AIR QUALITY SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
By
H. V. Geary
H. E. Cramer
R. M. Bradway
Prepared by
GCA CORPORATION
GCA TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
Bedford, Massachusetts 01730
Contract No. 68-02-0041
November 1971
Prepared for
OFFICE OF AIR PROGRAMS
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
-------
GCA TR-72-1-G
AIR QUALITY SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
By
H. V. Geary
H. E. Cramer
R. M. Bradway
Prepared by
GCA CORPORATION
GCA TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
Bedford, Massachusetts 01730
Contract No. 68-02-0041
November 1971
Prepared for
OFFICE OF AIR PROGRAMS
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
-------
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The preparation of this report would not have been possible without the
active support and cooperation of many individuals in the EPA Office of Air Programs
for Region X, the Oregon Department of Air Quality, and in the three Oregon Regional
Air Pollution Authorities. We are especially indebted to the following personnel in
the Air Quality Control Division of the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
for their assistance: Harold M. Patterson, Director; F. Glen Odell, R. B. Percy,
R. Bruce Synder, Michael Downs and Hazel Altig. Benjamin Eusebo and James
Beaty from EPA Office of Air Programs in Region X provided very helpful guidance
and assistance in the interpretation of Federal requirements. Finally, we wish to
thank John Kowalczyk and William Fuller of the Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution
Authority, Michael D. Roach and Allan Mick of the Mid-Willamette Air Pollution
Authority, and Paul T. Willhite and Ronald D. Nance of the Lane Regional Air
Pollution Authority for their assistance and cooperation.
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Title Page No.
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Objectives 1
1.2 Approach and Report Organization 2
2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT SURVEILLANCE
SYSTEM 4
2.1 System Functions and Organization 4
2.2 Air Quality and Meteorological Networks 6
2.3 Particulate Measurement and Assay Techniques 28
2.4 Data-Handling and Analysis Procedures 29
3 REQUIREMENTS'FOR AIR QUALITY SURVEILLANCE 43
3.1 Requirements Imposed by Federal Priority
Classification 43
3.2 State of Oregon Requirements 43
3. 3 Adequacy of the Present Surveillance System 46
4 DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEM CONCEPTS 55
4.1 Review of Air Quality Measurements and
Emissions Inventory Data 55
4.2 Meteorological Data Requirements 72
4. 3 Measurement Networks for Routine Air Quality
Surveillance 95
4.4 System Operational Responsibilities ill
4.5 Data-Handling and Analysis Procedures 119
4.6 Episode Monitoring 127
5 IMPLEMENTATION OF SYSTEM CONCEPTS 136
5.1 Instrumentation 136
5.2 Data Handling, Processing and Analysis 139
5.3 Time Schedule and Cost Estimates 140
REFERENCES 143
ii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Appendix Title Page No.
A EXHIBITS A AND B FROM CHAPTER 340 OF THE
STATE OF OREGON ADMINISTRATIVE RULES
Exhibit A - Suspended Particulate, Method of Deter-
mination and Reporting
Exhibit B - Collection and Analysis of Particle Fallout
B TABULAR SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS DENSITY FOR 10 x 10
KILOMETER GRIDS IN THE OREGON PORTION OF THE
PORTLAND INTERSTATE AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
C IMPACT OF S02 EMISSIONS FROM THE CENTRALLA,
WASHINGTON PLANT OF THE PACIFIC POWER AND
LIGHT COMPANY ON AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN THE
PORTLAND INTERSTATE AIR QUALITY REGION
D COMPARISON OF THE URBAN DIFFUSION MODEL IN
APPENDIX A OF THE 7 APRIL 1971 FEDERAL REGISTER
WITH THE HOLZWORTH (1971) MODEL
E CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS OF MORNING
AND AFTERNOON MIXING LAYER DEPTHS, BY SEASON,
FOR MEDFORD, SALEM, AND BOISE
iii
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 OBJECTIVES
The overall objective of the work is to provide technical assistance to
the State of Oregon in formulating the segments of the Implementation Plan for
achieving National Ambient Air Quality Standards that treat the design and opera-
tion of an air quality surveillance system. Detailed work objectives are defined
below. Under Task 1, first priority is assigned to Items e, f, g and h.
1. Describe the existing and planned air quality surveillance system
and if change or additions are recommended, design and describe
an adequate system which is a modification of the existing or planned
system. Each description shall include:
a. The basis for the design of the system, selection of
sampler's, and sampling sites.
b. Designation of responsibilities of state and each regional
agency in operation of a single coordinated system of
sampling, analysis and data management.
c. Locations of samplers by UTM grid coordinates or
equivalent.
d. Sampling schedules.
e. -Methods of sampling and analysis, including specifications
of alternative commercially available instruments.
f. Method of data acquisition, data handling and analysis pro-
cedures, including specifications of alternative commercially
available instrumentation.
1
-------
g. Timetable for the installation of any additional equip-
ment needed to complete the system.
h. Detailed estimation of costs for implementation of the
system.
i. Other
2. Design a provision for monitoring during any air pollution episode
stage.
1. 2 APPROACH AND REPORT OR GANIZATION
The first step in this study was to describe in detail the present air quality
surveillance system in Oregon with particular attention focused on system functions
and organization; air quality and meteorological monitoring networks; measurement
and laboratory assay techniques; and on the procedures followed in the handling and
analysis of air quality data. The second step in the study consisted of a detailed
analysis of the requirements for air quality surveillance in Oregon arising from both
the Federal Priority Classifications of major pollutants in each of the five air quality
control regions in Oregon and from air quality programs currently being implemented
by the State. As part of this step, the Federal specifications for air quality measure-
ment procedures were compared with the corresponding procedures currently employed
by Oregon in air quality surveillance. The third step in the study was the development
of the concepts for a new surveillance system in Oregon, starting with a review of
current emissions and air quality data, as well as the air pollution climatology and
meteorology of Oregon. Detailed specifications were then developed for the air
quality networks needed in routine air quality surveillance and air pollution episodes;
for the corresponding data handling, laboratory assay, and data analysis procedures;
and for the organizational and operational responsibilities of the five air quality control
regions in the new system. The final step in the study was the development of plans
for implementing the new air quality surveillance system.
2
-------
The organization of the material in this report follows the steps in the
approach outlined above, with a major section of the main body of the report devoted
to each step. Background material and other auxiliary information important to a
proper understanding and interpretation of the contents of the main body of the report
have been placed in five appendices.
3
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SECTION 2
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
2.1 SYSTEM FUNCTIONS AND ORGANIZATION
The existing air quality surveillance system in Oregon is made up of
several monitoring networks operated by separate air pollution control agencies,
with the Department of Environmental Quality of the State of Oregon operating the
major network which covers most of the State. Three Regional Air Pollution
Authorities—Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution Authority (CWAPA), Mid-Willamette
Valley Air Pollution Authority (MWVAPA), and Lane Regional Air Pollution Authority
(LRAPA)—operate surveillance systems within their respective jurisdictional areas.
Figure 2-1 shows the areas of jurisdiction for the three Regional Air Pollution
Authorities and the five Federal Air Quality Control Regions. The existing surveil-
lance networks were designed to provide the information necessary to establish the
general levels and trends of suspended particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and particle
fallout for the major cities and communities of the State. In addition, special source
monitoring stations are operated by the Department of Environmental Quality and the
Regional Air Pollution Authorities.
The Department of Environmental Quality operates and maintains a con-
tinuous air monitoring system (CAM) at 718 West Burnside Street, Portland, Oregon.
Pollutant measurements made at this site include:
• Carbon monoxide
• Sulfur dioxide
• Nitrogen dioxide
• Ozone
0 Total hydrocarbons
4
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STATE OF OREGON
I LLAMOOK
HOOO
CWAPA
VAMHILL
CILLIAM
NORTHWEST INTRASTATE
AIR QUALITY
CONTROL REGION
CLACKAMAS'
•MWAPA
M V R 1* bs
'PORTLAND INTERSTATE'
V".*:AIR QUALITY:v'.;i
^••CONTROL REGION -:*'.'.
•-'¦ *.*."¦*• .vvihn •
J EFFCR SON
MALH£UR
t NCOLN
cn
,LRAPA
CROOK
EASTERN INTRASTATE
AIR QUALITY
CONTROL REGION
DESCHUTES
LAKE
CENTRAL INTRASTATE
AIR QUALITY
CONTROL REGION
DOUGLAS
SOUTHWEST INTRASTATE
AIR QUALITY
CONTROL REGION
CURRY
JOSEPHINE
JACKSON
KLAMATH
FIGURE 2-1. Political jurisdictions of the Regional Air Pollution Authorities and Federal Air Quality
Control Regions.
-------
® Nitric oxide
• Total oxidants
• Soiling Index
The Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) also operates the Oregon State Air
Sampling Network (OSASN) which comprises 25 stations in each of 23 cities in the
State having a population of 10, 000 or more. Measurements made at each station
include suspended particulates, particle fallout, and sulfur-containing gases.
Periodic gas sampling has been conducted in the major cities of Oregon to establish
the concentration levels for sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide and
total oxidants.
The Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution Authority operates a continuous
gas monitoring station at 1010 N. E. Couch Street in Portland for nitrogen dioxide,
carbon monoxide, ozone, soiling index, and suspended particulates. Lane Regional
Air Pollution Authority operates a continuous gas monitoring station at 11th and
Willamette Streets in Eugene for carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbons, suspended
particulates and soiling index. Mid-Willamette Valley Air Pollution Authority
operates a continuous suspended particulate monitoring station at 2585 State Street
in Salem.
The inventory of sampling equipment that is currently available for use
in air quality monitoring programs within the State is given in Table 2-1.
2. 2 AIR QUALITY AND METEOROLOGICAL NETWORKS
2. 2.1 Current Surveillance Network for Suspended Particulates
Suspended particulate measurements are being made on a routine
basis using hi-vol samplers at approximately 64 locations, AISI tape samplers at 5
6
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TABLE 2-1
SAMPLING EQUIPMENT INVENTORY
Agency
Manufacturer
Model No.
Number
HI-VOL SAMPLERS
DEQ
General Metals
2000
75
CWAPA
General Metals
2000
12
Electro-Neuclonics
620
20
MWVAPA
General Metals
2000
12
UNICO
550
12
LRAPA
General Metals
2000
11
Total 142
AISI TAPE SAMPLERS
DEQ
RAC
E1,E2, F2
10
CWAPA
UNICO
80 TS
8
RAC
E2, F2
3
MWVAPA
Gelman
23000
2
UNICO
40 TS
4
LRAPA
RAC
F2
_2
Total 29
LEAD PEROXIDE CANDLES
DEQ
RAC
50
MWVAPA
RAC
_8
Total 58
SEQUENTIAL SAMPLERS (1MPINGERS)
DEQ
Gelman
(24)
1
LRAPA
RAC
( 8)
1
CENCO
( 8)
1
Total 3
DEQ
Impingers
15
Impingers - Midget
00
Total 75
7
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TABLE 2-1 (Continued)
Agency
Manufacturer
Model No.
Number
OZONE
DEQ
CWAPA
Mast Development
Corporation
Mast Development
Corporation
724-2
724-2
1
1
Total 2
TOTAL OXIDANTS
DEQ
Beckman
K1005
1
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
DEQ
CWAPA
Beckman
Technicon
K1008
4
2
1.
Total 3
CARBON MONOXIDE
DEQ
CWAPA
LRAPA
MSA
MSA
Bee 1cm an
LIRA200
LIRA200
315AL
2
2
1
Total 5
SULFUR DIOXIDE
DEQ
CWAPA
Beckman
L&N
Beckman
K1006
64251-A1
K1006
2
1
2
Total 5
8
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TABLE 2-1 (Continued)
Agency
Manufacturer
Model No.
Number
TOTAL HYDROCARBONS
DEQ
Beckman
109A
1
CWAPA
Beckman
109A
1
LRAPA
Beckman
400
1
Total 3
NEPHELOMETER
CWAPA
MRI .
1550
1
LRAPA
MRI
1550
1
MWVAPA
MRI
1550
1
Total 3
PARTICULATE FALLOUT
DEQ
(Custom Built to Oregon Specifications)
275
CWAPA
(Custom Built to Oregon Specifications)
100
LRAPA
(Custom Built to Oregon Specifications)
75
MWVAPA
(Custom Built to Oregon Specifications)
50
Total 500
9
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locations, and MRI nephelometers at 3 locations. The locations of the sampling
stations, the sampling schedule, the land use, and the UTM coordinates for each
station are presented in Table 2-2.
2.2.2 Current Surveillance Network for Particle Fallout
The current particle-fallout surveillance network includes
approximately 93 sampling stations operated on a routine monthly basis. A;particle
fallout jar is maintained at each of the 64 suspended particulate hi-vol stations
listed in Table 2-2 and at 21 other locations listed in Table 2-3. In addition, the
Department of Environmental Quality operates approximately 10 non-permanent
particle-fallout stations in the vicinity of specific sources.
2.2. 3 Current Network for Sulfur Dioxide
There is currently one continuous SO monitoring station oper-
&
ated by the Department of Environmental Quality at the CAM Station at 718 West
Burnside Street in Portland. The SO measurements are obtained with a Leeds and
Northrup autometer model 64251-A1 using the conductimetric detection method.
In the past, periodic gas sampling of SO concentration has
z
been conducted using a midget impinger and the West-Gaeke analytical method of
detection. The sampling schedule was based upon one 10-minute sample per hour
for 12 hours per day, for three to five consecutive days. Periodic gas samples of
SO concentration were taken at the following locations:
o Salem, Tallman Piano, County Courthouse
• Eugene, State Office Building,
City Hall and Armory
10
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TABLE 2-2
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE NETWORK
Site No.
Location
Sampling
Land Use
UTM Coordinates
Schedule
X
y
REGION 190 - Central Air Quality Control Region
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Hi-Vol
090405
Bend
Deschutes County
Courthouse
Every 4th
day
Commercial/
Residential
636,200
4,880,200
181014
Klamath Falls
Broad & Wall Sts.
Every 4th
day
Commercial/
Residential
604,200
4,672,800
181015
Klamath Falls
Oregon Technical
Institute
Every 4th
day
Rural
331716
The Dalles
400 E. 5th Sts.
Every 4th
day
Commercial/
Residential
641,600
5,050,600
REGION 191 - Eastern Air Quality Control Region
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Hi-Vol
311612
LaGrande
EOC Science Bldg.
Every 4th
day
Residential
414,800
5,018,900
302018
Pendleton
Umatilla County
Courthouse
Every 4th
day
Commercial/
Residential
360,600
5,058,800
010404
Baker
1925 Washington St.
Every 4th
day
Commercial/
Residential
434,000
4,957,900
11
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TABLE 2-2 (Continued)
Site No.
Location
Sampling
Schedule
Land Use
UTM Coordinates
REGION 192 - Northwest Air Quality Control Region
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Hi-Vol
040205 Astoria Every 4th Commercial/ 435,500 5,115,200
857 Commercial St. day Residential
REGION 193 - Portland Interstate Air Quality Control Region
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
OSASN Hi-Vol
220214
Albany
4th & Broadalbin
Every 4th
day
Commercial/
Residential
491,593
4,942,235
341001
Beaverton
450 SW Hall St.
Every 4th
day
Commercial/
Residential
515,420
5,036,684
020406
Corvallis
124 NW 7th St.
Every 4 th
day
Commercial/
Residential
479,226
4,934,535
201835
Eugene
11th & Pearl Sts.
Every 4th
day
Commercial/
Residential
482,850
4,884,450
343403
Hillsboro
150 NE 3rd Ave.
Every 4th
day
Commercial/
Residential
500,977
5,040,398
034001
Lake Oswego
368 S. State St.
Every 4th
day
Commercial/
Residential
517,200
5,028,417
361703
McMinnville
5th & Evans Sts.
Every 4th
day
Commercial/
Residential
484,914
5,006,321
034311
Milwaukie
1550 23rd St.
Every 4th
day
Residential
528,405
5,031,852
261477
Portland
3119 SE Holgate
Every 4th
day
Residential
528,785
5,037,251
12
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TABLE 2-2 (Continued)
Site No.
Location
Sampling
Land Use
UTM Coordinates
Schedule
X
y
REGION 193 (Continued)
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
(Continued)
OSASN Hi-Vol
243826
Salem
Willamette Univ.
Univ. Center Bldg.
Every 4th
day
Commercial/
Residential
497,180
4,976,580
203311
Springfield
3rd and B Sts.
Every 4th
day
Commercial/
Residential
487,800
4,875,300
261476
Portland
718 W Burnside St.
Every 4th
day
Commercial
525,259
5,040,865
AISI Tape Samplers
261476
Portland
718 W Burnside St.
Continuous
Commercial
525,259
5,040,865
COLUMBIA-WILLAMETTE AIR POLLUTION AUTHORITY
Hi-Vol
261403
Portland
1830 SE Schiller
Every 4th
day
Industrial
527,846
5,037,069
261407
Portland
6941 N. Central
Every 4th
day
Residential
520,488
5,048,243
261408
Portland
55 SW Ash
Every 4th
day
Commercial
525,872
5,040,743
261410
Portland
10623 SW 35th
Every 4th
day
Residential
522,327
5,032,661
13
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TABLE 2-2 (Continued)
Site No.
Location
Sampling
Land Use
UTM Coordinates
Schedule
X
y
REGION 193 (Continued)
COLUMBIA-WILLAMETTE AIR POLLUTION AUTHORITY (Continued)
Hi-Vol
261412
Portland
1845 NE Couch
Every 4th
day
Commercial
527,789
5,040,909
261415
Portland
333 SW Skyline
Every 4th
day
Residential
520,761
5,040,819
261416
Portland
3200 NW Yeon
Every 4th
day
Industrial
523, 046
5,043,414
261423
Portland
340 NE 122
Every 4th
day
Commercial
536, 188
5,041,367
261435
Portland
11212 NW St. Helens
Every 4th
day
Industrial
516, 570
5,049,737
261436
Portland
11717 NE Shaver
Every 4th
day
Residential
535,761
5,044,326
261437
Portland
500 N. Willamette
Every 4th
day
Residential
527,459
5,046,599
261452
Portland
Rivergate Ind. Park
Every 4th
day
Industrial
517,215
5,052,531
260801
G re sham
1300 N. Main
Every 4th
day
Residential
547,356
5,039,046
261701
Troutdale
Every 4th
day
Non-Urban
547,706
5,044,483
035201
Oak Grove
Oak Grove School
Every 4th
day
Residential
528, 152
5,029,121
14
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TABLE 2-2 (Continued)
Site No.
Location
Sampling
Land Use
UTM Coordinates
Schedule
X
y
REGION 193 (Continued)
COLUMBIA-WILLAMETTE AIR POLLUTION AUTHORITY (Continued)
Hi-Vol
035501
Oregon City
8 tli and Main
Every 4th
day
Commercial
530,826
5,022,559
035504
Oregon City
4th and Central
Every 4th
day
Residential
530,805
5,022,123
036401
Sandy
Fire Station
Every 4th
day
Commercial
557,828
5,027,054
052501
Rainier
C Street
Every 4th
day
Commercial
505,182
5,103,552
052801
St. Helens
Condon Grade School
Every 4th
Residential
514,823
5,078, 582
052802
St. Helens
2256 Old Ptld. Rd.
Every 4th
day
Suburban
513,897
5,076,496
053101
Scappoose
NW Be aeon-Airport
Every 4th
Suburban
510,921
5,068,826
343402
Hillsboro
Airport
Every 4th
day
Suburban
503,976
5,041,969
AISI Tap
e Samplers
261426
Portland
1010 NE Couch St.
Continuous
Commercial
527,062
5,040,911
Nephelomcter
261426
Portland
1010 NE Couch St.
Continuous
Commercial
527,062
5,040,911
15
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TABLE 2-2 (Continued)
Site No.
Location
Sampling
Land Use
UTM Coordinates
Schedule
X
y
REGION 193 (Continued)
MID-WILLAMETTE VALLEY AIR POLLUTION AUTHORITY
Hi-Vol
020001
Mary's Peak
26 per year
Summer
Only
Rural
456,138
4,927,996
220001
Hoodoo Ski Bowl
Every 4th
day
Rural
589,964
4,918,110
222909
Sweet Home
Jr. High School
Every 4th
day
Commercial
521,935
4,915,768
221401
Lebanon
Main & Maple
26 per year
Commercial
506,749
4,951,391
243821
Salem
2585 State St.
Every 4th
day
Commercial
499,364
4,975,269
244403
Silverton
115 N. 1st St.
26 per year
Commercial
517,279
4,983,498
243824
Salem
100 Chemeketa
26 per year
Commercial
496,704
4,976,505
244702
Stayton
26 per year
Industrial
515,606
4,960,720
245603
Woodburn
West Building
26 per year
Commercial
513,790
4,999,700
270402
Dallas
County Courthouse
26 per year
Commercial
475,205
4,974,041
271601
Perrydale
Perrydale Grade
School
26 per year
Residential
477,741
4,985,390
16
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TABLE 2-2 (Continued)
Site No.
Location
Sampling
Schedule
Land Use
UTM Coordinates
X
y
REGION 193 (Continued)
MID-WILLAMETTE VALLEY AIR POLLUTION AUTHORITY (Continued)
AISI Tape Samplers
243821 Salem Continuous Commercial 499,364 4,975,269
2585 State St.
Nbphelometer
243821 Salem Continuous Commercial 499,364 4,975,269
2585 State St.
LANE REGIONAL AER POLLUTION AUTHORITY
Hi-Vol
201832
Eugene
Every 4th
Commercial
492,950
4,877,550
City Hall
day
201833
Eugene
Every 4th
Rural
482,850
4,884,450
Airport
day
203337
Springfield
Every 4th
Commercial/
498,250
4,876,950
City Library
day
Residential
203335
Springfield
Every 4th
Industrial
500,180
4,876,620
City Shops
day
202404
Junction City
Every 4th
Commercial/
483,850
4,895,930
City Library
day
Residential
17
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TABLE 2-2 (Continued)
Site No. Location
Sampling
Schedule
Land Use
UTM Coordinates
REGION 193 (Continued)
LANE REGIONAL ADR POLLUTION AUTHORITY (Continued)
AISI Tape Samplers
201852
Eugene
11th & Willamette
Continuous
Commercial
492,660
4,875,900
203351
Springfield
5th & Main Sts.
Continuous
Commercial
Nephelometer
201852
Eugene
11th & Willamette
Continuous
Commercial
492,660
4,875,900
REGION 194 - Southwest Air Quality Control Region
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Hi-Vol
150205
Ashland
City Hall
Every 4th
day
Commercial/
Residential
523,400
4,671,500
060701
Coos Bay
4th & Central Ave.
Every 4th
day
Commercial/
Residential
401,300
4,802,000
170705
Grants Pass
NW 6th & C Sts.
Every 4th
day
Commercial/
Residential
473,200
4,697,200
152017
Medford
Main & Oakdale
Every 4th
day
Commercial/
Residential
510,000
4,685,300
102717
Roseburg
1154 SE Douglas
Every 4th
day
Commercial/
Residential
473,200
4,784,700
18
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TABLE 2-3
PARTICLE FALLOUT NETWORK STATIONS NOT INCLUDED IN
HI-VOL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE SAMPLING NETWORK
Sampling J TT u™ Coordinates .
Site No. Location _ . , , Land Use
Schedule x y
REGION 193 - Portland Interstate Air Quality Control Region
COLUMBIA-WILLAMETTE AIR POLLUTION AUTHORITY
261442 Portland Monthly Industrial 518,586 5,049,538
10105 N. Lombard
261455 Portland Monthly Industrial 518,210 5,050,915
Rivergate
MID-WILLAMETTE VALLEY AIR POLLUTION AUTHORITY
245602 Woodburn Monthly 511,379 4,999,298
Front & C level and
362001 Newberg Monthly 502,065 5,016,058
Post Office
362301 Sheridan Monthly 469,192 4,993,701
Railroad & Bridge
LANE REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION AUTHORITY
201829 Eugene Monthly Urban
6th & Garfield St.
201831 Eugene Monthly Urban
50 N. Danebo St.
201835 Eugene Monthly Urban
Willam
School
Willamette High
19
-------
TABLE 2-3 (Continued)
Site No.
Location
Sampling
Land Use
UTM Coordinates
Schedule
X
y
REGION 193 (Continued)
LANE REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION AUTHORITY (Continued)
200034
Eugene
Lane BPA Substation
Monthly
Rural
203336
Springfield
Water Treatment Pit.
Monthly
Urban
203332
Springfield
3400 N. Street
Monthly
Urban
203315
Springfield
Yolando School
Monthly
Urban
203320
Springfield
47th & Main Sts.
Monthly
Urban
200007
Springfield
Thurston Walter-
ville Fire Station
Monthly
Rural
200021
Springfield
Mohawk School
Monthly
Rural
200916
Cottage Grove
1133 E. Main St.
Monthly
Commercial/
Residential
200901
Cottage Grove
City Hall
Monthly
Commercial/
Residential
203001
Oakridge
Fire Station
Monthly
Commercial/
Residential
202701
Lowell
PNB Building
Monthly
Residential
20
-------
TABLE 2-3 (Continued)
Site No. Location Land Use
Schedule
UTM Coordinates
x . y
REGION 193 (Continued)
LANE REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION AUTHORITY
(Continued)
203601 Veneta Monthly Rural
Western Lane Fire
Protection Assoc.
202113 Florence Monthly Residential
City Shops
REGION 192 - Northwest Air Quality Control Region
NONE
REGION 194 - Southwest Air Quality Control Region
NONE
REGION 190 - Central Air Quality Control Region
NONE
REGION 191 - Eastern Air Quality Control Region
NONE
21
-------
• Medford, Medical Center Building
and old City Hall
• Portland, State Office Building
• Grants Pass, Josephine County Courthouse
2.2.4 Supplementary Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring Program - Lead
Peroxide Candles
The current surveillance network includes 27 lead peroxide
candle stations located throughout the State. Twenty-three of these stations are
operated by the Department of Environmental Quality as part of the OSASN system.
Mid-Willamette Valley Air Pollution Authority operates four stations at the follow-
ing locations:
• Lebanon, Main and Maple Streets
• Salem, Court and High Streets
• Salem, 100 Chemeketa Street
• Newberg, Publishers Paper Holding Pond
An additional 5 lead peroxide candles are operated by the Department of Environ-
mental Quality in special source monitoring studies.
2.2.5 Current Surveillance Network for Nitrogen Oxides
Currently, NO and NO concentrations are being measured con-
tinuously at the Department of Environmental Quality's CAM Station at 718 West
Burnside Street in Portland with a Beckman model K1008 acralyzer, using the modi-
fied Snltzman detection method. Continuous NO concentrations are also being
measured by the Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution Authority at 1010 Couch Street
22
-------
in Portland with a Technicon Air Monitor IV, using the modified Saltzman method
of detection.
Periodic gas sampling has been conducted in the past using
fritted bubblers and the Saltzman analytical detection method for NO and NO .
The sampling schedule was based upon one 10-minute sample per hour for 12 hours
for three to five consecutive days. Measurements of NO and NO^ concentrations
were obtained at the following locations:
• Salem, Tallman Piano, County Courthouse
• Eugene, State Office Building,
City Hall and Armory
e Medford, Medical Center Building and
old City Hall
• Grants Pass, Josephine County Courthouse
Additional NO samples were taken at:
Portland, State Office Building
2. 2. 6 Current Surveillance Network for Oxidants
Currently, total oxidants O and ozone O are being measured
X o
continuously at the Department of Environmental Quality's CAM Station at 718 West
Burnside Street in Portland. Ozone concentrations are also being measured on a
continuous basis at the Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution Authority's office at
1010 N. E. Couch Street in Portland. Both monitoring sites operate a Mast Develop-
ment Corporation model 724-2 using the Coulometric potassium-iodide detection
method.
23
-------
Periodic gas sampling was conducted using midget impingers
and the neutral buffered potassium iodide analytical detection method for Ox- The
sampling schedule was based upon one 10-minute sample per hour for 12 hours per
day, for three to five consecutive days. Periodic gas samples of concentration
were taken at the following locations:
• Salem, Tallman Piano, County Courthouse
• Eugene, State Office Building,
City Hall and Armory
• Medford, Medical Center Building and
old City Hall
• Grants Pass, Josephine County Courthouse
• Portland, State Office Building
2.2.7 Current Surveillance Network for Carbon Monoxide
Currently, CO concentrations are being monitored continuously
by the Department of Environmental Quality, Lane Regional Air Pollution Authority,
and Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution Authority at the following locations:
• Portland, 718 West Burnside Street
• Eugene, 11th and Willamette Street
• Portland, Pioneer Post Office
The Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution Authority also operates one continuous CO
sampler in taking spot measurements within their five county region. All of the
continuous CO measurements are obtained with Beckman model 315AL or MSA
model LIRA200 nondispersive infrared instruments.
24
-------
Periodic gas sampling for CO was conducted by the Department
of Environmental Quality using the length of stain detector tube method at the follow-
ing locations:
• Salem, Tallman Piano, County Courthouse
• Eugene, State Office Building,
City Hall and Armory
• Medford, Medical Center Building and
old City Hall
• Grants Pass, Josephine County Courthouse
• Portland, State Office Building
The sampling schedule was based upon one 30-minute sample per hour for 12 hours
per day, for three to five consecutive days.
2.2.8 Current Surveillance Network for Hydrocarbons
Currently, total hydrocarbons are being measured and continuously
recorded at the Department of Environmental Quality's CAM Station at 718 West Burn-
side Street in Portland, Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution Authority's site at 1010
N. E. Couch Street in Portland, and at Lane Regional Air Pollution Authority's site
at 11th and Willamette Streets in Eugene. Measurements at all three sites are made
with Beckman models 109A and 400 total hydrocarbon analyzers utilizing a flame
ionization detection method.
2.2.9 Current Surveillance Network for Meteorology
Currently, the only meteorological networks operated in conjunc-
tion with air quality surveillance activities are two automated systems (one Berkeley
and one Litton 512) located in the Portland Interstate Air Quality Control Region and
25
-------
operated by the Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution Authority. These systems
automatically acquire the following meteorological data from one central site
located at 1010 Couch Street and eight remote sites:
e Wind Speed
o Wind Direction
c Air Temperature
The meteorological data from the remote sites are presented in the form of mean
values for specified, but variable, time periods. The mean wind speeds and direc-
tions are not true arithmetic averages; instead, they are obtained from the vectorial
combination of mean values of the orthogonal u- and v-wind velocity components.
The locations of the remote stations of the two automated systems are presented in
Table 2-4. Both of these systems are capable of acquiring air quality data and the
implementation of this capability has been started with CO measurements at one
station (see Table 2-4).
Meteorological information is obtained by the Department of
Environmental Quality via the agricultural (Ag) teletype circuit from the National
Weather Service, U. S. Forest Service and other participating agencies. Currently,
local and regional meteorological information, air pollution advisories and area
weather forecasts are the primary types of information supplied by this teletype
circuit that are used in DEQ air pollution control activities. Arrangements can be
made to have other pertinent meteorological information transmitted over this
circuit. This teletype circuit thus supplies almost all the meteorological information
needed by DEQ aiid is inexpensive.
26
-------
TABLE 2-4
LOCATIONS OF REMOTE METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS IN
THE CWAPA AUTOMATED NETWORK
Site
Number
Location
System
Measurements
261701
Troutdale
Troutdale Airport
Litton 512
Wind speed, wind direction,
air temperature
35504
Oregon City
4th and Central
Litton 512
Wind speed, wind direction,
air temperature
053101
Scappoose
NW Beacon Airport
Litton 512
Wind speed, wind direction,
air temperature
343402
Hillsboro Airport
FAA Tower
Litton 512
Wind speed, wind direction,
air temperature
261446
Portland
KPTV Tower
Litton 512
Wind speed, wind direction
(2 levels), air temperature
(3 levels)
261447
Portland
104 5th
Litton 512
Wind speed, wind direction,
air temperature
261453
Portland
River Gate
Litton 512
Wind speed, wind direction,
air temperature
245604
Woodbui'n
McLaren School
Litton 512
Wind speed, wind direction,
air temperature
261426
Portland
1010 NE Couch
Berkeley
Wind speed, wind direction
261453
Portland
Pioneer Post Office
520 S\V Morrison
Berkeley
Wind speed, wind direction*
~Currently, this station is being used to measure CO concentrations instead of
wind speed and wind direction.
27
-------
2.3
PARTICULATE MEASUREMENT AND ASSAY TECHNIQUES
Laboratory analysis of the particle fallout jars and the hi-vol suspended-
particulate filters is carried out by the Department of Environmental Quality and
the three Regional Authorities in accordance with the Oregon Administrative Rules,
Chapter 340. The approved measurement techniques, laboratory techniques, and
analysis methods are described in Exhibits A and B of the Rules which are repro-
duced in Appendix A. At the laboratory facilities maintained by the Department of
Environmental Quality, suspended particulate samples are routinely analyzed for:
• Total weight
• Benzene solubles
• Copper
• Iron
• Lead
© Manganese
• Nickel
• Zinc
The laboratories maintained by the Regional Authorities perform the routine total
weight analysis and some material extractions. Regional Authorities rely upon the
Department of Environmental Quality for completing the analysis of the extractions
and for performing the rest of the analysis.
In addition to the suspended particulate analyses described above, the
National Air Sampling Network samples have in the past been analyzes for the
following materials:
28
-------
o Nitrates
© Cadmium
• Molybdenum
» Tin
e Titanium
9 Vanadium
9 Antimony
• Bismuth
• Cobalt
2. 4 DATA-HANDLING AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
The data handling procedures used by each of the air pollution agencies are
shown by data flow diagrams. The flow diagram for the Department of Environmental
Quality is presented in Figure 2-2. Figures 2-3, 2-4 and 2-5 are samples of the hard-
copy data forms currently being used by DEQ. Figure 2-6 is a sample form of the
statistical summaries being produced using automatic data processing.
Data flow diagrams for the Mid-Willamette Valley Air Pollution Authority
and Lane Regional Air Pollution Authority are presented in Figures 2-7 and 2-8 res-
pectively. Mid-Willamette Valley Air Pollution Authority uses the facilities of the
Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution Authority to produce the statistical summaries for
their reports and.in-house studies.
Data flow for the Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution Authority is presented
in two diagrams. The first, Figure 2-9, shows the current data flow. The present
29
-------
LAB FILE
SORT LIST
LAB RECORD
SUMMARIES LISTINGS
GAS REPORT
DATA SUMMARY
DISTRIBUTION
CAM STATION DATA
STATISTICAL SUMMARIES
DATA SUMMARY
ADP
DATA NOTEBOOKS
LAB REPORT
LAB ANALYSIS
KEY PUNCH
OSASN-SAMPLES
STRIP CHART
REDUCTION
DEQ MONTHLY
REPORT
FIGURE 2-2. Oregon DEQ air quality data flow diagram.
-------
Suspense;.! Particulate Data
CRKCC!! STAT?; DEl'jikTI.r;.:-. OF tl.'VBOMI.'i'.KTAL QUALITY
AIR QUALITY CONTROL IAKORATO R2V0RT V.'O'.JX' SHKS'P
AQC I-A 3
SAMPLE
TYPZ
STATION
UUIIBSR
SAi'tPi.-;
DATES
l-H'7!
SAMPJ.B
tims
TOTAL
PARTIC-
ULATE
0.1GAMIC
itiact icm
B'iMZKIIB
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-------
de?art;-3.'t of j^t/i^n.'-isctal quality
AIH QUALITY COMEOL DIVISION
Location
Date
Tir-ie
CO
THC
r;o
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TO
02
SOIL.
so2
T
WS
VD
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0000-0100
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1100-1200
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1600-1700
1700-1800
1800-1900
ir.00-2000
2~00-2100
2100-2300
2:^00-2:00
2JO0-2!h00 1
1
I
FIGURE 2-4. CAM station hourly data summary and telephone reporting form.
-------
OREGON STATE DEPARTiCENT OF ENVIR OMENTAL QUALITY
AIR QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORY ALPORT WORK SHEET
AQC LAB
MJMZER
sample
TYPE
STATION
KUMSEH
SAMPLE
DATES
SAMPLE
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TOTAL
PARTIC-
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FIGURE 2-5. DEQ work sheet for particle fallout.
-------
JANUARY
1970
carbon monoxioe
DEPT OF
.718 W.
DATE
1
-
3
environmental quality
BURNSIDE ST PORTLAND. OREGON
AIR OUALITY CONTROL
UNI TS
PPM
CONTINUOUS A1K MONITORING DATA
1-HOUR AVERAGES
10
11
12
13
1*
15
16
17
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
AM
6 *00
3.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
1.00
1.00
1 >00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2*00
PM
2 .00
2.00
1.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
5.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
AM "
3.00
2.00
1.00
1 .OU
1.00
1.00
3.00
4 .00
7.00
5 .00
3.00
3.00
PH
4.00
4.00
5.00
7.00
8.00
15.00
13.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
11.00
9.00
AM
6>00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2 • 00
2.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
5.00
7.00
7.00
PM
8.00
9.00
8.00
7.00
8.00
6 . 00
3.00
3.00
5*00
4.00
5.00
6.00
AM
6.00
6 • 00
4.00
3.00'
2.00
2.00
3.00
2 .00
2.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
PM
4.00
3.00
4.00
4.00
6.00
5.00
5.00
4 .00
4.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
AM
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
5 >00
6*00
4.00
5«00
5.00
PM
6*00
5.00
6.00
8.00
11.00
16.00
6.00
3 .00
4.00
3.00
3*00
2.00
AM
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
5 .00
5.00
4.00
4. 00
3.00
PM
5.00
6.00
s.oo
6.00
9.00
12.00
4.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
2.00
2.00
AM
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
4.00
6 .00
PM
4.00
5.00
5*00
6.00
10.00
12.00
3*00
2 >00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
AM
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
4.00
5.00
4.00
3*00
4 . 00
PM
4.00
5.00
6.00
8.00
10 .00
13.00
6.00
4 .00
3.00
3.00
5.00
4.00
AM
4 ,00»»«««"
5.00
5.00
PM
8.00
6.00
6.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
J.UU
4 .00
5 .00
O
o
5.00
5*00
AM
13.00
6.00
7.00
5.00
6*00
4.00
5.00
8.00
7.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
PM
J.00
8.00
14.00
12.00
16.00
12.00
10.00
12.00
10.00
s.oo
3.00
7.00
AM
8.00
5.00
3.00
2.00
3>00
2.00
2.00
2 .00
2.00
4.00
4.00
2.00
PM
2.00
3.00
4.00
3.00
3.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
AM
5.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
2.00
5.00
12.00»»«»«»
8,00
16.00
20.00
PM
12*00
11.00
10.00
10.00
16«00
15«00
10.00
11 .00
6.00
5*00
4.00
<•.00
AM
5.00
4.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
7.00
13.00
18.00
13.00
14.00
11.00
PM
15.00
20.00
12.00
11.00
16*00
20.00
8.00
5 <00
4.00
S.OO
4.00
3.00
AM
3.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2*00
2.00
3.00
10.00
O
o
•
ri
H
10.00
8.00
9.00
PM
9.00
11.00
10.00
10.00
11.00
6.00
2.00
2 >00
2*00
2 .00
2.00
2.00
AM
2.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
3.00
4.00
3*00
4.00
PM
4.00
5.00
6*00
5.00
7«00
6.00
3.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
4.00
4.00
" AM
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
3.00
7.00
9.00
7.00
9.00
10.00
PM
10.00
11.00
10.00
14.00
17.00
18.00
8.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
AM
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
2*00
1.00
1.00
3.00
3*00
4.00
3.00
5.00
PM
5.00
7.00
5.00
8.00
6*00
6.00
12.00
10*00
11*00
10.00
6*00
4.00
PAGE 1
MAXIMUMS AVE
1-HR 8-HR 24-HR
6.0 <>.1 2.7
15.0 11.5 - 6.0
9.0 7.5 5>2
6.0 4.5 ---3.6
16.0 7.8 4.4
12.0 .6.2 - 3.6
12.0 6.5 3.5
13.0 7.0 4.1
10.0 7.!«•»•••
16.0 11.7 . 8.0
8.0 3.8 3.4
20.0 13.7 . 8.5
20.0 14.8 9.0
11.0 9.7 5*5
7.0 5.0 3.5
13.0 12 .3 .-.7.2
12.0 8.6 5.2
FIGURE 2-6. Sample of DEQ Statistical Summaries.
-------
CWAPA PACKAGE
UNDER PRIVATE
CONTRACT
I SUN OIL |
'"*1 MODEL
1 I
OREGON STATE UNIV,
OPERATION
FILE
DISTRIBUTION
KEY PUNCH
KEY PUNCH
CONVERSION TO
SOROAD 1'ORMAT
PFO
SAMPLES
RAW DATA
l'UKM
OSU
REPORTS
PARTICULATE
SAMPLES (III VOL)
LAB ANALYSIS
(WT)
OSU DATA
FORM
STRIP CHART
REDUCTION
METEOROLOGICAL
M E A S U P.IJ M E NTS
TECHNICAL REPORTS
IN-HOUSE STUDIES
VALIDATION
(MANUAL)
CARDS TO
EPA-SOROAD
(MITRE)
MONTHLY-
QUARTERLY
REPORTS
STAT 1STICAL
ANALYSIS
(ADP)
OSU
STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS
CONVERSION
TO STANDARD
UNI'iS
(A UP)
FIGURE 2-7. Data flow - Mid-Willamette Air Pollution Authority.
-------
IN HOUSE
STUDIES
DISTRIBUTION
STRIP CHART
REDUCTION
CAM STATION
MEASUREMENTS
OSU STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS
RAW DATA
FORM
LAB ANALYSIS
(WEIGHT)
RAW DATA
FORM
METEOROLOGICAL
MEASUREMENTS
STRIP CHART
REDUCTION
STATISTICAL
SUMMARIES
AND REPORTS
MANUAL
ANALYSIS AND
SUMMARIES
OSU PROGRAMS
(NOT CURRENTLY
IN USE)
DEQ LAB
(METALS ANALYSIS
IF REQUIRED)
PARTICULATE
SAMPLES
HI VOL
MONTHLY-
QUARTERLY
SEMIANNUAL
ANNUAL REPORTS
FIGURE 2-8. Data flow - Lane Regional Air Pollution Authority.
-------
system is currently being expanded to include automatic data processing of the data
obtained from the automated acquisition systems. Data flow reflecting the planned
expansion of the system is shown in Figure 2-10. Samples of the data forms being
employed by the above Regional Authorities are presented in Figures 2-11 through
2-13.
37
-------
EXTRACTION
PFO
DATA FORM
AQ INDEX
RAW DA I A
FORM
KKY PUNCH
DISTRIBUTION
KKY PUNCH
AIR QUALITY
(CONT. GAS)
RAW DATA
FORM
STRIP CHART
REDUCTION
RAW DATA
FILE
AIR QUALITY
(GAS SAMPLES)
PHONE RETORT
TO DEQ
AP
UP
NEPHELOMETER
DATA
LAD
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS OF
EXTRACTION
AT DCQ LAB
M ET FOROt. 00ICAL
MEASUREMENTS
PA RTICULATE
SAMPLES (III VOL)
ANNUAL REPORTS
MONTHLY REPORTS
VALIDATION
(MANUAL)
LITTON 512
ACQUISITION SYSTEM
OSU
PROCRAM
STAT IS'I tCAI-
PROGRAMS
ADP
CONVERSION TO
STANDARD UNITS
ADP
PUNCHED
PAPER TAPE
OUTPUT
FIGURE 2-9. Current data flow - Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution Authority.
-------
EXTRACTION
PFO
DATA I'OHM
KEY PUNCH
KEY PUNCH
KEY PUNCH
RAW DATA
FORM
DISTRIBUTION
HAW DATA
FORM
Am QUALITY
(CONT. GAS)
ISOPLETH
PLOTS
ADP
RAW DATA
KILE
AIR QUALITY
(GAS SAMPLES)
STRIP CHART
REDUC'L ION
HOURLY VALUE
(TO DCQ)
HARD COPY
OUTPUT
WEATHER
WIRE
CARDS TO
EPA-SOROAD
AP
UP
VALIDATION
(MANUAL)
NEPHELOMETER
data
LAB
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS OF
EXTRACTION
AT DEC? LAH
PARTICULATE
SAMPLES (IH VOL)
METEOROLOGICAL
MEASt'REM KNTS
ANNUAL REPORTS
MONTHLY REPORTS
OCR MAG TAPE
TO
7CH MAG TAPE
TO
9CI1 MAG TAPE
LIT'J ON 312
ACQUISITION SYSTEM
VALIDATION
MANUAL
PAPER TAPE
TO CARDS
CONVERSION TO
SOROAD FORMAT
(MITRE)
CONVERSION TO
STANDARD UNITS
ADP
STATISTICAL
PROGRAMS
ADP
MONTHLY
PRELIMINARY
REPORT
PUNCHED
PAPER TAPE
FIGURE 2-10. Planned data flow for the Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution Authority.
-------
COLUMBIA-WILLAMETTE AIR POLLUTION AUTHORITY
SITE FORM
State
County
"City-
Site Address and Number
SUB STATION NO.
ill
1
(3)
(5)
IJ
(7)
(9)
(13)
OPERATING AGENCY
State = 1
CWAPA = 2
Lane Regional = 3
MWVAPA = 2
ELEVATION:
Ground (MSL) (feet)
Sampler above
Ground level (feet)
(14) __ _ _
1 T I 11
(18)
TYPE OF AREA
Industrial = 1
Residential = 2
CoTimercial = 3
Suburban = 4
Non urban = 5
Mixed = 6
STATION TYPE
Special routine = 01
Special random = 02
PA.MS routine = 11
PAl'lS random = 12
PGIJ1S routine = 21
PGLMS random = 22
00)
(ID
(22)
COORDINATES:
STATE PLANE SYSTEM
(29)
X - Coord
(37)
Longitude
n
(52) (54)
Zone
n r
J i ; I L
Coord
Latitude
(45)
UTM. SYSTEM
(60)
r
X - Coord
Y - Coord
FIGURE 2-11. Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution Authority site data form.
40
-------
Filter 0
%
mat Cnty City Site
(2) (4) (6)
COLUMBIA-WILLAMETTE AIR POLLUTION AUTHORITY
Raw Sampling and Lab Data
(Coding form)
Suspended Particulate
Yr Mon Dy
o
o
Hr Time Type
:ie
[6
Time
Start 0| 010 | 0
Stop 2| 4 |o |0
HV'
,#
Agency Time Run
(19) (20)
0
2
4
0
0
Flow
Start Stop
(24)
EE]
Pollutant Method Total Vol. Aliquot
1
1
1
0
1
9
1
Sample Wt. DP
4
Blank
7. Filter
0
0
0
1
0
0
(28-52)
(53-77)
CD
INo
1(1)
m
CD
GO
rn
Pollutant Method Total Vol. Aliquot
(28)
cm
(28)
(28)
(HI
Remarks
Final Wt.
Tare Wt.
Sample Wt. DP Blank
1
B
B
B
B
B
%Filter
Sample Wt.
FIGURE 2-12. Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution Authority raw data form.
(28-52)
(53-77)
(28-52)
(53-77)
(28-52)
(53-77)
(28-52)
(53-77)
(28-52)
(53-77)
41
-------
I)
COLUKBIA-WILLAKETTi: AIR POLLUTION AUTHORITY
KJiTliOROLOGICAL/AIR QUALITY
¦-W.pling Category
rjt (*) (6)_
Pollutant
Day Mo Year
3) (13) (15) (16) (18) (19)
~ r
~
Station Location
(77) (79) (80)
~ ~
;ounCy City Site Sub Sta. SCa. Type Year Month Hrly Samp I. Data Pollutant Code Sample DP Time
Inter. Inter. Source Method System
Day Cd
7A 26
I—L
(1)
11 30
I
_L_L
i :
i i
TT
! I
(2)
31 3'!
ITT
TJT
i i
(3)
J5 3S
(4)
39
! i l
nil"
i ; i
l I !
i:
! i I
' i
1 i
_J i_J_.
(5)
43 4G.
"rr
(6)
47 50
TT
(7)
51 54
in
XJ__
(8)
55 5b
(9)
59 62
(10)
^ 3 66
I i
m
(ii)
67 70
(12)
71 74
U
u u
rS 3
»J O
to u:
f
-¦¦1
FIGURE 2-13. Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution Authority meteorological/air quality data form.
-------
SECTION 3
REQUIREMENTS FOR AIR QUALITY SURVEILLANCE
3.1 REQUIREMENTS IMPOSED BY FEDERAL PRIORITY CLASSIFICATION
The Federal priority classification is based upon historical air quality
measurements or population of the region being classified. The suggested Federal
priority classifications for the Oregon air quality regions and the minimum surveil-
lance network required by the classification are given in Table 3-1.
3. 2 STATE OF OREGON REQUIREMENTS
The State of Oregon requirements for air quality surveillance are
identified with the following activities:
« Measurements of air quality levels at particular loca-
tions not included in the Federal priority classification
network
• Estimation of the effects of adding new pollutant sources
or eliminating existing sources on ambient air quality
within Oregon
e Measurements of pollutant transport into Oregon from
bordering states and between air quality regions within
Oregon
® Control of agricultural field-burning and forest slash-
burning programs
43
-------
TABLE 3-1
SUGGESTED FEDERAL PRIORITIES AND SAMPLING REQUIREMENTS
Region/Pollutant
Priority
Population
Required Samplers
Required Sample Schedule
Portland Interstate
1,727,358
Suspended
Particulates
Oregon
1,475,384
Wash.
251,974
12 Hi-Vol (Total)*
10 Hi-Vol (Oregon)
7 AISI Tape (Total)
6 AISI Tape (Oregon)
1-24 hours every 6 days
Continuous 2-hour samples
S02
1A
3 Pararosaniline or
equivalent
1
1-24 hours every 6 days
Continuous
CO
I
4 Nondispersive IR or
equivalent (Total)
3 Nondispersive IR or
equivalent (Oregon)
Continuous
Continuous
NO.
2
I
10 Jacobs-Hochheiser (Total)
9 Jacobs-Hochheiser (Oregon)
1-24 hours every 14 days
0
X
I
4 Chemiluminescence or
equivalent (Total)
3 Chemiluminescence or
equivalent (Oregon)
Continuous
Continuous
Northwest Intrastate
72,158
Suspended
Particulates
III
1 Hi-Vol
1-24 hours every 6 days
III
1 Pararosaniline or equivalent
1-24 hours every 6 days
CO, no2, ox
III
* Total includes the State of Washington requirements.
-------
TABLE 3-1 (Continued)
Region/Pollutant
Priority
Population
Required Samplers
Required Sample Schedule
Southwest Intrastate
271,543
Suspended Particulates
II
3 Hi Vol
1 AISI Tape
1-24 hours every 6 days
Continuous 2-hour samples
S°2
III
1 Pararosaniline or
equivalent
1-24 hours every 6 days
CO, no2, ox
III
Central Intrastate
140,798
Suspended Particulates
II
3 Hi Vol
1 AISI Tape
1-24 hours every 6 days
Continuous 2-hour samples
S°2
III
1 Pararosaniline or
equivalent
1-24 hours every 6 days
CO, no2, ox
III
Eastern Intrastate
131,502
Suspended Particulates
II
3 Hi Vol
1 AISI Tape
1-24 hours every 6 days
Continuous 2-hour samples
S°2
III
1 Pararosaniline or
equivalent
1-24 hours every 6 days
CO, no2, ox
III
-------
3.3
ADEQUACY OF THE PRESENT SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
3. 3.1 Laboratory Assay Procedures for Particulates
The laboratory procedures currently used by the Department
of Environmental Quality and the three Regional Authorities are outlined in the
Oregon Administrative Rules, Chapter 340, Exhibits A and B. These procedures,
which are reproduced in Appendix A, meet the Federal specifications for particulate
assay and are judged to be adequate for the Oregon air quality surveillance system.
3. 3. 2 Air Quality Instrumentation
The air quality instrumentation currently contained in the
Oregon sampling equipment inventory is evaluated below with respect to the require-
ments of the Environmental Protection Agency. These requirements are listed in
the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 42, Chapter IV, Part 420—Requirements
for the Preparation, Adoption, and Submittal of Implementation Plans.
Suspended Particulates
General Metals Model 2000
UNICO Model 550
The above General Metals and UNICO high-volume samplers
meet all the Federal requirements.
Sulfur Dioxide
(1) Leeds and Northrup Thomas Autometer, Model 64251-A1.
Sulfur dioxide measurements made with the Thomas autometer
can be used for establishing existing air quality and the priority classification of a
46
-------
region according to the statement made in 420.13(q) of the Code of Federal Regula-
tions: "Sulfur dioxide measurement based on use of the continuous conductimetric
method also are acceptable for this purpose." The use of this instrument for future
air quality surveillance, however, is doubtful. It does not conform to the reference
method or any of the specified equivalent methods, which means it must meet the
12 performance specifications.listed in paragraph 420.17 of the Code. Specific
data are difficult to find on the Thomas autometer because it is an antique as far
as air pollution instrumentation goes. Shikiya and MacPhee (1969) indicate the rise
time may be too slow to meet the Federal specifications, but more information is
required before an evaluation can be made.
(2) Beckman K-1005 and K-1006
These Beckman instruments can be used to define existing SO
Li
air quality for regional priority classification. They do not, however, meet the
Federal requirements for future monitoring. There is some discrepancy in report-
ing performance, but even the most favorable data show the specifications to be
below those required by the Environmental Protection Agency. Data are available
on the K-70 series of Beckman acralyzers (American Conference of Government
Industrial Hygienists, 1966) and Mr. Mike Johnson of the Applications Engineering
Department of Beckman confirmed that the performance specifications of the K-1000
series are the same as those of the K-70 series. The K-70 series are rack mounted,
non-portable units and the K-1000 series are three component "portable" systems
with identical internal mechanics. Accordingly, the available data on the K-70
series were extrapolated to the K-1000 series.
Rodes, et al. (19G9) also provide detailed performance specifi-
cations on both the K-70 and K-1000 series. These data, along with the required
performance, are presented in Table 3-2. As can be seen, the Beckman acralyzers
do not meet the required rise time in any of the reported data. Furthermore, one
47
-------
TABLE 3-2
REQUIRED AND REPORTED PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS
OF BECKMAN ACRALYZERS
Specifications Required
Reported*
Reported**
K-70 Series
K-1000
Series
Range
0-1 ppm
0-2.0 ppm
0-2. 0 ppm
Minimum Detectable
Sensitivit}'
0-0. 01 ppm
0.01 ppm
0.01 ppm
Rise Time, 90 percent
5 min.
5-10 min
11. 0 min
19. 0 min
Fall Time, 90 percent
5 min
Zero Drift
± 1% 24 hours
± 2% 72 hours
± 2%
0.0%
0.0%
Span Drift
± 1% 24 hours
± 2% 72 hours
± 2%
0.4%
0.4%
Precision
± 2%
± 4%
Operation Period
3 Days
Noise
± 0. 5% full
scale
0.4%
0.5%
Interference
Equivalent
0.01 ppm
Operating Temper-
ature Fluctuation
± 5°C
Linearity
2% full scale
*American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (1969).
**Rodes, et al. (1969).
48
-------
report shows the Beckman instrument to be deficient in zero drift, span drift and
precision.
Photochemical Oxidants
(1) Mast Development Company 724-2
The technique employed by the Mast instrument is not defined
by the reference method nor any of the specified equivalent methods given in the
Code. However, Mr. Chuck Shanklin of Mast Development Company confirmed
verbally on 17 September 1971 that their equipment meets all of the performance
specifications required by the Environmental Protection Agency. Mast has per-
formed their own evaluation showing compliance with the requirements and will
supply their data on request.
(2) Beckman K-1005
The Beckman K-1005 acralyzer uses the potassium iodide
colorimetric technique for oxidant measurement and this has been specified as an
equivalent technique, provided that corrections are made for SO and NO . It
appeal's, therefore, that the continued use of this instrument is justified as long as
the corrections are made.
Nitrogen Dioxide
Beckman K-1008 and Technicon Air Monitor IV
The only approved method for measuring nitrogen dioxide is
the Jacobs-Hochheiser technique. The Beckman instrument uses the Saltzman
method and the Technicon instrument uses the modified Saltzman method. Neither
instrument meets the requirements of the Code.
49
-------
Carbon Monoxide
MSA Lira 200 and Beckman 315-AL
The MSA Lira 200 instrument meets the requirements for
carbon monoxide monitoring, as does the Beckman 315-AL nondispersive infrared
instrument.
Hydrocarbons
Beckman 109A and 400
The Beckman 109A and 400 instruments employ the require flame-
ionization detection method, but these instruments do not have the required capability
for correcting for methane. Although Federal specifications require this correction,
it would seem that measurements made without the correction would be conservative
(that is, the measured values are too high). However, the Beckman 109A and 400 do
not strictly meet the specifications in the Code.
Summary
The inventories of air sampling equipment used in Oregon and
the results of the evaluation are shown in Table 3-3. The table indicates whether
the existing data may be used for priority classification of regions and whether the
instrumentation can be included in future surveillance networks. The evaluation
was accomplished by referring to the measurement method, equivalent methods,
and performance specifications detailed in Part 420 of the Code. However, para-
graph 420.2(c) states: "Nothing in this part shall be construed in any manner to
preclude a State from employing techniques other than those specified in this part
for purposes of estimating air quality or demonstrating the adequacy of a control
strategy, provided that such other techniques are shown to be adequate and approximate
50
-------
TABLE 3-3
ADEQUACY OF CURRENT INSTRUMENTATION FOR
DETERMINING AIR QUALITY
Pollutant
Sample
Manufacturer
Model
No.
Existing
Data
Future
Use
Oregon State Department of Environmental Quality
Air Quality Control Division
Suspended Particulates
General Metals
2000
Yes
Yes
Sulfur Dioxide
Leeds & Northrup
64251-A1
Yes
?
Sulfur Dioxide
Beckman
K-1006
Yes
No
Nitrogen Dioxide
Beckman
K-1008
No
No
Photochemical Oxidants
Mast
724-2
Yes*
Yes*
Photochemical Oxidants
Beckman
K-1005
Yes*
Yes*
Hydrocarbons
Beckman
109A
Yes
No
Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution Authority
Portland, Oregon
Suspended Particulates
General Metals
2000
Yes
Yes
Suspended Particulates
Electro-
Nucleonics
620
?
?
Sulfur Dioxide
Beckman
K-1005
Yes
No
Nitrogen Dioxide
Technicon
Air Moni-
tor IV
No
No
Carbon Monoxide
MSA
Lira 200
Yes
Yes
Photochemical Oxidants
Mast
724-2
Yes*
Yes*
Hydrocarbons
Beckman
109A
Yes
No
~Provided corrections are made for SO and NO .
u It
51
-------
TABLE 3-3 (Continued)
Pollutant
Sample
Manufacturer
Model
No.
Existing
Data
Future
Use
Mid-Willamette Valley Air Pollution Authority
Salem, Oregon
Suspended Particulates
UNICO
550
Yes
Yes
Suspended Particulates
General Metals
2000
Yes
Yes
Lane Regional Air Pollution Authority
Eugene, Oregon
Suspended Particulates
General Metals
2000
Yes
Yes
Carbon Monoxide
Beckman
315 AL
Yes
Yes
Hydrocarbons
Beckman
400
Yes
No
52
-------
for such purposes. " An interpretation of this statement, particularly of "adequate
and appropriate", by EPA would be desirable.
3.3.3 Air Quality Monitoring Sites and Station Locations
The current surveillance networks monitoring sites were re-
viewed with respect to the State and Federal requirements for surveillance networks.
Presently, there is at least one monitoring site in each population center of 10,000
people or more. The major cities and industrial centers have multiple monitoring
sites. The majority of the monitoring sites are hi-vol sampling locations with only
a relatively few sites utilized in monitoring other pollutants. This review showed
that the current suspended particulate surveillance network contained more moni-
toring sites than required to meet all stated requirements. Although it was not
possible to visit individual site locations, it appeared that the existing locations were
adequate and proper.
Current sites at which SO , NO , CO and photochemical oxi-
& u
dants are being monitored on a routine basis are too few in number to satisfy the
State and Federal requirements. Routine monitoring of these pollutants is currently
conducted only at the CAM Station, operated by the Department of Environmental
Quality, and at the three continuous monitoring sites operated by the Regional
Authorities. There is a supplementary SO network measuring the sulfation rate
using lead peroxide candles. However, this method does not meet the Federal
requirement for monitoring SO .
The surveillance networks for SO , NO , CO and photochemical
Li U
oxidants could be revised to meet the State and Federal requirements by installing the
equipment needed to monitor these pollutants at selected stations in the existing hi-vol
sampling network.
53
-------
3. 3. 4 Meteorological Network
There are no Federal requirements for air quality surveillance
networks that specify the need for the monitoring of meteorological parameters by
the State. Meteorological information currently available at the Department of
Environmental Quality from the Ag teletype circuit, and from the National Weather
Service and other agencies, appears to be adequate for most of the DEQ air pollu-
tion activities. In the discussion of Oregon's meteorological data requirements in
Section 4. 2. 3, two recommendations are made for increased meteorological support
of the field-burning and slash-burning programs. The first recommendation is for
the establishment of a new surface wind station in the Willamette Valley near Coburg
and for the timely reporting of the station observations to DEQ. The second recom-
mendation is for the addition of teletype Circuit A to the existing Ag circuit at DEQ
to ensure the timely availability of the meteorological information required in the
field-burning and slash-burning programs as well as during air pollution episodes.
The two automated meteorological data systems currently
operated by the Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution Authority were designed to be
used, in conjunction with continuous air quality monitoring equipment, to gather the
information required to develop and implement a real-time computer model for pre-
dicting the atmospheric transport and diffusion of pollutants in the Willamette and
Columbia Valleys. Only limited progress has been made toward the systems'
objective. Also, it appears that the mean wind speeds and directions calculated by
the Litton 512 system at CWAPA, as explained in Section 2.2. 9, are not in a form
that can i-eadily be used by the State in its air pollution activities requiring historical
meteorological data. Reformatting these data so that they correspond to arithmetic
means rather than vector means would appear to require extensive reprogramming
and possibly some hardware additions to the Litton 512.
54
-------
SECTION 4
DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEM CONCEPTS
4.1 REVIEW OF AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS AND EMISSIONS
INVENTORY DATA
A review of existing air quality measurements and of current emissions
inventory data for Oregon is an essential step in the development of an air quality
surveillance system because these data are important in determining the require-
ments for:
• Number of air quality sampling stations
9 Station locations
o Pollutant measurements at each location
4.1.1 Summary of Air Quality Data for Oregon
A summary of air quality measurements made during 1969
and 1970 in Oregon is presented in Table 4-1. The data in the table are arranged
by air quality control region and show for each region the station locations by city
name and UTM coordinates; length of the sampling interval and the number of
samples obtained at each location; and pertinent statistics for each pollutant
measured.
In the Portland Interstate AQCR, the entries in Table 4-1 for
suspended particulates show that the Federal primary standard for the maximum
24-hour concentration was exceeded at three stations in Portland during 1969 and
1970 and at single stations located in Lake Oswego and Beaverton during 1970. The
Federal secondary standard for the maximum 24-hour concentration was exceeded
at 24 stations during 1969 and 1970 in the Portland Interstate AQCR. During 1969,
55
-------
TABLE 4-1
AIR QUALITY DATA SUMMAJtY (POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS ARE IN MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER)
Pollutant
Location
UTM Coordinates
Sampling
Interval
(Months)
Start
Date
End
Date
Number
of
Samples
Max
1 hr
Max
3 hrs
6-9 a. m.
Max
8 hrs
Max
24 hrs
Annual
Anth.
Mean
Std.
Dev.
Annual
Geo.
Mean
Geom.
Std.
Dev.
City
X
y
Portland Interstate AQCR
Suspended
Rainier
505,182
5,103,552
12
1-70
12-70
91
„
134
36. 5
27. 7
27. 9
2.1
Particulate
St. Helens
514,823
5,078,582
12
1-69
12-69
79
--
—
—
129
48.0
25. 1
41. 1
1.8
St. Helens
514,823
5,078,582
12
1.70
12. 70
91
--
—
—
119
39. 5
23.0
34. 1
1.7
St. Helens
513,897
5,07C,482
12
1-70
12-70
91
—
--
--
164
41.3
24.9
36.3
1. 6
Scappoose
509,666
5,066,943
9
1-70
10-70
67
--
--
—
103
40.4
21. 7
33.9
1.9
Portland
527,846
5,037,069
12
1-69
12-69
89
--
--
—
303
89.5
49.9
75. 7
1.8
Portland
527,846
5,037,069
12
1-70
12-70
90
—
--
—
197
48.2
43. 6
65. 3
1.9
Portland
520,488
5,048,243
12
1-69
12-69
87
—
--
--
160
59.9
32. 1
50. 9
1.8
Portland
520,488
5,048,243
12
1-70
12-70
91
--
--
—
132
45.4
25.8
39.2
1.7
Portland
525,872
5,040,743
12
1-69
12-69
61
--
—
374
100.4
66. 9
82. 1
1.9
Portland
525,B72
5,040,743
12
1-70
12-70
90
—
--
—
214
83.6
50.7
68. 1
1.9 *
Portland
522,327
5,032,060
12
1-69
12-69
86
--
--
103
38.2
23.1
30.3
2. 1
Portland
522,327
5,032,G62
12
1-70
12-70
90
--
--
--
313
36.2
28.3
27. 5
2.2
Portland
527,G96
5,040,906
12
1-69
12-69
88
--
—
—
157
65. 3
33.2
56. 7
1.7
Portland
527,696
5,040,906
12
1-70
12-70
90
--
--
—
138
58.6
30.6
51. 1
1.7
Portland
526,GG3
5,044,730
12
1-69
12-G9
85
--
—
—
148
62.1
31.3
54.0
1.7
Portland
520,7G0
5,040,819
12
1-69
12-69
89
--
--
--
153
35.2
24.3
27.5
2. 1
Portland
520,760
5,040,819
12
1-70
12-70
91
—
—
--
103
29.9
21.2
22. 8
2.1
Portland
523,046
5,043,414
12
1-69
12-69
88
--
—
--
215
90.3
50.2
75. 1
1.9
Portland
523,046
5,043,414
12
1-70
12-70
91
—
—
—
233
90.4
54.9
71. 6
2. 1
Portland
536,188
5,041,367
12
1-69
12-69
82
--
—
--
147
55.2'
26. 7
48. 7
1.7
Portland
536,188
5,041,367
12
1-70
12-70
86
—
—
—
177
50. 8
32.9
39.3
2.2
Portland
516,570
5,049,737
12
1-70
12-70
91
__
--
--
167
59. 8
38. 7
49.2
1.8
Portland
535,761
5,044,326
12
1-70
12-70
88
--
—
—
186
49.9
33.4
41.0
1.9
Portland
527,459
5,046,599
12
1-70
12-70
86
—
—
--
186
56. 8
34.9
47. 7
1. 8
Portland
538,785
5,037,251
12
1-70
12-70
89
--
--
—
147
53.3
30.2
45. 1
1.8
Gresham
547,356
5,039,046
12
1-70
12-70
87
—
--
--
116
38.9
25.0
30. 1
2. 1
Troutdale
547,706
5,044,483
11
2-70
12-70
79
—
—
—
153
37.8
24. 9
29. 4
2.2
Lake Oswego
517,200
5,033,417
12
1-70
12-70
101
—
--
--
338
84.0
57. 8
67. 4
2.0
Oregon City
530,826
5,022,559
12
1-69
12-69
84
—
—
--
194
65.4
34. 7
56.3
1. 7
Oregon City
530,826
5,022,559
12
1-70
12-70
88
—
--
--
176
56.3
34. 5
46.7
1.9
Sandy
557,828
5,027,054
10
2-70
12-70
78
—
--
—
258
45.0
33.0
36.3
1.9
Beaverton
315,420
5,036,684
12
1-70
12-70
107
--
--
—
418
53. 1
46.8
43. 1
1.8
Hillsboro
500,977
5,040,398
12
1-70
12-70
103
--
--
—
159
43.4
23.3
38.3
1.7
McMinnville
484,914
5,006,321
12
1-70
12-70
92
--
--
—
99
35.8
18.5
31.8
1. 6
Woodbum
513,791
4,999,701
8
5-70
12-70
35
—
—
—
114
46.2
26.4
37.9
2.0
-------
TABLE 4-1 (Continued)
Location
UTM Coordinates
Sampling
Number
Max
Annual
Annual
Geom.
Pollutant
Interval
Start
End
Max
3 hrs
Max
Max
Ceo.
Ol
Aritn.
btd.
otu.
City
X
y
(Months)
Date
Date
Samples
1 hr
6-9 a- m.
8 hre
24 hrs
Mean
Dev.
Mean
Dev.
Portland Interstate AQCR (Continued)
Suspended
Silverton
517,280
4,983,499
12
1-70
12-70
45
__
__
95
45. 8
20.7
40.6
1.7
Particulates
Salem
499,365
4,975,269
9
3-69
12-69
65
--
--
—
161
68.4
33.2
60.3
1. 7
Salem
499,3C5
4,975,2G9
12
1-70
12-70
100
—
--
—
148
52. 1
26.5
45. 7
1.7
Salem
497,021
4,975,144
12
1-70
12-70
82
—
—
—
170
43. 4
31. 3
35.2
1.9
Stayton
5)5,607
4,900,720
12
1-70
12-70
60
--
—
—
162
58. 4
36.5
46.4
2.1
Dallas
475,201
4.974,041
9
3-69
12-69
80
—
—
—
160
41.3
24.4
36.7
1.6
Dallas
475,201
4,974,041
12
1-70
12-70
63
--
--
—
94
33. 1
16. 7
29.8
1.6
CorvaJUs
479,22G
4,934,535
12
1-69
12-69
74
—
—
—
142
49.4
25.5
42.3
1.9
Corvallis
479,226
4,934,535
9
1-70
9-70
52
--
—
—
140
50. 1
25. 6
43.8
1.7
Corvallis
478,995
4,934,620
12
1-70
12-70
60
--
--
—
121
40.9
23. 1
35. 7
1.7
Albany
491.593
4,942,235
12
1-70
12-70
88
--
--
—
171
51.4
30.4
44.0
1.8
Lebanon
506,750
4,951,392
9
3-69
12-69
50
—
—
--
115
46.3
24. 1
40.0
1.8
Eugene
482,850
4,884,450
9
4-69
12-69
79
—
—
—
187
53.0
—
—
--
Eugene
492,950
4,877,550
9
4-70
12-70
90
—
—
—
214
82
—
—
—
Eugene
483,200
4,875,200
12
1-70
12-70
42
--
--
--
171
68
41
56
2.0
Springfield
487,800
4,875,300
12
1-70
12-70
63
—
—
--
226
75
46
63
1.8
Sulfur Dioxide
Portland
525,100
5,410,000
12
1-69
12-69
Cont.
602
113
29
0
IS
2. 52
Portland
525,100
5,410,000
12
1-70
12-70
Cont.
340
—
--
191
34
29
21
2.67
Salem
3
11-70
1-71
Cont.
419
--
--
105
—
—
"
Nitrogen Dioxide
Portland
525,100
5,410,000 .
12
1-69
12-69
Cont.
413
„
„
169
53
21
49
1.52
Portland
525,100
5,410,000
12
1-70
12-70
Cont.
451
—
--
173
53
17
49
1.41
Photochemical
Portland
525,100
5,410,000
12
1-69
12-69
Cont.
216
„
..
20
14
14
2. 29
Oxidants
Portland
525,100
5,410,000
12
1-70
12-70
Cont.
275
—
--
—
18
14
12
2.57
Ozone (Mast)
Portland
525,100
5,410,000
12
1-69
12-69
Cont.
196
4
6
2
2.22
Portland
525,100
5,410,000
12
1-70
12-70
Cont.
176
—
—
—
—
—
—
--
Carbon Monoxide
Portland
525,100
5,410,000
12
1-69
12-69
Cont.
48,000
33,000
5,750
2,970
4,950
1. 78
Portland
525,100
5,410,000
12
1-70
12-70
Cont.
50,000
—
25,000
--
4. 580
2,540
3,370
1.84
Portland
525,347
5,0-10,524
1.0
12-C8
1-G9
Cont.
44,000
--
31,000
—
—
—
—
Portland
525,785
5,041,299
1.5
4-69
6-69
Cont.
21,000
—
13,000
—
~~
-------
TABLE 4-1 (Continued)
Location
UTM Coordinates
Sampling
Number
Max
Annual
Annual
Geom.
Interval
Start
End
Max
3 hra
Max
Max
Arith.
Std.
Goo.
Std.
City
X
y
(Months)
Date
Date
Samples
1 hr
6-9 a. m.
8 hrs
24 hrs
Mean
Dev.
Mean
Dev.
Portland Interstate AQCR (Continued)
Carbon Monoxide
Portland
532,800
5,039,500
1.0
9-09
10-69
Cont.
28,000
23,000
__
..
..
_ _
Portland
525,100
5. 040,000
1.0
0
1
a
to
11-G9
Cont.
37f000
--
27,000
—
--
—
--
Total Hydrocarbons
Portland
525.100
5,410,000
12
1-G9
12-69
Coat.
7, 190
5,229
..
„
1,294
405
1,235
88S
Portland
525,100
5,410,000
12
1-70
12-70
Cont.
6,200
3, 087
—
--
1,288
433
1,216
poo
Northwest Oregon Intrastate AQCR
Suspended
Astoria
435,500
5,115.200
12
1-70
12-70
80
„
137
40.5
22.7
35.6
1.7
Particulates
Southwest Oregon Intrastate AQCR
Suspended
Roseburg
473,200
4,784,700
12
1-70
12-70
106
..
_
231
59.0
38.0
50. 6
1.7
Particulates
Coos Day
401,300
4,802,000
12
1-70
12-70
89
—
—
—
152
58. 7
30. 3
51. 7
1. 7
Grants Pass
473,200
4,697,200
12
1-70
12-70
103
--
--
—
249
68.2
43.8
55. 0
1.8
Medford
510,000
4,685.300
12
1-70
12-70
108
—
--
—
298
88.8
44.8
78.0
1.7
Ashland
523,400
4,671,500
12
1-70
12-70
107
—
--
—
118
52.2
21. 7
47.2
1. 6
Central Oregon Intrastate AQCR
Suspended
The Dalles
641.600
5,050,600
12
1-70
12-70
103
„
240
65.6
39.9
56. 5
1.7
Particulates
Bend
636,200
4,880,200
12
1-70
12-70
102
--
--
155
59.1
44.3
50. 6
1.7
Klamath Falls
604,200
4,672,800
12
1-70
12-70
85
—
--
—
195
78.3
40.3
68. 8
1.7
Eastern Oregon Intrastate AQCR
Suspended
Pendleton
360,600
5,058,800
12
1-70
12-70
71
282
83.5
41.5
75. 7
1.5
Particulates
LaGrande
414,800
5,018,900
12
1-70
12-70
62
—
--
--
180
58.8
38.8
48.2
1.9
Baker
434,000
4,957,900
12
M
1
-J
o
12-70
75
--
—
—
286
77.8
52.1
65. 4
1.8
-------
the Federal primary standard for the annual geometric mean concentration of
suspended particulates was expected at three stations, all of which are in Portland.
The corresponding annual Federal secondary standard was exceeded at the same
three stations in Portland during 1970, at Lake Oswego and Springfield in 1970, and
at one of the three stations in Salem in 1969. Measured concentrations of sulfur
dioxide in Portland and Salem and of nitrogen dioxide in Portland are well below
the Federal standards. However, the method of determining the nitrogen dioxide
concentrations, the modified Saltzman method, is not approved by EPA and prelim-
inary samples taken using the approved Jacobs-Hochheiser method indicate that the
nitrogen dioxide concentrations are significantly higher than the past measurements
indicate. Carbon monoxide concentrations measured in Portland exceeded the Federal
maximum 1-hour standard at two of the five locations for which data are available;
the Federal maximum 8-hour standard was exceeded at all five locations. Concentra-
tion of photochemical oxidants as given by ozone measurements made at the CAM
Station exceeded the Federal maximum 1-hour standard during both 1969 and 1970.
Measurements of total hydrocarbons made at the CAM Station have not been adjusted
for methane and therefore cannot be compared directly with the Federal 3-hour
maximum standard.
Only suspended particulate concentration data are provided in
Table 4-1 for the four intrastate air quality control regions. The Federal primary
standard for the maximum 24-hour concentration was exceeded at Medford, Pendle-
ton and Baker. The corresponding Federal secondary standard was exceeded at
Roseburg, Coos Bay, Grants Pass, The Dalles, Bend, Klamath Falls and LaGrande.
The value of 155 micrograms per cubic meter given in the table for the maximum
24-hour suspended particulate concentration at Bend, in the Central Oregon Intra-
state AQCR, is the second highest value reported for 1970. The highest reported
value of 400 micrograms per cubic meter was judged to be in error and not repre-
sentative; 400 micrograms per cubic meter is more than twice larger than any
other 24-hour suspended particulate measurement ever obtained at Bend.
59
-------
4.1.2 Summary of Emissions Inventory Data by County and
UTM-Coordinate Grids
The emissions inventory data for each air quality control
region by county are presented in Table 4-2. The Washington portion of the Port-
land Interstate Air Quality Control Region has been omitted from the table. Emis-
sions density maps for each pollutant by county are presented in Figures 4-1
through 4-5.
The emissions inventory for the Oregon portion of the Portland
Interstate AQCR was used to prepare an emissions density map by UTM-coordinate
grids. The UTM 10,000-meter northing and easting points were used to form a
grid over the area. The emissions from each point source were assigned to the
grid in which the source was located, and the total point-source emissions were
accumulated by grids. The county area sources were apportioned to the grids
which fell within the county boundaries on the following basis:
• Automobile Vehicle Emissions - The percentage of
the total county vehicle miles in the cities of Portland,
Salem and Eugene was used to apportion the total county
emissions to the grid areas enclosing these cities; the
remainder of the total county vehicle emissions was
apportioned over the remaining grid areas in each
county
• Field-Burning Emissions - The county field burning
emissions were apportioned over the grid areas within
the county in which the mean elevation above sea level
was 500 feet or less
60
-------
TABLE 4-2
EMISSIONS IN TONS PER YEAR FOR 1970 BY AIR QUALITY REGION AND COUNTY
Region and County
Particulates
Sulfur
Oxides
-------
TABLE 4-2 (Continued)
Region and County
Particulates
Sulfur
Oxides
(SOx)
Total
Hydrocarbons
(Rx)
Carbon
Monoxide
(CO)
Nitrogen
Oxides
(NOx)
Fine
Total
Southwest Intrastate
Coos
2,339
5,472
2,810
8,385
20,223
4, 517
Curry
1,334
3,239
148
2,941
12,734
1,464
Douglas
22,540
29,804
3,429
21,250
69,904
10,522
Jackson
4,103
12,187
1,037
14,474
41,538
7,056
Josephine
1,529
4,110
403
6,621
21,311
3,126
Central Intrastate
Crook
387
690
91
1,490
4, 166
919
Deschutes
940
2,678
284
4,379
11,843
2,114
Hood River
586
910
264
2,788
8,479
1,360
Jefferson
305
338
180
1,830
5, 789
1,156
Klamath
2,367
5,670
964
8,091
22,613
5,742
Lake
1,078
1,582
210
2,469
10,919
934
Sherman
55
60
113
923
2, 568
574
Wasco
1,559
1,835
846
4,098
12,937
1,870
Eastern Intrastate
Baker
552
898
314
3,125
8,799
1,673
Grant
787
1,230
115
2,134
8,489
901
Harney
571
997
114
1, 850
5,101
1,306
Malheur
185
215
290
3,439
8,845
1,893
Morrow
168
228
160
1,269
3,645
889
Umatilla
913
1,352
708
6,588
18,651
3,261
Union
1,195
13,375
256
3,212
10,143
1,871
Wallowa
382
465
59
1,181
4,333
483
Wheeler
236
371
20
547
1,921
388
Gilliam
121
138
240
1,123
3,090
777
-------
STATE OF OREGON
1150
2841
UMATILLA
1400
_J 3314
J L
-------
STATE OF OREGON
3915
7419
1181
6588
71192
J 8G47
923
2788
1209
3811
1123
3212
22372
UN ION
G1LLIAM
AK C R
4098
GRANT
CLACKAMAS
6747
25554
WASCO
3125
2134
547
1830
5242
20666
382
1490
38441
4379
0ESCHU7CS
COOS
LANF
LAKE
21250
8385
3439
1850
2469
2941
8091
14474
6621
JO'Tf'MNr
FIGURE 4-2. Existing (1970) emissions of total hydrocarbons in tons per year for each County.
-------
STATE OF OREGON
1198
AT ILL A
p.- I llAMOO"
708
8197
113
264
604
1G0
240
256
VAMII { LL
UN I ON
OAK
846
186
CLACK AM A 3
4634
WASCO
314
180
630
115
J 422
1380
JF. FFFRSON
2753
284
CPOOK
DESCHUTES
lake
3429
2810
210
114
290
CURSY
148
403
1037
964
Joce*u»Nr.
ACK
ATH
FIGURE 4-3. Existing (1970) emissions of sulfur oxides (SO ) in tons per year for each County.
-------
STATE OF OREGON
r C L L'm 0 I
2586
2029
3261
483
19812
1360
574
fcMIt Ts^VAH
889
1840
(230 6
777
1871
6396
UN t ON
1870
\ 2677
GRANT
7471
388
901
1673
1156
2122
5303
8810
jr.fffn son
O
C5
919
16478
2114
OESCHUTES
coos
DOUCIAS
10522
4517
934
1306
1893
1464
3126
7056
5742
JO'.fufsr
SON
FIGURE 4-4. Existing (1970) emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO ) in tons per year for each County.
-------
STATE OF OREGON
OLL'MOI
UMATUlA
WALLOWA
15239
MOR ®OW
LLAUOOK J
18651
4333
287351
OOO
n I VCR
0 /77318
3084
b 1 "" " U8479
MIM TN'^mAm ( C7
2568
10143
UN I on
95867
T A I'M|LL
12937
CAKCR
30822 > . _ _ \j. CL ACK AVA5
111360
c»ant
WASCO
MARION
4 *32922
5122
5789
100336
WHEELFR
J y.f FFRSON
MALHEUR
LIK'N
4166
165658
11843
HARNEY
CROOK
DESCHUTES
coos
L AK E
DOUGLAS
69904
20223
10919
CURRY
12734
21311
41538
22613
JACKSON l{ KLAMATH
FIGURE 4-5. Existing (1970) emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) in ions per year for each County.
-------
• Slash-Burning Emissions - For the Cascade Moun-
tain area, the county slash-burning emissions were
apportioned over the grid areas within each county in
which the mean elevation above sea level was over
2000 feet; in the Coast Range area, the county slash-
burning emissions were apportioned to grid areas in
which the mean elevation above sea level was over
1000 feet
• Other Emissions - All remaining county emissions
were apportioned equally over the grid areas within
the county
A computer program was written to apportion the Oregon emis-
sions inventory data, which is available on magnetic tape, to 100 square kilometer
grids as explained above and to sum the area-source and point-source emissions
within each grid. Computer calculations of emissions density for the Oregon portion
of the Portland Interstate AQCR were performed on the UNIVAC 1108 machine at the
University of Utah Computer Center. The results of the calculations, which are pre-
sented in tabular form in Appendix B, are arranged by county. Within each county,
the UTM coordinates and the total annual emissions in tons per year of five pollutants
are listed for each grid area. The five pollutants are:
• Total Hydrocarbons
• Total Suspended Particulates
« Nitrogen Oxides
o Sulfur Oxides
• Carbon Monoxide
68
-------
To aid in the interpretation of the computer calculations, maps
of emissions density were constructed for the Oregon portion of the Portland Inter-
state AQCR showing the total annual emissions in tons per year of each pollutant by
grid area. One interesting result shown by the maps is that all pollutant emissions
in the grid for the Springfield area of Lane County are generally higher than those
in the adjacent grid area containing Eugene. On the basis of population above,
emissions in the Eugene grid area would be expected to be about three times larger
than in the Springfield grid area.
4.1.3 Summary of Motor Vehicle Emissions Data for the Downtown
Portland Core Area
The air quality data summary in Table 4-1 indicates that 1-hour
maximum and 8-hour maximum concentrations of carbon monoxide, measured in
downtown Portland at the CAM Station, far exceed the applicable Federal air quality
standards. Levels of photochemical oxidants, ozone and total hydrocarbons mea-
sured at the CAM Station also appear to be somewhat higher than the applicable
Federal air quality standards. Because motor vehicle emissions are the likely
primary source for all of these pollutants, the question arises whether there are
other areas in the overall downtown Portland core area, similar to the area sur-
rounding the CAM Station, in which motor vehicle emissions approach or exceed
those in the CAM Station area.
To answer this question, a density map of carbon monoxide
emissions from motor vehicles was constructed from data previously prepared by
the Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution Authority. This map is shown in Figure 4-6.
The numbers in the figure represent tons of carbon monoxide per year produced by
motor vehicle emissions within each grid area. These annual estimates of carbon
monoxide emissions were developed from estimates of the total vehicle miles driven
in each grid during 1970. Total vehicle miles were in turn estimated from average
69
-------
"ON
OPiZG E
M-.VTMOR'.'H
UR.SCE
-------
daily traffic volume data for 1969 obtained from the City of Portland Bureau of
Traffic Engineering. Because these data represented the average 24-hour vehicle
traffic during a typical 5-day week, they were reduced by 8 percent to yield 7-day
week figures. Within each grid area, non-freeway and freeway vehicle miles were
tabulated separately. Emission factors used to convert 1970 vehicle miles to car-
bon monoxide emissions were obtained from an EPA publication by McGraw and
Duprey, "Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors," dated April 1971. An
average non-freeway speed of 10 miles per hour and an average freeway speed of
45 miles per hour were assumed in the emission calculations.
The largest grid shown in Figure 4-6 has an approximate area
of 0.136 square miles. The areas covered by the intermediate- and small-size
grids are respectively one-quarter and one-sixteenth as large. The northwest-
southeast lengths of the intermediate-size grids along the Willamette River are
not drawi to scale and are too short. In Figure 4-6, the intermediate-size grid
containing the CAM Station (Area A) has a total annual emission of 293 tons of
carbon monoxide. In Areas B and C, which are adjacent to the CAM Station area
and of the same size, the estimated emissions are 366 and 528 tons per year. The
highest emission of 600 tons per year for an intermediate-size grid occur in Area
D. Because Area D is close to the Willamette River, the ventilation rate is likely
to be higher than in Areas A, B, and C. Air quality levels in Area D relative to
those in three other areas may thus not be directly related to total emissions.
Spot sampling of motor vehicle pollutants should be conducted in Areas B, C, D
and other similar areas of high indicated carbon monoxide emissions to establish
air quality levels.
71
-------
4.2 METEOROLOGICAL DATA REQUIREMENTS
The Federal requirements for state air quality surveillance systems do
not include meteorological measurements. Requirements for meteorological data,
however, are implicit in many of the requisite state activities under the Implemen-
tation Plan. These activities include the calculation of air quality levels from
emissions data; assessment of the representativeness of air quality measurements;
evaluation of the impact of new sources or the elimination of existing sources on
air quality; location of air quality sampling stations; and the development of emer-
gency-episode and other control strategies. This section begins with a description
of the air pollution climatology and meteorology of the Willamette Valley and other
climatic regions of Oregon. This background material is followed by a discussion
of the specific requirements of the State of Oregon for meteorological data and
measurements.
4.2.1 Air Pollution Climatology and Meteorology of the Willamette
Valley
Because the principal population centers of the State of Oregon
are located in the Willamette Valley, the air quality in this area is of major concern.
Air quality in the Willamette Valley and elsewhere depends not only on the total
quantities of pollutants that are injected into the atmosphere, but is also significantly
affected by the atmospheric dispersal and transport of these pollutants. These latter
processes are largely controlled by topographical features and by meteorological
factors such as wind speed, wind direction, and the height of the surface mixing
layer.
Topographical Features
The major topographical features controlling climatology and
meteorology of the Willamette Valley are:
72
-------
• The Pacific Ocean which forms the western border
of the State
e The Coast Range and the Cascade Mountains
• The Columbia and Willamette Rivers
As shown in Figure 4-7, the Willamette Valley lies between the
Coast Range and the Cascade Mountains. The Coast Range extends the entire length
of the western edge of the State. The height of the Range varies from 2000 to 3500
feet above sea level and the crests are located approximately 20 to 30 miles inland
from the coast. The Cascade Mountains are found approximately 75 miles east of
the Coast Range and are oriented north-south, approximately parallel to the Coast
Range, until the two mountain systems merge north of the California border to
form the Siskiyou Mountains. The average height of the Cascades is about 5000 feet
above sea level with a few high peaks extending above 10,000 feet. The width of the
Willamette Valley floor, as defined by the 500-foot contour, is approximately 40
miles at Portland and Salem and about 25 miles near Eugene (see Figure 4-7).
The gorge of the Columbia River, which forms most of the
northern border of the State, cuts through both the Coast Range and the Cascade
Mountains. The Columbia River Valley thus provides a natural passageway for the
eastward transport of marine air from the Pacific Ocean and for the westward trans-
port of continental air masses from western Oregon, western Washington, and Idaho.
The Willamette River Valley opens into the Columbia River Valley at Portland and
extends southward approximately 100 miles to Eugene in the lowlands between the
Coast Range and the Northern Cascades. It thus provides a natural passageway for
the southward movement of both continental and Pacific-marine air from the
Columbia River Valley to Salem and Eugene, and for the northward flow of air
masses in the Willamette Valley into the Columbia River Valley. The Cascades
form a solid airflow barrier on the eastern side of the Willamette Valley. The
73
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PACIFIC
OCEAN
IOOO SC
2000 ©4900
©11250
©3400
83100
©4800
©5000
©5000
©4700
1000®
500
1000.®
©4800
500
©3000
©4400
©7000
©5000
©4300
Corvollls
©3000
9000
©10,100
©10,400
©5000
©9100
©3000
©7400
©7800
©8700
©5900
©5300
Roseburg
10 20 MILES
©4000
©3000
C2000
500 '1000
©4000 20y°
FIGURE 4-7. Topographical map of northwest Oregon. Elevations are in feet above
mean sea level. The Willamette and Columbia River Valleys are
indicated by the vertical striping. Heavy curved lines show the major
natural air passageways leading in and out of the Willamette Valley.
74
-------
Coast Range on the western side of the Valley forms only a partial airflow barrier
because of the lower crest elevations and because of several low points (especially
those west of Salem, Corvallis and Eugene) through which Pacific marine air can
enter the Willamette Valley.
Major Meteorological Regimes
There are three large-scale meteorological regimes that
account for important seasonal variations in the wind circulations and general
weather patterns of the Willamette Valley:
e A winter regime characterized by the frequent
passage of cyclonic storms from the Pacific
Ocean with attendant low barometric pressure off
the Oregon coast and high pressure inland to the
east
• A summer regime characterized by high baro-
metric pressure centered off the coast with a weak
anticycloiiic circulation and generally fair weather
conditions inland
• A transitional regime in both spring and fall incor-
porating the major features of both the winter and
summer regimes
The winter meteorological regime features strong southerly winds in advance of the
Pacific storm systems, as well as extensive cloudiness and precipitation. The sum-
mer regime features westerly or northwesterly winds during the day in the Columbia
and Willamette River Valleys; at night, the winds become very light and the direction
75
-------
of the airflow tends to be the reverse of the daytime flow. The Pacific maritime
air that flows up the Columbia River and enters the Willamette Valley at Portland,
or comes from the west through low passes in the Coast Range, has a high moisture
content and may contain stratiform low clouds similar to those found along the coast.
In general, the anticyclonic fair weather conditions that prevail in summer over the
entire region east of the Coast Range lead to a dissipation of the stratiform clouds
as the Pacific marine air travels inland and away from a supply of moisture.
Cloudiness and Precipitation
Clouds reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the sur-
face. A reduction in solar radiation precludes photochemical reactions and thus
prohibits smog formation. A reduction in solar radiation also inhibits the develop-
ment of convective air circulations which decrease pollutant concentrations by mix-
ing pollutants through deep air layers. Precipitation removes pollutants from the
air and deposits them on the underlying surface.
Most of the cloudiness and precipitation in the Willamette
Valley occur during the winter season and in the late fall and early spring. Accord-
ing to Mathew's (1971) study of Salem climatological records, over 70 percent of
the frontal system and cyclone passages produce precipitation during the months
from November through April. As shown in Table 4-3, approximately half the total
annual precipitation occurs during the three winter months of December, January
and February. Only about six percent of the total annual precipitation occurs in
summer with the remainder about equally divided between the spring and fall seasons.
Most of the precipitation that occurs in the Willamette Valley is in the form of light
rain showers and drizzle. Thunderstorms occur on the average only on four or five
days each year as compared with 150 to 180 days per year on which measurable
precipitation occurs.
76
-------
TABLE 4-3
MEAN TOTAL HOURS OF SUNSHINE, DAILY SOLAR RADIATION, DAILY SKY COVER, AND TOTAL
PRECIPITATION BY MONTHS FOR TIIE WILLAMETTE VALLEY (W. V.) AND THE
LOS ANGELES BASIN (L. A. B.) (ESSA CLIMATIC ATLAS OF THE U.S. , 1968)
Sunshine
Solar Radiation
Sky Cover
Precipitation
Month
(Total Hours)
(L:m«.
.leys)
(Tenths)
(Inches)
W. V.
L. A. B.
W. V.
L. A. B.
W. V.
L. A. B.
W. V.
L. A. B.
December
65
230
80
240
8. 6
4.5
8. 6
3. 6
J anuary
70
200
90
240
• 7. 9
4. 6
7. 7
3.4
February
100
210
140
330
7.9
4.8
6.2
3.4
March
150
270
290
450
8.0
4.8
5.6
3.0
April
200
260
400
500
7.4
5.3
3. 3
1.4
May
240
280
520
565
7.1
4.8
2. 7
0.3
June
260
310
550
600
6.9
4.1
2.0
0.1
July
330
330
650
650
4.6
2.8
0.5
0.1
August
270
330
550
580
5.4
2. 7
0.7
0.2
September
210
300
390
500
5.1
2.8
1.8
0.2
October
130
270
230
370
7.0
3.9
4.9
0.6
November
90
240
140
280
8.2
3.4
7. 6
1.6
Annual Total
2,115
2,320
or (Average)
(336)
(442)
(7.0)
(4.0)
51.8
17.8
-------
Table 4-3 also presents the mean total hours of sunshine,
average daily solar radiation, average daily sky cover, and total precipitation for
each month of the year for both the Willamette Valley and the Los Angeles Basin.
During the winter months, the Los Angeles Basin has approximately two and one-
half times more hours of sunshine and receives about two and one-half times more
solar radiation than the Willamette Valley. The average sky cover in the Willa-
mette Valley in winter exceeds eight-tenths as compared with less than five-tenths
sky cover for the Los Angeles area. During the summer months, the total hours
of sunshine and the average daily solar radiation for the Los Angeles area are
about 10 percent larger than those for the Willamette Valley. The average sky
cover in the Willamette Valley in summer is about five-tenths as compared with
an average sky cover of about three-tenths for Los Angeles. During the spring and
fall seasons, the total hours of sunshine and the total solar radiation in the Los
Angeles Basin are about one and a half times larger than in the Willamette Valley.
The average sky cover in spring is about 7. 5 tenths in the Willamette Valley and
about five-tenths in the Los Angeles Basin; the corresponding values for the average
sky cover during the fall season are about seven-tenths and three-tenths, respectively.
Air Circulations in the Willamette Valley
It follows from the previous discussions of topographical fea-
tures and major meteorological regimes that the airflow in the Willamette Valley
proper is generally from the north or south, depending on the season of the year.
Because of the low crest elevations and the various openings in the Coast Range,
there is also a good possibility of westerly winds. Easterly winds, on the other
hand, are expected to occur infrequently south of Portland because of the massive
airflow barrier formed by the Cascade Mountains. Most of the easterly winds are
probably produced by nighttime drainage of cold air into the Valley from the higher
elevations in the Cascades. At Portland, the low-level air circulations are channeled
78
-------
by the Columbia and Willamette River Valleys and the predominant wind directions
are from the northwest, south, and southeast.
Figure 4-8 shows surface wind roses for the Portland Airport,
Salem Airport, Eugene Airport and for Corvallis. The data used to construct
these wind roses were taken from Volume III, Part A of the Climatological Handbook
Columbia Basin States (1968). The length of the observational record at Corvallis
is only one year, 1943-1914, and mean wind speeds have not been estimated for the
various wind direction sectors. Also, the percentage calms at Corvallis include
all wind speeds from 0 to 4 miles per hour while, at the three other locations, calms
include only wind speeds below 1 mile per hour. The wind data for Portland and
Salem are based on 10 years (1949-1958) of hourly observations taken over 24-hour
periods; the data for Eugene are based on 11 years (1948-1958) of hourly observa-
tions, but the observations that do not cover a full 24-hour period were omitted.
The seasonal variations in wind direction at the four stations,
as expected, show the combined effects of the large-scale pressure gradient and
the channeling of the wind by prominent topographical features. In winter, the pre-
vailing winds are southerly from Eugene to Salem. At Portland, southeast winds
occur most frequently because of the channeling by the Columbia River Valley.
There is not much difference in the mean wind speeds at Salem and Eugene. Port-
land shows lighter and less frequent northerly winds than Salem or Eugene because
of the topography. Calms at Eugene comprise about 15 percent of all observations,
while calm conditions occur about 10 percent of the time at both Salem and Portland.
In summer, the surface wind-direction patterns at Portland
and Eugene are almost the reverse of the winter patterns, with prevailing northwest
winds at Porlland and northerly winds nt Eugene. The summer wind rose at Salem
shows a wide spread in wind directions from north-northeast through west to south-
southeast. This probably reflects the mid-valley location of Salem and the deep
79
-------
q c, r 4 9 5 t>x Q
I »VS.
-isv<
77X|°%
Ob 10 /»
46 60'
r% Of OAS rKOU GiVIN D'ftlCTKJN
"l:
MIAN 5r£CO 'OA C»Vf h O hlCION (MPH)
WINTLN
SPRING
SUM^CR
fALL
FIGURE 4-8. Seasonal wind roses for Portland, Salem, Corvallis, and Eugene (data
are from Volume III, Part A of the Climatological Handbook, Columbia
Basin States, 19G8).
80
-------
indentations in the Coast Range to the west-northwest and southwest of Salem. The
northwest winds at Corvallis in summer are also explained by a break in the Coast
Range that allows Pacific air to enter the Willamette Valley. Wind speeds in sum-
mer and percentages of calms are approximately equal at both Portland and Salem.
Eugene has a higher percentage of calm conditions and slightly higher mean wind
speeds than either Salem or Portland. For the most part, the spring and fall wind
regimes at all four stations are composites of the winter and summer patterns.
An important feature of the fall wind distributions at Portland, Salem and Eugene
is the higher percentage of calm conditions in fall compared to the three other
stations (about 14 percent calms at Portland and Salem for fall versus about 10 per-
cent for the other three stations; at Eugene, the corresponding percentages are 22
for fall and 15 for the other seasons).
Wind roses for upper-level winds over Salem and Eugene pre-
sented by Olsson and Tuft (19V0) show that the surface wind-direction distributions
for these stations described above are representative of the first 500 to 1000 meters,
depending on the season of the year.
Mixing Layer Heights, Ventilation Rates,
and Air Pollution Potential
Holzworth (1971) presents average values of mixing layer
heights and wind speeds in the mixing layer calculated from rawinsonde data for
Medford, Salem and 60 other stations in the contiguous United States. Estimates
of these parameters were made for the early morning and afternoon periods for each
day over a five-year period. Holzworth has also estimated the air pollution potential
at three stations for hypothetical city sizes of 10 and 100 kilometers. The air pol-
lution potential is directly proportional to city size and inversely proportional to the
product of the layer wind speed and mixing layer height. The Holzworth (1971) and the
7 April 1971 Federal Register urban diffusion models used to estimate air pollution
potential are described in Appendix D.
-------
Mean mixing layer heights II and layer wind speeds U, by
season and annually, for the early morning and afternoon periods given by Holzworth
are reproduced in Table 4-4 for four stations (Medford, Salem, Boise and Seattle).
As shown in the table, morning values of H and U at Medford are consistently
lower than those for Salem. In the afternoon, however, the H values at Medford
are larger than at Salem or Seattle and are approximately equal to those at Boise.
Cumulative frequency distributions of the air pollution poten-
tial x/Q. where X is the mean city-wide concentration and Q is the city-wide
source strength, were also calculated by Holzworth for hypothetical city sizes of
10 and 100 kilometers. Median values of these cumulative distributions are repro-
duced in Table 4-5 for Medford, Salem, Boise and Seattle. For the morning period,
the air pollution potential at Medford is consistently higher than at the other three
locations. For the afternoon period, however, the pollution potentials at all four
locations are approximately equal.
Holzworth also estimated the number of episodes and the total
number of episode days for several combinations of NOP mixing layer depths and
layer wind speeds. NOP values for H and U are used in the calculations because
no precipitation is assumed to occur during an episode. Table 4-6 presents Holz-
worth's results for episodes lasting at least two days and for H < 500, 1000 and
1500 meters. Medford has by far the largest number of episodes and episode days
for the lowest wind speed category. Figure 4-9 presents median values, by season,
of the early morning mixing height H and layer wind speed U for Salem and Medford
obtained from tabulations prepared by the National Weather Records Center (1968).
This figure shows that both H and U are significantly lower at Medford than at
Salem in all seasons of the year. Median values of the average surface wind speeds,
for the period from 0200 through 0600 LST, for Portland, Salem, Eugene, and
Medford are shown in Figure 4-10. These values were calculated from 10 years'
observations summarized in the Climatological Handbook Columbia Basin States
82
-------
TABLE 4-4
MEAN SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MIXING LAYER HEIGHTS H (METERS) AND LAYER WIND SPEEDS U (METERS
PER SECOND) FOR MORNING AND AFTERNOON; NOP MEANS NO PRECIPITATION
(FROM HOLZWORTH, 1971)
oo
u
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Annual
Station
H
U
H
U
H
II
H
U
H
U
%
NOP
%
NOP
NOP
ALL
%
NOP
NOP
ALL
NOP
ALL
NOP
ALL
NOP
ALL
NOP
ALL
NOP
ALL
%
SOP
NOP
ALL
NOP
ALL
NOP
NOP
ALL
Medford,
AM
289
387
60.6
1. 5
1.9
392
535
68.0
1. 8
2.2
259
285
93.7
1.2
1.3
220
293
75.0
1. 1
1.3
290
375
74.3
1.4
1. 7
Oregon
PM
¦747
933
65. 0
2.2
2.8
2004
2079
67. 6
4. 5
4. 8
2332
2349
92.0
4.6
4. 6
1481
1594
77. 6
3. 2
3. 5
1641
173S
75.5
3.6
3.9
Salem,
AM
325
431
56-2
3.0
3.8
432
627
55.4
2.3
2. 9
379
424
89.1
2.0
2.2
292
404
68.1
2.2
2.8
357
471
67.2
2.4
2.9
Oregon
PM
622
787
50.4
3.7
4.5
1614
1733
56. 3
4. 3
4. 8
1655
1632
86.1
4.4
4.5
1115
1212
67.9
4.2
4. 6
1251
1354
65.1
4.1
4.6
Boise,
AM
327
407
68.1
3.6
4.2
342
424
76. 7
4.5
5.0
185
193
90.4
3.3
3.4
224
279
79. 8
3.8
4. 2
269
326
78.7
3.8
4.2
Idaho
PM
631
754
67.3
4.3
4.9
2244
2329
78. 0
6.4
6. 7
2511
2540
92.2
5.8
5.9
1320
1409
OO
5.0
5. 3
1676
1758
79.9
5.4
5. 7
Seattle,
AM
626
824
49.8
5.1
6.2
681
S38
55. 1
4. 6
5.5
532
576
85. 1
4.0
4.2
476
585
61. 5
4. 3
5.0
578
705
62.8
4.5
5.2
Washington
PM
585
718
45.8
4.7
5.4
1490
1577
56.5
5.7
6.2
1398
1419
89. 5
4.8
4.9
898
987
66. 3
4.6
5.0
1092
1175
64. 5
4.9
5.4
-------
TABLE 4-5
MEDIAN AIR POLLUTION POTENTIAL X/Q (sec m_1) FOR A 10-km CITY
(FROM IIOLZWORTH, 1971)
City
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Medford,
AM
29
24
62
47
39
Oregon
PM
11
10
10
10
10
Salem,
AM
13
12
24
19
17
Oregon
PM
10
10
9
10
10
Boise,
AM
14
14
19
19
17
Idaho
PM
11
9
10
10
10
Seattle,
AM
10
10
11
11
10
Washington
PM
10
10
10
10
10
84
-------
TABLE 4-6
NUMBER OF EPISODES AND EPISODE DAYS OF HIGH METEOROLOGICAL POTENTIAL OVER A
5-YEAR PERIOD; THE SPECIFIED METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS MUST EXIST FOR AT
LEAST TWO DAYS IN SUCCESSION WITH NO PRECIPITATION (FROM HOLZWORTH, 1971)
Layer Speed
^ 2m/sec
^ 4m/sec
s 6m/sec
Site
Number of
Episode
Number of
Episode
Number of 1
Episode
Episodes
Davs
Episodes
Days
Episodes
Days
Medford,
500
15
52
15
55
15
55
Oregon
1000
33
124
39
152
40
156
1500
37
144
55
214
61
235
Salem,
500
1
2
12
38
16
52
Oregon
1000
5
13
32
98
51
163
1500
5
13
59
172
96
318
Boise,
500
2
6
17
57
24
81
Idaho
1000
2
7
28
111
46
181
1500
2
7
36
144
60
245
Seattle,
500
0
0
7
15
13
37
Washington
1000
0
0
18
44
52
138
1500
0
0
27
66
94
259
-------
800
SALEM
MEDFORD
SALEM
MEDFORD
FIGURE 4-9. Median early morning mixing layer heights and wind speeds by season
for Salem and Medford (from Tabulation 3, N\VRC Job 6234).
86
-------
.•PORTLAND
SALEM
EUGENE
MEDFORD
FIGURE 4-10. Median surface wind speeds averaged from 0200 through 0600 LST
by season for Portland, Salem, Eugene and Medford.
87
-------
(1968). The 0200-0600 LST period is used by Holzworth in calculating the surface
speeds that go into the mean layer speeds; because of the low morning values of H
at Medford, the surface speed is often equivalent to the mean layer speed. The
results in the figure show that the three sites in the Willamette Valley all have
similar median early morning wind speeds and that these are very much higher
than the corresponding median speeds at Medford.
It is concluded from the above discussion that Salem meteoro-
logical data are representative of the air pollution potential of the entire Willamette
Valley, while Medford meteorological data are definitely not representative of the
Willamette Valley. Holzworth's (1971) statements about the very high air pollution
potential in Oregon therefore apply strictly to Medford and do not apply to the
Willamette Valley or to the Portland area.
4.2.2 Regional Air Pollution Climatology and Meteorology
The climatic regions of Oregon are shown in Figure 4-11. The
boundaries of the various regions were determined from watershed rather than air-
shed considerations. Major topographical features of Oregon, in addition to those
described in Section 4. 2.1 above, include:
o The Columbia and Snake River Basins forming,
respectively, the northern boundary of the North
Central Region and the eastern boundaries of the
Northeast and Southeast Regions
o The Wallowa Mountains in the extreme northeast
corner of the State with an average elevation of
5000 to 6000 feet above mean sea level
88
-------
Astorio
Pendleton
The Dalles
Portland
NORTH CENTRAL
NORTHEAST
LU
WILLAMETTE
I / VALLEY
p y
Corvallis f I
Baker
Eugen^
Burns
Coos
Bay
SOUTH CENTRAL
Roseburg
SOUTHWEST
VALLEYS
HIGH
PLATEAU
Medford
Klamath Falls
FIGURE 4-11. Climatic Regions in Oregon from the Climatic Atlas of the United States
(ESSA, 1965).
-------
• An interior plateau, covering approximately one-
third of the total area of the State, that includes the
South Central and High Plateau Regions; the elevation
of the plateau region varies from 4000 to 6000 feet
above mean sea level
The major meteorological regimes are the same as those out-
lined in Section 4.2.1 above. Cloudiness and precipitation patterns are largely
determined by distance from the Pacific Ocean and elevation above mean sea level.
The heaviest precipitation occurs in the Coast area where the average annual
amount is approximately 75 inches. The Northern Cascades receive approximately
65 inches total annual precipitation. The Cascades are followed, in descending
order, by the Willamette Valley (52 inches per year) and by the Southwest Valleys
and High Plateau Regions, each of which receives about 30 inches of precipitation
each year. In the other climatic regions, the total annual precipitation varies from
about 10 to 20 inches, with the largest amounts occurring in the North Central Region
and in the Wallowa Mountains of the Northeast Region. Cloudiness is apportioned
similarly to total annual precipitation. The average annual sky cover in the western
one-third of the State is about seven-tenths as against five-tenths for the remaining
two-thirds of the State.
Because of the aridity of the central and eastern portions of
the State, there is a wide diurnal range in air temperature produced by greater
solar heating during the day and greater radiational cooling at night than occurs
elsewhere. The Southwest Valleys also tend to follow this diurnal pattern because
of their high elevation and because the forced lifting of Pacific air by the Coast
Range and the Siskiyou Mountains removes much of the moisture content before the
Pacific air reaches the Southwest Valleys. This wide diurnal temperature range is
associated with low morning mixing heights and large afternoon mixing heights.
90
-------
As might be expected, air circulations near the surface are
quite complex in all the climatic regions because of the influence of topographical
factors and local heat sources and sinks. Bccuase of the light anticyclonic pres-
sure gradient typically present over the entire State in summer, the summer wind
circulations show strong upvallcy daytime winds and light nighttime downvalley
flows. Surface wind observations for many stations in Oregon are summarized in
the Climatological Handbook Columbia Basin States (1968). Upper-level wind data
are available only for the Salem, Eugene and Medford stations in Oregon. Similar
data are also available for Seattle, Spokane and Boise.
As a rough guide to the air pollution meteorology of the various
climatic regions, Table 4-7 lists average seasonal morning and afternoon mixing
heights and mean wind speeds in the mixing layer for each of the regions. The
entries in the table arc gross estimates read from isopleth maps contained in
Holzworth (1971). Cumulative frequency distributions of morning and afternoon
mixing layer depths for Salem, Medford, and Boise, as well as seasonal curves of
median morning mixing layer depths at Salem, are presented in Appendix E.
4.2. 3 Meteorological Data Requirements for Oregon
Except for the agricultural field-burning and the forest slash-
burning programs, meteorological information requirements for the routine opera-
tion of the air quality surveillance system are adequately satisfied by air pollution
advisories and forecasts issued by the National Weather Service. Agricultural field
burning in Oregon is under the direct control of the Oregon State Department of
Environmental Quality. With respect to the forest slash-burning program, the
Oregon State Forester consults with the Department of Environmental Quality on
the issuance of burning permits and the management of slash burning. Forecasts
of wind and stability conditions and decisions regarding the types of burning to be
permitted in both of these programs are made by DEQ's meteorologist. The forecasts
91
-------
TABLE 4-7
MEAN SEASONAL MORNING AM AND AFTERNOON PM MIXING HEIGHTS H (METERS)
AND LAYER WIND SPEEDS U (METERS PER SECOND) FOR THE
CLIMATIC REGIONS OF OREGON (AFTER HOLZWORTII, 1971)
—-^__Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Climatic
Region
A.
M.
P.
M.
A.
M.
P.
M.
1 A. M.
P.
M.
A.
M.
P.
M.
H
U
H
u
H
U
H
U
H
U
H
U
H
U
H
U
Coast Area
600
5
700
5.5
800
4
1300
6
GOO
3. 5
1300
6
550
3. 5
900
5
Willamette Valley
500
4
800
5
750
3. 5
1700
5
500
3
1600
5
1 450
3
1200
5 |
Southwest Valleys
400
3
900
4
600
3
1800
5
400
2
1700
5
400
2
1200
4
Northern Cascades
400
3
800
4
600
3
1800
5
400
2
1800
5
350
2
1300
4
High Plateau
350
2
900
3
500
3
2100
5
250
2
2200
4. 5
300
2
1600
4
North Central
400
4
700
4
450
4
1800
6
250
2.5
1900
5
350
3
1200
4.5
South Central
350
2.5
900
4
400
3.5
2200
6
200
2
2500
5
250
3
1600
4. 5
Northeast
400
4
700
4.5
350
5
2000
6. 5
200
3. 5
2400
5
250
3.5
1300
5
Southeast
350
3
900
4.5
400
4
2300
6. 5
100
3
2800
5. 5
250
3. 5
1600
5 1
-------
are based principally on an analysis of area weather advisories prepared by the
National Weather Service; upper-level wind information from Eugene and upper-
level wind and temperature information from the Salem radiosonde; surface wind
and visibility data from airport stations and other meteorological stations operated
by Government agencies and private industry.
DEQ's requirement for meteorological information can there-
fore be satisfied, with one exception noted below, by the data outlined above, pro-
vided that this information is available at DEQ in a convenient form and on a timely
basis. The one exception is the need for surface wind data from the area north of
Eugene, where there are presently no reporting stations. A surface wind station
located near Coburg would satisfy this requirement. Use of the data from this
station in preparing the field-burning and slash-burning forecasts requires that
satisfactory arrangements be made to transmit the wind information on a timely
basis to DEQ.
By far the largest amount of meteorological information is
required in the interpretation of air quality measurements and in the estimation of
air quality levels from emissions data. These activities, which are of central
importance in determining the achievement of air quality standards, require his-
torical rather than real-time data. The following types of historical data are
required for this purpose:
Surface Wind Measurements
(1) Hourly values of wind speed and wind direction are required
at the major natural air passageways leading into the Columbia and Willamette
River Valleys. These data are needed to estimate the flux of pollutants from the
Columbia River Valley into the Portland area and the Willamette Valley, as well
as the flux of pollutants into the Willamette Valley from the south.
93
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(2) Hourly values of wind speed and wind direction are also
needed at selected points within the Portland area and within the Willamette Valley.
Recommended station locations are:
• Along the Willamette River in downtown Portland,
preferably on a bridge crossing the river
• Along the Columbia River, possibly at the Portland
International Airport
• On top of a high downtown office building
• In or near Salem and Eugene (airport stations are
probably adequate)
(3) There also must be a spot surface wind-measurement capability
to document air circulations at selected sites of interest.
Upper-Air Wind and Temperature Measurements
(1) Measurements are required of the diurnal variations in the height
of the surface mixing layer and in the mean wind speeds and directions in this layer
that are representative of the entire Willamette Valley. The Salem rawinsonde data
and the Eugene pibal data, supplemented by spot sampling data from an MSU unit,
would satisfy this requirement.
Arrangements should be made to acquire the types of data des-
cribed above from the various Government agencies and private sources. No meteoro-
logical measurement activities are required of DEQ, except possibly in connection with
the operation of the recommended new station at Coburg and a few surface stations in
the greater Portland area. The timely availability of meteorological data for use in
the field-burning and slash-burning programs, and in pollution episodes, can be en-
sured by adding Circuit A to the Ag teletype circuit already available at DEQ.
94
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4. 3 MEASUREMENT NETWORKS FOR ROUTINE AIR QUALITY
SURVEILLANCE
The minimum measurement requirements, within each of the five Oregon
air quality control regions, for air quality surveillance networks are defined by
the Federal Priority Classifications. These requirements are summarized in
Tabic 3-1. State of Oregon requirements for air quality surveillance are listed in
Section 3.2. The details of the proposed measurement networks for routine air
quality surveillance given below satisfy the measurement requirements and sampling
schedules listed in Table 3-1. In some instances, measurements have been added
to those given in Table 3-1 and changes have been made in the sampling schedules
shown in Table 3-1, either to satisfy the State of Oregon requirements or to simplify
network operations.
4.3.1 Suspended Particulate Network
The surveillance network for suspended particulates is designed
principally to measure air quality in the highly populated areas of Oregon. We have
adopted the population criterion used previously in the design of the Oregon State Air
Sampling Network (OSASN) that at least one suspended particulate monitoring site
be located in population centers of 10,000 or more. This procedure results in the
addition of five monitoring sites to the minimum number of 20 suspended particulate
sites specified in Table 3-1 that are required to meet the Federal Priority Classifi-
cation requirements. Two of the additional sites are in the Southwest Air Quality
Control Region, two are in the Portland Interstate Air Quality Control Region, and
one is in the Central Air Quality Control Region. We have also added two other sus-
pended particulate monitoring sites in the Portland Interstate Air Quality Control
Region along the Columbia River Valley for the purpose of measuring the transport
or flux of suspended particulates into the metropolitan Portland area.
95
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Measurements of suspended particulates are to be made with
the following two types of sensors:
• Hi-vol samplers that meet the specifications given
in the 30 April 1971 Federal Register (Volume 36,
Number 84, Appendix B, Section 5, page 8189)
• AISI Tape Samplers
The laboratory assay of the hi-vol filter samples follows the procedures described
in Exhibit A of the Oregon Administrative Rules, Chapter 340 (see Appendix A) and
in Appendix B, Section 9 of the 30 April 1971 Federal Register referenced above.
The details of the suspended-particulate surveillance network
including station locations, sampling schedules and the types of sensors are given
in Table 4-8. The proposed network contains 27 suspended-particulate monitoring
sites. Hi-vol samplers are installed at all 27 sites and, in addition, AISI tape
samplers are installed at six of the 27 sites. The locations of 25 of the 27 proposed
stations are the same as the permanent air quality monitoring stations in the Oregon
State Air Sampling Network (OSASN), which has been in operation since January 1970.
The 25 OSASN stations were located on a population basis, with at least one station
assigned to each population center of 10,000 or more. The sampling stations within
the largest cities of each air quality region have also been designated as the tape
sampling locations. The two remaining sites in the proposed surveillance network
were selected to obtain measurements of the transport of suspended particulates
along the Columbia River Valley into the metropolitan Portland area. These sites
are located at the Troutdale Airport and at the airport northeast of Scappoose and
are included in the air quality surveillance network operated by the Columbia-
Willamette Air Pollution Authority.
9<3
-------
TABLE 4-8
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE NETWORK
Site No.
Location
Sampler
Sampling
Land Use
UTM Coordinates
Schedule
X
y
REGION 190 - Central Intrastate Air Quality Control Region
090405
Bend
Deschutes County
Courthouse
Hi-Vol
Every 6th day
Commercial/
Residential
636,200
4,880,200
181014
Klamath Falls
Broad & Wall Sts.
Hi-Vol
Tape
Sampler
Every 6th day
Continuous 2-
Hour Samples
Commercial/
Residential
604,200
4,672,800
181015
Klamath Falls
Oregon Technical
Institute
Hi-Vol
Every 6th day
Rural
331716
The Dalles
400 E. 5th St.
Hi-Vol
Every 6th day
Commercial/
Residential
641,600
5,050,600
REGION 191 - Eastern Intrastate Air Quality Control Region
311612
LaGrande
EOC Science Bldg.
Hi-Vol
Every 6th day
Residential
414,800
5,018,900
302018
Pendleton
Umatilla County
Courthouse
Hi-Vol
Tape
Sampler
Every 6th day
Continuous 2-
Hour Samples
Commercial/
Residential
360,600
5,058,800
-------
TABLE 4-8 (Continued)
Site No.
Location
Sampler
Sampling
Land Use
UTM Coordinates
Schedule
X
y
REGION 191 (Continued)
010404
Baker
1925 Washington St.
Hi-Vol
Every 6th day
Commercial/
Residential
434,000
4,957,900
REGION 192 - Northwest Intrastate Air Quality Control Region
040205
Astoria
857 Commercial St.
Hi-Vol
Every 6th day
Commercial/
Residential
435,500
5,115,200
REGION 193 - Portland Interstate Air Quality Control Region
220214
Albany
4th & Broadalbin
Hi-Vol
Every 6th day
Commercial/
Residential
491,593
4,942,235
341001
Beaver ton
450 SW Hall St.
Hi-Vol
Tape
Sampler
Every 6th day
Continuous 2-
Hour Samples
Commercial/
Residential
515,420
5, 036,684
020406
Corvallis
124 NW 7th St.
Hi-Vol
Tape
Sampler
Every 6th day
Continuous 2-
Hour Samples
Commercial/
Residential
479,226
4,934,535
-------
TABLE 4-8 (Continued)
Site No.
Location
Sampler
Sampling
Land Use
UTM Coordinates
Schedule
X
y
REGION 193 (Continued)
201852
Eugene
11th & Willamette
Hi-Vol
Tape
Sampler
Every 6th day
Continuous 2-
Hour Samples
Commercial
492,660
4,875,900
343401
Hillsboro
150 NE 3rd Ave.
Hi-Vol
Every 6th day
Commercial/
Residential
500,977
5,040,398
034001
Lake Oswego
368 S. State St.
Hi-Vol
Every 6th day
Commercial/
Residential
517,200
5,028,417
361703
McMinnville
5th & Evans Sts.
Hi-Vol
Every 6th day
Commercial/
Residential
484,914
5,006,321
034311
Milwaukie
1550 23rd St.
Hi-Vol
Every 6th day
Residential
528,405
5,031,852
261476
Portland
718 W Burnside St.
Hi-Vol
Tape
Sampler
Every 6th day
Continuous 2-
Hour Samples
Commercial
525,259
5,040,865
261477
Portland
3119 SE Holgate
Hi-Vol
Every 6th day
Residential
528,785
5,037,251
-------
TABLE 4-8 (Continued)
Site No.
Location
Sampler
Sampling
Land Use
UTM Coordinates
Schedule
X
y
REGION 193 (Continued)
2G1701
TrouLdale*
Airport
Hi-Vol
Every 6th day
Non-Urban
547,706
5,044,483
243826
Salem
Willamette Univ.
Univ. Center Bldg.
Hi-Vol
Tape
Sampler
Every 6th day
Continuous 2-
Hour Samples
Commercial/
Residential
497,180
4,976,580
053101
Scappoose*
NW Beacon-Airport
Hi-Vol
Every 6th day
Suburban
510,921
5,068,826
203311
Springfield
3rd and B Sts.
Hi-Vol
Tape
Sampler
Every 6th day
Continuous 2-
Hour Samples
Commercial
487,800
4,875,300
REGION 194 - Southwest Intrastate Air Quality Control Region
150205
Ashland
City Hall
Hi-Vol
Every 6th day
Commercial/
Residential
523,400
4,671,500
060701
Coos Bay
4th & Central Ave.
Hi-Vol
Every 6th day
Commercial/
Residential
401,300
4,802,000
170705
Grants Pass
NW 6th & C Sts.
Hi-Vol
Every 6th day
Commercial/
Residential
473,200
4,697,200
*Flux Estimating Sampling Stations
-------
TABLE 4-8 (Continued)
Site No.
Location
Sampler
Sampling
Land Use
UTM Coordinates
Schedule
x y
REGION 194- (Continued)
152017
Medford
Hi-Vol
Every 6th day
Commercial/
510,000 4,685,300
Main & Oakdale
Tape
Sampler
Continuous 2-
Hour Samples
Residential
102717
Roseburg
1154 SE Douglas
Hi-Vol
Every 6th day
Commercial/
Residential
473,200 4,784,700
-------
4.3.2 Sulfur Dioxide Network
In determining the locations of sampling sites for the proposed
sulfur dioxide network, both emissions inventory data and population figures were
considered. Emissions inventory data for Oregon show that the bulk of the SO
emissions in Oregon are produced by area sources. The one notable exception is
in the Washington portion of the Portland Interstate AQCR at Centralia, Washington
where the Pacific Power and Light Company is constructing a new plant. Of the
two units at the Centralia plant, one was placed in operation on 1 September 1971
and the other unit is scheduled to go into operation during the fall of 1972. When
the Centralia plant is fully operational, it will increase the total SO emissions in
' Ct
the Portland Interstate AQCR by more than 300 percent. Estimates of the impact
of SO emissions from the new plant on air quality in the Portland Interstate AQCR
it
are given in Appendix C. These estimates show that the emissions from this new
source will result in average seasonal ground-level SO concentrations of about 1
part per billion in the Oregon portions of the Portland Interstate AQCR. For these
reasons, the sulfur dioxide monitoring sites were selected on a population basis.
The details of the proposed sulfur dioxide network are summar-
ized in Table 4-9. As shown in Table 3-1, the Federal Priority Classification for
the Portland Interstate AQCR requires three stations equipped with bubbler type
SO samplers and the station at which continuous SO measurements are made.
Z 2t
In each of the four intrastate regions, the Federal Priority Classification requires
one station equipped with a bubbler type S02 sampler. The sampling schedules
shown in Tabic 4-9 are the same as those in Table 3-1.
We recommend that the State of Oregon continue to operate the
continuous sulfur dioxide instrument at the CAM Station at 718 West Burnside
Street in Portland. This instrumentation does not meet the current Federal specifi-
cations for continuous monitoring of sulfur dioxide. However, it is necessary to
102
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TABLE 4-9
SULFUR DIOXIDE SURVEILLANCE NETWORK
Site No. Location Sampler Sampling
Schedule
Land Use
UTM Coordinates
X
y
REGION 190 - Central Air Quality Control Region
181014 Klamath Falls Impinger Every 6th day
Broad & Wall Sts.
Commercial/
Residential
604,200
4,672,800
REGION 191 - Eastern Air Quality Control Region
302018 Pendleton Impinger Every 6th day
Umatilla County
Courthouse
Commercial/
Residential
360,600
5,058,800
REGION 192 - Northwest Air Quality Control Region
040205 Astoria Impinger Every 6th day
857 Commercial St.
Commercial/
Residential
435, 500
5,115,200
REGION 193 - Portland Interstate Air Quality Control Region (Oregon Portion)
020406 Corvallis Impinger Every 6th day
124 NW 7th St.
Commercial/
Residential
479,226
4,934,535
201852 Eugene Impinger Every 6th day
11th & Willamette St.
Commercial
492,660
4,875,900
-------
TABLE 4-9 (Continued)
Site No.
Location
Sampler
Sampling
Land Use
UTM Coordinates
Schedule
X
y
REGION 193 (Continued)
261476
Portland
718 W. Burnside
Continuous
Commercial
525,259
5,040,865
243826
Salem
Willamette Univ.
Impinge r
Every 6th day
Commercial/
Residential
497,180
4,976,580
REGION 194 - Southwest Air Quality Control Region
152017
Medford
Main & Oakdale Sts.
Impinger
Every 6th day
Commercial/
Residential
510,000
4,685,300
-------
continue the operation of this equipment until instrumentation that meets the
Federal specifications caai be procured, installed and put into operation. After
the equipment becomes operational, operation of the old instrumentation should
still be continued until satisfactory procedures have been developed for relating
the measurements previously obtained with the older instrumentation to the
measurements outlined with the new instrumentation.
4. 3. 3 Nitrogen Dioxide Network
According to the Federal Priority Classification requirements
in Table 3-1, surveillance of nitrogen dioxide concentrations is required only in
the Portland Interstate AQCR. The Federal requirements also state that the Jacobs-
Hochheiser method for measuring nitrogen dioxide must be used and that, on a
population basis, ten sampling sites must be included in the Portland Interstate
AQCR network. On a population basis, nine of these sites must be located in
Oregon. Selection of the nine required sampling sites in Oregon was made from a
consideration of total emissions and population. Motor vehicles are the primary
source of nitrogen dioxide emissions in the Oregon portion of the Region. Therefore,
the sampling sites were located in the cities with large traffic volumes and large
populations. Portland, the largest city, was assigned three sites and one site was
assigned to each of the next six largest cities by population in the Portland Inter-
state AQCR.
The locations of the nitrogen dioxide sites and other network
details are given in Table 4-10. The sampling schedule of 12 days was chosen be-
cause it is exactly half the frequency of the sulfur dioxide sampling schedule. Since
both pollutants are measured at four common sites in Portland, Salem, Corvallis
and Eugene, the 12-day schedule for nitrogen dioxide simplifies network operations.
105
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TABLE 4-10
NO SURVEILLANCE NETWORK
Site No.
Location
Sampling
Land Use
UTM Coordinates
Schedule
X
y
220214
Albany
4th & Broadalbin Sts.
Every 12
days
Commercial/
Residential
491,593
4,942,235
341001
Beaverton
450 SW Hall St.
Every 12
days
Commercial/
Residential
515,420
5, 036,684
020406
Corvallis
124 NW 7th St.
Every 12
days
Commercial/
Residential
479,226
4, 934,535
201852
Eugene
11th & Willamette St.
Every 12
days
Commercial
492,060
4,875,900
261476
Portland
718 W Burnside
Every 12
days
Commercial
525,259
5,040,865
26142G
Portl and
1010 NE Couch St.
Every 12
days
Commercial/
Residential
527,062
5,040,911
261427
Portland
State Office Bldg.
Every 12
Commercial
525,150
5,040,150
243826
Salem
Willamette Univ.
Every 12
days
Commercial/
Residential
497,180
4,976,580
203311
Springfield
3rd and B Sts.
Every 12
days
Commercial/
Residential
487,800
4, 875,300
106
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4.3.4 Hydrocarbons Netwoi'k
There are no Federal requirements for the routine surveillance
of total hydrocarbons. There are, however, Federal air quality standards for total
hydrocarbons and approved measurement techniques. At the present time, total
hydrocarbons are measured at the CAM Stations in Portland and Eugene. The
measurement technique employed at these two sites do not meet the Federal mea-
surement specifications because the measurements include methane which is to be
excluded under the Federal measurement specifications. The Columbia-Willamette
Air Pollution Authority has similar instrumentation for measuring total hydrocarbons.
Auxiliary equipment for excluding methane is not available at
present for the particular instrumentation at the two CAM Stations and at the
Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution Authority. Replacement instrumentation for
measuring hydrocarbons that meets the Federal specifications is very expensive.
The present instrumentation provides background measurements of the concentra-
tions of total hydrocarbons in the Portland Interstate AQCR. Until instrumentation
that is capable of meeting the approved measurement standard becomes available to
the State, we recommend that the State continue to monitor total hydrocarbons at the
two CAM Stations in Portland and Eugene with the existing equipment and that a third
instrument of this type be put in operation in Salem. The details of this network are
shown in Table 4-11.
4. 3. 5 Carbon Monoxide Network
According to the Federal Priority Classifications in Table 3-1,
the surveillance of carbon monoxide concentrations is required only in the Portland
Interstate AQCR. Because motor vehicle emissions are the primary source of
carbon monoxide in Oregon, the core areas of the three largest cities (Portland,
Salem, and Eugene) were selected as the general areas in which carbon monoxide
107
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TABLE 4-11
SURVEILLANCE NETWORK FOR HYDROCARBONS, CARBON
MONOXIDE AND PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS
Site No.
Location
Sampling
Land Use
UTM Coordinates
Schedule
X
y
201852
Eugene
11th & Willamette St.
Continuous
Commercial
492,060
4,875,900
261476
Portland
718 W Burnside St.
Continuous
Commercial
525,259
5,040,865
243826
Salem
Willamette Univ.
Continuous
Commercial/
Residential
497,180
4,976,580
108
-------
monitoring sites should be located. In addition, one carbon monoxide analyzer is
reserved for use in making spot measurements of air quality levels in areas of
suspected or potential high concentration such as Areas B, C and D in Figure 4-6.
The station locations, sampling schedule and other details of the proposed carbon
monoxide network are given in Table 4-11.
4. 3. 6 Photochemical Oxidants
The Federal Priority Classification in Table 3-1 requires the
surveillance of photochemical oxidants only in the Portland Interstate AQCR. Hie
primary purpose of measuring concentrations of photochemical oxidants is to pro-
vide information to be used in conjunction with measurements of total hydrocarbons
to indicate the formation of photochemical smog. Because the hydrocarbons in
Oregon are produced principally by motor vehicle emissions, the sites for measuring
photochemical oxidants were placed in the core areas of the three largest cities as
the same locations as those selected for the hydrocarbon measurements. These
site locations and the sampling schedule for photochemical oxidants are shown in
Table 4-11.
4.3. 7 Meteorological Network
As pointed out in Section 3.3.4, there are no Federal require-
ments for monitoring meteorological parameters as part of the air quality surveil-
lance networks in Oregon. Meteorological information currently available at the
Department of Environmental Quality from the Ag teletype circuit, and from the
National Weather Service and other agencies, appears to be adequate for most of
the DEQ air pollution activities. In the discussion of Oregon's meteorological
data requirements in Section 4.2. 3, two recommendations are made for increased
meteorological support of the field-burning and slash-burning programs. The
109
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first recommendation is for the establishment of a new surface wind station in the
Willamette Valley near Coburg and for the timely reporting of the station observa-
tions to DEQ. The second recommendation is for the addition of teletype Circuit A
to the existing Ag circuit at DEQ to ensure the timely availability of other meteoro-
logical information required in the field-burning and slash-burning programs as
well as during air pollution episodes.
In the discussion in Section 4. 2. 3 of Oregon's requirements for
historical surface wind data, it is pointed out that hourly wind speed and wind direc-
tion measurements from stations in the Columbia and Willamette River Valleys are
needed to aid in estimating the flux of pollutants into the metropolitan Portland area
and into the Willamette Valley. We recommend that arrangements be made to
acquire the requisite historical surface wind data from the following two stations
in the Columbia River Valley:
• Troutdale Airport
• Scappoose (Columbia County Airport)
We understand that the Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution Authority has installed
wind sensors and has collected wind data at these stations. Because of the data
formatting procedures used by CWAPA, which are discussed in Section 3.3.4,
these data are likely to be unsuitable for DEQ's requirements. If further investi-
gation shows this to be true, other arrangements should be made to acquire the
requisite data from these two station locations.
The availability of a National Weather Service Environmental
Meteorological Support Unit (EMSU) in the Willamette Valley would provide a much
needed capability of making spot checks of mixing heights, mean wind speeds in the
surface mixing layer, and other significant features of local wind circulations. One
very important task that requires EMSU capability is the establishment of the repre-
sentativeness of the Salem rawinsonde data for determining mixing heights and
ventilation rates in the Willamette Valley.
110
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4.4
SYSTEM OPERATIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES
In the above descriptions of the monitoring networks and data-handling
and processing procedures of the proposed air quality surveillance system for
Oregon, it has been stressed that the operation of the system must be under the
direct control of a single agency. This is both a technical requirement, based on
first principles of systems engineering, and, in Oregon, a legal requirement as
well. The Department of Environmental Quality is charged by Oregon State law
with the responsibility of providing for a coordinated state-wide program of air
quality control. As explained in Section 2.1, the existing air quality surveillance
system in Oregon consists of several monitoring networks operated by the Depart-
ment of Environmental Quality and the three Regional Authorities in the Willamette
Valley. Of the three Regional Authorities, the Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution
Authority has by far the largest monitoring network. In the proposed Oregon sur-
veillance system networks described in Section 4. 3, the existing monitoring networks,
laboratory facilities, and staffs of the Regional Authorities are utilized to the fullest
extent consistent with the basic technical requirement that the system operation be
under the direct control of a single agency (DEQ). Details are given below of the
operational responsibilities of the three Regional Authorities with respect to the
following major activities of the proposed Oregon surveillance system:
• Air quality measurements
• Laboratory assay of air quality samples
• Processing and analysis of air quality measurements
4.4.1 ' Air Quality Measurements
The three Regional Authorities have been assigned the responsi-
bility for operating the air quality monitoring stations and equipment listed in Table
111
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4-12, in accordance with procedures specified by the Department of Environmental
Quality and the Environmental Protection Agency. Station locations are given in
Tables 4-8 through 4-11.
There are no local air pollution authorities in the Northwest,
Southwest, Central and Eastern Intrastate Air Quality Regions. In these Regions,
the Department of Environmental Quality is directly responsible for the operation of
air quality monitoring equipment. The current Oregon State Air Sampling Network
uses volunteer operators to conduct the routine monitoring of particulates. Volun-
teer operators may also be used to operate the monitoring sites in the proposed
surveillance network at which only hi-vol measurements are made. However, in
each of these air quality control regions, there is at least one complex monitoring
site where SO impinger samples and continuous AISI tape samplers are operated
in addition to the hi-vol samplers. The use of volunteers to operate the complex
monitoring stations is not acceptable because of the limited technical training of the
volunteers and the necessity for strict adherence to sampling schedules. Therefore,
employees in the Department of Environmental Quality, other State agencies, local
county or city governments must be trained and assigned as operators at the com-
plex monitoring stations located in the following cities:
o Astoria
9 Medford
• Klamath Falls
• Pendleton
4.4.2 Laboratory Assay of Air Quality Samples
Successful operation of a single, coordinated state-wide air
quality surveillance system requires that samples from the system monitoring net-
work be assayed in an accurate, well-documented, uniform and timely manner. The
112
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TABLE 4-12
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE REGIONAL AUTHORITIES FOR AIR QUALITY
MEASUREMENTS IN THE PROPOSED SURVEILLANCE
SYSTEM FOR OREGON
COLUMBIA-WILLAMETTE AIR POLLUTION AUTHORITY
Hi-Vol Suspended Particulate Measurements
Continue operation of 5 stations currently being operated for DEQ and
operate the Troutdale and Scappoose stations currently in the CWAPA
network.
Tape Stain Measurements
Operate tape-stain monitoring at the Beaverton station.
Nitrogen Dioxide Measurements
Operate impinger samplers at the Beaverton station and the CWAPA
station at 1010 N. E. Couch Street.
MID-WILLAMETTE AIR POLLUTION AUTHORITY
Hi-Vol Suspended Particulate Measurements
Continue operation of the Salem station currently being operated for DEQ
and operate 3 additional stations currently operated by OSASN volunteers
at Albany, Corvallis, and McMinnville.
Tape Stain Measurements
Operate tape-stain samplers at the Salem and Corvallis stations.
Nitrogen Dioxide Measurements
Operate impinger samplers at the Albany, Corvallis and Salem stations.
Sulfur Dioxide Measurements
Operate impinger samplers at the Corvallis and Salem stations.
113
-------
TABLE 4-12 (Continued)
MID-WILLAMETTE AIR POLLUTION AUTHORITY (Continued)
Photochemical Oxidants, Hydrocarbons, and Carbon
Monoxide Measurements
Operate continuous monitoring equipment for these three pollutants
at the Salem station.
LANE REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION AUTHORITY
Hi-Vol Suspended Particulate Measurements
Continue operation of the Lane station currently being operated for DEQ
and operate the Springfield station currently in the OSASN volunteer
network.
Tape Stain Measurements
Operate tape-stain samplers at the Eugene and Springfield stations.
Nitrogen Dioxide Measurements
Operate impinger samplers at the Eugene and Springfield stations.
Sulfur Dioxide Measurements
Operate impinger samplers at the Eugene station.
Photochemical Oxidants, Hydrocarbons and Carbon
Monoxide Measurements
Operate continuous monitoring equipment for these three pollutants at
the Eugene station.
114
-------
Air Quality Control Laboratory of the Department of Environmental Quality is ade-
quately equipped to perform all of the assaying of the air quality samples. The
maximum numbers of air quality samples that must be assayed each month in the
Laboratory when the proposed surveillance network for Oregon becomes fully
operational are as follows:
162 hi-vol suspended particulates
30 Jacobs-Iiochheiser NO samples
42 Pararosaniline SO samples
2
The routine use of both lead peroxide candles for monitoring sulfation rate and of
particle fallout jars has been eliminated from the proposed surveillance network.
Also, the total number of assays of hi-vol filter samples has been reduced from the
present network total of about 200 per month to 162 per month. For these reasons,
the assaying requirements for the proposed surveillance system should not require
an increase in Laboratory personnel in the Department of Environmental Quality.
However, some changes in the duties of Laboratory personnel may be required.
The requirements for uniform assaying procedures, documenta-
tion and timely reporting of the assays are most'easily met if the assaying is con-
ducted by a single agency. The advantages gained by having the Department of
Environmental Quality's Air Quality Control Laboratory perform all of the assaying
required by the State's air quality surveillance network are sufficient to warrant
any small added work load that might be required. The air quality laboratories
operated by the local air pollution authorities will continue to provide the assaying
capabilities for their special source surveillance studies and other monitoring
activities.
115
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4.4.3 Data Handling and Analysis
The primary objective of the surveillance system is to obtain
information that can be used to determine the air quality of the State and the progress
being made toward meeting the Federal standards for ambient air quality. Achieve-
ment of this objective requires the establishment and implementation of a carefully-
planned data-handling and analysis program. This program must conform to the
Federal requirements for air quality surveillance outlined by the Federal Priority
Classifications in Table 3-1 for each air quality control region in Oregon. Because
the Department of Environmental Quality is the State agency charged with the respon-
sibility for meeting the Federal ambient air quality standards, it must therefore
have at its disposal the facilities needed to process and analyze the air quality data
from the surveillance system. We recommend that the Department of Environmental
Quality conduct all data handling and analysis operations, except for the reduction of
some strip-chart records by Regional Authorities as described below; and that the
Regional Authorities and other local agencies, operating monitoring sites for DEQ,
provide DEQ with detailed information pertaining to individual air quality samples
and measurements. In addition, the Regional Authorities and local agencies are
jointly responsible with DEQ for the validation of data that originated from air quality
monitoring sites operated for DEQ within their respective jurisdictions.
The strip-chart records from the continuous monitoring equip-
ment currently operated by Regional Authorities are, in most instances, being reduced
by the Authorities for use in their respective air quality programs. We recommend
that the Regional Authorities be assigned the responsibility for reducing, on a reg-
ularly scheduled basis, the strip-chart records from all monitoring equipment
operated by them for DEQ in the proposed surveillance system. It is also recom-
mended that the Regional Authorities be required to supply DEQ with the reduced
hourly mean pollutant concentrations entered on appropriate data forms. A sample
data form is shown in Figure 4-12.
116
-------
Less than 24-hour sampling interval
~—
Agency
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
National Aeroniotnc Data Bank
Research Triangle Park. N. C. 27711
SAROAD Hourly Data Form
State Area
Site
3 3 4 b 6 7 8 'J I'J
Agency Project Time Year Month
Cr.y Name
~
~
Site Address
Parameter observed
Mclhod
\ J n 1A I b 1 b 17 "i
Parameter code Method Units DP
Project
Time-interval of obs.
Units of obs.
23 24 25 JO 71 78 :~ X) 31
~
Day
i9 :o
St Hr
:i 2?
Rdg 1
33 34 35 36
Rdg 2
37 38 33 40
Rdg 3
4! 4? 43 44
Rdg 4
45 46 47 4 8
Rdg 5
49 50 51 57
Rdg 6
53 54 55 5R
Rdg 7
57 58 59 60
Rdg 8
61 67 63 64
Rdg 9
65 6S G7 60
Rdg 10
P9 70 71 73
Rdg 11
73 74 75 70
Rdg 12
77 7e 79 eo
...
—
—
Mil
—
—
—
—
~
—
—
-
—
--
—
--
—
--
—
I I
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—-
--
—
I
—
—
—
—
—
—
1 1 1
—
—
—
—
—
--
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
-
-
—
—
—
—
FIGURE 4-12. Sample standardized data reporting form.
OMB No. 15S-R0012
Approval Expires 6 '30 76
-------
4.4.4 Summary
The operational responsibilities described above for the pro-
posed air quality surveillance system do not appear to produce any appreciable net
increase in the current work load of the four air pollution agencies involved (DEQ,
CWAPA, MWAPA, and LRAPA). The level of effort currently expended in operating
the OSASN and CAM stations is approximately equivalent to the level of effort re-
quired to operate the proposed system. The reduced sampling frequency for hi-vol
stations and the elimination of particle fallout and sulfation rate sampling from the
routine surveillance network provides the time and manpower required to operate
the new gas sampling and expanded continuous air-monitoring networks. It is anti-
cipated that no additional personnel will be required by the Regional Authorities to
carry out their operational responsibilities under the new system. The Department
of Environmental Quality has the responsibility of providing additional personnel,
either through the Department or through other State or local government agencies,
to operate the four complex stations located outside of the Willamette Valley.
118
-------
4. 5 DATA-HANDLING AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
The Department of Environmental Quality is responsible for supplying
the detailed specifications for the processing and analysis of surveillance system
data. Both the large amount of data that will be acquired from the various air
quality surveillance networks and the limited staff that the State has available for
routine data handling and analysis dictate that maximum use should be made of
existing automatic data-processing facilities.
We propose that the handling and analysis of air quality data be accom-
plished in two phases. In Phase I, which is devoted to preprocessing, the raw
data from the air quality surveillance networks are transcribed, converted to stan-
dard forms and validated. In Phase II, the statistical analysis is performed and
data summaries and archiving records are generated. Details of the data-handling
and analysis procedures in these two phases are given below.
4. 5.1 Phase I - Preprocessing Procedures
As shown in Figure 4-13, data from the surveillance networks
are obtained in two forms:
» Strip-chart records from continuous monitoring
equipment
• Physical samples from the air quality sampling
networks
Physical samples must be assayed in the laboratory before the raw pollutant-
concentration data are available for processing. Also, the raw data from most
laboratory assaying is not in a form that directly relates to air quality. For
119
-------
HI VOLS
CWAPA
HI VOLS
MWVAPA
HI VOLS
LRAPA
GAS
SAMPLES
CWAPA
GAS
SAMPLES
MWVAPA
HI VOLS
DEQ
CONTINUOUS
GAS MONITORING
CWAPA
GAS
SAMPLES
LRAPA
GAS
SAMPLES
DEQ
STRIP CHART
REDUCTION
CWAPA
CONTINUOUS
GAS MONITORING
MWVAPA
STRIP CHART
REDUCTION
MWVAPA
CONTINUOUS
GAS MONITORING
LRAPA
CONTINUOUS
GAS MONITORING
DEQ
LABORATORY ANALYSIS
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY
STRIP CHART
REDUCTION
LRAPA
STRIP CHART
REDUCTION
DEQ
CO
o
LAB
FILE
LABORATORY
REPORT
KEY
PUNCH
HOURLY
HOURLY
CWAPA
FILE
MWVAPA
FILE
DATA
DATA
FORM
FORM
HOUR LY
HOURLY
LRAPA
FILE
DATA
DATA
FORM
FORM
RAW
FILE
\ RAW
CAE
DATA
IDS
DATA
CORRECTION
FORM
CONVERSION TO
STANDARD UNITS
AND
VALIDATION
DATA LISTINGS
MULTIPLE
COPIES
TEMPORARY
STORAGE
(TAPE
DISK
CARDS)
NOTEBOOK
FILE
VALIDATION BY
ORIGINATING
AGENCIES
CWAPA, LRAPA,
MWVAPA, DEQ
CORRECT
DATA
ARE.
DATA
CORRECT
GO TO
PHASE
FIGURE 4-13. Phase I - Preprocessing procedures.
-------
example, the raw data available from the laboratory assay of a hi-vol filter sample
is in the form of total weight of the filter and the suspended particulates captured
by the filter. Blank sample weights, flow rates and the exposure time of the filter
must be combined with the total weight of the sample to obtain the desired air
quality parameter, which is the weight of suspended particulates expressed in
micrograms per cubic meter of air. Strip-chart data must also undergo a manual
reduction procedure in which the chart data are converted to a time series of dis-
crete data points, each point representing the average value of the measured para-
meter over a fixed-time interval.
The raw data from the strip-chart reduction and the laboratory
assaying procedures are recorded, along with other pertinent information, on raw
data forms in preparation for key punching. As shown by the Phase I data-flow
diagram in Figure 4-13, the conversion of the raw data to standard units and pre-
liminary validation of the data are accomplished through the use of automatic data-
processing techniques. These automatic techniques produce data listings that are
used in performing the detailed manual validation of the data and also provide a
convenient means for temporary data storage prior to further processing.
The detailed manual validation of the data is a very important
and critical step in the overall data processing system because it is the only satis-
factory method for maintaining high standards of data quality. This validation
should be performed by the personnel most familiar with the measurements, the
measurement techniques, raw data extraction procedures, and various features of
the sampling locations at which the physical samples were obtained. These per-
sonnel are required to use their technical judgment to verify, reject, or correct
processed data that appears questionable. If this step is eliminated or compro-
mised, good practice is violated and data errors that might have been eliminated
are allowed to enter the data-analysis phase and they eventually become part of
the permanent records stored in the State's technical data base.
121
-------
A diagram illustrating the steps in the automatic preprocessing
of hi-vol raw data cards is shown in Figure 4-14. The hi-vol raw data cards are
punched from the entries on raw data forms made after the results of the laboratory
sample assay have been completed. Figure 4-15 contains a sample raw data form
for listing laboratory assay values of hi-vol filter samples. After the raw assay
values and other pertinent information are punched on cards, the cards are read
into the storage areas of the data-processing facility. The data associated with
each hi-vol sample are first used to calculate the volume of air that was sampled
and then to calculate the concentration of suspended particulates represented by the
sample. The calculated suspended particulate concentration is then checked against
the reported value if it is available. This optional step in the data flow program
may be used to keep a running check on the automated process by submitting hand-
calculatcd concentrations at regular intervals for comparison with the machine-
calculated values. If the hand-calculated concentration is not reported, the option
is ignored and the process continues to the next step. If the machine calculation
does not compare with the hand calculation within the preset limits, ± 1 percent
in this example, the machine automatically flags or identifies the data point with a
symbol and continues to the next step. During the next step, the calculated concen-
tration is checked to see if it falls within preset limits. The preset limits are
generally set in the extreme maximum and minimum values that might be expected
for a particular pollutant. If the calculated concentration value falls outside these
preset limits, the data point is flagged with a specific symbol. At this point, the
automated process is repeated until all the hi-vol samples have been processed.
At the completion of the conversion and automatic validation of
all samples, a listing is printed of all the processed hi-vol samples. This listing
includes the sampling site locations, dates, filter numbers, suspended particulate
concentrations, and validation flags. These data are also placed in temporary
storage for future processing in Phase II. The listed data must be manually verified
by the cognizant technical personnel before the Phase II activities described below
are initialized.
122
-------
to
Co
PHASE
CALCULATED
SP WITHIN
NO
REAL) AND SI ORE
ALL RAW
. DATA ,
YES
ON LINE
RAW
DATA
DATA
WITHIN
PRESET
LIMITS?
NO
YES
NO
YES
OUTPUT
DATA
V LIST >
DATA LISTING FOR VALIDATION
FILTER SP
SITE DATE NO. fjt fi/m3 FLAGS
STORE
ALL
l DATA.
YES
NO
LAST v
SAMPLE?
/ WAS \
SP
RE PORTED 7,
REPORTED
s. SP ? /
PICK UP
RAW DATA
FLAG DATA
WITH *
FLAG DATA
WITH *
HI-VOL
RAW DATA
CARDS
CALCULATE
SAMPLE
VOLUME
xT
CALCULATE
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE
CONCENTRATION ng/m^
SP =
x 10
FIGURE 4-14. Steps in the automatic preprocessing of hi-vol raw data cards.
-------
HI-VOL RAW DATA FORM
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
AIR QUALITY CONTROL DIVISION
DATE
SAMPLES SHEET OF
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FIGURE 4-15. Sample form for listing raw laboratory assay values of hi-vol filter samples.
-------
4. 5. 2 Phase II - Analysis and Archiving Procedures
Phase II is initiated after the Phase I manual validation has
been completed. The statistical analysis, data summarization and data archiving
are accomplished during Phase II as shown in Figure 4-16. The data archiving
task is t.he first operation in Phase II. The important information pertaining to
each sample, such as site number, type of sample, data, and concentration is
extracted from the temporary storage and converted to a SAROAD format. Specific
information pertaining to the individual formats and the required data is found in
the SAROAD Users Manual APTD-0G63 and SAROAD Parameter Coding Manual
APTD-0633. The information in SAROAD format is transferred to punched cards
for storage in the State's technical database. Duplicates of the punched cards are
sent to the National Aerometric Data Bank operated by the Environmental Protection
Agency. The SAROAD formatted data are also available at this point in the main
storage facilities of the computer.
Standard statistical programs are used to summarize the data
for report requirements and for analysis by technical personnel. The actual pro-
grams used will depend upon the type of data to be analyzed and the purpose of the
analysis. The Phase II data-processing programs and procedures are set up to
accept their input from the temporary storage facility used at the end of Phase I or
from the punched cards that are generated in the first step of Phase II. This pro-
cedure provides for the analysis of any set of data or data sets contained in the
State's technical data base at any time in the future.
125
-------
TEMPORARY
STORAGE
FROM
PHASE
I
INPUT
PHASE I
DATA
' SAROAD
CARDS
\
CONVERT DATA
TO
SAROAD FORMAT
OUTPUT
SAROAD
CARDS
CO
Ci
DUPLICATE
CARDS
SAROAD
CARDS
2nd Copy
OREGON
DATA
BASE
PHASE
II
DATA
PREVIOUSLY
PROCESSED?
INPUT
SAROAD
CARDS
NATIONAL
. AEROMETRIC
kDATA BANKy
EPA
CWAPA
STATISTICAL PROCESSING
• ARITHMETIC MEAN
• MAX-MIN
• GEOMETRIC MEAN
• STANDARD DEVIATION
• GEOMETRIC STANDARD
DEVIATION
• FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
• CURVE FITTING
• TREND ANALYSIS
DATA
SUMMARIES
MWVAPA
OREGON
DATA
BASE
LRAPA
DEQ
REGIONAL
REGIONAL
REGIONAL
STATE
REPORT
REPORT
REPORT
REPORT
FIGURE 4-16.
Phase II -
Analysis and archiving procedures.
-------
4. C EPISODE MONITORING
4. 6.1 Air Quality Measurements
The requirements for air quality surveillance during episodes
differ principally from the requirements for routine air quality surveillance in that
the timeliness and availability of the air quality measurements become very critical.
During episodes, the surveillance system should operate as nearly as possible on a
real-time basis. In general, data are not needed more frequently than from hour to
hour and data lags greater than 24 hours are unacceptable. The air quality monitor-
ing requirements during episodes are best satisfied through the use of the continuous
monitoring equipment located at the CAM Stations in Portland, Salem and Eugene.
Because the CAM Stations are located in the areas where the highest pollutant con-
centrations are expected, no changes in monitoring sites are required during episodes.
The use of auxiliary measurement and sampling equipment to
supplement the information acquired from the routine surveillance network is highly
recommended. The current operation of three MRI nephelometers, in Portland,
Salem and Eugene, should be continued in an effort to relate visibility to suspended
particulate concentrations. A method of estimating suspended particulate concentra-
tions from the visibility measurements on a near real-time basis would be extremely
helpful during episodes involving high particulate concentration levels. In addition,
it is recommended that the Department of Environmental Quality conduct a study
program to determine how accurately the suspended particulate concentrations can
be determined using hi-vol samplers for a reduced sampling period of 6 hours, and
a reduced equilibrate time of 1 to 2 hours prior to determining the weight of the
sample. The use of hi-vol samplers to establish a quantitative measurement of the
suspended particulate concentrations on a timely basis would be very useful in deter-
mining the effects of control and abatement strategies.
12 7
-------
4. 6. 2 Episode Network Description
The network used for monitoring air quality during episodes
is a portion of the network that is used for routine surveillance of air quality.
Those stations of the regular network at which continuous air quality monitoring
instrumentation is located are the episode monitoring stations. The frequency of
reporting of the measurements from these stations is increased and the methods
used in communicating these reports are upgraded. The stations and the associated
instrumentation that make up the episode monitoring network are given in Table 4-13.
The requirement for air quality measurements that are both
meaningful and timely during air pollution episodes leads to the necessity for a
reliable communications system and a method of summarizing network air quality
measurements into a meaningful and useful form. A sample of the required communi-
cations network is shown in Figure 4-17. The actual line of communication may take
any reasonable form, from a simple messenger who hand carries information to a
very complex high-grade telemetering system. A common type of communication
system that is almost always available and easily used is the public telephone system.
This system is generally reliable and is available in a wide range of type of service
from the common public exchange to dedicated leased lines.
The methods used in summarizing and presenting the information
in its most useful form also can vary widely. At one extreme, there are hand cal-
culations using pad and paper; at the other extreme, there is a large computer facility
with many displays and peripheral equipment. The system that will be used to moni-
tor and report air quality information during air pollution episodes, and the degree
of automation thai can be achieved, will depend a great deal upon the assets in both
equipment and manpower that are available to the State.
128
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TABLE 4-13
EPISODE MONITORING NETWORK
Pollutant
Region
Site
Measurement
Method
Schedule
Suspended
Particulates
190
Klamath Falls
Broad & Wall Sts.
AISI Tape Sampler
Hi-Vol Sampler
Hourly
Every 6 hours
191
Pendleton
AISI Tape Sampler
Hi-Vol Sampler
Hourly
Every 6 hours
192
Astoria
857 Commercial St.
Hi-Vol Sampler
Every 6 hours
193
Portland
718 W. Burns ide
AISI Tape Sampler
Hi-Vol Sampler
Nephelometer
Hourly
Every 6 hours
Continuous
Salem
Willamette Univ.
AISI Tape Sampler
Hi-Vol Sampler
Nephelometer
Hourly
Every 6 hours
Continuous
Eugene
11th and
Willamette Sts.
AISI Tape Sampler
Hi-Vol Sampler
Nephelometer
Hourly
Every 6 hours
Continuous
194
Medford
Main & Oakdale St.
AISI Tape Sampler
Hi-Vol Sampler
Hourly
Every 6 hours
Sulfur
Dioxide
193
Portland
718 W. Burns ide
Conductometric
Continuous
Carbon
Monoxide
193
Portland
718 W. Burns ide
Nondispersive
Infrared
Continuous
Salem
Willamette Univ.
Nondispersive
Infrared
Continuous
Eugene
11th and
Willamette Sts.
Nondispersive
Infrared
Continuous
129
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TABLE 4-13 (Continued)
Pollutant
Region
Site
Measurement
Method
Schedule
Nitrogen
Dioxide
193
Portland
718 W. Burns ide
Modified
Saltzman
Continuous
Photochemical
Oxidants
193
Portland
718 W. Burns ide
Salem
Willamette Univ.
Eugene
11th and
Willamette Sts.
Coulometric
Potassium Iodide
Coulometric
Potassium Iodide
Coulometric
Potassium Iodide
Continuous
Continuous
Continuous
Hydrocarbons
193
Portland
718 W. Burns ide
Salem
Willamette Univ.
Eugene
11th and
Willamette Sts.
Flame Ionization
Flame Ionization
Flame Ionization
Continuous
Continuous
Continuous
130
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STATION
EQUIPMENT
s a
DATA MODEM
) "
STATION 1
SO MONITOR
INTERFACE
DISPLAY
NOg MONITOR
INTERFACE
MULTIPLEXER
CENTRAL
PROCESSOR
AND
STORAGE
DATA MODEM
DATA MODEM
STATION 2
CO MONITOR
INTERFACE
CONTROLLER
TELETYPE
O MONITOR
x
INTERFACE
INTERFACE
SUSPENDED
PARTICULATE
MONITOR
(STATION \
EQUIPMENT /
S .
DATA MODEM
STATION X
PAPER
TAPE
OUTPUT
HAJ*D COPY
OUTPUT
STRIP
CHART
RECORDERS
FIGURE 4-17. Automated episode monitoring network.
-------
We recommend thai the initial episode monitoring network for
the State be a manual system in which all of the monitoring sites are physically
manned with personnel from the Department of Environmental Quality or the local
regional air pollution authorities. These operating personnel are responsible for
obtaining the air quality measurements, preparing useful summaries of the measure-
ments and reporting the results to the State's Emergency Action Center. In addition,
they may be required to report the results to the local air pollution authorities'
emergency action centers. The initial system uses commercial telephone circuits
for voice communications between the monitoring sites and the Emergency Action
Centers.
Plans for an automated emergency episode monitoring network
have not been finalized. However, it is recommended that the first objective in
automation of the system be the addition of facilities to prepare data summaries
automatically. Once these facilities have been obtained, the addition of an automatic
data link and acquisition equipment can be undertaken to achieve a fully automated
system. The acquisition and installation of an automated communications link and
acquisition equipment, prior to the procurement of an automatic processing facility,
are not advisable because of the excessive work load that would be placed on EAC
personnel in the recording, summarizing, and interpretation of the raw data.
The current continuous air quality monitoring equipment at the
CAM Stations produces electrical output signals that are analogous to the parameters
being monitored and are easily interfaced with automatic data acquisition equipment.
A typical automated system for monitoring air quality during episodes is shown in
Figure 4-1S. The system operates under the control of a programmable central pro-
cessor. The processor performs the calculations necessary to represent the measured
air quality in terms that can be directly related to the Federal ambient air standards.
The processor also controls the display devices and the operation of the equipment at the
remote sites. The data modems serve to link the central processor with the remote
132
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LRAPA
EAC
CWAPA
EAC
MWVAPA
EAC
NEWS MEDIA
DATA
REDUCTION
DATA
REDUCTION
DEQ DATA
REDUCTION
DATA
REDUCTION
ENFORCEMENT
AGENCIES
MONITORING
SITES
SWAPA
MONITORING
SITES
DEQ
MONITORING
SITES
LRAPA
MONITORING
SITES
MWVAPA
MONITORING
SITES
CWAPA
INDUSTRY
PUBLIC
SERVICE
UTILITIES
WASHINGTON DE
EAC
OREGON - DEQ
EMERGENCY
ACTION CENTER
OREGON
GOVERNOR
Approval
NATIONAL WEATHER
SERVICE
ADVISORY
FIGURE 4-18. Sample communications for surveillance during episodes.
-------
station equipment via some form of duplex communication network. The exact type
of communications link is not specified; r f telemetering, dedicated phone line and
normal voice grade commercial telephone exchange service are all adequate for the
data rates encountered in air quality monitoring. The remote station multiplexer
and controller operate on command from the central processor to sequence through
the outputs of the air quality monitoring equipment and to present the data to the
remote station modems for transmission to the central processor. Each air quality
monitoring instrument is linked to the multiplexer through an interface unit. The
interface unit provides the impedance matching, scaling and filtering of the instrument
output necessary to properly link the monitors with the data acquistion equipment.
Filtering of the instrument outputs is one of the important steps that is often over-
looked in measurement acquisition by automatic systems. The filters serve to
remove unwanted transients and provide a simple integration of the sensor output
which eliminates some of the disadvantages of instantaneous samples. Typical
filters or integrators for the interfacing of air quality data should provide approxi-
mately a one- or two-minute integration time.
The system should operate so that at least 30 samples are
acquired each hour from each continuous air quality instrument. The central pro-
cessor should be capable of storing all of the information and, at predetermined
periods or upon demand, have the capability of calculating the statistical summaries
that relate the measured air quality to the Federal and State ambient air quality
standards, as well as those quantities used in determining control and abatement
strategies.
The type of system described above can generally be assembled
from off-the-shelf standard manufactured items. In some cases, the interface units
will require special construction. However, this equipment is neither complex nor
expensive. The control of the central processor is generally accomplished through
the use of a stored sequence of instructions that operates in conjunction with a timer
134
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or clock. The advent of the small-scale data processors and computers has
basically solved the problem associated with developing this type of equipment.
The development of the stored program or software for controlling the operation
of this type of system is generally specified by the system user and requires
custom development.
135
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SECTION 5
IMPLEMENTATION OF SYSTEM CONCEPTS
5.1 INSTRUMENTATION
5.1.1 Measurements of Suspended Particulates and Bubbler
Concentrations
The proposed air quality surveillance network is comprised of
twenty-seven monitoring stations. All of these stations, with (he possible exception
(Scappoose), are currently being operated by DEQ or the Regional Authorities. The
types of measurements that are to be made at some of these sites have been changed.
Use of impingers to sample nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide on a routine basis
is a new function to be conducted at nine of these stations. Similarly, the routine
operation of AISI tape samplers at six stations represents an expanded function of
the current network. The continuous monitoring of air quality at the CAM Stations
in Salem and Eugene has been expanded to include measurements of all pollutants
for which Federal air quality standards have been established.
The implementation of the proposed network for suspended
particulates does not present any special problems. The approved hi-vol samplers
and other station equipment already installed and operating at the proposed stations.
The State's inventory of AISI tape samplers is more than sufficient to supply the
requirements of the proposed network.
Implementation of the network for measuring the concentrations
of nitrogen dioxide requires a procurement of approximately 50 impingers and the
sampling equipment for nine sampling sites, as specified in the Federal Register,
dated 30 April 1971. In addition, operators must be trained in the techniques used
in performing this sampling.
136
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Implementation of the network for impinger sampling of
sulfur dioxide concentrations does not require additional equipment. Sufficient
midget impingers are currently included in the DEQ equipment inventory and the
sampling station equipment obtained for the NO concentration measurements
described above can be utilized in obtaining the sulfur dioxide concentration mea-
surements. Station operators must be trained in the techniques used to acquire the
sulfur dioxide samples which are described in the 30 April 1971 Federal Register.
5.1.2 Continuous Air Quality Monitoring
The implementation of the proposed continuous air quality
monitoring stations presents many problems. As explained in Section 3. 3. 2, the
current inventory of continuous air quality monitoring equipment does not meet the
Federal requirements for the methods to be employed in determining concentrations
of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and hydrocarbons. We recommend that the
State use the current equipment to determine air quality during the immediate future.
Instrument manufacturers are currently in the process of evaluating the most recent
Federal specifications for approved instrumentation and have not reached a decision.
The State should continue to correspond with the manufacturers with regard to
instrumentation that meets the Federal specifications.
Plans for the future procurement of approved instrumentation
or for suitable modification of current equipment should be made by the Department
of Environmental Quality.
5.1.3 Laboratory Facilities
The implementation of the proposed air quality surveillance
network does not require any basic changes in the current DEQ Air Quality Control
Laboratory facilities. The transportation of blank and exposed impinger samples
137
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requires that DEQ investigate available containers and methods that are suitable
for this purpose.
5.1.4 Meteorological Measurements
The requirements for the implementation of the proposed
meteorological networks are discussed in detail in Sections 4.3.2 and 4. 3.7.
138
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5.2
DATA HANDLING, PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS
The implementation of the proposed data-handling, processing and analysis
procedures can be achieved with facilities that are currently available to DEQ.
Implementation of the following automatic data-handling and processing procedures
should be initiated without delay:
• Standardized reporting
• Data validation procedures
• Archiving systems for SAROAD and the Oregon
technical data base
• Statistical analysis procedures
• Report requirements
The Deportment of Environmental Quality should acquire the part-time services of
a data-processing systems' analyst during the development of the above procedures.
This type of service can be obtained from private contractors; suitable arrangements
may also be made for these services with a State agency.
As indicated in Section 4. 6, the next step in system automation is a very
large one and logically begins with the automation of air quality calculations during
pollution episodes. Once this is accomplished, automation of air quality data acquisi-
tion from the surveillance system is the final step required for a completely auto-
mated system. The capacity of the fully-automated episode surveillance system is
more than adequate to handle the data from the continuous air monitoring stations in
the routine air quality surveillance system. Also, it should be noted that hardware
components of (he Litton 512 System currently in use at the Columbia-Willamette Air
Pollution Authority can probably be adapted to satisfy the major hardware require-
ments of the fully automated system described above.
139
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5.3
TIME SCHEDULE AND COST ESTIMATES
The time schedule for implementing the proposed air quality surveillance
system is shown in Figure 5-1.
Cost estimates for procuring Federally-approved instrumentation are
incomplete because the manufacturers of certain types of instrumentation have not
as yet made the modifications needed to meet the Federal specifications. Table
5-1 presents a list of instruments that, according to the manufacturer, meet the
Federal specifications. Additionally, we have included only those instruments that
in our opinion will perform satisfactorily.
Approximately $5000 is estimated as the total cost of procuring the addi-
tional impingers and the associated auxiliary equipment required to complete the
instrumentation inventory for the gas sampling networks.
The total estimated cost of the hardware items required to automate the
episode monitoring network is $50,000. An additional $20,000 would be required to
procure the necessary system software for operating both the episode network and
the routine surveillance network. If the CWAPA Litton 512 System were to be utilized
for this purpose, we estimate that $7000 would be required to purchase the additional
required memory and instrument-interface equipment. Software procurement costs
are estimated to b.e $15,000.
140
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Months
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Implementation Plan Approved
A
Air Quality Sampling
Acquire and train operators
A 4
Install equipment
~ A
Implement AQ sampling
X
Continuous Air Quality
Monitoring
Install present equipment
A A
Review new equipment
specifications
A &
Procure and install
approved equipment
A A
Implement approved
continuous AQ monitoring
X
Data Handling and Processing
Develop system
specifications
A &
Develop software
A A
Standardize reports
A A
Implement ADP
X
Episode Monitoring
Formalize plans
A A
Develop specifications
A A
Acquire hardware
A A
Implement system
X
FIGURE 5-1. Time schedule for implementation.
-------
TABLE 5-1
APPROVED INSTRUMENTATION FOR CONTINUOUS MONITORING
Pollutant
Manufacturer
Model
Method
Cost
Ozone
Bendix
8002
Chemiluminescence
3950
Meloy Laboratories
McMillen Elect. Inc.
Hydrocarbons
Beckman
6800
Chromatograph
7350
MSA
650
Chromatograph
10900
Bendix
8200
Chromatograph
7000
Sulfur Dioxide
Meloy Laboratories
SA160
Flame Photometer
4750
Bendix
Total
3950
Sulfur
Monitor
Tracor
250H
5275
142
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REFERENCES
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1966: Air Sampling
Instruments, Cincinnati.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1971: Users Manual: SAROAD (Storage and
Retrieval of Aerometric Data). Pub. No. APTD-0663, Research
Triangel Park, N. C.
ESSA, 1968: Climatic Atlas of the United States. Environmental Data Service,
ESSA, U. S. Dept. of Commerce.
Fair, D. II. , J. B. Clements and G. B. Morgan, 1971: SAROAD Parameter Coding
Manual. Pub. No. APTD-0G33, Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, N. C.
Federal Register, Part II, 1971: Chapter IV, Environmental Protection Agency,
Part 410 - National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality
Standards, Vol. 36, No. 84, Friday, April 30, 1971.
Federal Register, Part II, 1971: Chapter IV, Environmental Protection Agency,
Part 420 - Requirements for Preparation, Adoption, and Submittal of
Implementation Plans, Vol. 36, No. 158, Saturday, August 14, 1971.
Holzworth, G. C. , 1971: Mixing depths, wind speeds, and potential for urban air
pollution throughout the contiguous United States. Preliminary Docu-
ment, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Mathews, M. D. , 1971: Synoptic climatology of Oregon. Tech. Rpt. No. 71-5,
Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, Oregon.
McGraw, M. J. and R. L. Duprey, 1971: Compilation of air pollutant emission
factors. Preliminary Document, Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, N. C., April 1971.
Meteorology Committee of the Pacific Northwest River Basins Commission, 1968:
Climatological Handbook Columbia Basin States, Vol. Ill, Part A.
National Weather Records Center, 1968: Tabulations I and III, Job 6234. Environ-
mental Data Service, ESSA, Asheville, N. C.
143
-------
REFERENCES (Continued)
Olsson, L. E. and W. L. Tuft, 1970: A study of the natural ventilation of the
Columbia-Willamette Valleys. Tech. Rpt. No. 70-6, Dept. of Atmos.
Sci. , Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, Oregon.
Rodcs, C. E., H. F. Palmer, L. A. Elfers and C. H. Norris, 19G9: Performance
characteristics of instrumental methods for monitoring sulfur dioxide.
JAPCA, 19, 575-584.
Shanklin, C., 1971: Personal communication.
Shikiya, J. M. and R. D. MacPhee, 1969: Multi-instrument performance evaluation
of conductivity - type sulfur dioxide analyzers. JAPCA, 19, 943-945.
144
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APPENDIX A
EXHIBITS A AND B FROM CHAPTER 340 OF THE
STATE OF OREGON ADMINISTRATIVE RULES
EXHIBIT A - Suspended Particulate, Method of Determination and
Reporting
EXHIBIT B -
Collection and Analysis of Particle Fallout
-------
H. 340
OREGON ADMINISTRATIVE RULES
EXHIBIT "A"
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE
METHOD OF DETERMINATION AND REPORTING
GENERAL:
Samples of air-borne particulates are collected on 8" x 10" tared
sheets of flash-fired glass fiber filter web for 2^-2 hours, using
a high volume air sampler, and weighed to determine total air partic-
ulate collected on the filter.
APPARATUS:
1. High Volume air sampler, with frame adapter for 8" x 10" sheets
of filter web. (2, 3, *0
2. Housing which allows for vertical positioning of the air sampler
and provides a minimum of 65 square inches and a maximum of 100 square
inches in area to permit a uniform flow of ambient air into space above
the filter. (2, 3, k)
3. Flowmeter calibrated in cubic feet per minute. A constant flow
regulator or continuous flow recorder is recommended if flow rate during
sampling period decreases more than 10# due to particulate loading.
(2, 5)
Timer switch, 7 day.
5. Elapsed time indicators (recommended).
6. Analytical balance, capable of weighing to 1.0 mg, and a weighing
chamber large enough to accommodate on open full-sized 8" x 10" filter
wob. If the balance is to be used as a multipurpose balance, it is
recommended it be capable of weighing to 0.1 mg and have a capacity of
160 to 200 grams, (l, *+, 7)
7. Large desiccating and/or humidifying chamber, such as a converted
oven, refrigerator or incubator with trays for holding deslccant and racks
for holding filters. (1, 7)
8. A constant temperature (20-2k°C) and humidity (less than 50# r.h.)
balance room for equilibrating and weighing samples. If a balance room
is not available, it is recommended that a humidity chamber be placed
immediately adjacent to the balance in a room held at constant tempera-
ture (20-2h°C). Saturated solutions of sodium nitrite (NaNO^) (50# r.h.
0 21®C) or calcium nitrate (CafNO^)^) r.h. & 23°C) may be used to
provide constant relative humidity in the chamber. (2, h, 6, 7)
33a 9-15-70
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DEPARTMENT OF FNTVTRONMENTAL QUALITY
£ik. 34Q
9. Flash-fired glass fiber filter web, 8" x 10". (2, 6)
10. A 6-wheel numbering device.
11. Paper supplies:
e. Manila tag cards, 9$" x 11".
b. Envelopes, 5" x ll#".
c. File folder, 9" x 12".
PRELIMINARY FILTSfi PREPARATION:
1. Each filter will be screened over a light table for "pin holes"
and other risible defects. The filter will be discarded if defects
are found.
2. The last filter sheet from each group of 25 of a specific
manufacturer's lot will be analyzed as blanks. (2, k)
3. Number the filter web on two diagonally opposite corners, one on
front and one on reverse, and outside the area to be exposed, using the
numbering device with gentle prossure. A series of filters assigned at
one time to one location should be numbered consecutively, weighed and
placed on top of one another in a folder with manila tag cards separating
thera. (1, *0
k. Weigh the 8" x 10" filter, full size, to the nearest milligram
after a minimum 16 hr. equilibration in an air conditioned room or
chamber at a temperature of 20-2^°C and a relative humidity below 50/6.
(2, k, 6, 7)
SAMPLING PROCEDURE: (For General Metals Sampler; procedure with minor
modifications is applicable to other acceptable
sampling devices. (Care should be taken while hand-
ling filter to prevent damage or contamination)
1. Secure the high volume air sampler in a vertical position in a
shelter at the sampling site. The sampler should be allowed to run to seat
the brushes and insure a representative flow rate. It is helpful to position
the shelter so that the lid provides a windbreak during installation of
the filter.
2. Set the time switch for the desired sampling period.
9-15-70
33b
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H. 340
OREGON ADMINISTRATIVE RULES
3- Remove the frame from the filter holder and position the pre-
nurabered and weighed filter with rough 6ide out, making certain the
filter is centered on its holder. (1, 2, k)
k. Turn the sampler on and then replace the filter holder. Secure
the wing nuts diagonally and finger tight so the frame holder is not put
in a bind which may cause air leaks. Close the roof of the shelter. (2, *0
5. Allow the sampler to run for several minutes, then connect the
calibrated flowmeter to the sampler and take a flow reading with the
flowmeter in a vertical position. Read the top of the flowmeter ball
estimating to the nearest whole number. Hake a record of the time the
time switch will start and the flowmeter reading. (2, 4)
6. Turn the sampler off, remove the flowmeter and make sure the clock
and time 6witch are operational.
7. After a 2^-hour sample has been obtained, measure the air flow
as in Step 5 above. Turn the sampler on for several minutes before
taking the reading. Record the stop time and the final flowmeter reading.
8. Stop the motor, remove the filter, fold once lengthwise with the
dirty side in, place in a folded manila tag card and finally into an
envelope. Return the packaged filter to the laboratory.
AKALYSLS:
1. Equilibrate the sample at 20-2^°C and 50%, or less, relative
humidity in an air conditioned room or humidity chamber for a minimum
of 16 hours. If it is necessary to remove excess moisture from the
filter, dry it in a desiccating chamber at room temperature for 2^ hours
prior to equilibration. Weigh the filter sample to the nearest milligram.
(1, 2, k, 6, 7)
2. For further analysis, aliquot the filter sample across the 8"
dimension using a plastic template designed for the purpose. (2, 3)
a. Organic materials; half the sample is used for extraction.
b. Non-metals; a W wido strip representing 8# of the sample
is used for water extraction, nitrate, and sulfate deter-
minations.
c. Hatals; a 2" wide strip representing 22S/o of the sample is
used.
33c
9-15-7Q
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DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALII1
£B..3.40
3. Water soluble constituents are extracted by placing the 8/6
aliquot filter atrip in a 125 ml boiling flash containing 50 ml of
distilled water. The filter i6 refluxed for a minimum of 90 minutes,
cooled and filtered through Whatman #1, or equivalent, paper. Repeat
the extraction with 10-15 ml of water for a few minutes without a
*
condensor. Pass the additional extract through the same Whatman filter.
Wash the boiling flask and sample filter to insure good quantitative
transfer. (2, 3, 10)
a. Sulfates are determined by the Sulfa Ver Turbidimetric or
Turbidimetric Barium Sulfate Method.
b. Nitrates are determined by the 2, k Xylenol Method. (2, 3i 10)
k. Organic constituents are extracted with benzene. (2, 3» 10)
a. Fold the 6ample into a small bundle such that the particulate
matter is entirely enclosed within the filter. Tie the bundle
with copper wire and place in a 125 ml soxhlet extraction apparatus.
b. Add about 80 ml of redistilled reagent grade benzene and extract
for a minimum of 6 hours. Concentrate the extract to approxi-
mately 5 ml. and quantitatively transfer through a medium
porosity fritted disc funnel into a pre-weighed vial. Rinse
the extraction flask 3 times, using about 5 ml of benzene in
each rinse. Transfer the wash through the funnel and into
the vial.
c. Evaporate the benzene in an explosion proof, ventilated oven
at 62°C.
d. Transfer the vial to a constant humidity chamber, equilibrate
over night and weigh to the nearest milligram.
CALCULATIONS - TOTAL WEIGHT:
1. Correct field flowmeter readings to true air flow from calibration
curve.
2. Calculate the average air flow (cfm): start flow + stop flow
2
3. Calculate the total hours of sampling time: stop time - start time.
9-15-70
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:H. 340 OREGON ADMINISTRATIVE RULES
Calculate the total air flow: Average air flow (cfm) x total
hours sample time (to nearest tenth of one hour) x 1.7 = total
air volume (to the nearest whole number in cubic meters (m').
5. Report as micrograms per cubic meter (ug/o^) to the nearest
microgram.
grams of collected material^(nearest 1.0 ag) x 10^ = ug/m' (1,^0
air volume (M )
SAMPLER LOCATION:
1. The sampler may be located at a Primary Air Mass Station or at a
Primary Ground Level Monitoring Station adhering to the requirements of
these locations,
2. Other stations, designated as Special Stations, shall be evaluated
to be representative of the pollution information desired. The placement
of the sampling unit shall minimize biased results from eddy currents, etc.,
to the fullest extent possible. The filter should be approximately 3 to
4 feet above mounting level. (2, 9)
3. A sampling site report form shall be completed for each site.
SAMPLING SCHEDULE:
1. All samples shall be taken on a midnight to midnight schedule. Cf)
2. It has been shown that:
a. A 100-day random sampling schedule is considered sufficient
with 95% assurance to estimate within i 20% of the seasonal
means, but not monthly means. (Ref. 11, 13, 1*0
b. Approximately 250 to 300 days on a random schedule per year
would be required to produce accurate estimates of monthly
means (i.e.- 2.0%).
c. Twenty-six bi-weekly random samples are sufficient to deter-
mine a site's annual mean (- 20# of the true mean). (Ref. 11,
13, JA)
3. Determination of seasonal and monthly estimates of means is best
accomplished by sampling on a systematic basis; example, every fourth day.
Any bias introduced into the selection of the starting date may be removed
by selecting the starting date for the first week of sampling from a table
of random numbers. (11)
k. Sampling schedules on file with the Washington State Air Pollution
Control Board and Department of Environmental Quality require a nimimum number
of samples and allow make-up sampling as follows: A minimum of 85 samples
shall be collected in a calendar year and a minimum of seven samples shall
3 3 e
9-15-70
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department of ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
CH. 140
be taken each calendar month. A maximum of 2 make-up samples may be taken
each month. It is desireable, but not mandatory, that make-up samples be
taken the 6ame day of the week as the missed samples.
5. For a community sampling program all high volume sampler should
operate during the same time period to provide for comparison of the
suspended particulate pollution within the area. (11)
DATE RECORDING:
The type of data form utilized shall be compatible with the type of
data processing used.
Weather observations shall be recorded with each sample if not avail-
able elsewhere. Record any unusual happenings which may affect sampling
results.
DATA REPORTING:
1. All suspended particulate data obtained with the high-volume air
sampler shall be reported in micrograms per cubic meter. (2, 3i *0
2. Data reporting should relate to the effects that are caused by
the contaminant and should reflect how the data relates to standards. (11, 1"'
3. Total suspended particulate data shall be reported to the nearest
whole number and shall include:
a. All sample results including dates of sampling and types of
stations.
b. Minimum, maximum and median values, including number of samples
exceeding 60 ug/m^.
c. Number of samples^ 100 ug/m^ (PAMS, PGLMS ONLY).
CALIBRATION PROCEDURE:
GENERAL:
High volume samplers operated with regular use should be calibrated
every six months and after each motor change. Calibration can be performed
either in the field or laboratory using a National Air Sampling Network
(NASN) typo orifice calibration assembly.
EQUIPMENT:
1. National Air Sampling Network (NASN) type calibration orifice and
calibration curve.
9-15-70
3 3f
-------
H. 340 OREGON ADMINISTRATIVE RULES
2. Manometer, fittings and tubing.
3. Flowmeter and small wrenches for adjustment.
*t. Variable voltage transformer.
5. Graph paper.
PRE-CALIBRATION CHECKS:
1. Replace flowmeter tubing if dirty.
2. Clean or replace flowmeter. A soft pipe cleaner e^nd Stoddard
solvent is good for defining.
J. Check the system for leaks. (See leak test procedure under
post calibration checks)
If new brushes have been installed, mm the sampler for 30
ciinutes to seat the brushes. (Leak check can be done at
this time.)
CALIBRATION:
1. Remove filter head from sampler and install the calibration
orifice. Hake sure the joint is air tight.
2. Set up the manometer and attach the tubing from manometer to
the pressure tap on the side of the calibration orifice.
3. Plug sampler into output plug of the variable voltage transformer.
Adjust the scaler on the manometer to zero.
5. Chock all connections,(electrical and tubing) and plug the variac
into 120 VAC power line.
6. Adjust variable voltage transformer such that the manometer read
the inches of water equivalent to 50 cfm as shown on the orifice
calibration curve. Adjust the flowmeter to read 50 cfm by turning
the orifice screw at the top of the flowmeter. If a constant
flow regulator is to be used in the sampler, the manometer and
flow meter should be set at 35 cfm.
7. Tighten the locknut and put a drop of sealant, ie. Duco cement,
to assure the setting is not changed. Recheck to assure a 50 cfm
flow at the proper manometer setting. (35 cfra for constant flow
regulator U6c)
33g
9-15-70
-------
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
8. Run a standard calibration from 15 to 65 cfra in intervals of
5 cfra, recording the inches of water at each interval.
9. Using the orifice calibration data draw a flow curve so that
a best fit line i6 drawn through the points. On the ordinate
of the graph, plot the true air flow as taken from the .orifice
data and on the abscissa, plot the flowmeter readings. The
curve should approximate a ^5° angle from ko to 60 cfm (30 - 40
cfm for constant flow regulator). If not, all connections should
be checked and another calibration run.
POST CALIBRATION CHECKS:
.1, Remove calibration orifice and return equipment to operational
configuration.
2. Place an 8" x 10" piece of tag board into the filter holder and
tighten the wing nuts.
3. Start the motor to check for leaks. If the flowmeter does not
stay on zero a leak exists. Tighten the holder adaptor connection
and retest. CAUTION! Do not leave the motor running with the
tag board on the filter bolder as they will damage the motor.
k. Remove tag board and replace with a clean filter.
5. Start the sampler, record the air flow through the clean filter
(should not be greater than 65 cfra).
6. Information should be recorded on the calibration curve to
include the following:
Sampler Number
Date
Date of Previous Calibration
Clean Air Filter Flow
Flowmeter Set — cfm
Calibrated by
Remarks
Pressure Regulator Number (if used)
9-15-70
33h
-------
I, 340
OREGON ADMINISTRATIVE RULES
Suspended Particulate Method
REFFRC.'CLS
1. Maddox, F. D. , Hochhciser, S., Fanner, J. R. "Sampling Procedure for
Suspended Particulate." Memorandum of Information and Instruction No. 66.
Interstate Air Pollulion Study - Project 0-2-54. National Center for Air
Pollution Control. Nov. I9C4.
2. Jutze, George A., Foster, Kirk E. "Recommended Standard Method for
Atmospheric Sarr.nling of Tine Particulate Matter by Filter Media - High
Volume Sampler." TP-2 Air Pollution Measurements Committee. JAPCA.
17:1. January 19i >.
3. "Air Pollution "oasurcmenfs of the National Air Sampling Network: Analyses
of Suspended P^r: i ;.j I rites 1957-1961." Public Health Service Publication
No. 978. United States Government Printing Office. Washington, D. C.
1962.
4. "Deterninu1ion of Suspended Particulate Matter; High Volume Filtration
Method." Correspondence Received by Oregon State Sanitary Authority from
National Center for Air Pollution Conlrol. November 1967.
5. Harrison, Walter P., Jr., Hader, John S., Fugman, Frank S. "Constant Flow
Regulators for the High-Volume Air Sampler." American Industrial Hygiene
Associa1ion Journal. 21:2. April I960.
6. Kramer, David N. , Mitchell, Paul W. "Evaluation of Filters for High-
Volumo Sampling of Atmospheric Particulates." American Industrial Hy;iene
Associat ion Journal. 21:3. May-June 1967.
7. Tierney, Gregory P., Conner, William D. "Hygroscopic Effects on Weight
Detenr.inat ions of Part i cu I ?ites Collected on Glass Fiber Filters." Amer i can
Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 28:4. July-Aug. 1967.
8. "Instructions for Collecting Atmospheric Particulate Matter with"Hi-Vol"
Air Sampler." National Air Sampling Netv/orks, Air Quality and Emissions
Data Branch. National Center for Air Pollution Control. Cincinnati,
Ohio. January 1967.
9. "Air Pollulion Measurements of the National Air Sampling Network-Analyses
of Suspended Particulates - 1963." U. S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare. Cincinnati, Ohio. 1965.
10. "Selected Methods for the Measurement of Air Pollutants." Inter-branch
Chemical Advisory Committee. U. S. Department of HeeIthEducation, and
Welfare. Cincinnati, Ohio. May 1965.
U. Stalker, Willi em W., Dickerson, Richard C. "Sampling Station and Time
Requirenenls for UrOen Air Pollution Surveys - Part II: Suspended
Particulate Matter and Soiling Index." JAPCA. 12:3 March 1962.
33i
9-15-70
-------
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL nUAT.TTV
CH. 340
Suspended Particulate Method
12. William, J. D., Maddox, (". D. , Farmor, J. R. "Dc'oicjn of Air Quo 1 i ty
Measuring Program." Memorandum of Information and Instruction No. 12.
Intcrstale Air Pol I u1 ion SI udy Project D-2-54. NaMonal Center' for Air
Pollution Control. November 1964-
13. Farmer, J. R., William, J. D. "Air Quality Measurements." Part 111 of
Phase II Project Report. Interstate Air Pollution Study. U. S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. December I960.
14. Bunyard, Francis L., I'odc'ox, F. D. "Comparison of Hi-Vol Particulate
Measurements Using Pmdem ,:md Weekday Schedules July 1963 through June
1964." Memorandum 01 information and Instruction No. 14. Interstate Air
Pollution Sfur.y --2-54. National Center for Air Pollution Conlrol.
Nov. 1964.
15. McMullen, T. B. , Stii tm, R. "The Trend of Suspended Particulates in Urban
Air: I 957-I 904." U. f>. Oeodrlncnt of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Cincinnati, Ohio. Sc.^tomber 1965.
16. Bunyard, Francis L. "Standard Pollution Roses." Memorandum of
Informal ion and Instruction No. 18. Interstale Air Pollution Study
Project D-2-54. National Center for Air Pollution Control. January
1965.
9-15-70
33j
-------
CH. 340 OREGON ADMINISTRATIVE. RULES- - -
EXHIBIT B
COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
of
PARTICLE FALLOUT
GENERAL: Collection of particle fallout in the Pacific Northwest must be
adapted to fulfill the requirements of the local region. Particle sizes
exceed those found in other parts of the country. The predominance of wig-
wam waste burners and other lumber operations within the two states neces-
sitates procedures for detection of large cinders and fly ash particulates.
The screening method recommended by ASTM, APCA and USPHS therefore cannot
be utilized in this analysis.
The use of a wet collection method was selected due to regional climatic
conditions where collection of dry somples is virtually impossible except
during the summer months. The following recommendations incorporate spe-
cific variations in the accepted standards of particle fallout collection
and analyses methods for the needs of the area.
SAMPLING EQUIPMENT!
A. Collector jar:
1. Jar should be made of polyethylene. Glass, stainless steel,
or other non-reactive material may be used. For convenience
In shipping and storage, jar should be equipped with a water-
tight cover.
2. Top opening of not less than six inches In diameter.
3. Height between two to three times diameter of top opening.
4. The recommended design for the collector is shown in Figure 1.
When necessrry an algaecide may be added to the distilled water
placed in the collector. Dowclde B is recommended - five milli-
liters of 0.2% solution per sorspler is sufficient. Use of any
type of antifreeze should be discouraged unless absolutely neces-
sary.
B. Sampler Support:
Suitable unrestricted holder with a bird ring or other attachments,
when necessary to preserve sampling purity.
SAMPLING STATION CRITERIA:
A. Location:
Station be freely exposed and not subject to interference from
local sources or adjacent buildings and high objects. The top of
33k
9-15-70
-------
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY CH. 340
any building, structure or natural growth should not be on a
line exceeding 30° angle above the sampling position from the
horjzontal. Concur with other conditions as stated under
PAMS and PGLMS criteria.
B. Height:
Not less thanlO feet or over 150 feet above ground level follow-
ing the criteria of PANS, PGLMS and special stations. When
mounting on roof tops the minimum height of the Jar opening
shall be 5 feet above the roof level.
SAMPLING PROCEDURE:
A. Add distilled water to the jar. The amount of water can vary
to meet existing climatic conditions.
B. Remove lid from the collecting jar and mount the jar in the
support assembly.
C. The sampling duration time of PRIMARY stations shall be
1 calendar-month * 2 days. Special sampling time duration
shall be as needed to document the problem.
LABORATORY EQUIPMENT:
1. Analytical Balance - 160-gram capacity, sensitivity
0.1 miI Iigram.
2. Steam bath.
3. Drying oven - Temperature regulation of + 2° C at 105° C.
k. Evaporating dish - Coors capable of holding 150-200 milli-
liters of sample.
5. Electric stirrer.
6. Rubber policeman broad tip.
7. Desiccator.
8. Laboratory furnace with temperature at 800° C.
9. Waring Blonder - 1 -ga 1 Ion capacity. (Optional method)
9-.15-70. _
3 3L,
-------
1. 340
OREGON ADMINISTRATIVE RULES
LABORATORY ANALYSIS:
1. Selectively remove all insects, leaves, and other substances
that are not considered fallout material.
2. Scrub down the inside of the jar and quantitatively transfer to
a suitable beaker.
3. Adjust the volume of the sample by evaporation, or the addition
of distilled water to exactly 500 ml.
4. Using a stirrer, remove 100 mis of sample for the chemical analysis,
100 mis for soluble-insoluble analysis (if desired). The remainder
Is used for the determination of total particulate, ash and vola-
tile. If chemical and soluble-insoluble analyses are not desired,
the whole sample should be used to determine the total particu-
late, etc.
5. To determine total particulate, ash and volatile, transfer to a
pre-welghed evaporating dish and evaporate at 105° C to dryness.
Desiccate and weigh to determine the total particulate weight.
6. Place the evaporating dish in a muffle furnace at 800° C for
twenty minutes, desiccate and weigh to determine the total ash
weight. Calculate volatile portion ( %).
OPTIONAL METHOD (From Step 2 above):
3a. Adjust the volume of the sample to less than 500 ml by evapora-
tion, or by the addition of distilled water.
4a, Quantitatively transfer to a Waring blender for mixing, Blend
and transfer to a 500 ml graduate using the blender wash water
to adjust the volume to 500.0 ml. Mix thoroughly.
5a. Pipet 200 ml from the graduate and transfer to a pre-weighed
evaporating dish. Evaporate at 105° C to dryness, desiccate
and weigh to determine the total weight.
6a. Place the evaporating dish in a muffle furnace at 800° C for
twenty minutes, desiccate and weigh to determine the total ash
weight and calculate volatile portion (%),
7a. Transfer the remaining 300 ml from Step into a beaker, heat
and vacuum filter through a Buechner funnel. Adjust the volume
of the filtrate to exactly 300 ml.
8a. Transfer 100 ml of the filtrate to a storage bottle for later
chemical analysis.
3 3m
9-15-70
-------
nEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMEN-T AL QUALITY
CH. 340
(OPTIONAL METHOD, Continued)
9a. Transfer the remaining 200 ml from Step seven to a pre-weighed
evaporating dish, evaporate to dryness at 105 C. Desiccate
and weigh to determine the total soluble weight.
10a. Place the soluble weight evaporating dish from step 9a in a muffle
furnace at 800 C for twenty minutes, desiccate and weigh to deter
mine the soluble ash weight.
CALCULATIONS:
Total particulates and chemical analyses shall be expressed in gram,
per square meter per month. Other units may be used to suit individual
needs. Total particulate will be reported to the nearest 0.1 grams per
square meter per month for values under 10. For values of 10 or above, the
data will be reported to the nearest whole number.
Volatile fractions will be reported as a percent of the total weight
to the nearest 1$.
Chemical analyses, solubles and insoluble fractions will be reported
to the nearest hundredth of a gram per square meter per month.
9-15-70
-------
3H. 340
OREGON ADMINISTRATIVE RULES
REFERENCES
1. ASTM Standards on Methods of Atmospheric Sampling and Analysis,
ASTM Committee D-2 2, American Society for Testing and Materials,
1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa., October 1962.
2. Recommended Standard Method for Continuing Dustfall Survey, Committee
on Air Pollution Measurements of the Air Pollution Control Association
(APM - 1, Revision 1) J. Air Poll. Control Assoc. 16:372. 1966.
3. J. S. Nader, Oust Retention Efficiencies of Dustfall Collectors,
J. Air Polluti on Control Association 8:35. 1958.
k. H. P. Sanderson, P. Bradt, M. Katz. A Study of Dustfall on the Basis
of Replicated Latin Square Arrangements of Various Types of Collectors.
J. Air Pollution Control Association 10:^61, 19&3-
5. J. Stockham, S. Radner, E. Grove. The Variability of Dustfall Analysis
Due to the Container and the Collecting Fluid. J. Air Pollution Control
Association. 16:263, 15)66.
6. S. Hochheiser, Determination of Dustfall, approved by the Interbranch
Chemical Advisory Committee, March 1967.
33o
9-15-70
-------
-DEPARTMENT OF F-NVTnONMFNT AT- ^TTAT.TTV
CH. 340
RECOMMENDED DESIGN
for
'PARTICLE FALLOUT COLLECTION
-H
x
12"
V.
10'
J V.
H
With Plastic Screw Cap
Should Be Leak-Proof
Figure 1
Oregon-Washi ng ton
Air Quality Com it toe
Dec. , 1969
9 -15-70 3 3p
-------
APPENDIX B
TABULAR SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS DENSITY FOR 10 x 10
KILOMETER GRIDS IN THE OREGON PORTION OF THE
PORTLAND INTERSTATE AIR QUALITY
CONTROL REGION
UTM grid areas are identified in the tables by the 5—digit number. The
first three digits correspond to the 10-kilometer Northing Lines and the last two
digits correspond to the 10-kilometer Easting Lines. Total emissions are presented
in tons per year.
-------
OREGON TOlAL EMISSION INVENTORY bY COUNTY AND UTM CUOKDS IN TONS PER YEAR
DATE 101771
PAGE 10
COUNTY .NAME' IS BENTON' CODE = 2"
UTm AUEa /
HC /
PArtT
49044
.3432^3+00
.2124&3+C2
49045
.343273+03
.212483+02
4 9 0 4 o
,334473+03
.140463+02
49047
. 4t303o2 + 03
. 196739 + 03
49144
.343273+03
•2124 83+02
49145
.34^2 73 + 03
. 12124U+03
49146
, 402ri 13 + 03
.315PBB+03
49147
.4679J6H 03
. 193-392 + 03
492h5
. 3'Vo2 /3+03
.212463+02
49246
.334473+03
.146483+02
4921+7
.404318+03
,235333+03
49345
.343348+03
. 212cj83 + 02
49346
.o5a718+03
«107623 + 03
49J47
.839117+P3
.113794+04
4944b
.34327 3+03
, 2124C3+ 02
49446
.343273+03
.12124b+03
49447
.343?73+03
2J.2463+D2
49448
.476754+03
.203713+03
I,ox /"
.922CGC+02
,922000+02
.907317+02
.11512b+03
,922008+02
. 922C0B+ 02
. 147501+03
1129B4 + 03
,922006+02
.907317+02
_,_U4278+03
,922158+02
.961753+02
_j_514C4.4+.0.3
.922C08+02
.922005+02
_ .,322008+02
.115374+03
SOX
.123127+02
,123127+02
.123127+02
.152192+02
.123127+02
.123127+02
.131077+02
, 12322rt + 02_
.123127+02
.123127+02
123172 + 02^
.123152+02
.147122+02
lttftc>10 + 03_
.123127+02
.123127+02
_jJ. 23127+02
. 156637+02
CO
.142.552 + 04
. 142552+04
'.137H5B+04
.251679+04
. 142552+04
.142552 + 04"
.218199+04
.249491+04
. 142552+04
.137858+04
269964 + 04
.142573+04
.166327+04
324b43+04_
. 142552 + 04
. 142552 + 04
.142552+04
.252056+04
-------
OREGON TOIAL EMISSION INVENTORY faY COUNTY ANu UTM COOUDS IN TONS PER YEAR
DATE 101771
PAGE 11
county name 15 clkams»"code = 3
UfM mk£a /
49751
49755
49756
497b7
49758
49759
49c53
_49b54_
49o55
49b56
49d57
49858
49859
499b2
49v53
49954
_49955_
4995b
49957
49950
49959
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50 0:j4
50055
50 056_
50057
5005b
50059
DO 151
50152
50153
50154
50155
50156_
50157
50252
5 U i b 3
50^54
50i::>5
5025o
HC /
.5l4bc,8+05
.514668+03
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, bl4oo8+03
¦ 51m 008 + 03
¦ 514bo8 + 03
.477804+03
^477664+0 3
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. 514 o oO + 0 3
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PART
.592o5b+02
• 592655+02_
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> 592055+C2
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.315970+02
•31b970+02
.592o55+02"
.592855*02
. 592ci55 + G2
. b9285b+G2
.592855+02
.55930U + C2_
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• 592o55 + 02
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• 592o55 i-u2_
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, 316970 + 02
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,592055+02
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. 556970 +U2
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¦31b970+02_
.316970+02
.915970+02
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.279486+03
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.121097+03
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s_640170 + 02_
.626455+02
.592655+02"
.592855+02
"wOX"
. 130776 + U3
13077b + 03_
. 13U776+03
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, 124657 + 03
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• l3U77u + 03
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. i27657+u3
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. i24657+o"3
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• 51o657 + o3
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. 132307 + 03
^125812+03
. 130896+03
. 130776 + 03
.130776+03
50X
184302+02
184302+02
184382+02
184382+02
184382+02
134332+02
184302+02
184382 + 0 2_
164382+02
184 382+02
104382+02
104 382 + 02
184302+02
18443? + 02_
189844+02
184302+02
184 302+02
104302+02
184302+02
104302+02_
104 302+02
184302+02
10799?+02_
184302+02
184302+02
104382+02_
184382+02
184302+02
104302+02
104332+02
191412+02
104302+02
18430?+02"
105942+02
184302+02
104302 + 02 ~
184302+02
11874f| + 04_
1U6362+02
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1(34502 + 02
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184382+02
CO
.216731+
.216731+
.2167314
.216731+
_ .216731 +
.216731+
.197101+
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.216731+
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.207912+
.217861+
.216731+
.216731+
04
04_
04
04
0 4
04 "
04
04
0
-------
OREGON TOTAL EMISSION INVENTORY 3Y COUNTY AMU UTM COORDS IN TONS PER YEAR
DATE 101771
PAGE 12
COUhTY
NAMt 15 CL'^BIA'
code - 5
UTM AKEA /
HC /
PAHT
/
UOX
/ SOX
/ CO
"50o50
. 164441 + 03
.220867+02
.764201+02
.137714+02
.748438+03
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. 1027u6+03
. 172581+02
.750362+02
.137704+02
. 739693+03
b0'/4 7 "
. 162766+03
.172501+02
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.739693+03
50748
, 1645o5+03
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.753401+02
.137734+02
. 7512 56 t-03
50749
. 164405 + 03
• 164^67+02
.753101+02
.137704+02
.748436+03
50750
• 162 766+ 03
.172581+02
.7503o2+02
.137704+02
,739693t-03
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.502223+03
.848956+03
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.739693+03
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. 137704 + 02
.739693+03
b0tt49
. 164405+03
.Ib4o67+02
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.137704+02
.748436+03
50b50
.1627 oh + 03
.172501+02
.750362+02
.137704+02
.739693+03
50bbl
.370727+04
.953161+02
.949362+02
.130244+02
.739729+03
50947
. 1627o6+03
.172ool+C2
.750362+02
.137704+02
.739693+03
5094b
. 1645ci5+03
.193267+02
.753401+02
.137734+02
.751256+03
50949
.164405+03
.l»4b67+02
.753101+02
.137704+02
.748436+03
509b_0
.1627o6+03
.169581+02
.750362+02
.137704+02
.739693+03
51 0h7
.184405+03
3d9367+C2_
.753101+02
.137704+0?
.740436+03
£>1046
.200316+03
.991561+02
.779562+02
.140624+02
.101469+04
51049
.1627d6+03
.172581+02
.750362+02
.137704+02
.739693+03
51050
.182766+03
I
r
.750362+02
• lSTT.o't+oa .
.739693+03
-------
okegon total emission inventory by county and utm cujkds in tons per year
county name"is lane " »'code'=20
UTM AkEA / ' HC / pakt / NOX /
4&152 .226250+03 .379356+02 .710194+02
48153 .226260+03 .379856+02 .710194+02
48ib"4 .22u250+03 ,379tsb6+02 .710194 + 02
481 b5 .226250+03 .379b56+02 .710194 + 02
4 8156 .22l>250 + 03 .379656 + 02 .710194 + 02
46250 + 03 ,379b56+02 .710194+02
4825'b .22o250+03 .379056+02 .710194 + 02
48256 .22o250+03 .379656 + 02 .710194+02
48349 .226322 + 03 .3801+26+02 .710584-102
48ob0 .226250 + 03 . 379b56~+C"2 .710194+02
46351 ,27 6o52 + 03 .565334 + 03 .247640+03
48.552 . 22o250+ 03 ,379o56+02 .710194+02
48053 ,22o250+~03 .379656 + 02' .710194 + 02
483b4 .226230+03 .379856+02 .710194+02
48355 .226230+03 ,379«56+02 .710194+02
48336 .22o250 + 03 .379656 + 02 .710194+02
483b7 .226250+03 .379056+02 .710194+02
48449 , 27U064 + 03 .392750 + 04 .236C 19 + 0 3
40450' . 22o230 + 03 .379(356 + 02 .710194+02
48451 ,226358+03 .380716+02 .710784+02
4845 2 .226250 + 03 .379656 + 02 .710194+02
48453 .226250 + 03 .379856+02 .710194 + 02
48454 .355208+03 .237406+04 .576127+03
4845 5 . 22o250+03 ^379t;56 + C2 .710194 + 02
48456 .226250+03 .379856+02 .710194+02
40457 .226250+03 .379o56(-02 .710194+02
48456 .226230 + 03 .379656 + 02 .710194 + Q2
48546 ,22o260+oi ,379u56+02 .710194+02
48547 .226250+03 .379856+02 .710194+02
J+8548 .333550 + 03 .117176 + 03 .125309 + 03
48549 .233~6u0 + (')3 107706 + 04 .836102 + 02
48550 .226250+03 .379656+02 .710194+02
4855 1 . 22o250+ 0 J .379o56+C2 .710194 + 02
48552 . 22623 0 + 03 .379856^2 .710194 + 02
48553 .226250+03 .379656+02 .710194+02
4855 4 .226250 + 03 .379856+02 .710194 + 02
48655 .22o2=>0 + rj3 . 379tj5b + 02 .710194 + 02
48556 .226260+03 .379656+02 .710194+02
4855 7 ,22o250 + 03 .379856 + 02 5710194 + 02
48641 .241094 + 0*3 .153548 + 03 .756114 + 02
48o42 ,22o250+03 ,379o56+02 .710194+02
48643 . 226250 + 03 !_379o56 + 02 .7iai94_+02
48o44 .226230 + 03 .379656 + 02 .7~i0194 + 02
48645 .226250+03 .379b56+C2 .710194+02
4864 6 ^226250 + 03 .379d56+02 .710194 + 02
SOX * / CO
194390+02 .935555+03
194390+02 .935555+03
194390+02 .935555+03
194390 + 02 .935555 +0 3
194398 + 02 . 935S55 + 03
194390+02 .935b55 i- 03
194390+112 .935555 + 0 3
194390+02 .935555+03
194390+02 .935555+03
194^98+02 ,935555+03
194390+02 .935555+03
194390+02 .935555+03
194390+02 .935555+03
194390+02 .935861+03
194390+02 .935555+03
195690 + 02 .109503-104
194 390+0 2 .935555+0 3
194398+02 .935555+03
194398+02 .935555+03
194390+02 .935555+03
194 39B+02 .935555+03'
194390+02 .935555+03
1944 10+02 .10 73361-0 4
194390+02 .935555+03
194390+02 .936014+03
194393+02 .935555 + 03
194390+02" .935555+03
194970+02 .104973+04
194393 + 02 .935555+03
194390+02 .935555+03
194390+02 .935555+03
194390 + 02 .935555+03
194390+02 .935555+03
194398+02 .935555+03
194390 + 02 . 176055+04
194433+02 .109010+04
194393+02 .935555+03
194 390 + 02 .935555+0 3
194390+02 .935555+03
194390+02 .935555+03
194390+02 .935555103
194390+02 .935555+03
194390+02 .935555+03
194390+02 .935555+03
"253510 + 02 .116935 + 04"
194390+02 .935555+03
194390+02 .935555+03
194390+02 .935555+03
194398+02 .935555+03
194390+02 .935555+03
-------
OKEGON lOiAL EMISSION I MVE.ImTORY BY COUNTY ftNij
48650
486b 1
48652_
'4£it>53
48654
40o55_
48ob6
48ob7
4b7_4_l__
48742
48743
48744_
48745
4-6746
S67Hl_
48748
48749
46750.
46751
48752
4075.3_
48754
48755
9-8.7 56_
48 7b7
48758
46641_
48842
48e>43
>6844_
48645
48846
H064.7_
48843
46849
4 6650
48o51
48802
4.6853_
46654
48655
_48856_
48057
48856
48659 _
48941
48942
48943
.291010+03
. 191395+03
.191o95+03_
."226250 + 03
.226250+03
.226250+03
• 2 2c_>2 5 0 + 03
,22 62^0 + 03
i23b220+03_
.226250+03
. 330500 + 03
, 22t)250 + 0_3_
,22o2o0+03
.374(170 + 03
.226010+ 03_
.294494+04
.3l39o5+04
• G02635+P3..
. 191395 + 03
.191395+03
.22o250+03_
,22t>250+03
.226250+03
.226250+03_
.226250+03
.226250+03
.22o250 + C'3_
.226250+03
.226230+03
.22o250+P3_
.226250+03
.191395+03
».19l3_95+03_
.201407+04
.226010+03
..2759.44 + 04_
48944
48945
48.946.
48947
48948
,22o250+03
»226250 + 03
,.226250 + 03.
• 226260+UJ
. 226250 + 03
, 226250 + 03_
¦ 22u250 + 03
• 226250 + 0 3
¦ 22o250+03_
¦22o250+03
. 226250 + 03
,.22o250 + 03
.226250+03
.226250+03
,_253600+03_
,226010+03
1257134+03
. 143594 + 04"
. 117o98 + 02
. 117W98+02
,379856+02
.379856+02
..379656 + 02
.379o56 + 0 2
.379656+02
i761o56+02
. 379ti56+ 02
.117099+04
,379o56+02
• 379;j56 + 02
. 167044 + 0*+
.579436+02
.219941+04
. 254295 1-04
.11924.4 + 05
. 117698+02
. U7a98eG2
..379^561-02
.379o56+02
. 379656+02
. 379856+02
.379o56+02
.3798561-02
^379^56 hC2
.379656+02
.379856+02
,.379o56 + C2
. 379^56 + 02
.117898+02
j117698 + 02
. 136302 t-04
.799436+02
.,.153765 + 03
.379656+02
.379656+02
_,.379a56 + 02
.379856+02
.379356+02
f.379(,56+02 _
. 379a56l-C2
.379S56+ 02
,.379656+02.. .
# 379656+02
.379o56+C2
.3798561-02
. 379ts56+02
.379656+02
. 182286+03
.579436+02
.631312+03
.330975+03
.652060+02
.652060+02
.710194+02
.710194+02
.710194+02
.710194+02
.710194+02
,753444+U2
.710194+02
.266144+03
.710194+02
.71u194+ 02
.593119+03
.709752+02
.103422+04
.158733+04
.196370+04
•652Cu0+02
.652060+02
.71u194 + 02
.710194+02
.710194+02
.710194+02
.710194+02
.71019'H 02
l710194+02
.710194+02
.710194+02
.710194+02
.710194+02
.652060+02
,.652060 + 02
.890562+03
.709752+02
.636932+03
.710194+02
.710194+02
5.710194 + 02
.710194+02
.710194+02
.710194+02
.710194+02
.710194+02
,710194+02
.710194+02
.710194+02
s.710194 + 02
.710194+02
.710194+02
.722394+02
.709752+02
,180490+03
COORDS IN TONS PER YEAR
194390+02
19439B+02
194 398+ 0 2
194390+02"
19439^+02
194390 + 02_
194 390+02
194396+02
302363+02_
1943yfl+02
203523+02
194398+02
194390+02
196998+02
194396+02_
117300+03
837484+02
18195f> + 03..
194390+02
194 390 + 02
194398+02.
194398+02
194390+02
194 398 + D2_
194398+02
194390+02
194 39H±02_
194390+02
194390+02
194390+02_
194398+02
194390+02
194390+02_
900024+02
194398+02
738867+n2_
194398+02
194390+02
194390+02
194398+02
194398+02
194398+02
194390+02
194390+02
194398+02.
194390+02
194398+02
194398+02_
194398+02
194398+02
195&lB+02_
194398+02
2435^ + 02
.109209+04
.749163+03
.749163+03
" .935555+03
,935555 t-03
.935555+03
.935555+03
,935555t-03
. 106482 1-04
.935555+03
.183055+04
.935555+03
.935555+03
.128345+04
_. 104009 + 04
.139398+05
. 139724 1-05
...169305+04
.749163+03
.7491631-03
_J,935555 + 03
.935555 f-03
.935555+03
_j935555+03
.935555+03
.935555+03
_. 935555 (-03..
.935555 1-03
.935555+03
935555 (-03
.935555+03
.749163+ 03
.749163+03
.138997105
.104009+04
135626 + 05
.935555+03
.935555+03
.935555 t-03
.935555+03
.935555+03
.935555+03
.935555 t-03
.935555+03
.935555+03
.935555+03
.935555+03
_. 935555 + 03
.935555+03
.935555 +03
.105055+04^
.104009+04
. 106059+0^
-------
yHEGON TOIAl EMISSION INVENTORY ay county and utm cookds in tons per year
DATE 101771
'46953 '" " .22o250+03
<+8954 .226250+03
4&9_55_ , 22t>250 + Oi
48956 .226250+03
40957 .226250+03
48958 ,2262 50 + 03
46959 .22b250+03
.379656+02
.379656+02
•_379£}56 + G2
.379o56+02
.379856+02
• 3J7 9o_56 + G_2
.379656+C 2
.710194+02
.710194+02
j.710194 + 02
.710194+02
.710194+02
.710194+02
.710194+02
.1943gfi+02
.19439B+02
.19439R+02
.194390+02
.194398+02
f 194_390 + 02_
.19439^+02
.935555+03
.935s55+03
.9355551-03
.935555+03
.935555+03
.935555+03
.935555+03
-------
OREGON TOlAL tMISSION lM\/ENTORY bY COUNTY ANu UTM COOROS IN TONS PER YEAR
county name is li'-in "» code =22
UTM AKEa / HC / PAKT / " [JOX " / SOX / CO
49046 .635287+03 .340916+03 .127G96+03 .114630+02 .278311+04
JL9U49 , 44610 7 + 03 .280106 + 03 .126236+03 ,987377 + 01 .277247+04
49050 .252007+03 .101356+02 .924859+02 .987377+01 .106697+04
49051 ,27bb07+ 03 .277556+02 .990859+02 .109730+02 .116047+04
.49052 ,243607 + 03 ,101856+02 ,924059 + 02 ,987377+01 .106697+04
49053 .272o9H+03 .320038+02 .973253+02 .987377+01 .122213+04
49054 .272698+03 .320038+02 .973253+02 .987377+01 .122213+04
_49055 , 272o90 + 03 , 320(?38_+02 . 973253+02 .987377+01 . 122213 + 04
49056 .272698+03 .320030+02 .973253+02 .987377+01 .122213+04
49057 .272o98+03 .320038+02 .973253+02 .987377+01 .122213+04
49050 ,272690 + 03. ._32003b+C2 ,973253+02 937377+01 .122213 + 04
49140 .448994+03 .116252+04 .158696+03 .118375+03 .277355+04
49149 .447097+03 .515386+03 .l2b236+03 .987377+01 .277346+04
-49150 . 453152 + 03. ^3954 02+03 ..151771 + 03 .116323+02 ,277980 +04
49151 .244067+03 .10bu36+02 .950629+02 .149233+02 .106779+04
49152 .505(io4 + 03 .132881+04 .777570+03 .257116+02 .204901+04
.49153 .243607 + 03 ,101o5b+02 .924859+02 .987377 + 01 , 106b97 + 04
49154 .272708+03 .330238+02 .974693+02 .101618+02 .122213+04
49155 .272698+03 .320038+02 .973253+02 .987377+01 .122213+04
4.9156 .2726VO+03 ,320038+02 ,.973253+02 .987377 + 01 5.122213 + 04
49157 .272690 + 03 .32003o+02 .973253-102 .987377+01 .122213 + 04
49150 _ .272690+03 .320038+02 .973253+02 .987377+01 .122213+04
.4924 3 ,446152 + 03 .2d0210+03 ¦ . 12u245+Uo .937527+01 .277260 +04
49249 .446107+03 .280186+03 ,l2623u+03 .987377+01 .277247+04
49250 .484312+03 .161453+04 .558093+03 .155124+02 .114873+04
.49251 ,4 76uol + 03 .445852 + 03 .160651 + 03 ,10.7003+02 .308521+04
49252 .243oLf7 + 03 .101656 + 02 .924859 + 02 .987377 + 111 .106697 + 04
49d53 .272698+03 .320038+02 .973253+02 .907377+01 .122213+04
4925 4 ,272o90+03 .320038 + 02 .973253+02 .987377+01 .122213 + 04
49255 .272o9G+03 .320038+02 .973253+02 .987377+01 .122213+04
4925b ,272&98+03 .320036+02 .973253+02 .987377+01 .122213(04
49257 .272698+03 .320038+02 .973253+02 .987377+01 .122213+04
49^50 ,272o98+03 .320038+02 .973253+02 .987377+01 .122213+04
493*+b .449237+03 .286006+03 .127236+03 .987577+01 .277248+04
49 j49 .4o37^5+03 .3031721-03 .163650 + 03 .997529 + m .302350 + 04
49350 .O8c4o7+03 .147820+04 .573153+03 .289719+03 ^356521+04
49351 .244462+03 .136256+02 .929009+02 .987627+01 .107719+04
49352 .25244 2 + 03 ,509206+02 .939539 + 02 .10 0 323+0? . 120315+04
49353 .272690+03 .320038+02 .973253+02 .987377+01 .122213+04
49^54 .272o98+03 .320038+02 .973253+02 .987377+01 .122213+04
4905 5 ,272o98+03 ,320038+02 .973253 + 02 ,987377 + 01 .12 2213 + 04
49J56 .272698+03 .320036+02 .973253+02 .987377+01 .122213+04
49357 .272698+03 ,32003b+02 .973253+02 .987377+01 .122213+04
493S6 .272698+03 ,320036+02 ,373253 + 02 ,98 7377 + 01 . 122213 + 04
49359 .272698+03 .320038+02 .973253+02 .987377+01 .122213+04
49449 ,9820o2+03 .474621+04 .624478+03 .362906+03 .290029+04
4.94.50 ^4494.57+03 ^28 0.353+03 ,.12b295_+0.3 .988477+01 .277330404
49451 .446665+03 .281638+03 .127235+03 .il6903+02 .277388+04
49452 .243607+03 .101856+02 .924859+02 ,987377+01 .106697+04
49453 .243607+03 . 1 ill rtfm + n? . q24fir>9+02 .987177 + 01 -in^#.q7 + n4
-------
uREGON 10)AL EMISSION INVENTORY BY COUNTY ANu UTm COOKOS IN TONS PER YEAR
49457 ,272698+0 5 ~.320038+02 ".973253+02 " .907377+01" ;i222i3t-04
49458 .272698+05 .3200341+02 .975253+02 .907377+01 .122213+04
49459 .272b9B+03 -. 320038+02 .973253+02 .967377 + 01 .122213+04
"49551 .446416+05 .2ao320+03 .127274+03 .11061fl+02~ " .277316+04"
49552 ,44olU7+03 .280186+03 .126236+03 .907377+01 .277247+04
49 553 .2 78614 + 0 5 ^4 U8252 + 0 2 >_1056? OKI 3 .992 9 37 + 01 •_12 52 ft 4 + 0 4
49554 .272690+03 .320038+02 .973253+02 .907377+01 .122213+04
49555 .272698+03 .320038+02 .973253+02 .987377+01 .122213+04
-------
OREGON TOTAL EMISSION INVENTORY BY COUNTY ANu OTM COORDS IN TONS PER YEAR
DATE 101771
COUNTY NAME IS MARION. CODE =24
UTM AKEA
/ HC /
HAl-il
/ 1JOX /
SOX /
49549
.5930^3+03
. 105777+03
.153335+03
.142329+02
49550
.592505+03
.991714+02
.151642+03
.109774+02
495bo
.5749o6+0o
.568746+02
.14b531+03
.110394+02
49557
.571596+03
.513596+02
.146197+03
.109624+02
49558
. 5716+03
,119978+03
.184224+03
.251206+02
49652
.5409o5+03
.272414+02
.143177+03
.110994+02
49653
. 53h/iU5+03
,2b0414+02
.14^352+03
,109624+02
49o54
.571696+03
.513596+02
.146197+03
.109624+02
49655
.571696+03
.513d96+02
•148197+03
.109624+02
49656
.571696+03
..513596 + 02
.148197+03
.109624+02
49o57
.57lb96+03
.5l3b96f02
.140197+03
.109624+02
49658
,57loy6+03
.5lob96+U2
.148197403
.109624+02
49oh9
.5/1C96+03 .
_ .5153961-02
. 148197+03
.l(;96'4 + n?
49/49
,4772ol+04
.474791*U3
.16ob75+C4
.403554+04
49750
.411963+04
.208567+03
•117415+04
.159515+03
49751
.6o5505+03
_j_4.0 5.4 91 + 0 3
.302064+03
_170979+02
49752
,53o9«i5+03
.251054+02
.142376+03
.109664+02
49753
.571696+03
t5l3596+02
.140197+03
.10962^+02
49btf9
.blf)(i^5 + n3
. j 22667b+03
.157521+03
.240697+02
49650
,6149o3+03
.116663+03
.185744+03
.368202+02
49651
.609771+03
• 256687 + 03
.153320+03
.145359+02
49
-------
OREGON TOTAL EMISSION INVENTORY BY COUNTY AMU UTM CUOKDS IN TONS PER YEAR
DATE 101771
PAGE 19
COUNTY NAMt"IS MLTNMAf CODE =26
ut'M^akEa / hc" / PaA'T / no* / box" / co " /
50352 ,122050+05 .125957+04 .330013+04 .769UR + 03 .560098+05
50353 .1207ol+05 .113943+04 .330772+04 .409559+03 .560067+05
50304 " .161437+04 .lbl293+03 .527385+03 ;299644+03 .520977 + 04
50355 .161407+04 ,140b73»^3 .527305+03 .299644+03 .520977+04
S0356 , 103525+04 . 15b243+03 .530865+03 .299644 + 03 .5321 13 + 04
"50357 .163525+04 .156243+03 ,53u"fi65+03 .299644 + 03 .532113 + 04
50358 ,163525+04 '.156243+03 .530865+03 .299644+03 .532113+04
50452 .123910+05 .375463+04 .350121+04 .175633+04 .579210+05
50453 .119320+05 .9t>0 333+03 .331762+04 .677637+03 .573309+05
50454 .162691+04 .176947+04 .615130+03 .104379+04 .560805+04
50455 . 161437+04 ^0573+03 .527365+03 . 299644 + 03 ^520977 + 04
50456 .161437+04 .140573+03 .527385+03 .299644+03 .520977+04
50457 .163525+04 .156243+03 .530065+03 .299644+03 .532113+04
5045 8 .163525 + 04 .156243+03 .530865+03 .299644+03 .532J13+04
50551 .192148+04 .440172+04 .961413+03 .391910+03 .663075+04
-------
OREGON TOTAL EMISSION INVENTORY bY COUNTY ANL) UTM COORDS IN TONS PER YEAR
DATE 101771
Page 20
county nam£ is polk » code "=27'
U1M AkEA /
HC /
PART /
wox
49^)44
.296894+03
.200705+02
.881680+02
49545
.296694+03
.200705+02
.861680+02
4954b
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.133805+02
.866850+02
49547
.287974+03
.133606+02
.866650+02
4 9 5 '1S
.061)974 + 03
.111164+03
.968517+02
49o44
,29uo94+03
.204505+02
.881680+02
49ci45
.296894+03
.200705+02
.881680+02
49o4b
.302797+03
.225695+C2
.899350+02
49647
. 37tj774 + 03
.606o0j+02
.104425+03
49o48
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.970474+03
.160135+03
49 744
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49745
. 29l>694 + 0 3
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.881680+02
49746
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.462705+02
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49747
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49748
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.112509+03
.988577+02
49644
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.247764+03
. 126088 + 03
49045
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.205205+02
.881680+02
49046
.207974+03
.133605+02
.866850+02
49647
• 36097 4 + 03
.111164+03
.988517+02
49648
.360974+03
.111164+03
.988517+02
sox
.596ng6+ni
.596Q96+Dl_
.596096+01
.596096+01
,596096 + 01^.
.596096+01
.596096+01
,790496+01_
.892096+01
.60 7398+02
,596096 + 0l._
.596096+01
.796096+01
,823146+0J_
.596546+01
.866096+01
. 596096+n;L_
.596096+01
.596096+01
.596096+01
CO /
,128150+04
.128150 +04
, 123390 + 04
.12 3390 » 04
. 184857+04
. 120150 + 04
.120150+04
,129300+04
!140490+04
,264417+04
,128150+04
. 128150 + 04
.128150+04
.202526+04
.104863+04
.201957+04
.128150+04
.123390+04
. 184057 + 04
.184857+04 .
-------
OREGON TOTAL EMISSION INVENTORY BY COUNTY ANiJ UTM COORDS IN TONS PER YEAR
DATE 101771
PAGE 21
COUNTY NAMt IS WSHGTN» CODE = 34
UTM AhEA /
riC /
PAhiT /
NOX /
SOX /
CO
502b0
.9275o0+03
.665347+02
.211031+03
.434707+02
.3fl241fW04
b0251
.936478+0 3
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.226427+03
.59043^+02
.388860+04
50346
.927467+03
.679987+02
.209351+03
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50547
.927467+03
.679907+02
.209351+03
.397407+02
.3824 13 1-04
b0348
.969944+05
.206440+03
.275597+03
.397407+02
.390135+04
50349
.937453+03
.91b405+02
.219901+03
.404034+02
. 309368 (-04
503b0
.934995+03
.139695+03
.210867+03
.397423+02
.388841+04
503bl
.955c57+03
.125724+03
.210673+03
.399907+02
.388835+04
50447
,9274o7+05
.679937+02
.209351+03
.397407+02
.302413+04
b0446
,9274o7+05
.679987+02
.209351+03
.397407+02
.382413+04
50449
,93o998+03
.866695+02
.211297+03
.411011+02
.388837+04
50450
.934944+03
.702005+02
.210597+03
.397407+02
.388835+04
50451
.934944+03
,762005+02
.210597+03
.397407+02
.380835KJ4
50547
.9274o7+03
.679907+02
.209351+03
.397407+02
.382413104
50548
.927467+03
.679987+02
.209351+03
.3974u7+02
.382413+04
50549
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.677005+02
.209285+03
.397407+02
.382200+04
50550
. 9274b7+03
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.209351+03
.397407+02
.382413+04
5U647
. 9274o7+ 03
.679967+02
.209351+03
.397407+02
.382413+04
50648
.9274o7+03
.679907+02
.209351+03
.397407+02
.382413+04
50649
,9274o7+03
.679987+02
.209351+03
.397407+02
.382413+04
-------
OREGON TOTAL EMISSION INVENTORY bY COUNTY ANl, UTM CUORDS IN TONS PER YEAR
DATE 101771
Page 22
county name is yamhil' Code =36
U1M AKEA /
HC /
PAkT
/ i'JOX /
SOX
49944
.273017+03
. 144756+C2
.fa 3lf,62 + 02
.669657+01
49945
.273054+03
. 145u78 + 02
.837262+02
.777657+01
49946
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.183000+03
.176523+02
49947
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.669657+01
49940
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. 957058+02
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49949
. 303452 + 03
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.669357+01
50044
.292394+03
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.669657+01
50045
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.289758+02
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.6 69657+01
5004o
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• 6 69657 + 01
50047
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.289756+02
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50048
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100230 + C4
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50049
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. 101038 *03
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50146
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50147
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50146
.305348+03
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50149
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.918452+02
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50150
. 4155o3+ 0 3
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50246
.292394+03
.289756+02
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50^47
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.669657+01
50248
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.675132+02
.1127P1+02
50249
.292394+03
.289758+02
.8640^0+02
.669657+01
NORMAL EXIT.
execution time:
54599
MILLISECONDS.
CO
.115171+
.115171+
. 171597 i
. 140746 +
. 140327+
. 1407634
. 125472 +
. 125472 +
.125472+
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. 140792 +
.125472+
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. 140818+
. 140322+
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.125472*
.125472*
120355 +
.125472*
04
04
04"
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
Ot
04
04
04
04
AE1M.
-------
APPENDIX C
IMPACT OF S02 EMISSIONS FROM THE CENTRALIA, WASHINGTON
PLANT OF THE PACIFIC POWER AND LIGHT COMPANY ON
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN THE PORTLAND
INTERSTATE AIR QUALITY REGION
-------
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The Centralia Plant of the Pacific Power and Light Company is located
about 5 miles northeast of Centralia, Washington along the extreme northern border
of the Portland Interstate Air Quality Region (PIAQR). The first unit of the Plant
began operation about the first of September 1971, and the second unit of the Plant
is scheduled to begin operation in the fall of 1972. To aid in the design of the air
quality surveillance system for the State of Oregon, it is important to know the
probable impact of SO emissions from this Plant on ambient air quality in the
PIAQR.
Preliminary quantitative estimates of average seasonal and annual SO^
concentrations due to emissions from the first unit of the Centralia Plant were
made for the area within a 175 kilometer radius of the Plant, by means of a computer-
ized atmospheric diffusion model. The atmospheric diffusion model used to make
these calculations is a modified form of the Air Quality Display Model used by the
Environmental Protection Agency (1969). Surface observations of wind direction
and speed used in the computations were obtained from the Climatological Handbook
Columbia Basin States (Meteorology Committee of the Pacific Northwest River Basins
Committee, 1968) for Chehalis during the eight-year period 1930 to 1938. No adjust-
ments were made in the joint frequency distribution of wind direction and speed mea-
sured at Chehalis for the effect of terrain in channeling wind flow. However,
qualitative comparison of the wind distribution at Chehalis with wind distributions
at Kelso, Washington and other stations in the area revealed that the Chehalis data
were probably adequate for a preliminary assessment of the impact of the Centralia
Plant on regional air quality. Surface mixing layer depths required by the diffusion
model were obtained from an analysis of mixing layer depths at Salem, Oregon pre-
pared by the National Climatic Center under the direction of G. C. Holzworth
(Environmental Data Service, 1968) and the maps of mean afternoon and early
morning mixing depths prepared by Holzworth (1971).
1
-------
The diffusion model and the mathematical formula used in the calculation
of concentration and plume rise are described in Section 2. Meteorological and
source parameters used in the calculations are given in Section 3. In Section 4,
the computational procedures followed in obtaining the concentration estimates are
outlined. Finally, the results of the calculations are summarized in Section 5.
2
-------
SECTION 2
DESCRIPTION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC DIFFUSION
MODELS AND PLUME RISE MODEL
2.1
AVERAGE SEASONAL AND ANNUAL CONCENTRATION MODEL
The atmospheric dispersion model used to calculate annual and seasonal
ground-level concentration patterns is a modified version of the conventional sector
model and similar in form to the Air Quality Display Model used by the Environmen-
tal Protection Agency (1969) to predict annual and seasonal concentrations. In the
sector model, the area surrounding a continuous source of pollutants is divided into
sectors of equal angular widths corresponding to the class intervals of the seasonal
frequency distributions of wind direction. The total emission during a season or
year is then partitioned by sector according to the relative wind direction frequencies.
In the version of the sector model used in this study, the plume is initially assumed
to have a Gaussian vertical concentration distribution centered about the effective
height obtained from a plume rise model. As the plume is transported downwind
and mixes, the model transforms the vertical concentration distribution into a rec-
tangular distribution with boundaries at ground level and the mixing layer depth.
Thus, the mean seasonal concentration at a point (x,y) downwind from a continuous
source is given by the expression
r2n H . -H.
I l.i.i
2
2 a .
L z;i,j,i
(2-1)
3
-------
where
K = scaling coefficient used to convert input parameters into
dimensionally consistent units
Tg = ambient air temperature in absolute degrees for the
season (used in conversion to parts per billion SO )
Q = source emission rate in tons per hour
z;i,
frequency of the seasonal azimuth wind direction for'
the i^1 wind speed category, wind direction sector,
and /,th season of the year
frequency of time of day during the i^h season
downwind distance from the source to the point {x,y}
in meters
standard deviation of the vertical concentration distribution
at the point {x, y} for the i, j,i^ condition
CT . (
E;i,j,4 V
180/
(2-2)
t . . = standard deviation of the wind elevation angle at height
< ^ in degrees for the i, j,i^ condition
i.J.i
u. = mean transport wind speed in miles per hour for the
ith condition
H. .
i,L-
H .
= effective source height in meters for the condition
= depth of the surface mixing layer in meters for the
j,i^ condition
x tan (AO') - | y^
x tan (A01)
tan (A0') - y,
tan (A0') -
(2-3)
S = smoothing function
iC
AO' = wind direction sector width in radians
th
y^ = lateral distance from the centerline of the k wind
direction sector to the point {x, y}
4
-------
According to Equation (2-1), the rectangular lateral concentration distribution within
a given angular sector is modified by the linear smoothing function S given by Equa-
tion (2-3). The function S acts to smooth "square-wave" discontinuities in concen-
tration at the boundaries of two adjacent sectors. The centerline concentration in
each sector is unaffected by contributions from adjacent sectors. At points on
either side of the sector centerline, the concentration is a linearly weighted function
of the concentration at the centerline of the sector in which the calculation is being
made and the concentration at the centerline of the nearest adjoining sector. The two
exponential terms following the second summation sign in Equation (2-1) act to trans-
form the concentration distribution into a rectangular distribution bounded by ground-
level and H at larger downwind distances. At each point (x, y), the two terms must
be summed n times until the additional contribution from the sum of the two terms
th
in the n pass is insignificant. The computer program incorporating Equation (2-1)
automatically ceases to sum the terms when the exponent of the first term equals
negative ten. The computer program is also designed to calculate concentration
fields resulting from emissions of multiple point, area, and line sources. The resul-
tant concentration field is found by summing the concentration fields from individual
sources on a reference grid system.
The average annual concentration at the point (x, y) is obtained from the
seasonal calculations using the expression
The effective source height H appearing in Equation (2-1) is the sum of
the actual stack height and the rise of the plume due to buoyant forces generated by
xa{x> y)
(2-4)
2.2
PLUME RISE MODEL
5
-------
the emission process. Thus, effective source heights for use in Equation (2-1) were
calculated from the expression, due to Briggs (1970), given by
6 F >1/3
HI.U -h M I <2-5'
V* uisi,],i
where
h = actual stack height in meters
F = buoyant flux
I
g w r2 ( 1 - tjt I (2-6)
R)
g = acceleration of gravity in meters per second per second
w = stack exit velocity in meters per second
r = stack exit radius in meters
T = stack gas exit temperature in degrees Absolute
s
y = entrainment parameter
s. . . = stability parameter
i > J >
I
9 Q
= lapse rate of potential temperature in degrees Absolute
per meter
The entrainment parameter y appearing in Equation (2-5) is a measure of the rate
at which air at ambient temperature is entrained in the plume as it rises and acts,
in conjunction with the stability parameter s, to reduce cloud rise from buoyancy
due to heat generated in the emission process. In the development of Equation (2-5),
Briggs has assumed that y is proportional to the increase in plume radius as it rises
to height H. . .It should be noted that when the effective height H. . exceeds the
M.£ i.J.i
depth of the mixing layer H , there is no contribution to the ground-level concentra-
tion distribution from the plume.
6
-------
SECTION 3
MODEL INPUT PARAMETERS
3. 1 METEOROLOGICAL INPUT PARAMETERS
The meteorological inputs required for the concentration and plume rise
models described in Section 2 above are listed in Table 3-1. The first step in
specifying meteorological inputs for use in the calculation of average seasonal and
annual concentration patterns is to assign a discrete set of indices to the major
meteorological regimes that occur over a season or a year. The set of indices
used in the calculations is indicated in the model equations above and is also listed
in Table 3-2.
As mentioned in Section 1 above, joint frequency distributions of wind
speed and wind direction for the Chehalis Airport were available from the Climato-
logical Handbook Columbia Basin States for the years 1930 to 1938. These data were
modified by assigning the percentage of calms to the 16 major wind direction sectors
in our 0 to 3 miles-per-hour category according to the occurrence frequencies in the
lowest speed category listed in the Climatological Handbook. The adjusted wind dis-
tributions for the seasonal and annual periods are presented in Table 3-3.
The surface wind speed and direction data in Table 3-3 were separated by
time of day in the Climatological Handbook Columbia Basin States. Because the
values of H and appearing in the concentration model are strongly dependent
on time of day, the joint-frequency distributions of wind speed and direction in
Table 3-3 are multiplied by a factor f. in Equation (2-1) to generate wind distri-
j>^
butions for use with nighttime and daytime values of H and a . The values of
m E
f. used with the Chehalis wind distribution are given in Table 3-4.
J»&
7
-------
TABLE 3-1
METEOROLOGICAL MODEL INPUTS
Parameter
Definition
u
Hm
aE
T
90
9z
Mean wind speed
Depth of the surface mixing layer
Standard deviation of the wind elevation angle in
degrees
Ambient air temperature
Vertical gradient of potential temperature
TABLE 3-2
INDICES FOR AVERAGE SEASONAL AND ANNUAL
CONCENTRATION CALCULATIONS
Surface Wind Speed Category -
i = 1 (0-3 mph), 2 (4-15 mph),
3 (16-31 mph)
Time of Day
j = 1 (night), 3 (morning),
3 (afternoon), 4 (evening)
Wind Direction Sector
k = 1,2,•••,16
Season of the Year
i = 1 (winter), 2 (spring),
3 (summer), 4 (fall)
8
-------
TABLE 3-3
CHEHALIS SURFACE WIND DISTRIBUTIONS
Season
mph
N
KNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
Total
Winter
0-3
1.9
0.7
0.9
0
0.1
0.1
4.4
6.5
4.2
1.5
' 1.6
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.5
23.7
4-15
5.4
2.0
2.5
0.1
0.3
0.2
12.2
18.1
11.7
4.2
4.5
1.0
0.8
0.5
1.1
1.5
66.1
16-31
0.1
0.4
0.2
—
—
--
1.3
G. 0
1.5
0.2
0.2
0.1
--
—
0.1
—
10.1
Total
7.4
• 3.1
3.C
0.1
0.4
0.3
17.9
30. C
17.4
5. D
6.3
1. 5
1.1
0. 7
0.6
2.0
99.9
Spring
0-3
2.7
1.1
1.3
0
0.1
0.1
2.9
3.5
3.7
1.9
3.6
1. C
1.0
0.6
1.4
1.4
26.9
4-15
6.9
' 2.8
3.3
0.1
0.3
0.2
7.2
8.9
9.4
4.9
9.0
4. 0
2. 6
1.6
3.4
3.4
68.0
16-31
0.3
0.3
0.2
0
0
0
0.4
1.8
0.8
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
5.0
Total
9.9
4.2
4.8
0.1
0.4
0.3
10.5
14.2
13.9
7. 0
12.9
5. 8
3.8
2.3
4.9
4.9
99.9
Summer
0-3
4.Z
1.7
1.7
0.1
0.2
0.1
1.5
1. 8
3.2
1.9
4.G
2.3
1.6
1.0
3.3
3.1
32.3
4-15
8.6
3.4
3.4
0.3
0.4
0.2
3.1
3.6
6.4
3.9
9.3
4.6
3.3
2. 1
6.7
6.2
65.5
1G-31
0.5
0.4
0.1
0
0
0
0
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0.1
0. 1
2.1
Total
13.3
5.5
5.2
0.4
0.6
0.3
4.6
5. 7
9.7
5.9
14.1
7.0
5.0
3. 1
10.1
9.4
99.9
Fal1_
0-3
4.5
1.4
1.9
0.1
0.2
0
4.3
5.3
4.5
2.0
3.0
0. 7
0.7
0.4
1.5
2.0
32.5
4-15
8.8
2.8
3.7
0.2
0.3
0.1
8.3
10.2
8.8
3.8
5.8
1.4
1.4
0.8
3.0
3.8
63.2
16-31
0.3
0.2
0. 1
--
—
—
0.7
2.2
O.S
0.1
—
—
0.1
~
--
0.1
4.3
Total
13.6
4.4
5.7
0.3
0.5
0.1
13.3
17.7
13.8
5.9
8.8
2.1
2.2
1.2
4.5
5.9
100.0
Annual
0-3
3.3
1.2
1.4
0
0.2
0.1
3.3
4.3
3.9
1. 8
3.2
1.2
0.9
0.6
1.6
1.8
28.8
4-15
7.4
2.8
3.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
7.7
10.2
9.1
4.2
7.1
2.8
2.0
1.2
3.6
3. 7
65.7
16-31
0.3
0.3
0.2
0
0
0
0.6
2.6
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0.1
0.1
5.5
Total
11.0
4.3
4.8
0.2
0.5
0.3
11.6
17.1
13.7
6.2
10.5
4. 1
3.0
1.8
5.3
5. 6
100.0
-------
TABLE 3-4
FREQUENCY OF TIME OF DAY (f. )
J» *>
Time of
Day
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Night
0.58
0.54
0.42
0.54
Morning
0.21
0.17
0.17
0.17
Afternoon
0.12
0.21
0.29
0.17
Evening
0.09
0.08
0.12
0.12
10
-------
Each combination of time of day and season must be assigned a value of
surface mixing layer depth for use in Equation (2-1). The Environmental Data
Service, under the direction of G. C. Holzworth, has prepared tabulations of the
early morning and afternoon mixing depths at Medford and Salem, Oregon and at
Seattle, Washington. Inspection of isopleths of mean seasonal and annual afternoon
and early morning mixing layer depths, presented by Holzworth (1971) for the United
States, shows that the isopleths are nearly parallel to the coasts of Oregon and
Washington. For this reason, and because the Seattle mixing depths are strongly
influenced by over-water trajectories, we chose the Salem, Oregon median mixing
layer depths for use in the concentration calculations. We also assumed that the
early morning median mixing layer depths are representative of nighttime conditions
and afternoon median mixing layer depths are representative of afternoon conditions.
Median mixing layer depths for the morning and evening time periods were obtained
by averaging the values assigned to the nighttime and afternoon periods. Values of
mixing layer depths used in the concentration calculations are given in Table 3-5.
Table 3-6 gives values of the standard deviations of wind elevation angle
ar used in Equation (2-2). These estimates, and estimates of the vertical gradient
of potential temperature 80/9z given in Table 3-7, were specified from a knowledge
of turbulence and temperature-profile measurements made under terrain and meteoro-
logical conditions similar to those found near the Centralia Plant.
Mean seasonal temperatures for use in the concentration and plume rise
calculations given in Table 3-8 were obtained by averaging the mean daily tempera-
tures for monthly periods given in the Climatic Atlas of the United States (ESSA, 1968)
for Portland, Oregon.
3.2 SOURCE INPUT PARAMETERS
The source Input parameters required by the concentration and plume rise
models described in Section 2 are listed in Table 3-9. The scaling coefficient K
11
-------
TABLE 3-5
VALUES OF SURFACE MIXING LAYER DEPTH H IN METERS
m
Time of
Day
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Night
400
600
150
200
Morning
425
975
875
550
Afternoon
450
1350
1600
900
Evening
425
975
875
550
12
-------
TABLE 3-6
VALUES OF THE STANDARD DEVIATION OF WIND
ELEVATION ANGLE
-------
TABLE 3-7
POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE LAPSE RATES d®/dz IN DEGREES
ABSOLUTE PER METER IN THE BUOYANT PLUME RISE
Time of
Wind Speed
Category
(mph)
Season
Day
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Night
0-3
.010
.005
.030
.030
4-15
.005
.004
.020
.020
16-31
.005
.003
.010
.010
Morning
0-3
.005
.003
.003
.005
4-15
.004
.003
.003
.004
16-31
.003
.003
.003
.003
Afternoon
0-3
.001
.001
.001
.001
4-15
.002
.002
.002
.002
16-31
.003
.003
.003
.003
Evening
0-3
.005
. 003
.003
.005
4-15
.004
.003
.003
.004
16-31
.003
.003
.003
.003
14
-------
TABLE 3-8
MEAN SEASONAL AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE T
IN ABSOLUTE DEGREES
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
277.4
284.1
291.3
285.2
15
-------
TABLE 3-9
SOURCE MODEL INPUTS
Parameter
Definition
Q
h
r
w
T
s
y
K
Pollutant emission rate
Stack height
Stack radius
Stack exit velocity
Stack exit temperature
Entrainment parameter
Scaling coefficient
16
-------
shown in the table, although not strictly a source parameter, is used to convert
input parameters into dimensionally consistent units. In these calculations, the
desired units are parts per billion SO . Thus, when Q is in units of tons SO per
hour, x is in meters, u is in miles per hour, and T is in degrees Absolute, K is
given by
K = 7.22767 x 105
Values of the source inputs for stack height h, stack radius r, stack
exit velocity w, and stack exit temperature T , used in the calculations of plume
s
rise, are given in Table 3-10. These data were supplied by the State of Oregon
Department of Environmental Quality and are for the first unit of the Centralia
Plant. The entrainment parameter y in Table 3-10 is a measure of the rate
ambient air is entrained in the plume as the plume rises to the effective height H
given by Equation (2-5). In the calculations, y was set equal to 0.5 in all cases
as recommended by Briggs (1970, p. 8).
17
-------
TABLE 3-10
SOURCE INPUT PARAMETERS
Q =
6. 5 tons SO per hour
h
143. 3 meters
r =
1.68 meters
w =
27.4 meters per second
Ts ¦
416. 3 degrees absolute
y
0.5
K
7.228 x 105
18
-------
SECTION 4
CALCULATION PROCEDURES
The meteorological and source inputs described above were combined in
a computer program with the diffusion model equations given in Section 2. The pro-
gram was run on the UNIVAC 1108 System at the University of Utah Computer Center
to generate seasonal and annual SO concentration patterns for an area within a
175-kilometer radius of the Centralia Plant. The basic structure arid operation of
the program closely follows the description of automated procedures for calculating
annual and seasonal concentration patterns given by Cramer and Dumbauld (1969).
Hie operation of the computer program is indicated schematically in
Figure 4-1. The calculation of the modified wind-frequency distribution and speci-
fication of meteorological and source parameters is described in detail in Section 3
above. These data were punched on cards for input to the computer program. The
reference grid system consisted of points along 23 radial arcs at intervals of 5. 625
degrees, yielding a total of 1,472 grid points.
The computer program accepts the three decks of punched card informa-
tion and calculates the effective cloud height and the average seasonal and annual
concentrations at the grid coordinates, using the model formulas described in Section
2. The program generates a listed output of the concentrations and a magnetic tape
used by the Gerber G22 drafting system at the University of Utah for the automatic
plotting of specified concentration isopleths. This activity resulted in four seasonal
and one annual plot of average SO concentration isopleths.
z
19
-------
GRAPHICS
i TAPE ,
GRID
COORDINATES
LISTING OF
CONCENTRATION
FIELDS
SCALED PLOTS
OF CONCENTRATION
FIELDS
WIND FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
CALCULATION
OF EFFECTIVE
HEIGHT
SEASONAL AND ANNUAL
CONCENTRATION MODEL
METEOROLOGICAL
AND SOURCE
PARAMETERS
FIGURE 4-1. Schematic diagram showing procedures used in the calculation of seasonal and annual
concentration fields.
-------
SECTION 5
RESULTS OF THE CONCENTRATION CALCULATIONS
Maps of annual and seasonal S02 concentration isopleths are shown in
Figures 5-1 through 5-5. The general form of the concentration-isopleth patterns
closely resembles the form of the wind frequency distribution used in the calculations
(see Table 3-3). As noted in Section 1, these preliminary estimates of the impact of
emissions from the first unit at the Centralia Plant were made without modification
of the wind frequency distribution for possible terrain effects. The Chehalis wind
distribution does, however, reflect the blocking effect of the Cascade Range on the
transport of SO toward the east.
Li
The blocking effect of the Cascade Range is evident from inspection of the
average annual SO isopleth patterns shown in Figure 5-1. In the figure, the major
Li
axis of the isopleth patterns is oriented north-south in agreement with the expected
flow patterns for the area. Figure 5-1 shows concentrations of 0. 3 to 0. 5 parts per
billion in the Portland, Oregon area resulting from operations of the first unit of the
Centralia Plant. These levels are not very dependent on the shape of the isopleth
pattern in the area between Kelso and Portland.
Figure 5-1 also shows areas of high concentration northwest and north-
east of the Centralia Plant. Inspection of wind direction frequency distributions for
the Tacoma and Seattle areas indicate that prevailing low-level wind flow in the
Puget Sound area is north-south. For this reason, the isopleth patterns indicated
in Figure 5-1 over the Olympic Peninsula should probably be shifted toward the
north and east. Annual average S02 concentrations in the Seattle area due to opera-
tions of the first unit of the Centralia Plant are estimated to be from 0. 3 to 0. 8 parts
per billion.
Figures 5-2 through 5-5 show average seasonal SO concentrations.
Li
Concentration levels in the Portland area attributable to operations at the Centralia
21
-------
FIGURE 5-1.
Average annual SO2 concentration isopleths in parts per billion
attributable to operations of a single unit of the Centralia Plant
of the Pacific Power and Light Company.
22
-------
FIGURE 5-2. Average winter season SO2 concentration isopleths in parts per
billion attributable to operations of a single unit of the Centralia
Plant of the Pacific Power and Light Company.
23
-------
Average spring season SO2 concentration isopleths in parts per
billion attributable to operations of a single unit of the Centralia
Plant of the Pacific Power and Light Company.
24
-------
FIGURE 5-4. Average summer season SO2 concentration isopleths in parts per
billion attributable to operations of a single unit of the Centralia
Plant of the Pacific Power and Light Company.
25
-------
FIGURE 5-5. Average fall season SO2 concentration isopleths in parts per
billion attributable to operations of a single unit of the Centralia
Plant of the Pacific Power and Light Company.
26
-------
Plant are higher during the spring season than any other period of the year. Figure
5-3 shows that average SO concentrations in the Portland area in spring are about
0.5 parts per billion. Average SO concentrations for the fall season in the Portland
Li
area are about 0. 3 to 0. 5 parts per billion. The concentration level in the Portland
area due to the Centralia Plant is about 0.1 parts per billion in winter.
Average seasonal S09 concentrations in the Puget Sound area due to
Centralia Plant operations are also highest during the spring season, averaging
about 1 part per billion in the vicinity of Tacoma and about 0. 8 parts per billion in
the Seattle area. Predicted SO concentrations in the Puget Sound area during the
Li
winter, summer, and fall seasons are about 0. 5 parts per billion in the vicinity of
Tacoma and 0. 3 parts per billion in the Seattle area.
When the second unit goes into operation at the Centralia Plant, the esti-
mates of annual and seasonal concentrations given above should be doubled. Assum-
ing the source information used in the calculations to be approximately correct, we
feel that the predicted annual and seasonal SO^ concentrations are certainly of the
correct order of magnitude. Because no allowance was made for losses of SO by
£i
decay or other processes, the estimates are probably too high. This positive bias
in the estimates is possibly offset by uncertainties in the meteorological inputs used
in the calculations.
27
-------
REFERENCES
Briggs, G. A., 1970: Some recent analysis of plume rise observation. Paper
ME-8E presented at the Second International Clean Air Congress,
Washington, D. C., December 6-11, 1970.
Cramer, H. E. and R. K. Dumbauld, 1969: Computerized techniques for estimating
annual and seasonal frequencies of air pollutant concentrations. Paper
M60 presented at the National Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical
Union, San Francisco, Calif., December 18, 19G9.
Environmental Data Service, 1968: Tabulation III, Daily mixing depth and average
wind speed at Salem, Oregon. Job No. 6234, National Climatic Center,
Federal Building, Asheville, N. C.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1969: Air Quality Display Model. Prepared by
TRW Systems Group, Washington, D. C. , available as PB 189-194 from
the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
Environmental Science Services Administration, 1968: Climatic Atlas of the United
States. Environmental Data Service, U. S. Department of Commerce, 80.
Holzworth, G. C., 1971: Mixing heights, wind speeds, and potential for urban air
pollution throughout the contiguous United States. Preliminary document,
Division of Meteorology, Environmental Protection Agency, Raleigh,
North Carolina.
Meteorology Committee of the Pacific Northwest River Basins Committee, 1968:
Climatological Handbook Columbia Basin States, Vol. Ill, Part A.
28
-------
APPENDIX D
COMPARISON OF THE URBAN DIFFUSION MODEL IN APPENDIX A
OF THE 7 APRIL 1971 FEDERAL REGISTER WITH
THE HOLZWORTH (1971) MODEL
-------
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Two atmospheric diffusion models, each intended for use in obtaining
gross estimates of average annual pollutant concentration levels for large urban
areas, have appeared in recent EPA literature. One of these models is briefly
described on page G686 in Appendix A of the 7 April 1971 Federal Register. This
model, which we will identify as the Federal Register model, is based on previous
work by Miller and Holzworth (1967) and by Fensterstock, et al. (1969). The second
urban model is described by Holzworth (1971) in a Preliminary EPA Document.
Although both of these models yield estimates of normalized concentration for
various city sizes and both are associated, at least in part, with Holzworth, there
are important differences in the methods used to calculate pollutant concentrations.
Also, the description of the Federal Register model given in the 7 April 1971 edition
does not give any of the details of the construction of the model. The purpose of this
note is to describe each of the two models in detail, to point out the limitations of
eacli model, and to compare the estimates of air quality obtained from both models
for similar inputs.
1
-------
SECTION 2
DESCRIPTION OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER MODEL
The simple urban diffusion model described in Appendix A of the 7 April
1971 Federal Register is based on the following assumptions with respect to source
and meteorological inputs:
o Emissions of pollutants occur from continuous
ground-level sources which are uniformly distri-
buted over the entire urban area; a single average
annual emission rate in grams per second per square
meter is calculated for the entire urban area
• The urban area is square in shape and the mean wind
is always directed parallel to a side of the ux^ban area
• Meteorological input data are limited to the mean
annual wind speeds in the surface mixing layers as
calculated by the National Climatic Center in Asheville,
North Carolina
• Neutral stability (Pasquill D Category) prevails
throughout the year
• Lateral diffusion, mixing depths and topographical
factors can be neglected
The starting point for the Federal Register model is the integral form
of the concentration equation for an infinite crosswind line source located at ground
level given by
2
-------
where
V1 r° 2
= / -7= dx (2-1)
Q J v^7r a
v z
y = concentration at the center of the urban area
- -2 -1
Q = mean annual emission rate (g m sec )
u = annual m an wind speed (m sec *") in the surface
mixing layer
x = distance (m) from the upwind side of the urban area
Q
to the center of the urban area
cr = standard deviation (m) of the concentration distribution
along the vertical, assumed to be Gaussian
For the Pasquill D Stability Category assumed to prevail throughout the year,
is defined by the power-law expression
a = ax
z c
(2-2)
where the constants a and b were determined over five consecutive ranges of x
c
by fitting Equation (2-2) to Turner's (1969, Figure 3-3) curve for the Pasquill D
Stability Category. When Equation (2-2) with the five sets of constants is substituted
for <7^ in Equation (2-1) and the integration is performed, the resulting set of nor-
malized concentration expressions is
X u
c
Q
-98.528 + 62.432 x
0. 142
-40.854 + 22.046 x
+0.942 + 5.327 x
c
+23.045 + 2.541 x
1
+57.796 + 0.966 x
0.232
c
0.368
0.432
0. 509
100 < x < 500 m
c
500 < x 1000 m
c
1000 < x s 10,000 m
c
10,000 < x < 30,000 m
C
30,000
-------
I03
8
6
5
4
3
2
I02
8
6
5
4
3
2
10'
B
6
5
4
3
2
10°
I I " \ I T r I I p* "" I" * i i i i i i i
/ / / Hm = 800m
/
S / / Hm = 400m
' / Hm = ouum
:
H0LZW0RTH (1971)
u (m sec ) /
ZS/-
FEDERAL REGISTER
/ / Hm = 200m
Hm = l25 m
¦ ¦ i i i i i i i
_i i i i i ¦ ' '
» ' I i i L.
-I 2 3 4 5 6 8 jqO 2 3 4 5 6 8 jq!
DISTANCE (kilometers)
3 4 5 6 8 |£
[GURE 2-1. Federal llegister model curve for a (solid line) and Holzworth
(1971) <7 curves (dashed lines) for selected wind speeds and
mixing depths.
4
-------
The solid line in Figure 2-2 is a plot of Equation (2-3) against city size
x which corresponds to the normalized concentration curve reproduced in Figure 1
0
on page 668G of the 7 April 1971 Federal Register.
5
-------
I03
8
6
5
4
3
2
102
8
6
5
4
3
2
10'
I
I I I I I I I I I I ¦ I I I 1 I I I l_ I I I I I I I I i ¦
FEDERAL REGtSTER-
H0LZW0RTH (1971)
//
Hm(m) u (m sec-1) ^ //
125 5.0 '
125 2.5^
400 5.0 — "
800 5.0""""
400 2.5-
// // /
X /
/
-I
10°
Xc=S/2 (kilometers)
j L.
10'
IC
X5URE 2-2. Normalized concentration versus city size.
-------
SECTION 3
THE HOLZWORTH (1971) URBAN MODEL
The urban model described by Holzworth (1971) is based on the same
assumption as the Federal Register model with respect to the uniform distribution
of ground-level pollutant sources over an entire urban area and uses the same source
term Q for the average annual emission rate. Although Holzworth does not explicitly
specify the shape of the urban area, a square shape is implied by the use of the dis-
tance S across the urban area as the index of city size. Holzworth also states that
the model is more appropriate for larger cities where S s 10 kilometers. Lateral
diffusion is neglected as in the Federal Register model. Unlike the Federal Register
model, however, vertical diffusion in the Holzworth model occurs in unstable rather
than neutral stability conditions and the vertical concentration distribution is Gaussian
only out to a defined travel time which is a function of the mixing depth; for longer
travel times, vertical dispersion is restricted to the surface mixing layer and the
vertical distribution of pollutants is uniform.
The starting point for the Holzworth model is a modified integral form of
the infinite crosswind line source formula given by Equation (2-1), the starting point
for the Federal Register model,
r 2
X/Q = / — — dT (3-1)
J ^ az{T}
where the integration is over the travel time t instead of the travel distance from
the upwind edge of the city. The expression for ^ as a function of time r required
for Equation (3-1) was obtained by converting the average of Singer and Smith's (1966)
curves of a (x) for Brookhaven gustiness classes B and B (very unstable and
z 2 1
unstable stability conditions) to cr {t}, using an average of the mean wind speeds for
z
these classes. The resulting expression obtained by Holzworth is
7
-------
a {r} = 1.558 r°*885 (3-2)
z
For purposes of comparing the above expression for a with the t , the expression for
m Hm
cr {t} is
z
2H
cr {r} = -r=~ w 0.8 II (3-4)
z 727 m
The effects of Equation (3-4) on vertical expansion are indicated by the dashed hori-
zontal lines in Figure 2-1.
The highest pollutant concentration will occur at the downwind edge of the
city or urban area or for a travel time t = S/u = T, where S is the alongwind length
of the urban area. To obtain the average concentration X over the entire urban area,
Equation (3-1) is integrated again with respect to T. In brief,
T t
x i r f 2
Q = T J J /7T~ _ ( i dT dt (3~5)
0 0
/2^ az{r}
8
-------
using Equations (3-2) and (3-4) to define a {r}. Holzworth thus obtains the following
set of equations for the normalized city-wide average pollutant concentration:
Q
3.994 T
,0.115
; T s t
H
m
i 3. 994 t1'115 ~ 4.453 t„°-U5
m m \ — m
r-'O
(T'tHn,)'
2H
; T > t
m
H
m
(3-6)
Holzworth has used Equation (3-6) to generate values of x/Q for S = 10
and 100 kilometers and for various combinations of H and u at locations for which
m
the National Climatic Center has prepared tabulations of mixing depth and wind speed.
For purposes of comparing Holzworth's model with the Federal Register
model, Equation (3-6) has been multiplied by the mean wind speed and the results
plotted as dashed lines in Figure (2-2) for selected values of the mixing depth and
the mean wind speed.
9
-------
SECTION 4
DISCUSSION
The principal differences between the Federal Register model and the
Holzworth (1971) urban model are:
• The Federal Register model yields the pollutant con-
centration at the center of the urban area, whereas
the Holzworth model calculates the average concentra-
tion over the entire urban area
• The Federal Register model uses a ct {x} curve fitted
Zi
to Turner's or {x} curve for Pasquill Type D neutral
Zi
stability conditions; Holzworth uses a {t} curve
obtained by converting Singer and Smith's a {x} curves
z
for very unstable and unstable (Brookhaven and B^
gustiness classes) and by limiting the vertical dispersal of
pollutants to the surface mixing layer
Both models should probably be used only for urban areas that are of the
order of 10 to 100 kilometers in length. With this restriction in mind, the curves
shown in Figure 3-2 may be summarized as follows:
• Normalized concentrations obtained from the Federal
Register model will generally be two to three times
larger than the corresponding concentrations calculated
by the Holzworth model
e For low wind speeds and large mixing depths, the
Holzworth model concentrations may be one order of
10
-------
magnitude smaller than those given by the Federal
Register model; there is a serious question as to the
validity of the Holzworth a {t} transformation at wind
speeds less than about 2. 5 meters per second
11
-------
REFERENCES
Fensterstock, J. C., K. Goodman, and G. Duggan, 1969: The development and
utilization of an air quality index. Paper presented at the Annual
Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, New York, N. Y.,
June 22-26, 1969, 23.
Holzworth, G. C., 1971: Mixing heights, wind speeds, and potential for urban
air pollution throughout the contiguous United States. Preliminary
document issued by U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 145.
Miller, M. E. and Holzworth, G. C. , 1967: An atmospheric diffusion model for
metropolitan areas. J. Air Poll. Control Assoc., 17(1), 46-50.
Pasquill, F., 1961: The estimation of the dispersion of wind-borne material.
Meteorology Magazine, 90, 1063, 33-49.
Singer, I. A. and M. E. Smith, 1966: Atmospheric dispersion at Brookhaven
National Laboratory. Int. J. Air and Water Poll., 1£, 125-135.
Turner, D. B. , 1969: Workbook of atmospheric dispersion estimates. Public
Health Service Publication No. 999-AP-26, U. S. Dept. of Health,
Education and Welfare, 84.
12
-------
APPENDIX E
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS OF MORNING AND
AFTERNOON MIXING LAYER DEPTHS, BY SEASON,
FOR MEDFORD, SALEM, AND BOISE
This appendix contains cumulative seasonal frequency distributions of
morning and afternoon mixing layer depths for Medford, Salem and Boise. In
addition, median morning mixing layer depths at Salem during each season of the
year are shown as a function of surface wind speed. These figures were constructed
from tabulations prepared by the National Climatic Center (NWRC Tabulation I,
Job 6234, 1968).
-------
Mixing Layer Depth (m)
98
<1500
Ld 95
<1000
P= 90
<750
LU
P 80
z
LU
^ 70
<500
<250
60
uj
> 50
_j 40
_j
_i
CD
Z
a;
UJ
£E
UJ
o
20
SEASON
FIGURE 1. Early morning mixing layer depths by season at Medford, Oregon.
-------
98
95
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5
2
Mixing Layer Depth (m)
<3500
<3000
<2500
<2000
<1500
<1000
<750
<500
<250
o
cc
a:
ii.
a.
to
SEASON
2.
Afternoon mixing layer depths by season at Medford, Oregon.
-------
Mixing Layer Depth (m)
98
<1500
o: 90
Ll_
<1000
80
<750
p 70
<500
<250
Zi 40
30
a:
ui
o
z
cc
UJ
20
SEASON
FIGURE 3. Early morning mixing layer depths by season at Salem, Oregon.
-------
5000
2000
CO
V
e
1000
X
J—
0-
•••
LU
Q
CC
UJ
£
_l
500
x
o*
<
Q
UJ
0oooo°°
200
SPRING
SUMMER
100
FALL
50
6
4
5
2
3
0
SURFACE WIND SPEED (meters per second)
FIGURE 4. Early morning mixing layer depths by season at Salem, Oregon as a
function of the surface wind speed.
-------
98
95
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5
2
pin-
Mixing Layer Depth (m)
<2500
<2000
<1500
<1000
<750
<500
<250
a:
lu
cc
UJ
&
z
_i
_i
Q_
SEASON
5.
Afternoon mixing layer depths by season at Salem, Oregon.
-------
Mixing Layer Depth (m)
98
a 95
90
ui
ZD
a
LU
cr
u.
8 80
<
l-
z
LU
O
en
UJ
a.
UJ
>
£
_i
3
2
3
O
50 -
20
10
5
<1500
<1000
< 750
<500
<250
£T
ID
cc
_J
UJ
Z
LlI
_j
H-
a:
CL
2
<
Z
S
u.
£
(/)
r>
CO
SEASON
FIGURE G. Early morning mixing layer depths by season at Boise.
-------
Mixing Layer Depth (m)
~<3000
<4000 <3500
<2500
90
<2000
80
<1500
<1000
50
<750
CL
<500
<250
2
CD
cr
LlJ
CC
LU
_l
CL
SEASON
FIGURE 7. Afternoon mixing layex- depths by season at Boise.
------- |