-------
Table 3-1. Summary of State Monitoring for NPS Programs—Rivers
a*
Hittflft ffrmfttwf

SaivSai Mated
Hmfrni

Nmm
FWi
Mitrafcu
Nam**

I*.!*.
Hud

EconjlM
Artificial
JUfcnt
RIP
MrttaMa
AL

o
•



m
A
•
o
~

•
•
•
•
Species diversity. equMabHtly, EPT Index, laxa
richness, and species composition aie determined
AK
•












AZ

o
• *



o
~
•
o
A
• '
A


• *
An ecoreglon approach and RBP are being
evaluated
AH

•
o
•
o



~
•
o
•
~

•
•
Community diversity. Dominants-ln-Common
laxa Index. Quantitative SimHartty Index, laxa
richness, Indicator Assemblage Index, missing
genera, functional group percent similarity.
Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, and relative
abundance are determined.
CA

o




o
o




Fish are monitored kK toxics
CO

•
o
•

-


•
o
A



• •
Stale Is evaluating metrics in EPA's RBP
CT

•
o
•
o



•
A
•
o
A


•
•
EPA's RBP wM be incorporated Into the State
programs.
OE

o
•



A
ฉ
o
A




Species diversity, species richness and tolerance/
intolerance to pollution ate determined
DC

o
•


•
•
A
O





FL

o
•



A
•
A

•
•

Shannon Wiener Diversity Index and Beck's Biotic
Index are used to evaluate data
GA

•
o
•



•
A
•
O




Species diversity. equltabiMy. laxa richness, and
relative abundance are determined
HI
•





A






(continued)

-------
Table 3-1. (continued)
St*

ซPP~ck
M M



Ha*
Mao**
ซซ ซ- -
imn^ipn

FlaaUsa
FM
Mm*.
txm+m
MMcM
Natal
RIP
Mrtfriflafci
ID


•




e
A


•
•
Stale Is proposing ambient macroinvertebrale
monitoring network using wire baskets
IL

• 0
•



•
A
•
O
A

•
•

Karr's IBI Is used kx fish data; MBI Is used
lor benthos
IN

•
o
•


•
•
A
•
O
A

•
•

Fish species diversity and community structure
and macroinvertebrale species diversity and
abundance are assessed
IA

o




A
O
A





KS

• 0
•

•

•
A
•
O
A


•

MBI Is used to determine use support
KY

• o
•

•
•
•
A
•
O
A




"Bum richness, species diversity, equltabHIty. and
relative abundance are determined lor diatoms
Rotative abundance, species richness composi-
tion, and IBI are used on ftsh data. Community
structure of maoolnmrtebrales is determined
LA

• 0
•



A
•
O
A




IBI, species dives alty, and Index ot Community
Loss am used to evaluate flah and macroinver-
tebrale data
ME

o
•



•
A
O

•



MO

•
o
•


•
•
A
•
A

•
•

Community structure and species diversity are
assessed
MA

•
o
•


•

•
A


•
•
Species richness, dtotribution, balance. EPT index
percent contribution of pollution-tolerant species
and leeding habits are determined HHsenhort's
Blotlc Index Is used to evaluate data
Ml

• 0
•



A
•
A


•

Number ot taxa. relative abundance, and poltutlon-
sensitlve indicator species are determined
(continued)

-------
Table 3-1. (continued)
St*
BMofftcri Swnptof
Aypraach
MIMM
Amlyiei

Mmm
Ftofli
Mscwtav
MmofhitM

PlmfcftM
Find
Mm*.
(COTflM
Artificial
IMotI
MP
MlMlllMn
MN

•
o





•
o
A
•
A


• *
The Slate Is Interested In developing fish commun-
ity biocrltefia based on ecoregiom and using the
IB) to evaluate data. The Slate is interested in using
RBPs In a proposed macroinvertebrate
sampling program
MS

•
o
•
o
•
•

•
o
A


•
•
•
Species diversity is determined tor all data,
standing crop and percent coverage are
determined lor macrophytes.
MO

•
o
•



O
A
•
A


•
•
Rapid stream assessments (macroinvertebrales)
are used In mining studies. Fish populations are
evaluated before and alter BMP implementation
MT

e
o
o

•


•
A

•
•


NE

•
o
•



O
A
•
A
•



Macrotnverlebrae data are evaluated using an ICI
and Chutter Biotlc Index, lotal taxa. EFT taxa
percent intolerant and tolerant taxa. are also deter-
mined. Fish data are evaluated using an IBI. The
number ot various species based on leeding habil.
family, pollution tolerance, and fish condition are
also determined
NV

o
•

•

•
A
O

•
a

Periptiyton species are enumerated; total biomass
and species diversity are determined lor macro-
invertebrales
NH
•





~
A





NJ

•
o
•
o

•

•
~
•
A




Fish populations are evaluated lor species diversity
and health
NM

•
o
•


•
•
A
•
A




Wingel and Mangum BCI and Shannon-Wiener
Diversity Index are used to evaluate data
NY

o
•
o



0
A
•
A

•
•
•
Species diversity and richness are determined loi
macroinvertebrales
(continued)

-------
Table 3-1. (continued)
Mi
ฆ	t. .ซ 1
/Ml



Neaa
Ftak

llMiffcyl"

f-toettoe
Rial
Mm*.
Um+m
MMcM
tofanl
mr
MsMcs/Mu
NC

•
o
•



•
~
•
o
~
•

•
•
Mai laxa. taxa richness of poHutton-4rMoterant EPT,
and predominant assemblages are determined tor
macroinverlebrale data, hsh community structure
Is evaluated
ND

o




A
o





OH

•
o
•



A
A




M and 181 are used lo assess lish data;
ICI is used lo assess macroinvetlebrale data
OK

•
o
•

•
•
•
A
O
A




A diversity index is used to evaluate macroinver-
tetorale and algae data
OR

o
o


•
•
A
•
O
A





PA

•
o
•
•
•
•
e
A
O
o
A





PR
•





A






Rl


•



•
A
A

•


Species diversity, tompoeHlon. end ft polio*
Hon tolerance are assessed Beck's Bk*tc Index is
used lo evaluate data
SC

•
o
•
o


•
•
A



•
•
•
%xa rtchnaia. species diversity, equftabMity. and
similarity are determined
SO

•
o
•



A
•
A




Species dfceraNy and health statue ol Ash are
assessed. community structure and diversity ot
macrolnverletxBlea are evaluated
TN

•
o
•



•
A
•
A

•
•
• *
Diversity Index, laxa rtchnan. equitabikty and
evannesa are determined RBP are being eval-
uated tor mawolnvertetorale sampling program
TX

•
o
•
•
•
•
•
A
•
A




(continued)

-------
Table3-1. (continued)
sm
BMe|M SampHag
ApFwh
i
i
Anriym

Nona
Rtk
Matnta.
Itacnphytn

PtanMm
Hied
Mmto
ICOTftM
Artificial

MP
ปซ ซป- ฆ_ .<
ฆmnewnwu
UT

• 0
•



A
•
o
~

•
•

BCI Is used lo assess data
VT

• 0
•



•
o
A




Taxa richness and community diversity are used lo
evaluate macroinverietirate data. IBI is used to
evaluate fish data
VA

o
•



•
A





Community structure, presence/absence, relative
abundance, and distribution are determined
VI
•












WA

• c
•



•
4
•
A





WV

o
•


•
•
A
•
A

•
•


Wl

1
• 0
•

•

•
A
•
~
~

•

Hibenoff's Biotic Index Is used lo evaluate
macrolnvertebrate data.
WY

•
o





•
A





•	Biota sampled to monitor community structure
o Biota sampled to moollor tissue residues ol pesticides, metals, and other priority pollutants
A Water sampled to monitor conventional, nonconventlonal. or priority pollutants
*	Program currently under development
BCI . Biotic Condition Index.
BMP - Best Management Practice
EPT - Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trie hopl era
IBI ฐ Index of Biotic Integrity
ICI - Invertebrate Community Index
Iwb - Index of Well Being
MBI ~ Macroinvertebrale Biotic Index
RBP - Raptd Bioassessmerrt Protocols

-------
The types of biological communities sampled in river biosurveys are summarized in
Figure 3-3 and Table 3-1. Sixteen States collect both macroinvertebrates and fish, 9 States
collect primarily macroinvertebrates, 2 States (Minnesota and Wyoming) collect primarily fish,
and 18 States collect other biota (three or more different biota). In this latter group of States,
all 17 sample macroinvertebrates, 14 sample fish, 12 sample plankton, 10 sample periphyton,
and 3 sample macrophytes Of the 45 States and Territories that conduct biosurveys,
macroinvertebrates and fish communities are the predominant communities targeted for
monitoring in a total of 42 and 32 States, respectively
Several trends are apparent in sampling method and data analysis procedures
associated with macroinvertebrate community assessment. Macroinvertebrates are sampled
on natural substrates only in 10 States, only artificial substrate samplers are used in 2 States,
and both natural and artificial substrate sampling is conducted in 13 Stftes Currently, 15
States use rapid bioassessment techniques or are evaluating the EPA's (1989) RBPs for use in
their State NFS monitoring programs. These States are Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas,
Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippiissourt, New York,
North Carolina. Ohio, South Carolina, and Tennessee.
The most commonly applied data analysis techniques used on macroinvertebrate com-
munity data include the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, the Invertebrate Community Index,
the Biotic Condition Index, Beck's Biotic Index, and the Macroinvertebrate Biotic Index.
Species diversity, taxa richness, indicator species (percent pollution-tolerant and -intolerant
species), equitability, abundance, and the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera. and Trichoptera (EPT)
index are used in various combinations to evaluate macroinvertebrate community structure
For many States, information was insufficient on the specific data analysis methods employed
or metrics used to evaluate macroinvertebrate community data.
Several trends are apparent in sampling method and data analysis procedures
associated with fish community assessment. Although not summarized in Table 3-1, fish are
sampled primarily using electrofishing techniques in conjunction with seining or trawling
procedures, depending on the type and size of the waterbody sampled. The most commonly
3-12

-------
Figure 3-3. Communities sampled In river blosurveys.
NORTH DAKOTA
CALIFORNIA
ALASKA
CZZI
*
HI
DE	'
-MO DE-RCT
DCซ
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islonds
NONE (8)
FISH (2)
OTHER BIOTA (18)
MACROINVERTEBRATES (9)
FISH AND MACROINVERTEBRATES (16)

-------
applied data analysis technique used to evaluate fish community data was the index of Biotic
Integrity, which was used by seven States The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, Biological
Condition Index. Index of Well Being, and the Index of Community Loss were used less
frequently for fish data evaluations Species diversity, richness, abundance, number of
pollution-sensitive or -tolerant indicator species, equitability, and fish health status were used in
various combinations to evaluate fish community structures. For many States, information on
the specific data analyses methods employed or metrics used to evaluate fish community data
was insufficient
3.3.1.2 Lakes The approach used by States to conduct biosurveys in lakes is shown m
Figure 3-4 and additional details are summarized in Table 3-2. The majority of States (24) that
conduct lake biosurveys use an intensive survey approach, 2 States (Delaware and Wisconsin)
use a fixed-lake approach, and 3 States (Pennsylvania, Texas, and Vermont) use both a fixed-
lake approach and an intensive survey approach The intensive survey approach allows States
to monitor those lakes where known or suspected pollution problems need to be evaluated,
use of the fixed-lake approach allows a specific number of lakes to be monitored each year to
evaluate trends in water quality Many States reported that the intensive monitoring strategy
was chosen because of a lack of funding for lak* programs. This is further emphasized by the
fact that 14 States conduct no biological sampling (either biosurveys or tissue residue
analyses) in lakes at all
The types of biological communities sampled in lake biosurveys are summarized m
Figure 3-5 in 19 States, monitoring efforts are directed at several different biological
communities (including fish, macroinvertebrates, macrophytes, periphyton, and plankton) m 2
States (the District of Columbia and Washington), monitoring is directed exclusively at macro-
invertebrates m 7 States (Arizona, Colorado, Iowa, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and West
Virginia), monitoring is directed exclusively at fish, and in Maryland, monitoring is directed at
both macromvertebrate and fish communities In the 19 States that conduct biosurveys of
from one tc five different types of biota, 14 States sample piarrkton, 12 States sample
3-14

-------
Figure 3-4. Approach used in lake biosurvey monitoring programs.
3*' - \ . > y
NORTH DAKOTA 1MINNESOTA
MONIANA
ฆmtsmi
MICHIGAN
WYOMING
NEBRASKA
NFVAI1A
R,= I	
MD ^'Y/7/
III AM
KENTUCKY
TENNESSEE
CALIFORNIA
\
SO.
CAROLINA
OKLAHOMA | ARKANSAS
GEORGIA
ALABAMA
Puerto Rico |	
Virgin Islands I
ALASKA
[ ] NONE (24)
FIXED STATION (2)
IN TENESIVE SURVEY (24)
FIXED STATION AND INTENSIVE SURVEY (3)

-------
Table 3-2. Summary of Slate Monitoring for NPS Programs—Lakes
Slate
Biological Sampling
Approach
Sampling Method
Analyses

None
FWi
Macrolnv
Macropltyles
Perlphylon
Plankton
Flied
Intensive
Ecorefton
ArtMcW
Natural
RBP
Metrics/Index
Al

(i




A
o
A




Fish are monitored lor toxics
AK
•












AZ

•
i)





•
O
A




Species com position, relative abundance, age.
growth condition, and length frequencies are
determined tor fish Carlson's TSI based on Irans-
parency, chlorophyll a. total phosphorus, and
nitrogen data is used to assess water quality
An
e





A






CA

< >





O




Fish are monitored lor metals, pesticides, and
other organic compounds
CO

•
o





•
o
A





CI
•






A





OR



•


•
A





Carlson's TSI based on chlorophyll a, Iranspar
ency. total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and oxygen
deficit data is used to assess water quality
Macrophyte coverage is assessed
l)C


•




•
A





rL
•





A
A




Carlson's TSI based on chlorophyll a. transpar-
ency. total nitrogen, and phosphorus data is used
to assess water quality
T.A
•





A





Carlson's TSI based on chlorophyll a. Iranspar
ency. and total phosphorus data is used lo assess
water quality
HI
•












II)




•


•
A

•


A TSI of 11 wafer quality parameters (based on a
one lime sampling) was used lo classily a
subpopulation of the Slate's lakes Ftenphyton
growth rales are monitored (o evaluate eulrophi
cation

-------
Table 3-2. (continued)
State
Biological Sampling
Approach
Sampling Method
Analyse!

None
Fish
Maerolnv
Macrophyles
Pcrlphyton
Plankton
fUed
Intensive
tcwegion
Artificial
Natural
RBP
Melriu/lndei
II

•
()
•
•

•
* >
~
•




Carlson's TSI is used lo assess the severity ot
impairment Irom algae and macrophyte growth
T he TSI was based on total phosphorus,
transparency, and chlorophyll a
IN
•






A




Primary productivity is assessed
IA

•
n





•
A




Fishery assessments are made
KS

•
o
•

•
•
o
•
A




Fish tissues ate monitored lor toxics Carlson's ^ SI
based on chlorophyll a data is used No metrics
are specified lor analysis ol biosurvey data
KY

i >




A
A




Carlson's TSI based on chlorophyll a data is used
lo assess water quality
LA

•
o





•
A


<

Total organic carbon (TOC) is used to assess
overall lake water quality
ME





•

•
A




Phytoplanklon and zooptanMon species
composition is assessed
Mil

•
•




•
A




Fisheries surveys are conducted
MA

o

•
o

•

•
A




Toxics are monitored in fish and macrophyte
tissues Algal counts and chlorophyll a concentra-
tions are determined
Ml

o





A




Carlson's TSI based on transparency, chlorophyll a.
or total phosphorus is used lo assess water quality
Fish size and species composition are determined
Mercury content ol indicator lish species is
evaluated
MN

o





o
A




Carlson s TSI based on transparency, chlorophyll a.
and total phosphorus is used lo assess water
quality
MS

•





•
A




Fish species identification and population balance
ate assessed
(continued)

-------
Table 3-2. (continued)
Stale
Biological Sampling
Approach
Sampling Method
Aaalytet

None
Fhh
Mac rot nv
Microphytes
Perlphyton
Plankton
Flied
IntemlM
icorcgton
AiUBelal
Natural
RBP
Metric i/lndsn
MO

•
o





•
A




Fish populations are monitored lor pesticide
contamination and predator-prey dynamics
MT
•






A




A contractor monitors nutrients and algal growlh
NF
•






A




Carlson's TSI based on mean summer transpar-
ency is used to assess water quality
NV

o




o
A





Nil



•

•

•
A




Ta*a identification, percent abundance, and
density are assessed lor phytoplankton and
zooplanMon Abundance of macrophytes is
evaluated
N.I

•

•

•

•
A




Fish species idenlilicalion and health are
assessed
NM

o
•


•

•
A




Winget and Mangum 6CI and Shannon-Wiener
Diversity Index are used to evaluate macroinver-
lebrate data
NY

o
o


•

•
A





NC





•

•
A




NC's TSI based on total phosphorus, total organic
nitrogen, transparency, and chlorophyll a is used
lo assess water quality Phytoplankton species
composition is assessed
NO

n





A





OH



•



•
A




A Lake Condition Index with IBI (lishl and 12 other
biological, chemical, and physical parameters is
being implemented
f )K

o




~
A




Carlson's TSI based on chlorophyll a is used lo
assess water quality
OH

•
•
•



•
A

•
•
•
Ftsh species and age class structure are
determined
(continued)

-------
Table 3-2. (continued)
State
Biological Sampling
Approach
Sampling Method
Analyses

None
Fish
Macrolnv
Macrophytes
Periphyloii
Plankton
Fixed
Intensive
icoreglon
Artificial
Natural
RBP
Metric s/lndei
MA

•
•
•

•
•
A
•
~





MR
•





A
A





111
•












SC

()




O
A






sr>





•

•
~




Algal species identification or chlorophyll a
concentration is determined
IN

o





O
~





IX

•
o
•
•
•
•
•
~
•
o
~




Carlson's TSI based on transparency, chlorophyll
a. and total phosphorus data is used to assess
water quality
in
•





~






V!

•
o
•
•


•
A
•
o
~




Trophic condition is determined using transpar
ency, chlorophyll a. and mean phosphorus data
Macrophyte density is assessed
VA

o

•

•
O
A
•
o
~




Habitat suitability and benlhic community structure
are assessed
VI
•












WA


•




•
~




Benthic community structure is assessed
W V

•
o





•
o
A




Trophic condition of Slate lakes has never been
documented
Wl

•
•
•

•
•
()
A





TSI based on transparency, total phosphorus and
chlorophyll a data is used to assess water quality
WY
•












• Biota sampled lo monitor community structure
- • Biota sampled lo monitor tissue residues of peslioides, metals, and other priority pollutants
A Water sampled to monitor conventional, rionconvenlional. or priority pollutants
0(.l Oiotic Condition Index
IDI	Index ol Birrtic Integrity
MM	id M	sinr	rols

-------
Figure 3-5. Communities sampled In lake biosurveys.
NORTH DAKOTA ^MINNESOTA /
< "
MONI ANA
WV.tii
I^AHh,
MICHIGAN
WYOMING
V/.
NEBRASKA
NfVAIIA
Rl- |
DE
- MD
UTAH
0C = PWv
KENTUCKY
TENNESSEE
LAI irORNIA
\
SO.
CAROLINA
OKLAHOMA
ARKANSAb
GEORGIA
ALABAMA
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islonds [
ALASKA
V
vปj
.1 NONE (24)
FISH (7)
KN\^ OTHLR BIOTA (19)
MACROINVFRIFDRAI I S [7)
ฆฆ FISH AND. MACK'OINVI RILHRATFS (l)

-------
macrophytes, 8 States sample macromvertebrates, 8 States sample fish, and 3 States sample
periphyton communities in various combinations Of the 29 States and Territories that conduct
lake biosurveys, the fish, plankton, and macrophyte communities are the predominant
communities sampled for monitoring in 16, 14, and 12 States, respectively
No trends in sampling method and data analysis procedures are seen associated with
fish, macroinvertebrate, and plankton community sampling. Too few States provided specific
information in their 305(b) reports on sampling methods or data analysis procedures to assess
any trends
3.3.1.3 Coastal/Estuarine Areas The approach used by States to conduct biosurveys
m coastal/estuarme areas is summarized in Figure 3*6 and in Table 3-3 Of the 25 States and
Territories that have coastal waters, 9 conduct no biosurveys Of the remaining 16 States that
conduct biosurveys, 7 States conduct both fixed-station and intensive surveys, 6 States
conduct intensive surveys, and 3 States conduct biosurveys using a fixed-station approach.
The types of biological communities sampled in coastal/estuarme biosurveys are
summarized in Figure 3-7 In eight States, monitoring efforts are directed at several different
biological communities (including fish, macromvertebrates, macrophytes, periphyton, and
plankton) in various combinations; in five States, monitoring efforts are directed at
macromvertebrates, and in three States, monitoring efforts are directed at both fish and
macroinvertebrate communities In the 16 States conducting biosurveys m coastal 'estuarine
areas, 10 States sample macromvertebrates, 8 sample plankton, 5 sample fish, 3 sample
macrophytes, and 1 samples periphyton Macromvertebrates, plankton, and fish communities
are the three predominant communities sampled for monitoring
No trends m sampling methods and data analyses are seen with macroinvertebrate.
plankton, and fish community sampling Too few States provided specific information in their
305(b) reports on sampling methods or data analyses procedures used to assess any trends
3-21

-------
Figure 3-6. Approach used in coaslal/esluarine blosurvey monitoring programs.
DRf (".ON
( A IFORNIA
r '
IV
;i
/ - - AI.ASKA
4.


NEW YORK
GEORGIA
Puerto Rico |
Virgin tslonds
"1 NONE (9)
Y//7^ FIXED STATION (3)
INTENSIVE SURVEY (G)
ฆฆ EIXED STATION AND INTENSIVE SURVEY (/)

-------
Table 3-3. Summary of State Monitoring for NPS Programs—Coastal and Estuarine Waters
State
Biological Sampling
Approach
Sampling Method
Analyses

None
Fish
Macislnv
Microphytes
Pertphyton
Plankton
Fixed
Intensive
Ecoreglon
' Artificial
Natural
HBP
Metrlcs/lndei
Al

•
•



•
A





Taxa richness, species composition, and relative
abundance are determined
AK
•












CA


< i



O





State Mussel Walch Program monitors 14 heavy
metals and 41 synthetic organic compounds in
mussel and clam tissue along 1,100 miles ol coast
line at 135 stations
CI

o
o



A
o
A




Stale Bioaccumulalion Monitoring Program
monitors residues ot toxicants in (inlish and
shelllish tissues in Long Island Sound
DP

o
o
•

•
A
•
A




State has extensive program to monitor long term
productivity ol Inland Bays Fish and shelllish are
screened tor toxics
1 L


•
o



•
A
•
A


e

Species composition, density, and laxa richness
are assessed TSI is modified lor use in evaluating
eutrophication in estuaries Shelllish tissues are
monitored lor metals
GA


o



A
o




Chlorophyll a analyses are used to evaluate water
quality Shelllish are monitored lor metals and
organic compounds
HI

n
o


•
•
A
o
A




Fish and shellfish are monitored lor toxicants
1 A

•
o
o


•

0
A




Species diversity is assessed, chlorophyll a
concentrations are determined Fish and shellfish
are monitored for pesticides and priority pollutants
MH


•




•
A




The Slate's biologically based water classification
system for estuarine waters is under development
Species diversity is assessed
MD

•
C)
•
o
•

•
•
C)
A
•
A


•

Biomass and dominant species ol benthos are
assessed, plankton species composition and lish
species composition are determined Macroinver-
lebrales and fish are monitored lor metals and
organic compounds
MA



•
o

•

•
A




Algal species composition and chlorophyll a
concentrations are determined
MS


•

•
•
•
A
•
A

•


Benthic macroinverlebrate community stiucture
and periphyton plankton community structure are
assessed Chlorophyll a concentrations are
determined
(rnnhMiiftd)

-------
Table 3-3. (continued)
Slate
Bhriogkal SampHftfl
Appnack
Sampling Method
Analyses

None
Fish
Macro! nv
Macropbytes
Pertpftytofl
Plankton
Flaed
Intensive
EcMegkM
AittDclai
Natural
RBP
Metrics/Mei
NM
•






A





N.I

o
o


•
•
A
•
(I
A




Chlorophyll a analyses and species composition
are determined lor phyloplanklon Fish and shell
hsh are monitored lor toxic pollulanls
NY

o
o




O
A





NC

o
•



•
A
•
O
A


•

Taxa richness and species composition are deter-
mined Fish are monitored lor metals, pesticides,
and other organics
OH

o
o



~
O
A




Fecal cotilorm concentrations are monitored Fish
and shetltish are monitored lor pesticides, melals.
and other organics
PR
•





~





Fecal cotilorm concentrations are monitored
ni


o


• -

•
O
A




Species composition is determined Shellfish are
monitored lor lecal colilorm and melals
SC

o
•
o



•
O
~ d



•

Multihabital sampling lor benthos is conducted
and species composition and taxa richness are
determined Fish and shellhsh are monitored lor
toxics.
TX

•
o
•



•
O
•
A




Fish are monitored lor melals and organics
VA

o




A
O





VI

•
•



~
•





WA

()
•



•
< >
A
•
A


•

The number ol taxa, abundance, equitability. and
dominance ol pollutiorv sensitive/toleiant species
are determined Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index
and an infaunal trophic index are used to assess
benlhic community strucluie
• Bmla sampled to monilor community sliucluie
ฆ > Hint.i	lo monitor tissue residues ol pesticides. melals, and other pnonly pollulanls
A W.ili i sampled lo iniimloi conventional nonconvenlional. 01 priority pollulanls
IHI1	, id H	snip	cob

-------
Figure 3-7. Communities sampled in coastal/estuartne biosurveys.

)K (.()N
( Al IffWNIA
^ -J
\
ฆ <.
• f Al ASK A
//
" ^ <-'Lr f • i,n.
V!
fi>w
Nf W YORK
-1 ': : :
VIRGINIA
GEORGIA
Puerto Rico [
Virgin Islands
HAWAII
L "1	NONF (
-------
3.3.2 Tissue Residue Sampling
3.3.2.1	Rivers The approach used by States to conduct tissue residue sampling in
rivers is shown in Figure 3-8 and additional details are summarized in Table 3-1 The majority
of States (27) conduct tissue sampling programs using an intensive survey approach, 10
States use a combination of the fixed-station and intensive survey approaches, and 9 States
use a fixed-station approach. Seven States (Alaska, Hawaii, Idaho, New Hampshire, Puerto
Rico, Rhode Island, and the Virgin Islands) either have no tissue residue sampling program in
rivers or contract this work to universities, private consultants, other State agencies, or Federal
agencies (e g , U S EPA, U S Fish and Wildlife Service, or U.S. Forestry Service) The reader
should consult Appendix B for detailed State-specific information on toxics monitoring
The specific riverine community or communities that are targeted for tissue residue
sampling are summarized in Figure 3-9 The majority of States (39) monitor fish tissues
exclusively, seven States (Arkansas, Connecticut, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, South
Carolina, and Oregon) monitor both fish and macromvertebrate tissues
3.3.2.2	Lakes. The approach used by States to conduct tissue residue sampling in
lakes is shown in Figure 3-10 and additional details are summarized in Table 3-2 The majority
of States (28) conduct no tissue sampling to monitor for toxics contamination or contract this
work to universities, private consultants, other State agencies, or Federal agencies (U S EPA,
U S Fish and Wildlife Service, or U S Forestry Service) The reader should consult
Appendix B for detailed State-specific information on toxics monitoring Of the remaining
States (25), the majority (19) conduct tissue residue sampling as part of intensive surveys m
areas known or suspected of having toxics problems, four States (Illinois, Kansas, Nevada,
and Virginia) conduct tissue residue sampling using both a fixed-station monitoring network
and intensive survey approach, and two States (South Carolina and Wisconsin) use a fixed-
station monitoring approach
The specific lacustrine community or communities that are targeted for tissue residue
sampling are summarized m Figure 3-11 As was the case for riverine toxics monitoring
3-26
-------
Figure 3-8. Approach used in river tissue residue monitoring programs.
IDAHO
0C-&&

ALASKA
Puerto Rico |	
Virgin Islonds [	
J NONE (7)
Y/72i Fixr D STATION (9)
INTENSIVE SURVEY (2 7)
ฆฆ EIXED STATION AND INTF NSIVE SURVEY (10)
-------
Figure 3-9. Types of biota sampled in tissue residue monitoring in rivers.
-------
Figure 3-10. Approach used in lake tissue residue monitoring programs.
WASHING ON
MAINE
MONTANA
OKI l .(
IDAHO
SOOTH DAKOTA
WYOMING
PENNSYLVA -I
OHIO e		
NEBRASKA
NO. CAROLINA
ARKANSAS
GEORGIA
Puerto Rico [	
Virgin Islands |	
dZl NONE (28)
YZZ?i FIXED STATION (2)	X
INTENSIVE SURVEY (19)
FIXED STATION AND INTENSIVE SURVEY (4)
AI.ASKA
-------
Figure 3-11. Types of biota sampled in tissue residue monitoring in lakes.
Rl- |
UE
UU DE=|
s WAMIIMt.inN
' \
MAINt

WON I ANA
OKI C.ON
i iai in
SOUTH DAKOTA
WYOMING
PENNSYLVANI
.rl^AuA '
NEBRASKA
OHIO
UTAH

NO. CAROLINA
'// }//&s4^ I .'/y
ARKANSAS
GEORGIA
HAWAII
Puerto Rico |
Virgin blonds J
Al ASKA
| NONE (28)
R7/3 flSH (23)
MACROINVERTFTtRATF S (0)
ฆฆ FISH AND OIHFR 13101A (2)
-------
programs, the majority of States that conduct tissue residue sampling monitor fish tissues
exclusively (23), and only two States monitor fish and other biota. Massachusetts monitors fish
and macrophyte tissues, New York monitors both fish and macromvertebrate tissues
3.3.2.3 Coastal/Estuarine Areas The approach used by States to conduct tissue
residue sampling in coastal/estuarine areas is shown in Figure 3-12 and additional details are
summarized in Table 3-3. The majority of States (13) conduct tissue sampling programs using
an intensive survey approach, four States (California. South Carolina, Texas, and Washington)
use a fixed-station approach, and only Maryland uses a combination of a fixed-station and
intensive survey approach Seven States (Alabama, Alaska, Maine, Mississippi, New
Hampshire, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands) either have no tissue residue sampling pro-
gram in coastal/estuarine areas or contract this work to universities, private consultants, other
State agencies, or Federal agencies (U S EPA, U S Fish and Wildlife Service, or U S Forestry
Service) The reader should consult Appendix B for detailed State-specific information on
toxics monitoring
The specific coastal/estuarine community or communities that are targeted for tissue
residue sampling are summarized in Figure 3-13 The majority of States that conduct tissue
residue sampling (nine) monitor both marine/estuarine fish and macroinvertebrate tissues, four
States (North Carolina, Texas, Virginia, and Washington) monitor fish tissues exclusively, four
States (California, Florida, Georgia, and Rhode Island) monitor macroinvertebrates exclusively,
and Massachusetts monitors macrophyte (algae) tissues
3.3.3 Chemical/Physical Monitoring Programs
3.3.3.1 Rivers The approach used by States to monitor ambient water quality
parameters in rivers is shown in Figure 3-14 and additional details are summarized in Table
3-1 The majority of Sta.^s (28) conduct both fixed-station and intensive surveys to assess
water quality Seven States use an intensive survey approach, 10 States use a fixed-station
approach, and 5 States (Arizona. Arkansas, Minnesota, Texas, and Wisconsin) use a fixed-
station. intensive survey, and'or ecoregion approach Only Alaska, California, and the
3-31
-------
Figure 3-12. Approach used in coaslal/esluarine tissue residue monitoring programs.
X

ALASKA
— —r

MAINE

DE PE^FCXXx
ALABAMA
HAWAII
Puerto Rico Q
Viiyin Islands E
C T_1 NONE (7)
VZZA	nxED STATION (4)
HX^l	INTENSIVE SURVEY (13)
ฆฆ	FIXED STATION AND INTENSIVE SURVEY (I)
-------
Figure 3-13. Types of biota sampled in tissue residue monitoring in coastal/estuarine areas.
V

ALASKA
M->
r

MAINE
Rl" Kw
ALABAMA
HAWAII
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands [
I ) NONE (7)
FISH (4)
MACR0INVERTEBRATE5 (4)'
mm FISH AND MACROINVERTEHRAFES (9)
K\\N macrophyrr.s (1)
-------
Figure 3-14. Approach used in river chemical/physical monitoring programs

CALIFORNIA
V
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands (
ALASKA
IZZ] NONE (3)
E/2 FIXED STATION (10)
INTENSIVE SURVEY (7) ^
FIXED STATION AND INTENSIVE SURVEY (78)
FIXED STATION AND/OR INTENSIVE
SURVEY ANl)/OK I COKI CION (.'ป)
-------
Virgin Islands conduct no riverine chemical/physical monitoring or contract this work to
universities, private consultants, other State agencies, or Federal agencies (e g., U S
Geological Survey) The reader should consult Appendix B lor more State-specific monitoring
information on chemical/physical monitoring programs
3.3.3.2	Lakes The approach used by the States to monitor ambient water quality
parameters in lakes does not parallel the approach used in rivers, as shown in Figure 3-15 and
in Table 3-2 The majority of States (31) conduct only intensive surveys to assess water quality
Six States use a fixed-station approach and 10 States use both a fixed-station and intensive
survey approach in lakes Only 6 States conduct no lacustine chemical/physical monitoring or
contract this work to universities, private consultants, or other State or Federal agencies In
Hawaii and the U S Virgin Islands, there were no lakes that required monitoring
The majority of States that conduct chemical/physical monitoring in lakes generally use
some Trophic State Index (TSI) to monitor lake water quality degradation Carlson s Index is
the index of choice for most States These TSIs are based on transparency (Secchi depth),
chlorophyll a concentration, total phosphorus concentration, or total nitrogen concentration
considered either singly or in various combinations The use of TSIs is the primary method
employed by States in prioritizing or categorizing lakes as to their stage of eutrophication
(enrichment with nutrients)
3.3.3.3	Coastal/Estuarine Areas. The approach used by States to monitor ambient
water quality parameters in coastal/estuarine areas is shown in Figure 3-16 and additional
details are provided in Table 3-3 The largest number of States (10) conduct both fixed-station
and intensive surveys to assess water quality Seven States conduct intensive surveys, and six
States use a fixed-stat/on monitoring approach Only two States (Alaska and California) with
coastal-estuarme waters conduct no ambient water quality monitoring or contract this work to
universities, private consultants, other State agencies, or Federal agencies (e g , U.S Geologi-
cal Survey) The reader should consult Appendix B for more State-specific monitoring infor-
mation on chemical physical monitoring programs
3-35
-------
Figure 3-15. Approach used in lake chemical/physical monitoring programs.
l::
DE
MD DE-EZZ^

WYOMING
CALIFORNIA
A A5KA
HAWAII
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islonds |	
L 1 NONE (6)
fIXFD STATION (6)
INTENSIVE SURVEY (31)
ฆฆ FIXED STATION AND INTENSIVE SURVEY (10)
-------
Figure 3-16. Approach used in coastal/estuarine chemical/physical monitoring programs.
CALIFORNIA

^ ALASKA
A.
- *
<
hi-
HAMA11
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands {7/^//
L "71 none (2)
FIXED STATION (6)
INTENSIVE SURVEY (7)
ฆB FIXED STATION AND INTENSIVE SURVEY (10)
-------
3.4 SUMMARY
3.4.1 Monitoring Method Selection
States have used several different combinations of monitoring methods to evaluate the
effects of NPS impacts in rivers, lakes, and coastal/estuarine areas. Figure 3-17 summarizes
the percentage of States utilizing the various monitoring methods: biosurveys, tissue residue
analyses, and chemical/physical water quality analyses. It is clear from this figure that 79.2
percent of all States monitor rivers using all three monitoring methods while only 28 3 percent
and 48 percent of all States use this same strategy in monitoring lakes and coastal/estuarine
areas, respectively The emphasis in river monitoring programs is definitely on an integrated
approach of the two biomonitoring methods supported by ambient chemical/physical water
quality monitoring If the States that use biosurvey and chemical/physical data are added to
those that use all three monitoring methods, then 83 percent of all States have integrated
biosurveys into their NPS monitoring programs For rivers, the use of all other combinations of
the three monitoring methods accounts for only 13.2 percent of States Only 3 8 percent of all
States conduct no monitoring of rivers A national map summarizes the use of the different
monitoring methods in rivers (Figure 3-18)
A very different combination of monitoring methods is used by States to assess NPS
impacts m lakes (Figure 3-17) It is clear from this figure that lakes are the most poorly
monitored ecosystems, with 9 4 percent of States conducting no monitoring With regard to
biosurveys. only 54 7 percent of States use biosurveys in their lake monitoring programs This
includes those States that use all three monitoring methods (28.3 percent) and those that use
biosurveys coupled with chemical/physical monitoring (26 4 percent) For lakes, the use of
tissue residue analyses and a combination of tissue residue analysis and chemical/physical
water quality monitoring accounts for 18 7 percent of State approaches to lake monitoring, and
chemical/physical water quality monitoring techniques alone are used in 17.2 percent of State
programs A national map summarizes the use of the different monitoring techniques in lakes
(Figure 3-19)
3-38
-------
BTC ป Biosurvey, Tissue Residue and Chemical/Physical
BC > Biosurvey and Chemical/Physical
wm

RIVERS
TC ป Tissue Residue and Chemical/Physical
T m Tissue Residue
C * Chemical/Physical
NM a No Monitoring
WW*
C NM
LAKES

ฆMWa
BTC BC TC T C
ESTUARIES
NM
Figure 3-17. Comparison of techniques used by States to monitor
NPS impacts in rivers, lakes, and coastal/estuarine areas.
3-39
-------
Figure 3-18. Summary of Stale NPS monitoring approaches in rivers.
WASHINGTON
MAINE
10 x>
CON /\s \,
MINNESOTA
MONTANA
DRF (;
WISCONSIN
SOUTH DAKOTA
NEW YORK
MICH GAN
WYOMING
PENNSYLVANI
OHIO ฆ 		R|- R7\/
DE
		u DE
WV
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
ILLINOIS
UTAH
COLORAOO
KANSAS
MISSOURI
KENTUCKY
NO. CAROLINA
OKLAHOMA
SO
CAROLINA
ARKANSAS
NEW MEXICO
GEORGIA
ALABAMA
TEXAS
Puerto Rico I////*
Virgin Isloncs
IIAWAII
NONE (2)
YZ/A CHEMICAL (3)
TISSUE/CHEMICAL (3) *.
K^ TISSUE (1)
[v*vl BIOSURVEY/CHEMICAL (2)
| 7| BIOSURVEY/TISSUE/CHEMICAL (42)
-------
Figure 3-19. Summary of Stale NPS monitoring approaches in lakes.
to
WISCONSIN
NEW YORK
OWA
ILLINOIS
COLORADO
DC-b/Ss
KANSAS
MISSOURI
ARIZONA
NEW MEXICO
HAWAII
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
NONE (5)
CHEMICAL (9)
f\\\3 TISSUE/CHEMICAL (9)
TISSUE (1)
fv^vl BIOSURVEY/CHFMICAL (14)
I "] hiosurvey/tissue/chemical (is)
-------
For coastal/estuarine monitoring programs, States have adopted a combination of moni-
toring methods intermediate between those used in rivers and lakes (Figure 3-17)
Coastal/estuanne areas are monitored in all but 4 percent ol the 25 States with
coastal/estuarine waters, which is comparable to the percentage shown for rivers Sixty-four
percent of States use biosurveys in their monitoring approach. This includes those States that
use all three monitoring methods (48 percent) and those that use only biosurveys coupled with
chemical/physical monitoring (16 percent) This is a higher percentage than that shown for
lake monitoring (54.7 percent) but is a lower percentage than that shown for river monitoring
(83 0 percent) In coastal/estuarine areas, 24 percent of the States use tissue residue sampling
and a combination of chemical/physical water quality monitoring and tissue residue sampling
and 8 percent of the States conduct chemical/physical water quality monitoring only A
national map summarizes the use of the various monitoring techniques in States with
coastal/estuarine waters (Figure 3-20).
3.4.2 Monitoring Approach
3.4.2.1 Biosurveys. The monitoring approach for conducting biosurveys used by
States lor river, lake, and coastal/estuarine systems is shown in Table 3-4 The largest
percentage of States (34 percent) employ both ^fixed-station and intensive survey approach
followed by an intensive survey (22.7 percent), fixed-station (16 9 percent), and fixed-station
and/or intensive survey and/or ecoregion {11.3 percent) approach. About 15 percent of all
States do not conduct biosurveys in rivers In contrast, lake monitoring is conducted
predominantly using an intensive survey approach (45 3 percent), with both the fixed-station
approach and fixed-station and intensive survey approach representing 3 8 percent and 5 6
percent, respectively Forty-five percent of all States do not conduct biosurveys in lakes
Coastal/estuarine areas are monitored about equally States using a fixed-station and
intensive survey approach (28 percent) or an intensive survey only approach (24 percent),
followed by the fixed-station only approach (12 percent). About 36 percent of States with
coastal'estuarine areas do not conduct biosurveys
3-42
-------
Figure 3-20. Summary of State NPS monitoring approaches in coastal/estuarine areas.
rx^.iX'iN ' N
N \\
~.r
fFXAS
NO CAROLINAซ
SO
.CAROLINAy
Puerto Rico V///
Virgin Islands K/'X/
FL
NONE (1)
CHEMICAL (2)
TISSUE/CHEMICAL (S) ^
TISSUE (I)
BIOSURVEY/CHEMICAL (-1)
HIOSURVEY/TISSUE/CI IEMICAL (12)
-------
Table 3-4. Approaches Used by St|tes for Conducting Biosurveys
in Different Ecosystems





Fixed-





station




Fixed-
and/or




station
intensive




and
survey

No
Fixed-
Intensive
intensive
and/or
Ecosystem
biosurveys
station
surveys
surveys
ecoregion
Rivers
15 1 (B)
16.9 (9)
22.7(12)
34 0 (18)
11 3 (6)
Lakes
45.3 (24)
3.8 (2)
45.3 (24)
5.6 (3)
0(0)
Coastal/estuarme





areas
36 0 (9)
12 0 (3)
24 0 (6)
28 0 (7)
0(0)
Results are presented as percent of States (number of States) using approach
Table 3-5. Communities Sampled in Biosurvey Monitoring Programs
Ecosystem
Fish
Macroinvertebrates
Fish and macro- Other
invertebrates biota
Rivers	4 4 (2)
Lakes	24 1 (7)
Coastal/estuarine	0 (0)
areas
20 0 (9)
6 9 (2^
31 2 (5)
48 9 (22)
34(1)
18 8(3)
267 (12)
65 5 (19)
50 0 (8)
Percentages are based only on the number of States actually conducting biosurveys
3.4a
-------
With respect to the communities sampled in biosurveys. there were considerable
differences (Table 3-5) In rivers. 48 9 percent of States sample both fish and
macroinvertebrates, 26 7 percent sample other biota (this usually included both fish and
macromvertebrate and various combinations of macrophytes, periphyton, and plankton), 20 2
percent sample only macroinvertebrates, and 4 4 percent sample only fish In lakes, the
largest percentage of States (65.5) sample other biota (this usually includes both fish and
macroinvertebrates and combinations of plankton, macrophytes, and periphyton), 24 1 percent
sample only fish, 6 9 percent sample only macroinvertebrates, and only 3 4 percent sample
fish and macroinvertebrates In coastal/estuarine biosurveys, the largest percentage of States
(50 percent) sample other biota (this included fish, macroinvertebrates, plankton, macrophytes,
and periphyton in varying combination), 31 2 percent sample only macroinvertebrates, and
i8 8 percent sample both fish and macroinvertebrates.
3.4.2.2 Tissue Residue Sampling. The monitoring approach for conducting tissue
residue sampling used by States for river, lake, and coastal/estuarine systems is shown in
Table 3-6 In rivers, the largest percentage of States (51 0 percent) employ an intensive survey
approach, followed by both a fixed-station and intensive survey approach (i 8 8 percent) and a
fixed-station only approach (17 0 percent) For tissue residue monitoring in lakes, the same
basic pattern is seen for those States conducting sampling; 35 8 percent employ the intensive
survey approach, 7 5 percent employ fixed-lake and intensive survey, and 3 8 percent employ
a fixed-lake only approach, however, over 52 percent of States do not conduct tissue residue
sampling m lakes For coastal/estuarine monitoring, States also selected a similar monitoring
strategy with 52 percent using an intensive survey approach, 16 percent using a fixed-station
approach, and 4 percent using a fixed-station and intensive survey approach Only 28 percent
of the States a.d not conduct tissue residue sampling of their coastal/estuarine waters
3-45
-------
Table 3-6. Approaches Used by States Conducting Tissue Residue Analysis
Monitoring in Different Ecosystems
Ecosystem
No sampling
Fixed-
station
Intensive
survey
Fixed-station
and
intensive
survey
Rivers
13 2 (7)
17.0 (9)
51.0 (27)
18.8 (10)
Lakes
52 8 (28)
3 8 (2)
35.8 (19)
7 5(4)
Coastal/estuarine
areas
28 0 (7)
16.0 (4)
52.0(13)
40(1)
aResults are presented as percent of States (number of States) using approach
Table 3-7. Biota Sampled in Tissue Residue Monitoring Programs
in Different Ecosystems
Fish and macro-
Ecosystem	Fish Macroinvertebrates invertebrates Others
Rivers	80.5 (29)	0 (0)	19.5 (7)	0 (0-
Lakes	92.0(23)	0(0)	4 0(1)	40(1)
Coastal/estuarine 22 2 (4)	22.2 (4)	50 0 (9)	5 6 (1/
areas
Percentages (numbers of States) are based only on the number of States actually
conducting biosurveys
3-46
-------
The types of biota collected in residue analyses monitoring is similar for all three
ecosystems and is limited predominantly to fish and/or macroinvertebrates (Table 3-7) In
rivers. 80 5 percent of States sample fish only and 19 5 percent sample both fish and
macroinvertebrates in lakes. 92 0 percent of States sample fish only, 4.0 percent sample both
fish and macroinvertebrates, and 4 0 percent sample other biota (macrophytes) In
coastal/estuarine areas, 50 percent of States sample both fish and macroinvertebrates
(generally shellfish species), 22.2 percent sample only fish, 22.2 percent sample only
macroinvertebrates, and 5 6 percent sample other biota (macrophytes)
3.4.2.3 Chemical/Physical Water Quality. The approaches used by States to conduct
chemical/physical water quality monitoring are summarized in Table 3-8. In rivers, the largest
percentage of States (54 7 percent) employ both a fixed-station and intensive survey approach,
followed by a fixed-station approach (18 9 percent), an intensive survey approach (11 3
percent), and a fixed-station and/or intensive survey and/or ecoregion approach (9 4 percent)
For chemical/physical monitoring in lakes, a different pattern in the monitoring approach is
seen. 58 5 percent of States use intensive surveys, 18 9 percent use the combined fixed-lake
and intensive survey approach, and 11 3 percent of States use only a fixed-lake approach In
coastal/estuarine areas, the approach to chemical/physical monitoring is more comparable to
that used in rivers 40 percent of States use a fixed-station and intensive survey approach, 28
percent use an intensive survey only approach, and 24 percent use a fixed-station only
approach
The specific composition of monitoring methods and approaches chosen by States for
incorporation into their surface water monitoring programs must take into consideration several
important factors including.
•	The nature, size, and percentage of waterbodies m each ecosystem encompassed
by each State
•	The specific nature, magnitude, and sources of pollution problems confronting each
State (e g , p'edommantly point source or NPS),
•	The in-house capabilities for planning, implementing, and evaluating the results of
the various types of biomonitonng as well as associated chemical/physical
monitoring efforts
3-47
-------
Table 3-8. Approaches Used by States for Chemical/Physical
Water Quality Monitoring in Different Ecosystems
Fixed-
station




Fixed-
and/or




station
intensive




and
survey

No
Fixed-
Intensive
intensive
and/or
Ecosystem
sampling
station
surveys
surveys
ecoregion
Rivers
5 7(3)
189 (10)
11 3 (6)
54 7 (29)
9 4(5)
Lakes
11 3 (6)
11 3 (6)
58.5 (31)
18.9(10)
0(0)
Coastal/estuarme
8 0 (2)
24.0 (6)
28 0 (7)'
40 0 (10)
0(0)
areas
aResults are presented as percent of States (number of States) using approach
3-46
-------
•	The extent of cooperative monitoring and/or assistance provided to the State by
Regional laboratories and/or other Federal agencies conducting monitoring efforts
within the State, and
•	Most important, the resources available to direct monitoring to those water quality
problems in greatest need of identification and mitigation
Differences m the character of the various monitoring programs identified in this survey of 50
States and Territories can be attributed to one or more of these factors
-------
SECTION 4
LITERATURE CITED
Mayes, M A , H C Alexander, and D C Dill 1983 A study to assess the influence of age on
the response of fathead minnows in static acute toxicity tests Bull Environ Contain
Toxicol , 31 139-147
North American Lake Management Society September 1987 Water Quality Standards for
Lakes: A Survey. Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, TN
US EPA 1985 Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents to Freshwater and
Marine Organisms U S EPA Office of Research and Development Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH.
US EPA January 1987-March 1989 Surface Water Assessment Program-Status Reports
U S EPA, Office of Water, Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Washington, DC
U S EPA August 1987 Program Survey-Biological Toxicity Testing in the NPDES Permits
Program. U S EPA, Permits Division, Office of Water Enforcement and Permits,
Washington, DC
U S EPA 1987 Surface Water Monitoring: A Framework for Change. U S EPA, Office of
Water and Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation Washington, DC
U S EPA February 1988 The Lake and Reservoir Restoration Guidance Manual. EPA Publi-
cation No EPA 440/5-88-002 U S EPA, Criteria and Standards Division, Nonpomt
Sources Branch, Washington, DC
US EPA 1989 Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Rivers: Benthic
Macromvertebrates and Fish. Publication No EPA 444/4-89-001 U S EPA, Office of
Water Regulations and Standards Washington, DC
STATE 305(b) REPORTS
Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM) April 1988 Water Quality
Report to Congress. ADEM, Montgomery, AL
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) October 1988 Wafer Quality in
Alaska. 1988 ADEC. Division of Environmental Quality. Water Quality Management
Section, Juneau. AK
Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) April 1988 State of Arizona Water
Quality Assessment for Water Year 7ฐSS (Section 305(b) Report) ADEQ, Water Assess-
ment Sections, Office of Water Quality, Phoenix, AZ
Arkansas Department cf Pollution Control and Ecology (ADPCE) 1988 Arkansas Water
Quality Inventory Report 1988. ADPCE, Little Rock, AR
California Water Resources Control Board (CWRCB) July 1988 Water Quality Assessment for
Water Years 1986 and 7987. CWRCB, Division of Water Quality, Sacramento. CA
4-1
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Colorado Water Quality Control Division (CWQCD). 1988 Water Quality in Colorado.
CWQCD, Colorado Department ol Health, Denver, CO
Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (CDEP) April 1988 State of Connecticut
1988 Water Quality Report to Congress. CDEP, Water Compliance Unit, Hartford, CT.
Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC). April 1988
1988 Delaware Water Quality Inventory. DNREC, Division of Water Resources, Dover,
DE
District of Columbia, Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs (DCRA) April 1988
Water Quality Assessment. DCRA, Environmental Control Division, Water Hygiene
Branch, Washington, DC.
State of Florida, Division of Environmental Programs (DEP). April 1988 1988 Florida Water
Quality Assessment 305(b) Report. DEP, Bureau of Surface Water Management,
Tallahassee, FL.
State of Georgia, Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GDNR) 1988 Water Quality
Control in Georgia. GDNR Environmental Protection Division, Atlanta, GA
Hawaii Department of Health (HDH) April 1988 305(b) Report on Water Quality. HDH,
Environmental Protection and Health Sciences Division, Pollution Investigation and
Enforcement Branch, Honolulu, HI.
Idaho Department of Health and Welfare (IDHW) May 1988. Idaho Water Quality Status
Report and Nonpoint Source Assessment 1988. IDHW, Division of Environmental
Quality, Water Quality Bureau, Boise, ID.
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA). April 1988 Illinois Water Quality Report 1986-
87. IEPA, Division of Water Pollution Control, Springfield, IL
Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM) 1988 1986-1987 305(b) Report
IDEM Office of Water Management, Indianapolis, IN.
Iowa Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) April 1988 Water Quality in Iowa During 1986
and 1987. IDNR, Environmental Protection Division, Water Quality Planning Section, Des
Moines, IA
Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE). 1988 Water Quality Assessment
Report-Kansas Water Quality 1986-1988. KDHE, Division of Environment, Bureau of
Water Protection, Water Quality Assessment Section, Topeka, KS
Commonwealth of Kentucky, Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) April 1988 1988
Kentucky Report to Congress on Water Quality. DEP, Division of Water, Frankfort, KY
Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ) 1988 Louisiana Water Quality
Inventory. LDEQ, Office of Water Resources, Water Pollution Control Division, Baton
Rouge, LA
Maine Department of Environmental Protection (MDEP) 1988 State of Maine 1988 Water
Quality Assessment MDEP, Bureau of Water Quality Control Augusta, ME.
4-2
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Maryland Department of Environment (MDE). April 1988 Maryland Water Quality Inventory
1985-1987.	MDE, Division of Watershed Management Source Water Quality Program,
Baltimore, MD
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality Engineering (DEQE) March 1988 Com-
monwealth of Massachusetts Summary of Water Quality 1988. DEQE, Division of Water
Pollution Control, Technical Services Branch, Westborough, MA
Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) April 1988 Water Quality and Pollution
Control m Michigan-1988 Report. MDNR, Surface Water Quality Division, Lansing, Ml
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) April 1988 Minnesota Water Quality Water Years
1986-1987.	MPCA, St Paul, MN.
Mississippi Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) April 1988 Mississippi Water Quality
Report-1988. MDNR, Bureau of Pollution Control, Jackson, MS.
Missouri Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) 1988 Missouri 1988 Water Quality
Report. MDNR, Water Pollution Control Program, Jefferson City, MO.
Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences (MDHES) August 1988
Montana Water Quality 1988. MDHES, Environmental Sciences Division, Water Quality
Bureau, Helena, MT
Nebraska Department of Environmental Control (NDEC) April 1988 1988 Nebraska Water
Quality Report. NDEC, Water Quality Division, Water Programs and Assessment
Section, Lincoln. NE
Nevada Division of Environmental Protection (NDEP) April 1988 Nevada Water Quality As-
sessment 305(b) Report. NDEP, Carson City, NV
New Hampshire, Department of Environmental Services (DES) April 1988 New Hampshire
Water Quality Report to Congress 305(b). DES, Water Supply and Pollution Control
Division, Concord, NH
State of New Jersey, Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) May 1988 New Jersey
1988 State Water Quality Inventory Report. DEP, Division of Water Resources, Bureau of
Water Resources Management Planning, Trenton, NJ
New Mexico Water Quality Control Commission (NMWQCC) April 1988 Wafer Quality and
Water Pollution Control in New Mexico 1988. NMWQCC, Santa Fe, NM
New York State. Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) April 1988 New York
State Water Quality 1988 NYSDEC, Division of Water, Bureau of Monitoring and
Assessment, Albany. NY
North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development (NCDNRCD)
July 1988 Water Quality Progress m North Carohna-i986-i987/305(b) Report.
NCDNRCD, Division of Environmental Management, Raleigh, NC
North Dakota State Department of Health (NDSDH) April 1988 The Status of Water Quality in
the State of North Dakota 1986-1987. NDSDH, Division of Water Supply and Pollution
Control. Bismarck, ND
4-3
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Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA) April 1988 Ohio's Water Quality Inventory
1988 305(b) Report. OEPA, Division of Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment,
Columbus, OH
Oklahoma Department ot Pollution Control (ODPC) April 1988. Oklahoma Water Quality
Assessment Report 1988. ODPC, Oklahoma City, OK.
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (ODEQ). April 1988. Water Quality Assessment
and Program Plan. ODEQ, Portland, OR
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources (PDER) April 1988 Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania 1988 Water Quality Assessment. PDER Bureau of Water Quality
Management, Division of Water Quality, Harrisburg, PA.
Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board (PREQB) 1988. Goals and Progress of Statewide
Water Quality Management Plannmg-Puerto Rico 1986-1987. PREQB Water Quality
Standards Development Division, Santurce, PR
State of Rhode island Department of Environmental Management (DEM). April 1988. The
State of the State's Waters-Rhode Island: A Report to Congress 305(b). DEM, Division
of Water Resources, Providence, Rl
South Carolina Department of Environmental Control (DEC). May 1988. Statewide Water
Quality Assessment FY 1986ฆ 1987. DEC. Office of Environmental Quality Control,
Columbia, SC.
South Dakota Department of Water and Natural Resources (SDDWNR) April 1988 The 1988
South Dakota Report to Congress 305(b) Water Quality Assessment. SDDWNR, Pierre,
SD
Tennessee Department of Health and Environment (TDHE) April 1988. The Status of Water
Quality in Tennessee 305(b) Report. TDH^, Office of Water Management, Nashville, TN
Texas Water Commission (TWC) April 1988. The State of Texas Water Qualify Inventory 1988
TWC, Austin, TX.
Utah Department of Health (UDH) June 1988. State of Utah 305(b) Biennial Water Quality
Report. UDH. Division of Environmental Health, Bureau of Water Pollution Control, Salt
Lake City, UT
Vermont Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering (DWREE). 1988
State of Vermont 1988 Water Quality Report to Congress. DWREE, Water Quality
Division, Waterbudy, VT
Virginia Water Control Board (VWCB) April 1988 Virginia Water Quality Assessment 1988-
ฆ305(b) Report to EPA and Con'~ ess. VWCB Bureau of Water Control Management,
Richmond, VA
Virgin Islands Division of Environmental Protection (VIDEP) March 1988. Water Quality As-
sessment Report 305(b). VIDEP, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, St
Thomas. VI
Washington Department of Ecology (WDE) June 1988 1988 Statewide Water Quality
Assessment-305(bi Reports WDE, Water Quality Program, Olympia, WA
4-4
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West Virginia Department of Natural Resources (WVDNR) 1988 West Virginia Water Quality
Status Assessment 1985-1987. WVDNR, Division of Water Resources, St Albans. WV
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) 1988 Wisconsin Water Quality Report
to Congress 1988 WDNR, Madison, Wl
Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality (WDEQ) 1988 Wyoming-Statewide Water
Quality Assessment (305(b) Report). Clean Lakes Assessment and Nonpomt Source
Assessment Report. WDEQ, Water Quality Division, Cheyenne, WY
4-5
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APPENDIX A
SURVEY OF MONITORING IN NPDES PROGRAMS
A-1
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs
State	Bioassay testing
AL Specific primary and secondary industrial and specific
municipal dischargers that have toxic effluents are
required to conduct acute and chronic bioassay testing
If the receiving stream dilution is greater than 100:1, then
only acute testing is required; if less than 100:1, then
chronic testing is required.
Dischargers are required to conduct acute 48-hr fathead
minnow and/or daphnid tests (using Daphnia pulex and
Ceriodaphnia dubia) and may be further required to
conduct chronic 7-d fathead minnow and/or
Ceriodaphnia dubia tests if acute testing results indicate
toxicity
The State currently has the capabilities to conduct acute
48-hr static and flow-through tests using fathead
minnows (Pimephales promelas) and Daphnia pulex or
Ceriodaphnia dubia at 50 facilities per year. Chronic
toxicity testing using Ceriodaphnia dubia ^end the algae
Selenastrum capricornutum are scheduled to begin in
July 1989. Future bioassay work will include more
emphasis on chronic toxicity tests and increased use of
the mobile bioassay laboratory.
The State is interested in implementing EPA's Rapid Bio-
assessment Protocols for its invertebrate monitoring pro-
gram.
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
The State examines about 20 instream assessment sites
per year as part of water quality demonstration and
special studies Hester-Dendy substrates and instream
handpicking are used to collect macroinvertebrates.
Water quality demonstration studies (conducted on
streams before and after wastewater treatment plant
construction or upgrades to document stream improve-
ment) above and below stations are monitored for
chemical, physical, and biological quality
Special studies are conducted to evaluate pollution com-
plaints, impacts by point and/or nonpoint sources,
proposed permit reissuance, water quality standards,
and for enforcement activities. Special studies include
macroinvertebrate community surveys, chemical/
physical water quality information, and flow measure-
ment. In estuarine/coastal biosurveys, benthic
macroinvertebrates are quantitatively sampled (dredge
hauls) and evaluated for taxa richness, species
composition, and relative abundance
Sediment sampling and primary productivity estimates
are made depending on study objectives
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
AK Specific industrial and municipal permits require effluent
toxicity testing tailored to each discharger. New major
municipal permits and minors of concern currently
require bioassay testing (e g , one permittee conducts
chronic bivalve testing once per year depending on
NOEC values).
One permittee is required to conduct effluent and in situ
toxicity testing. The acute 96-hr LC„ static tests are con-
ducted on three species: a salmonia (coho salmon
[Oncorhynchus kisutch] or pink salmon [Oncorhynchus
gorbuschaJ smolts), an amphipod (Rhepoxynius dubois),
and an economically important crustacean, the Dun-
geness crab (Cancer magister) In addition, a 20-d bio-
accumulation test using coho salmon is proposed. The
in situ toxicity tests are conducted on four species: two
species of filter feeders (the blue mussel [Mytilus edulis]
and the brachiopod [Laqueus californianus)) and two
species of sediment dwellers (the polychaete worms
[Nepthys procera and Nereis sp.\). These iif situ tests
involve body burden analyses for metals
Another permittee is required to maintain a continuous
flow biomonitoring facility. Salmonids are exposed to
effluents 10% higher than the concentration projected for
the receiving water. The new permit when issued will
require bioassays using two species: salmonids and
Arctic graylings (Thymallus arcticus)
Another permittee is required to conduct marine toxicity
tests, including an echinoderm fertilization test and a
larval mussel test.
Biosurveys
One permittee is required to develop a monitoring
program to determine the effects of a ballast water
treatment system on water quality and marine biota in
Port Valdez The permittee must evaluate sublethal
effects on individual organisms and conduct community
and population level analyses. The permittee monitoring
has shown a difference in abundance and zonation of
intertidal invertebrates and algae and has indicated
reduction in growth ring height in barnacles
For new permits, the State may require biological
monitoring at fixed stations, bioassays, and chemical
studies of effluents, and monitoring of hydrocarbon
concentrations in sediments.
The State (Department of Environmental Conservation)
currently does not conduct biosurveys: however, the
Alaska Department of Fish and Game does conduct bio-
surveys in support of special water quality studies
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
AZ Acute bioassay testing is required in major industrial and
municipal permits Permits require use of test species
contained in "Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity
of Effluents to Fresh Water and Marine Organisms,'' EPA
600/4-85/013. Usually, 100 percent effluent is specified;
serial dilutions are not performed.
Currently, the State does not have the capabilities to
conduct whole-effluent toxicity tests. Tests are
performed by the EPA Laboratory in Duluth or by two
contractors. Some municipalities (e g . Flagstaff) also
have bioassay capabilities.
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
The State does not currently conduct biosurveys The
State is developing a rapid bioassessment protocol for
streams based on macroinvertebrates collected from
pools and riffle areas.
The State is also evaluating the use of the ecoregion
concept to set surface water quality standards Arizona
considers that a long-term study (3-5 yr) of the five
ecoregions in the State would be required to establish
surlace water quality standards.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
AK Other permittees are required to conduct acute and
(cont.) chronic bioassay testing on a variety of species, includ-
ing the oyster (Crassostrea gigas), the blue mussel
(Mytilus edulis), the sifverside (Menidia sp.). and the
opposum shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia).
Many offshore oil and gas exploration facilities must
bioassay muds and additives to be discharged using
Mysidopsis bahia.
The State currently does not conduct bioassay tests.
Biosurveys
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
CA Specific major and some minor industrial and municipal
facilities require effluent toxicity testing depending on
individual Regional Basin Plan requirements. All
industrial and municipal facilities discharging into
estuarine or ocean areas are required to conduct acute
bioassays
Specified dischargers are required to conduct acute
static 96-hr rainbow (Salmo gairdneri) or steelhead trout
{Salmo gairdneri), fathead minnow (Pimephales
promelas), golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas),
and 3-spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) toxicity
tests. Region 2 requires an acute flowthrough 96-hr test
for some permits (oil refineries). Region 3 is considering
requiring a continuous instream toxicity test with rainbow
trout for some permits. Generally, 50% survival of the
test species is required, assuming 10% mortality in the
control; however, some regions require 90% survival
Test frequency depends on the industry iQyolved and
may be biweekly, monthly, quarterly, or annually.
Some inland (freshwater) dischargers are required to do
tissue and sediment monitoring. Pulp and paper mill
permits require semiannual sampling of crayfish, rainbow
trout, and suckers that are analyzed for dioxins and
furans
The State does not currently conduct bioassay testing
Biosurveys
Extensive biological surveys are conducted by ocean
dischargers as part of the 301(h) permit process
Specific permits for major municipals in southern
California and for coastal pulp and paper mill dischargers
in northern California contain requirements for
conducting periodic biosurveys
The State does not currently conduct biosurveys;
however, biosurveys may be conducted as part of
special studies within individual regions of the State
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
AR Specific industrial and municipal facilities are required to
conduct bioassay testing using acule static 48-hr
Daphnia toxicity tests quarterly for 2 yr. A 90% or greater
survival rate must be achieved in test species. EPA
Region 6 requires that both industrial and municipal
majors conduct chronic bioassay testing using the 7-d
Ceriodaphnia dubia and 7-d fathead minnow
(Pimephales promelas) test. Acute bioassay testing with
these species is required in some situations in place of
chronic testing.
The State conducts acute static 48-hr Daphnia toxicity
tests at 6-12 facilities per year. Toxicity tests also are
performed in conjunction with Compliance Sampling
Inspections to determine the presence of toxicity below
discharges. The 24-hr abbreviated definitive test is
performed with Daphnia for determining an LCM
The State is developing facilities to conduct chronic
bioassay tests with fathead minnows (Pimefltfales
promelas) and Ceriodaphnia dubia. Toxicity screening is
also carried out using the Microtox" assay.
To supplement existing biological methods, the State is
evaluating the use of Gammarus in sediment bioassays
and phytotoxicity testing
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys.
The State conducts receiving water macroinvertebrate
and sometimes fish assessments at 16-18 paired
stations per year as part of the fixed station water quality
network. A great emphasis has been placed on the use
of paired stations situated above and below discharges
In FY86-87, the State tested application of a rapid bio-
assessment technique of selected habitats (riffles or
pools) (Plafkin et al. [1987 and 1989) and Shackleford
[1987 and 1988)) These semiquantitative methods were
determined to be more cost-effective A Biometric Scor-
ing System was used to identify severely impaired sites
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
CO Specific industrial and municipal facilities require acute
static 48-hr Ceriodaphnia and acute static 96-hr fathead
minnow (Pimephales promelas) toxicity tests. Testing is
usually quarterly, but can be monthly for larger facilities
Chronic bioassay testing may be required for some
facilities A new State policy will require bioassay testing
for most major permits at renewal.
On selected waters, the State has conducted acute flow-
through 96-hr toxicity tests using fathead minnows,
channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), and rainbow trout
(Salmo gairdneri) for standards setting purposes The
State has the capability to conduct Ceriodaphnia and
fish bioassays both in a laboratory setting and in the
State s mobile bioassay laboratory The State will
conduct future fish bioassays on a site-specific basis as
resources allow The State also conducts Ceriodaphnia
dubia bioassays in constructing ambient toxicity profiles
at selected high-priority sites.
EPA Region 8 and the State jointly have conducted
upstream/downstream ambient toxicity testing using
chronic 7-d Ceriodaphnia on waterways of environmental
concern using the State's mobile bioassay laboratory In
addition, the Region's mobile bioassay laboratory has
been used in cooperative studies on State waters.
Biosurveys
In general, dischargers are not required to conduct
biosurveys. Permits for two Federal facilities do require
instream biosurveys
The State Water Quality Control Division conducts
biosurveys in support of use classification in standards
setting. Biosurveys are also used in evaluation of
specific waters listed in the 319 NPS assessment The
State is currently evaluating metrics in EPA's Rapid
Bioassessment Protocols for use in data assessment
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
CT	Specific industrial and municipal facilities are required to
conduct toxicity testing using a fish and an invertebrate
species Most dischargers conduct acute 96-hr fathead
minnow (Pimephales promelas) tests and acute 48-hr
Daphnia tests In the future, it is anticipated that all dis-
chargers whose effluent is known to contain toxics will be
required to conduct acute bioassay tests
In 1987, the State conducted acute static 48-hr fathead
minnow tests and Daphnia pulex tests on whole effluent
of all municipal sewage dischargers.
The State has a mobile bioassay laboratory and
conducts chronic 7-d Ceriodaphnia or acute 48-hr
Daphnia pulex bioassay tests for instream monitoring
purposes at sites identified as being impacted by a large
number of industrial discharges.
Marine bioassay testing is not currently conducted by the
State Additional funding is being sought to contract for
this capability
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to con ^uct biosurveys
The State samples fish and macroinvertebrates at
problem-oriented sites (two to five surveys per year).
Intensive biosurveys of macroinvertebrate communities
are conducted at 10 to 20 sites per year in the fall
The State maintains 10 fixed stations where the benthic
component of the ambient aquatic community is
examined.
The State is incorporating rapid bioassessment methods
into its biological monitoring programs.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
DE	Specific industrial and municipal facilities require
bioassay toxicity testing. A discharger must conduct
three consecutive 48-hr whole-effluent toxicity tests using
Daphnia and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)
quarterly If average mortality is greater than 20%, the
discharger conducts a 96-hr definitive toxicity test to
generate an effluent LC^
The State currently conducts a two-phase toxicity
evaluation for all dischargers.
In Phase I, the State conducts an acute static test with
Ceriodaphnia and fathead minnows (Pimephales
promelas) to screen effluent.
In Phase II. only dischargers identified in Phase I as
having toxic effluent will be examined Phase II will
involve characterization of dischargers effluent through
chemical-specific analysis and the use gf definitive tox-
icity tests Phase II is projected to start in late 1989
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
The State conducts fish and macroinvertebrate surveys
at 8 of the 200 monitoring stations per year
Biosurveys are also conducted periodically as part of
special studies associated with specific point source or
nonpoint source pollution problems
The State is developing a biocriteria program with EPA
Headquarters
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Survey of Monitoring in NPOES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
DC A specific municipal facility requires that monthly chronic
7-d Ceriodaphnia and fathead minnow (Pimephales
promelas) tests be conducted for the first 2 months of
the permit; thereafter, the more sensitive test is
continued monthly for the duration of the permit.
Daily 24-hr composite-effluent samples are collected for
seven consecutive days and are used for test and
renewal of serial dilutions of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12 5%,
7%, and 0% effluent The data are analyzed using Probit
analysis and/or graphs
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
The District collects phytoplankton samples monthly at
five Potomac River stations, five Anacostia River, and
three tributary stations. Zooplankton are collected at two
Potomac River and one Anacostia River station
A District-wide macroinvertebrate survey collects sam-
ples at 11 different sites.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
GA COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM
(cont)
Fixed-Station Monitoring Network
The primary monitoring activity in estuaries is associated with the fixed-station trend monitoring network Approxi-
mately eight stations are located in estuarine areas that are monitored monthly for routine water quality parameters
including chlorophyll a analysis. Water and sediment are collected at core stations and are analyzed for metals and
organics. No macroinvertebrate or fish community sampling is conducted in the coastal/estuarine zone
Toxics Monitoring
At 13 estuarine sites, shellfish are examined for metals and organic compounds.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
HI COASTAL/MARINE MONITORING PROGRAM
The Slate currently does not conduct biosurveys to evaluate water quality In the 1988 305(b) report, the State
recommends that consideration be given to the use of biosurveys, particularly in monitoring receiving waters as
described below
As noted in the 305(b) report, "Biosurveys are background surveys of organic life found in receiving waters such as
streams and coastal waters prior to point and nonpoint discharges by man Once a representative description of life
in the receiving waters is determined, an acceptable rate of decline must also be selected to serve as a warning that
unacceptable point and/or nonpoint discharges are occurring such that life in the receiving waters is being threat-
ened This is a resource intensive approach to water quality antidegradation In order to develop and implement
biosurveys in Hawaii, the Department of Health must form a partnership with the Department of Land and Natural
Resources and the U S Fish and Wildlife Service who have the knowledge and expertise in regard to organic life in
Hawaiian waters. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has already begun doing biosurveys of streams in Hawaii The
biosurvey approach must be adapted to address coastal waters."
Rapid bioassessment protocols may be used by qualified biological personnel in assessing designated use support
A use is fully supported if there is no evidence of modification of the community (within the natural range of a
control/ecoregion).
Fixed-Station Network
The State has recently approved the implementation of a 208 shoreline and ocean station network covering all major
islands that will monitor physical/chemical water quality parameters such as nitrogen, phosphorus, algae, dissolved
oxygen, organic carbon content, and concentrations of Enterococcus indicator bacteria
Intensive Surveys
The State has conducted intensive monitoring surveys at selected offshore locations to determine normal variations
in water quality, particularly in embayments.
Toxics Monitoring
Nearshore fish and marine bottom sediment are collected from selected estuaries to evaluate trends and identify hot
spots annually Fish and shellfish from selected estuaries are also monitored annually for metals, pesticides, and
other toxic residues
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
HI	LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
(conl)
Natural lakes in Hawaii are uncommon The State has only four small lakes Due to their destinctive nature,
assessment under Section 314 of the Water Quality Act of 1987 is not applicable for the purpose of the 305(b) report.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
ID RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Rapid Bioassessments
The Stale has started conducting rapid bioassessments using macroinvertebrate communities, although there are
few biosurveys conducted except by the State Fish and Game Department. The State is proposing a new ambient
monitoring network that would include macroinvertebrate collections (wire baskets)
The Stale currently does not conduct biosurveys to evaluate water quality Inslream water quality parameters are
evaluated to determine the effectiveness of Best Management Practices (BMPs) The State is in the process of
developing sediment criteria. Some habitat evaluations are conducted associated with salmonid fisheries
Portneuf River Study
The State has recently completed a water quality report on selected tributaries of the Lower Portneuf River Eight
tributaries were chosen as sampling sites to determine the amount of agricultural pollutants that may affect the water
quality of the Portneuf River. Nutrients and sediment were the major pollutants during times of high flows, although
every stream consistently exceeded most EPA nutrient standards throughout the entire study period Bacterial
counts were inversely related to flow ancfare another major pollutant during low creek flows.
Rock Creek Rural Clean Water Program
Since 1981, the State has conducted an intensive long-term monitoring study The study is directed at assessing
NPS impacts from irrigated cropland and documenting improvements associated with implementing BMPs Stream
sediments, substrate dissolve oxygen, nutrients, bacteria, and aquatic life are evaluated.
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
The State currently does not have a statewide lake monitoring program
Clean Lakes Program
The Trophic Stale Index (TSI) used to classify a subpopulation of Idaho's lakes through a one- time sampling during
peak productivity was developed using a linear-weighted sum of 11 water quality variables
Cascade Reservoir Study
In 1908, the State began the first State-funded Clean Lakes study of Cascade Reservoir The program will follow
Federal guidelines to ensure eligibility for future Federal implementation funding
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
IA RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Water Quality Assessments
The State does not routinely use biological sampling in the surface water monitoring program. Monitoring programs
associated with rivers and streams include a fixed-station monitoring network composed of 59 stations for monitoring
changes in water quality parameters, intensive surveys that since 1985 have involved water quality parameters and
fish tissue, and sediment monitoring for pesticide residues.
Toxics Monitoring
Pesticide monitoring is conducted in surface waters at 10 stations across Iowa.
EPA Region 7 scans for toxics in fish collected at 20 stations on rivers in late summer The State conducts intensive
surveys in some waterbodies known to be contaminated with toxic compounds Channel catfish fillets have been
analyzed for chlordane contamination in the Des Moines River and Turkey River
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Toxics Monitoring
EPA Region 7 scans for toxics in fish collected in specified lakes in late summer.
Intensive Surveys
The State does not use instream biological sampling in its routine surface water monitoring program, but it does
conduct limited biosurveys of organisms as part of special intensive surveys Earlier studies were designed to
assess water quality of waterbodies influenced by point sources, but more recent studies reflect the relatively greater
impacts of NPS. particularly agricultural and urban runoff on water quality. Between October 1985 and October
1987, several intensive lake studies were conducted associated with NPS programs. These are discussed below
1986 Iowa Lakes Study
The physical characteristics, water quality, and fisheries of 16 Iowa lakes were evaluated during the summer of 1986. The
objectives were to provide information to justify selection and funding of NPS pollution control projects, compare water
quality data from 1979 to 1986, and to update limnological information
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
IA	LAKE MONITORING OGRAM
(conl)
1986-1987	Prairie Rose Lake Studies
Between May and September during 1986 and 1987, lake samples were collected to monitor lake quality during
implementation of NPS control practices. This was part of the Federal Rural Clean Water Program.
1987-1990	Iowa Lake Studies
Water quality sampling was conducted in the spring and summer of 1987 on five Iowa lakes An assessment ol each
lake's fishery was compiled. Approximately 30 lakes will be intensively sampled for various physical, chemical, and
biological parameters in 1989 and 1990 as part of the State Lake Assessment grant, along with a detailed evaluation
of watershed land use and runoff potential
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
ID Lake Pend Oreille Study
(cont)
Region 10 and (he State funded a study to monitor periphyton growth rates in Lake Pend Orielle in littoral-exposed
shore and embayment areas. Data suggest accelerating eutrophication is occurring, particularly in developed and
relatively confined areas of the lake.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
IL	RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network
The State maintains a 207-fixed-station trend monitoring network in which all stations are sampled every 6 weeks for
routine chemical parameters and 21 metals.
As part of the Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network, the CORE subnetwork consists of 38 river stations
sampled every 6 weeks for a total spectrum of water quality parameters, twice a year for water column organics. and
every 3 years for sediment contamination and macroinvertebrates
Intensive River Basin Surveys
The State (Illinois EPA) conducts intensive river basin surveys in cooperation with the Illinois Department of
Conservation (IDOC) at approximately 105-165 sites each year The following monitoring is conducted: fisheries,
macroinvertebrates (using natural and artificial substrate [Hester-DendyJ samplers), water chemistry, and habitat
evaluation Sediment and fish contaminant samples are collected at selected sites to supplement the data base
Fisheries data are analyzed using Karr's Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI), while macroinvertebrate data are analyzed
using the Macroinvertebrate Biotic Index JMBI) Habitat evaluations are made at each site
The Biological Stream Characterization (BSC) is utilized to determine use attainment in streams The stream
classification system is predicated largely on attributes of lotic fish communities In the absence of fisheries data,
macroinvertebrate data or physical habitat descriptors may be used The BSC method is driven primarily by an
assessment of fish community structure as represented by the IBI The IBI method incorporates 12 measures
(metrics) of fish community structure, including species composition and species richness, trophic state composi-
tion, and abundance and condition. The MBI used in Illinois is a modification of the method of Hilsenhoff (1982)
Fish Contaminant Program
The State monitors toxics (20 pesticides and PCBs) in fish populations at 73 fixed-stream stations biennially and an
additional 36 nonpermanent stream sites annually during basin surveys Composite fillets are collected at all 73
sites, and whole-fish samples are collected at 32 sites Analyses for other environmental pollutants are conducted as
needed
Pesticide Monitoring Network
The State maintains a pesticide monitoring network that screens water column samples for 15 pesti*. ides commonly
used in agriculture at 30 stations. Sampling is conducted during six of the nine total 6-week sampling cycles.
Samples are collected during every cycle from April through July and every other sampling cycle during August
through March
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs (continued)
State
IL LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
(cont)
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network
The State maintains a CORE network consisting of three Lake Michigan stations The stations are sampled every 6
weeks for routine chemical parameters, twice a year (or water column organics, and every 3 yr for sediment
contamination and macroinvertebrates. Where possible, fish contaminant samples are collected every 2 yr
Intensive/Clean Lakes
This monitoring is diagnostic (Phase I) and evaluative monitoring (Phase II) for lake protection and restoration
projects under the Clean Lakes Program. Monitoring is generally conducted biweekly from May through September
and monthly or bimonthly from October through April at 15-20 lakes per year The following are sampled: routine
water quality parameters (including chlorophyll a. total phosphorus. Secchi disk transparency) at the surface and at
depths and biological resources (phytoplankton, benthos, fish, and aquatic vegetation ) Sediment is analyzed for
solids, nutrients, organics, and metals
Ambient Trends
This monitoring is conducted at 15-20 specified lakes to determine long-term trends in lake quality and to evaluate
pollution control/restoration programs. Trend lakes are monitored five times: once during the spring runoff/turnover
period (April or May), three times during the summer (June, July, and August), and once during fall turnover
(September or October). Three lake sites are usually monitored with water quality samples collected at the surface
for all station and near the bottom at the deepest site Parameters monitored include routine water quality param-
eters (total phosphorus, Secchi disk transparency, other nutrients, and toxics) and chlorophyll a.
Diagnostic/Evaluation
Lakes in this program are monitored to diagnose problems, encourage development of management plans, and
evaluate effectiveness of implemented programs. Lakes are sampled for one diagnostic year and for one or more
years following implementation Lakes are sampled five times per year at spring turnover, during the summer, and at
fall turnover as described for the Trend Monitoring Program Field observations of water color, amount of sediment,
algae, macrophytes and weather are recorded. Data analyses include examination of limnological parameters,
Trophic State Index (TSI) values, and biological data including rating the severity of impairment from sediment,
algae, and macrophytes Under this program, 16 lakes were sampled in 1986 and 27 in 1987; 7 lakes were sampled
both years
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs (continued)
State
IL LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
(cont)
Volunteer Lake Monitoring
Approximately 150 lakes are monitored annually in this program. Participants are trained to measure Secchi disk
transparency and record field observations relating to other important characteristics of lake ecology Volunteers are
encouraged to sample a lake at least twice per month from May through October, at three or more sites per lake
Volunteers at selected lakes (12-15 annually) collect water samples for analyses of nutrients and suspended solids
Carlson's Trophic State Index is used to assess water quality
Fish Contaminant Program
The State Fish Contaminant Program monitors toxics (20 pesticides and PCBs) in fish populations at 20 lake stations
annually to detect changes that require implementation of management strategies Composite fillets are collected at
all stations and whole-fish samples are collected at specified sites
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
IN RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Fixed-Station Water Quality Monitoring Network
The State maintains a fixed-station water quality monitoring network consisting of 106 stations Physical, chemical,
and bacteriological analyses are run on samples from all 106 stations Water samples are routinely sampled for a
limited number of toxics, mostly metals. Phytoplankton are monitored at 41 stations
Toxics Monitoring and Control Program
The State uses a combination of chemical/biological monitoring to identify toxic pollutants from point source and
NPS pollution The State collects fish tissue and sediment once biannually at 11 of 22 CORE Program stations (part
of the Fixed-Station Water Quality Monitoring Network) and at 60 to 90 other sites annually Tissues are analyzed for
PCBs, metals, and selected pesticides with three composites per site. For fish residue analyses, three sets of fish
samples (five fish each) are collected at each station In addition, fillet samples are collected at some stations for
comparison of "edible portion" and "whole fish" samples Sediment samples are analyzed for 137 pollutants
The CORE stations are divided into two groups and are sampled in alternate years In addition to those fish
collected and analyzed for toxic substances, species diversity and community structure of all fish populations are
recorded during sampling. This provides qualitative information as to the composition of the fish community at these
stations These data can be compared to data obtained in previous years or from other studies to give some
indication of how the fish community is reacting to changes in water quality.
Monitoring for aquatic macroinvertebrates is done at the 22 CORE Program stations (11 of the 22 stations sampled
annually), as part of 6-10 intensive surveys, and at up to 15 use evaluation sites annually. The State conducts both
natural and artificial substiate sampling using Hester-Dendy macroinvertebrate samplers. Samplers are retrieved,
and the organisms are collected, preserved, and identified to the lowest taxon possible and counted Species
diversity and abundance are used to assess water quality. Phytoplankton are also collected at all biosurvey sites,
and occasionally tissue residue monitoring of resident mussels, crayfish, frogs, turtles, fish eggs, or vegetation is
conducted
Habitat and Use Attainability Studies
Each year, habitat and use attainability studies are conducted to determine the existing and/or potential uses that
various stream reaches will support. During the study, a checklist that includes detailed information regarding the
physical, chemical, and biological nature of the stream, as well as a description of the riparian land use, is
completed This information is used to prepare a habitat evaluation report that describes the existing and potential
uses of the stream In 1986-1987, habitat and use attainability studies were conducted on 31 streams.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
IN LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
(conl)
Special Studies
Primary productivity studies are also part of the biological monitoring program These are not done on a routine
basis, but are used in conjunction with special lake studies These studies provide information on the rates of algal
photosynthesis and respiration.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
KS RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Trend Monitoring Network
The State samples macroinvertebrates by the kick method at 37 water quality trend stations annually and at 18
additional stations that are reserved for rotation in both time and location The latter stations are sampled for 3 to 5
years to establish a data base and are then replaced by other stations
The degree of use support for streams is evaluated using a Macroinvertebrate Biotic Index (MBI) An MBI greater
than 5 40 indicates nonsupport of the aquatic life use; an MBI between 4 51 and 5 39 indicates partial support; and
an MBI of less than 4.51 indicates full support of the aquatic life use
The Kansas Biological Survey is developing a biotic index for use in the State's stream biological monitoring
program Appropriate materials for identification of stream macroinvertebrates are being developed Available data
on pollution tolerances of these organisms are summarized to improve the biotic index now in use in the monitoring
program Separate biotic indices for nutrients, oxygen-demanding substances, pesticides, metals, and suspended
solids are included
Intensive Surveys
Macroinvertebrate and fish communities are usually sampled along with various chemical constituents and fecal
coliform in intensive surveys. The State analyzes edible fish tissue for studies of waterbodies where human health
impacts are known or suspected. Periphyton assessments are sometimes made as part of special studies Most
special studies are associated with point source dischargers; a few are associated with NPS pollution problems
Special Studies
A 2 year study of fish community sampling data was initiated to determine the feasibility of using fish data in the
biological network program A feasibility report is pending Generally, for special studies, macroinvertebrate and fish
communities are sampled along with various chemical constituents and fecal coliform bacteria The State conducts
sediment sampling for toxic pollutants in waterbodies as part of special investigations.
Toxics Monitoring
The State collects fish at 44 sites as part of the Regional Ambient Fish Tissue Analyses Program Whole fish
analyses are performed by EPA Region 7 for 130 toxic pollutants. The target species of this program is the carp
(Cyprinus carpio) The residue analyses are conducted on composites of three or more whole fish to increase
sensitivity to the low concentrations of pollutants and to improve representativeness of the sample
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs (continued)
Slate
KS LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
(cont)
Routine Lake Monitoring
The State began triennial intensive surveys of the 24 Federal reservoirs and selected city, county, and State fishing
lakes in 1975 The intensity of the surveys changed in 1985 to allow time to sample more lakes each year. Instead
of sampling several stations on each lake, one site at the deepest location is sampled once during the period of
thermal/dissolved oxygen stratification (summer) Currently, 60 reservoirs and lakes are monitored for general water
quality parameters, including total phosphorus, chlorophyll a, Secchi disk transparency, other nutrients, and toxic
substances (water and fish tissue) The Trophic State Index (TSI) was determined from the resulting data
Criteria for evaluating the degree of aquatic life use support for lakes and wetlands are the same as those used for
stream evaluations Additionally, lake trophic state and the changes in support.of designated uses are evaluated.
The degree of aquatic life support is estimated from Carlson's TSI, which was calculated based on available
chlorophyll a data. TSIs less than 50 were considered full support; TSls from 50-59 were considered partial support;
and TSIs greater than 59 were considered nonsupport
Biologists from the Department of Wildlife and Parks are asked to complete a questionnaire designed to provide
information to assess existing water qu^ity for four major impacts for lakes and wetlands areas; macrophytes.
surface algae, sedimentation, and turbidity. Eutrophic lakes were those lakes with a TSI greater than 50 and/or
having indications of significant impacts from macrophytes or surface algae based on the questionnaire distributed
to the Department of Wildlife and Parks.
Intensive Surveys
Macroinvertebrate and fish communities are usually sampled along with various chemical constituents and fecal
coliform in intensive surveys The State analyzes edible fish tissue for studies of waterbodies where human health
impacts are known or suspected Periphyton and phytoplankton assessments are also made as part of some
bioassessments The types of monitoring conducted in each intensive survey depend on site-specific conditions of
the waterbody and type of pollution problem.
Toxics Monitoring
The State collects fish at 44 sites as part of the Regional Ambient Fish Tissue Analyses Program. Whole fish
analyses are performed by EPA Region 7 for 130 toxic pollutants The target species of this program is the carp
(Cyprinus carpio) The residue analyses are conducted on composites of three or more whole fish to increase
sensitivity to the low concentrations of pollutants and to improve representativeness of the sample
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
KS	There are no bioassay testing requirements associated
with the State's permit program
The State screens selected effluents of industrials and
municipals using the 24-hr Daphnia pulex and 24-hr
fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) toxicity test No
chronic toxicity testing is currently conducted
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
The State samples macroinvertebrates by the kick
method at 37 water quality trend stations per year and at
18 additional stations that are reserved for rotation in
both time and location. The latter stations are sampled
for 3-5 yrs to establish a data base and are then replaced
by other stations.
Macroinvertebrate and fish communities are usually sam-
pled along with various chemical constituents and fecal
coliform in intensive surveys to locate the source of
pollution. Periphyton assessments are made as part of
special studies.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
IA	There are no biological toxicity testing requirements for
municipal or industrial facilities.
The State has no in-house bioassay testing capabilities,
but these services are provided to the State through the
University of Iowa's State Hygienic Laboratory that
conducts all water quality monitoring for the State and
performs acute bioassay screening testing on daphnids
and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)
EPA Region 7 performs static 24-hr acute toxicity tests
on daphnids and fathead minnows (Pimephales
promelas) on 10-12 industrial and municipal facilities per
year suspected of discharging toxics in their effluents.
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys.
The State primarily uses biosurveys to assess impacts of
nonpoint source (NPS) pollution
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
KY RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Biological Monitoring Network
The State's biological monitoring program currently consists o( a network of 33 stations in 10 river basins As part of
this network program, algae are sampled at 29 stations, macroinvertebrates at 29 stations, fish at 5 stations, fish
tissue (for residue analyses of 40 pollutants) at 10 stations, and sediment at 32 stations. Data collected at these
stations are used to ensure that existing water quality is maintained, provide background values for future trend
comparisons, and recognize emerging problems in the areas of toxic residues, bacteriological contamination, and
nuisance biological growth. Program emphasis is directed at evaluating warmwater aquatic habitat (WAH) use
support instream, determining the presence and concentration of toxic residues in fish tissue and sediments, and
evaluating municipal and industrial effluents for toxic conditions. The assessment criteria for each of the biological
components is listed below.
Algae samples including both plankton (algae suspended in the water column) and periphyton (attached algae) are
collected Plankton chlorophyll a, periphyton chlorophyll a, and periphyton ash-free dry weight are measured at each
site, and diatoms are identified to species and enumerated. Diatom community structure indices (taxa richness,
diversity, and equitability) and relative abundance values were calculated
Macroinvertebrates are collected for community structure and function evaluations at selected biological monitoring
sites. Stream reaches are considered fully supporting WAH use if the macroinvertebrate information reflected no
alterations in community structure or functional composition for the available habitats, and if habitat conditions were
relatively undisturbed
Fish are collected for community structure evaluation at selected biological monitoring sites. The condition ol the
fish community is determined by analysis of relative abundance, species richness, and species composition as well
as by use of an Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI). The IBI is used to assess biotic integrity directly by evaluation of 12
attributes, or community metrics, of fish communities in streams These community metrics include measurement of
species richness and composition, trophic structure, and fish abundance and condition.
-------
Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs (continued)
State
KY RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM (continued)
(cont.)
Intensive Biological Surveys
The State uses the intensive survey to evaluate site-specific water quality problems. Information is used to document
attainment/impairment of designated water uses, verify construction grant decisions, address issues raised in
petitions for water quality standard variances or use redesignations, and document water quality improvements and
progress resulting from water pollution control efforts During 1986-1987, four intensive surveys were conducted
The streams were assessed by evaluating the biological, physicochemical, toxicological and habitat data, and known
watershed activities in concert with direct observation and professional judgment
Identification of Best Management Practices
Low Altitude Photography (LAP) is an excellent tool for obtaining information on land use in a watershed The
identification of land uses helps locate sources of NPS pollution.
Field assessments are conducted in watersheds identilied as priority, based on NPS pollution impacts Two on site
planning teams (Division of Conservation and Division of Water) provide identification of "on land" activities and water
monitoring activities Intensive surveys^may also be conducted by the Ecological Support Section of the Division of Water
and are usually restricted because of resource constraints to demonstration watersheds where LAP has been completed
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
The State maintains an ambient monitoring program for lakes statewide Nine Kentucky lakes were sampled to evaluate
problems of accelerated eutrophication, and three lakes were sampled to evaluate trends relating to potential acid
precipitation impacts Monitoring is conducted once per month during the spring, summer, and fall (April to October) for
routine water quality parameters, including total phosphorus, chlorophyll a, Secchi disk transparency, and other nutrients
Carlson's Trophic State Index (TSI) is determined from chlorophyll a concentrations, and data from the growing season
(April to October) were used to obtain a seasonal average. Fish tissue samples are evaluated for toxics in specific cases
-------
Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
IN	Specific industrial and municipal permits require acute
static 48-hr Daphnia magna toxicity tests The chronic
7-d Ceriodaphnia and embryo-larval fathead minnow
(Pimephales promelas) toxicity tests are also required for
some of the facilities.
The State conducts 48-hr acute static Daphnia magna
screening tests on major industrials and municipals (10-
25 facilities) annually The State currently operates a
mobile bioassay laboratory At the present time, chronic
bioassay tests are performed by the U S. EPA or
contractors
The EPA conducted 25 Ames /Salmonella tests on
wastewater effluents to measure the potential for muta-
genicity
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
The State collects macroinvertebrates at approximately
40 sites per year depending on the number of intensive
surveys and the number of sites per survey
Hester-Dendy artificial substrate samplers and natural
substrate sampling are used by the State to sample mac-
roinvertebrates at 11 of their 22 CORE stations and to
conduct 6-10 intensive surveys and 5 facility-related
studies annually. Fish are also surveyed at these
stations for species diversity and community structure
Phytoplankton samples are also collected
Approximately 4-6 weeks before the fish and sediment
sampling occurs, three Hester-Dendy samplers are set at
each sampling station. At the time of fish collection and
natural substrate benthic sampling, these samplers are
retrieved, and organisms are identified to the lowest
taxon possible Differences in species diversity and
abundance upstream and downstream of major dis-
chargers are used for point source evaluations Habitat
evaluations are made at each intensive survey site
Macroinvertebrates only are assessed at 15 use
evaluation stream locations to determine existing and/or
potential use.
Primary productivity studies are also performed on a
nonroutine basis, but are used to provide information on
wasteload allocations and for lake studies These
studies provide information on rates of algal photosyn-
thesis and respiration.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
IL	Specific industrial and municipal facilities require
bioassay testing, which includes an acule static 96-hr
test for fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and
algae (Selenastrum capricornutum), acute static 48-hr
Ceriodaphnia dubia test, and for dischargers into small
streams the chronic 7-d fathead minnow and
Ceriodaphnia dubia tests are required
Dischargers may opt to do Ames/ salmonella testing or
extensive chemical analyses combined with a
toxicological review quarterly.
The State performs approximately 50 acute static 96-hr
and flowthrough toxicity tests per year at the rate of one
sample per facility and is currently using three species in
bioassay tests: fathead minnows, Ceriodaphnia dubia
and Selenastrum capricornutum The State currently
operates a mobile bioassay laboratory.
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys.
Macroinvertebrate communities are sampled by the State
at 50 sites per year in facility-related stream surveys
using natural substrate sampling Water chemistry,
stream flow, and habitat data upstream and
incrementally downstream of dischargers are also
collected Macroinvertebrate data for facility related
studies are evaluated using a modified family-level Mac-
roinvertebrate Biotic Index (MBI) to assess the severity
and extent of the pollution impacts
Two intensive river basin surveys (20-50 sites each) are
conducted as a cooperative effort between the Illinois
EPA and the Department of Conservation. Data
collection includes fisheries, macroinvertebrates (by
natural substrate and artificial [Hester-Dendy) samplers),
water chemistry, and habitat information These surveys
are often conducted in conjunction with facilities-related
surveys. Fisheries data are evaluated using Karr's Index
of Biological Integrity (IBI). Macroinvertebrate data are
evaluated using the MBI
The State also maintains a fixed-station network of 43
sites that are sampled following a 3 yr rotation The
State conducts both natural and artificial substrate
(Hester-Dendy) sampling. Macroinvertebrate data for
this network are evaluated using the MBI.
The State conducts special surveys for surveillance
monitoring in response to suspected water quality
problems and in support of enforcement proceedings
The survey design and sampling meJia are dependent
on the site-specific objectives
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
ID	Specific industrial and municipal facilities require chronic
toxicity testing or both chronic and acute toxicity testing
(either with one or three test species) Major industrial
facilities often are required to conduct the standard
rainbow trout toxicity test whereby > 80% survival must
be observed in 65% effluent. Major municipals often are
required to conduct chronic Ceriodaphnia tests, acute
rainbow trout toxicity tests (may be replaced with fathead
minnow tests), and chronic Selenastrum growth tests.
By the end of 1989, the State will be requiring bioassay
testing for the most sensitive species in all new permits
of concern
The State currently has no bioassay capabilities.
Biosurveys
Several permits currently include biosurvey requirements.
The State has started conducting rapid bioassessments
Macroinvertebrate communities are sampled in approxi-
mately two to three studies per yeai In general,
however, there are few biosurveys conducted except
those performed by the Fish and Game Department
The State is proposing to reactivate the ambient water
quality network, which will include invertebrate
collections using artificial substrate (wire baskets)
The City of Boise conducted a 1 -yr study that included
collection of benthic invertebrates on artificial substrates
(two colonization periods), fish biosurveys using
electrofishing techniques (length, weight, species), and
supplementary information on chemical analyses of the
sediment and particle size distribution The benthic data
were analyzed using both parametric and nonparametric
statistics Species diversity, the number of families
represented, species density, relative abundance, and
the coefficient of community loss were also evaluated
-------
Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
HI	Recent draft and final permits include requirements for
monthly static or flow-through 96-hr acute bioassay
testing, with limits to be effective 1 yr after permit
issuance Dischargers are given a choice of test
species, including: Ceriodaphnia dubia, two fish species
(Tilapia mossambica and Coryphaena hippurus), five sea
urchin species (Echinometra malhaei, E. oblonga,
Colobocentrotus atratus, Heterocentrotus mammillatus,
Tripneustes gratilla); and two shrimp species (Penaeus
vannamei and P. monodon) The discharge limitation will
be 50% survival in 100% effluent. Life stages and other
testing requirements are specified for each species The
State is committed to the inclusion of bioassay toxicity
testing in permits for all major industrial and municipal
dischargers Inclusion of bioassay requirements has
taken some time, and relatively few appropriate aquatic
species endemic to Hawaii's ocean waters are available.
The State is receiving contractor assistance to develop
protocols for marine species
The Stale conducted acute 24-hr and 7-d chronic toxicity
tests using Ceriodaphnia dubia and fathead minnows
(Pimephales promelas) on effluents from four wastewater
treatment plants The lowest observed effect concentra-
tion (LOEC), the no observable effect concentration
(NOEC), and the chronic value (ChV) were calculated for
each wastewater discharge. Ceriodaphnia dubia has not
been of practical value so far as it is sensitive to salt
water which is often present in sewage treatment effluent
in Hawaii.
The State has recently completed research into the use
of a sea urchin sperm fertilization test and is investigating
use of the larvae of the bivalve Isognomon californicum
as a growth assay for whole effluent testing
An EPA protocol is available for the marine red algae
(Champia parvula) that occurs in Hawaii. Research into
the distribution and abundance of this species needs to
be conducted in order to assess its potential for bioassay
testing by the State
Biosurveys
Dischargers applying for 301(b) permits or waivers from
secondary treatment must do extensive biosurveys of the
ocean environment in the vicinity of their outfalls Ben-
thic, epibenthic, and planktonic organisms are surveyed.
Diversity and species abundance are evaluated Tissue
samples from certain species may be analyzed for
specific chemical constituents to evaluate potential for
bioaccumulation Since most municipals discharging to
marine waters apply for 301(h) waivers, most have con-
ducted biosurveys. These biosurvey results are
submitted to the University of Hawaii for assessment,
interpretation, and recommendations
The State does not currently conduct biosurveys.
The EPA conducted a biosurvey as part of a
congressional mandate to study the effects of ocean
discharges from two sugar mills on the island of Hawaii
This survey concentrated on impacts to coral and water
quality Further biosurveys have been required of these
mills as part of their applications for zones of mixing
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
FL	Specific industrial and municipal permits require bio-
assay toxicity testing, and these requirements are being
added to permits for all major facilities and for all minor
facilities with design flow greater than 0 5 MGD or where
information indicates potential toxicity
When the instream waste concentration (IWC) is greater
than or equal to 1% at critical low flow, the discharger is
required to conduct 7-d Ceriodaphnia survival and repro-
duction tests and 7-d fathead minnow (Pimephales
promelas) larval survival and growth tests on a 24-hr
composite sample and on a series of effluent concentra-
tions including the IWC with test solutions renewed daily.
The discharger is required to conduct these toxicity tests
every 2 months for 1 yr and once every 6 months
thereafter
When the IWC is less than 1% at critical low flow condi-
tions. the discharger is required to conduct static 48-hr
toxicity tests on three species (fathead minnow, Cerio-
daphnia dubia, and other species selected from EPA
600/4-85/013, Table 1). Tests are conducted in 100%
effluent once every 2 months for 1 yr and once every 6
months thereafter for the permit's duration.
A permit violation occurs when an LC^ is found in any
one of four grab samples collected over a 24-hr period
The State currently conducts both 48-hr acute and
chronic toxicity tests using a variety of test species
Acute testing is conducted using Ceriodaphnia dubia;
Daphnia pulex (the fathead minnow); the bannerfin
shiner (Notropis leedsi), the silverside (Menidia
beryllina), the mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia) algae
{Selenastrum capricornutum and Champia parvula)\ and
the Microtox" bacterium (Photobacterium phosphoreum)
Chronic 7-d toxicity testing is conducted using two
species, Ceriodaphnia dubia and the bannerfin shiner.
The State operates a mobile bioassay laboratory to
conduct Toxicity Identification Evaluations
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
The State collects data on the biological diversity of the
macroinvertebrate community based on natural
substrate samples and artificial substrate samples as
part of their 5-year rotating ambient basin monitoring
network Basin networks are targeted each year for
intensive studies (6-10 studies/year). The data are
analyzed for species diversity using the Shannon-Wiener
Index and Beck's Biotic Index.
Coastal/estuarine biosurveys are also conducted Grab
samples of bottom sediment are evaluated for species
composition, density, and taxa richness.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
GA Specific industrial and municipal facilities are required to
conduct acute static renewal 48-hr toxicity tests using
fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) If this
screening test is failed (greater than 10% mortality
occurs), the discharger must conduct a flowthrough
96-hr test using fathead minnows or 96-hr static renewal
test with fathead minnows, Ceriodaphnia dubia or
Daphnia pulex
The State conducts 96-hr flowthrough testing and static
testing. The State expects to conduct a larger number of
static toxicity tests, using Daphnia pulex and fathead
minnows and to conduct approximately 12 flowthrough
fathead minnow tests per year using a mobile bioassay
laboratory. Chronic Ceriodaphnia bioassay capabilities
are currently under development.
Blosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
The State monitors 40 sites for macroinvertebrates and 6
sites for fish as part of a trend monitoring network.
Biological impact studies related specifically to point
sources are made at 15-20 sites per year where macro-
invertebrates. fish, sediment, and water chemistry of the
stream and facility effluent are evaluated Quantitative
biosurvey data in Georgia are evaluated tor species
diversity and equitability. Qualitative biosurvey data are
evaluated for taxa richness and relative abundance
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
GA RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Fixed-Station Trend Monitoring Network
The State operates a fixed-station trend monitoring network in cooperation with the USGS on streams, rivers,
lakes/reservoirs, and estuaries in 15 river basins. Water samples are collected at approximately 110 stations monthly
for routine analyses Water and sediment samples are collected at 40 core stations for metals and organic analyses;
macroinvertebrate samples are collected at 40 stations, and fish samples are collected at 6 stations. Quantitative
biosurvey data in Georgia are evaluated for species diversity and equitability Qualitative biosurvey data are
evaluated for taxa richness and relative abundance
Toxics Monitoring
At 20 sites, residue analyses of fish and sediments are conducted for metals and organic compounds.
Intensive Surveys
From 1981-1983, the State funded a 2-year study of the effects of NPS pollution from urban, agricultural, and
commercial forestry sources in 21 streams Chemical as well as biological sampling was conducted, including
evaluation of the periphyton (diatom) community, macroinvertebrates and fish (Cook et al. 1983; CTA, Inc 1983)
This work was conducted by two contractors for the State.
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Clean Lakes Program
A statewide classification survey of freshwater lakes was conducted to assess the trophic condition of each lake and
to develop a priority list for restoration and/or preservation for 175 public lakes. The survey included depth profiles
for dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH and conductivity, sample collection lor chlorophyll a, total phosphorus,
nitrogen series, turbidity, and water clarity (Secchi disk depth). Carlson's three trophic indexes were combined in a
single Total Trophic State Index (TTSI).
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
FL COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM
(cont)
Water Quality Assessments
To assess estuarine water quality, the State monitors six water quality categories (water clarity, dissolved oxygen,
oxygen-demanding substances, bacteria, nutrients, and biological diversity) in coastal/estuarine areas In addition,
the State classifies estuaries using the TSI used for lakes with minor modifications
Coastal/estuarine biosurveys are also conducted by the State These involve the use of grab samplers for bottom
sediment sampling Sediment collections are evaluated for species composition, density, and taxa richness
Toxics Monitoring
The State analyzes for six metals in ambient waters at 61 fixed stations, for metals in shellfish tissues at 30 to 40
sites, and for metals in sediment at 200 to 300 sites.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
FL RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
River Basin Network Monitoring
The State has no permanent biological monitoring network River basin networks are targeted each year for
intensive studies (6-10 studies/year)
To assess river water quality, a Water Quality Index (WQI) was developed based on the quality of water as measured
by six water quality categories (water clarity, dissolved oxygen, oxygen demanding substances, bacteria, nutrients,
and biological diversity). Biological diversity is assessed for macroinvertebrates (collected on natural substrate and
on artificial substrate samplers) using the Shannon-Wiener Index of biological diversity and Beck's Biotic Index.
Toxics Monitoring
The State analyzes for six metals in ambient waters at 61 fixed stations and for metals at 200 to 300 sites
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
The State monitors lake water quality epnditions using three different monitoring programs: ambient monitoring
network, intensive surveys, and rotating basin assessments. Monitoring frequency varies in each program based on
the monitoring purpose and the specific waterbody being sampled. All three programs involve year round sampling
The following water quality parameters are evaluated for each lake sampled: total phosphorus, chlorophyll a, Secchi
disk transparency, and other nutrients. Toxic substances are monitored only in the ambient monitoring network and
the rotating basin assessments
The State classifies lakes using a Trophic State Index (TSI) procedure based on the chlorophyll, Secchi disk depth,
and total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations The procedure is based on a trophic classification scheme
developed by Carlson (1977) This TSI is also applied to Florida's estuaries with minor modifications
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
DC RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring
The District maintains a 76-fixed-station monitoring network in which all stations are sampled monthly. Metal
analyses of water samples are performed quarterly
Plankton Surveys
The surface water monitoring program collects phytoplankton samples monthly at five Potomac River stations, five
Anacostia River, and three tributary stations. In addition, zooplankton tows are made at two Potomac River and one
Anacostia River station
Macroinvertebrate Surveys
A districtwide macroinvertebrate survey was initiated in late spring of 1987. A total of 11 different lotic and lentic sites
were sampled Sampling equipment and methods differed depending on station-specific characteristics of depth,
water velocity, and substrate type.
Toxics Monitoring
Fish tissues are analyzed for metals and certain priority pollutants
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Macroinvertebrate Surveys
A districtwide macroinvertebrate survey was initiated in late spring of 1987. A total of 11 different lotic and lentic sites
were sampled Sampling equipment and methods differed depending on station-specific characteristics of depth
and substrate type
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
DE COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM
(cont)
Inland Bay Studies
The State is involved in an aggressive research program lhat focuses on the inland bays Baseline information on
phytoplankton, submerged aquatic vegetation, and macroalgae populations in the three inland bays has been
collected as part of a multiyear study. Other projects include: (1) an Inland Bays Flocculation/Coagulation Study
that examines size distribution ol suspended and colloidal particles in the bays; (2) the Coastal Sussex Cooperative
River Basin Study that will examine the effects of erosion on long-term productivity, the extent of sedimentation
damage, and the effects of animal wastes on water quality; (3) a study of larval hard clam mortality under high
suspended sediment and low dissolved oxygen concentrations; and (4) a study of turbidity in the Indian River Bay
Note: Delaware received a grant from the 1987 Water Quality Act's Nonpoint Source Management Program
provision to implement the State s NPS pollution control program. Delaware's program will incorporate education,
research, technical assistance, financial incentives to land owners, and regulations The goal is to control NPS
pollution from urban and agricultural runoff and hazardous waste sites The program will target Middle Run/Upper
Pike Creek Basin, Murderkill River Basin, Nanticoke River Basin, and the Inland Bays
Toxics Monitoring
Fish and shellfish are screened for toxics annually
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
DE RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Monitoring Network
The State maintains a network of 200 fixed-station ambient monitoring sites. Most stations are sampled monthly or
bimonthly, some less frequently Samples are analyzed for conventional, nonconventional, and toxic pollutants
Toxic metals are analyzed regularly in priority basins and at least once per year in all basins.
Special Studies
Instream biological surveys are conducted as part of special studies in Delaware. These studies are conducted
periodically as needed The studies that focus on the macroinvertebrate community correlate species diversity and
richness with species' ability to deal with stress (enrichment and toxicity). Species are categorized as sensitive,
facultative, or tolerant to pollution The results of two recent biological surveys for White Clay Creek (impacted by
urban runoff) and the Brandywine River (impacted by bacteria contamination) are used to monitor improvement or
degradation trends in water quality.
Toxics Monitoring
Fish and/or sediments are screened for Toxics annually.
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Lake Monitoring
The State conducts ambient monitoring of the majority of Delaware's lakes once per month year-round (except
during the winter months), and this program assesses three Carlson indexes to characterize the trophic state of the
lakes surveyed (chlorophyll a, transparency [Secchi disk}, total phosphorus, and other nutrients) Because Delaware
lakes contain extensive macrophytic and filamentous algae, the chlorophyll a index did not agree in many cases with
the transparency or phosphorus indexes, so total nitrogen and oxygen deficit were added to the trophic state
evaluation.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
CI COASTAUESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM
(con!)
Bioaccumulation Monitoring
Residue analyses of shellfish and finfish tissue from Long Island Sound is conducted as pari of the State's
Bioaccumulation Monitoring Program.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
CT RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Biological Monitoring Stations
The State maintains a fixed network of ambient biological monitoring stations in selected streams This program
examines changes in the benthic component of the aquatic community, which is used as the primary indicator of
biological integrity. Ten fixed stations on seven waterbodies are currently monitored. Future monitoring at fixed
stations will focus on the addition of new sites on unassessed waterbodies and resumed sampling of discontinued
sites at a 6-year interval. Additional biological data are obtained from the State's Fisheries Bureau, U S EPA. Fish
and Wildlife Service, and Army Corps of Engineers
Intensive Surveys
Biological monitoring also includes intensive monitoring related to critical water quality problems and synoptic
surveys to assess minor pollution episodes
Rapid Bioassessments
The State is currently evaluating the ERA Biological Data Management System (BIOS) with the intent of utilizing the
system for data storage, retrieval, and analysis. Rapid bioassessment methods as documented in recent EPA
guidance will also be incorporated in this program to make more efficient use of limited personnel resources
Toxics Monitoring
A Statewide fish tissue monitoring program is currently under development and will involve collection of three target
species for analyses of metals, organics, phenols, and polynuclear aromatics in the edible portion. Bioaccumulation
monitoring of fish and invertebrate tissues for PCBs was conducted in the Housatonic River.
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Water Quality Assessments
The Department of Environmental Protection and the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station conducted a joint
study, in the 1970s, of the severity of eutrophication problems at 70 recreational lakes An updated water quality
assessment for 69 of these lakes was conducted in early 1988
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
CO RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Intensive Surveys
The State Water Quality Control Division currently conducts instream biosurveys ol rivers in support of use
classification in standards setting Biosurveys have also been used in evaluation of specific waterbodies listed in 319
Nonpoint Source Assessments.
Rapid Bioassessments
The State has been evaluating metrics in the EPA's Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for use in data analyses
Toxics Monitoring
The State collects fish for residue analyses of toxics on a site-specific basis.
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Intensive Surveys
The State Water Quality Control Division currently conducts biosurveys associated with NPS pollution in lakes
Toxics Monitoring
The State collects fish for residue analyses of toxics on a site-specific basis.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
CA No detailed information is available in the State's 1988 305(b) report on the statewide use of biosurveys in the NPS
program California is divided into nine regions that appear to have separate programs for meeting specific regional
monitoring needs
RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Toxics Monitoring Program
The State does monitor fish tissues for toxics in rivers for concentrations of metals, pesticides, and other organic
compounds associated with both point source and nonpoint sources (e.g., mining activities, agriculture, urban
runoff).
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Toxics Monitoring Program
The State does monitor fish tissues for toxics in lakes for concentrations of metals, pesticides, and other organic
compounds associated with both point source and nonpoint sources (eg , mining activities, agriculture, urban
runoff).
COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Toxicity Characterization Program—San Francisco Bay
The State (San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board) has contracted with Lawrence Berkeley
Laboratories (LBL) to conduct a survey to characterize the distribution of ambient toxicity in San Francisco Bay The
goal of the project is to evaluate the spatial and temporal distribution of ambient toxicity in the Bay 'sing chronic
bioassays as indicators of toxic effects. Although the program primarily targets point source discharges, some
testing will be conducted at special sites associated with oil spills, extensive urban runoff, and near dredge spoil
disposal areas
Toxics Monitoring Program
The State does monitor shellfish tissues for toxics in estuaries/coastal areas for concentrations of metals, pesticides,
and other organic compounds associated with both point source and nonpoint sources (e.g., mining activities,
agriculture, urban runoff) The State Mussel Watch Program monitors 14 heavy metals and 41 synthetic compounds
in mussel and clam tissue along 1.100 miles of coastline at 135 stations
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
AR Toxics Monitoring
(cont)
The State collects fish and/or shellfish at 12 to 20 sites in a problem-oriented program for residue analyses of metals,
pesticides, and PCBs.
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
The State currently does not have a specific statewide lake monitoring program. Fixed-station amb ">nt monitoring is
performed on some lakes.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
AR RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network
The State maintains a fixed-station water quality monitoring network of 110 stations sampled monthly or annually,
depending on sample type
Biological Surveys
The State maintains a biomonitoring program for the purpose of identifying environmental impacts from different
sources and determining use support status. Bioassessments (biosurveys) are conducted on an annual basis at
selected Arkansas streams. At these sites, the aquatic invertebrate communities are examined as a measure of
aquatic life use. The biosurveys have been used in trend monitoring and in NPS and point source impact studies.
Most recently, a greater emphasis has been placed on point source monitoring through the use of paired stations
above and below a discharge.
Rapid Bioassessments
In FY86-87, the State tested application^ a rapid bioassessment protocol using macroinvertebrates for selected
habitats (riffles and pools). Sites are determined to be impaired based on a Biometric Scoring System Seven
metrics are used to evaluate community diversity: Dominants-In-Common, Common Taxa Index, Quantitative
Similarity Index, taxa richness, Indicator Assemblage Index, missing genera, and functional group percent similarity
(Shackleford, 1988). Biosurvey data are entered for computer storage with verification of interpretations accom-
plished via an in-house program, BIOED "
Ecoregion Program
The Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology developed ecoregional standards for physical, chemical,
and biological parameters Evaluation of physical parameters included hydrological measurements (stream flow
velocity, stream gradient, and mean stream depth and width) and habitat conditions (stream substrate, instream and
canopy-cover vegetation, bank stability, and riparian vegetation) Evaluation of chemical parameters included fecal
coliform, ammonia-nitrogen and ortho-phosphate concentrations, chlorophyll a, turbidity, total suspended solids,
total dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, nitrate + nitrate-nitrogen, chloride, sulfate,
total iron, specific conductivity, alkalinity, hardness, and manganese The evaluation of biological parameters
included biosurveys of benthic macroinvertebrate and fish popi nations Samples were used to taxonomically
characterize the aquatic community, and to identify indicator taxa and relative abundance. The Shannon-Wiener
diversity index and indices of evenness, variety, and dominance were calculated to assess overall community health.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
AZ RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Fixed-Station Monitoring
No formal ecological monitoring was completed during FY86-87 Currently, the State relies heavily on information
generated from its fixed-station water quality monitoring network and intensive surveys to assess water quality
problems Chemical analyses of water, sediment, and biota form the basis of the evaluation
Ecoregion Program
The Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEO) is examining the application of ecoregior j to water quality
standards. As part of this, the ADEQ intends to survey regional reference sites to determine the aquatic species that
best characterize ecoregions, to refine water quality standards, and to better manage NPS pollution from mining and
ranching
Rapid Bioassessments
The State is developing a rapid bioassessment protocol for streams based on macroinvertebrates collected from
riffles and pools
Toxics Monitoring
Water, sediment, and fish are collected for tissue residue analyses by EPA for metals, pesticides, volatile organics,
PCBs, and plasticizers at approximately 20 sites.
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Game and Fish Monitoring Program
The Arizona Game and Fish Department conducts extensive limnological surveys (one-four times/year during spring
or summer), which include analyses of water (total phosphorus and other nutrients), sediment, and fish tissue
samples to determine any changes in the aquatic resources due to pollution. Fisheries surveys are also performed
to identify species composition, relative abundance, age, growth condition, and length frequencies.
Clean Lakes Program
In 1983, under the Clean Lakes Program, a priority list containing 56 lakes was developed based on Carlson's
Trophic State Index (TSI) and recreational use The TSI index was weighted 80% and recreational use 20% to
generate the final ranking Trophic condition is estimated based on Secchi disk depth, chlorophyll a, total
phosphorus, and total nitrogen.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
AK RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Biological Surveys
The State does not currently conduct monitoring to evaluate NPS pollution problems in streams and rivers
However, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game conducts biosurveys in support of special studies
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Biological Surveys
The State does not currently conduct monitoring to evaluate NPS pollution problems in lakes. However, the Alaska
Department of Fish and Game conducts biosurveys in support of special studies.
COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM
Biological Surveys
The State does not currently conduct monitoring to evaluate NPS pollution problems in estuarine and coastal areas.
However, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game conducts biosurveys in support of special studies
Toxics Monitoring
Special studies are conducted by NMFS for the State to determine residue analyses of aromatic hydrocarbons in
tissues of three marine fish.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
AL LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
(cont)
Toxics Monitoring
The State currently has no routine lake monitoring program except in its toxics program, which samples water and
fish tissue for toxic compounds (metals, PCBs, 2nd other organics) at three to six locations per year on a 3-year
rotating basis
Clean Lakes Program
There is some lake monitoring conducted as part of a Phase I Clean Lakes Program for Bayview Lake
COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM
Fixed-Station Monitoring Network
As part of the fixed-station monitoring program, the State added five coastal stations in 1987 and added seven
stations in Mobile Bay in 1988. Routine physical/chemical water quality parameters are monitored at all stations, and
macroinvertebrates and fish are sampfed at some of these coastal and estuarine stations. Benthic macroinverte
brates are quantitatively sampled (dredge hauls), and the data are analyzed for taxa richness, species composition,
and relative abundance.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
AL RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Fixed-Station Monitoring
The Stale employs biological sampling in its fixed-station ambient monitoring program. The main focus of biological
monitoring is on macroinvertebrates, delined as those organisms retained on a U S Standard No 30 mesh sieve,
which are collected utilizing Hester-Dendy-type multiple-plate artificial substrate samplers or handpicked with forceps
over a measured period of time. Following collection and processing of samples, the organisms are enumerated
and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. From this information, species diversity, equitability,
Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera (EPT) index, taxa richness, and species composition are calculated and the
condition of the stream assessed. Biological monitoring is a valuable addition to physical/chemical water quality
sampling in that it will detect long-term detrimental effects that water chemistry alone may miss A well-planned
biological assessment will also detect a healthy stream when the water chemistry data are inconclusive
Intensive Surveys
The State employs biological sampling in its intensive survey program. Biosurveys are conducted as informational
surveys related to pollution complaints in streams suspected of being adversely impacted by point and/or nonpoint
sources, in water quality standards studfls, and in studies to collect data related to enforcement activities These
studies include aquatic biological community surveys, chemical and physical water quality information, and flow
measurement. Sediment sampling and primary productivity estimates may also be included depending on the study
objectives
Rapid Bioassessments
The State's biological staff is currently involved with other EPA Region 4 States and Region personnel in an effort to
develop a viable and rapid bioassessment protocol This will allow more waterbodies to be biologically monitored
with the limited resources available.
Toxics Monitoring
The State collects fish for residue analyses of metals, PCBs, and organic compounds at three to six locations per
year on a 3-yr rotating basis
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APPENDIX B
SURVEY OF MONITORING IN NPS PROGRAMS
B-1
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REFERENCES
Plafkin, J L, M T Barbour, K. D Porter, and S K Gross 1987 Rapid Bioassessment
Protocols for Use in Streams and Rivers Benthic Macromvertebrates EPA Monitoring
and Data Support Division, Washington, D C , 68 pp
Plafkin, J L.M T Barbour, K D Porter, S K Gross, and R M Hughes 1989 Rapid
Bioassessment Protocols for Use m Streams and Rivers Benthic Macroinvertebrates
and Fish u S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Regulations and
Standards, Washington, D C , EPA 444/4-89/001
Shackleford, B 1987 Rapid Bioassessments of Lotic Macromvertebrate Communities for
Development of Biocriteria, 2nd Draft. Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and
Ecology, Little Rock, Arkansas. 38 pp.
Shackleford, B 1988. Rapid Bioassessments of Lotic Macromvertebrate Communities:
Biocriteria Development Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology
Monitoring Section, Little Rock, Arkansas 45 pp.
Winget, R. N . and F A. Mangum. 1979 Biotic Condition Index: Integrated Biological,
Physical, and Chemical Stream Parameters for Management. USDA Forestry Service,
Intermountain Region, Ogden, Utah. 51 pp
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Survey of Monitoring in NPOES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
WY Specific municipals are required to conduct acute 48-hr
Daphnia sp. toxicity tests quarterly As industrial and
municipal permits are reissued, all majors and selected
minors will have acute and chronic bioassay toxicity
requirements using Ceriodaphnia dubia and fathead
minnows (Pimephales promelas) in static renewal tests
The State has no bioassay toxicity testing capabilities.
The EPA's Duluth Laboratory has been conducting a
number of acute and chronic bioassays for the State,
principally related to evaluation of oil treater discharges
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
The State Water Quality Agency conducts no instream
biological monitoring, however, the State Fisheries
Agency provides information used in the classification of
State waters
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
Wl Specific industrials (pulp and paper mills) are required to
conduct chronic 7 d Ceriodaphnia and fathead minnow
{Pimephales promelas) toxicity tests on effluents and to
perform acute static 96-hr toxicity tests on Ceriodaphnia
dubia and fathead minnows Acute static 96-hr bioassay
toxicity testing using Ceriodaphnia dubia and fathead
minnows is required for specific municipal dischargers.
The State has the capability of conducting the
Ames (Salmonella mutagenicity test for screening envi-
ronmental samples
The State has the capability of conducting acute static
toxicity testing using Daphnia magna, Daphnia pulex,
and Ceriodaphnia dubia. Future testing will be directed
toward conducting chronic 7-d Ceriodaphnia dubia and
fathead minnow tests
Although the State has a mobile bioassay laboratory, the
facility is not currently used
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
The State maintains 40-50 trend monitoring sites where
macroinvertebrates, periphyton, fish, macrophytes. zoo-
plankton, phytoplankton, and chlorophyll a are assessed
The State maintains an extensive macroinvertebrate
sampling program involving 400-500 samples, but this is
primarily directed toward assessment of nonpoint source
pollution as is the Bureau of Fisheries Management s
Fish Community Program.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
WV Bioassay testing is required for specific industrial
dischargers annually, semiannually, or more frequently
and for specific municipal permits with pretreatment
programs that receive industrial contributions
Standard permits require a static 48 hr LC^ test on
fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and Daphnia
pulex
Annually, the State conducts approximately 100 acute
48-hr fathead minnow and Daphnia magna or Daphnia
pulex tests of effluents and/or ambient waters. At eight
sites, "minichronic" 7-d fathead minnow, and Ceriodaph-
nia dubia toxicity tests were conducted on ambient
samples (these tests are not routinely performed)
Biosurveys
Some industrial permits require instieam macroinverte-
brate assessment
Ambient macroinvertebrate community assessments are
conducted as part of a 42-station long term trend moni-
toring network statewide. Some of these stations overlap
with the 27 long-term water chemistry sites
Macroinvertebrate communities are also assessed as
part of approximately 20 special studies that consist of
four to five sampling sites per study These studies
primarily involve "upstream/ downstream" monitoring
associated with NPDES permit issuance
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
WA The State is in the process of dramatically increasing
bioassay requirements Bioassay testing is required in
major industrial and several municipal permits and
involves a 96-hr acute salmonid toxicity test (usually
rainbow trout [Salmo gairdnerij) The toxicity criteria
generally specify 80% survival of the test species in 65%
effluent using the receiving water as dilution water. The
current interim policy requires only acute testing of three
species, although most majors are being required to
conduct chronic testing with Ceriodaphnia or Daphnia
for freshwater systems. For marine systems, most
majors are being required to conduct chronic testing with
one of four echinoderm species (Dendraster excentricus,
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, S. franciscorum, or S.
droebachiensis), the oyster (Crassostrea gigas), or the
mussel (Mytilus edulis) Some Puget Sound dischargers
are being required to conduct sediment toxicity testing
with the amphipod Rhepoxynius abronius. All major
dischargers to Puget Sound are monitored for acute and
chronic toxicity effects
Four Federal facilities are required by permit to conduct
chronic Ceriodaphnia and Selenastrum capricornutum
testing, and some Federal facilities are required to con-
duct testing using marine species where appropriate.
A new policy by the State will require pulp mills (and
perhaps all major industrial dischargers) to do the follow-
ing: 307(a) toxics scan, acute and chronic bioassays,
ambient water chemistry, sediment chemistry, and ben-
thic invertebrate community analyses. Pulp mills will
have to sample dioxin in fish tissue as well.
The State is also initiating a program of acute and
chronic Ceriodaphnia testing requirements for
dischargers The State has recently started sediment
testing at 50 Puget Sound stations. whicK includes
amphipod and MicrotoxR sediment bioassays as well as
an analysis of benthic infauna and sediment chemistry
Biosurveys
Dischargers are generally not required to conduct biosur-
veys; however, a new State policy will require pulp mills
and perhaps all industrial dischargers to conduct benthic
invertebrate community analyses.
The Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle (METRO)
evaluates habitat suitability for salmonids and benthic
community structure in 25 rivers and 27 lakes.
All major dischargers to Puget Sound are monitored by
the State for ambient effects, specifically benthic infaunal
community structure, and fish abnormalities (this is not
routinely conducted)
The State has recently started evaluating benthic infaunal
communities at 50 stations in Puget Sound
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
ND RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network
The Slate ambient fixed-station monitoring network consists of 97 stations in four river basins operated by the USGS.
33 stations operated by the North Dakota Department of Health, 4 stations operated by the State of Minnesota in the
Red River Basin, and 11 stations operated by the U S Corps of Engineers At the 33 stations operated by North
Dakota, routine water quality parameters are sampled monthly, quarterly, or seasonally
Biosurveys
The State does not conduct biosurveys associated with NPS pollution problems in streams and rivers.
Toxics Monitoring
The State collects fish from 10 locations per year for residue analyses of organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, and
metals. The State also collects sediment for residue analysis on a site-specific basis.
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
1986 Nelson LaKe Study
A comprehensive monitoring program to sample water chemistry, aquatic biota, and sediments was conducted by a
contractor for the State The study included analyses of the aquatic community (phytoplankton, zooplankton, and
periphyton) in Nelson Lake Trace metal residue analyses were performed on tissue samples from seven fish
species and on lake sediments.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
OH RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient River Monitoring Network
The State collects water quality and sediment chemistry data annually in conjunction with biosurvey data collected at
National Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network (NAWQMN) stations and other monitoring static ns on 11 major
Ohio rivers
The State has developed biological criteria for its rivers and streams using a biosurvey/ecoregion approach A set of
least-impacted reference sites across the State and within each of the five Ohio ecoregions was carefully selected
and sampled for fish, macroinvertebrates, and water column and sediment chemistry. Based on these results,
criteria for three biological indices were derived: the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI for fish), the modified Index of Weil-
Being (Iwb lor fish), and the Invertebrate Community Index (ICI for macroinvertebrates) Macroinvertebrate
community monitoring is conducted in approximately 15 river basins at over 165 sites each year as part of the
Intensive Biological and Water Quality Survey Program and at sites included in the National Ambient Water Quality
Monitoring Network (NAWQMN) on 11 major Ohio rivers At these stations, macroinvertebrates are collected using
modified Hester-Dendy multiplate artificial samplers; they also are collected from natural substrate using dipnets and
hand picking Fish are sampled primarily by electroshocking and seining. Stations are primarily located downstream
of point source dischargers; however, an Expanded monitoring effort during 1968 was planned to assess NPS
impacts Habitat evaluations are also made at each site using a qualitative habitat evaluation index.
Paired Watershed Study
A cooperative Federal, State, and local agency monitoring program was established to determine the effectiveness
of conservation tillage in reducing pollutant loading of steams. Farmers in one watershed (1,450 acres) maximize
use of conservation tillage, while farmers in an adjacent watershed (1,847 acres) use conventional tillage Crop
production records will be maintained of all fertilizer and pesticide applications. The runoff entering streams will be
monitored to determine differences in water quality accountable to the tillage system used
Toxics Monitoring
As part ol the Great Lakes Surveillance Program for Lake Erie, monthly water quality monitoring is conducted on 12
of the larger Lake Erie tributaries. Sampling to monitor the concentration of toxic substances in fish tissue and
sediment was done at selected sites
As part of the Intensive Biological and Water Quality Survey Program, ambient water quality samples are collected for
routine chemical and metals analyses in 12 to 15 river basins per year
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs (continued)
State
NC LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
(cont)
Phytoplankton Ambient Network
Lake water quality is assessed by evaluation of phytoplankton populations as related to pertinent chemical and
physical data. This ambient network consists of locations within waterbodies that have shown potential for
eutrophication Lakes are sampled once during (he peak growing season Two to twelve stations are located on
each lake depending on size. Samples are collected from the surface, euphotic zone, and hypolimnion Samples
are analyzed for chlorophyll a, nutrients, and other chemical/physical parameters The NC Trophic Stale Index
(NCTSI) is the primary tool for evaluating the trophic status of lakes The index is based on total phosphorus, total
organic nitrogen, Secchi depth, and chlorophyll a The NCTSI relates to tropic classification as follows:
Algal Bloom Studies
A statewide algal bloom reporting procedure was established in 1984. This program involves identification and
enumeration of samples and a review of water quality data to assess the role that algal growth might have played in a
specific pollution situation (e g , fish kill) under investigation
Special Monitoring Studies (1986-1987)
• Falls of the Neuse Reservoir and B Everett Jordan Lake Studies-These studies consisted of monthly sampling
of physical, chemical, and biological parameters at nine stations (Falls Reservoir) and eight stations (Jordan
Lake) to determine trophic status and suitability of raw water supplies.
NCTSI
Trophic Status
<-2 0
-2 0 to 0 0
0 0 to 5 0
>5 0
Oligotrophy
Mesotrophic
Eutrophic
Hypereutrophic
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs (continued)
State
NC COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM (cont)
(cont)
Benthic Macroinvertebrate Surveys
As part of the NPS Program, coastal/estuarine biosurveys are conducted for benthic organisms using a timed effort
employing sweep nets and fine-mesh samplers In addition, sediment grabs (petite Ponar samplers) are evaluated
for the infauna community Data analyses includes determination of taxa richness and species composition Trends
are assessed where applicable. Marine biosurvey data are not subjected to all the metrics used to i 'aluate fresh-
water biosurvey data Marine biosurveys differ from freshwater biosurveys in that marine waters are not ranked as to
their pollution category.
Special Monitoring Studies (1986-1987)
Broad Creek-This study evaluated the biological changes in the Broad Creek estuary due to artificial salinity
manipulations The study was performed between February and June 1986 in cooperation with North Carolina
State University
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
NY LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Citizen's Statewide Lake Assessment Program
In this program, during the summer, 53 lakes are sampled 15 times by private citizens. The following parameters are
monitored: Secchi depth, temperature, pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), specific conductance, chlorophyll a,
nitrate nitrogen, and total phosphorus at the surface and at depth at one or more locations In some lakes, dissolved
oxygen (DO), lake level precipitation acidity, precipitation amount, and aquatic plant populations are also assessed
Lake Classification and Inventory Program
Approximately 30 lakes each year are sampled in specific geographic regions of the State Samples are collected for
pH, ANC, specific conductance, temperature, DO. chlorophyll a, nutrients, and plankton at the surface and at depth
at the deepest point of the lake five times per year from May through October
Water Quality Surveillance Network
Seven stations are sampled in this network. The sampling pattern is similar to the Lake Classification and Inventory
Program with the addition of major ions^ Each lake is sampled once in the spring, summer, and fall at both the
surface and at depth Two lakes have more than one sampling location
Special Lake Studies
The State monitors four Adirondack Lakes (Twitched Lake, West Lake. Brook Trout Lake, and Silver Lake) as part ol
the Long-Term Acidity Monitoring Study. These lakes are sampled throughout the year in a similar fashion to lakes
sampled in the Lake Classification and Inventory Program, with the addition of major ions and aluminum species
Toxics may be monitored in water, sediment, fish, and invertebrate species as part of special lake studies
COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM
Long Island Sound Studies
These studies are conducted jointly by the States of New York and Connecticut. Regions 1 and 2, the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the Interstate Sanitation Commission The State has been
active in studying the extent and effects of toxic contamination in the Sound through finfish, lobster, and eel
contamination studies
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
NC RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network
The State maintains an extensive ambient water quality monitoring program consisting ol 340 stations. 38 of which
are located in estuarine waters. Stations are distributed evenly according to basin size throughout the State's major
river basins. The fixed-station ambient monitoring network is a dynamic system Parametric coverage and frequency
are routinely modified to derive needed information At a minimum, the entire network is reviewed every 3 yr All
stations are sampled monthly, quarterly, or semiannually depending on their relative importance. Pesticides, other
organic compounds, and metals are monitored in the water column; metals also are monitored in sediment.
Benthic Macroinvertebrate Network
The State maintains a Benthic Macroinvertebrate Ambient Network (BMAN) This fixed-station network consists of
approximately 180 sampling locations; approximately 80 freshwater and 10 estuarine sites are sampled annually
Stations are sampled at varying frequencies (e g , some sites are sampled each year, some every other year, and
some every third year) This schedule provides maximum coverage and foundation for a long-term data base.
Sampling requires approximately 6 man-hiours per site and incorporates the use of kick nets, sweep nets,
chironomid collections, and visual inspections. The water quality of an area is assessed by determining total taxa
richness, taxa richness of pollution intolerant groups (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera (EPTJ), and
predominant indicator'' assemblages. Biological results are compared to existing chemical and physical data for an
area and are examined lor between-year variations in flow Samples are collected from July to early September to
approximate worst-case conditions (low flow and high temperature)
Special Monitoring Studies (1986-1987)
•	Little Yadkin River-This study used fish community structure data to evaluate the effects of sediment control
structures in a drainage that receives NPS loading. The study included four sites and was performed during
July 1987
•	Lumber River-This study used fish community structure to gather background data in the area of a proposed
hazardous waste dump site. The study was performed during September and October 1986, and a followup
study was performed in July 1987.
Toxics Monitoring
The State collects fish at 30 to 50 sites per year for residue analyses of pesticides and metals
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
NM RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network
The State obtains routine water quality data from 7 fixed stations and 11 NASQAN stations operated by the USGS
and the New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission Monitoring System Routine water quality parameters are
sampled bimonthly, additional nutrients and trace elements are sampled quarterly, radiochemicals are sampled
semiannually (at selected stations), and phytoplankton are sampled seasonally (five to seven times per year) In
addition, 46 long-term stations are monitored by USGS in perennial streams statewide
Trace element residue analyses are conducted on water samples collected during intensive surveys Pesticides are
also monitored as deemed necessary
Intensive Surveys
The State conducts intensive and reconnaissance surveys of physical, chemical, and biological conditions in
selected stream segments Approximately eight intensive river monitoring studies are conducted annually
Generally, three macroinvertebrate samples are collected at each chemical sampling site Macroinvertebrate
community structure is evaluated using The Winget and Mangum Biotic Condition Index (BCI) and the Shannon
Wiener Diversity Index. Only one fish survey has been conducted by the Environmental Improvement Division
because fisheries information is collected routinely by the New Mexico Game and Fish Department
Toxics Monitoring
The State does not currently collect fish for residue analyses; however, fish residue analyses are provided by other
agencies as a cooperative effort (e g , USFWS and New Mexico Department of Game and Fish)
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Approximately five lake monitoring studies are conducted annually Biological sampling for zooplankton.
phytoplankton, and benthic macroinvertebrates are included in each lake study. One sample is collected at a
shallow station and another at a deep station Sampling is usually performed seasonally during the spring, summer,
and fall, although some winter sampling is also conducted The following water quality parameters are also
monitored total phosphorus, chlorophyll a, Secchi disk transparency, and other nutrients Toxic substances are
monitored in water and fish tissue samples through cooperative efforts with the New Mexico Department of Game
and Fish or the U S Fish and Wildlife Service
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
Stale
NY RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Rotating Intensive Basin Surveys (RIBS)
The State conducts ambient monitoring for toxic and conventional water quality parameters in lour media (water
column, sediment, macroinvertebrates, and fish) as part of the Rotating Intensive Basin Studies The major drainage
basins are divided into three groups Each group is monitored for a 2 yr period within a 6 yr cycle During each 2-yr
study, 24 water samples are collected and are analyzed for nine metals and volatile halogenated organics Two
spatial composites of surficial sediments are analyzed for metais, organochlorine pesticides, and PCBs
Macroinvertebrates are collected two to six times at each site for metals, pesticides, and PCB analyses One (ish
collection of two to four species is made as part of the RIBS program
The State also collects macroinvertebrates at 38 trend monitoring sites and at 50 special survey sites per year
Macroinvertebrates are collected two to six times at each Rotating Intensive Basin Studies (RIBS) station and are
analyzed for community structure including species diversity and richness. The macroinvertebrates are collected
using six mulliplale collectors in large streams or by two rapid bioassessmenls (kick samples) in small wadeable
tributaries
Toxics Monitoring-Bioindlcator Species
The State also uses laboratory-reared midge larvae as bioconcentrators by placing them in areas of suspected
contamination for designated periods of time
Toxics Monitorlng-Fixed-Station Water-Quality Networks
The State maintains a fixed-station toxics surveillance network to monitor 14 metals, 29 volatile halogenated
organics, and 24 aromatic hydrocarbons in the water column at 76 sites statewide. Eleven sites are located in major
rivers to monitor overall water quality, 44 sites are situated downstream of either point source dischargers (41) or
hazardous waste sites (3), and the remaining 21 sites are designated as background stations
Fish Contaminant Monitoring
The State collects fish at 100 sites per year for tissue residue analyses of some metals (primarily mercury), PCBs.
and organochlorine pesticides.
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Survey o 1 Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
NJ LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
(cont)
Biological Surveys
Very little biological moniloring lor NPS pollution has been performed in lakes The Division of Fish. Game, and
Wildlile conducts fish community assessments These include a determination of the primary types ol fish lound and
healthiness of the fish community
Lakes Management Program
This sampling program collects water samples from 20 public lakes statewide primarily including those with high
recreational use Samples are analyzed for nutrients, turbidity, algae, and colilorm bacteria
COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring
Routine water quality monitoring in NewTJersey's bays, estuaries, and coastal reaches is performed by the Interstate
Sanitation Commission and Delaware River Basin Commission, which monitor for bacteria, DO, nutrients, and toxics
Intensive Studies
Site-specific intensive studies are conducted by the State to address specific pollution problems:
•	USEPA New York Bight Water Quality Survey-Involves phytoplankton and chlorophyll a analyses at 12 stations
for 16 weeks
•	NJ Coastal Eutrophication Study-Involves supplemental data collection on brown and red tides and includes
phytoplankton, chlorophylls, and related parameters at 14 stations monthly
•	Barnegat Bay Study -Involves an investigation of the fate and effects of marina-associated pollutants on
commercially important fish and shellfish, eutrophication, and nutrient loading in Barnegat Bay and
development of a critical pathway analyses for the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating station using the hard
clam, Mercenaria mercenaria.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs (continued)
State
NJ COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM
(cont)
•	Coastal Bloom (Green Tide) Study--Involves monitoring near shore waters from Atlantic City to Ocean City to
determine physiochemical conditions required for Gyrodinium aureolum blooms Eighteen stations are
sampled weekly for physical/chemical parameters (including chlorophyll a concentrations) and phytoplanMon
counts.
•	Toms River Estuary Study-Involves a survey of the estuary to determine the extent and causes ol bacterial
contamination of public bathing areas.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
NH LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
(cont)
Special Studies
The WSPCC conducts intensive lake studies (typically 1 year in duration) on specific lake problems, such as algal
suppression using aluminum sulfate, effects of wetlands manipulation on nutrient removal, diagnostic/feasibility
studies, and effects of causeway construciton across a reservoir
Citizen Monitoring
Citizen volunteers sample lakes biweekly for the 3 summer months. The water quality parameters measured include
total phosphorus, chlorophyll a. and Secchi disk transparency.
COASTAL7ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM
Special Studies
Special monitoring studies in coastal areas include research on the Great Bay estuary by the University of New
Hampshire, studies proposed as part ofthe National Estuarine Research Reserve, and potential studies by the Water
Quality Section of shellfish waters in several bays to define the sources of bacterial contamination
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
NJ RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network
The three Slate and Federal ambient water quality monitoring networks include 114 monitoring sites statewide that
collect data on routine water quality parameters and metals Two networks are affiliated with the USGS-the
NASOAN and the State/USGS Joint Primary Network. NASOAN consists of 6 stations, and the Stale/USGS joint
network consists of 82 stations. Sampling frequency is six times per year for routine water quality parameters, two
times per year for supplemental water column parameters, and yearly for sediment parameters (metals, organic
pesticides, herbicides, and PCBs). The EPA also maintains a Basic Water Monitoring Network of 26 stations
sampled four times yearly (seasonally). Additional samples are collected yearly for metals and various dissolved
minerals
Intensive Studies
Very little instream monitoring for NPS pollution has been performed in rivers. The Division of Fish, Game, and
Wildlife conducts fish community assessments. These include a determination of the primary types of fish found and
healthiness of the fish community.
Site-specific intensive surveys are conducted to examine specific pollution problems:
•	USGS/NJ Hopewell - Pennington Basin Study-Involves characterizing ambient water quality of three creeks
using data from 135 macroinvertebrate samples and 48 periphyton samples.
•	Pinelands Biomonitoring Intensive Survey-Involves sampling periphyton and macroinvertebrates at 20 stations
two limes per year.
•	Toxic Database Biomonitoring Data Collection-Involves sampling for macroinvertebrates and fish at 10
stations two times per year.
•	US EPA Basic Water Biomonitoring Program--A fixed-station program for sampling periphyton and
macroinvertebrate data at 30 stations two times a year. This program has been conducted only once
Toxics Monitoring
The State is monitoring PCBs and organochlorine pesticide residues in select linfish collected from New Jersey
waterways
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
NV RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Water Quality Monitoring Network
The State maintains an extensive fixed-station water quality monitoring network that regularly samples 74 stations on
14 major river basins The network monitors routine water quality parameters as well as metals Sampling is
monthly, quarterly, semiannually, or annually depending on the river basin In the Truckee River drainage,
periphyton samples are collected from artificial substrates monthly and evaluated for species enumeration,
chlorophyll a, and ash-free dry weight Macroinvertebrate samples are collected quarterly and measured for total
biomass, species enumeration, and species diversity.
Toxics Monitoring
The State collects fish for tissue and sediment residue analyses on a site-specific basis related to toxics problems
The State also participates in the EPA Toxics Monitoring Network and collects water, sediment, and/or fish tissues at
17 sites statewide
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
The Stale currently does not have a statewide lake monitoring program The EPA as part of the National
Eutrophication Survey, however, monitored nine of the State's lakes and determined eutrophic conditions of these
lakes for Nevada
The State currently samples five important lakes and reservoirs for the purpose of providing background data for a
lake's data base that will be used in management of these State waterbodies. The lakes and reservoirs sampled
include Big and Little Washoe Lake, Rye Patch, and Wildhorse and Wilson Reservoirs These lakes and reservoirs
will be surveyed a minimum of every 2 years, three times during the year of the testing (spring, summer, and fall).
Nevada is currently in the process of applying for a Clean Lakes grant to support further lake assessments
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
NH RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network
The State conducts water quality studies of a number of rivers throughout the State Station types include 4 National
Water Quality Surveillance System (NWQSS) stations, 11 primary monitoring network stations, and 38 other fixed
stations. Specific parameters sampled vary according to station type, but typically include sampling routine water
quality parameters and metals.
Biosurvey Program
The State does not have a well-defined biological sampling program for rivers and streams relative to NPS pollution
assessment. No biological monitoring was conducted in lotic waters
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Lake Surveys
Approximately 40 to 50 lakes and ponds iff the State are routinely sampled Each lake is sampled twice during the
year: once during the winter and once during the summer The main purpose of winter sampling is to determine the
phosphorus levels during a time of low biological production. Oxygen depletion under the ice and types of plankton
present are also monitored The plankton analyses involve phytoplankton identification (to genus), percent
abundance and zooplankton identification (to genus), percent abundance, and cell counts
Summer sampling consists of evaluating various physical, chemical, and biological parameters during a time of
maximum biological production. Physical/chemical measurements include water transparency, conductivity, color,
alkalinity. pH, and nutrients Chlorophyll a analyses are made from phytoplankton samples During the summer, the
identity and shoreline location of major growths of vascular plants and macroscopic algae are noted Subjective
evaluation of the abundance of each plant in the lake as a whole is determined using the terms "sparse, scattered,
common, abundant, and very abundant." Unknown samples are collected for identification
Acid Rain Studies
The Water Supply and Pollution Control Commission (WSPCC) samples 20 accessible lake outlets twice a year
(spring and fall) and 30 inaccessible ponds (by helicopter) once a year (spring) for acid rain parameters to provide
short- and long-term trend information on acid rain effects
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
MT RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network
Short-term intensive and synoptic water monitoring surveys are emphasized rather than long-term, fixed-station, and
fixed-frequency monitoring Fixed-station monitoring is conducted on the Clark Fork River principally by the USGS
The current network consists of 32 mainstem, tributary, and effluent stations Sampling is conducted >6 times per
year—monthly from August through March and twice monthly from April through July.
Clark Fork River Trend Monitoring
Once each year in August, biological samples consisting of four modified Hess quantitative macroinvertebrate
(stream insect) samples and one periphyton (algae) composite sample are collected at each river station
A study of the distribution and abundance of fish and other biological communities in the Clark Fork River has been
initiated as part of the Clark Fork River Basin Project
Toxics Monitoring
Sampling of sediment and fish tissue for residue analyses of metals, PCBs, PCPs, and chlorinated hydrocarbons is
conducted on a site specific basis
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Flathead Lake Monitoring
The State contracted the University of Montana to monitor the amounts of algal nutrients and algal growth in
Flathead Lake to evaluate eutrophication problems.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
NE RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Program
The Stale maintains, in cooperation with the USGS, a 58-station ambient monitoring network Routine water quality
parameters are sampled monthly. Additionally, at 15 of the 58 stations, metals are monitored quarterly
River Inventory and Classification Program
Direct assessments of aquatic life use support are made using fish and invertebrate data collected as part of a
stream inventory and classification program. A total of 140 sites were combined to represent Eastern Nebraska
warm water streams (Corn Belt Region).
The macroinvertebrate community metrics include total number of taxa, total number of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera,
and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa. percent tolerant taxa. total number of intolerant taxa. and a biotic index based on Chutter
(1972) Fish data are evaluated by species composition (including total number of species, number of benthic
insectivores, number of sunfish species, number of native Cyprinid species, percent tolerant species, and the
number of intolerant species), trophic composition (including percentage of omnivores, insectivores, and carnivores),
fish condition (including percentage of individuals as hybrids and percentage of individuals with anomalies), and
abundance Two indices were used to evaluate the stream segments: the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) lor fish
developed by Karr et al. (19B6) and an Invertebrate Community Index (ICI) modified after an index used by the Ohio
EPA (1987, Volume III)
Toxics Monitoring
The State, in cooperation with the EPA, collects fish at 15 locations as part of the Regional Ambient Fish Tissue
Analyses Program. Whole fish residue analyses are conducted by Region 7 for 140 toxic pollutants.
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
No ambient monitoring is conducted to gather water quality data on lakes and reservoirs; however, the State
currently conducts special monitoring studies as appropriate and will monitor 62 lakes in 1989 and 1990 for various
physical, chemical, and biological parameters as part of its State Lake Water Quality Assessment program A
Trophic State Index based on the method of Carlson (1977) was calculated for 23 lakes based on mean summer
Secchi disk transparency.
Eleven lakes have been submitted as candidates for Section 314 Phase I studies using FY89 funding
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
MS COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM
(cont)
Ambient Biological Monitoring
The State does not currently sample for macroinvertebrates in estuarine/coasta! waters Periphytometers are used
for sampling
Intensive Surveys
The State conducted several intensive surveys from 1985-1987, including the following survey that involved an NPS
pollution assessment:
• Water Quality Survey at Ocean Springs Harbor-Benthic community structure, phytoplankton community
structure, chlorophyll a, b, c, and phaeopigments were sampled
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
MO RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network
The State s ambient water quality monitoring network of 30 stations comprises stations operated solely by the U S
Geological Survey (USGS) and stations operated cooperatively by USGS and the State
Rapid Stream Assessments
The State conducts qualitative macroinvertebrate sampling (rapid stream assessments) in streams (or NPS studies
associated with coal mines, barite mines, lead-2inc mines, sawdust piles, and animal waste facilities The rapid
stream assessment technique was used in 165 studies from 1986-1987 to evaluate NPS problems.
Special Studies
Preliminary fish fauna studies are also conducted in NPS treatment watersheds prior to Best Management Practices
(BMP) implementation
Toxics Monitoring
The State collects fish at 27 sites annually at stations operated cooperatively by the State and EPA or solely by the
EPA for the Regional Ambient Fish Tissue Analyses Program; EPA Region 7 performs residue analyses for 130 toxic
pollutants The State conducts fish tissue analyses for chlordane, PCBs, and other pesticides at 10 to 20 short term
monitoring sites.
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Special Studies
Major activity in this program has involved a study of sedimentation rates, sediment quality, and the predator-prey
fish dynamics in Lake Taneycomo and monitoring fish tissue in several urban lakes for pesticide contamination
Lake Assessments
The State will conduct a major monitoring program in 1989 1991 for 90 lakes statewide using Section 314 and 205(j)
funding Physical, chemical, and biological parameters will be sampled, and the study will focus on rtPS loading
rates and in-lake effects.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
MS RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Biological Monitoring
The State maintains an ambient fixed-station water monitoring program (including physical/chemical parameters and
biological and fish tissue stations.) A network of 24 primary stations is sampled once every other month The
network includes unpolluted streams used for baseline assessments and some streams below discharges from
which long-term trends can be established or improvements noted In addition, the State uses water quality data
collected at 22 USGS stations primarily in the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway and from 8 NASQAN program
stations.
The State collects periphyton using periphytometers at 18 ambient monitoring stations annually For periphyton,
chlorophyll a, biomass (as ash-free weight), and counts and identification are conducted Macrophyton are collected
at specific stations, and identification of species is made; in some cases, standing crop and percent coverage are
determined Macroinvertebrates currently are sampled using a "modified" rapid bioassessment technique and
species diversity are determined The State is using a multihabitat, qualitative sampling method for macroinverte-
brates and is applying and testing many of the metrics presented in EPA's Rapid Bioassessment Protocols The
State performs fish population assessments at five sites per year, and species identification is conducted
Toxics Monitoring
The State conducts ambient monitoring of fish tissue for metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons at 25 sites per year
The fish are collected during the fall because residue levels are generally higher then Three species are collected
and a whole fish composite sample is analyzed for each species
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Intensive Surveys
The Stale conducted several intensive surveys from 1985-1987, including the following survey that involved an NPS
pollution assessment:
• Water Quality Survey of Roosevelt State Park-Fish population balance and lake fertility were assessed
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
MN LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM (cont)
(cont)
Regional Lake Sampling Program
The State collects samples from 50 to 150 lakes per year throughout the State This sampling effort evaluates the
range of conditions and patterns in lake water quality in Minnesota Trophic status is assessed using Carlson s
Trophic State Index (TSI) This index was developed from the interrelationships of summer Secchi disk transparency
and epilimnetic concentrations of chlorophyll a and total phosphorus About 100 lakes are monitored lor water
quality; about 35 lakes are monitored annually for acid deposition effects
The trophic state of each lake was assessed using Carlson's TSI. This index was developed from the inter-
relationships of summer Secchi disk transparency and epilimnetic concentrations of chlorophyll a and total
phosphorus:
TSI <50
TSI 51-59
TSI 60-65
TSI > 65
= fully supporting swimmable and aesthetic uses (oligo-mesotrophic)
= supporting but threatened (mildly eutrophic)
= partially supporting but impaired (eutrophic-hypereutrophic)
= nonsupporting (hypereutrophic)
Toxics Monitoring
The State is called upon routinely to assist in development of a sampling program for lakes impacted by sanitary
landfills, hazardous waste sites, and related issues Monitoring is conducted on a site specific basis Water,
sediment, and fish tissues may be sampled for toxic compounds (mercury, PCBs, and dioxins) Residue analyses
are conducted in fish fillets only. Over the last 10 years, fish samples have been collected from 228 lakes and from 5
locations on Lake Superior. Nearly half of the State's large lakes (> 5,000 acres) and a number of small lakes
(< 5,000 acres) have been sampled.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
Ml LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
(cont)
•	Oligotrophic lakes = TSI < 39
•	Mesotrophic lakes = TSI 39-48
•	Eutrophic lakes = TSI > 48
Inland Lakes Management Unit Lake Monitoring
Approximately 60 lakes were to be sampled in 1988 during spring overturn and summer stratificatio. < periods Parameters
to be monitored were not specified
National Surface Water Survey (NSWS)-Phase I
In the fall of 1984, 153 lakes in the upper peninsula were sampled to assess surface water pH levels
National Surface Water Survey (NSWS)-Phase II
Michigan State University (under EPAj^ontract) conducted fish surveys of 49 NSWS lakes in the upper peninsula
Information on size, composition, and growth rate of fish communities in relation to lake acidity was evaluated, and index
species (perch, sucker, pike, and bass) were collected for mercury analyses Benthos, zooplankton, and phytoplankton
were collected, but they were not evaluated because of a lack of funding.
Toxics Monitoring
The State also collects fish and sediment samples from upper peninsula lakes for metal residue analyses, particularly
mercury
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
MN RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Water Quality Assessments
The State currently uses water quality criteria that are specific to each ecoregion in Minnesota for assessments of
NPS pollution impacts on water quality Several water quality parameters are monitored: nitrate-nitrite, total
ammonia, total phosphorus, total suspended solids, conductivity, pH, temperature, fecal coliform, turbidity, and 5-
day BOD In addition, one or two reference watersheds have been identified for each ecoregion. These reference
sites are relatively unimpacted by pollutants from all sources
Benthic Macroinvertebrate Sampling Program
The State conducted benthic macroinvertebrate community assessments between 1976-1979 but currently does not
have an active program. The State is planning to develop instream criteria and a comprehensive biv 'ogical survey
program using the EPA's Rapid Bioassessment Protocols.
Fish Community Sampling Program
The Stale (Department of Natural Resources) occasionally conducts fish community sampling as pari of use
attainability studies The State is interested in developing fish community biocriteria based upon the ecoregional
approach and using the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) Efforts have been initiated to collect fish community data from
reference sites throughout (he State. Fishery surveys have been completed in 11 of the 12 reference watersheds
Toxics Monitoring
Fish are sampled from 50-75 sites annually and analyzed for mercury, PCBs, and dioxins in the fillets only Over the
past 10 years, 101 river locations have been sampled.
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Citizen Lake Monitoring Program (CLMP)
Approximate 285 lakes are monitored through this program. Citizen monitors collect weekly transparency
measurements of their lake during the summer.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs (continued)
State
MA RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM (continued)
(cont)
For the MRB, the members of a 100-organism subset ol a larger sample are identified to the genus or species level
The taxonomic data are then compiled to determine the status of various criteria used to rank water quality These
criteria include: species richness; distribution "balance"; EPT value (number of taxa in Ephemeroptera. Plecoptera,
Trichoptera); percent contribution, pollution tolerances, and feeding habits of the five numerically dominant species;
and Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (HBI).
The MRB is conducted at up to 25 sampling sites per year in conjunction with comprehensive water quality surveys
Results are used to supplement traditional physicochemical analyses by demonstrating actual instream impacts of
pollutants, as well as assessing ambient water quality and habitat conditions throughout a particular watershed
From 1984 through 1986, a total of 59 sites were assessed using this technique
Microbiological Monitoring
Microbiological monitoring includes both the maintenance of a small support laboratory for algal identifications and
chlorophyll determinations, and the assessment of bacterial indicators of water pollution Data from riverine waters
are used to identify waterbodies exhibiting improved or deteriorated water quality conditions over time Algal
indicators of the presence of elevated mbtals levels, nutrient enrichment, or other contaminants (eg. oil and grease)
are cited in the interpretive information provided to the water quality analysts. Approximately 300 chlorophyll
analyses and 250 algal identifications and counts are conducted annually
In the past 2 years, several bacteriological indicators including, but not limited to. the source differentiation of the
fecal streptococci bacteria were used to assess water quality conditions and determine sources of fecal contamina-
tion in the North River, Westport River, and Wareham River coastal drainage areas. Source differentiation of the fecal
streptococci bacteria provides a means lor determining the source of elevated bacteria counts The kinds of sources
that can be distinguished by this method are: insects, birds, warm-blooded animals, and decaying vegetation
Identification of the type of source will aid in the establishment of mitigative measures for controlling nonpoint
sources of fecal contamination.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs (continued)
State
MA LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
(cont)
Clean Lakes and Great Ponds Monitoring
The Stale conducts statewide lake monitoring once per year, generally during the summer A lake or pond is
classified according to the lake classification system after a baseline limnological survey of the waterbody has been
conducted This survey is generally conducted in 1 day and consists of bathymetric mapping of the waterbody;
physical, chemical, and biological sampling of the open water areas, tributary stream(s). and outlet; and a
quantitative and qualitative mapping of the aquatic macrophyton community in the waterbody. The purpose of this
survey is to classify the waterbody by its trophic status and identify any point and nonpoint sources of pollution
Although a host of physical, chemical, and biological parameters is measured during the normal lake survey, only six
critical parameters are employed in the lake classification priority system. The six parameters include: hypolimnetic
dissolved oxygen, Secchi disk reading, phytoplankton count (chlorophyll a), total ammonia and nitrate-nitrogen, total
phosphorus, and aquatic macrophyton Toxics may also be monitored in water, sediment, fish tissue, and
macrophytes
The most recent survey data are used, and the priority listing is updated annually The optimum season for
collecting lake data is mid- to late summed or during peak biological production Unfortunately, this cannot always
be achieved; thus, spring or autumnal data have to be used in the lake classification system
Microbiological Monitoring
Microbiological monitoring includes both the maintenance of a small support laboratory for algal identifications and
chlorophyll determinations, and the assessment of bacterial indicators of water pollution The algal counts and
chlorophyll results are used by the Lakes Section in a scoring system for determining the trophic status of lakes and
ponds. Algal indicators of the presence of elevated metals levels, nutrient enrichment, or other contaminants (e g ,
oil and grease) are cited in the interpretive information provided to the water quality analysts. Approximately 300
chlorophyll analyses and 250 algal identifications and counts are conducted annually
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
OH GREAT LAKES MONITORING PROGRAM
(cont)
The Heidleburg Water Quality Laboratory Study made a comprehensive evaluation of physical (sediment) and
chemical (nutrient and pesticide) characteristics of NPS runoff in selected streams and river basins in the Lake Erie
drainage basin. The results were published in Lake Erie Agro-Ecosystem Program: Sediment, Nutrient, and
Pesticide Export Studies (Baker, 1987)
Biocriteria for river mouths, harbors, and nearshore areas on Lake Erie are currently under development
INLAND LAKES MONITORING PROGRAM
The State currently has no statewide routine lake monitoring program, and historical data are very limited
Citizen Monitoring
The State is developing a citizen lake monitoring program with the Northeast Four-County Regional Planning
Commission
Proposed Lake Condition Index
The State has proposed the use of a Lake Condition Index (Ohio LCI) composed of 13 parameters that were
selected to provide a holistic evaluation of lake conditions. These parameters include both monitored and evaluated
biological, chemical, physical, and aesthetic information The biological parameters include Index of Biological
Integrity (IBI) for fish, nuisance growths of macrophytes, fecal coliform bacteria contamination, primary productivity
based on chlorophyll a, and fish tissue contamination. For the biological parameters, monitoring dc'a are available
primarily for the nuisance growths of macrophytes. fecal coliform. and primary productivity based on chlorophyll a
values The chemical parameters include nonpriority pollutants, priority organics, priority metals, nutrients based on
spring total phosphorus, sediment contamination, and acid mine drainage. For the chemical parameters, monitoring
data are available primarily for nonpriority pollutants, priority metals, total phosphorus, and acid mine drainage. The
physical parameter, volume loss due to sedimentation, has been monitored for some lakes, and the public
perception of lake condition (aesthetics) when monitored is a measure of eutrophication based on chlorophyll a
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
OK RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring and Toxics Monitoring Network
The State maintains an ambient trend monitoring network of 100 stations. This includes 22 CORE stations (which
are part of EPA's National Water Quality Assessment Network) and 78 rotating toxics stations that combine water,
sediment, and fish tissue monitoring for organochlorine pesticides. PCBs, and metals.
Intensive Survey
Stream monitoring activities are primarily directed toward water column chemistry, fish, benthic macroinvertebrates,
periphyton, and phytoplankton population analyses. Periphyton and phytoplankton surveys are used specifically to
evaluate NPS impacts. The State is also conducting the 14-day Seienastrum capricornutum algal bioassay test to
identify NPS toxicity A diversity index for macroinvertebrates and algae has been included in the Oklahoma Water
Quality Standards, although it has not as yet been used in a regulatory setting
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Toxics Monitoring
Lake monitoring activities are primarily directed toward analyses of sediment and fish tissue for toxic residues The
Oklahoma Department of Health samples specific lakes every 3 years during the summer for toxic substances The
State also monitors six reservoirs for toxics in fish tissue.
Routine Lake Surveys
The Conservation Commission has initiated a small lakes monitoring program that includes quarterly sampling of
138 sites on 100 lakes for turbidity, conductivity, temperature, and chlorophyll a analysis Carlson s Trophic Slate
Index (TSI) is used to evaluate trophic classification
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
PA LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM (continued)
(cont)
Lake Management Program
The State samples specific lakes once during the spring, summer, and fall for the following chemical/physical
parameters: total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi disk transparency, and other nutrients Only
lakes with point source dischargers are surveyed
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
PA RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network
The Slate maintains a fixed-station trend monitoring network for chemical parameters that also assesses biological
communities at 166 stations. At a minimum, biological sampling consists of qualitative benthic macroinvertebrate
sampling at each river station between August 1 and October 31 each year Quantitative invertebrate sampling and
qualitative or quantitative fish sampling are optional
Intensive Surveys
The State conducts 100-150 use attainment studies and biological assessments associated with river and lake
investigations. The scope of these investigations includes physiochemical water quality parameters, flow
measurements, qualitative and quantitative measurements of aquatic vascular plants, algae, bacteria, benthic
invertebrates, and fish
Toxics Monitoring
The State collects fish for residue analyses of various pollutants at 28 CORE stations Both whole fish and fillets are
sampled at half the CORE stations each year. White suckers are the target species.
Fish tissues are also monitored in the ORSANCO Lock Chamber Study on three rivers, and adult coho salmon are
monitored during their spawning run at one river station. Fish tissue analyses for the salmon study are performed by
the U S FDA laboratory in Minneapolis as part of the Great Lakes International Surveillance Plan
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Intensive Surveys
The State conducts 100-150 use attainment studies and biological assessments associated with lake and river
investigations The scope of these investigations includes physiochemical water quality parameters, flow
measurements, qualitative and quantitative measurements of aquatic vascular plants, algae, bacteria, benthic
invertebrates, and fish
Water Quality Network
The State maintains a trend monitoring network for chemical parameters that also assesses biological communities
at 166 stations annually (some of these stations are located on lakes) A qualitative planklon sample is collected
from August 1 to October 31 each year in addition to the monthly physical/chemical water quality data
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
Ml RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Network
The Stale collects water samples at approximately 60 stations to monitor chemical-specific parameters Monthly
sampling is conducted at 16 river tributaries to the Great Lakes, at 22 river stations above and below major urban
areas, and at 2 stations on the Detroit River An additional 20 stations are sampled on the Detroit River from April
through November. Water samples are analyzed monthly for routine water quality parameters at all stations
Sampling for metals is conducted at different frequencies for the different waterbodies monitored
Benthlc Macrolnvertebrate Program
Benthic macroinvertebrates are collected at approximately 100 sites annually as part of 20-30 facility-related site visits
and 6-10 intensive surveys. There is no active fixed-station biosurvey network. Natural substrates are sampled using
dipnets and the organisms are identified to order, suborder, and family Pollutant-sensitive laxa are identified to
species These data are evaluated by the number of taxa, relative abundance, and indicator types. Habitat
evaluations are made at each site.
Fish Community Sampling Program
Fish communities are sampled at sites similar to those sampled for benthos, but sampling depends on access and is
limited to wadeable streams Electroshocking is used for sampling and data are evaluated for the number of taxa,
relative abundance, and indicator species.
Toxics Monitoring
The State collects fish for analyses of metals, pesticides, PCBs, and other toxics The chemical analyses performed
are determined on a site-specific basis. In 1987, approximately 1,900 fish from 99 sites statewide were collected and
1,300 residue analyses were performed
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Citizen Monitoring
Volunteer monitoring of transparency is conducted at 160 175 lakes annually From 1974-1982, chlorophyll a was also
measured Lakes (over 50 acres) are classified by their physical, chemical, and biological characteristics into three
trophic categories The Trophic State Index (TSI) is a measure-of a lake's biological productivity, including nutrient levels,
organic matter content, and water transparency The State uses the TSI developed by Carlson (1977), which is derived
from calculations based on Secchi disk transparency, chlorophyll a, or total phosphorus values and can range from 0 to
100 The higher the number, the higher the lake productivity
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs (continued)
State
MA COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM
(cont)
Coastal Surveys
A recent activity of the State has involved increased concern with coastal pollution. Major coastal areas of concern
include such highly polluted regions as Boston Harbor, Salem-Beverly Harbor, and New Bedford Harbor, as well as
relatively unpolluted areas such as Buzzards Bay. Cape Cod, and the Islands. The polluted areas are monitored to
assess improvement in water quality when water pollution control measures are instituted. Unpolluted areas, on the
other hand, must be carefully monitored to gain the knowledge necessary for their continued preservation During
both 19B6 and 1987, nine coastal surveys were conducted
Special Studies
A second major activity of the State has been the special studies conducted in Buzzards Bay as part of the EPA Bays
Program The overall objective of this work is to combine monitoring with detailed investigations into the mecha-
nisms and processes that control the fates and effects of pollutants entering coastal waters These studies will be
useful not only in expanding the State's understanding of marine pollution and the means to monitor it. bul will also
provide information for making more meaningful management decisions
Microbiological Monitoring
Microbiological monitoring includes bolh the maintenance of a small support laboratory for algal identifications and
chlorophyll determinations, and the assessment of bacterial indicators of water pollution Data from coastal waters
are used to identify waterbodies exhibiting improved or deteriorated water quality conditions over time Algal
indicators of the presence of elevated metals levels, nutrient enrichment, or other contaminants (e g , oil and grease)
are cited in the interpretive information provided to the water quality analysts Approximately 300 chlorophyll
analyses and 250 algal identifications and counts are conducted annually.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
OR RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network
The Stale maintains an ambient fixed-station river water quality monitoring network consisting of 87 stations (47 are
sampled 10 to 12 times per year; 40 are sampled four to six limes per year during spring and summer) that monitor
22 water quality parameters The U S Bureau of Reclamation (USBR), under contract to the EPA, samples seven
sites monthly in two river basins. Ambient water quality sampling in the Tualatin River basin was conducted biweekly
as a joint effort of the Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) and the Unified Sewerage Agency (USA) of
Washington County DEQ monitored 15 stations, and USA monitored 14 stations
Tualatin River Study
The State conducts Winter Wet Weather Surveys of water quality (two samplings per day in the morning and
evening) for routine water quality parameters in the Tualatin River Basin. Sampling was initiated prior to major storm
events when NPS (urban and agricultural runoff) and sewer overflows would be expected to be highest Monitoring
continued through the peak of the hydrograph.
The State conducts summer Low Flow diurnal Surveys of routine water quality parameters, particularly dissolved
oxygen (DO) at 6-10 key sites in the lower Tualatin River Basin Continuous DO monitoring is conducted at two sites
Sampling is conducted three times each summer for 3-4 days The State collects and analyzes chlorophyll a
concentrations during the summer. Algal samples are identified and enumerated
Willamette River Study
The State also conducts Low Flow Diurnal Surveys in sensitive reaches of the Willamette River
Toxics Monitoring
The State annually conducts statewide edible fish/shellfish tissue sampling at 12 sites to screen for bioaccumulation
of selected chlorinated pesticide organics and metals Sediment sampling is conducted annually or biennially at 12
sites lor a larger number of organics and metals.
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
The State does not routinely monitor lakes The Department of Environmental Quality is looking into the possibility of
developing a citizen monitoring network ol lakes in Oregon as a means of developing trend data
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
Slate
OR LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM (cont)
(cont)
Special Lake Studies
The following special lakes studies were conducted during 1986-1987
A biological survey ol Tryon Creek Stale Park was conducted to evaluate suspected adverse effects from urban
runoff This survey used the EPA's Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for sampling benthic macroinverlebrates
Protocol III (field assessment followed by laboratory analysis of collected samples) was followed Artificial substrate
sampling was also conducted
A biological survey of Devils Lake was conducted as part of the Phase II Clean Lakes Restoration Program
Changes in fish populations and macrophyte abundance were documented in addition to changes in water quality
parameters before and after implementation of the Phase II Clean Lakes Restoration Program. Fish were identified to
species, and scales were collected for determining the age class.
A biological survey of Sturgeon Lake was conducted to monitor changes in salmonid populations and resident fish
populations before and after implementation of a Phase II Clean Lakes Restoration Program.
COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM
Coquille Basin Study
The Stale is planning a basinwide study of the coastal Coquille Basin. Monitoring emphases in the agriculturally
dominated lower reaches of the basin will be directed at determining the impact and sources of bacterial
contamination on commercial oyster fisheries In the upper reaches, where forestry practices are of concern, the
State will be evaluating biological and habitat assessment techniques.
Toxics Monitoring
The State annually conducts statewide edible fish/shellfish tissue sampling at 12 sites to screen for bioaccumulation
of selected chlorinated pesticide organics and metals Sediment sampling is conducted annually or biennially at 12
sites for a larger number of organics and metals
Fecal Coliform Monitoring Program
The State conducts periodic sampling on three Oregon estuaries (Tillamook, Yaquina, and Coos Bay) four to six
times per year for bacteriological analyses at 70 sites
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
PR RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Water Quality Monitoring Network
The Commonwealth maintains a permanent water quality monitoring network (PWQMN) consisting of 57 stations on
25 major river basins islandwide for conducting bimonthly routine water quality analyses and semiannual metals
analyses Pesticide monitoring is conducted at selected stations.
The Commonwealth currently does not conduct biosurveys to evaluate water quality The main thrust of the
monitoring is directed toward use of fixed-station monitoring of water quality parameters including metals and
organics
Tonics Monitoring
Toxics monitoring has been associated primarily with the analyses of metals in the water column at established
PWQMN stations Special monitoring for pesticides, volatile organics, and acid/base/neutral fractions of priority
pollutants has also been initiated at selected stations. Sediment contamination was monitored at 16 stations for a
variety of toxics
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Network
The Commonwealth maintains a water quality monitoring network that samples six lakes three times per year during
the spring, summer, and winter The chemical/physical parameters sampled include: total phosphorus, chlorophyll
a, chlorophyll b, Secchi disk transparency, other nutrients, and toxic substances (in the water column)
Intensive Water Quality Study
Samples of lake water and sediment were collected to evaluate point source and NPS pollution to Cidra Lake
COASTAL MONITORING PROGRAM
The Commonwealth relies on a special monitoring network of 59 coastal PWQMN stations to evaluate routine water
quality parameters, including sanitary pollution problems and heavy metal concentrations
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
Rl RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Biosurveys
The State conducts biosurveys coinciding with USGS fixed-station trend monitoring stations Three Fullner multiplate
artificial substrate samplers (containing 14 plates each) are placed at 17 sites statewide to evaluate the instream
macroinvertebrate communities Species composition, diversity, and the physiological condition of natural aquatic
communities are assessed. Macroinvertebrates (mostly aquatic insect larvae) are enumerated and classified
according to their tolerance of organic wastes and are scored as tolerant, facultative, or intolerant. Beck's Biotic
Index is calculated for each station, as are the total number of organisms and total number of taxa. These surveys
allow the State to inventory native invertebrate populations while profiling population changes on a year-to-year
basis
Toxics Monitoring
The State contracts with USGS to collect monthly samples at six fixed water quality monitoring stations for routine
water quality parameters Water samples are monitored for 15 metals and 17 pesticides twice yearly during low and
high flow periods, and sediment residue analyses are performed yearly for 17 organochlorine pesticides during low
flow periods.
The State maintains a supplemental monitoring program consisting of six stations that are sampled once per year
during low flow periods (August or September). Samples are analyzed for conventional pollutants and selected
metals
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
The State does not currently have a statewide lake monitoring program
COASTALVESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM
Biosurveys
The State samples water every other week in Upper Narragansett Bay and other areas for the "brown tide" organism
Aureococcus anorexefferens, "red tide" dinoflagellate species, and other problem phyloplankton species Species
identification is performed by the University of Rhode Island
Numerous biological surveys of Narragansett Bay are currently being conducted as part of the Narragansett Bay
Project funded by the EPA's National Estuary Program to assess impact of toxics, land use impacts, nutrient
enrichment, and the health and abundance of living marine resources
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
Rl	COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM
(cont)
Toxics Monitoring
The Stale collects shellfish at 14 monitoring stations in Narragansett Bay for bacteriological and metal analyses
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
SC RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Water Quality Monitoring Network
The State maintains biological sampling stations on various river basins throughout the State as pari of the fixed-
station water quality monitoring network Biological monitoring that is conducted at 78 stations includes identification
and enumeration of phytoplankton, aquatic macroinvertebrates. and fish Data are analyzed for taxa richness,
diversity, equitability, and similarity. The Stale is currently assessing many ol the new biometrics presented in EPA's
Rapid Bioassessment Protocols.
Toxics Monitoring
Toxics monitoring is conducted as an integral part ol the State's fixed-station water quality monitoring network
consisting of 185 primary stations. 358 secondary stations, 187 sediment stations, and 78 biological stations
Primary stations are sampled monthly year round for routine water quality parameters, quarterly for metals, and
annually for pesticides, PCBs, and other organics. Secondary stations are sampled monthly from fe. to October
Sediment stations are sampled annually in environmental sink areas. Biological stations are sampled for residue
analyses of finfish and shellfish tissue once per year.
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Clean Lakes Program (Inactive)
The State conducted a lake classification survey from 1980-1981 of 40 lakes and reservoirs The lakes were sampled
once per season (fall, winter, spring, and summer) Trophic states was determined using the National Eutrophication
Survey (NES) index and Carlson's Trophic State Index (TSI) The NES index is a six parameter percentile index that
uses data for total phosphorus, inorganic nitrogen, Secchi disk depth, chlorophyll a, dissolved oxygen, and
dissolved phosphorus. The Carlson index is a single parameter TSI that may be based on either chlorophyll a,
Secchi disk depth, or total phosphorus. The NES index and Carlson index were both used to rank the 40 public
lakes
Ambient Monitoring Program
The State maintains an ambient monitoring program for evaluating lakes. Sampling is conducted once per month at
50 lake stations year-round. The following water quality parameters are sampled: total phosphorus, Secchi disk
transparency, other nutrients, and toxics (water, sediment, and lish tissue).
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
SC COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM
(cont)
Water Quality Monitoring Network
The State monitors tidal saltwater areas primarily through use of 63 fixed monitoring stations and through sanitary
surveys conducted to determine shellfish harvest classifications
Bi08urveys
The State conducts some coastal/estuarine biosurveys that involve qualitative, multihabitat sampling. These data are
analyzed lor species composition and taxa richness.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
SD RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Biosurveys
The Slate conducts fish surveys to assist in Ihe evaluation ol the impact of wastewaters and to evaluate fishery
classification of questionable stream segments The fish surveys are qualitative in nature and are used in
conjunction wilh water quality survey data to evaluate improvement/degradation of water quality for fish habitat and
diversity Fish are captured, identified, measured, assessed for health status, and returned to the stream
The Slate also monitors changes in macroinvertebrate community structure and diversity.
Toxics Monitoring
The State maintains a fixed-station water quality monitoring network consisting ol 89 stations Stations located on
waterbodies receiving mine drainage are sampled for 10 metals.
The State collects fish for residue analyses of pesticides, metals, and selected organic contaminants once per year
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
The State does not have a biological sampling program per se, but biological surveys are sometimes included as
part of special studies
For lakes and reservoirs, algal surveys are conducted that include either chlorophyll a concentration or algal cell
identification and enumerations
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
TN RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Network
The Slate maintains a fixed-station ambient water quality monitoring network for monitoring routine water quality
parameters and metals, PCBs, and pesticides in water and sediment. Macroinvertebrates are sampled at 20 of these
86 ambient water quality monitoring stations The sampling methodology comprises qualitative, multihabitat
sampling using Surber samplers or artificial substrate samplers (Hester-Dendy multiplate samplers), and
macroinvertebrates are identified to the lowest taxa A diversity index is calculated as part of the analyses, and laxa
richness, equitabiiity, and evenness are also evaluated The State will continue to monitor the biological integrity of
streams on a rotating basis for all ambient stations Expansion of the ambient biological monitoring system was
planned for 1988 The State is currently evaluating the applicability of rapid bioassessment protocols for their
macroinvertebrate sampling program
Intensive Survey Program
The Slate conducts instream biological assessments of rivers impacted by both point and nonpoint sources of
pollution. Macroinvertebrate and/or fishpopulations are sampled in these studies to determine the health of the
aquatic community
Toxics Monitoring
The State maintains a fixed-station ambient water quality monitoring network consisting of 86 sites that are
monitored quarterly for metals and annually for PCBs and pesticides in the water column and sediments
Currently, the fish tissue residue sampling concentrates on those areas with known toxics problems Additional sites
are monitored as deemed necessary. Residue analysis is conducted on a composite fish sample where fillets of five
fish are blended together, then analyzed as one sample At each site, five gamefish, five rough fish, and five catfish
are collected
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Intensive Survey Program
The State conducts instream assessment of lakes impacted by both point and nonpoint sources of pollution
Sediment and fish tissue are often monitored for toxics Sedimentation studies, bacteriological surveys, and routine
water quality assessments may also be part of these studies
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
TX RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient River Monitoring Program
The State maintains a Stream Monitoring Program that collects surface water quality data from 667 sites statewide
Sampling includes physiochemical, biological, and hydrological data at varying frequencies Sample frequency for
water quality parameters, nutrients, solids, and fecal coliform collection are as follows: 54 sites are visited monthly;
311 sites, quarterly; 151 sites, biannually; 138, annually; and 13 sites, every 2 yr
Unclassified Waterbody Surveys
Unimpacted, unclassified streams are selected in defined aquatic ecoregions that exhibit similar land surface form,
land use, natural vegetation, and soil type Intensive field surveys are conducted when critical summertime low-flow
conditions and elevated water temperatures exist Parametric coverage common to these surveys includes field
measurements, water chemistry, bacteriological analyses, and stream flow. Benthic macroinvertebrate and fish
communities are also sampled
Special Monitoring for Acid Rain Effects Iji Streams
Special monitoring for assessing potential acid rain effects in streams was initiated in 1985 Dissolved aluminum is a
potential source of toxicity for aquatic biota resulting from increased acidity. Calcium along with pH and alkalinity is
incorporated in the Calcite Saturation Index for measuring the buffering capacity of waters. Aluminum and
parameters for the Calcite Saturation Index are measured at 17 sites in East Texas during routine quarterly
monitoring
Intensive Surveys
Intensive surveys are conducted to assess both point source and NPS water quality problems Parametric coverage
common to most intensive surveys includes water chemistry and hydraulic measurements Sampling of biological
communities and sediment chemistry is periodically included in the parametric coverage. The following biological
parameters may be sampled: algal growth potential, benthic invertebrates, macrophytes (vascular aquatic plants),
nekton (fish, shellfish), and phytoplankton (drifting microscopic plants) or periphyton (attached microscopic plants)
Toxics Monitoring
Toxics monitoring is directed at three media: water, sediments, and fish tissue Water samples arc collected
annually for metal analyses at 66 sites and for organics at 24 sites Sediment samples are collector! annually at 200
sites for metals and at 157 sites for organics Fish tissue samples are collected at 32 stations annually lor metal and
organic analyses
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
UT RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network
The Slate collects water quality monitoring data at 99 STORET and 23 WATSTORE stations located statewide The
stations are located in areas that best reflect ambient water quality, point source discharges, and, in some cases,
above and below specific discharges.
Biosurveys
The State currently conducts biosurveys to evaluate water quality on a site-specific basis Approximately 10-20
special studies per year of macroinvertebrate and fish communities are conducted to determine beneficial use
assessments and water quality impairment. Macroinvertebrates are monitored using both artificial substrates and
Surber samplers. The species identification work is contracted to the U.S. Forest Service Laboratory in Provo, UT,
which uses a Biological Condition Index (BCI) to evaluate the data. The Division of Wildlife Resources conducts all
fisheries evaluations
Habitat evaluation procedures have been used for some water quality problem evaluations.
&
Toxics Monitoring
The State collects fish for tissue residue analyses as required on a site-specific basis
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
The State currently has no lake monitoring program
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs (continued)
State
TX LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
(cont)
Lake Trophic State
Each significant lake is routinely monitored to assess the overall condition of the waterbody and to determine short-
or long-term water quality trends. Carlson's Trophic State Index (TSI) is used to classify lakes according to trophic
conditions This TSI is based on Secchi disk depth (m), concentration ol chlorophyll a (mg/m3), and total
phosphorus (mg/m3) when applied to each reservoir
Intensive Surveys
Intensive surveys are conducted to assess both point source and NPS water quality problems Parametric coverage
common to most intensive surveys includes water chemistry and hydraulic measurements Sampling of biological
communities and sediment chemistry is periodically included in the parametric coverage The following biological
parameters may be sampled: algal growth potential, benthic invertebrates, macrophytes (vascular aquatic plants),
nekton (fish, shellfish), and phytoplankton (drifting microscopic plants) or periphyton (attached microscopic plants)
Special Studies
The State has been involved in a year-long study of the Eagle Mountain Reservoir Water samples were collected at
the surface and bottom of the reservoir for analyses of nutrients, mineral and salt content, lurbidily, oxygen-
demanding materials, and chlorophyll a. Secchi disk and bacteriological samples were also collected. The study
was directed at determining the relative impacts of point source and NPS pollutants.
Statewide Monitoring Network
The State monitors specific lakes once each quarter year-round in every third year The following water quality
parameters are assessed: total phosphorus, chlorophyll a, Secchi disk transparency, other nutrients, and toxics
(water, sediment, and fish tissue)
COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM
Estuarine waterbody segments are evaluated for the occurrence, extent, and severity of hypoxia possibly related to
pollution and are evaluated for the occurrence, extent, and severity of problems associated with excessive algal
production Parameters measured include dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a, inorganic nitrogen, total phosphorus,
and orthophosphorus Several estuaries are being studied as part of intensive surveys
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs (continued)
State
VT LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM (continued)
(cont)
Cooperative Bacteriological Sampling Program
A limited number of lakes are sampled during July and August each year for near shore fecal coliform bacteria levels
Local volunteers are used to collect water samples
Acid Precipitation Program
Chemical and biological data are collected on lakes located in low alkalinity regions to monitor effects of acid
deposition. Over 200 lakes were surveyed during the winters of 1980-1982.
Long-Term Lake Monitoring Program
Thirty-six lakes idenlified in the Acid Precipitation Program are now included in the Long term Lake Monitoring
Program Twelve lakes are sampled four times per year every year for chemical parameters, and the remaining 24
lakes are sampled four times per year every other year. Biological sampling including fish and macroinvertebrate
populations is conducted on some of the lakes. Toxics are monitored in fish tissues.
Spring Phosphorus Program
This program collects total phosphorus and Secchi disk transparency data from up to 75 lakes sampled once each
spring shortly after ice-out. Since 1977, 195 lakes have been evaluated with a core group of 36 lakes having 10 or
more years of data
The trophic condition of 130 lakes was determined using water quality data on average summer Secchi disk
transparency, average summer chlorophyll a concentration, and average spring phosphorus concentrations
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
VT RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network
The Slate does nol maintain a fixed-station monitoring network for sampling routine water quality parameters in the
water column
Ambient Biological Monitoring Network
The State maintains an ambient biomonitoring network of fixed stations to assess long-term water quality trends
through changes in the aqualic macroinvertebrate fauna A total of 45 sites are evaluated for taxa richness,
community diversity, and other macroinvertebrate parameters. Fish populations are also sampled at selected
stations to provide a more complete evaluation of alterations in the aquatic community Since 1986, the State has
been developing a modification to the Index of Biotic Integrity to evaluate health of stream fish communities
Individual metrics are currently being analyzed with respect to Vermont's ecoregions
Toxics Monitoring
The State collects fish at five sites per yearJor chemical residue analyses of metals and PCBs
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
The State conducts monitoring activities to support lake and pond management programs, including those
described below.
Citizen Monitoring Program
Summer chlorophyll a, total phosphorus, and Secchi disk data for 60 lakes and 28 stations on Lake Champlain are
collected weekly by citizen volunteers.
Aquatic Plant Survey Program
Detailed qualitative aquatic macrophyte surveys are conducted on selected lakes and Lake Champlain's shoreline
Species density is mapped for each lake
Statewide Milfoil Watchers Program
Surveys of lakes infested with or threatened by Eurasian milfoil are conducted to document the spread of this
nuisance plant
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
VA RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network
The Stale maintains a fixed-station water quality monitoring network ol 398 stations sampled monthly for approxi-
mately 14 chemical and physical parameters. This network currently focuses on monitoring ol major industrial and
municipal discharges. The State Water Control Board (SWCB) maintains, as part of the Chesapeake Bay Program, a
system of 60 water quality monitoring stations in the tributaries, estuaries, and main lines of the James,
Rappahannock. Pamunkey, and Mattaponi Rivers, with the remaining 28 located in the larger tributaries All fall line
stations are sampled by USGS. The 28 tributary stations are sampled by SWCB; 8 main bay stations are sampled by
Old Dominion University; and 20 stations are sampled by VIMS Sampling frequency is biweekly for all tributary and
main bay stations during the summer (April through October) and monthly during the winter (November through
March). Sediment sampling is conducted at all stations annually to determine concentrations of metals and toxic
organic chemicals
Biological Monitoring Network
The State maintains a 175 fixed-station trend monitoring network for macroinvertebrate sampling Sampling is
conducted semiannually during the spring and fall. Four major groups ol macroinvertebrates are evaluated: aquatic
insects, molluscs, crustaceans, and annelids. A qualitative evaluation of community structure (e g , presence/
absence, relative abundance, and distribution) provides the basis for the biological analyses of water quality After
the benthic macroinvertebrate community is evaluated, an overall water quality rating of Good, Fair, or Poor is
assigned to each station. Like water quality monitoring data, the biological data are used in identifying and ranking
Virginia's priority waterbodies
Toxics Monitoring
The State maintains a 40-station CORE Fish Tissue Monitoring Program in which replicate composites of edible fillets
of predator (sport/commercial) fish are collected for human health concerns and one whole body bottom feeding fish
composite is collected for assessing ecosystem trends. Residue analyses are conducted for metals and organic
compounds
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
VA LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
(cont)
Statewide Lake Monitoring
The State conducts a lake monitoring program on 15-20 lakes each year to provide a 5-year cycle of lake data for
each public lake in excess of 25 acres. The following parameters are monitored at all lakes: DO depth profile,
temperature depth profile, Secchi depth, pH, complete nitrogen series (TKN, NH3, NO , NOz), low-range total
phosphorus, fecal coliform, chlorophyll a, and algae. The following additional parameters are also monitored:
alkalinity, hardness, conductivity, orthophosphorus, total organic carbon (TOC), metals (in water and sediment), and
pesticides/herbicides in water and sediment.
Special Lake Studies
Special lake studies are performed annually between April and October on five large impoundments. Sampling is
conducted every other month, and the following water quality parameters are evaluated: total phosporus,
chlorophyll a, Secchi disk transparency, other nutrients, and toxic substances (sediments).
COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM
Benlhic sampling is conducted as part of the State Water Control Board water quality monitoring network by Old
Dominion University at 16 Chesepeake Bay stations four times per year.
Plankton samples are also collected in the Chesapeake Bay by Old Dominion University. Sampling frequency is
biweekly for all tributary and main bay stations during the summer (April through October) and monthly during the
winter (November through March)
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
VI	RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
The Territory does not conduct monitoring of rivers because there are no perennial streams
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
The Territory does not conduct monitoring of lakes because there are no perennial lakes
COASTAL MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network
The Territory maintains a fixed-station water quality monitoring network of 94 stations where routine water quality
parameters are monitored.
Intensive Surveys
The Territory has been active since the late 1970s in conducting intensive surveys in marine waters surrounding the
three islands Many of the surveys haveeevaluated the effects of construction activities (e g , extension of an airport
runway and associated landfill operations) on inshore seagrass and coral reef communities The studies usually
monitor optical properties of the water and sediment input as well Three marine studies conducted by the Territory
are listed below.
Long-Term Monitoring of Coral Reef Transects in Salt River
This project involves assessing the changes in the percent of live and dead coral over time Changes in the percent
of live coral can reflect environmental stress from terrigenous runoff and hurricane storm damage.
Study of Coral Recruitment Patterns at Salt River Submarine Canyon
This project involves assessing the recruitment of juvenile coral at various depths and surveying fish and sea urchin
populations
Teague Bay Sea Urchin Study
This project was designed to analyze the effects of sea urchin mortality on a patch reef in St Croix.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
VI COASTAL MONITORING PROGRAM (continued)
(cont)
Toxics Monitoring
The Territory does not conduct routine toxics monitoring of water, sediment, or lish tissue A lew intensive studies
have been conducted intermittently as deemed necessary to evaluate toxic problems on the three islands Sediment
samples in a 1982 study on St. Croix monitored priority pollutants and metals A 1986 survey by the Territory
assessed metal residues in sediment at the Hess Oil Virgin Islands Corporation
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
WA RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network
The Slate maintains a fixed-station monitoring network The 77 freshwater stations are located statewide and are
sampled monthly for routine water quality parameters Twenty-one of these stations are operated by USGS
METRO Water Quality Monitoring
The Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle (METRO) conducts water quality sampling on rivers using fixed monitoring
stations In addition to routine water quality parameters and metals, METRO evaluates benthic community structure
and evaluates habitat suitability for salmonids in 25 rivers.
Cook Creek Pro|ect
The State monitored effects on the aquatic community of point source and NPS pollution. Water quality, benthic
macroinvertebrates, and fish populationiiata suggested that a wastewater treatment plant, nonpoint sources, or
irrigation management practices continue to degrade river quality.
Watershed Planning Program
The Puget Sound Water Quality Authority developed a cooperative watershed management program that ranked
watersheds in each of the 12 Puget Sound counties. Action plans to reduce NPS pollution in each watershed were
developed and implemented by public groups. These watershed plans included specific Best Management
Practices (BMP) for farmers and land use regulations. Water quality data have been collected to assess the effect of
improvements, but data analyses have not yet been completed
Toxics Monitoring Program
Toxics monitoring in fresh waters is conducted as part of the State's fixed-station monitoring network composed of
77 stations At 20 of these freshwater stations, fish tissues are analyzed for selected heavy metals and other toxic
substances
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
WA LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
(com)
Acid Deposition Monitoring
The State monitors acid deposition in lakes. Precipitation chemistry, lake and watershed sensitivity, and general
ecological effects (forests, human health, aquatic life, and waterfowl) are evaluated. Annual studies are conducted in
sensitive alpine lakes in the Cascade Mountains.
METRO Water Quality Monitoring
METRO conducts water quality sampling on lakes for conventional water quality parameters and metals In addition,
METRO evaluates habitat suitability for salmonids and benthic community structure in 27 lakes.
COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network
The State maintains a fixed-station monitoring network comprising 53 marine stations that are sampled monthly from
April to November.
Puget Sound Sediment Study
The State has initiated a marine benthic sediment monitoring network in Puget Sound This effort will involve
evaluating the condition of sediments at approximately 15 sites throughout the Sound. The evaluation will use a
"triad" approach of chemical analyses, sediment toxicity-tests, and inventories of the resident macroinvertebrate
communities.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
Stale
WA COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM (continued)
(cont)
Puget Sound Ambient Monitoring Program
The Slate has initiated a comprehensive monitoring program for Puget Sound that integrates data collecied on
sediment, water quality, fish, and macroinvertebrates Finfishes are monitored by the Department of Fisheries Near
shore habitat monitoring is conducted by the Department of Natural Resources, and intertidai shellfish monitoring is
conducted by the Department of Social and Health Services Marine sediment quality monitoring will be conducted
by the Washington Department of Ecology and the Puget Sound Authority The monitoring includes evaluation of
macroinvertebrate community structure, exposure of the sediments to bioassay organisms, and chemical analyses
of sediments for toxics A total of 119 fixed stations are sampled in this program
Benthic macroinvertebrates are collected using a modified van Veen sampler and are identified to species or the
lowest taxonomic unit possible. The community analyses include: number of taxa and abundance; mean and
standard deviation for the number of taxa and abundance; Infaunal Trophic Index; Shannon-Wiener diversity; an
equitability measure; numerical dominance; and abundance of pollution sensitive and pollution tolerant species
Sediment bioassays are conducted on sampled sediment using a 10-day amphipod bioassay (Rhepoxynius
abronius), a 48-hr larval bivalve testing using the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) or Blue Mussel (MytHus edulis),
and a sediment MicrotoxR bioassay. Sediments are analyzed for 13 metals, volatile organic compounds,
base/neutrals, and acid extractables.
Toxics Monitoring Program
Toxics monitoring in marine waters is conducted as part of the State s fixed station monitoring network composed of
53 stations At 20 of these marine stations, fish tissues are analyzed for selected heavy metals and other toxic
substances
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
WA COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM (continued)
(cont)
Puget Sound Estuary Program
Washington State is one of the States receiving money for protection of its estuaries via the National Estuary
Program Projects completed under this program include work on point source and NPS pollution, contamination in
urban and nonurban bays, pesticides, a shellfish risk assessment, and spatial and temporal trends in water quality in
Puget Sound Also, historical environmental data were compiled in the Puget Sound Environmental Atlas and
sample collection and analysis protocols were designed to ensure comparability of data that are collected under
different studies Citizen groups were involved in most projects
Storm Drain Monitoring Program
As part of the EPA Puget Sound Estuary Program, a four-phase approach was developed to identify the sources of
toxic contaminants to storm drains and to monitor the effectiveness of source controls. The four-phase approach
includes a preliminary investigation,.initial screening, contaminant tracing, and confirmation. In-line sediment
samples were collected from low-energy sections of the drainage systems (e.g., manholes) to screen for
contamination. This program approach waฃ used to identify sources, determine contributions from sources
permitted by the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). and document source contaminant
loading conditions. The Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle (Metro) also has conducted storm drain sediment
sampling efforts; these have identified facilities and properties that contribute contaminants to marine and
freshwaters via discharges through storm drain outfalls
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
WV RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network
The State maintains an ambient fixed-station monitoring network consisting of 27 sites sampled monthly statewide
for routine water quality parameters. Eight of the 27 sites are Ohio River stations sampled by ORSANCO
The State implemented a regional "mininetwork" that focuses on water quality in small watersheds, rather than in
major rivers providing monthly data for a continuous t2-month period for each watershed. When fully under way, 60
to BO sites within six watersheds will be sampled annually.
Biological Monitoring Network
The Stale maintains a long-term biological network consisting of 42 sites at which aquatic invertebrates are collected
annually using multiplate samplers. A number of these sites overlap with the 27 long-term water quality monitoring
network sites. Phytoplankton samples are collected at 4 of the 42 stations
The Stale in cooperation with the U S Fish and Wildlife Service is conducting a survey and inventory of freshwater
mussel populations statewide
Toxics Monitoring Program
During each year as part of the fish tissue sampling program, samples for metals and pesticide analyses are
collected from 20 to 25 sites (two samples per site, each composed of five fish) from sites throughout the State
Special Studies
Special studies (e g , Kanawha River fish and sediment dioxin study) are conducted as needed The State
conducted intensive survey work on the Kanawha River on physical measurements, metals, and inorganic
constituents Also, the incidence of tumor formation (with the liver as the target organ) in resident fish populations
was evaluated by histological analyses
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
The State does not currently have a routine lake monitoring program Lake fishery surveys that include some basic
water quality parameters and information on physical conditions have been collected by State fisher biologists The
State also monitors for toxic substances in fish tissues
The trophic condition of the State's public lakes has never been officially documented or scientifically determined
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
Wi RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network
The State maintains a network of ambient stream monitoring stations that measure water quality parameters in major
river basins monthly Of the 48 stations, 29 are part of the national ambient monitoring program. Selected stations
monitor chlorophyll a, BOO, COD, hardness, and five metals in addition to routine water quality parameters Stations
tributary to the Great Lakes monitor calcium, sodium, sulfate, silica, and lead A trend analysis of these data was
conducted after the stations were grouped into four ecoregion categories
Biological Monitoring Program
The State routinely collects biological survey data for use classification, water quality standards evaluations, evalua-
tion of management actions, and NPS assessments. Macroinvertebrate and fish populations are the principal
groups surveyed, although periphyton and bacteria are also sampled in some situations The State conducts natural
substrate sampling for macroinvertebrates with D-frame dipnets and uses Hilsenhoff's Biotic Index to evaluate
macroinvertebrate community quality. Macroinvertebrate species identifications are performed by a local university
laboratory. A detailed habitat description is used to discern water quality and habitat impacts. Fish communities are
sampled by the Bureau of Fisheries Management, but no details are available on the program specifics.
Acid Stream Studies
The State conducts a survey of selected low acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) streams relative to potential effects of
acid deposition. The study is particularly concerned with episodic snowmelt events and heavy rain events on
sensitive streams
Toxics Monitoring Programs
The State maintains an extensive fish collection program in which 500 flesh samples are examined for PCBs, 45 for
chlordane and dieldrin, 10 for toxaphene, and 1,200 for total mercury Some samples are examined for more than
one of the above or for other toxics (e.g.. dioxins and furans) as required Surveillance sampling involves collection
of three to five whole fish of the same size that are composited into a single sample or may include one or two large
fish. Top-level predator species or fish with high fat content are selected. If surveillance sampling finds high
concentrations of toxicants, followup intensive sampling of a larger number of species and sized individuals occurs
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
NE All major industrial and municipal facilities are being
required to conduct acute bioassay tests of effluents
once per year using Ceriodaphnia and fathead minnows
(Pimephales promotes) These tests are conducted for
24 hr using 100% effluent If mortality is > 10%. then
plans for a toxicity reduction evaluation must be
developed
The State currently has no whole effluent bioassay
testing capabilities
The EPA checks six facilities per year using acute static
renewal toxicity tests with Daphnia sp. and fathead
minnows
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
The State monitors fish and macroinvertebrate
communities at 140 reference sites from eastern
Nebraska (Corn Belt Region) warmwater streams. An
Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) and an Invertebrate
Community Index (ICI) modified after an index used in
Ohio were used to evaluate use support Explanations
for observed community impairment are based on a
review of potential point source discharges upstream of
the sample site, habitat quality ratings, and field recon-
naissance.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
NV One municipal permittee is required to conduct effluent
toxicity testing using quarterly static 96-hr renewal tests
with Lahontan cutthroat trout fry (Salmo clarki) Reissued
municipal permits will include requirements for acute 48-
hr static renewal tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia and
acute 96-hr static renewal tests with fathead minnows
(Pimephales promelas)
Currently, the State does not have the capabilities to
conduct whole effluent toxicity testing.
The EPA-Duluth Laboratory has conducted toxicity
testing for the State at several major municipal
dischargers and found significant chronic toxicity
Biosurveys
Some municipal permits require macroinvertebrate and
periphyton assessments at several sites in the receiving
waterbody
The Stale conducts water quality field studies on a site-
specific basis. Some of these studies have involved the
collection of macroinvertebrate and periphyton data as
well as chlorophyll a measurements
The Nevada Department of Wildlife does conduct biosur-
veys throughout the State for fisheries management pur-
poses.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
MO Specific industrial and municipal permits require the
permittee to conduct acute bioassay toxicity testing
and/or perform instream bioassay testing Testing is
performed on 100% effluent for 24 hr using fathead
minnows (Pimephales promelas) as the test species
Greater than 10% mortality results in reopening of the
permit for revisions to existing limits Some permits also
require bioassay testing using effluent diluted to the
expected low flow concentration to be found in the
receiving waterbody after mixing.
The State has initiated chronic Ceriodaphnia dubia and
fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) tests of some
industrial and municipal effluents for compliance
monitoring and conducts instream bioassay testing as
appropriate
Biosurveys
Some dischargers have been required to perform
instream biological assessments of macroinvertebrates.
at one upstream and one or two downstream locations
from a point source
The State conducts qualitative macroinvertebrate
sampling (rapid stream assessments) in streams in the
vicinity of 100-200 facilities per year These studies are
quick and inexpensive methods for determining potential
problems through visual observation of the stream and
an evaluation of the benthos A determination of the
level of wasteload allocation modeling and further chemi-
cal sampling is made based on the biosurveys
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
MT As part of an agreement with EPA Region 8, the State
has initiated requirements for major industrial and
municipal facilities to conduct acute and chronic
bioassay toxicity testing, as appropriate Dischargers are
required to conduct acute 48 hr static renewal tests using
Ceriodaphnia dubia and 96-hr static renewal tests with
fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) Chronic 7-d
tests may be required with these two species under
some circumstances
The State has the capability of conducting chronic 7-d
Ceriodaphnia bioassays. The State has conducted both
ambient toxicity stream profiles and effluent screening
tests on a limited site-specific basis
The EPA and State cooperatively conducted
Ceriodaphnia. fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas),
and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) bioassays on a
municipal waste treatment facility
Biosurveys
Several industrial permits require instream biosurveys
The State conducts four instream biosurveys per year
associated with sewage treatment facility upgrading
Algae, primary productivity, chlorophyll a and macroin-
vertebrates are assessed.
Trend monitoring in the Clark Fork River Basin is
conducted at 32 sites where algae and macroinverte-
brate communities are examined once a year in August
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
MN Bioassay toxicity testing is required on specific major
industrial and municipal permits Either acute static 24-hr
lathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia
dubia, and Daphnia magna) or flowthrough 96-hr fathead
minnow toxicity tests using whole effluent and serial dilu-
tions are required
For 15-20 facilities, acute static 40 hr fathead minnow,
Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna toxicity tests
are performed as part of the Acute Static Screening test
The State also conducts onsite flowthrough 96-hr (defini-
tive) fathead minnow toxicity tests using a mobile
bioassay laboratory and/or conducts 7-d chronic static
renewal tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia and fathead
minnows.
In addition, two site-specific tests are employed in water-
quality-limited situations to modify effluent standards
using both a 96 hr fathead minnow and Daphnia magna
test
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys.
The State is beginning to develop a biosurvey program;
however, it does not currently conduct biosurveys
associated with point source discharges
The State is planning to develop m croinvertebrate
instream biocriteria and a comprehensive biological
survey program adapting EPA's Rapid Bioassessment
Protocols The State is also interested in developing fish
community biocriteria based on the ecoregion approach
using Karris Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) metrics.
Collection of fish community data from reference sites
statewide has been initiated
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
MS Only specific industrial permits require testing, which
includes a chronic 7-d Ceriodaphnia and 7-d fathead
minnow (Pimephales promelas) test Tests are
performed quarterly for the first year and semiannually
thereafter
The State conducts effluent bioassay tests to screen
industrial and municipal discharges for acute toxicity
using a two-tiered approach The first step is to conduct
a static 24-hr toxicity screen in 10% wastewater using fat-
head minnows or water fleas (Daphnia magna or
D pulex) in freshwater effluents, and mysid shrimp
(Mysidopsis bahia or M afmyra) in saltwater applications
If 90% or more of the test organisms survive the 24-hr
screening period, the waste is considered nontoxic
Should a facility's effluent be found nontoxic on two
consecutive tests, as required in its NPDES permit,
further toxicity testing on the effluent may be suspended.
If the screening test shows the waste to beJtexic, as evi-
denced by less than 90% survival or the test organisms,
a static 96 hr "definitive test" is conducted immediately
to measure the acute toxicity of the effluent. Bioassays
are required quarterly, and toxicity reduction evaluations
are required when instream toxicity is indicated by two
consecutive tests
The State currently operates a mobile bioassay
laboratory for conducting onsite toxicity testing.
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
The State collects periphyton using artificial substrate
samplers at 18 ambient monitoring stations and per-
forms fish population assessments at 25 sites per year.
The State collects macroinvertebrates using a modified
rapid bioassessment technique. A multihabitat qualita-
tive sampling method is used. These data are used in
trend assessment and to evaluate water quality below
dischargers For periphyton, chlorophyll a, biomass (as
ash free weight) and counts and identification are
conducted For macrophyton, iden'ification of species is
made, and in some cases standing <^rop and percent
coverage are determined For macroinvertebrates,
identification and species diversity are determined; for
fish, identification of species is made
The Slate is applying and testing EPA's Rapid Bio-
assessment Protocols
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
MA Specific industrial and municipal dischargers are
required to conduct toxicity testing using a static 48-hr
Daphnia pulex and fathead minnow (Pimephales
promelas) test or appropriate marine species toxicity
test
For large marine dischargers, a three-species chronic
toxicity test is required monthly (less frequently on
smaller dischargers) using the sheepshead minnow
(Cyprinodon variegatus), the mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis
bahia), and the red algae (Champia parvula)
The State uses the Microtox" assay for screening of 30-
50 freshwater and marine effluents per year This toxicity
testing method is currently the only in-house testing
capability The State currently owns a mobile bioassay
laboratory.
The EPA Laboratory in Lexington and private contractors
conduct acute toxicity testing using daphnids and
fathead minnows and chronic tests using Ceriodaphnia
and fathead minnows
Marine bioassay testing is conducted by a contractor
using Mysidopsis bahia. In addition, caged blue mussel
(Mytilus edulis) bioaccumulation studies are being
conducted Marine sediment elutriate bioassays are
being evaluated for use by the State.
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct surveys
The State collects macroinverlebrates at 25 stations per
year by a rapid 5-min kick sampling technique and
identifies the first 100 organisms to genus or species
level The taxonomic data are then compiled to deter-
mine the status of various criteria used to rank water
quality: species richness, distribution (balance), EPT val-
ues (number of taxa in Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and
Trichoptera), percent contribution of pollution tolerances,
feeding habits of the five numerically dominant species,
and Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (HBI). Some of these surveys
address point source discharges, while others are asso-
ciated with special studies.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
Ml Specific industrial and municipal permits require acute
static 96-hr fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)
toxicity tests
The State conducts acute static 48-hr fathead minnow
toxicity tests, acute static renewal 40-hr fathead minnow
toxicity tests, and onsite acute flowthrough 96-hr fathead
minnow tests using a mobile bioassay laboratory
Effluent bioassays are conducted at approximately 50
sites per year
The State also has capabilities to conduct caged-fish
bioassays
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
The State conducts 20-30 facility-related site investiga-
tions (two to three stations per site) and 6 10 intensive
biosurveys (five to six stations per site) of fish and mac-
roinvertebrates to evaluate water quality condition in
areas of environmental concern Selected locations are
determined primarily in accordance with discharger per-
mit reissuance schedules Only natural substrates are
sampled for macroinvertebrates using dipnets, and the
organisms are usually identified to order, suborder, and
family Pollution-sensitive taxa are identified to genus
Data are evaluated for the number of taxa, relative abun-
dance, and indicator organisms Habitat evaluations are
made at each site
Fish communities are sampled at macroinvertebrate
sites, but sampling is dependent on access and
wadability of the stream Fish are collected by electro-
shocking, and data are evaluated for the number of taxa,
relative abundance, and indicator species
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Survey of Monitoring in NPOES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
ME	Specific industrial and municipal dischargers have
bioassay testing requiremenls Toxicity problems
identified through State-conducted toxicity testing or
instream biosurveys require the discharger to conduct
the chronic 7-d Ceriodaphnia toxicity test (quarterly), the
14-d brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) growth study
(quarterly), and an acute Daphnia test (monthly)
The State conducts acute and chronic Ceriodaphnia
effluent toxicity tests at approximately 15 locations per
year through the use of a mobile bioassay laboratory
Facilities due for permit renewal are primary candidates
for this testing
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
The State evaluates water quality conditions using
macroinvertebrates collected in rock substrate baskets at
30-50 sites per year (three replicates at each site).
Sampling site locations have been designated to evalu-
ate point source dischargers and nonpoint source (NPS)
problems This program primarily will address NPS pol-
lution problems in the future.
Toxicity problems are identified through State-conducted
instream macroinvertebrate community assessments
For example, benthic community structure and function
were evaluated by the State in a pilot study of metal
contamination in Boothbay Harbor
The use of biological monitoring techniques has identi-
fied some problem waters that, through the collection of
dissolved oxygen data, were thought to have acceptable
water quality
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Survey of Monitoring in NPOES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
MD Specific industrial and municipal dischargers are
required to conduct a one-time static 96-hr renewal test
with a locally important fish and invertebrate species
(only on special projects); as permits are reissued they
will require a chronic 7-d Ceriodaphnia and fathead
minnow (Pimephales promelas) test quarterly for the first
year For estuarine dischargers, mysid shrimp
(iMysidopsis bahia) and sheepshead minnows
(Cyprinodon variegatus) are the test species that are
routinely used.
The State conducts acute static Daphnia and fathead
minnow toxicity tests of approximately 50 facilities per
year The State is developing freshwater 7-d chronic
toxicity testing capabilities using the fathead minnow and
Ceriodaphnia and is currently conducting saltwater 7-d
chronic toxicity testing using Mysidopsis bahia and the
sheepshead minnow
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
Benthic macroinvertebrate assessments are made
through a network of trend monitoring stations
As part of Intensive Studies, before and after monitoring
assesses changes in water quality resulting from
upgrades of municipal wastewater treatment facilities or
industrial facilities Benthic macroinvertebrate
community structure and diversity are also assessed in
these studies.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
KY	Specific industrial and municipal permits require acute or
chronic toxicity testing of their final effluent
All majors that discharge into 7Q10 low flow streams and
have an effluent volume t % or greater than the receiving
stream must perform chronic 7-d Ceriodaphnia and 9-d
embryo-larval fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)
toxicity tests bimonthly for 1 year and semiannually
thereafter
Any discharger with an effluent less than 1 % of the
available dilution must perform quarterly acute, static
renewal 96-hr fathead minnow and 48-hr Daphnia sp.
toxicity tests
The State conducts acute and chronic toxicity tests using
fathead minnows and daphnids During 1966-1987, (he
State conducted acute and chronic toxicity tests on 46
point source dischargers and on instreamjocations
above and below those sources The Stafe currently
operates a mobile bioassay laboratory
Toxicity assessments of sediment were made at 66 sites
with 96-hr fathead minnow sediment-elutriate and/or 9-d
embryo-larval solid-phase sediment toxicity tests. A toxic
response was measured at 10 sites that did not show
water column toxicity
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
The State collects biological data from 33 fixed stations
in 10 watersheds Algae, macroinvertebrates, and fish
are collected on an annual basis and are used for
making biological assessments for those streams
Because of inherent variability in biological data, there
are no set criteria by which to judge community structure
values at all sites
Intensive instream surveys of fishes and macroinverte-
brates are made to evaluate site-specific water quality
problems.
The State is currently evaluating the use ol EPA's Rapid
Bioassessment Protocols in its monitoring program
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
LA	Specific industrial and municipal facilities are required to
conduct acute static 48-hr Daphnia toxicity tests. If
greater than 80% mortality results in 100% effluent, the
discharger must perform a 48-hr static renewal test EPA
Region 6 requires that both industrial and municipal
majors conduct chronic bioassay testing using the 7-d
Ceriodaphnia and 7-d fathead minnow (Pimephales
promelas) test In marine waters. 7-d mysid shrimp
{Mysidopsis bahia) and 7-d sheepshead minnow
(Cyprinodon variegatus) tests are required Acute
bioassay testing with these species is required in some
situations in place of chronic testing.
The State has the capability to conduct chronic 7-d
Ceriodaphnia and 8-d embryo-larval fathead minnow and
sheepshead minnow tests and acute 48-hr Daphnia
pulex toxicity tests
The chronic toxicity tests are conducted op. ambient
waters as well as effluents. Intensive instream chronic
bioassay tests have also been conducted
Biosurveys
Specific industrial dischargers are required to do bio-
logical assessments upstream and uownstream of
discharges using fish and macroinvertebrates
The State conducts intensive surveys that provide
physical, chemical, and biological data (nektonic and/or
planktonic samples) necessary to develop wasteload
allocations and calibrate and verify mathematical models
The State also conducts two to three studies per year
associated with use attainability on streams impacted by
point sources; these studies include chemical, physical,
and biological sampling Fish and macroinvertebrates
are collected for biological community assessment
Common biological indices (eg , Index of Biotic Integrity
[IBI], community loss, and species diversity) are evalu-
ated
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
LA LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
(conl)
Lake Condition Index (cont)
The Associaiion of Louisiana Bass Clubs was selected to represent the main user population of the State's lakes,
and members were asked to rate the water quality and fishing conditions of 30 freshwater lakes Concurrently, the
State conducted a 6-month statewide sampling program of the lakes to obtain a more comprehensive quantitative
data base to ensure proper lake indexing The condition index system is based on continuous probability
distributions for perceived water quality and fisheries conditions.
Special Lake Studies
The State conducts special studies of specific fakes. Sampling is conducted monthly on a year-round basis for the
following parameters: total phosphorus, chlorophyll a, Secchi disk transparency, other nutrients, and toxic
substances (water, sediment, and fish tissue). The State also conducts special studies associated with use
attainability, which include chemical, physical, and biological considerations. Biological information consists of flora
and fauna data and types of land use.
COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM
Intensive Surveys
The State conducts intensive surveys of estuarine areas A full range of water quality parameters is sampled Also
sampled, as appropriate, are chlorophyll a and light-dark bottle tests Biological samples including neklon or
plankton may be collected for specific analyses or diversity observations
Use Attainability Studies
The State conducts use attainability studies for (1) site-specific criteria development. (2) biotoxicity evaluations,
(3) determining species diversity or population data, or (4) obtaining data to support pesticide or priority pollutant
programs
Toxics Monitoring
The State collects ambient water, fish and shellfish tissue, and sediments for analyses ol toxic substances, including
pesticides and other organic pollutants Currently, emphasis on toxics monitoring is directed to areas of known
contamination
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
LA RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Network
The State maintains a long-term surface water quality network consisting ol 136 fixed stations The basic network
consists ol 44 benchmark water quality monitoring stations with 20 years of sampling data The remaining 101
stations were established to address data needs in high-priority areas Conventional water quality parameters and
six metals are assessed monthly.
Special River Studies
The State conducts special studies of specific rivers. Sampling is conducted monthly on a year-round basis lor the
following parameters: total phosphorus, chlorophyll a, Secchi disk transparency, other nutrients, and toxic
substances (water, sediment, and fish tissue) The State conducts two three special studies per year associated with
use attainability, which include chemical, physical, and biological sampling These special studies are usually
associated with point source discharges Fish and macroinvertebrates are collected for biological community
assessments. Common biological indices are evaluated (Index of Biotic Integrity, community loss, and species
diversity)
Use Attainability Studies
The State conducts use attainability studies for (1) site-specific criteria development, (2) biotoxicity evaluations.
(3) determining species diversity or population data, or (4) obtaining data to support pesticide or priority pollutant
programs
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Lake Condition Index
In Louisiana, many lakes are considered eutrophic due to their shallow depths and high nutrient levels Due to a
mild climate and lengthy growing season, the State's lakes have a high level of primary productivity Most trophic
indexes also classify the State's lakes as eutrophic; however, these lakes are highly productive and support diverse
productive fisheries. A condition index system was studied by the State to reflect measurable water quality
parameters as well as desired resource use. Several water quality parameters that could be quantitatively related to
the impairment resulting from eutrophication were examined. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) was chosen as the best
single parameter representing overall lake quality because (1) TOC is an excellent measure of biomass and is readily
comparable to conventional productivity measurements; (2) TOC is independent ol cell condition and species
distribution; and (3) TOC is an estimate of general nutrient enrichment and suspended organic mat *rial Secchi disk
depth was also identified as having potential lor development of a condition index lor Louisiana's lakes
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs (continued)
State
ME LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM (continued)
(cont)
Clean Lakes Program
There are lakes thai have recently been maintained as part of 314 projects in the Slate They include Webber Pond,
Cochnewagon Lake, and Threemile Pond, Sabattus Pond, Salmon Lake, and Sebasticook Lake All of these lakes
are monitored intensively on a regular basis for transparency, chlorophyll, nutrients, dissolved oxygen, temperature,
pH, alkalinity, and phytoplankton composition. Additional parameters are included in specific projects
Improvements in water quality have occurred on all lake restoration projects The State has also secured a 314 grant
for a lake protection project in the Long Lake (Bridgton) Watershed
Diagnostic Study Lakes
Recent trends of declining water quality have been evident on several lakes, including China Lake, Cross Lake, and
Chickawaukie Lake Diagnostic studies are being conducted on these lakes, as well as on some chronically
productive lakes not previously diagnosed (i e.. Long Lake) to determine the nature of their problems, significant
external sources of nutrients, the extent of internal loading, and the feasibility of potential solutions The vulnerability
index, in combination with the volunteer monitoring program, has identified more lakes in need of diagnostic
analysis
Special Study Lakes
The State monitors a number of lakes to provide answers to specific questions. For example, the Department of
Marine Resources has a program of reestablishing historical alewife runs. They plan to stock alewives in several
productive lakes in Central Maine as part of their comprehensive program The Lake Studies Section is monitoring
zooplankton and phytoplankton populations at Lake George in Canaan to determine if this stocking of efficient
planktivores will encourage development of colonial blue green algal blooms through depletion of the zooplankton
community
Acid Rain Surveys
The State has participated in and initiated a number of studies on the effects of acid rain on Maine lakes
Complaint Response and Investigations
Each summer, the State receives some complaints of water quality problems in lakes Many of these require spol-
check sampling and some require followup monitoring
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
ME RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Program
The Slate maintains an ambient water quality monitoring program that includes sampling for bacterid, dissolved
oxygen, and temperature Rivers, streams, and brooks in the Preliminary Water Quality Assessment Program are
monitored at each station, and a minimum of five sample sets are collected between May 15 and September 30 with
one of the sample sets being collected during runoff conditions DO sampling is conducted at 7Q5 flows for three
consecutive days as part of the assessment of attainment for the dissolved oxygen water quality standards program
In the Annual Assessment of Attainment Program, a 5-yr plan is developed that identifies stations that should be
sampled every year and other stations that should be sampled I year out of every 5 yr Between 80 and 160 stations
are sampled each year. Of these, 20 to 25 are sampled every year, and 60 to 140 are sampled every 5 yr
Biosurveys
The State of Maine has enacted a biologically based water classification system and associated aquatic life
standards for freshwater streams and rivers. The State conducts a statewide biological monitoring program using
macroinvertebrates as the primary indicators of biological integrity. Sampling locations are selected to represent the
range of water quality conditions in the Sfete (e.g., different sized streams with and without discharges) and to
provide information on the presumed worst-case condition of all rivers and streams known to be significantly affected
by human activity Macroinvertebrates are collected in rock substrate baskets at 30 to 50 sites annually (three
replicates per site) The program currently has designated sites to evaluate point and NPS pollution problems;
however, sites will address NPS problems in the future. The State is currently developing numeric and descriptive
criteria necessary to identify the biological classification attained.
Toxics Monitoring
The State monitors fish tissue for priority pollutants as part of its toxics control program
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Volunteer Lake Monitoring Program
Volunteers are trained and provided with equipment to sample Secchi disk transparency, and in some cases chlorophyll a
and total phosporus biweekly for 5 months during the open water season The purpose of this program is to provide a
continuous baseline of data on a large number of lakes, the baseline is used to identify trends of improving or declining
water quality In recent years, the program has included 250 to 300 monitors, but the quality of data received has been
highly variable The Stale now plans to focus its efforts on improving the quality of sampling by reliable monitors and
limiting expansion of the program to those lakes identified as vulnerable by Maine's recently developed vulnerability
index
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
MD RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Network
The Maryland Geological Survey within the Departmenl of Natural Resources, monilors water quality in conjunction
with the USGS at live National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) stations (Choptank River,
Susquehanna River, Patuxent River, and two sites on the Potomac River)
Intensive Survey Program
Most of the intensive monitoring studies using changes in the benthic macroinvertebrate community are "before and
after" studies associated with municipal or industrial facilities; however, several studies are under way to monitor
water quality impacts due to NPS agricultural runoff. These programs measure changes in water quality parameters
only
Benthic Macroinvertebrate Program
Benthic macroinvertebrates are collected at 116 stations throughout the State Samples are collected biennially from
86 stations; half of these (44) are sampled 1 year, and the other half are sampled the following year. The remaining
28 stations are sampled annually as part of the CORE monitoring network. Benthic samples are collected between
June and August using multiplate sampling devices (placed in the field for 6 weeks) or a Surber sampler Specimens
collected are identified to the lowest taxonomic level, and the community structure and diversity are determined
Phytoplankton Program
Surface grab samples are collected twice each month between March and October and once each month during the
rest of the year in the mainstem of the Chesapeake Bay (3 stations), the Choptank, Chester, and Patapsco Rivers (1
station each), as well as in the Potomac and Patuxent River estuaries (11 and 4 stations, respectively) At one
tributary of the Severn River, phytoplankton are collected 80 times per year Phytoplankton are identified into major
groups (green, blue-green, etc), and dominant species are identified to their lowest taxonomic level.
Potomac River Assessment
Two interstate programs assess water quality in the Potomac River basin by utilizing water quality data collected by
the States in the basin Data from a number of Maryland sampling stations in the CORE network and part of the
Chesapeake Bay Tributary Monitoring Program are used in both monitoring networks
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs (continued)
State
ME COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM
(cont)
Much of the marine/estuarine sampling is concerned with bacteria levels in shellfish propagation areas Sampling for
dissolved oxygen (DO), conductivity, and temperature has determined that DO levels are very near the saturation
point in most of Maine's near shore waters However, where DO depression has been documented (usually in
harbors with restricted water circulation), monitoring for DO, salinity, and temperature is conducted by the
Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) during the summer
The State plans in the future to develop the specific numeric and description criteria necessary to identify the
biological classification attained by marine/estuarine waters This system will be similar to the biologically based
water classification system developed for rivers.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs (continued)
State
MD Toxics Monitoring
(con!)
Fish are collected al 33 of the 37 ambient trend monitoring network stations lor residue analyses of organic
compounds and metals Both whole fish and fillets are sampled
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
The State does not currently conduct routine statewide lake monitoring; however, several special studies are
conducted on a site-specific basis.
Warm and Cold Water Fisheries Program
The DNR's warmwater and coldwater fisheries programs routinely monitor certain water quality aspects as part of the
freshwater fisheries programs. Water quality at a selected number of lakes is monitored each year as part of a
systematic survey of the State's waters; temperature, conductivity, pH, and alkalinity are usually recorded during the
spawning season or high stress, low-flow summer periods. This information is not entered into the State's Water
Quality File, but is usually summarized in fisheries reports. Known, native, and recreational trout populations are
monitored, and assessments of both warmwater and coldwater fisheries habitats are conducted throughout the year
Similar monitoring of basic water qualityftarameters occurs during most collection efforts such as the anadromous
fish surveys in the spring, the assessment of the striped bass young-of-the-year index during the summer, and the
oyster spat survey during the fall.
COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM
Chesapeake Bay Program
This program is designed to monitor "key'' physical, chemical, and biological components that are likely to be
sensitive indicators of water quality trends in the Chesapeake Bay The program is multidisciplinary and includes
direct measurements of the physical/chemical environment (including nutrient levels and toxic substances),
measurements of point source and NPS pollutant loadings, biological indicators of short-term and long term
changes in water quality (zooplankton and benthos), and measured rates of important ecosystem processes such as
phytosynthesis, metabolism and material flux A rigorous QA/QC program ensures the high quality dnd reliability of
the data collected and includes extensive documentation and justification of the testing and measurement
procedures During the first 3 to 5 years, the monitoring program has been defining baseline conditions. Changes in
water quality, biota, and ecosystem processes in later years will be analyzed and used to assess the effectiveness of
the various Chesapeake Bay initiatives. Several elements of the Chesapeake Bay Monitoring Program are outlined
below.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs (continued)
State
MD RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM (continued)
(cont)
Potomac River Assessment (continued)
The Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin (ICPRB) describes water quality throughout much ol the river
basin using data collected by the District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. Physical
and chemical data from 38 Maryland stations in the mainstem river and its tributaries are incorporated into the
ICPRB's Baseline Water Quality Monitoring Network Benthic community structure and diversity data collected by
the State are also used by the ICPRB in its assessment
Acid Mine Drainage Monitoring
The Bureau of Mines ol the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) monitors water quality above and below active
coal mines in Western Maryland to determine water quality impacts. The Bureau also has instituted a monitoring
program to evaluate the effectiveness of experimental man-made wetlands in reducing the water quality impacts of
acid mine drainage from abandoned mines
Power Plant Research Program
The Power Plant Research Program within the DNR has a number of water quality monitoring programs in place
designed to determine the impacts of current or predicted power plant operations on water quality Between 1985
and 1987, several NPS problems were studied, including: effect of acid precipitation on coastal streams and
anadromous fish populations, effects of heavy metals leached into waters from coal wastes on fish, and a study of
toxic materials in Chesapeake Bay region
Warm and Cold Water Fisheries Program
The DNR's warmwater and coldwater fisheries programs routinely monitor certain water quality aspects as part of the
freshwater fisheries programs Water quality at a selected number of streams is monitored each year as pari of a
systematic survey of the State's waters; temperature, conductivity, pH. and alkalinity are usually recorded during the
spawning season or high stress, low-flow summer periods This information is not entered into the State s Water
Quality File, but is usually summarized in fisheries reports Known, native, and recreational trout populations are
monitored, and assessments of both warmwater and coldwater fisheries habitats are conducted throughout the year
Similar monitoring of basic water quality parameters occurs during most collection efforts such as the anadromous
fish surveys in the spring, the assessment of the striped bass young-of-the-year index during the summer, and the
oyster spat survey during the fa||
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs (continued)
State
MD ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM (continued)
(cont)
• Chesapeake Bay River Input Program-To quantify the river-borne loads of various pollutants entering the
Chesapeake Bay, four major tributaries were chosen to represent the range of different sources of runoff
contribution to the Bay (Susquehanna, Potomac, Patuxent, and Choptank Rivers) One fall line station in each
river is part of the USGS National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASOAN) and provides long-term
records of water quality data. Because most runoff and associated pollutants are carried by storms, this
project emphasizes storm event sampling, although base flow samples will also be collected monthly This
program focuses on quantifying the major nutrient species and sediment loads entering the Bay and provides
quarterly samples for metals analysis.
Phytoplankton Program
Surface grab samples are collected twice each month between March and October and once each month during the
rest of the year in the mainstem of the Chesapeake Bay (3 stations), the Choptank, Chester, and Patapsco Rivers (t
station each), as well as in the Potomac and Putuxent River estuaries (11 and 4 stations, respectively) At one
tributary of the Severn River, phytoplankton are collected 80 times per year Phytoplankton are identified into major
groups (green, blue-green, etc), and dorninant species are identified to their lowest taxonomic level
SAV Monitoring Program
The ONR conducts and assists in resource monitoring and research programs, including submersed aquatic
vegetation (SAV) These programs include a ground survey program, an SAV-water quality survey and revegetation
program in cooperation with Harford Community College on the Susquehanna, Elk, and Sassafras Rivers, and with
the University of Maryland on ihe Choptank River Annual fisheries surveys include white and yellow perch surveys in
the Choptank River, juvenile and adult herring surveys, shad surveys, estuarine juvenile finfish, and an adult striped
bass survey.
Power Plant Research Program
The Power Plant Research Program within the DNR has a number of water quality monitoring programs in place
designed to determine the impacts of current or predicted power plant operations on water quality Between 1985
and 1987, several NPS problems were studied, including: effect of acid precipitation on coastal streams and
anadromous fish populations, effects of heavy metals leached into waters from coal wastes on fish, and a study of
toxic materials in Chesapeake Bay region
-------
Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs (continued)
State
MD COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM (continued)
(cont)
•	Chesapeake Bay Benthic Program-Benthic biola samples are collected 10 limes each year at 70 stations in
the mainstem Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. Physical and chemical data including sediment type and
near-bottom water quality are monitored each time benthic samples are collected Benthic invertebrates are
identified to the lowest taxonomic level and counted, and the biomass of the numerically dominant species is
also determined Samples of key organisms from some of the 70 benthic stations sampled are analyzed for
metals and organic compounds that represent a subset of EPA s priority pollutants and that are both stable
and persistent in the environment
•	Chesapeake Bay Sediment Toxicant Monitoring Program -Surface sediment samples (three replicates) were
collected at each of the 22 Chesapeake Bay mainstem stations In 1986, this effort was transferred to the
tributary network, and 37 of the 55 tributary stations now are sampled once per year In addition, nine samples
are collected in Baltimore Harbor once per year Particle size distribution, percent moisture, total organic
carbon, and selected metals and organic compounds are determined
•	Chesapeake Bay Plankton Program-Sampling for phytoplankton and zooplankton occurs simultaneously with
physical and chemical sampling at 14 stations in the mainstem Chesapeake Bay and tributary sampling
network Sampling frequency forphytoplankton is twice each month between April and September and once
each month between October and March; for zooplankton, samples are collected once each month
Phytoplankton samples are assessed for species composition, in situ flourometry and productivity Replicate
composite samples are collected both above and below the pycnocline by pump and are analyzed
Chlorophyll concentrations are determined by in situ flourometry of surface waters while the sampling vessel is
in transit between stations. In addition, flourometry is also used to determine the vertical profile of chlorophyll
concentrations at each station. Finally, composite samples collected by pump above the pycnocline are
analyzed for algal productivity using a radioactive tracer technique in a constant light incubation chamber
Zooplankton samples are assessed for species composition Replicate composite samples collected above
and below the pycnocline using both pumps (microzooplankton) and plankton nets (mesozooplankton) are
analyzed
•	Chesapeake Bay Living Resources Program-This program is designed and implemented by the DNR's
Tidewater Administration in conjunction with other agencies and is designed to investigate the relationship
between habitat quality and the abundance and reproductive success of economically important species in the
Chesapeake Bay Composite water samples are collected from stations in the Choptank River and Upper Bay
and analyzed for a variety of water quality constituents. Phytoplankton. zooplankton, and fish larvae are also
collected and identified An oyster habitat monitoring project also has been initiated on the Choptank River to
determine the relationship between oyster survival habitat and water quality conditions
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
MA RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Synoptic Surveys
The synoplic surveys include samplinq physical, chemical, and biological parameters River stations are located at
dams, above and below discharges, at tributaries, and at impoundments. These locations are chosen to assess the
water quality and effects of point and nonpoint sources and natural changes Biological sampling includes
chlorophyll a, coliform bacteria, phytoplankton, benthic invertebrates, fish, and Microtox evaluations These surveys
are generally one-day, one-run surveys of grab samples only The State conducts 20 30 synoptic surveys per year
Intensive Surveys
The intensive surveys include sampling physical, chemical, and biological parameters Intensive surveys are
conducted periodically to update old data and to sample rivers before and after a major upgrading of a treatment
plant or the addition of a new discharge Biological sampling includes chlorophyll a, coliform bacteria,
phytoplankton, benthic macroinvertebrates, fish, and Microtox0 evaluations These surveys consist of round the-
clock sampling for 2 or 3 consecutive days for a period ol 1 to 2 weeks of the summer. Intensive surveys are
generally conducted during low-flow cooditions, and samples are usually composited. The State conducts five-
seven intensive surveys per year
Fish Toxics Monitoring
The State collects fish at 10 sites per year for residue analyses of pesticides, metals, PAHs, and PCBs Fish surveys
have been restricted to waterbodies where wastewater discharge data or water quality studies have indicated
potential toxic problems Because of limited resources, human health concerns have thus far received highest
priority and. therefore, fish tissue analysis has been restricted to edible fish fillets Fish are visually examined for
tumors, lesions, or other indications of disease and approximate age is determined. Samples may be analyzed (or
specific toxicants or for a broad spectrum of metals, pesticides, or organic chemicals
Rapid Bioassessments
The Macroinvertebrate Rapid Bioassessment (MRB) technique involves the use of semiquantitative sampling
methods designed to minimize laboratory time requirements tor taxonomic identification and enumeration of aquatic
macroinvertebrates The MRB provides standardized procedures for assessing the impacts of organic and toxic
pollutants on aquatic invertebrates; it also provides the basis for making relative comparisons pertaining to water
quality conditions between sampling stations and/or to document long-term trends at fixed sites.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs (continued)
State
MD ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM (continued)
(cont)
Toxics Monitoring
Shellfish (oysters and soft shell clams) are collected from shellfish harvesting waters in the spring and fall for
analyses of contamination by metals and pesticides
Citizen Monitoring Programs
The Citizens Program for the Chesapeake Bay and the Anne Arundel County Office of Planning and Zoning have
established monitoring efforts in the Choptank River and in the West and Rhode Rivers, respectively
The Chesapeake Bay Foundation coordinates a Citizen's Submersed Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) Hunt program with
the DNR and the U S Fish and Wildlife Service This program is designed to verify SAV/ abundance and determine
species composition in areas of the Bay that have been photo-mapped. Volunteers are provided with SAV
identification guides and data sheets. SAV beds are located at low tide, and identification and verification samples
are taken
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REFERENCES
Baker, D B 1987 Lake Erie Agro-Ecosystem Program: Sediment, Nutrient, and Pesticide
Export Studies. 117 pp - appendixes Submitted to U S EPA, Great Lakes National
Program Office Water Quality Laboratory, Heidleburg College, Tiffin, Ohio.
Carlson, R. E. 1977. A Trophic State Index for Lakes. Limnol. Oceangr. 22:361-369.
Chutter, F. M. 1972. An Empirical Biotic Index of the Quality of Water in South African Streams
and Rivers. Water Res. 6:19-30.
Cook, W L., F. Parrish, J. D Satterfield, W. G. Nolan, and P. E. Gaffney. 1983. Biological and
Chemical Assessment of Nonpoint Source Pollution in Georgia: Ridge-Valley and Sea
Island Streams. 175 pp. Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta,
Georgia.
CTA, Inc., Environmental and Energy Consultants. 1983. Georgia Nonpoint Source Impact
Assessment Study: Blue Ridge/Upland Georgia Cluster, Piedmont Cluster, and Gulf
Coastal Plain Cluster. 314 pp. Final Report to the Environmental Protection Division,
Department of Natural Resources, State of Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia.
Hilsenhoff, W. L. 1982. Using a Biotic Index to Evaluate Water Quality in Streams. Technical
Bulletin No. 132. Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin.
Karr, J R., K D. Fausch, P L. Angermier, P. R. Yant, and I. J. Schlosser. 1986. Assessing
Biological Integrity in Running Waters: A Method and Its Rationale. Illinois Natural History
Survey Special Publication 5 28 pp.
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. 1987. Biological Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic
Life: Volume I The Role of Biological Data in Water Quality Assessment. Division of
Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment, Surface Water Section, Columbus, Ohio.
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. 1987. Biological Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic
Life: Volume II: User's Manual for Biological Field Assessment of Ohio Surface Waters.
Division of Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment, Surface Water Section, Columbus,
Ohio.
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. 1987. Biological Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic
Life. Volume III. Standardized Biological Field Sampling and Laboratory Methods for
Assessing Fish and Macroinvertebrate Communities. Division of Water Quality Monitoring
and Assessment, Columbus, Ohio.
Shackleford, B 1988. Rapid Bioassessments of Lotic Macroinvertebrate Communities:
Biocriteria Development. Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology.
Biomonitoring Section, Little Rock, Arkansas.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
Wl LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM (cont)
(cont)
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
Long-Term Ambient Monitoring
In 1986, the State initiated a long-term monitoring program of 50 lakes statewide The program was started to detect
trends in physical, chemical, and biological parameters over a 10-yr period and to evaluate the impacts of land use
activities on lakes Sampling is conducted five times per year The chemical/physical parameters sampled include
total phosphorus, chlorophyll a, Secchi disk transparency, other nutrients, bacteria, and toxics (fish) The biological
parameters sampled included fish, macroinvertebrates, plankton, and macrophytes
Acid Lakes Program
The State in cooperation with the USGS is monitoring water quality parameters in three lakes in northern Wisconsin
and in adjacent ground water
Trophic State Classification Program
The Trophic State Index (TSI) is correlated with water clarity, phosphorus, and chlorophyll a measures to evaluate the
degree of eutrophication. Data are derived from sampling of water quality parameters and from LANDSAT data
Citizen Monitoring Program
In 1986, the State initiated the Self-Help Monitoring Program. Volunteer-collected water quality data (Secchi disk
transparency) on 129 lakes in 39 counties statewide have been assembled Sampling is conducted 4 to 25 times
each year for transparency.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
WY RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Monitoring Network
The State obtains water quality data Irom a fixed station surface water monitoring network operated by the USGS at
sites above and below selected dischargers rather than monitoring NPS pollution The State Water Quality Agency
conducts no instream biological monitoring. The State Fisheries Agency provides information used in the
classification of State waters
Toxics Monitoring
The State, through the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, conducts fish sampling for residue analyses
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
The State does not currently have an active lake monitoring program for assessing pollution problems
-------
Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
NH Some industrial and some municipal facilities require
acute static toxicity testing with two species (Daphnia
sp.) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)
The State conducts acute Daphnia pulex toxicity tests at
about 40 facilities per year and concurrently a similar
toxicity test is conducted upstream and downstream
from the discharge During FY88, the State comple-
mented its acute toxicity screening program by adding
chronic toxicity testing capabilities using Ceriodaphnia
dubia The chronic toxicity capabilities are utilized not
only for whole effluent screening but for instream investi-
gations during low flow conditions
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
The State does not conduct biosurveys relative to point
source dischargers
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
NJ Toxicity testing is required at selected industrial and
municipal facilities using acute static renewal fathead
minnow (Pimephales promelas) tests in freshwater and
sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) or mysid
shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia) tests in seawater Testing is
generally conducted quarterly, but may be required
monthly in cases where complex wastewaters are dis-
charged Some permits require 7-d fathead minnow or
21-d Daphnia sp. tests on complex industrial waste-
waters
The State conducts on-site acute toxicity tests with
bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) and fathead minnows
using a mobile bioassay laboratory Chronic bioassay
testing has not been initiated
Ames/Salmonella testing is conducted where effluents
show potential for mutagenicity
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
The emphasis in State monitoring has been on point
sources.
Intensive studies at four to six sites per year are
conducted to assess macroinvertebrate, fish, and
periphyton communities.
Fixed-station ambient biomonitoring is conducted at 14
stations (periphyton community) and 18 stations (macro-
invertebrate community); however, this is not conducted
every year
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
NY Specific industrial and municipal permits require acute
static renewal toxicity tests using Daphnia and fathead
minnows (Pimephales promelas) and may require
chronic bioassay testing on a site-specific basis
The State conducts chronic 7-d Ceriodaphnia tests on
50 ambient receiving water sites per year using a mobile
bioassay laboratory.
The State conducts both acute and 7-d chronic
Ceriodaphnia tests on six water samples collected as
part of the Rotating Intensive Basin Study (RIBS)
program
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys.
The State collects macroinvertebrates at 38 trend
monitoring sites and at 50 special survey sites per year
The State has been using macroinvertebrates to assess
water quality since 1972 and has conducted in situ
monitoring of toxic substances with these organisms.
The State's Stream Biomonitoring Unit has developed a
computerized data storage system for handling macroin-
vertebrate survey data Using dBase III. the system will
manage the storage, retrieval, and manipulation of data
and should be adaptable to uploading into EPA BIOS.
Macroinvertebrates are collected two to six times at each
Rotating Intensive Basin Study (RIBS) site and are
analyzed for community structure (species richness,
dominance, biotic index) The macroinvertebrate
monitoring involves six multiplate collections on large
streams or two rapid bioassessments (kick samples) on
small tributaries
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Survey of Monitoring in NPOES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
NM Specific industrial and municipal permits may require
acute 48-hr static and 7-d chronic toxicity testing EPA
Region 6 requires that major industrial and municipal
facilities conduct chronic bioassay testing using the 7 d
Ceriodaphnia and 7-d fathead minnow (Pimephales
promelas) test Acute bioassay testing with these
species is required in some situations in place of chronic
testing.
The State does not currently conduct bioassay toxicity
testing but obtains some assistance from the Regional
Laboratory
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
The State conducts 12 instream water quality studies at
approximately 40 sites per year where quantitative and
qualitative macroinvertebrate community structure is
examined. Macroinvertebrate community structure is
analyzed using the Winget and Mangum (1979) Biotic
Condition Index (BCI) and the Shannon-Wiener diversity
index. These studies include both point and nonpoint
source pollution problems. Fish sampling is incorpor-
ated through assistance provided by the New Mexico
Department of Game and Fish
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
ND Specific major industrial and municipal facilities are
required to conduct acute 48-hr static renewal toxicity
testing using Ceriodaphnia and acute 96-hr static
renewal toxicity test using fathead minnows (Pimephales
promelas) The State anticipates including a requirement
either for acute or chronic effluent testing in all major
permits reissued in 1989
The State is developing its toxicity testing capability to
include both acute and chronic Ceriodaphnia and
fathead minnow tests.
During 1987, EPA's Duluth mobile bioassay laboratory
conducted bioassay testing at 19 stations on the Red
River and on eight treatment plant effluents
Ceriodaphnia and fathead minnows were utilized in
acute and chronic toxicity tests Algal bioassays were
performed at EPA's Corvallis Laboratory.
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required lo conduct biosurveys
The State currently does not conduct biosurveys
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
NC Specific industrial and municipal facilities require
bioassay toxicity testing Requirements currently are
placed on all industrial, major municipal facilities, and
minor municipals with pretreatment facilities either upon
permit reissuance or new permit application When
wastewater flow exceeds 1% of receiving water 7Q10
flow, the chronic 7-d Ceriodaphnia dubia test is required
Where waste stream flow rates are less, an acute static
Ceriodaphnia dubia or Daphnia pulex test may be used
During 1986 and 1987, the State performed 1,226 acute
toxicity tests, 169 chronic studies, and 19 on-site toxicity
evaluations The on-site toxicity evaluations generally
consist of a battery of tests including a flowthrough 96-hr
fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) study, a three
brood Ceriodaphnia reproduction test, two or more
acute static Ceriodaphnia toxicity tests, and extensive
chemical sampling The on-site toxicity evaluations are
conducted using a mobile bioassay laboratory
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
Macroinvertebrate communities are assessed at 100
trend monitoring stations (80 freshwater and
approximately 10 estuarine sites) and at 60 special study
sites per year Macroinvertebrates assessments are
made using kick nets, sweep nets, chironomid collec-
tions, and visual inspections Water quality is assessed
by determining total taxa richness, taxa richness of pollu-
tion-intolerant groups, and indicator assemblages
Estuarine macroinvertebrates are collected using a timed
effort employing sweep nets and fine mesh samplers In
addition, sediment grabs are evaluated for their infaunal
community Water quality is assessed by determining
taxa richness and species composition The State is cur
rently evaluating the applicability of EPA s Rapid Bioas
sessment Protocols for their monitoring program
Phytoplankton are evaluated at six sites from two lakes
(monthly) selected from a 40-lake monitoring network
The State conducts special before and after studies at
point source dischargers that include physical, chemical,
and biological sampling.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
OK Specific industrial and municipal permits require an acute
48-hr Daphnia toxicity test EPA Region 6 requires that
both industrial and municipal majors conduct chronic
bioassay testing using the 7-d Ceriodaphnia and 7-d
fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) test. Acute
bioassay testing with these species is required in some
situations in place of chronic testing depending on the
dilution the waste receives in the receiving waterbody
The State has conducted acute 96-hr in situ toxicity tests
of ambient water with sensitive indigenous fish, but has
no capabilities for conducting effluent toxicity tests using
EPA-recommended methods.
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
The biosurveys the State conducts involve fish, benthic
macroinvertebrates, and periphyton population analyses
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
OH Specific industrial and municipal facilities require monthly
acute static 96-hr fathead minnow (Pimephales
promelas), acute static 96-hr Selenastrum capri-
cornutum, and acute static 48-hr Ceriodaphnia dubia
tests, or quarterly chronic 7-d Ceriodaphnia and fathead
minnow tests.
The State conducts both acute static 48-hr Ceriodaphnia
dubia and acute static 96-hr fathead minnow tests three
times per year at 18-20 facilities and conducts 7-d Cerio-
daphnia dubia and fathead minnow chronic tests as
needed
The State does not operate a mobile laboratory
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
The State has developed biological criteria for its rivers
and streams using a biosurvey/ecoregion approach A
set of least-impacted reference sites across the State
and within each of the five Ohio ecoregions were
carefully selected and sampled for fish, macroinverte-
brates. and water column and sediment chemistry
Based on these results, criteria for three biological
indices were derived: the Index of Biotic integrity (IBI) for
fish, the Modified Index of Well-Being (IwB) for fish, and
the Invertebrate Community Index (ICI) for macroinverte-
brates
Macroinvertebrate community monitoring is conducted
at sites associated with both point sources (20
dischargers per year) and nonpoint sources of pollution
as part of the Intensive Biological and Water Quality
Survey Program (10-15 river basins per year), and at 29
fixed stations (of which 10 are sampled annually and the
others are sampled on a rotating basis of 5 per year) At
these stations, macroinvertebrates are collected using
both natural (dipnets and hand picking) and modified
Hester-Dendy multiplate artificial substrate samplers over
a 6-week period from June to September
The State uses an invertebrate ICI based on ecoregions
to assess water quality and compliance with standards
Habitat evaluations are also made at each site
Fish populations are collected using electrofishing and
seining techniques two or three times per year from June
to October at the same sites as the benthos for the
intensive surveys Water quality and standards
compliance are determined using the IBI and the IwB for
each ecoregion A detailed qualitative habitat evaluation
index covering seven major characteristics of microhabi-
tats is used to assist with biocriteria application
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Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
WA COASTAL/ESTUARINE MONITORING PROGRAM (continued)
(cont)
Puget Sound Ambient Monitoring Program
The Stale has initiated a comprehensive monitoring program for Puget Sound that integrates data collected on
sediment, water quality, fish, and macroinvertebrates. Finfishes are monitored by the Department of Fisheries Near
shore habitat monitoring is conducted by the Department of Natural Resources, and intertidal shellfish monitoring is
conducted by the Department of Social and Health Services Marine sediment quality monitoring will be conducted
by the Washington Department of Ecology and the Puget Sound Authority The monitoring includes evaluation of
macroinvertebrate community structure, exposure of the sediments to bioassay organisms, and chemical analyses
of sediments for toxics A total of 119 fixed stations are sampled in this program
Benthic macroinvertebrates are collected using a modified van Veen sampler and are identified to species or the
lowest taxonomic unit possible. The community analyses include: number of taxa and abundance; mean and
standard deviation for the number of taxa and abundance; Infaunal Trophic Index; Shannon-Wiener diversity; an
equitability measure; numerical dominance; and abundance of pollution sensitive and pollution tolerant species
Sediment bioassays are conducted on sampled sediment using a 10-day amphipod bioassay (Rhepoxynius
abronius), a 48-hr larval bivalve testing using the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) or Blue Mussel (Mytilus edulis),
and a sediment MicrotoxR bioassay Sediments are analyzed for 13 metals, volatile organic compounds,
base/neutrals, and acid extractables
Toxics Monitoring Program
Toxics monitoring in marine waters is conducted as part of the State s fixed-station monitoring network composed of
53 stations At 20 of these marine stations, fish tissues are analyzed for selected heavy metals and other toxic
substances.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
OR Under old permit requirements, one municipal and most
industrial dischargers are required to conduct effluent
toxicity testing that usually consists of two acute static
96-hr bioassay tests per year using rainbow trout (Salmo
gairdneri), Ceriodaphnia, or fathead minnows
(Pimephales promelas)
Under new permit requirements, dischargers must
conduct chronic bioassays monthly for a 5-month period
under low flow conditions using two species for the first
year. After the first year, the most sensitive species is
tested monthly for 3 months under low flow conditions
The State conducts acute 96-hr toxicity tests for
evaluating effluent toxicity using Daphnia magna,
Hyallela azteca, Gammarus sp., or fathead minnows
The State also screens major dischargers (both industrial
and municipal) for toxicity using a 21-d Daphnia magna
or 7-6 Ceriodaphnia test and a chronic fathead minnow
tesl each year. The State screens some effluents using
the Microtox0 test.
Each year, approximately 8 chronic 14-d algal assays
{Selanastrum capricornutum) are conducted to evaluate
the effects of different nutrient loads
Caged salmonid fish or caged invertebrate studies
upstream and downstream from potential pollutant
sources are also conducted. The State also has some
capabilities to perform freshwater sediment bioassays
using Chironomus.
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
Biological sampling has been a relatively small part of
the State's surface water monitoring program Macroin-
vertebrate community assessments are conducted
upstream and downstream from dischargers as part of
mixing zone studies. The macroinvertebrate community
assessment evaluates changes in community composi-
tion that cannot be attributed to habitat differences
-------
Survey of Monitoring in NPS Programs
State
WV RIVER MONITORING PROGRAM
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network
The Slate maintains an ambient fixed-station monitoring network consisting of 27 sites sampled monthly statewide
for routine water quality parameters. Eight of the 27 sites are Ohio River stations sampled by ORSANCO
The State implemented a regional "mininetwork" that focuses on water quality in small watersheds, rather than in
major rivers providing monthly data for a continuous 12-month period for each watershed When fully under way, 60
to 80 sites within six watersheds will be sampled annually.
Biological Monitoring Network
The State maintains a long-term biological network consisting of 42 sites at which aquatic invertebrates are collected
annually using muitiplale samplers A number of these sites overlap with the 27 long-term water quality monitoring
network sites Phytoplankton samples are collected at 4 of the 42 stations.
The State in cooperation with the U S. Fisfi and Wildlife Service is conducting a survey and inventory of freshwater
mussel populations statewide
Toxics Monitoring Program
During each year as part of the fish tissue sampling program, samples for metals and pesticide analyses are
collected from 20 to 25 sites (two samples per site, each composed of five fish) from sites throughout the State
Special Studies
Special studies (e g , Kanawha River fish and sediment dioxin study) are conducted as needed The State
conducted intensive survey work on the Kanawha River on physical measurements, metals, and inorganic
constituents Also, the incidence of tumor formation (with the liver as the target organ) in resident fish populations
was evaluated by histological analyses.
LAKE MONITORING PROGRAM
The State does not currently have a routine lake monitoring program Lake fishery surveys that include some basic
water quality parameters and information on physical conditions have been collected by State fisher biologists The
State also monitors for toxic substances in fish tissues
The trophic condition ol the Slate's public lakes has never been officially documented or scientifically determined
-------
Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
Rl	Effluent bioassay testing is required for most major
industrial and municipal dischargers and may be placed
on minor permittees as appropriate. A static 48-hr
Daphnia sp. test and a static 96-hr fathead minnow
(Pimephales promelas) test on whole effluents are
required semiannually.
Ambient bioassay testing is conducted by the State in
cooperation with EPA Region 1 at various times for both
acute and chronic toxicity. Acute tests use Daphnia
pulex or Ceriodaphnia as the test species, while chronic
testing is conducted with Ceriodaphnia
Acute marine bioassay testing using the mysid shrimp
(Mysidopsis bahia) is conducted with the assistance of
the EPA Narragansett Laboratory.
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
The State conducts biosurveys coinciding with USGS
trend monitoring stations Fullner multiplate (14 plate)
artificial substrate samplers are placed at 17 sites to
evaluate the instream macroinvertebrate communities
Species composition, diversity, and the physiological
condition of natural aquatic communities are assessed
Macroinvertebrates (mostly aquatic insect larvae) are
classified according to their tolerance of organic wastes
and are scored as tolerant, facultative, or intolerant
Numerous biological surveys are being conducted of
Narragansett Bay as part of the Narragansett Bay Project
funded by EPA's National Estuary Program to assess
impacts of toxics, nutrient enrichment, land use impacts,
and the health and abundance of living marine
resources
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
NE All major industrial and municipal facilities are being
required to conduct acute bioassay tests of effluents
once per year using Ceriodaphnia and fathead minnows
(Pimephales promelas) These tests are conducted for
24 hr using 100% effluent. If mortality is > 10%, then
plans for a toxicity reduction evaluation must be
developed
The State currently has no whole effluent bioassay
testing capabilities
The EPA checks six facilities per year using acute static
renewal toxicity tests with Daphnia sp. and fathead
minnows
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
The State monitors fish and macroinvertebrate
communities at 140 reference sites from eastern
Nebraska (Corn Belt Region) warmwater streams An
Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) and an Invertebrate
Community Index (ICI) modified after an index used in
Ohio were used to evaluate use support Explanations
for observed community impairment are based on a
review of potential point source discharges upstream of
the sample site, habitat quality ratings, and field recon-
naissance
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
SC Old permits require that specific industrial facilities
conduct biomonitoring: either (1) a flowthrough 96-hr
test with bluegill sunlish (Lepomis macrochirus) or a
48-hr Daphnia sp. or mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia)
test on whole effluents with some permits in addition
requiring instream biological assessments; or
(2) instream biological assessments only New permits
no longer require biosurveys to be conducted Bioassay
requirements are dependent on the amount of dilution
afforded the effluent If the instream waste concentration
(IWC) is greater than 100: f, then only acute 46-hr testing
is required; if the IWC is less than 100:1, then chronic
testing is required In some specific cases, both acute
and chronic testing may be required
One permit also contains requirements for fish flesh
tainting, fish avoidance, and instream caged organism
assessments
All major municipal and minor municipal dischargers with
significant industrial contribution will be required to
conduct chronic 7-d Ceriodaphnia effluent testing as
permits are reissued Future permit requirements will be
directed toward an increased use of chronic Cerio-
daphnia tests and a decreased use of instream biological
assessments
The State currently operates a mobile bioassay
laboratory; however, its use will gradually be phased out.
With this shift in test emphasis, the State will be
conducting acute and chronic 7-d Ceriodaphnia tests on
effluents transported to the central State Laboratory in
Columbia, SC
Biosurveys
Currently, some industrial permits require only instream
biological assessments, and some require instream
assessments coupled with bioassay tests ol whole
effluent. In the future, there will be a decreased
emphasis on biosurveys in new permits and in renewals
of older permits
Biological monitoring by the State at fixed stations
includes identification and enumeration of phytoplank-
ton, aquatic macroinvertebrates, an.1 fish. Biosurvey
data evaluations include taxa richness, diversity, equita
bility, and similarity In addition, the State is currently
assessing many of the new metrics presented in the
EPA's Rapid Bioassessment Protocols
The State conducts special water quality studies,
including "before and after'' studies, model verification
studies, or assessments of known water quality problem
areas, including population dynamics information
The State conducts qualitative multihabitat biosurveys in
coastal/estuarine areas Biosurvey data are analyzed for
species composition and taxa richness
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
MO Specific industrial and municipal permits require the
permittee to conduct acute bioassay toxicity testing
and/or perform instream bioassay testing Testing is
perlormed on 100% effluent for 24 hr using fathead
minnows (Pimephales promelas) as the test species
Greater than 10% mortality results in reopening of the
permit for revisions to existing limits Some permits also
require bioassay testing using effluent diluted to the
expected low flow concentration to be found in the
receiving waterbody after mixing
The State has initiated chronic Ceriodaphnia dubia and
fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) tests of some
industrial and municipal effluents for compliance
monitoring and conducts instream bioassay testing as
appropriate.
Biosurveys
Some dischargers have been required to perform
instream biological assessments of macroinvertebrates,
at one upstream and one or two downstream locations
from a point source
The State conducts qualitative macroinvertebrate
sampling (rapid stream assessments) in streams in the
vicinity of 100-200 facilities per year These studies are
quick and inexpensive methods for determining potential
problems through visual observation of the stream and
an evaluation of the benthos A determination of the
level of wasteload allocation modeling and further chemi-
cal sampling is made based on the biosurveys
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
TX Specific industrial and municipal dischargers are
required to conduct acute static 48-hr Daphnia and/or
chronic Ceriodaphrtia testing of effluents depending on
the amount of dilution afforded the effluent EPA
Region 6 requires that both industrial and municipal
majors conduct chronic bioassay testing using the 7-d
Ceriodaphnia and 7-d fathead minnow (Pimephales
promelas) test. In marine waters, 7-d mysid shrimp
(Mysidopsis bahia) and 7-d sheepshead minnow (Cyprinฆ
odon variegatus) tests are required Acute bioassay
testing with these species is required in some situations
in place of chronic testing depending on the amount of
dilution afforded the effluent.
The State does not currently conduct toxicity testing. A
contract laboratory conducts acute 48-hr daphnid or
chronic 7 d Ceriodaphnia tests for ambient waters with
salinities less than 5 ppt and conducts acute 48-hr mysid
shrimp tests on effluents for ambient waters "tfith
salinities greater than 5 ppt. The State also receives
some assistance from the Regional Laboratory.
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
The State conducts instream assessments of macroin-
vertebrates and lish on 5-10 waterb. dies per year
Currently, about five field surveys involving 25 ambient
sites and 20 facility discharges are conducted per year.
During FY89, the State will conduct 15 20 biosurveys that
will focus on toxic impacts and incorporate rapid bio-
assessment methods.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
MN Bioassay toxicity testing is required on specific major
industrial and municipal permits. Either acute static 24-hr
fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia
dubia, and Daphnia magna) or flowthrough 96-hr fathead
minnow toxicity tests using whole effluent and serial dilu-
tions are required
For 15-20 facilities, acute static 48-hr fathead minnow,
Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna toxicity tests
are performed as part of the Acute Static Screening test
The State also conducts onsite flowthrough 96-hr (defini-
tive) fathead minnow toxicity tests using a mobile
bioassay laboratory and/or conducts 7-d chronic static
renewal tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia and fathead
minnows.
In addition, two site-specific tests are employed in water-
quality-limited situations to modify effluent standards
using both a 96-hr fathead minnow and Daphnia magna
test
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct biosurveys
The State is beginning to develop a biosurvey program;
however, it does not currently conduct biosurveys
associated with point source discharges
The State is planning to develop m croinvertebrate
instream biocriteria and a comprehensive biological
survey program adapting EPA's Rapid Bioassessment
Protocols The State is also interested in developing fish
community biocriteria based on the ecoregion approach
using Karris Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) metrics
Collection of fish community data from reference sites
statewide has been initiated.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
VT There are no requirements lor bioassay testing in the
NPDES program, however, initiation of bioassay testing
is planned
The State is not currently conducting toxicity tests, but
future plans include initial State acute toxicity test screen-
ing of effluents using a 48-hr Daphnia pulex and a
chronic 7-d Ceriodaphnia test The dischargers
identified in this screening as having toxic effluents would
be required lo conduct chronic 7-d Ceriodaphnia and
larval fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) tests
The State currently has the capabilities of conducting
acute toxicity testing but not for regulatory purposes
Biosurveys
A new program will require indirect dischargers lo
monitor macroinvertebrates via rock basket substrates
upstream and downstream from each discharge with five
to eight baskets per site This program provides
instream biological assessment of discharge effects A
program of fish containment monitoring was started in
1986
The State collects macroinvertebrates using Surber
samplers at 45 sites in an ambient biomonitoring network
(ABN) and evaluates taxa richness, community diversity,
and other macroinvertebrate parameters Fish
populations are also sampled at selected ABN sites
The State also monitors fish populations at six sites to
assess long-term effects of stream acidification on
headwater fish populations.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
MA Specific industrial and municipal dischargers are
required to conduct toxicity testing using a static 48-hr
Daphnia pulex and tathead minnow (Pimephales
promelas) test or appropriate marine species toxicity
test
For large marine dischargers, a three-species chronic
toxicity test is required monthly (less frequently on
smaller dischargers) using the sheepshead minnow
(Cyprinodon variegatus), the mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis
bahia), and the red algae (Champia parvula)
The State uses the MicrotoxR assay for screening of SO-
SO freshwater and marine effluents per year. This toxicity
testing method is currently the only in-house testing
capability The State currently owns a mobile bioassay
laboratory
The EPA Laboratory in Lexington and private contractors
conduct acute toxicity testing using daphnids and
fathead minnows and chronic tests using Ceriodaphnia
and fathead minnows.
Marine bioassay testing is conducted by a contractor
using Mysidopsis bahia In addition, caged blue mussel
(Mytilus edulis) bioaccumulation studies are being
conducted. Marine sediment elutriate bioassays are
being evaluated for use by the State
Biosurveys
Dischargers are not required to conduct surveys
The State collects macroinvertebrates at 25 stations per
year by a rapid 5-min kick sampling technique and
identifies the first 100 organisms to genus or species
level. The taxonomic data are then compiled to deter-
mine the status of various criteria used to rank water
quality: species richness, distribution (balance), EPT val-
ues (number of taxa in Ephemeroptera. Plecoptera, and
Trichoptera), percent contribution of pollution tolerances,
feeding habits of the five numerically dominant species,
and Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (HBI) Some of these surveys
address point source discharges, while others are asso-
ciated with special studies.
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Survey of Monitoring in NPDES Programs (continued)
State	Bioassay testing
VA Specific industrial permits and municipal permits with
treatment capacity over 5 MGD or pretreatment pro-
grams require bioassay toxicity testing (hat includes a
semiannual acute 96-hr, static, or static renewal test
using daphnids and fathead minnows (Pimephales
promelas) or appropriate saltwater species. In some
cases, testing frequency may be increased and chronic
testing may be required
For several dischargers to the lower James River,
chronic 7-d Ceriodaphnia and fathead minnow tests or
chronic tests with the saltwater species (Mysidopsis
bahia) and the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon varie-
gatus) are required
The State conducts on-site static acute 48-hr and chronic
7-d testing at specific facilities using two mobile bioassay
laboratories: one conducts freshwater bioassays, and
the other conducts marine/estuarine tests Species used
in the State's bioassay testing program in€lude: fathead
minnows, Ceriodaphnia, and Daphnia sp. for freshwater
and Mysidopsis bahia, the sheepshead minnow, and the
Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia) for marine and
estuarine waters
Biosurveys
Some dischargers are required to complete receiving
water assessments of the macroinvertebrate community,
and these instream tests will be increasingly required
The State conducts approximately 20 receiving water
assessments per year using macroinvertebrate com-
munity studies.
The State maintains a 175-fixed-station trend monitoring
network for macroinvertebrate sampling Sampling is
conducted semiannually during the spring and fall. Four
major groups are evaluated: aquatic insects, molluscs,
crustaceans, and annelids. An evaluation of community
structure (e g., presence/absence, relative abundance,
and distribution) provides the basis for the biological
analysis of water quality. After the benthic macroinverte-
brate community is evaluated, an overall water quality
rating of good, fair, or poor is assigned to each station
Like water quality monitoring data, the biological data are
used in identifying and ranking Virginia's priority
waterbodies
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