LAKE SEDIMENTS
Characterization of Lake Sediments and Evaluation of Sediment-Water
Nutrient Interchange Mechanisms in the Upper Klamath Lake System
by
A. R. Gahler and W. D, Sanvilie
Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory, Water Quality Office
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
200 S.W, 35th Street, Corvallis, Oregon 97330
April 1971
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CHARACTERIZATION OF LAKE. SEDIMENTS AND EVALUATION OF SEDIMENT-WATER
NUTRIENT INTERCHANGE MECHANISMS IN THE UPPER KLAMATH LAKE SYSTEM
by
A. R. Gahler and W. D. Sanville
Abstract. The characteristics of the bottom sediments of the eutrophic ,
Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes are described and their possible contribution
in supplying algal nutrients is discussed.
The thickness of the bottom sediments over consolidated deposits .
varied between 14 and 32 meters below the lake surface at the time of
measurement. Carbon-14 dating indicated an age of about 4200 years at
the 90-cm 1evel.
The C, N, P, Fe, A1, Mn and interstitial water composition of ten
150-cm cores indicated appreciable variability from core to core in
concentration change of elements and nutrients with depth in the sediment.
The net effect of biological, chemical, and physical processes which
take place at the sediment water interface was examined by the determination
of soluble nutrients in the sediment interstitial water. High concentrations
of orthophosphate, ammonia, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen occurred in some of
the interstitial water.
Nutrients were released when Oscillatoria princeps and attached
sediment rose 7to the surface of the lake. (.Key words: Bottom sediments;
cores; C^ dating; interstitial water; nutrient interchange; Oscillatoria
pri nceps; Upper Klamath Lake.)
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INTRODUCTION
Lake bottom sediments have been recognized as nutrient sources or
traps which may either release or remove algal nutrients depending upon
the biological, chemical, or physical processes occurring in the ecosystem.
In order to devise methods for the reduction of algal growth in
lakes, the National Eutrophication Research Program of the Water Quality
Office, Environmental Protection Agency has conducted research to
learn what occurs at the sediment-water interface in' various lake systems
relative to the uptake and release of nutrients.
The intense growth of algae appearing for about eight months each
year in the highly eutrophic Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes in Oregon
has been attributed in part to release of nutrients from the bottom
sediments to the overlying water. An investigation was initiated in
1966 to evaluate the influence of the lake sediments on algal growth
and to determine the conditions under which nutrient release or uptake
might occur. From limnological information it was hoped that appropriate
laboratory and field tests could be designed to yield quantitative data
on the nutrient release or uptake by sediments.
Although several types of tests have been proposed in the literature,
application of the results to natural systems has not been demonstrated.
Nutrient concentrations in sediments have often been expressed in terms
of total phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon, but it is the availability
of the different nutrient compounds of these elements under the varying
ecological conditions of the lake system that must be measured. The
trend has been to apply soil and biochemical test procedures to evaluate
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lake bottom sediments for nutrient "availability," These laboratory
tests may be applicable in calculations of rate of recovery of a lake
following restoration measures, but they will require future evaluation
(Kemp and Mudrochora, 1970; Williams, Syers, Harris and Armstrong, 1970).
In an effort to determine nutrient availability in sediments and
to evaluate the overall effect of the biological, chemical, and physical
processes taking place at the sediment-water interface, as well as in the
underlying sediment, it was decided to determine the concentration of the
soluble nutrients in the interstitial water from Upper Klamath and
Agency Lake sediments. If appreciable concentrations of soluble
nutrients were present, it is likely that they would be transferred to
the overlying water by currents caused by wind, fish, and boats; eddy
and molecular diffusion; mixing by benthic organisms; gas evolution from
the sediments; algal growth on the sediments; etc. Harriss (1967) has
stated, "The composition of interstitial waters from river and lake
sediments is controlled by a complex interaction of the ground water
recharge system, mi neral ogi cal dissolution and precipitation reactions,
biological activity, and the degree of physical interaction between the
sediment and overlying water." He studied the soluble silica and chloride
concentration in interstitial water from freshwater sediments and found
that chloride concentration changes were useful for studying diffusional
processes in sediments. Several investigators have measured soluble
constituents in interstitial water for the purpose of studying mineral-
water equilibria and mineral transformations. (Sutherland, Kramer,
Nichols and Kurtz, 1966)„ Gorham (1961) suggests that ions would
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diffuse from the interstitial water to the overlying water particularly
during stormy periods. Sullivan (1967) has shown that orthophosphate
increases in the sediment interstitial water from Lake Bloomington
during stratification with a decrease following turnover.
Since it has been proposed that excessively eutrophic lakes may be
restored in some cases by dredging to remove the top layer of nutrient-
rich sediment, it is of interest to evaluate nutrient concentrations
and availability in sediments at various levels below the sediment
surface. The effect of dredging upon water quality in lakes has not
been carefully studied, nor has the effect of dredging been predicted
from examination of the available nutrients in sediment cores. After
dredging, it is quite possible that the new sediment surface could
release more nutrients to the water than the original surface. If so,
dredging would not be beneficial except to increase the storage capacity
of the lake and possibly to keep the water slightly cooler. On the other,
hand, a layer might be reached below the sediment surface which is either
nonadsorptive or perhaps adsorptive to phosphate or other nutrients, so
that dredging could be applied as a lake restoration method.
It is the purpose of this paper to report the results of studies
on sediments and sediment-water nutrient interchange processes in the
Upper Klamath Lake system. To accomplish the objectives described the
sediments were evaluated for physical properties (particle size, depth
of recent sediments, stratification, deposition rate), chemical composition,
mineralogical composition, bacteriological characteristics, and nutrient
content of sediment interstitial water at the surface and at depths in
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cores down to about 150 cm. The results of a survey of the benthos
in the sediment throughout the lake system has been described by Hazel
(1969). A group headed by Dr. R. Y. Morita, Oregon State University
has studied concurrently the influence of bacterial activity upon
the eutrophication process in Upper Klamath Lake and will report the
results elsewhere.
DESCRIPTION OF LAKE SYSTEM AND WATERSHED
Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes are located in the structural valley,
the Klamath Graben, in Southern Oregon east of the Cascade Mountains
(Figs 1,2). The lake system, which covers an area in excess of 120
square miles (31,000 ha), is one of the largest in the Western United
States. Water level is regulated by a dam constructed in 1917. The
surface elevation is maintained between 4,-136 feet (1261 m) and 4,143
feet (1264 m) resulting in a mean depth of the lake of 8 feet (2.44 m).
The watershed occupies an area of about 3,800 square miles (985,000 ha),
much of which is located in mountainous volcanic areas or rolling
regions covered with volcanic pumice deposits derived from formation
of the Crater Lake Caldera. Most drainage entering Upper Klamath Lake
is either from Agency Lake or through the Williamson River. Agency
Lake receives the drainage from the mountainous northwest area of the
watershed by Wood River, its major tributary. The Wi11iamson-Sprague
River system, the largest tributary in the watershed, drains the
eastern and northeastern areas of the watershed. It enters the north-
east end of Upper Klamath Lake. Upper Klamath Lake discharges into
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the Klamath River which eventually enters the Pacific Ocean in Northern
Cal i forni a.
The lake is used extensively by waterfowl during the fall and
spring migrations in the Pacific Flyway. A fair-sized population of
ducks and geese is native to the immediate area, but the largest
numbers are represented by the transient populations. Rainbow trout
(Salmo gairdneri) are common in the lake in early spring but later
migrate into the incoming tributaries and spring areas. Two genera
of Cyprinidae, Blue chub (Gila bicolor) and Tui chub (Siphateles
bicolor), constitute 90% of the total fish population (Bond, Hazel,
and Vincent, 1968).
The elevation of the watershed varies generally from approximately
4,200 feet (1281 m) to 8,000 feet (2440 m) with some of the higher peaks
reaching elevations greater than 9,000 feet (2745 m). The Cascade
Mountains border the watershed to the west and create a rain shadow
over much of the area. Precipitation varies with location in the
watershed; the sheltered, lower elevations receive 10-30 inches (25-76
cm) annually and the higher regions 60 inches (152 cm). Most precipi-
tation occurs between October and March. In the city of Klamath Falls
at the south end of the lake, the sun shines approximately 90% of the
time in July and 33% of the time in January, the wettest part of the
year.
Vegetation varies, the mountainous regions having forests of
Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine and true firs. The
distribution of forests depends upon climatic conditions and geographic
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location. Large areas are occupied by grass-shrub communities which
are most commonly found in the open flatland associated with large
pumice deposits. Marshes are extensive in parts of the watershed.
The Sycan and Klamath marshes cover the basins of former Pleistocene
Lakes and extensive marsh areas surround much of the present Upper
Klamath and Agency Lakes. Since World War I large sections of marsh
have been reclaimed for agricultural utilization. The flora associated
with the marsh area is a typical sedge-reed community.
CHARACTERIZATION OF SEDIMENTS IN UPPER KLAMATH AMD AGENCY LAKES
To attain the objectives outlined in the introduction, it was
necessary to examine the surface and underlying sediments throughout
the lakes and to determine the lake conditions to which the sediments
were subjected. The limnology of the lake system has been reported
(Gahler, 1969). The pH of the water varied from 7 to greater than 10,
temperature from 0° to 26°C, and dissolved oxygen from less than 1
to about 16 mg per liter.
Physical Nature
The bottom sediments from Agency Lake are darker and much firmer
than those in Upper Klamath Lake. In fact, it is impossible to obtain
a core longer than 1.7 m with a modified Livingstone (1967) piston-type
corer with a plastic film liner. Upper Klamath sediments are much
more ooze-like, especially in the bays. In Howard Bay (09d in Fig 1)
it is possible to push a 10 x 10 cm square end post by hand down into
the mud 4 to 5m.
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The sediments at sites 09d, V7d, and Ylb are composed of diatoms,
organic matter, and mineralogical components consisting of feldspar,
chlorite, vermiculite, and mica (Wildung, Blaylock, Routson, and
Gahler; 1970).
The water content of the sediments throughout the entire system
is high, from 88 to 92% at the water interface and from 80 to 88% four
feet (1.2 m) below the interface. At locations VI9b and Ylb the water
content decreases to 55-65% at four feet. A layer of pumice-like
material occurs at this level at both locations. Since the sediments
contain so much water, the density is low, 1.09 g/cc for Agency Lake
and 1.04 g/cc for Upper Klamath Lake (Howard Bay) surface sediment.
Based on particle size distribution, the two sediments from Upper
Klamath Lake are characterized as silty clay, as shown by the data in
Table 1 (Volk, 1968). The cation exchange capacity is in the range
of 30 to 55 meq/100 g.
The temperature of the sediment exhibits considerable seasonal
variation. In winter, the surface of the sediment is near 0°C,
depending upon the location, and as high as 22°C in the summer in the
middle of the lake.
The pH of sediment surface grab samples throughout the lakes at
different times of the year varies from 6.1 to 7.8. Measurements of
pH were generally made by insertion of the electrodes directly into
the fresh sediment in the field.
The sediments are mildly reducing in nature, the varying
from -0.1 to +0.3 volt. The odor of hydrogen sulfide was thought to
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be detected only once or twice in the sediments. Undisturbed sediment
surface samples taken with a Jenkins corer do not reveal the usual
light brown oxidized surface and reduced black layer below the surface
as often- described in the literature.
Thickness of Recent Sediments
The thickness of the very soft, fine-grained bottom sediments
overlying the geologically older deposits in the lakes was surveyed
in June 1968 by S. D. Schwarz of Geo Recon Inc. for the National
Eutrophication Research Program. A 8.5 KHz, 1500 watt high energy
recording sonar system and a 100 cycle, 16 joule Pulser system were
used simultaneously for this measurement. The first horizon that has
significant continuity occurs at a depth of 48 feet (14.6 m) to 107
feet (32.6 m) below the lake surface and is believed to represent the
approximate base of recent, unconsolidated lake deposits. The depth in
feet of this horizon is marked along the traverse lines of Figure 3.
Several shallower reflecting horizons are discontinuous and are
believed to represent geologic structure within the recent lacustrine
deposits. Older alluvial deposits are believed to be the principal
deposits underlying the areas of dotted traverse lines on Figure 3;
the numbers indicate the depth in feet of overlying material referenced
to the lake surface in June 1968. At the time of the survey the lake
depth averaged 7 feet (2.1 m) to 8 feet (2.4 m) with occasional localized
holes to 37 feet (11.3 m).
Core samples taken with a modified Livingstone corer indicate that
there is very little difference in the sediment at the surface and at
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the 1.5 meter level below the interface. The layer found at about 100
cm at locations Ylb and VI9b represents the only stratification
observed in all the cores taken in Upper Klamath Lake except at VI9b
where some changes in color and texture were noted.
Rate of Deposition
The most common methods for obtaining information on deposition
and eutrophication rates are by paleolimnological techniques or by
carbon-14 dating. Ideally, both methods should be utilized simulta-
neously, but this was not possible. Three cores were taken with a 2-inch
modified Livingstone pis ton-type corer lined with mylar film at sites
R19b, V7d, and Ylb. Sections were removed at points ± 5 cm both sides of
the 15, 30, 60 and 90-cm depths of the core. These samples were dated by
the Radioisotopes and Radiations Laboratory at Washington State University.
The results are shown in Table 3.
The age of the sediment south of Buck Island (location V7d) in the
Upper Klamath Lake at a core depth of 90 cm is about 4110 years. At
the outlet of the lake (Ylb) it took 3000 years to deposit a 15-cm
layer of sediment between the 60 and 90-cm level, but only about 100
years to deposit the layer at 30 to 60 cm. The overall rate of sediment
deposition, using the dates at the 30-cm and 90-cm levels at site Ylb
averages about 0.22 mm per year. The deposition rate is about the same
at the Buck Island location.
No simple explanation can be given for the dating data at coring
location R19d where the sediment at 60 cm is shown to be significantly
older than that at 90 cm. Chatters (1968) states that there have been
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cases where movements of earth structures move material of an older age
over the more recent material,
Chemical Composition
Total phosphorus varied in surface sediment samples from 0.022 to
0.12% on a dry weight basis or about 0.002 to 0.01%'on a wet weight basis
(representative data are shown in Tables 4 and 5). The wet weight values
more clearly represent the actual phosphorus concentration at the
sediment-water interface. A separate study of different phosphorus
compounds in the sediments throughout 1969 and 1970 was made by Battelle-
Northwest under contract to FWPCA (Wildung, et al., 1970). Analyses
of Ekman dredge samples taken from May 1969 to July 1970 showed that
the total, inorganic, and organic phosphorus concentrations "changed
throughout the year at locations 09d, V7d, Ylb and L33d. The organic
phosphorus fraction in the Upper Klamath Lake sediments ranges from
44 to 70% of the total phosphorus concentration whereas that at the
Agency Lake location varied from 29 to 54%. A decrease in total and
inorganic phosphorus which occurred during 1969 from May to August
corresponded to a heavy bloom of Aphanlzomenon flos-aquae; a
decrease in April 1970 coincided with an extensive increase in diatom
numbers (Gahler, 1969), suggesting'an equilibrium shift as nutrients were
used.
The total phosphorus content in surface sediment did not increase
appreciably with depth of water. Samples taken along transects across
areas where deeper holes occur in the lake near Bare Island (022) showed
no significant increase in phosphorus; 0.072% P at 3 m to 0.075% P at
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8 m along a transect northward of the island and 0.062% P at 4 m to 0.073%
at 15 m along a transect south of the island.
The total carbon content varied from 3.7 to 10% (dry basis), with the
highest values in Agency Lake and Howard Bay area of Upper Klamath Lake.
Nitrogen content was 0.46 to 1.3%. The carbon and nitrogen in the sediment
increased to a level of 16.6% and 1.6%, respectively, in a sample taken
from a Wocus marsh area in the northern part of Howard Bay.
No carbonate occured in the surface sediments indicating that all
carbon was present as organic matter. The approximate percent organic
matter can be obtained by multiplying the total carbon value by the factor,
1.7. The C/N ratios (7 to 10:1) are indicative of stabilized organic matter
and absence of pollutional effects. Calcium varied from 0.47 to 0.60%
in the three core samples tested.
The total P, C, N, Fe, Al, Mn, and Mg varied appreciably in ten
cores taken in several locations in Upper Klamath Lake. Phosphorus decreased
with depth in the core at some sites and increased at others. Carbon, in
general, decreased, but at locations Ylb and V7d the carbon increased
significantly below the 90-cm level. At Ylb both carbon and nitrogen
decreased to a very low level at the ,120-150 cm level. There was good
correlation between carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus at all levels
(correlation coefficent >0.7), but poor correlation between iron and
phosphorus (R<.5). Manganese was less than 0.01% at the surface and
remained nearly constant with depth in some cores, but it increased
directly with the increase in aluminum and iron concentration in others.
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Good correlation existed between concentrations of aluminum and
iron, and aluminum and manganese (R>0„7) except for the core samples from
location VI9b at the 120 to 150-cm and 150 to 160-cm level. These two
samples had similar chemical composition but differed from the others in
that nitrogen and carbon were lower yet P, A1, Mg, and Mn were much higher.
Soluble Nutrients in Interstitial Waters from Upper Klamath Lake Sediments
The presence of soluble nutrients was tested in Upper Klamath Lake
sediments by centrifuging samples at 13,000 rpm for 15 minutes in 250-ml
polycarbonate bottles in a refrigerated centrifuge (4°C) and the supernatant
water filtered through a 0.45 micron membrane filter. The interstitial
water contained surprisingly high concentrations of soluble phosphorus and
ammonia; from 0.02 to 10.5 mg P/l and 1.3 to 86 mg N/1 in Ekman dredge
sediment samples (Table 5). Filtration through a 0.22 micron filter
yielded identical results for phosphorus as compared with filtration
through a 0.45 micron membrane. In addition, the interstitial water
contained high concentrations of dissolved silicon, total carbon, and
occasionally soluble non-volatile organic carbon compounds. A comparison
of the nutrients measured in the interstitial water of the sediment
and the lake water directly overlying the sediment showed that there
was a good supply of soluble nutrients available in the sediment and
that mixing or diffusion would permit these to pass into the lake
water (Table 6).
To further determine the nature of the sediments and the concentrations
of the soluble nutrients with depth, cores were taken throughout the lake.
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The orthophosphate and total soluble phosphorus concentration of the
interstitial water in 30-cm sections of cores increased to approximately
60-90 cm in about half of the cores and then decreased with depth
(Table 6). The sediments at Howard Bay (09d), Pelican Marina (Ylb),
and at S18d, however, showed a continual increase in the soluble
phosphorus compounds with depth. Cores from three locations, V9d,
PI2b, and Qlla, indicated a gradual decrease in soluble P with
depth of sediment. The concentrations of soluble phosphorus in the
interstitial water did not bear any relationship to the values for
total phosphorus calculated on the dry weight basis.
Ammonia and total Kjeldahl nitrogen in the core increased with
depth in nearly all cases. There usually was very little nitrite or
nitrate detected although up to 0.1 mg N/1 of nitrate was found at V7d.
Soluble silica decreased with depth in Upper Klamath Lake sediments
but increased in Agency Lake. The calcium and total hardness were less
in the interstitial water than in the overlying water with the exception
of Howard Bay (09d). In general, both increased in the interstitial
water with depth in the core. Total carbon and alkalinity also increased
with depth.
Variations in the soluble nutrient concentrations in the interstitial
water from Ekman dredge samples were observed. In Howard Bay (09d)
a large decrease in phosphorus from 7.1 mg to 0.32 mg P/l occurred
between April 2 and June 3, 1969 (Table 5 and Fig 4). At the same
time ammonia decreased from 64 to 2.3 mg N/1, total Kjeldahl nitrogen
from 66 to 3.9 mg N/1, and conductivity from about 940 to 190 micromhos/cm.
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Soluble silica and alkalinity also decreased. The same general pattern
was observed in June 1968. In both 1968 and 1969, the concentrations of
the soluble constituents increased in the late summer and autumn.
In 1970, the data did not show a great decrease in phosphorus although
the ammonia and total Kjeldahl nitrogen did decrease. The same effects
are noted, but not so dramatically, at the Pelican Marina (Ylb).
These variations were first thought to result from wave or current
action on the sediment or from the utilization of nutrients by the
developing bloom of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. The small change in
1970 is attributed to the fact that- A. flos-aquae did not develop at
the usual time or intensity in May or June, but appeared instead in
August. A well developed growth of Oscillatoria princeps formed
over the bottom and Gloeotrichia was predominant over much of the lake
in August. However, a core taken August 5, 1969, at Howard Bay (09d)
appeared to have very little soluble nutrient down to 1.2 meters as
compared with the previous late autumn (Table 6).
Correlation coefficients of seasonal changes in inorganic
phosphorus, total soluble phosphorus, and conductivity of the inter-
stitial water were greater than 0.9 at all the sampling locations (09d,
V7d, Ylb, L33d). These three factors had a correlation coefficient
(R) of about 0.6 with organic phosphorus in the sediment.
It is interesting to note that during the year the interstitial
water contained less than 0.2 mg Fe/1 and undetectable concentrations
of manganese. Sulfate and chloride concentrations were less than 10 mg/1;
sodium varied from 10 to 20 mg/1 and potassium from 3 to 8 mg/1.
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Nutrient Release Mechanisms in the Upper Klamath Lake System
To determine whether nutrient interchange could be observed in
the field by biological, chemical, or physical measurements, it was
necessary to observe several parameters in the lakes. Water quality
measurements for about 25 different factors were made regularly
between July 1967 and March 1969 and irregularly during 1970.
Sediment-water nutrient interchange occurred in June and
September 1968 and in August 1970 through an interesting and
effective mechanism. Oscillatoria princeps, which grew on the
sediment, produced and collected sufficient gas to cause it to be
lifted to the lake surface. As the algae rose, it brought with it
attached sediment in pieces 30 cm or more in length and from 15
to 30 cm thick. Such clumps were found floating throughout the
lake system in June 1968, in the northern area of the lake in
August 1970, and throughout Howard Bay in September 1968. The
floating 0_. princeps in various stages of decomposition, fragments
of sediment, and small dead fish 4 to 8 cm long (Blue chub)
caused a very disagreeable odor in Howard Bay in September 1968.
When the floating sediment broke apart, the soluble nutrient in the
interstitial water was dispersed as evidenced by the increase in
nutrients in the water. Between August and September, the average
concentrations of nutrients in the surface and bottom water in
Howard Bay increased as follows: from 0.4 to 1.1 mg total phosphorus/1,
from 0.15 to 1.2 mg ammonia nitrogen/1, and from 5.2 to 8 mg total
Kjeldahl nitrogen/1. The conductivity increased from 125 to 190
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mi cromhos/cm and the dissolved oxygen decreased from 6 to 3 mg/1.
The orthophosphate concentration at the time of the floating 0.
pri'nceps was only 0.02 mg P/l. This is attributed to the intense,
healthy growth of other species of algae evident in the water.
The water in the main portion of the lake (locations Vlb and V7d)
where a A. flos-aquae algal bloom was occurring, but where 0. princeps
was undetected on the lake surface, contained levels of 0.25 mg total
P/l, <0.1 mg ammonia N/1, 5.5 mg total Kjeldahl N/1, 7.5 mg 0/1,
and a conductivity of 122 micromhos/cm (average of surface and
bottom water at sampling sites Ylb and V7d).
Thus it appears evident that some of the nutrients in the
Howard Bay lake water came from the sediment interstitial water
when the sediment was lifted by the 0. pri nceps. The interstitial
water from surface sediment samples contained from 5 to 9 mg ortho
P/l and 20 to 86 mg NH3-N/1.
In August 1970, the motion of the boat over the water was
sufficient to bring pieces of 0. princeps and accompanying sediment
to the surface. Laboratory aquarium experiments predicted that this
phenomenon could occur in the lake before it was actually observed
in the lake.
Nutrient release in some lakes is expected to occur when
anaerobic conditions develop at the bottom during prolonged ice
cover. Chemical analysis of water just over the sediments during
the period of ice and snow cover on Upper Klamath Lake did not
reveal significantly higher concnetrations of phosphorus and nitrogen
compounds over that found in the water just below the ice, even
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though the dissolved oxygen content was less than 1 mg/1 about 1
meter over the sediment surface for at least two weeks and no mixing
occurred from wind action. No explanation for this can be given
except that the lake does not follow the classical description of
the iron-manganese-phosphate cycle during periods of low and high
dissolved oxygen. Manganese is present in only small concentrations
in the lake water (0.004 to 0.2 mg Mn/1) and total iron is less
than 0.1 to 0.2 mg Fe/1. Iron in the interstitial water may attain a
concentration of 0.2 mg Fe/1.
The effect of wind upon mixing and resuspension of the sediments
with the overlying water has been described by Bond, Hazel, and Vincent
(1968). They concluded that the sediments were resuspended when the
water mass movement had a velocity greater than 0.02 feet per second;
this occurred when wind velocities were two to five miles per hour. With
the concentrations of soluble phosphorus and nitrogen available in the
sediment interstitial water, the wind mixing process would appear to be
an important factor in nutrient interchange.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
The total phosphorus, carbon, and nitrogen content of the sediments
of Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes are not at a particularly high level as
compared to other lakes described by Konrad (1970), and Williams (1970),
but measurements of total quantities are not really valid criteria for
judging the effect of sediments upon a lake system.
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The soluble nutrient content in Upper Klamath Lake sediment inter-
stitial water is much higher, particularly from Howard Bay, than that
in ten other oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes we tested throughout the
United States (Gahler, 1969a). The fact that the soluble nutrient content
in sediments perhaps could vary throughout the year down to a level of
about 1.5 meters suggests that this phenomenon is.probably a result of
biological activity. If only the top layer of sediment had shown this
change, it could be assumed to be a result of other factors, such as
mixing with lake water, precipitation or dissolution, some physical
phenomenon, or perhaps benthic activity.
Although knowledge of the concentration of soluble nutrients in sediment
interstitial water does not lead to a quantitative value for nutrient inter-
change, the measurements do relate to experiments in laboratory aquaria to
determine the effect of sediments upon algal growth. Sediments from
different locations in Upper Klamath Lake and in Shagawa Lake, Minnesota,
which are lower in soluble nutrient content in the sediment interstitial
water, do not support as luxuriant algal growth as do the sediments which
contain higher concentrations of nutrients.
POSSIBLE APPLICATION OF RESULTS TO LAKE RESTORATION
Although it is not yet possible to relate quantitatively the uptake
or release of nutrients from bottom sediments to the overlying lake water,
data of the types presented here do yield pertinent information for
evaluation of lake restoration methods for lakes such as the Upper Klamath
Lake- system.
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A restoration program on the Upper Klamath Lake system would require
that the soluble nutrients in the upper layer of sediments be immobilized.
Any technique involving nutrient inactivation would require that the
nutrients be held at the sediment interface and that no nutrients diffuse
into the water. This would be difficult because of the flocculent nature
of the interface. A material would need to be applied which would form
an adsorptive film or stable layer at the interface to adsorb the nutrients
and to prevent the fluffy upper layer from mixing with the lake water.
Application of aluminum salts probably would be ineffective because of the
physical nature of the precipitate. Application of adsorptive materials
of too high density would result in loss through the interface.
Dredging would be of little benefit in Upper Klamath Lake, since
it is not possible to remove a layer so that a new low-nutrient surface
would be exposed to the water. During the dredging operation, the loose
bottom sediments would be stirred which would result in release of nutrients
from the interstitial water to the overlying water. Although the marsh
areas have been successfully reclaimed, the sediments in the bay areas are
relatively low in nutrient content for raising crops and of undesirable
texture when dry so that these areas could not be easily reclaimed for
agricultural purposes.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The assistance by Mr. W. E. Miller in making arrangements and aiding
in measurement of the depths of the sediments and'of Julie A. Searcy in
the analysis of samples is greatfully acknowledged. Also, we thank Dr.
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WiIdling and associates at Battel 1e-Northwest, Richland, Washington, and
Dr. C. F. Powers, National Eutrophication Research Program, EPA, for
helpful suggestions.
REFERENCES
Bond, C. E., C. R. Hazel, and D. Vincent. 1968. Relations of nuisance
algae to fishes in Upper Klamath Lake. Terminal progress report for
FWQCA, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, Oregon.
Chatters, R..M. 1968. Private communication reporting results on
carbon-14 dating of core samples.
Gahler, A. R. 1969. Field studies on sediment-water algal nutrient
interchange processes and water quality of Upper Klamath and Agency
Lakes. Working Paper 66, Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory, U. S.
Dept. of Interior, Corvallis, Oregon.
Gahler, A. R. 1969a. Sediment-water nutrient interchange. Proceedings
of the Eutrophication-Biostirnulation Assessment Workshop, University of
California, FWPCA, Berkeley, California.
Gorham, E. 1961. Factors influencing supply of major ions to inland
water, with special reference to the atmosphere. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull.
72, 814.
Harriss, R. C. 1967. Silica and chloride in interstitial waters of
river and lake sediments. Limnol. Oceanog. 1_2, 8.
- 21 -
-------
Hazel, C. R. 1969. Limnology of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, with
emphasis on benthos. Ph.D Thesis, Oregon State University.
Kemp, A. L. W. and A. Mudrochora. 1970. Extractable phosphates, nitrates
and ammonia in Lake Ontario sediments. Thirteenth Conference on Great
Lakes Research', Buffalo, New York.
Konrad, J. G., D. R. Keeney, G. Chesters, and K. L. Chen. 1970. Nitrogen
and carbon distribution in sediment cores of selected Wisconsin lakes.
Jour. Water Poll. Control Fed. £2, 2094.
Livingstone, D. A. 1967. The use of filament tape in raising long cores
from soft sediment. Limnology and Oceanography 1_2, 346.
Miller, W. E. and J. C. Tash. 1967. Upper Klamath Lake studies, Oregon.
Interim Report, U. S. Dept. of Interior, R'IPCA Publication No. WP-20-8,
Water Pollution Control Research Series.
Sullivan, W. T. 1967. Chemical composition of the mud-water interface
zone, with the description of an interface sampling device. Proceedings,
Tenth Conference on Great Lakes Research.
Sutherland, V. C., J. R. Kramer, L. Nichols, and T. D. Kurtz. 1966.
Mineral-Water Equilibria, Great Lakes: Silica and phosphorus. Pro-
ceedings, Ninth Conference in Great Lakes Research, Publication No.
15, Great Lakes Division, University of Michigan, 439-445.
Volk, V. 1968. Private communication. Dept. of Soils, Oregon State
Uni versi ty.
- 22 -
-------
WiIdling, R. E., J. W. Blaylock, R. C. Routson, and A. R. Gahler. 1970.
Seasonal distribution of phosphorus in total, inorganic and organic
fractions of eutrophic lake sediments. Paper presented at the Soil
Science Society of America Annual Meeting.
Williams, J. D. H., J. K. Syers, R. F. Harris, and D. E. Armstrong. 1970.
Adsorption and desorption of inorganic phosphorus by lake sediments in
a 0.1 m NaCl system. Env. Sci. and Tech. 4_ (6), 519.
- 23 -
-------
TABLE 1. Physical properties of two Upper Klamath Lake sediments.
Organic Texture Textural
Sediment Matter Water* % Class
% I Sand Si 11 Clay
2.0- 0.002-
0.05 rnm 0.05 mm 0.002 mm
Howard Bay 18.4 91.3 3.1 40.6 56.3 Silty Clay
Buck Island 14.2 91.1 4.9 52.3 42.9 Silty Clay
*Wet basis
TABLE 2. Sand and silt particle size distribution of two Upper Klamath
Lake sediments.
Particle size distribution {% of 2 mm)
Sand Silt
Very Very
Coarse Coarse Medium Fine Fine Coarse Fine
Sample 2-1 1-0.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1 -.05 .05-.02 .02-.002
Howard Bay 0.02 .08 .08 .04 2.49 3.96 36.63
Buck Island 0.01 .11 .09 .49 4.16 4.42 47.84
- 24
-------
TABLE 3. Carbon-14 dating of cores from Upper Klamath Lake.
Age (Years B. P.)*
Location
Core depth R19d V7d Ylb
(cm) (Buck Island) (Pelican Marina)
15 2060 ± 270 Modern
30 1940 ± 220 1260 ± 200
60 4040 ± 570 1350 ± 180
90 2425 ± 375 4110 ± 210 4370 ± 220
*B. P. (Before Present) = Before A. D. 1950
- 25 -
-------
TABLE 4. Chemical composition of lake sediment cores.
Site PI2a Site-09d
(Howard Bay) (Howard Bay)
10-23-68 10-23-68
Depth-cm 0-30 60-90 120-150- 0-30 60-90 120-150
Constituent in %
Dry basis
P .028 .026 .024 .064 .060 .064
N .65 .65 .65 1.1 .92 .92
C 4.4 5.3 4.7 7.2 7.2 7.3
Fe .98 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.0
Mn .007 .008 .008 .008 .008 .007
A1 2.2 2.4 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.2
Mg .13 .15 .16 .19 .19 .20
Ca .47
Wet basis
H"20 90 88 85 92 87 88
- 26 -
-------
TABLE 4 continued
Si te V7d
(near iJuck Island)
9-24-68
Depth-cm 0-30 30-60 60-90 90-120 120-150 150-165
Constituent in %
Dry basis
P .02o .020 .025 .024 .038 .058
N .55 .55 .55 .55 .55' .74
C 4.0 4.1 3.9 4.2 4.3 6.8
Fe .90 1.0 1.4 1.6 2.2 1.9
Mn .008 .008 .009 .012 .026 .040
A1 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.6 3.8 3.7
Mg .15 .13 .15 .20 .28 .29
Ca .55
Met basis
H20 % 90
N-NHg mg/kg 33
N-organic mg/kg 660
83
82
85
80
76
49
64
82
126
180
760
780
940
1100
1880
- 27 -
-------
TABLE 4 continued
Site R13a Site Qllc
(Howard Bay) (Howard Bay)
10-23-68 10-23-68
Depth-cm 0-30 60-90 120-150 0-30 60-90 120-150
Constituent in %
Dry basis
P .032 .022 .042 .024 .022 .030
N .74 .74 .65 .55 .74 .55
C 5.3 5.3 4.4 4.1 4.4 3.9
Fe 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.4 1.7
Mn .007 .008 .011 .008- .010 .015
A1 1.9 1.9 2.4 1.9 2.6 3.4
Mg .14 .14 .18 .14 .18 .24
Wet basis
H20 91 90 86 88 84 81
- 28 -
-------
TABLE 4 continued
Si te Ylb
(Pelican Marina)
9-24-68
Depth-an* 0-30 30-60 60-90 90-120 120-150
Constituent in %
Dry basis
P .040 .032 .028 .046 .072
N .74 .65 .55 .74 <.1
C 5.1 5.1 3.6 6.4 .7
Fe 1.3 1.4 1.9 1.9 2.1
Mn .009 .009 .008 .014 .018
A1 2.7- 3.1 3.2 4.4 6.3
Mg .19 .22 .19 .31 .40
Ca .60
Wet basis
H20** 88 88 85 79 55
*Layer of pumice at 100-cm level
**A11 moisture results except for the 120-150 cm level are average of a
composite of two cores taken 8-27-68
- 29 -
-------
TABLE 4 continued
Site VI9b
11-7-68
Depth-cm 0-30 30-60 60-90 90-120 120-150 150-160
Constituent in %
Dry basis
P .022 .032 .053 .060 .
N .46 .38 .42 .23 .23 .11
C 3.7 3.5 3.7 1.8 1.9 1.5
Fe 1.2 2.1 2.0 1.9
Mn .012 .025 .054 .048
A1 2.3 4.4 6.5 6.3
Mg .22 .50 1.0 1.0
Wet basis
H20 89 87 79 67 63 70
Note: A section containing pumice
from 90 to 150 cm level was
the sediment below 150 cm.
occurred at the 100-115 level. Core
darker than the top 90-cm section and
- 30 -
-------
TABLE 4 continued
Site U15c
11-7-68
Depth-cm 0-30 30-60 60-90 90-120 120-150 150-160
Constituent in %
Dry basis
P .040 .024 .024 .025
N .89 .75 .53 .59 .63 .71
C. 6.3 5.2 3.6 4.7 4.6 4.4
Fe 1.3 .95 1.0 1.0
Mn .009 .008 .008 .009
A1 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0
Mg .16 .13 .13 .13
D
Wet basis
H20 91 91 89 88 86 86
- 31 -
-------
TABLE 4 continued
Site S18d Site M20a
11-7-68 11-20-68
Depth-cm 0-30 60-90 120-150 0-30 60-90 120-150
Constituent in %
Dry basis
P .042 .028 .026 .036 .022 .024
N .80 .53 .63 .80 .71 .71
C 5.6 4.5 3.9 5.8 5.1 4.8
Fe 1.1 1.0 1.7 1.1 1.0 1.7
Mn .009 .007 .010 .006 .005 .006
A1 2.0 1.9 2.6 1.6 1.6 2.1
Mg .16 .13 .17 .14 .12 .13
Wet basis
H20 91 90 84 90 90 88
- 32 -
-------
TABLE 5. Variations in composition of sediment interstitial water (site 09d, Howard Bay).
Date
Ortho-P
TSP
Cond
N-NH3
N-TKjel Alk.
Total
Hardness
Sol .
Si li ca
Total
Carbon
SNOC*
pH
Total Fe
% dry wt
Total P
% dry wt
June 12,
1968
2.9
3.1
525
30
30
234
155
46
59
10
7.5
1.29
¦.088
June 25,
1968
6.2
6.2
704
46
325
144
54
75
11
7.4
July 10,
1968
6.2
6.2
658
39
57
15
7.8
Aug. 14,
1968
9.0
9.0
893"
54
63
452
189
96
117
7.7
Aug. 20,
1968
10.5
10.5
1076
86
86
559
203
91
141
19
8.1
1.10
.058
Aug. 27,
1968
9.5
9.5
939
67
123
450
207
97
7.9
Sept.11,
1968
8.5
9.0
1008
8.1
Sept.25,
1968
7.0
7.2
889
7.7
Oct. 23,
1968
8.5
8.5
1022
85
72
189
63
7.7
1.20
.064
Dec. 10,
1968
7.9
726
48
8.0
Apr. 2,
1969
7.1
11.2
944
64
66
42
106
12
7.2
1.45
.116
May 7,
1969
.72
1.4
386
4.0
165
128
38
7.7
.064
June 3,
1969
.32
.40
188
2.3
3.
9 85
60
31
8.0
June 12,
1969
6.0
6.0
775
38.5
40.
8 362
192
56
7.9
July 16,
1969
.30
.45
148
3.6
6.
1 65
37
7.9
Aug. 5,
1969
.64
.64
244
8.8
8.
2 88
39
7.9
Aug. 27,
1969
1.8
1.8
426
7.7
1.40
.076
Sept. 9,
1969
2.6
8.0
462
22
27
209
48
7.5
1.35
.064
Sept.30,
1969
4.6
4.6
596
30
35
288
50
7.5
Oct. 21,
1969
6.4
6.4
761
58
69
48
7.2
Jan. 13,
1970
1.3
1.5
457
16
17
189
43
53
13
7.2
Mar. 26,
1970
3.0
3.2
511
20
19
255
46
72
20
6.8
Apr. 27,
1970
5.5
5.3
648
40
38
"319
126
50
7.1
June 3,
1970
4.0
4.0
469
20
22
231
123
48
7.3
July 7,
1970
4.0
562
7.7
Note: Concentrations expressed in mg/1.
Total Fe and P determined on dried sample.
-------
TABLE 5 continued. Variations in composition of sediment interstitial water (site V7d, Buck Island),
Date
Ortho-P
TSP
Cond
N-NH3
N-TKjel
Alk.
Total
Hardness
""SoT:
Si 1i ca
Total
Carbon
SNOC
pH
Total Fe
% dry wt.
Total P
% dry wt
June 12,
1968
.98
.033
June 25,
1968
.07
.15
124
1 .6
56
35
26
22
6
6.7
Aug. 20,
1968
.11
.27
191
9
10.7
79
47
72
37
13
7.4
Sept.11,
1968
.08
.21
133
Sept,24,
1968
.07
.17
191
8.5
10.4
82
37
49
6.9
.90
.026
Oct. 23,
1968
.75
,75
276
6.2
9.6
97
76
51
26
19
7.4
1 .22
.060
Nov. 6,
1968
.58
.62
5.2
5.4
65
55
33
6
Nov. 19,
1968
,31
.37
178
8.2
Apr, 2,
1969
.06
.12
187
2.3
4.4
34
31
11
6.4
1 .35
.065
May 7,
1969
,14
.36
132
2.0
5.5
60
38
36
7.7
June 3,
1969
.12
.21
137
2.4
4.5
58
38
36
7.7
June 12,
1969
, 30
.36
134
2,2
3.9
62
50
38
7.8
July 16,
1969
.13
.21
116
1.8
4.1
49
8
7.8
Aug. 5,
1969
.18
.24
122
2.8
4.8
54
36
7.9
Aug. 27,
1969
.21
.40
117
7.9
1 .25
.062
Sept. 9,
1969
.16
.37
118
2.0
4.4
46
40
7.9
1 .35
.058
Sept.30,
1969
.26
.59
121
1.9
6,0
54
44
8.2
Oct. 21,
1969
.10
.21
129
1.3
3.7
40
7.4
Feb. 24,
1970
.08
.16
120
1.9
3.5
61
33
6.6
Mar. 26,
1970
.04
.14
124
1.4
2.5
60
33
20
5
6.6
Apr. 27,
1970
.05
.07
120
1.3
2.6
57
34
27
7.7
June 3,
1970
.08
.22
135
1.4
3.2
64
42
28
7.4
July 7,
1970
.02
147
7.2
-------
TABLE 5 continued. Variations in composition of sediment interstitial water (site Ylb, Pelican Marina).
Date
Ortho-P
TSP
Cond
N-NH3
N-TKjel
Alk.
Total
Hardness
Sol .
Si 1i ca
Total
Carbon
SN0C
pH
Total Fe
t dry wt
Total
% dry
June 25,
1968
.06
.16
138
24
60
40
27
19
6
7.4
1 .35
.045
Aug. 27,
1968
221
22
22
102
9
78
37
7
8.1
Sept.24,
1968
.03
.05
209
14
7.8
1.30
.040
Feb. 6,
1969
1.8
1.9
317
7.3
.080
Apr. 2,
1969
.45
.45
204
5.5
7.8
40
27
6
6.7
1.70
.072
May 7,
1969
.52
1.0
211
8.1
9.9
95
50
40
7.7
June 3,
1969
.12
.18
107
2.1
3.2
44
35
33
8.2
July 16,
1969
.53
.55
165
6.6
8.9
71
44
7.9
Aug. 5,
1969
.20
.26
130
5.0
5.0
55
36
7.8
Aug. 28,
1969
.26
.41
129
7.8
1.50
.070
Sept. 9,
1969
.21
.32
134
6.0
57
39
7.9
1.55
.052
Sept.30,
1969
.23
.26
149
1 .9
4.8
50'
48
8.1
Oct. 21,
1969
.10
.20
145
2.3
5.4
42
7.5
Jan. 13,
1970
1.3
1.3
398
23
33
164
44
60
11
7.0
1.60
.086
Feb. 24,
1970
.06
.10
121
2.6
3.9
56
33
34
6
6.4
Mar. 26,
1970
.04
.14
124
1 .9
3.1
61
31
22
7
6.7
Apr. 27,
1970
.05
.13
121
1.7
3.1
56
33
26
7.3
June 3,
1970
.11
.21
139
1.8
3.7
64
39
25
6.6
July 7,
1970
.10
156
8.0
-------
TABLE 6. Composition of interstitial water in core samples from Upper Klamath Lake.
Site 09d Howard Bay
8-20-68
Si te
09d Howard
10-23-68
Bay
Si te
09d Howard Bay
8-5-69
Depth-cm
0-45
45-90
90-135.
Overlyi ng
lake water
0-30
60-90
120-150
Overlyi ng
lake water
0-15
30-45
60-75 90-105
120-135
Consti tuent
Cond
1076
1297
1474
121
1022
1363
1659
180
285
411
362 382
402
pH
8.1
8.2
8.7
7.7
7.8
7.8
6.9
8.0
8.2
8.1 8.2
8.2
P-ortho
10.5
14.5
12.0
.01
8.5
16.5
17.5
.22
.84
2.4
2.2 1.7
CO
CT\
P-total sol
10.5
14.8
12.0
8.5
17.0
18.2
.3*
.90
2.4
2.4 1.7
1.1
N-NH3
86
107
126
.15
85
119
146
.5
N-Total Kjel.
86
102
122
5.8
n-no3
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
1
o
ro
<.02
<.02
<.02
<.02
Hardness, T
141
177
36
189
246
264
39
Si 1i ca, sol.
91
92
86
42
56
60
58
38
A1 kali ni ty
559
678
757
58
Notes: Constituents expressed in mg/1.
Conductivity expressed in micromhos/cm.
*Total P
-------
TABLE 6 continued
Site 09d Howard Bay Site VI9b
4-27-70 11-7-68
Depth-cm
0-30
30-60
60-90
90-120
120-150
0-30
30-60
60-90
90-120
120-150
150-160
Consti tuent
Cond
842
1105
1184
1341
1578
153
217
248
262
281
pH
7.4
7.6
7.9
8.0
7.9
7.9
8.0
8.1
8.1
8.1
P-ortho
7.3
10.3
11.5
15.5
13.5
.04
.45
.09
.08
.06
.08
P-total sol
8.5
10.5
11.8
17.3
14.0
.15
.59
.23
.23
.25
.27
n-nh3
60
84
96
116
140
4.2
7.8
10.1
10.6
11
N-total Kjel.
5.7
9.5
12.8
15.5
N-N03
.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
.03
n-no2
<.02
<.02
<.02
A
O
ro
<.02
Hardness,T
57
62
79
76
72
Si 1 ica, sol.
44
52
51
42
40
A1 kal i ni ty
427
565
633
742
877
Carbon, T
17
46
55
71
90
Carbon, SNOC
14
-------
TABLE 6 continued
Si te V7d Buck Island
9-24-68
Site Ylb Pelican Marina
8-27-68
Depth-cm
0-30
30-60
60-90
90-120
120-150
150-165
Overlyi ng
lake water
0-30
30-60 .
60-90
90-120
Overlyi ng
lake water
Cons ti tuent
Cond
191
231
266
298
306
211
122
221
364
417
472
122
pH
6.9
6.8
6.9
7.4
7.1
7.0
8.1
7.8
7.9
8.2
9.2
P-ortho
.07
.11
.08
.05
.03
.04
.08
(a).03
.14
.31
.10
.07
P-total sol
.17
.22
.27
.17
.19
.19
0.2*
.05
.24
.44
.24
N-NH3
8.5
12
14.5
16
17
12.5
<.1
22
37
42
47
0.6
N-total Kjel
10.4
15
19.3
21.2
21.8
17.5
22
37
46
56
3.6
n-no3
0.1
.08
.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
Hardness, T
37
36
41
47
51
30
34
9
42
33
38
76
Silica, sol
49
49
49
43
41
42
47
78
81
76
50
41
A1 kali ni ty
82
97
115
131
127
54
102
158
192
237
54
(a) data for
*Total P
Marina
for oP and
total
soluble P
taken 9-24-
¦68
-------
TABLE 6 continued
Site P12a Site 01 Id Site S18d Site R13a
10-23-
-68
10-23-
-68
11
-7-68
10-
-23-68
0-30
60-90
120-150
0-30
60-90
120-150
0-30
60-90
120-150
0-30
60-90
120-15C
Consti tuent
Cond.
240
329
389
264
335
381
195
255
349
293
321
334
pH
7.2
7.9
7.2
7.0
7.2
7.1
8.0
8.0
8.2
7.2
7.2
7.7
P-ortho
.43
.59
.28
.44
.24
.20
.14
.11
.25
.40
.70
.53
P-total sol.
.53
.73
.49
.57
.40
.38
.18
.19
.34
.47
.83
.63
N-NH3
11
16.8
19.2
12.4
16
17.4
7.2
10.8
14.8
16.8
16.8
16.2
N-total Kjel.
12.5
19.7
22.6
12.5
19.1
20.3
7.4
11
15.5
18.5
17.9
N-N03
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
.03
<.03
.03
<.03
<.03
n-no2
<.02
<.02
<.02
<.02
<.02
<.02
<.02
<.02
<.02
<.02
<.02
<.08
Hardness, T
66
66
85
57
113
104
57
66
85
Silica, sol.
50
54
54
60
60
55
50
56
10.5
54
58
59
Carbon, T
31
42
-------
TABLE 6 continued
Site M20a Site U15c
11-20-68 11-7-68
Depth-cm
0-30
30-60
60-90
90-120
120-150
150-160
0-30
30-60
60-90
90-120
120-150
150-160
Cons ti tuent
Cond
208
236
245
250
268
234
230
288
314
309
300
231
pH
8.0
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.1
P-ortho
.41
.43
.18
.05
.03
.03
.09
.15
.15
.25
.11
.15
P-total sol.
.57
.63
.29
.22
.21
.14
.15
.21
.25
.34
.21
.28
N-NH3
9.3
10.9
12
12.6
13.4
11.8
11 .4
15.9
17.1
17.1
16.8
N-total Kjel ,
13.8
17.8
16.2
17.8
17.0
16.2
12.8
14.9
17.3
19.1
18.2
n-no3
,10
.05
.05
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
.06
n-no2
<.02
<.02
<.02
<.02
A
b
ro
<.02
<.02
<.02
<.02
<.02
<.02
Hardness, T
37
43
42
41
43
35
57
62
79
76
72
Si 1 i ca, sol.
53
56
52
50
48
46
46
52
49
8
42
Carbon, T
37
48
53
58
59
Carbon, SNOC
3
4
9
18
25
Chiori de
5
6
5
5
6
-------
Scale I 164,170 KLAMATH
FALLS
FIGURE 1 •• •MAP OF UPPER KLAMATH LAKE SYSTEM
-------
ihemult
Mlloi
CRATER
LAKE
NATION Al
MARSH
SYCAN
MARSH
r^\y*-y
liloquin i
ICV
lodoc
K/VEK
t"
JJPPBR
Beatty
' Lake
O' Wood.t
Laic* of thw Woodj
Bonanza
FIG. 2. W-.;tGrshod of the? Upper K1
amath Luke System
-------
AGENCY
LAKE
UPPER
KLAMATH
LAKE
Areas of recent unconsolidated lacus
trine deposits and/or older alluvial
sediments. Number indicates depth
to base of recent sediments
referenced to lake surface.
Areas where recent deposits are
underlain by volcanic & sedimentary
rocks.
EXPLORATION PLAN
AMD
GEOPHYSICAL RESULTS
UPPER KLAMATH LAKE
SEDIMENT SURVEY
June 1968
SCALE
10 12
ric. 3
-------
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
FIG. 4. Variation in Soluble N and P Compounds
in Howard Bay Sediment Interstitial Water
mg N/1
Total Kjeldahl
nh3
mg P/l
Total Soluble P
OP
ie~J A S 0 N D J F M A M 5 3 J\ 3 5 S 0 Jan f Pi J\ 3TTne~
58 1969 1969 1970 1970
-------
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Jui
!l
/ v
I
I
I
Conductivity (micromhos/cm)
Alkalinity (mg CaCO^/l)
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
e J A S 0 N D Jan FMAMJJASOND Jan F M A M J J A
8 1969 1970
iation in Conductivity and Alkalinity in Howard Bay Sediment Interstitial Water
-------
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Characterization of lake sediments and evaluation of sediment-water nutrient
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