
Soil-Gas Analysis
-------
Indirect Methods: Aerial Photography
Types of Information Provided
Historical Development of Site
Indications of Waste or Leachate
Geologic, Topographic, and Hydrologic Features
-------
Indirect Methods: Aerial Photography
Types of Aerial Images
Oblique Photos
Perpendicular Photos
Stereoscopic Photos
ซ Infrared Images
Other Types of Images
-------
indirect Methods:
Aerial Photography
Sources of Aerial Images
ซ Government Sources (EPA, USGS, SCS, Archives)
- Relatively inexpensive (Less Than $50)
- Long Delivery Times (4 to 10 Weeks)
- Availability Limited by Scale
Private Sources
- Relatively Expensive ($20 to $200)
- Short Delivery Times (2 Days to 2 Weeks)
- Availability Limited by Date
-------
Indirect Methods:
Environmental Surveys
Existing Wei Surveys
ฉ Surface Wafer Surveys
~
Biota Surveys
Geologic/Soil Surveys
-------
Scale in Feet
0
C~$ n\*ฃ r-i cO
^ '-.'J '.-3 .A:/
Existing Fence
Legend
Wooded Area
qOQ. Drainageway
Rip-Rap
O Well Number
Bare Soil or
* Patchy Vegetation
Dead Vegetation or
Stained Soil
S-1 Soil Sample No. 1
DISTRIBUTION OF SITE VEGETATION
-------
Indirect Methods: Geophysics
ฎ Magnetometry
Metal Detection
Electromagnetic Conductivity
Resistivity
Seismic Reflection and Refraction
Ground Penetrating Radar
Borehole Methods
-------
Indirect Methods: Geophysics
Magnetometry Surveys
Measure Intensity of Earth's Magnetic Field
Local Magnetic Anomalies Can be Related to
Buried Ferrous Metal
Depth of Survey up to 50 Feet
Intensity of Response Related to Mass of Ferrous Metal
-------
Indirect Methods: Geophysics
Types of Magnetometer
Fluxgates
Total Field
Gradlometer
-------
Indirect Methods:
Geophysics
Metal Detection Surveys
ซ Indicate Distortion of Electromagnetic
Fields by Metallic Substances
Detect Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals
Depth of Survey up to 15 Feet
Intensity of Response Related to Surface Area of Metal
-------
Indirect Methods:
Geophysics
Electromagnetic Conductivity (EM) Surveys
Measure Conductivity of Groundwater and Rock Materia!
Anomalies Can be Related to Ionic Concentrations
ซ Depth of Survey up to 200 Feet
Survey Depth Related to Electrode
Spacing and Orientation
Used Primarily for Profiling
-------
Indirect Methods: Geophysics
Resistivity Surveys
Measure Resistance of Subsurface
Materials to Electrical Current
Can be Related to Stratigraphy or Groundwater Quality
Used Primarily for Vertical Sounding
Survey Depth Related to Electrode Spacing
-------
Indirect Methods: Geophysics
Seismic Surveys
Measure Changes in Energy Waves Transmitted Through
Soil and Rock
M
i
5 Used to Delineate Subsurface Stratigraphy
Seismic Refraction Used for Shallow Studies
Seismic Reflection Used for Deep Studies
-------
Indirect Methods: Geophysics
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Surveys
Measures Reflection of Energy Pulses Off "Targets"
ป Can Identify Stratigraphic Layers,
Groundwater, Buried Waste
Depth of Penetration Highly Variable,
Up to 100 Feet
Signal Attenuated Rapidly by CSays and Water
-------
Indirect Methods: Geophysics
Borehole Logs
Temperature
Specific Conductance
Downhole TV
CaSiper
Resistivity
ซ Gamma
Neutron
Others
-------
Indirect Methods: Geophysics
Costs for Geophysical Surveys
Magnetometer
Conductivity
Resistivity
GPR
Cost Ranges/Day1
$1,935-$3,890
$1,970-53,960
$2,090-54,655
$2,585-56,100
Field Capacity/Day
50-150 Stations
50-150 Stations
8-20 Stations
5,000-10,000 Linear Feet
1Travel Costs and Survey Grid Not Included.
-------
Indirect Methods: Geophysics
Factors in Method Selection
Magnetometry - lor High Mass, Iron Deposits
Metal Detection - for Shallow, Metallic Deposits Having a
High Surface Area
Conductivity - for Profiling Electromagnetic Contrasts
Resistivity - for Sounding Electromagnetic Contrasts
Seismic - for Delineating Geologic Layers
Having Different Densities
GPR - for Delineating Low-Clay Deposits and Groundwater
-------
Indirect Methods: Geophysics
Complementary Geophysical Methods
Application
Buried Non-Metallic
Wastes
Buried Metallic Wastes
Subsurface Geology
Depth to Water
Leachate Plumes
Primary Methods
GPR, EM
Magnetometry, Metal
Detection, GPR
GPR, Seismic
GPR
EM, Resistivity
Secondary Methods
Resistivity
EM, Resistivity
EM, Resistivity
EM, Resistivity
GPR
-------
Indirect Methods: Geophysics
Data Evaluation Techniques
Graphical Interpretation
Method-Specific Models
Statistical Models
-------
Indirect Methods; Soil Gas
ฎ Measure Chemical Vapors in Soil Voids
Can be Related to Buried Wastes or Leachate
ป Depth of Survey Variable - Typically Less Than 100 Feet
Can be Qualitative, Semi-Quantitative or Quantitative
-------
Indirect Methods: Soil Gas
Gas-Collection Approaches
Surface Readings
Temporary Probes
Semi-Permanent Probes
SorpSive Collectors
Vapor Wells
-------
Indirect Methods: Soil Gas
Analytical Approaches
Onslte Instrumentation
M
I
Sorptive Collectors for Lab Analysis
Tedlar Bags for Lab Analysis
-------
Direct Methods for
Characterizing Subsurface Migration
Soil and Rock Sampling
HydroSogic Measurements
Aquifer Testing
Groundwater Sampling
-------
Direct Methods:
Soil and Rock Sampling
Grab Samples
ซ Spiit Spoon Samples
ro
i
ซ ซ Shelby Tube Samples
Soil-Core Samples
Rock-Core Samples
-------
Direct Methods:
Hydrologic Measurements
Surface Water Discharge and Elevation
Spring Discharge and Elevation
Unsaturated Zone Monitoring '
Groundwater Elevations
-------
Direct Methods: Hydrologic Measurements
Devices for Measuring Depth to Water
Typical
Ease
Purchase
Recording
Device
Accuracy
of Use
Cost
Capabilities
Tape/Popper
0.1
Easy
$15
No
Tape/Marker
0.05
Easy
$20
No
Electrical
0.05
Easy
$200
No
Mechanical
0.1
Difficult
$1,000
Yes
Sonic
1.0
Moderate
$500
Yes
Pressure
0.03
Moderate
$1,500
Yes
Transducer
-------
Direct Methods: Aquifer Testing
Laboratory Tests
Slug Tests
Packer Tests
"Mini" Pump Tests
Step-Drawdown Tests
Pump Tests
Tracer Tests
-------
Objectives
Assess Groundwater Quality; Delineate Horizontal
and Vertical Rate And Extent of Contamination;
Evaluate Effectiveness of Corrective Actions;
Monitor Long-Term Groundwater Quality
Well Design
Well Materials
Screen Type and Setting;
Security and Identification Measures
System Design
Numbers, Locations,
Depths, and Configurations
of Wells
BmpBementation Procedures Program Design
Well Installation, Sampling; 4 > Sample Analysis Parameters
Laboratory Analysis, and and Frequency; Field
Data Evaluation Procedures and Laboratory QA/QC
Elements of Groundwater Monitoring
-------
Combining Direct and Indirect Data
Some Objectives for Groundwater Monitoring
Assess Groundwater Quality
Delineate Horizontal Extent of Contamination
ซ Delineate Vertical Extent of Contamination
Evaluate Effectiveness of Corrective Actions
-------
Combining Direct and indirect Data
Monitoring System Components
Well Design - Wei! Materials, Screen Type and Setting,
and Security and Identification Measures
System Design - Numbers, Locations, Depths, and
| Configurations of Weils
Program Design - Sample Analysis Parameters and
Frequency, and QA/QC
Implementation Procedures - Well Installation and Sampling,
Laboratory Analysis,
and Data Evaluation
-------
Locking Cap
and Padlock
Inner Well Cap
Vent Hole
Bottom Cap
Drain Hole
Protective Casing.
Stickup
Traffic Pad.
Well Development
Borehole Diameter
Casing Diameter _
Material
Grout: Material/Mixture
Setting
Plug: Material
Setting
Sandpack: Material
Gradation
Setting
Screen: Material
Length
Type
Opening Size
Setting
Coupling
Sump Length
SUMMARY OF SPECIFICATIONS FOR
SHALLOW WELL COMPLETION
-------
Combining Direct and Indirect Data
Data for System Design
Number of Wells - Objectives of Monitoring System
Existing Records and Data
Weil Locations - Objectives of Monitoring System
Existing Records and Data
Aerial Photographs
Environmental Surveys
Geophysics
Soil Gas Survey
Site Access
-------
Combining Direct and Indirect Data
Data for System Design (Continued)
Well Depths - Objectives of Monitoring System
Existing Records and Data
Geophysics
Soil and Rock Samples
Hydrologic Measurements
Well Configurations - Objectives of Monitoring System
Existing Records and Data
Geophysics
Soil and Rock Samples
Hydrologic Measurements
-------
Selecting Well Locations
Aerial Photographs: Stressed Vegetation
Fracture Traces
Geomorphic Anomalies
Environmentai Surveys: Existing Well Contamination
Spring Contamination
Surface Water Contamination
-------
Selecting Well Locations
Geophysics: EM Anomalies
"Hard-Target" Anomalies
"Soft-Target" Anomalies
Other Factors: Objectives of Monitoring System
Existing Records and Data
Soil-Gas Anomalies
Access and Clearance
Contaminant Geochemistry
-------
Low Permeability
Clay
Sandy Zones
in Clay
Sand
Flow
Source Repa and Kufs, 1985
ExampBe of a Situation in Which
Different Groundwater Flow Directions
and Geologic Heterogeneities Can
nf uence the Men toring System Des cgn
-------
Selecting Well Depths
Environmental Surveys: Depth to Water in Existing Wells
Elevations of Surface
Waters and Springs
Geophysics: Stratigraphy (From 6PR, Seismic, or
Resistivity Surveys)
Depth-to-Water Estimates
Direct Data: Soil and Rock Samples
Hydrologic Measurements
Other Factors: Objectives of Monitoring System
Existing Records and Data
Contaminant Geochemistry
-------
M
I
*
M
U^y*v v
^ i Q-f Vซ*. i j,
Water
Table
Silty Sand
i
Clayey Silt
Gravel
.1
JtJ \ 1Cฃ
Clay
+
+
+
+ +ฆ
Impermeable
Bedrock
+ฆ + +
+
4
4-
+
+
+
+
+
"t
f
+
+
+
+
+ + + 4 ~h +
+ + + 4- + +
Source Repa and Kufs, 1985
Example of a Situation in Which
Geologic Units of Different Hydraulic
Conductivities Can Influence the
Design of a Monitoring System
-------
Selecting Well Configurations
Objectives of Monitoring System
Existing Records and Data
& Contaminant Geochemistry
Stratigraphy and Hydrogeology
-------
Single
Zone
Well
Fully
Screened
Well
Multiple
Sampling
Point
Well
Single
Borehole
Well Nest
Multiple
Borehole
Well Nest
Grout
S Seal
Gravel
jS Pack
TTTTTt
777vc* 77rv^
r;
777rn77y^\ tttvv ttfs,
Source Repa and Kufs, 1985
WeBI Configurations Used
for Groundwater Monitoring
-------
Permeable Sandstone
Bedding Plane
^ Leakage
Well Cemented
Sandstone
Limestone
.'J.1.1.1.
ermeable Sandstone
Shales
jpฎnปieab/e
Faun
Zone
Semi-Permeable
Siltstone
Permeable
Sandstone
b e"cซ
'eh
+ ,
ฃฃ/+ , + +
Kt"s. ป9a5
-------
waste
Disposal
Site
Artificial
LEGEND
OUncontaminated Private Wells
Contaminated Private Wells
Contaminated Industrial Well
Source. Repa and Kufs, 1985
Result of Sampling Existing WeSSs
at a Hypothetical Site
-------
Artificial
Lake
Water
Table
River
After Repa and Kufs, 1985
Example of a Situation in Which
Well Construction and Depth Influence
the Pattern of Contamination
-------
Artificial
Lake
Water
fable"
River
After: Repa and Kufs, 1985
Example of a Situation in Which
WelS Depth Influences
the Pattern of Contaminat'on
-------
Artificial
Lake
Spring
River
After: Repa and Kufs, 198S
Example of a Situation in Which
Different Water-Bearing Zones
Influence the Pattern of Contamination
-------
Artificial
Lake
Water
\
<>/j
River
After: Repa and Kufs, 1985
Example of a Situation in Which
Rock Structure and Well Depth
Influence the Pattern of Contamination
-------
Artificial
Lake
Water
Table"
River
After: Repa and Kufs, 1985
Example ฉf a Situation in Which
Rook Faylts andl Fractures influence
the Pattern ฉf Cฉntam'nat~ฉn
-------
Artificial
Water
Table
River
After: Repa and Kufs, 1985
Example of a Situation in Which
Contaminant Solubility and Density
Influence the Pattern of Contamination
-------
Result of Environmental Survey
M
I
01
W
Outcrop of
Fractured
Shale
Mature
Forest
Waste
ฐ Disposal
Site
Leachate Seep
and Contaminated
Lake Sediment
Legend
KV1 Areas of Dead Vegetation
After: Repa and Kufs, 1985
-------
Monitoring System for
Assessing Groundwater Quality
Shale
Outcrop
Lake
Waste
Disposal
Site
IS
All Wells Screened in
Silty Sand Above
Fractured Shale Bedrock
After: Repa and Kufs, 1985
-------
Result of Fracture-Trace Analysis
(>>
Shale
Outcrop
Lake
Waste
Disposal
Site
After: Repa and Kufs, 1985
-------
Result ฉf GPR Survey
$yp@rimp@sฉci on a
Cross Section of the Site
^ 1^1^-
L k. v, ^ ,VW^^v VifrUM
' ,,, ^
'"^W V ';, , ซW'"' t%U^''%+*i>m.'&?-
J )&>ฆ$&$
*\>. ,##M'.v -y
^V*V4^. .*
tju&-
'$?A JiiT j!^'y^7'S.'-i:\
After: Repa and Kuls, 1985
-------
Result of Soil-Gas Survey
rry-
7HVJ
^ ^ ^ *-_ 5 ^ ^
7 n~
vy ,
S W,
o
Shale
Outcrop
a 5ป
aste
isposal
Legend
# 5 Existing Monitor Wells
O 18 Proposed Borings
After: Repa and Kufs, 1985
-------
Mon'tor'ng System for
Assessing Extent of Contamination
Shale
Outcrop
Lake
Waste
Disposal
Site
c ซฆ>.
Legend
# 5 Existing Overburden Monitor Wells
O 18 Completed Soil Borings
~ 10 Proposed Overburden Monitor Wells
ฆ 4 Proposed Bedrock Monitor Wells
After: Repa and Kufs, 1985
-------
Sandstone
Shale
Sandstone
Sand-
stone
Overburden-
Leachate
Plume
Lake
Waste
Disposal
Site
Contaminated
Seep
Bedrock
Leachate
Plumes
Source Repa and Kufs, 1985
Example of the Effects of Site Geology
on Leachate PSyme Movement (Map view)
-------
~ V~_ _Water Table
Flow
Seep
Overland Flow
Overburden
Lake
Sand-
Stone
Shale
Shale
Sandstone
Sandstone
Source Repa and Kufs, 1985
ExampBe of the Effects of Site Geology
on Leachate Plume Movement
(Cross Sectional View)
-------
Problems in
Monitoring System Design
Planning Problems
Wells Not Positioned Appropriately
Screen Lengths Not Correctly Selected
Periodic Flow Changes Not Addressed
-------
Problems in
Monitoring System Design
Implementation Problems
Screen Setting Not Correct
Well Silts up After Installation
Gravel Pack Clogged
Well Seals Leak
Well Construction Not Documented Adequately
-------
Problems in
Monitoring System Design
Site Condition Problems
Well Does Mot Produce
8 ฎ Water Table Fluctuates Greatly
ซ Pumping Wells Disrupt Flow Patterns
Undocumented Waste Sources Confound Results
-------
Recharge
Area
Waste Site
Water
Table
Water Table Mound Beneath Waste Sites
Waste
Site
Permeable
Alluvium
Shale
Aquitard
Source: Repa and Kufs, 1985
ExampSe of a Situation m Which l^ulf iple
Waste Sources Cmn 8nfงu@nc@ Honiforing
System Results
-------
Problems in
Monitoring System Design
Special Problems
Irregularly Shaped Aquifers
Fracture Flow
Aquifer-Contaminant Interactions
Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids
-------
Water Table
Flow
Sand
Plume
Flow
Clay
Source Repa and Kufs, 1985
Example of a Situation in Which
High-Density NAPLs Could Migrate Against
the Direction of Groundwater Flow
-------
Problems in
Monitoring System Design
Special Problems
Irregularly Shaped Aquifers
M
i
* Fracture Flow
Aquifer-Contaminant Interactions
Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids
-------
Problems in
Monitoring System Design
Approaches to Irregularly Shaped Aquifers
Evaluate Aquifer Geometry and Thickness
w Using Background Information; GPR, Seismic,
S and Resistivity Surveys; and Soil Borings
install Monitoring System in Phases
Conduct Pump Tests to Identify Boundaries
Install Additional Wells as Appropriate
-------
Problems in
Monitoring System Design
Approaches to Contaminant Flow Through Fractures
Evaluate Fracture Patterns Using Background
Information; Aerial Photographs;
Measurements of Outcrops and Cores; and Seismic,
GPR or Borehole Geophysical Surveys
Install Monitoring System in Phases
Conduct Appropriate Aquifer Tests
Conduct Chemical Tracer Tests
Install Additional Wells as Appropriate
-------
Problems in
Monitoring System Design
Approaches to Aquifer-Contaminant Interactions
Evaluate Contaminant and Site Geochemistry
Using Background Information
Install Monitoring System in Phases
Conduct Laboratory and Field Studies as Appropriate
Use Theoretical or Statistical Models to
Evaluate Monitoring System Data
Install Additional Wells as Appropriate
-------
Problems in
Monitoring System Design
Approaches to Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids
Low-Density NAPLs: Use Soil-Gas Surveys
Soil Borings and Methods for
Mapping Water Table Surfaces
High-Density NAPLs: Use GPR, Seismic, and Resistivity
Surveys and Borings to
Map Site Stratigraphy
Install Monitoring System in Phases
Install Additional Wells as Appropriate
-------
MONITORING SYSTEM INSTALLATION
DATA OBJECTIVES
WELL DESIGN CONTROLS
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
WELL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INSTALLATION EXAMPLES
DATA OBJECTIVES
HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS
WATER-LEVEL DATA
WATER-QUALITY DATA
HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS
HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY (K)
TRANSMISSIVITY (T) AND STORATIVITY (S)
HOMOGENIETY/BARRIERS
LEAKANCE
K-TEST DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
ISOLATE TEST ZONE
DEVELOP ZONE AND PACK
SCREEN DESIGN ALLOWS ADEQUATE FLOW
COMPATIBLE WITH OTHER USES
'3-1
-------
PUMPING TEST DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
PUMPING WELL
OBSERVATION WELL
PUMPING WELL
ONE WELL
FULLY PENETRATING SCREEN
LARGE DIAMETER
STEEL OR PVC
WRAPPED SCREEN
MINIMAL OTHER USES
OBSERVATION WELL
SEVERAL WELLS
SCREEN SAME INTERVAL AS PUMPING WELL
STEEL OR PVC
MINIMAL OTHER USES
HOMOGENIETY/BARRIERS
MODIFIED PROCEDURES FOR TRANSMISSIVITY TESTS
MAY REQUIRE MORE OBSERVATION WELLS
3-2
-------
LEAKANCE
MODIFIED PROCEDURES FOR TRANSMISSIVITY TESTS
VERTICAL FLOW
SHORT SCREENS ADEQUATE
WELL NESTS/CLUSTERS
COMPATIBLE WITH OTHER USES
WATER-LEVEL DATA
TYPES OF WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENTS
LEVEL MEASUREMENT DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
LEVEL MEASUREMENT DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
DIAMETER OF MEASURING DEVICE
ISOLATE SCREEN ZONE
CLUSTERS
DRILLED WELLS OR DRIVE POINTS
SURVEYING IMPORTANT
COMPATIBLE WITH OTHER USES
WATER-QUALITY DATA
PURPOSE FOR COLLECTING WATER-QUALITY DATA
METHODS OF COLLECTING WATER-QUALITY DATA
3-3
-------
PURPOSE FOR COLLECTING WATER-QUALITY DATA
IDENTIFICATION/DETECTION
CONFIRMATION/ASSESSMENT
COMPLIANCE/INVESTIGATION
METHODS OF COLLECTING WATER-QUALITY DATA
WELLS
LYSIMETERS
"BARCAD" SAMPLERS
WELL DESIGN CONTROLS
PLAN OBJECTIVE
REGULATORY CRITERIA
GEOLOGIC ENVIRONMENT
CONTAMINANT CHARACTERISTICS
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS IN WELL DESIGN
EXAMPLE DESIGNS
PLAN OBJECTIVE
HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS
WATER-LEVEL DATA
WATER-QUALITY DATA
MULITIPLE PURPOSES
3-4
-------
REGULATORY CRITERIA
WELL CONSTRUCTION METHODS
WELL SIZE
ANNULUSSEALS
MATERIAL TYPES
GEOLOGIC ENVIRONMENT
LITHOLOGY
DEPTH
MULITPLE AQUIFER
CONTAMINANT CHARACTERISTICS
IMMISCIBLE ORGANICS
DISSOLVED CONSTITUENTS
SORPTION/DESORPTION WITH WELL MATERIALS
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS IN WELL DESIGN
BOREHOLE SIZE
MONITORING DEVICE (PUMP)
DEPTH
DRILLING METHOD
MULTIPLE CASINGS
EXAMPLE DESIGNS
ฆ UNCONSOLIDATED MATERIAL
HARD ROCK
MULTLPLE CASED
WELL NESTS/WELL CLUSTERS
LONG VS SHORT SCREENS
3-5
-------
PROTECTIVE
CASING
GROUT
JOINT
CASING
PLUG
ARTIFICIAL
FILTER PACK
WELL SCREEN
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
ARTIFICIAL PACK WELL
PROTECTIVE
COVER
GROUT
'JOINT
CASING
PLUG
SCREEN
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
NATURALLY PACKED WELL
3-6
-------
GROUT;
-PROTECTIVE
CASING
-CASING:'
MECHANICAL"
PACKER
< OPEN HOLE ฆ'
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM-
OPEN HOLE CONSTRUCTION
PROTECTIVE
CASING
i INTERMEDIATE
.'i CASING
JOINT
GROUT
CASING
; |
""""^WdHANib'AL:i$:
S:;5 PLUG KH
,... ~PLUG^^^^
V^o * Go* 'C
b qO>Q'ป ; (aoq-o .b?
*7 ARTIFICIAL PACKyซC
. c~\^\ r\-> . ฆ oฐ oq^*
e- SCREEN o.o AฐCvof7
? ฐh . o 0*0* oฐ
,;a<3ฐ.o .;CiฐQoQ-0 -o';
OrS?.-
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
MULTIPLE-CASED WELL
3-7
-------
CLUSTER NEST
1
>
i
i
i
$
SH
1%. *'
ฆ :
.......
-
ฆฆ'V
-
=
.ซ
r
*
s
^PLUG i
1
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM-
LONG vs. SHORT SCREENS
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
COMMON WELL DRILLING METHODS
APPLICATION
CABLE TOOL
ROTARY (ALL FLUIDS)
AUGERS
COMMON WELL DRILLING METHODS
CABLE TOOL
ROTARY
AUGER
3-8
-------
APPLICATION
GEOLOGIC FORMATION
COMPATIBILITY WITH WELL CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
SITE CONDITIONS
IDENTIFICAI ION/SAMPLING OF FORMATION AND AQUIFER
RATE OF PENETRATION
CABLE TOOL
MECHANICS
OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
ROTARY (ALL FLUIDS)
MECHANICS
OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
AUGERS
MECHANICS
OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
3-9
-------
WELL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
DRILLING FLUIDS
WELL CASING
WELL SCREENS
FILTER PACK
ANNULUS SEALERS
WELL DEVELOPMENT
ABOVE-GRADE COMPLETION
DRILLING FLUIDS
PURPOSE OF DRILLING FLUIDS
MAJOR TYPES OF DRILLING FLUIDS
PROBLEMS CAUSED BY DRILLING FLUIDS
MAJOR TYPES OF DRILLING FLUIDS
WATER BASED DRILLING FLUIDS
AIR BASED DRILLING FLUIDS
OIL BASED AND OTHERS
WATER BASED DRILLING FLUIDS
CLEAN WATER
WATER WITH CLAY ADDITIVES
WATER WITH POLYMERIC ADDITIVES
WATER WITH CLAY AND POLYMER ADDITIVES
3-10
-------
AIR BASED DRILLING FLUIDS
DRY AIR
MIST; DROPLETS OF WATER ENTRAINED IN AIRSTREAM
FOAM; AIR BUBBLES SURROUNDED BY SURFACTANTS
PROBLEMS CAUSED BY DRILLING FLUIDS
EFFECTS ON SAMPLE QUALITY
EFFECTS ON GROUTING. PACKING, ETC
EFFECTS ON WELL DEVELOPMENT
EFFECTS ON SAMPLE QUALITY
DILUTION
SORPTION/DESORPTION
REDOX CHANGE
BACTERIOLOGICAL
ADDITIVES
WELL CASING
PURPOSE OF CASING
CONSIDERATIONS IN SELECTING CASING MATERIALS
MATERIALS USED FOR CASINGS
3-11
-------
CONSIDERATIONS IN SELECTING CASING MATERIALS
CONTAMINANTS SAMPLED
INERTNESS
, STRENGTH
INSTALLATION
ฆ COST
MATERIALS USED FOR CASINGS
PVC (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE)
FLUOROCARBONS
MILD STEEL
STAINLESS STEEL
ฆ OTHERS
ADVANTAGES OF PVC
LIGHTWEIGHT
READILY AVAILABLE
EXCELLENT TO GOOD FOR MANY ORGANICS AND INORGANICS
DISADVANTAGES OF PVC
WEAKER, LESS RIGID, AND TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE
MAY REACT WITH SOME ORGANIC COUPOUNDS
POOR CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TO SOME ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
3-12
-------
ADVANTAGES OF FLUOROCARBONS
LIGHT TO MODERATE WEIGHT
HIGH IMPACT STRENGTH
CHEMICALLY INERT TO MOST ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
DISADVANTAGES OF FLUOROCARBONS
LOW TENSILE STRENGTH
EXPENSIVE
LIMITED EXPERIENCE
ADVANTAGES OF MILD STEEL
STRONG, RIGID, NOT TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE
READILY AVAILABLE
EXPERIENCE IN SOME CONSTRUCTION SEGMENTS
DISADVANTAGES OF MILD STEEL
HEAVY
POOR RESISTANCE TO INORGANIC ACIDS
REACTIVE WITH METALS
CUTTING OILS
3-13
-------
ADVANTAGES OF STAINLESS STEEL
HIGH STRENGTH
RESISTANT TO CORROSION
MINIMAL REACTION WITH ORGANICS
EXPERIENCE IN SOME CONSTRUCTION SEGMENTS
DISADVANTAGES OF STAINLESS STEEL
HEAVY
MAY LEACH SOME METALS
CUTTING OILS
OTHERS
POLYPROPYLENE
FIBERGLASS
ABS
WELL SCREENS
PURPOSE CF SCREENS
CONSIDERATIONS IN SCREEN DESIGN
SLOT SIZE
LENGTH
INTEGRATED WITH FILTER PACK AND DEVELOPMENT
COMPOSITE SCREEN/CASING DESIGN
POROUS PVC OR FLOUROCARBON
3-14
-------
CONSIDERATIONS IN SCREEN DESIGN
MAXIMIZE RAPID SAMPLE RECOVERY
RETAIN FILTER PACK OR NATURAL FORMATION
SLOT OPENINGS SHOULD BE OF NON-PLUGGING DESIGN
FACILITATE EFFECTIVE DEVELOPMENT
SLOT SIZE
0.006 INCHES TO 0.020 INCHES
MAXIMIZE OPEN SPACE
15 TO 20 PERCENT OPEN AREA (MINIMUM)
WRAPPED SCREENS HAVE HIGHEST PERCENTAGE OPEN SPACE
FILTER PACK
PURPOSE OF FILTER PACK
NATURAL FORMATION PACKED WELLS
ARTIFICIALLY PACKED WELLS
OPEN HOLE COMPLETION
NATURAL FORMATION PACKED WELLS
RELIES ON NATURALLY OCCURRING FORMATION MATERIAL
BEST IN HOMOGENEOUS FORMATIONS
SAND AND GRAVEL SIZE AQUIFER MATERIAL
REQUIRES EXTENSIVE DEVELOPMENT TIME
SLOT SIZE SHOULD MAXIMIZE RETENTION OF AQUIFER MATERIAL
3-16
-------
ARTIFICIALLY PACKED WELLS
GEOLOGIC SETTINGS FOR ARTIFICIALLY PACKED WELLS
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ARTIFICIAL PACK
FILTER SOCKS AND FILTER FABRIC
GEOLOGIC SETTINGS FOR ARTIFICIALLY PACKED WELLS
FINED GRAINED (CLAY. SILT, ETC)
HETEROGENEOUS UNCONSOLIDATED
INCOMPETANT ROCK
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ARTIFICIAL PACK
GRAIN-SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SCREENED ZONE
CLEAN
WELL-ROUNDED GRAINS
INERT COMPOSITION
UNIFORM SIZE
SCREEN SLOT SIZE RETAIN HIGH PERCENTAGE OF PACK
ANNULUS SIZE
DRILLING METHOD
ฆ EXTENT ABOVE AND BELOW SCREEN
OPEN HOLE COMPLETION
SCREEN WITH NO PACK MATERIAL
NO SCREEN OR PACK MATERIAL
3-10
-------
ANNULUS SEALERS
PURPOSE OF ANNULUS SEALERS
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR SELECTING ANNULUS SEALERS
MATERIALS USED AS ANNULUS SEALERS
PLUGS
GROUTS
PURPOSE OF ANNULUS SEALERS
PREVENT VERTICAL MIGRATION OF CONTAMINANTS
STABLIZE BOREHOLE
SUPPORT CASING
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR SELECTING ANNULUS SEALERS
BOREHOLE SIZE
ฆ DEPTH
COLLAPSE STRENGTH OF CASING
WATER OUALI1Y
DRILLING METHOD
MATERIALS USED AS ANNULUS SEALERS
BEN rONIl E
CEMENT
MECHANICAL DEVICES (PACKERS. BASKETS. CENTRAUZERS)
ADVANTAGES OF BENTONITE
READILY AVAILABLE
INEXPENSIVE
3-17
-------
DISADVANTAGES OF BENTONITE
CHEMICALLY REACTIVE (METALS)
DIFFICULT TO EVALUATE SEAL
BONDING WITH CASING DIFFICULT
ADVANTAGES OF CEMENT
AVAILABLE
INEXPENSIVE
BONDS WELL WITH CASING
BOND CAN BE TESTED
DISADVANTAGES OF CEMENT
CHEMICALLY REACTIVE (pH)
EQUIPMENT INTENSIVE
SHRINKS/CRACKS
GEOTECH DRILLERS HAVE LITTLE EXPERIENCE
PLUGS
PURPOSE OF PLUGS
PLACEMENT OF PLUGS
MATERIALS USED FOR PLUGS
MATERIALS USED FOR PLUGS
BENTONITE
MECHANICAL PACKERS
SAND
3-18
-------
GROUTS
METHODS FOR PLACEMENT OF GROUT
MATERIALS USED AS GROUT
GROUTING PRACTICES
GROUTING PRACTICES
FULLY GROUTEDANNULUS
PARTIALLY GROUTED ANNULUS
MUUTPLE CASED WELLS
WELL DEVELOPMENT
PURPOSE OF WELL DEVELOPMENT
CONSIDERATIONS FOR SELECTING DEVELOPMENT METHOD
METHODS OF WELL DEVELOPMENT
PURPOSE OF WELL DEVELOPMENT
PRODUCE SEDIMENT FREE WATER
MINIMIZE EFFECTS OF DRILLING FLUIDS AND BOREHOLE DAMAGE
MAXIMIZE WELL YIELD
CONSIDERATIONS FOR SELECTING DEVELOPMENT METHOD
WELL COMPLETION CONFIGURATION
- SLOT SIZE AND SLOT CONFIGURATION
DRILLING FLUID USED
TYPE OF FORMATION
HANDLING OF DEVELOPMENT FLUIDS
3-18
-------
METHODS OF WELL DEVELOPMENT
OVER PUMPING
BACKWASHING
MECHANICAL SURGING
AIR
JETTING
OTHERS
ABOVE-GRADE COMPLETION
LOCKING STEEL COVER
GUARD POSTS
CONCRETE PAD
IDENTIFICATION NUMBER
SURVEYING
LOCKING STEEL COVER
SECURITY
PROTECTION AGAINST IMPACTS
WEEP HOLE
GUARD POSTS
PROTECTION AGAINST IMPACTS
TRIANGULAR ARRAY
BRIGHTLY PAINTED
3-20
-------
CONCRETE PAD
DESIGNED TO PREVENT FREEZE/THAW CRACKING
FLAT WORKING SURFACE
IDENTIFICATION NUMBER
EASILY VISIBLE
INSIDE PROTECTIVE COVER
SURVEYING
LATERAL
VERTICAL
MARKED MEASURING POINT
INSTALLATION EXAMPLES
CASE 1
CASE 2
CASE 3
CASE 4
3-21
-------
CASE1
GEOLOGY ,
60 FT. SAND OVER
DIPPING SHALE BEDROCK
HYDROGEOLOGY
WATER TABLE AT 20 FT.
FLOW DIRECTION SAME AS DIPPING BEDROCK
SAND K= 10-3 CM/SEC, SHALE K=10"8 CM/SEC
PLUME
INSOLUBLE IN WATER
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
CONTAMINANTS DENSER THAN WATER
WATER
TABLE
SAND
SHALE
3-22
-------
CASE 2
GEOLOGY
25 FT. SAND OVER
15 FT. SHALE OVER
MASSIVE DOLOMITE
HYDROGEOLOGY
WATER TABLE AT 10 FT.
PIEZOMETRIC PRESSURE IN DOLOMITE IS LOWER THAN
SAND AQUIFER
FLOW DIRECTION SAME IN BOTH AQUIFERS
SAND K=10"6 CM/SEC. SHALE K=108 CM/SEC.
DOLOMITE K= 10-5 CM/SEC
PLUME
SOLUBLE IN WATER
ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
SAND
WATER
TABLE
CLAY
PIEZOMETRIC'
WATER LEVEL
DOLOMITE
3-23
-------
CASE 3
GEOLOGY
35 FT. HETEROGENOUS GLACIAL TILL OVER
5 TO 10 FT SAND AND WEATHERED-SANDSTONE OVER
SANDSTONE BEDROCK
HYDROGEOLOGY
WATER TABI EAT 10 FT
PIEZOMETRIC PRESSURE IN SANDSTONE AT 5 FT. (CONFINED)
NATURAL FLOW DIRECTION IN BOTH AQUIFERS SAME
DIRECTION
SAND&SILT LENSES&STRINGERS K=10"4 CM/SEC.
CLAY K=10-8 CM/SEC, SANDSTONE K=l&3 CM/SEC
PLUME
SOLUBLE IN WATER
INORGANIC
SOME CONTAMINANTS ARE ALSO NATURALLY OCCURING
PIEZOMETRIC
WATER LEVEL
WATER
TABLE
SANDSTONE
3-24
-------
CASE 4
GEOLOGY
30 FT WIND-BLOWN SAND OVER
70 FT. UNCONSOLIDATED SANDS AND GRAVELS OVER
10 FT WEATHERED GRANODIORITE BEDROCK (SAPROLITE) OVER
FRACTURED GRANODIORITE
HYDROGEOLOGY
DEPTH TO SATURATED PORESPACES 130 FT.
UNSATURATED VERTICAL FLOW TO 130 FT. WITH NO
INTERVENING AQUITARDS
FLOW IS MULTI-DIRECTIONAL IN FRACTURED GRANODIORITE
WITH REGIONAL FLOW UNI-DIRECTIONAL
UNCONSOLIDATED MATERIAL K=10"3 CM/SEC. FRACTURED
GRANODIORITE K=1CH CM/SEC
PLUME
SOLUBLE IN WATER
ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
SAND
PEDIMENT
WASH
FRACTURED
GRANODIORITE
TABLE
3-25
-------
NOT DISCUSSED IN DETAIL
Sampling devices (materials and configuration)
ฉ SampSe containers (materiais and configuration)
ฉ BSanks, replicates, spikes
a Decontamination
ฎ SampSe preservation and handling
ฎ Documentation
ฎ Data presentation
FormaB QA/QC procedures
-------
NEGOTIATED TECHNOLOGYy NOTSCSENCE
ฎ Objective
-Assure that facllites have no
deleterious effects, therefore
-analyze samples representative
f of adjacent environments, therefore
no
-assure representation by removing
errors associated with sampling, then
-evaluate deleterious effects, but
-within reasonable time and cost,
at a large number of facilities
ฉ Requirements
-Definition of representativeness
-Identification of sources/
ranges of error
-Concentration standards,
monitoring protocols
-Informed opinion, politics,
judgement (state-of-the-practice)
-------
REPRESENTA T/VENESS
ฎ Always requires definition of spatial and
temporal scale, and
ฎ Can never be linked to an unequivocal
determination o? accuracy
ฎ Therefore, there is a tendency to Identify
representativeness wrtfi
-Standard procedures
-Reproducibility of results
-------
SOURCES OF ERROR
ฎ MateraaSs
% ftlechanisms
ฉ Procedures
e Hyman Faylt
-------
MONITORING PROTOCOLS
II
Constituents/Properties to be Analyzed
-From indicator to complete
Frequency of AnaByses
-Trading space for time
i
CJl
Purpose of Analyses
-Detection
-Assessment
-Compliance
-Performance
-Corrective Action
-------
CONCENTRATION STANDARDS
ซ SDWA
-Pป
I
O
ฎ Clean Water Act
State Requirements
ฎ Cancer Risk LeveBs
ฉ Alternate Concentration Limits
ฎ Background
-------
BASIC SAMPLING STEPS
ฎ Measure fluid level (s)
ฉ Defect/sample immiscibles
-p*
i
ฎ Purge weBB
ฉ Measure fieicB parameters
Obtain sample
-------
SAMPLE COLLECTION TRAIN
pH
Eh
CONDUCTANCE
TEMPERATURE
VALVE
PUMP
DISCHARGE
-Pa
\
00
VALVE
FLOWMETER
ELECTRODE
CELL
FILTER
PHOTOIONIZATION
DETECTOR OR OVA;
DISCHARGE OR
COLLECT, ANALYZE.
TREAT
METALS,
ORGANICS
ALKALINITY,
METALS
-------
SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY
What is being sampled?
ฎ Where and when งs it from ?
i
ฎ What happens when the sampling
device is introduced/activated ?
ฎ What happens as/after the
sample leaves the well?
-------
CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF DRILLING ADDITIVES
(From Brobst and Bubka, 1986)
I
Bentonite Approximate Percent
-Montmorillonite 85
-Si02 7
-K,Na,Ca-Aluminosilicates 5
-lllite 2
-CaCQ3 0.5
-CaS04-2H20 0.5
-Sodium Polyacrylate ฐ-01
Guar Bean
-Galactomannan ฎ
-Water 11
-Protein 4
-Fiber 3
-Ash X_
-Fat ฐ-5
-Methyl Blue 0.1
-------
EFFECTS OF DRILLING FLUID
ON SAMPLE CHEMISTRY
(From Groundwater and Wells, 1986)
10 20 30 40 50
Days after installation
(a) Undeveloped
100
80
60
40
20
0
COD
I \
CI
1 ฆฆ""N
50 100 150
Days after installation
200
(b) Developed
-------
RECOMMENDED MATERIALS
(From Barcelona et. al., 1984)
.1) Fluorocarbon Resins (e.g., Teflon TM)
2) Stainless Steel (316, 304)
3) Polypropylene
4) Polyethylene
5) Linear Polyethylene
6) Viton
7) Conventional Polyethylene
8) PVC
-------
SAMPLE CONTACT RATES (0.4 GPM)
(From Barcelona et. al., 1985)
AQUIFER
MATERIAL SOLIDS (SAND) WELL (21 TUBING (1/4")
Iป
u>
CONTACT 66 0.72 4.0
RATE (M2/HR)
RELATIVE % 92 1 6
CONTACT
-------
PERCENT OF AQUIFER WATER
VERSUS TIME FOR DIFFERENT
TRANSMISSIVITIES
(From Gibb et. al., 1981)
100
60
u.
40
cc
Q = 500 mL/min
DIAMETER = 5.08 cm
30
25
TIME, minutes
-------
CRITICAL PURGE TIMES (21
DRAWDOWN (FT)
0.1 1 10 100 1,000
10 2
1,000
Ui
t 100
10-1 Q
N
U.
LLI
GO
10
103 104
PURGE RATE/TRANSMISSIVITY (FT)
-------
PACKER ISOLATION OF PUMP
COMPRESSED
GAS
HOIST CABLE
COMPRESSED
GAS
SAMPLE
DISCHARGE
WELL
RISER
INFLATABLE
PACKER
SAMPLING
PUMP
WELL-
SCREEN
NOT TO SCALE
4-16
-------
DISTANCE OF DRAW VS. PUMP AGE
PUMP RATE
TRANSMISSIVITY
0 5 10 50 100 500 1000
PUMPAGE (GALLONS)
-------
COMPUTED TRA VEL TIMES (YEARS)
IN THE VICINITY OF PUMPING WELLS
"o]r
o o e
Drfaml
1 = 2 3
e /
4-18
-------
-pป
t
Iป
SIGNIFICANT GASES
ฎ Carbon Dioxide (pH)
Oxygen (Eh)
Volatile Organics
Hydrogen Sulfide
Methane
-------
STABILITY OF IRON SPECIES
(After Garrels and Christ, 1965)
FeC03
Fe3C>4
2 4 6 8 10 12
pH
4-20
-------
PURGE PARAMETERS
pH Eh
A
10 +300
9 +200
8 +100
I
7 0
6 -100
5 -200
4 -300
COND TEMP
Km^ms
1
T"t
T
7
I I
T
9
500
400
300
200
20
15
10
100 5
rJ
10
WELL VOLUMES PURGED
-------
PURGE PARAMETERS
r IWHlBaiMMIi^ '^mmnuMiKiaig^^
pH Eh
COND TEMP
10 +300
9 +200
-t^
i
ro
ro
8 +100
7 0
6 -100
5 -200
4 -300
4 5 6
WELL VOLUMES PURGED
100 5
-------
STABILITY OF IRON SPECIES
(After Garrets and Christ, 1965)
0.8'
0.6'
0.4-
0.2-
Eh (v) 0-
-0.2-
-0.4-
-0.6-
-0.8-
J
FeC03
PH
4-23
-------
CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF PURGING
32-
POTASSIUM*
E
Z
o
I-
<
cc
I-
z
UJ
o
z
o
o
MAGNESIUM
RON
J
MANGANESE
WELL VOLUMES
4-24
-------
MAJOR ION CLASSIFICATION
90
90
SULFATE
TYPE
MAGNESIUM\ If. A
TYPE V \
50
CALCIUM \
TYPE
/SODIUM OR
POTASSIUM
TYPE
CHLORIDE
TYPE
BICARBONATE
TYPE
10
10
CL"
CA
-------
LOCATION OF WASTE DISPOSAL AREAS
'AAREA D
AREA C
AREA B
055?
AREA A
FORMER
LANDFILL
-------
MAJOR ION EFFECTS
Source Waters
Downgradient Waters
Upgradient Waters
-------
COMPUTED TRIGGER LEVELS FOR 1, 2-DCE
4-jw i urn ฆ i in ||
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
AREA (FT2 x 103>
-------
DISTRIBUTION OF WELLS AND SOURCE AREAS
ro
UD
&
1
GRAVITY SEPARATI
SWAMP
i
-------
SAMPLE ANALYSIS
AND
QUALITY ASSURANCE
v /
COMMUNICATIONS
ANALYTICAL METHODS
QA/QC PLANS
< /
/
Communications With Lab
N
Project Goals
Parameters Oi Concern
Concentrations Anticipated
Sampling Methods And Strategy
V
y
Communications With Lab (Cont.)
Analytical Method Selection
Regulatory Preferences
Interferences
Detection Limits
Sample Containers
i >
5-1
-------
Communications With Lab (Cont.)
Numbers of Samples
Replicate Samples
Field Blanks
Costs
SELECTION OF ANALYTICAL METHODS
RCRA vs SUPERFUND
(
RCRA Ground Water Sample Analysis
N
Appendix VIII
Appendix IX
. SW 846
Other Methods
V
J
Superfund Ground Water Sample Analysis
Hazardous Substances List
Contract Lab Program (CLP) Proceedures
5-2
-------
r
Quality Assurance
Chain-of-Custody
Quality Assessment
Quality Control Methods
V
/
/ V
Quality Assessment
. Accuracy
- Control Samples
- Standard Reference Solutions
- Spikes
- Internal Standards
- Audits (Performance and Systems)
. Precision
- Duplicates
V /
Quality Control Methods
Analytical Methods
Reagent Control
Volumetric Glassware
Equipment Calibration
Blanks ฆ
Control Samples
Duplicate Analysis
Spike Samples
ฆ Data Validation
Glassware Cleaning
Maintenance
Training
^ /
5-3
-------