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PREPARED BY
INTERSTATE ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
FOR THE
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
DIVISION OF WATER QUALITY AND NON-POINT SOURCE CONTROL
WATER QUALITY PROTECTION BRANCH
-------
U.S. EPA LIBRARY REGION 10 MATERIAI 9
Him ii iimi inn inn imiff .
RXD0DD0cJ735
-------
ABSTRACT
Title: | Coastal Zone Water Quality Monitoring in Selected
Geographic Areas
.71
J
/
This report was prepared for the U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency. It presents a summary of field case study findings in six
geographic areas: New York Bight; Charleston, South Carolina;
Biscayne Bay and Pensacola, Florida; San Francisco, California
and the Oregon-Washington Coastline. The purpose of the investi-
gations was to survey specific coastal zone areas to obtain detailed
information on coastal zone water quality monitoring. Included
in this report are descriptions of coastal zone water quality moni-
toring activities in these areas and a representative design for
an initial information network which would incorporate existing
monitoring activities into an efficient data/information system.
The report presents specific findings in each of the case study
areas along with an analysis of the socio-economic factors of coastal
zone water quality An extensive glossary of abbreviations and
acronyms pertinent to coastal zone water quality monitoring is
provided.
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PROGRAM SUMMARY
FOR HIE
NATIONAL COASTAL WATER QUALITY MCNITORING NETWORK PLAN
*
Flow Diagram - 445 presents the relationship and perspective of the nine
separate documents wiiich were prepared under this task? the large arrow
points to the specific report wiiich is within tiiis cover.
'Hie task to design a National Coastal Water Quality Monitoring Network
Plan was divided into three phases: Phase A, National Overview of
Monitoring Resources; Phase B, Case Study Areas; and Phase C, the
National Coastal Water Quality Monitoring Network Plan tasks.
Information from Piiases A and B comprise a partial "data base" for input
into the Piiase C Final Report.
PHASE A NATIONAL OVERVIEW OF MONITORING RESOURCES
Piiase A Report No. 445-A presents a national overview of the monitoring
activities, facilities and capabilities for monitoring, representative
organization structures, and inventories of potential pollution and
geosocial-demographic statistics. This report presents some
relations! lips between pollution causing factors and monitoring
activities.
PHASE B CASE STUDY REPORTS
Piiase B reports contain specifications for immediate implementation of a
coordinated monitoring plan for a local area. Reports 445-B and 445-B1
tlirough 445-B6 were generated using information gathered from cognizant
individuals and organizations in each case study area. The approach was
to establish personal contact with these sources to develop a
coordinated plan for utilization of existing monitoring activities and
capabilities.
PHASE C NATIONAL COASTAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK PLAN
Hie Ptiase C Final Report No. 445-C is a plan for a National Coastal
Water Qoality Monitoring Network. The plan relies lieavily on the "Data
Bases" of Phase A and B reports. Piiase C presents tlie components for a
water quality information system, of which the National Water Quality
« Monitoring Network Plan is a subsystem. This subsystem of Piiase C is
structured in two steps s (l) An Initial Plan which can be implemented
immediately utilizing existing activities, facilities and resources, and
(2) a growth plan utilizing the implementation of case study areas and
integrating tliem stepwise into a National Network.
Notej Information presented is current as of January 1, 1972,
1
-------
PROGRAM SUMMARY FOR THE
NATIONAL COASTAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK-PLAN
PHASE A
NATIONAL
OVERVIEW
(COASTAL ZONE)
WORKING DOCUMENT
REPORT 445-A
—TT
t
PHASE B
CASE STUDY AREAS
SUMMARY
OF FINDINGS
WORKING DOCUMENT
REPORT 445-B
MONITORING
INVENTORY
P
B6
B5
B4
B3
B2
B1
OREGON-WASHINGTON
COAST REPORT
S.F. BAY-COAST REPORT
-PENSACOLA BAY REPORT
BISCAYNE BAY REPORT
CHARLESTON HARBOR REPORT
N.Y. BIGHT REPORT
PHASE C
NATIONAL COASTAL
INITIAL NETWORK PLAN
WATER QUALITY
MONITORING NETWORK
PLAN
FINAL REPORT
GROWTH NETWORK PLAN
445-C
FLOW DIAGRAM-445
ii
-------
CONTENTS
*
Section Page
1 INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1 General 1-1
1.2 Data Requirements 1-5
2 CASE STUDY AREA SUMMARIES 2-1
2.1 introduction 2-1
2.2 Exhibits 2-1
2.3 Specific Findings 2-2
2.3.1 New York Bight Case Study Area 2-3
2.3.2 " Charleston Case Study Area 2-21
2.3.3 Biscayne Bay Case Study Area 2-33
2.3.4 Pensacola Case Study Area 2-44
2.3.5 San Francisco Bay Case Study Area ' 2-57
2.3.6 Washington/Oregon Case Study Area 2-68
3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS 3-1
3.1 Introduction 3-1
3.1.1 New York Bight Area 3-2
3.1.2 Charleston Area 3-5
3.1.3 Biscayne Bay Area 3-10
3.1.4 Pensacola Area 3-13
3.1.5 San Francisco 3-16
3.1.6 Washington/Oregon Area 3-18
4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 4-1
4.1 Introduction 4-1
4.1.1 Computer Entry 4-2
4.1.2 Training 4-3
4.1.3 Public Support 4-4
4.2 Initial Network Concept 4-5
4.3 Recommended Technical Specifications for Terminal
Equipment 4-7
4.3.1 Recommended Specifications 4-8
4.3.2 General Features 4-10
4.4 System Design Specification 4-11
Hi
-------
CONTENTS (Continued)
Section Page
4.4.1 Sample Specification 4-11
4.5 Optimal Systems 4-11
4.5.1 System Design Goals 4-13
4.5.2 Additional Monitoring Requirements of EPA 4-17
*
Exhibit A System Design Specification B-l, N. Y. Bight 4-19
Glossary - 4-23
Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms 4-28
Appendix Report
A New York Bight, Case Study Report and Specification ¦ 445-B-l
B Charleston Harbor, Case Study Report and Specification 445-B-2
C Biscayne Bay, Case Study Report and Specification 445-B-3
D Pensacola, Case Study Report and Specification 445-B-4
E San Francisco, Case Study Report and Specification 445-B-5
F Oregon/Washington, Case Study Report and Specification 445-B-6
iv
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Section 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
This report is a consolidation of data and information obtained by field
•\
investigators during surveys of their respective assigned case study
areas. The purpose of the field investigations was to survey specific,
representative coastal zone areas to obtain current in-depth informa-
tion. The information obtained was used:(l) to update data from con-
ventional sources, (2) to generate plans for a local initial water
quality monitoring network, and (3) as a basis for recommendations
~
for an optimized, nationwide system.
Included in this report are: (1) descriptions of existing coastal zone
water quality monitoring activities, (2) a design specification for
an initial network, which incorporates the existing activities into
an efficient local monitoring and data/information system, and (3)
recommendations for a future optimum network.
The recent impact of intense public interest in environmental
activities of federal, state, and local governments has resulted in
frequent reorganization of many agencies at all levels of government.
-------
As a consequence, much of the information available from public sources
may no longer be valid, even though it may be only a few months old. In
view of this situation, considerable thought was given to the most accurate
and economical means of determining the current capabilities of existing
water quality monitoring activities within specific coastal zone areas
of the United States. It was determined that the most practical method
was to send trained technical personnel into the field to make personal
contact with the cognizant people and agencies.
A secondary consideration, which weighted the personal contact approach,
was the recognized need of direct candid contact with key people, thus
inducing a frank discussion of their problems, goals, and requirements.
In many instances, this personal approach reveals some of the more subjec-
tive and poorly documented causes of pollution problems and poor data flow.
S
Six trained scientific and engineering personnel with some previous know-
ledge of the specific areas were selected to perform the surveys in
specific case study areas (see figure 1-1). Prior to leaving for their
respective areas, each man performed a thorough library search of biblio-
graphy and of local source data, as well as telephone and business
directories, to determine those agencies and organizations it would be
expedient to contact. In general, this included all agencies involved in
coastal water monitoring or sampling. From these contacts, information
was gathered on the extent of present monitoring, data processing, repor-
ting, and storage. Their total facility capabilities were determined
1
1-2
i
-------
Oregon-
Washington
Francisco
New York Bight
, ^ j : " ' ' " -
Biscayne Bay
r' f «•
V.." '
" ' - , - ¦> -,V
.
Figure 1-1
Case Study Areas
¦ ¦ i ..
v •
v ' ' ¦ '
-------
as well as the parameters and monitoring goals local users desired to
attain. Additional information was obtained, including the current method
of data handling and processing, familiarity with the STORET system (and
other federal government data processing systems) as well as the most
~*r
recent listing of all municipal and industrial outfalls, off-shore dumping
grounds, and other coastal pollution problems.
¥
One, of the first problems was how to define which agencies and organiza-
tions were performing monitoring of a nature that could be used to imple-
ment a national plan. A definition was established which classified moni-
toring as the regular or routine collection of samples at approximately
the same station locations, and the analysis of the same parameters conduc-
ted on a frequency interval of at least once a year. Other collection of
samples and their analysis on a sporadic basis, either in time or location,
S
or that were collected to meet specific short range project objectives,
or that were only single analyses, were classified as sampling, not moni-
toring. f
Qualifications of agencies only involved in sampling were also collected,
where possible, and are presented in the text. These listings provide an
indication of the potential monitoring capability that could be efficiently
brought into a monitoring program as the need arises. Included in these
sampling organizations are the colleges and universities in the case study
areas that operated project or short-term research type water programs.
-------
Other factors studied were the socio-economic and political features
of the area that had an impact on, or were impacted by, the quality
of the coastal zone water. Where possible, up-to-date organization
charts .were obtained or prepared for emerging state and local agencies.
A library, containing more than 500 up-to-date documents, was assembled
from the material acquired by the six field case workers. Also, a
listing was compiled which contains approximately 1000 addresses,
titles, and functions of names, scientists, engineers, administrators,
executives, industrial personnel, and others who have active involve-
ment in coastal water quality.
s
1.2 DATA REQUIREMENTS
In each case study area, seven common reasons for gathering data were
noted; in order of priority, these were:
(1) Immediate public health needs
(2) Use in enforcement actions
(3) Long range planning
(4) Applied research
(5) Basic research
(6) Long term statistical studies
(7) Obtaining data for data's sake.
Each of these requirements has a major impact on the amount of data
1-3
-------
and method in which the data is gathered and processed. In most cases,
the public health concern is primarily with fecal coliform in public
bathing beaches or shellfish and other fishing grounds.
The second most significant use of data is determination of the location
of sources of pollutants for use in possible enforcement actions.
The next major use of the data is for the long-range planning or major
public works and environmental design factors.
Other uses of the data are to support applied research, agriculture,
and basic research projects by governmental agencies, educational
activites, and institutions. Of course, data is also used for the
overview statistical summaries prepared.
In general, there is not a complete understanding of the effect of the
estuarine zone on the total ecology. There are only a limited number of
stations, monitored at random intervals, in the case study area coastdl
zone. When these are compared with the relatively large number of
stations being monitored on a regular basis In the inland freshwater
areas, it suggests a lack of concern for the coastal zone.
A majority of data/information exists in handwritten notebooks or log
1-6
-------
books for primary storage of data. There exists a lack of standardization
¦/>
and format of reports from agencies within the same case study area.
Regardless of the agencies' use of the data, local deficiencies in data
processing and handling invariably increased the problems of retrieving
data in a reasonable time frame.
¥ ,
The'potential use of STORET (storage/retrieval system) as the common
denominator for data systems within all the areas was studied; however,
entry of data into this system on a timely basis has been difficult. This
is partially the result of decisions by local agencies to enter older
data first because it was available, while the more current information
was still being processed from field sites and not readily available to
the local data manager. Work is progressing by STORET peopl'e to correct
this situation.
Particular attention has been given to solving this problem in the proposed
design of an initial network. The basic philosophy presented is an initial
network design which encourages local users to use the system for data
transmission/storage from laboratory facilities to their headquarters.
This will result in the automatic entry of the data into the EPA National
Computing and Data Processing System (ENCDPS) file while at the same time
reducing or possibly eliminating the need for hand-copied forms throughout
the collector-user system. Another benefit will be standardization of
reporting format throughout all case study areas that are integrated into
the initial network.
-------
Section 2
CASE STUDY AREA SUMMARIES
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This section includes summarized overviews of the findings of the
individual field investigators who surveyed the case study areas.
In-depth information describing all aspects of each field survey
I v
is contained in the case study reports, Appendixes A through F of
this report.
2.2 EXHIBITS „
Each case study area summary in this section includes five exhibits,
defined as follows:
Exhibit A - On-going Monitoring Summary
Exhibit B - Monitoring Capabilities Summary
Exhibit C - Data Usage Summary
Exhibit D - Municipal Waste Discharges Summary
Exhibit E - Laboratory Facilities Summary
Each Exhibit A summarizes the existing monitoring activities being
conducted by agencies and organizations in the respective case study
2-1
-------
area. Each Exhibit B lists monitoring and analytical capabilities of
organization within, or in proximity to, the case study areas and
whose resources and facilities could be brought to bear in the event
of an emergency or expanded monitoring requirements. Each Exhibit C
tabulates the data usage by agencies and organizations presently active
in the respective case study area. Each Exhibit D is a summary of com-
posite coastal municipal waste discharges. Each Exhibit E is a summary
of facilities available at each laboratory visited during the field
surveys (including, in some cases, estimated facilities).
2.3 SPECIFIC FINDINGS
The specific findings of the field investigation are presented in the
-jK>
following paragraphs in order of case study areas. For the purposes
of this discussion, case study areas (shown on figure 1-1)are defined
as follows:
Case Study Area 1 - New York Bight
Case Study Area 2 - Charleston Harbor, South Carolina
p
Case Study Area 3 - Biscayne Bay, florida
Case Study Area 4 - Pensacola Bay, Florida
Case Study Area 5 - San Francisco Bay
Case Study Area 6 - Washington/Oregon Coast
-------
The New York Bight case study area was the most complex of the six case
study areas. Twenty-four organizations in the New York Bight area that
were involved in coastal zone or estuarine activities were interviewed.
Of these organizations only seven were actually involved in water quality
monitoring.
The case study area (figure 2-1) included the Hudson River south of the
George Washington Bridge, upper New York Bay, East River south of the
Queensborough Bridge, lower New York Bay, Raritan Bay, Sandy Hook Bay,
the Atlantic Ocean along the King County/Nassau County coastline to
Jones Inlet, and along the coastline south to Deal, New Jersey.
The case study area includes many political entities. In order to permit
effective liaison among numerous agencies, the Interstate Sanitation
Commission was established by Public Resolution Number 62 of the 74th
Congress in August of 1935. The Tri-State Compact under wlyich the
commission was organized provided for the abatement of water pollution
and control of future water pollution in the tidal waters of the
Metropolitan New York area. In 1962 air pollution was added to the
scope of the commission's responsibility. The commission has concen-
trated its efforts on sampling waste water discharges from industry
under their industrial surveillance program. First priority has been
given to those industries considered to have a high pollution potential.
-------
(
U/J'OAJ
A T L.A AJ 77 c
OC£-/ A/
v^O/e^ <3/gas ~r
C<4S£" STUD* AJZfA /
FIGURE 2-1
2-4
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Other agencies in the area also have overlapping jurisdictions. There
are two federal agencies active in the case study area.
The National Marine Fisheries Service game fish laboratories at Sandy Hook,
New Jersey, is involved in a coordinated program of resource survey and
biological research on saltwater game fish, with emphasis on field and
laboratory studies of such coastal species as bluefish, fluke, and striped
bass. The subjects of study include, but are not limited to, migrations,
identity of stocks, growth rates, mortality rates, variations in survival,
environmental influences both natural and artificial, including pollution,
and effects of fishing on the species. Although the principal subject of
research is game fishes, it necessarily includes the total environment,
i.e., animals and plants of the food web as well as the. physical properties
of the water.
The second federal agency is the Environmental Protection Agency, Region
II. The region organization is divided between the regional headquarters
in the Federal Building at 26 Federal Plaza, New York City, and the labora-
tory facilities at Raritan Depot, Edison, New Jersey (formerly the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration, Hudson-Delaware Basins Office,
Department of the Interior).
\
The water quality laboratory is capable of extensive water quality analysis
parameters. Organic and inorganic analyses are conducted, including
analyses for phenols, heavy metals, pesticides, and hydrocarbons.
-------
Bacteriological analysis for total coliform, fecal coliform, fecal
streptococci, and pathogenic organism isolation, i.e., Salmonella. The
laboratory has equipment for gas chromatography, infrared spectroscopy,
atomic absorption,and emission spectroscopy (for heavy metals).
The remainder of the monitoring organizations are state and local.
The New York legislature, on the governor1s,recommendation, established
state Department of Environmental Conservation. This agency has the re-
sponsibility to carry out the state environmental policy. A major
function- of this department is to provide for the protection and manage-
ment of marine and coastal resources and of wetlands, estuaries,and
shorelines, and to provide for prevention and abatement of all water,
land,and air pollution. (New York Environmental Conservation Law,
Chapter 140, Laws of New York, 1970.)
The surveillance of New York's waters was established by the New York
State Health Department during the 1962 Legislative Sessiori. Article 12
of the Public Health Law states that it shall be the duty and respon-
sibility of the department to "establish a water quality surveillance
network". As a result, the State Department of Environmental Conser-
vation operates a Water Quality Surveillance Program to measure the
biological, bacteriological, physical, radiological, and chemical
characteristics of the state's water.
t
2-6
-------
In 1968, Mayor John V. Lindsay_created the New York City Environmental
1 *
Protection Administration to place in one agency of city government the
responsibility to plan and execute a major effort to restore the quality
of the city's physical environment.
The organization totaled 19,694 employees as of November, 1968, and
was formed to:
(1) Regulate and control emission of smoke, soot, dust,
odors, fumes, and other harmful or objectionable
substances into the air.
*
(2) Undertake a noise abatement program.
(3) Develop supplies of pure and wholesome water.
(4) Plan and construct facilities to transmit and distribute
water.
(5) Operate and maintain the water supply system.
(6) Collect, remove, and dispose of solid wastes.
(7) Control and dispose of sewage and prevent the pollution
of waters in and around tfhe city of New York.
The New York City Department of Health is concerned with pollution
control from the broad viewpoint of public health. The Department has
the authority to control sources of pollution and cooperate with other
governmental agencies in the development of pollution abatement programs.
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The Bureau of Sanitary Engineering of the Department of Health performs
five-major functions, one of which is the Water Pollution Program. This
was mandated by the provisions of Article 145 of the New York City
health code as well as the New York State public health law. The
division conducts harbor water surveys and special studies. Two such
activities during 1971 were a four month study to evaluate the water
pollution of Jamaica Bay and tributaries resulting from operations at
JFK International Airport, and a survey to investigate the Flushing
Bay area to determine the amount and type of water pollution that
exists there.
i
Another Bureau of Sanitary Engineering activity is a sampling program
/V
preparatory to classification of beaches for bathing water quality. This
includes bacteriological sampling and a sanitary survey of all public
and private beaches in New York City.
The Nassau County Department of Health is a regulatory agency respon-
sible for supervising the purity of the ^county's water supply and
enforcing regulations concerning water supply protection.
Twenty-five municipal sewage treatment plants, over fifty industrial
plants, and the shores of Nassau County are under the surveillance of
this organization.
2-8
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The map (figure 2-2) illustrates the water quality sampling stations
within" the case study area and provides an indication of the over-
lapping jurisdictions among the agencies involved in monitoring ,
resulting in duplication of monitoring stations within the area. Much
of the coastal zone is heavily polluted and is not only unfit for
bathing, but is closed to shellfishing.
The majority of sewage treatment plants within the area provide only
primary treatment; some are being upgraded to provide secondary treat-
ment. In many cases, the level of treatment within these facilities is
4
quite marginal.
The eastern boundary of the case study area intersects an ocean dump-
ing area where dredge spoil, sludge, and cellar dirt are dumped.
Another ocean dumping area, slightly out of the case study bounds, is
used for the dumping of waste acid and other industrial waste products.
Mud, sludge and dredge spoil dumping has an adverse affect upon marine
life within the area.
Table 2-1 is a listing of the agencies in the area, the plans and goals
of these agencies, and the problems involved which bear upon agency
activities. The major problem reported by a majority of these agencies
is a shortage of funds and, as a result, a shortage of personnel.
-------
IMGD °
P Long I sland Sound
Stonytrook
NYSDEC
G- Washington
¦MhB
BERGEN
Riven t
HUDSON COUNTY
Guardia
LONG :SU'.0
QUEENS COUNTY
J.F. Kennedy
I ntef national
Airport
I
Jamaica
Bay
Ml van
BROOKLYN
KINGS COUNTY
STATEN
ISLAND
MIDDLESEX
Loner Bay
COUNTY 112I
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Primary Study Area
150 Cruises/307 Stations
NOAA Sandy Hook Lab
Raritan Bay
Sludge*
Dumping
x
Mud_
bumping
Sandy Hook Bay
Closed To
SHelifi siting
To Acid ITgicj
During
Grounds
Dumping
106
Nautical
Miles
40" 20'
Deal. N.J.
r "
MONMOUTH
COUNTY
N3
LEGEND:
O Interstate Sanitation
Commission - WQ Station
X Sewage Treatment
Pljnt
X Dumping Grounds
n N«w York City Environmental
Protection Administration
W/Q Station
~ New York City Health
Dept-WQ Station
• EPA Region II
WQ Station
O Osborn Lab (Aquarium)
* N.Y. State Dept. of Environ-
mental Conserv. Reg 2
(Shellfish Programl
U Nassau County Health Oept.
WQ Station
^ EFRUENT DISCHARGE
^ (Million Gallons Per Day)
r Primary
s Secondary
1 Intermediate
Treatment
Total Sewage Treated 1970
2 Billion Gallons Per Day
(ISC District)
-------
The problem of insufficient funds cannot be solved merely by coordinated
activities; however, coordination on the part of these agencies in a
functional network system can alleviate the problem of a personnel
shortage. Improved coordination in such matters as the selection of
sampling stations, the joint use of data, and the sharing of responsi-
bilities can produce significant improvements in water pollution control
in the New York Bight.
Exhibits A-E are attached to provide added specific information related
to the New York Bight.
2-11
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TABLE 2-1. SUMMARY OF PLANS AND GOALS
Agency
Plans and Goals
Problem Areas (
Interstate Sanitation Commission
*
Expand Industrial surveillance
and data processing
Lacks funds for data
processing expansion
Environmental Protection Agency
Expand surveillance and technical
support activities
(1) Lack funds and
personnel
(2) Major effort in
judicial prosecutions
of violators
(3) Data handling
overloaded
New York City Dept. Health ^
Additional water quality surveys
and pollution studies such as the
JFK airport study to evaluate
water pollution of Jamaica Bay
(1) Lack of funds and
personnel
(2) Data handling
New York State Dept. of
Environmental Conservation
Proposes monitor stations in New
York Bight for years 1975-1976
No water quality activity
in N. Y. Bight. Shellfish
sanitation data handling -
lack of computer facilities
New York City Environmental
Protection Administration
Upgrade 12 existing plants and con-
struct two new plants. Expand data-
gathering & processing capability.
Provide modern harbor survey
vessel.
Federal funding for
construction.
-------
Table 2-1. Summary of Plans and Goals (Continued)
Agency
Plans and Goals
Problem Areas t
Nassau County Dept. of Health
Additional surveillance of water
quality expansion for new sewage -
treatment facilities
Pdblic Health on
Bathing Beaches
New York District Corps of
Engineers
Proposed patrol vessels (sea-going)
surveillance of dumping grounds,
N. Y. Bight Research Programs
Lack of computer facilities
for permit program
New York Testing Labs
United States Testing Company
Expansion of water quality lab
activities for COE industrial
pollution permit program
Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory
Expansion of research programs
in water pollution
Lack of supporting funds
New York Ocean Science x
Laboratory
Expansion of research programs
in water pollution
Lack of funds/contracts/
grants
Osborn Laboratory
New York Aquarium
V
Expansion of research programs
in water pollution. Provide data
for water quality standards.
Studies of phytoplankton as indi-
cators of pollution in New York
waters
Lack of funds/contracts/
grants
Marine Sciences Research Lab
Expansion of research programs
in water pollution
Lack of funds/contracts/
grants
-------
CHEMICAL
PHYSICAL
BIOLOGIC
OTHER
TITLE bxmioit a.
$ INTERSTATE ON* \40W'TOt?i Wv3
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AGENCY
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REMARKS:
TYPES OF OATA
-------
TYPES Of DATA
CHEMICAL
BIOLOGIC
REMARKS
OTHER
PHYSICAL
AGENCY
vtw YOIX. CITY D£PT
O' W«*.LT14
M Y S D60T. CE
CMV ZOKl12va' ok
© INTERSTATE
TITLE ¦
-------
NEW YORK BIGHT
DATA USAGE BY AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS CURRENTLY ACTIVE IN THE CASE STUDY AREA
AGENCY
Train-
ing
Applied
Research
Pure
Res.
Ind
Control
Regula-
tion
Conser-
vation
Long
Rng Pin
NAV/
Safety
Public
Health
Statis-
tical
Moni-
tor
Sampl-
ing
INTERSTATE SANITATION COMMISSION
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
N.Y. CITY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
X
X
X
X
N.Y. STATE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSERVATION
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
. NASSAU COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
X
X
X
X
NQAA SANDY HOOK MARINE LABORATORY
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
N. Y. CITY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
ADMINISTRATION
X
\
X
X
X
X
REGION II EPA
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
COE N.Y. DISTRICT
X
X
X
OSBORN LABS N.Y. AQUARIUM
X
X
X
N.Y. OCEAN SCIENCE LAB MONTAUK.N.Y.
X
X
0
X
X
X
X
X
FDA
X
X
X
X
COAST GUARD
X
X
X
X
TRI-STATE REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION
X
X
fO
I
Exhibit C
-------
C6ASTAI MUNICIPAL waste DISCHARGE summary
1968 STORET Data (Not updated) PAGE 1
NEW YORK BIGHT CASE STUDY AREA
STATE
COUNTY
jNj BERGEN
type nr.or pep served avg daily
TREATMENT OISCH x 1COO FL0W, MGD
DESIGNED a est.
TLftW# MGD IMATED
,\|0NE
MI N8R
PRIMARY
¦INTERMEDIATE
SECONDARY
TERTIARY
•C0U\TY TOTAL
hj HUDS8N
N0NE
MJN0R
primary
INn RMFDI ATE
- secondary
TERTIARY
•COUNTY TOTAL
|NJ MIDDLESEX
NfiNL
M I NQR
PRIMARY
I mtfirme d i a te
SECONDARY
TERTIARY
~COUNTY T0TAL
Nj M0NMOUTH
none
M I NQR
PRIMARY
INTERMEDIATE
SECONDARY
TERT IARY
•C9UNTY TOTAL
NY KINGS
NONE
M I NOR
PRIMARY
INTERMEDIATE
SEC0NDARY
TERTIARY
•COUNTY T0TAL
c
o.oc
c.oc
0.00
0,0
0
o.co
c*co
0.00
0.0
2
20.50
3.87
6.37
0.0
C
O.OC
c.co
0.00
0.0
7
549.18
49.08
61.97
0.0
0
0.00
c.co
O.OC
0.0
9
569.68
52.95
68.34
0.0
0
O.CO
c.co
O.OC
0.0
0
0.00
c.co
c.oo.
o.c
7
497.60
71 .CO
118,10
0.0
2
106.30
11.16
24.00
0.0
1
11.10
1.40
2.30
0.0
0
O.OC „
c.co
' o.co
0.0
1C
615.00
83.56
144,40
0.0
0
O.OC
c.co
O.OC
0.0
0
O.CO
. c.co
O.OC
0.0
6
43.90
6.48
16.45
0.0
1
435.CC
44.50
77.CO
0.0
6
80.48
11.26
16.91
o.c
C
0.00
c.co
O.OC
0.0
13
559.38
62.25
110.36
0.0
C
O.CO
c.co
0.00
0.0
1
50.00
5.CO
5.0C
0.0
22
183.78
18.91
25.19
0.0
1
25.00
2.90
3, 2C
0.0
18
• 113.21
1C.C1
10.82
0.0
0
O.OC
c.co
O.OC
0.0
42
371.99
36.81
44.21
0.0
C
O.CO
c.co
C.OO
0.0
C
0.00
c.co
0.00
0.0
0
O.CO
C.OC
O.OC
0.0
0
0.00
c.oo
0.00
0.0
4
4216.00
371*30
629.00
0.0
0
O.OC
c.co
0.00
0.0
4
4216.00
371*30
629.00
0.0
Exhibit D
Sheet 1
2-17
-------
STATF
COUNTY TREATMENT
NY NASSAU*
w ' nPNJF
MINOR
PRIMARY
INTERMEDIATE
SECONDARY
TL'RT I ARY
•COUNTY TOTAL
NY NEK Y6RK
none
M I N0R
PRIMARY
intfrmediate
secondary
TERTIARY
•CBUNTY T0TAL
ny queens
none
MINOR
PRIMARY
INTrRMEDIATE
secondary
TERTIARY
•C0UNTY TOTAL
NY RICHMOND
NONE
minor
PRIMARY
INTERMEDIATE
SECONDARY
TERTIARY
•cqunty total
COASTAL MUNICIPAL WASTE DISCHARGE SUMMARY
1968 STORET data (Not updated)
NEw YORK BIGHT CASE STUDY AREA
TYPE
PAGE 2
OF
POP SERVED
avg daily
designed
a EST-
iCH
X 1COO
FL0W, MGD
FLOW, mqD
IMATED
1
10.CO
l.CO
l.OC
0.0
C
O.CO
C.CO
C.OC
0.0
2
9.33
1.32
?.oc
0.0
0
O.CO
c.cc
o.oc
0.0
14
755.01
36.C4
79.50
0.0
0
0.00
C.CO
O.CO
o.c
17
774.34
38.36
82.50
0.0
C
0.00
C.OC
o.oc
0.0
0
O.CO
C.CO
0.00
' 0.0
0
O.CO
„ C.OC
'O.OC
0.0
0
O.CO
C.CO
o.oc
0.0
1
ldCO.CO
20C.0C
190.00
C.O
c
0.00
C.CO
0.00
0.0
1
lbCO.CC
20C•CO
190.00
0.0
c
O.CO
C.CO
O.OC
0.0
c
0.00
C.CO
O.CO
0.0
c
O.CO
C.CO
O.OC
0.0
0
O.CO
C.CO
0.00
0.0
4
1682.CO
249.30
310.OC
0.0
0
0.00
C«CO
0.00
0.0
4
1682.00
249.30
310.00
0.0
1
.91
• C9
.09
o.c
c
O.CO
c.00
o.oc
0.0
1
131.00
7.CO
1C.0C
0.0
c
0.00
C.CO
O.OC
0.0
I
60.00
11.CO
15.00
0.0
0
O.CO
C.CO
C.OC
0.0
3
191.91
18*C9
25.09
0.0
Exhibit D
Sheet 2
-------
' FtHSOiiil,
PHYSICAL OCtAi-. Bf\CTE
*Kfr.l v lihJOK SIZL BICSjO OGKAP t-KEl PhYSI RIOLO LtlGH. lECKI ' AitfiHUJ
i^BortuXxy sr oo fuu^iqlJ 93. ft. gisxs lh-.s ists cisrs gists elks EAL cuhlk tc/ial bltuget
acfcer state Sanitation
ia*nisaion
mw York, h.Y.
jtai York City
Je^t. of health
,-acrouiology Lab.
'not York, it.Y.
« York City
J%t. of healtii
iireau of Sanitary
Engineering
York, U.Y.
York City
fiwironnental
acotectiun Administration
York, U.Y.
1,000 off.
3b 061 Kegulatory 4,000 lab.
36 061 Regulatory j,000 tot.
36 061 Regulatory
1,000 tot.
3,000 lab
Opera-
T nC1 h i'400 °ff*
3b 061 & Research
19
4 2 11 21
25
25
jyew York State
.*«sgt. of Envarcrjnental
ifcmservation
^CDKonkana, n.Y.
¦optional ilarine
fisheries Service
Sainy Hook lab.
Signlazxis, ti,J,
naN'ona! i-iarine
fisheries Service
ripi fbru Biological
Samratory
;KrI foru, Conn.
36 103 Regulatory 2,000 tot. 1
Fisheries
34 025 Res^rcu 30,000 tot.
Sltellfisii
09 009 iiesearch 28,00 tot. 14
2 2
Sciaitific Staff of 10
51 85 1,400K
10 24
Exhibit E
Sheet 1
rs>
-------
¦AGli-CY
IABORATORY
AfiJOR
ST GO FIMCTIOW
FERSOliUEL
PHYSICAL OCEftW BfiCTE •
SIZE blULO OGPAP Q£Q1 FKYSI RIOID BCEi TECHW AWUURL
SQ. FT. GISTS liERS ISTS CISTS GISTS EERS 1CAL OTHER TOTAL BUDGET
EPA
Region H Laboratory
Edison, W.J.
-*3w York Aquariun
Osbarn Laboratories
of i-larine Sciences
New York, N.Y.
34 023 Regulatory 20,000 tot.
36 047 Researcn 10,000 tot.
Scientific Staff of 15
30
28
45
Affiliated Colleges
and Universities Inc.
New York Ocean Science Lab.
rlontauK, w.Y.
275,000 off.
36 103 Research 35,000 lab.
ucctorate level staff of 10
State University
of New York
marine Sciences
Researcii, Center
StoneyorooK., W.Y.
36 103 Researcii
Doctorate level staff of 10
fsj Exhibit E
¦ Sheet 2
s>
o
-------
2.3.2 Charleston Case Study Area
The Charleston case study area (figure 2-3) includes the entire cities
of Charleston and North Charleston and some nearby areas in Charleston
and Berkeley counties. The area is a low country complex, heavily
dependent upon its location and estuarine environment for economic
stability. Three organizations, U. S. Geological Survey, South
Carolina Pollution Control Authority, and the Westvaco Kraft Paper
Mill, are involved in estuarine water quality monitoring in the case
study area.
The South Carolina Pollution Control Authority (SCPCA) operates the
greatest number of monitoring stations in the area. The SCPCA
currently maintains a laboratory On Sullivan's Island( and a mobile
laboratory which is stored at the Charleston Army Depot.
All agencies readily use nearby specialized laboratory facilities
for special analyses. These laboratories include the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), Southeastern Water Quality Laboratory at
Athens, Georgia; the EPA Gulf Breeze Laboratory (for pesticides);
t
and other strategically located chemical and biological laboratories.
At the time of the Charleston area case study, data from only two
.case study area stations was retrievable from STORET.
V
1 v.
The monitoring activities of the USGS and SCPCA are primarily to
determine the impact of water quality in the estuarine zone on
2-21
-------
c^^^srcA/
c/-/A&i.e'sroKr
BBRfCGL&V
-------
public health and to develop long term ecological protection measures
to minimize the effects of industrial and municipal wastes on the
ecology of the state.
The U. S. Geological Survey samples at three locations within the
case study area. Duplicate samples are taken and furnished
to the SCPCA laboratory at Columbia, S. C., and to the USGS Laboratory
at Raleigh, N. C.
The SCPCA, which is the major monitoring facility in the area, is
S
facing a severe funding crisis, as are many similar technical and
scientific organizations in the state. An attempt to obtain addi-
tional funds by means of a water users' tax failed to pass the
state legislature. As a result of this limitation of resources,
the SCPCA monitoring priorities are placed upon those areas which
impact upon public health,such as drinking water supplies and bath-
\ • »
ing beaches (primarily during the summer season). The priorities
of resources will certainly be felt in the estuarine zone which,
unfortunately, must be relegated to a secondary position.
The SCPCA is heavily loaded with work on freshwater analyses and
enforcement of regulations and clearly needs expansion of office
and laboratory capabilities; therefore, in order to obtain the
necessary information on a national level, it will be important
that the SCPCA receive assistance to alleviate their current high
-------
work load and austere funding situation.
*
Westvaco Kraft Paper Mill, whose technical services division carries
out the most intensive monitoring activity in the area, is primarily
concerned with monitoring to: (1) ensure compliance with discharge
permit requirements, (2) provide discharge permit data to governmental
agencies, and (3) assist in industrial process control.
Westvaco is deeply interested in minimizing the impact of its indus-
/
trial processes on the local ecology. Westvaco has 12 stations on
the Cooper River; they are monitored on a weekly basis. They also perform
extensive benthic and biological surveys to determine the impact of
their effluents on marine life.
Several problems involving estuarine water quality monitoring exist
in this case study area. The lack of adequate information for water
quality parameters and other ecological parameters that impact on
water quality is apparent. In order to overcome this, special monitor-
ing projects should be undertaken.
The complex nature of this zone is not readily apparent without close
examination and personal involvement. The cost of monitoring is high
2-24
-------
because of the logistical problems involved in reaching the stations.
The local economic base is quite fragile, with extensive political
pressures being exerted to divert available funds into other areas
(ekg., teachers' salaries).
Automatic data processing was only being introduced at the time of
the field survey. The SCPCA had recently undergone significant
reorganization and had not yet attained maximum operating efficiency.
The expressed long term goals were expansion of monitoring activity,
increased laboratory facilities, and greatly increased data process-
/
ing and handling capability. It should be stressed, however, that
the most significant factor adversely affecting these goals is the •
shortage of funds available to the SCPCA.
To achieve the goals of a National Coastal Water Quality Monitoring
Network in the Charleston area, it will be necessary to increase
the frequency of sampling at certain stations, improve the flow of
analyzed data, and provide technical support.
\
Studies must be made to determine whether the currently designated
station locations are adequate to provide a sufficient data base
for monitoring the Charleston ecosystem. Station selection criteria
must be developed from local user requirements to meet their immediate
needs in public health. Technical people in federal, state, and
industrial organizations have expressed concern that there is insufficient
-
>
• .ft,
2-25
-------
basic research information on the estuarine and coastal zones to
determine the optimum spacing of monitoring stations and the variety
of parameter^ to be measured.
Significant improvement can be made by implementation of an integrated
data network as described in Appendix B. Such a system would be
capable of providing retrieval at SCPCA that will include plots, standard
analyses, statistical data, and a water quality monitoring inventory. In
addition, the system would be tailored to the SCPCA needs for automatic
data processing.
i . %
Exhibits A-E are attached to provide added specific information related
to the Charleston Harbor area.
2-26
-------
TYPES OF DATA
CHEMICAL
PHYSICAL/
REMARKS
BIOLOGIC
AGENCY
S-C- PU&LlC HCAL.TW. S4WA. w.
PEVtlOOS VfcJCV MUITU LOCAL
RfQUlCfiUIMTS, SKA^OMS. t"
SAMPLIN<3 FREQUENCY CODE.'
R COUTIIkJUOU S 5 MOKITHLV
2 SEASOMAL <£ QUAI2TERUY
SDAILV 7 AMkJUALLY
4 WEEKLY g OTHER. PCOIC
TIT\E exhibit a
OU-GOING MOMITOBlkiCi
CHARLESTON, S-C.
CASE STUDY A«» "2
ItJ
N
tu
-------
PHYSICAL
CHEMICAL
BIOLOGIC
OTHER
«.f om
COLLStiE
TYPES OF DATA
REMARKS:
CLlMSOki
UNIv/ft^SlTV
S C. DSPT op
^U»UIC UEA-CTU
Coast
^UARO
"rim CiTaos l
«MIV. op South
CAgjLi Ma
S O
tffi ac,o«ctiS
^T. JOWU3DKI
VA«iwe. lab.
&LUPPB
!-*£> (6 P X.
S^lOAVWAV 15'lAMO
(
-------
r~
/
DATA USAGE BY AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS CURRENTLY ACTIVE IN THE CASE STUDY AREA
I
AGENCY
TRAINING
APPL.
RESEARCH
PURE
RES.
IND.
CONTROL
REGULA-
TION
CONSER-
VATION
LONG
RNG PLN
NAV/
SAF
PUBLIC
HE ALT ft
STATIS-
TICAL
MONITOR
SAMPL
ING
Clemson University
X
X
X
S. C. Pollution Control Authority
X
X
X
X
X
X
S. C. Water Resources Comm.
X
X
X
X
S. C. Public Health
X
X
X
U. S. Geological Survey
X
X
X
U. S. Corps of Engineers
X
X
X
X
X
Charleston Sanitation
X
X
Charleston Public Works
X
X
U. S. Coast Guard
X
X
X
The Citadel
X
X
X
X
X
Univ. of So. Carolina
X
X
X
X
U. S. Navy
X
X \
X
X
X
S. C. Marine Resources
X
X
X
i
X
Ft. Johnson Marine Lab.
X
X
X
X
X
Bears Bluff Lab (EPA)
X
X
¦
X
Charleston College
X
X
Westvaco
X
X
X
X
X
U. S. Dept. of Agriculture
X
X
X
X
Sullivan's Is. Township
X
X
North Charleston Sanitary
X
X
EPA - Region IV
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Charleston Development Bd.
X
X
Cooper River Water Users Assn.
X
X
X
Exhibit C
Data Usage
Summary
DATA COLLECTION
mtm
-------
COASTAL. MUNICIPAL WAbte DISCHARGE: SUMMARY
1968 STORET Data (Not Updated)
PAGE 1
[State
county
CHARLESTON. BAY CAbE STUDY AREA
TYPE
SC CHARLESTON
N9Nt
MINOR
PRIMARY
I NTfRMEDI ATE
SECONDARY
TERTIARY
•COUNTY total
OF
POP
served
AVG DAILY
designfd
a est-
CH
X
1C00
FLOW, MGD
flow# mgd
imated
3
25 • 93
2.2b
2.25
0.0
0
0.00
C«0G
0.00
0.0
2
99.87
Ej.CS
40.00
0.0
0
0.00
C*C0
0.00
0,0
6
28.90
2.6b
4.78
0.0
C
O.CO
C#CO
0.00
0.0
11
154.70
9*9b
47,03
0,0
Exhibit D
2-30
-------
aQ^CY
I^BUttlCKY
'£ae Citadel (a)
Charleston, S.C.
ST CO
i-JAjtii
FLMCTIGW
Coastal. u
Lstuarine
45 019 Kesearcii
PlKSCCivLL
PhYSICAL OCE/iW BACTt
SIZE BIGLO OGH/iP ChlTi PiiYSI RIGID tlGUi UEHU AUWUAL
SQ. FT. GISTS xiI
Laboratory Facilities Summary
-------
AGENCY
LAEDRPflXHtY
i-iftJCR
S3? CO FUW-TICti
i
PERSOUNtt
EKYSILAIj OCEA:. BfiCTE
SIZE BIOLO OGPAP CHEM HiYSX RIOUO EKJIH TDCHN AivttJAL
SQ. FT. GISTS HERS ISTS CISTS GISTS EERS ICAL OTHER TOTAL BUDGET
Claasan University
Welter Resources
Researcn institute
Clemson, S.G.
Water
45 077 Resources
X
X
(c)
National i-iarine
Fisheries Service
National Center for
fcstuarine am
Menhaden Research
Beaufort/ U.C.
Fisheries
37 031 i
I
u>
ro
Laboratory Facilities Summary (Continued)
Exhibit E
Sheet 2
-------
2.3.3 Biscayne Bay Case Study Area.
The Biscayne Bay case study area is shown on the map, figure 2-4. The area
is bounded on the north by the MacArthur Causeway, the southern end of
Miami Beach peninsula, and the northern jetty of Government Cut and its
extension seaward to the 30-foot depth contour. The eastern boundary
consists of a line following the 30-foot depth contour, south to the
Pacific Reef lighthouse. The south boundary consists of a line from the
Pacific Reef lighthouse to Old Roads Point, thence following Cutter Bank
which separates Biscayne Bay from Card Sound. The western boundary consists
of the mainland shoreline from approximately one mile south of Mangrove
Point to the western end of the MacArthur Causeway.
s
The areas at the northern and southern extremes in figure 2-4 show
areas beyond the original case study area. These two areas contain moni-
toring sites and are, therefore, included in this report. Biscayne Bay is
located on the east coast of the Florida peninsula near the southern end.
It is near the northern boundary of the Caribbean subtropical climatic zone.
The area is heavily tourist oriented with tourism depending on the quality
of the water in the coastal zone.
There is a light manufacturing center in and around the city of Miami.
Major products are food products, fabrics, furniture, printing, and light
toetal fabrication.
The largest employers are service organizations such as hotels and restau-
rants. Hotels in this area have a capacity formcce than 200,000. guests.
2-33
-------
15'• 41 I
•00000 FCC"
>u W//.
r*Hm e«
m
•^4 ( 'MIAMI
[WN
v.
l
^..1 ok/
Z
Flgur* 2-4
Bl*rayn« Ray Study Ar»»
2-H
-------
The center of the resort area is Miami Beach. South of Miami is a highly
productive agricultural area which produces tropical or semitropical crops.
Biscayne Bay is an important commercial fishery for bait shrimp, stone crabs,
and spiny lobsters. Supply of fresh water, pollution of the estuarine zone,
and saltwater intrusion into freshwater supplies are the major ecological
problems in this area.
Because of a limited amount of industry in the area, the pollution in
Biscayne Bay and the adjacent coastal waters is primarily a result of
sewage effluent and thermal discharge from power plants. Included in the
sewage discharges are fluid wastes from nearby food processing plants.
The major thermal discharger is the Turkey Point generator plant of the
Florida Power and Light Company. This plant consists of two fossil fuel
units and two nuclear units, with a total generating capacity of 1.9 billion
watts. Coolant requirements for this facility are 4250 cubic feet per
second (2.75 billion gallons per day). This results in a 15.2°F rise of
the coolant water above ambient in surrounding waters. Effluent water is
taken from Biscayne Bay, partly passed through the condensors, then remixed
with the remainder of the cooling water and conducted via a six-mile canal
• \
to Card Sound. This facility has been involved in litigation concerning
claims of damage to the ecosystem.
The Florida Power and Light Company has performed extensive thermal moni-
toring studies along with many other agencies in this area. Evaluation of
the results of these various studies has been highly speculative because
2-35
-------
of differences of expert opinion, as to the effects,of increased thermal
level. The exact impact of sewage discharge on the local marine eco-
system is uncertain although its existence has been documented (Hagan,
1970). The major source of this problem can be attributed to raw sewage
from boats, marinas, industry and residences, seepage and overflow from
inefficient septic tanks and small package treatment plants. More than
one million people in Dade County are served by this type of plant.
Additional problems arise from the normal effluent from poorly operated
municipal and private secondary treatment plants. The impact of sewage
in Dade County's canal system is generally characterized by high concen-
trations of nitrogenous material, coliforms and £iochemical oxygeri demand.
High levels of pesticides are also common in the canal system due to the
close proximity of extensive agricultural activity.
Seven agencies are currently involved in water quality and meteorological
monitoring. These consist of one academic institution and six governmental
agencies. Two of the federal agencies restrict their monitoring to meteoro-
logical data and tide or water height information. Sampling facilitiee and
accuracies are good to poor, depending upon the agency. The major limita-
tion to effective monitoring programs seems to be inadequate staffs and
budgeting, particularly for trained field personnel and analysts. Emphasis,
as in most recreational areas, is upon coliform counts. Little
local work is currently being done on pesticides and nutrients. The Dade
County Pollution Control agency is a focus for monitoring in this area. A
Plan to provide a more adequate water quality network in this area is
2-36
-------
! v
presented in the case study report (Appendix C). Basically, additional
funds and technical support equipment for training of personnel at the
local level are required.
Exhibits A - E are attached to provide added specific information related
to the Biscayne Bay area.
-------
TYPES OF DATA
CHEMICAL
REMARKS
8KX0GIC
PHYSICAL
OTHER
ACfNCY
(S£Ml-A#VtSAL
;MO! COUWTV
U*AUTH OEP4BT.
WMI PVT. or
»rrte uo s&wrws
Sfcf- LOW*# FLA
TSTUARY STUor
5 MowthlV
C. QgAKTtHLV
7 ANMUALLV
3 OTiiti? peeioo
I COKlTIKIUOUS
2 SS»SON4i.
3 C?Atl_V
WCEKLV
INTERSTATE
ELECTRONICS
CORPORATION
-------
AGENCY
ft CS HK4»T
OCP-r RS.% TiClOC
^4>3fctTOrY
340t CO ~S fetTH
o*»-r. Biov.o«ic*l.
U»ot*to*v
s*oe co pott
CO "T4ol
Ufc3«.fcro«y
II4MI D6M
w*-r««K 4 Sftwa.R.5
i.A&o»^-ro g y
!j-5- aCOuOHCAL
Sui^vEV
tPA -tcwftj*.
^COHt IPA 6STU A«y
ST UDV
U- o* M1A.M1
K3MAS
NOVA UMlVlKSltV
l»XVS ©CftAf- tift.
MATIOMAL P*.JOC
MOAA,- A.QML
KlOAA. MOS
HOAA -NP5 - s e.
PlSKg^es CS-AjTgT^
USA - c 0 E
hJ
1
u>
VO
REMARKS
chcmiTa'l
PHYSICAL Z
BIOLOGIC
OTHER
Monitoring Capabilities
O iNnosrAn
W~ #r# ElECTPONICS
CORPORATION
OCXAMCS DtVtSIOM
TITLE SHUI6IT B
BlSCAYME BA-y
CA-se studv -«•». 3
-------
DATA USAGE BY AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS CURRENTLY ACTIVE IN THE CASE STUDY AREA
Exhibit C
DATA USAGE
DATA COLLECTION
:!
AGENCY
¦RAIN TNT-
APPL.
RESEARC
PURE
RES.
IND.
CONTROL
REGULA-
TION
OBSER-
VATION
LONG
RNG PLN
NAV/
SAF
PUBLIC
HEALTH
STATIS-
TICAL
MONITOR
SAMPL-
ING
t
Fla. Mar.. Patr.
X
X
X
DCHD-P.L.
X
X
X
>1
DCHD-B.L.
X
X
X
DC PC
X
X
X
X
X
X
MDU&S
X
X
X
X
X
FDPC-BS
X
X
X
X
I'SGS
X
X
X
X
X
EPA-LFES
X
X
X
X
X
X
I
UM-RSMAS
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
NIT-POL
X
X
X
X
....
NFS
X
X
X
X
X
KOAA-AOML
\
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
NOAA-NOS
X
X
X
X
X
NOAA-NFS
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
USA-C OF E
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FDH-BSE
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
I'SCG
X
X
X
-
—
1
©
-------
COASTAL municipal waste DISCHARGE! SUMMARY
1968 STORET Data (Not updated) PAGE
BISCAYNE BAY CASE STUDY AREA
state TYPE
COUNTY TREATMENT
dace
M0NE
MINOR
PR I MARY
INTERMEDIATE
secondary
- TERTIARY
•C9UN.TY TOTAL
OF
POP
SERVED
AVG DAILY
• designed
a EST-
CH
X
1COO
FLOW# MOD
FLOW# mgD
IMATED
C
o.co
c.co
C.00
0,0
C
0.00 ¦
C.CO
C.OC
0.0
1
29.00
13.50
15.00
0.0
c
0.00
c.co
0.00
0.0
<~8
728.28
67.C7
86.82
.5
2
2.06
• C7
.19
0.0
51
759.3*
8C«6<»
102.01
.5
Exhibit D
2-41
-------
r
AGtiJCY
IAKWrtTQKY
U.S. Geological Survey
Vbter Resources Div.
SuLuistrict Office
iiiami, Fia
riAJOP.
SI CO FUCTIQU
IJater
Quality
12 025 Analysis
PhYSIL^U-,
SIZE
SQ. FT.
5,000 off.
1,000 lab.
PtRSC&WtL
OCEAN BNJFE
BIDLO OGPAP CIE1 PKYSI RIOLO UGL TLChN
GISTS HPS ISTS CISTS GISTS IjUS ICAL OThLR TOTAL BCDGLT
Scientific Staff of 24
14 4 42 1,300K
U.S. Amy Cot^js
of tngineers
Miami Resident Office
Miami Beacn, Fla.
12 025 Regulatory 2,000 off.
Scientific Staff of 2
Soutneast VJater Lab.
Lower Florida
Lstuary Study
Fort ijauoerdale, Fla.
Lstuarine
12 Oil Research
600 off.
1,200 lab.
Scientific Staff of 10
14 200K
Florida Department
of Kealtn
Bureau of Laboratories
Dade Co. Pesticitie Lab.
Miami, Fla.
12 025 Regulatory 1,500 off.
Scientific Staff of 3
8 400K
Dale County
Pollution Control
1 at oratory
iiiami, Fla.
Miami Department of
Welter and Sewers
Sewage Treatment
Plant Leu oratory
rliami, Fla.
12 025 Regulatory
Sewage
Treatment
12 025 Plant
3,700 off.
1,100 lab.
Scientific Staff of 33
Scientific Staff of 3
49 400K
4 1,683K
Florida Department
of Healtn
Regional .atoratory
Miami, Fla.
12 025 Regulatory
Exhibit E
Sheet 1
to
.p. Laboratories Facilities Summary
fo
-------
AGEInCY
LABORATORY
iffsJOR
sr co Fucria;
PERS011
-------
2.3.4 PENSACOLA CASE STUDY AREA
The Pensacola case study area includes parts of two counties, Escambia
and Santa Rosa, located at the extreme western end of the Florida Pan-
handle (figure 2-5). The region contains prime examples of hydrography
coastal physiography, and coastal economics. Beaches, lagoons, marsh-
lands, bays, bayous, and estuaries are abundant in this area.
*
Population in the two counties is approximately 243,000, with the
majority living in and around Pensacola. Projected population by the
year 2000 is 425,000.
I 4f.
Manufacturing is the principal source of employment. More than
one-third of the state's chemical products are manufactured in this
region. Lumber and wood products rank second to chemicals in dollar
value and number of employees. Ranking third is food and related
products. Several military bases are located in the area with the
Pensacola Naval Air Station being the largest. Also situated in this
area is the University of West Florida.
Six agencies and four industrial organizations are involved in water
quality monitoring in the case study area.
The Environmental Protection Agency maintains a laboratory at
Gulf Breeze. This laboratory is a field station reporting to
the National Environmental Research Center at Corvallis, Oregon.
The Gulf Breeze Laboratory's primary field of expertise is
2-44
-------
MIUB
,5 COL A
CA^£ STOOY A&EA 4
Figure 2+5
2-45
-------
ecology and is conducting a nationwide coastal program on the effects of
pesticides on estuarine organisms. Monitoring is being performed in East
and Escambia Bays.
The U.S. Geological Survey monitors two stations^ on a semiannual
basis. Water quality data for heavy metals, nutrients, and standard
parameters is determined twice a year and processed into STORET.
•
The r&gional laboratory of the Florida Division of Health, Bureau of
Sanitary Engineering,is located in Pensacola. This agency is concerned
with protection of shellfish areas. The agency has twenty-three
stations which it samples monthly for routine water chemistry
parameters.
The City of Pensacola, Department of Water Pollution Control, samples
at the outfalls of their main treatment plant and their northeast
treatment plant. Monitoring is at a random interval with analysis of
basic parameters.
The University of West Florida performs monitoring in several bayous.
Sampling is performed weekly with analysis of biological and chemical
parameters. Florida State University at Tallahassee also participates
in this program.
The Florida Department of Pollution Control maintains the most intensive
monitoring program in the area. This agency was created in September,
2- 46
-------
1971, to consolidate state pollution control functions. It maintains
44 biological stations and 221 chemical stations in the case study area.
Sampling frequency varies, with the majority of stations being sampled
quarterly.
• *r
Four industrial organizations within the case study area maintain water
quality monitoring programs. The Monsanto Co. has three stations on the
Escambia River which are sampled daily. Air Products and Chemical Co.
maintains thirteen stations which are sampled at six-week intervals.
American Cyanamid monitors five stations for physical and chemical
parameters in Upper Escambia Bay. Gulf Power performs monitoring, but
details are not available.
Conditions in various parts of the Pensacola estuarine area are seriously
S
degraded, unfortunately, making it one of the most polluted coastal
areas in the country. Escambia Bay, especially north of Interstate 10,
is in a state of accelerated eutrophication (nutrient enrichment) as
indicated by unstable dissolved oxygen variations resulting from algal
bloom activity, oxygen demanding sludge deposits, and high carbon,
nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations. Escambia River has been
subjected to wastes from a pulp mill, power plant, and nylon manu-
facturing plant. Areas of Blackwater, East, and Pensacola Bays are
suffering from excessive nutrient buildup. Parts of Perdido River,
Perdido Bay, and all of Eleven Mile Creek are badly polluted. Many
bayou, and marah inn ar« al«o Mriou.ly d.gr.d.d, aapecially Mulat-
Mulatto Bayou,.
2-47
-------
In Escambia County there are 21 individual sewage systems with a total
design capacity of 15.5 MGD and a present flow of 11,8 MGD. The systems
serve a population of 93,390. One of these systems in Escambia County
is a major source of domestic sewage discharged into Escambia Bay after
primary and secondary settling treatment. In Santa Rosa County, there
are eight sewage systems with a design flow of 3.01 MGD and a present
flow of 1,83 MfiD. The systems serve a population of 8,530. In addition
to these pollution sources, there are seven major industrial waste sources
and five minor industrial waste sources.
The degraded water conditions in Escambia Bay, Escambia River and Mulat-
Mulatto Bayou have been aggravated by nutrient wastes from industrial
firms and the city. These wastes are in the form of various nitrogenous,
carbonaceous, and phosphorus compounds, /¦
Further ecological problems have been caused by thermal discharges,
dredging activities, and transportation routes crossing Escambia Bay.
The transportation routes particularly prevent the adequate exchange and
circulation of water. In addition, the Gulf Power Company (located on
Escambia River) discharges water 12° F above ambient temperatures. Sedi-
ment deposits have built up to excessive amounts in various areas in
theses waters.
2-48
-------
J #.
Various pesticides and PCB's have been detected in Escambia Bay. These
compounds are extremely toxic to fish and other marine organisms. Moni-
toring of the environment and the biota by the EPA Lab at Gulf Breeze has
shown that they are being stored in concentrated levels in these organisms,
Perdido Bay, located on the western side of Escambia County, is also
seriously polluted. The primary source of pollution for this body of
water is located north of Pensacola where an industrial facility discharges
into Eleven Mile Creek which empties into Perdido Bay. Parts of Perdido
River are also seriously degraded. Texar, Chico, and Marcus bayous are
Polluted by storm drainage and sewage treatment wastes.
The degradation of the estuaries in the case area has caused tremendous
>
losses of natural resources. Estimates place the commercial fisheries value at
approximately one-fifth that of twenty years ago. Approximately 60
Percent of the waters in the estuarine areas are closed to shellfish
harvesting because of the polluted conditions. Excessive eutrophication
from nutrient buildup in the bays and bayous create the "fish kill
season" occurring principally during the summer months; however, there
may be indications that the number of fish kills occurring are decreas-
ing each summer.
To achieve the goals of a national coastal zone water quality monitor-
ing system in thfs area, it will be necessary to increase the frequency
2-49
-------
of sampling at various stations, improve the flow of analyzed data by
installing several terminals at various facilities, and provide technical
support. In some cases, better cooperation and closer contact needs to
be established among various facilities and agencies. One of the first
steps to be taken should be that of molding or unifying the various
monitoring studies into a closer knit network.
The feasibility of installing automatic monitoring sensors at various
locations in the waters around Pensacola should definitely be
investigated. These should be installed in the problem areas, especially
Upper Escambia Bay, Lower Escambia River, several bayous (Mulatto, Indian,
Trout, Texar, Grande, and Chico), and in areas of Pensacola and East
Bays. Since the fish kill season predominates during the summer months
(brought about by increasing water temperatures which result in algal
blooms from excessive nutrification), on the spot analyses (automatic
sensors) would give a more valid picture of water conditions at the
time of a fish kill. Many fish kills in the area have occurred before
daybreak when the dissolved oxygen level was nil or extremely low. The
oxygen pulse may fluctuate considerably in the shallow areas of some of
the bayous.
Exhibits A-E are attached to provide added specific information related
to the Pensacola area.
2-50
-------
TYPES OF DATA
REMARKS
CHEMICAL
BIOLOGIC
OTHER
PHYSICAL
AGENCY
oTuerc.: Saliuitv
iTUEK WSEJQ.VV
l5SMi-*.UUU»Luy
erwe/?; Sal/ N
-------
CHEMICAL
PHYSICAL
BIOLOGIC
OTHER
omc'4 5 meas jrei> at pruse:jt t iwe.
Boats an/, kii_« eu t re coii.ec r si.WiE^f a ?ra^seo.
KnsAcot* oerr
'•* MU.DUMT .
TlHT. PuLhTj l")
MOwSAWTq CO-
AIR. PROO. CO^P.
AMt^lCAM CVAMAMIO
CO. CS)
AGENCY
j^her: Salinity,
coA.*-r
«MKD
Other: Salinity
SOUP COAftT
UM. mc. (2)
BO. LA&.
TYPES OF DATA
REMARKS:
MPT. om
^ajT'S« Co mt«ou
WiHAw
R.HA.O * isukno
AlTU. r JU»T OUT o« CAS*
^»*ive*S»TV w.
ftoeioA
o«rr. imtuval t»soue
L3 wvfcR.|K*e. j=-|&i-0
w
LA©.
U-S-G- S.
SFt-ORioa STATE
wive^iry
TITLE exhibit &
© INTEPSTATI
MONITDK-.HC, CAPASl LITl'S
V_U. CORPORATION
PEUSACOLA PARAMETER
OcianicS Diviwcm
Cass stuov a*«a 4-
|| ALSO VOLATH* 5V4PUID1D SOUPS jt TOTAL VOUTlLE SOLIDS.
0# A*4ALY*«S - SOLIDS (AAL IOmOsJ l»K)»»w*TBS f*UL KIUOS) HH)M, F«»vJ ATI LWo*aTO«V
£(, AUCaiCAM cvaii»v«;d - volatilc solids, total. 3ouos,cv«WDffjOii.i »»»4«<«stsl
•ODIUM THIOCVMAie, ACBVUdliriflLt •
£» W6LO STAT I OKI Of MAIM WlSAHCM LAS., LOCATES AT ST. PeTCSSBUBq ; Ths VT. PETEesSU®? t-Afc-
MAS tXCSLLSMT CAPABILITIES FOB MJMeROLlS PARAW8TEE1,
Other: Salinity
Other: Heavy riecals
Salinity, Sulfate
Flouride^ —
Other; Salinity
I
isr
MP
-------
DATA USAGE BY AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS CURRENTLY ACTIVE IN THE CASE STUDY AREA
DATA USAGE
DATA COLLECTION
["RAINING
AGENCY
APPL.
RESEARCfc
PURE
RES.
IND.
CONTROL
REGULA-
TION
CONSER-
VATION
LOjfJG NAV/
RNG PLN SAF
PUBLIC STATIS- MONITOR SAMPL-
HEALTH TICAL ING
Florida Dept. Pollution Control Regional Lab
EPA Lab
Bureau Sanitary Engineering Lab
4 FioaiDi Vfe.ft.si TV
Pensacola Dept. Water Pollution Control Plants
Monsanto Co.
Air Products4 Chemical Co.
Naval Air Station Mainside
Escambia Chemical Co.
Hwy 4
Automatic Monitoring Sensor- Bridge-Escanbia River
U.S. Coast Guard
Marine Patrol
Escambla-Santa Rosa Regional Planning Council
Bu. of Lab, Division of Health
Santa Rosa Island Authority - Pensacola Beach
S.U.9.I.O.
Coastal Coordinating Council
USCS - Tallahassee
Fla. Dept. Natural Resources/Marine Laboratory
-------
COASTAL MUNICIPAL WAaTE DISCMARGE SUMMARY
1968 STORET Data (Not Updated)
PAGE 1
PENSACBLA bay case study a^ea
State
COUNTY
TYPE
treatment
N0 .OF
DI3CH
POP
X
L ESCAMBIA
*\6NE
M I NOR
- PRIMARY
INTERMEDIATE
SECONDARY
TERT J ARY
•COUNTY T5TAL
L santa rrsa
NONE
M I NQK
PRIVARY
INTfRMEDI ATT
secondary
TERTIARY
•COUNTY T0TAL
C
0
1
c
12
C
13
C
0
1
0
7
0
8
bERVED
1COO
AVG DAILY
FLOW, MGD
DESIGNED
FLOW/ MGD
a EST*
IMATED
OfCO
C»CO
0,00
o.c
0.00
c.co
0.00
0.0
.40
.04
.04
0.0
0.00
c.co
o.oc
0.0
23.63
12.67
11.81
0.0
0.00
c.cc
o.oc
0.0
24.03
12.71
11.85
0.0
0.00
c.cc
0,00.
0.0
o.co
c.co
0.00
0.0
1.20
.01
.Ob
0.0
0.00
o.oo
0.00
0.0
9.68
1.47
2.21
0.0
O.CO
c.co
0.0,0
0.0
10. *8
'1.48
2.26
0.0
Note: Differences between this data and that of page 2-48 represents the
additional information obtained by the Case Study worker.
Exhibit D
2-54
-------
iOHLY
lABmi
-------
/
J422CY
tiAJOR
Si CO FUwCTIOL.
i
PEKSOiiJX
PliXSICAij OCtAl. BACVL
SIZL BIOLO OGSAP CHEil HiYSI RIOIO UiGIl; IlCili AiZVXL
SU. FT. GISi'S I2JRS ISiS CISTS GISTS LERS UAL 0THLR TOEfO. HiuGLT
ttlA
Gulf iarccze Lob.
Satane Islam
Gulf Breeze, Fla.
Estuarina
Pesticide
12 033 Researcu
24,775 lab.
1,46b off.
11
29
41
750K
Florida Ueyt. of
Pollution (-ontrol
Regional Laboratory
Gulf Breeze, Fla.
12 113 Regulatory 5,100 tot.
2 11 140K
Florida ueyartment
of Health
Bureau of Saiiitary
tagineering
Regional Laboratory
Pensacola, Fla.
405 off.
12 033 Regulatory 160 lab.
University of West
Fiorina
oeyt. of Biology lao.
Pensacola, Fla.
12 033 Research
1,200 off.
6,000 lab.
Scientific Staff of o
40K
Pau>aoola liater
Pollution Control
Plant laboratory
Pensacola, Fla.
Sewage
Treatment;
12 033 Plant
1,500 off.
300 lab.
21
23
Santa Rosa Tciam
Auticricy
i-Jaintenaice am
Utilities Oivxsicn
laboratory
Pensacola beach, Fla
Sewage
Treatment a, 000 off.
12 033 Plant liiO lab.
21K
N>
I
Laboratory Facilities Summary (Continued)
Exhibit E
Sheet 2
-------
2.3.5 San Francisco Bay Case Study Area
The San Francisco Bay case study area (figure 2-6) is located west of
the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin JUvers of California's
great valley. It is a series of interconnecting bays, which cover an
area of almost 435 square miles. Nine counties touch upon the bay
l.
shoreline and have a total population of 4.6 million. Water enter-
ing the bay system flows into the ocean through the Golden Gate, a
three-mile wide, 400 foot deep strait.
The largest use of the waters of San Francisco Bay are by industries
that require access to waterfront areas, either for transportation
or the use of the bay water for processing purposes. Recreational
uses of the bay are limited to boating and fishing because the •
waters are too cold for most other sports. Commercial fishing in
i* l'
San Francisco Bay has been on the wane for years and is no longer
' ^
considered H. major industry.
Water quality problems in San Francisco Bay result primarily from
the volume of municipal, industrial, and agricultural wastes that
are dumped into the Bay. The South Bay area is the most seriously
affected because of the long flushing period or residence time of
the wastes discharged to that area. Improvements in the water quality
are being noted and can be attributed to improvements in treatment plants,
and by adoption of more stringent discharge requirements by the
State Water Resources Control Board,
2-57
-------
ASA/e/ A/
/=>AC/ f?/ C
O OS A M
COWT&A
COSTA
M£0A
AC.
A
1 » ¦ ¦—H
/o 20 40
s^a; fzahc/sco
CASB SroOYAGGA 5
* fA/*A
SOLAK/O
e/G. 2-&
-------
Three agencies are directly involved in water quality monitoring in the
case study area and another agency is indirectly monitoring receiving
waters and discharge effluents.
The U. S. Geological Survey, in a combined effort of the Marine
Geology Division and Water Resources Division in Menlo Park, has
maintained, since 1968» monthly monitoring of stations that span
the bay from the Sacramento River- San Joaquin River confluence to
the southern reaches of South Bay. They also have made studies of
the flushing characteristics and pesticide concentrations of the.bay.
The resultant data has been used as the basis for several special
reports and is retained in files at their offices. The data is not
computerized. ^
The Bureau of Reclamation in Sacramento has been studying the area
from San Pablo Bay, eastward, since the early 1960's. At present,
they are monitoring 13 stations on approximately a monthly basis,
three in San Pablo Bay and ten in Suisuin Bay. (These stations
are a small portion of the bureau's effort, but are the only ones
in the case study area.) The data is presently being entered into
the STORET system. The bureau is also involved in several other
"v
studies that relate to the present and future water quality of the
San Francisco Bay area.
California Fish and Game's Anadromous Fisheries Research Branch in
2-59
-------
Stockton is engaged in a study of the fishery resources of the Sacramento-
San Joaquin estuary as it relates to the present and future hydrologic
scheme of the estuary. They do a seasonal fishery catch and plankton
survey that includes San Pablo and Suisuin Bay areas. Seventy-two
sample locations are within the case study area. The data is used for
reports that are published annually in the department's administrative
reports. Data is retained in files in Stockton and is not in computer-
ized format.
The San Francisco Regional Water Quality Control Board, headquartered
in Oakland, is a major collector of data in the San Francisco Bay
case study area. They obtain their data from dischargers under a self-
monitoring agreement. Dischargers are required to submit periodic
(usually monthly) reports on sampling programs that the board has set
as requirements to issue a discharge permit. The self-monitoring
program provides data from all areas of the bay system. Volume of
data is approximately 150 reports per month. All data is retained
in the region files and is not in computer format. Additionally, the
board conducts a program to check the data they receive from dis-
charges. The program is designed to sample each discharger's area
biennially.
s
There are eleven governmental laboratories presently engaged in water
quality analysis in the case study area and nearby areas. Within the case
study area, laboratories are operated by: EPA Region IX, U. S. Geological
2-60
-------
Survey, California Department of Fish and Game, Array Corps of Engineers,
California Department of Public Health, University of California, and
San Francisco County Health Department.
Laboratories outside the case study area, but doing work in the area, are:
Bureau of Reclamation - Region 2, McClellan Air Force Base, California
Department of Water Resources, and California Department of Fish and Game.
Exhibits A-E are attached to provide added specific information related
to the San Francisco Bay area.
ray! • ;•
2-61
-------
TYPES OF DATA
AG£NCY
CHEMICAL
BIOLOGIC
REMARKS:
OTHER
PHYSICAL
»3H iUO QAMfi
SiMW-ma pg£Qve>,cv ccoe.--
-------
CHEMICAL
BIOLOGIC
OTHER
PHYSICAL
© INTERSTATE
WT fZf It EOT RON ICS
L CORPORATION
OcxAMtcS Diviswx
TITLE 8l*hioit b
S»Am F2AWCISCO
CA^B STUDV 5
TYPES OF DATA
AGENCY
flCOtOQ'CAL
5U4VSV
SUKCAU
SECU&WA.TIOM
W5CLKULAM apb
EPA QKSlOM IX
CORP9 3 »
iMaiUtCRS
CAUIP. DIPT.
3«
•^ATKg. ^CSQuetCES
CAtlP. P»VJ&UIC
4IALTW 0«.5>*T«
CAL fF=- ->Si(=»T OF*
r>»u $ GAMS.
~ Monitoring Capabilities Summary
REMARKS:
CACfgQ^'A
-------
Exhibit C
DATA USAGE BY AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS CURRENTLY ACTIVE IN THE CASE STUDY AREA
DATA USAGE 1
DATA COLLECTION
AGENCY
¦RAINING
APPL.
RESEARC
PURE
RES.
IND.
CONTROL
REGULA-
TION
CONSER-
VATION
LONG
RNO PLN
NAV/
SAF
PUBLIC
HEALTH
STATIS-
TICAL
MONITOR
SAMPL-
' ING
Geological Survey
X
X
X
X
X
X
Bureau of Reclamation
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Cal. Dept of Fish and name
X
X
X
X
EPA Region XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
Corps of Engineers
X
X
X
X
X
X
AEC
X
X
X
X
X
X
Dept. of Public Health (Calif)
X
X
X
Cal. Dept. Water Resources
X
X
X
X
X
S.P. Bay RWQCB
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Bniv. of Calif.
X
X
X
-
\
!
t
¦¦ ¦
-
It
!U
torn1
-------
coastal municipal waste DISCHARGE SUMMARY
1968 STORET Data (Not Updated) PAGE i
SAN FRANSISC.fi BAY CASE STUDY AREA
1 STATE TYPE
NO.OF
POP SERVED
avG DAILY
DESIGNED
A E
ST
COUNTY TREATMENT
DlbCH
X 1COO
FLOW, MGD
FLOW, MGD
IMATE
CA
ALAMEDA
0.00
c.co
N0NL
0
0.00
0
0
MINOR
0
0.00
c.oc
0.00
0
0
* PRIMARY
2
608.04
86 • 00
128.00
0
0
INTERMEDIATE
0
0.00
c.oo
o.oc
0
0
SECONDARY
9
563.39
42.99
85.7C
0
0
TERTIARY
0
0.00
c*co
C.OC
0
0
•COUNTY total
11
1171.43
1 ?8 •99
213.7C
0
0
' Ca
CONTRA COSTA
none
1
4.18
.42
.42
0
0
M I NOR
C
0.00
c.co
O.OC
. 0
0
PRIMARY
21
333.54
29.C5
42.02
0
c
INTERMEDIATE
C
o.co
c.oo
c.oo
0
0
SECONDARY
6
353.98
?C • 73
37.83
0
0
TERT I ARY
C
0.00
c.co
0.00
0
0
•COUNTY TOTAL
28
691.71
5C.19
80.27
r
0
0
Ca
MARIN
~
NONE
1
2.1b
• ?1
• 21
0
c
MINOR
C
0.00
C.CO
0,00
0
0
PRIMARY
7
28.22
3.25
8.97
0
0
INTrRMEDlATP
C
o.co
c.co
o.oc
0
0
secondary
1C
162.93
14.53
18.72
0
c
tertiary
c
0.00
c.co
c.oo
0
c
•county TOTAL
18
193.30
18.CO
27.91
0
0
Ca
NAPA
NONE
C
0.00
c*oo
' o.co
0
0
MINOR
C
O.CO
c.oo
o.oc
0
0
PRIMARY
1
2.10
.21
.21
0
0
INTERMEDIATE
c
0.00
c.co
0.00
0
0
SECONDARY
11
83.85
7.4 7
14.16
0
0
TERTIARY
0
o.co
c«co
0.00
0
0
x »county total
12
85.95
7.68
14.37
0
0
Be A
SAN FRANCISCO
NONE
0
O.CO
c.co
o.co
0
c
M INOR
c
0.00
c.oo
0.00
0
0
PRIMARY
0
0.00
c.co
o.oc
0
0
intermediate
1
220.00
19*40
30.00
0
0
secondary
3
541.00
75.90
221.00
0
0
TERTIARY
0
O.CO
c.oo
0.00
0
0
•COUNTY TOTAL
4
761.00
95.30
251.00
0
0
Exhibit D
Sheet 1
2-65
-------
COASTAL MUNICIPAL WASTE DISCHARGE SUMMARY
1968 STORET Data (Not Updated)
SAN FRANS1SCR BAY CASE STUDY ARpA
PAGE 2
state
COUNTY
TYPE
TREATMENT
CA
SAN MAT£0
none
mjnrr
PRIMARY
- INTfRMEDI ATE
. SECONDARY
TERTIARV
•C9UNTY T0TAL
SANTA CLARA
NONE
M J NOR
PR I MARV
INTERMEDIATE
secondary
fERTIARY
•county total
S0LANO
CA S6N0MA
NO • OF
DISCH
C
0
1C
NONE
MINOR
PRIMARY
INTERMEDIATE
SECONDARY
TERTIARY
•COUNTY TQTAL
NONE.
MINOR
PRIMARY
INTERMEDIATE
secondary
TERTIARY
•COUNTY TOTAL
P0P
X
0
7
0
17
C
c
3
0
8
0
11
c
0
2
0
7
C
9
1
C
1
0
13
1
16
SERVED
AVG DAILY
designed
a EST.
1COO
FLOW# MGD
flow# mgd
imatei
0.O0
C.CO
0.00
0.0
O.OC
C.00
o.oc
0.0
316.6?
25.45
42.26
0.0
0.00
C.CO
0.00
0.0
232.80
25.14
35.64
0.0
0.00
C.CO
0.00
0.0
549. 4 2
5C • 60
77.90
0.0
0.00
c.00
0.00
0.0
0. 00
C.CU
O.OC
0.0
172.10
17.93
21.50
0.0
O.CO
c.00
0.00
0.0
872.C3
86 • 04
119.14
0.0
O.OC
c.oo
0.00
0,0
10*4.13
103.97
/
14-0.64
0.0
O.CO
c.cc
0.00
0,0
O.OC
0.00
O.OC
0.0
89. CO
7.60
51.OC
0.0
0.00
c.oo
O.OC
0.0
63.82
7.10
13.01
0,0
0.00
c.co
0.00
0,0
152.82
1 <~«70
64.01
0.0
.53
• 05
.05
0.0
O.CO
c.co
O.OC
0,0
.lb
.CI
.01
0.0
O.CO
c.co
O.OC
0.0
344.53
16.36
15.97
0.0
3.90
.25
2.0C
0,0
349#11
16*67
18.03
0,0
Exhibit D
Sheet 2
2-66
-------
¦AGLTCY
lABDRfvTQKY
IAJOR
sr oo FLNcnai
PhYSICAL
SIZL
SQ. FT.
CCU\
PETSOllZL
E'CTL
biouo oa^iT ue: h:ysi :
I
&
^1
-------
2.3.6 Washington/Oregon Case Study Area.
The Washington/Oregon cage study area encompasses the coastal region of the
Pacific Northwest from Cape Flattery, Washington, to the southern border of
Oregon (figure 2-'7). The area of study consisted of 14 estuaries, in 11
counties, along 500 miles of rugged coastline. The study area extended
eastward to U. S. Highway 101 and seaward for three miles.
The coastal economy is heavily dependent upon the water resources of the
estuaries and connecting streams of the region. Industry depends not only
upon stream flow for shipping and logging, but also for process water.
Many aspects of the coastal economy are largely dependent upon extensive
utilization of the coastal zone waterways for fishing and recreation. It
is recognized that indiscriminate use of the water system may lead to
degradation of water quality and some curtailment of industrial and
j
recreational activity. For this reason, a program of continuous surveil-
lance in the form of water quality monitoring has been established by both
-
11
state and federal agencies in the region.
Currently, there are two state agencies and one federal agency actively
engaged in systematic water quality monitoring in the Washington/Oregon
estuaries These agencies are the Washington Department of Fisheries
(Willapa Bay, Washington); the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
(Alsea, Coos, Coquille, Nehalem, Nestucca, Netarts, Siletz, Siuslaw, Tilla-
mook, Utnpqua, and Yaquina Bays, Oregon); and the NOAA National Marine
Fisheries Service, (Columbia Estuary) Hammond, Oregon.
2-68
-------
WASHINGTON
GRAYS HAR.8O0
W/LI-apa baY
T/LL A**ioot£
z^ac/ /=vc
oa£A K/
'coos E>aY
(CAL//ZO/ZK//A
WAStfWSrou- QIZEqOKi
CASe STl/O*/ A €£A Q
2 7
-------
Willapa Bay is the location of Washington Department of Fisheries Shellfish
Laboratory. The laboratory maintains 17 permanent monitoring stations
throughout the bay. Seven of these stations are mpnitored weekly and ten
are monitored monthly. The laboratory is currently monitoring salinity,
dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, and chlorophyll at all 17 of the bay
stations. The data obtained is generally released to the local oyster
fishermen, for use in harvest forecasting.
The Oregon State Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) has the primary
responsibility for the enforcement of the Oregon State Water Quality stanM
dards. For this reason, the DEQ maintains about 100 monitoring stations in
11 of the bays and estuaries of Oregon. Of the 100 stations, 53 are within
the boundaries of this study. ^
DEQ monitors each of the 53 stations once, twice,or three times per year.
The samples are obtained by field personnel and delivered to the DEQ labora-
tory in Beaverton, Oregon, for analysis (normally within two days of the
date they are obtained). The samples are usually analyzed within one week
of their arrival (depending on priority, workload, and availability of
personnel). Results of the analyses are stored on data sheets in the
laboratory storage files. Data to be submitted to the STORET system is
processed on punch cards and sent (usually monthly) to the EPA, Region 10
Office, Seattle, Washington. A STORET input is then made the weekend
following the date of submittal. The data is then available for retrieval
through the DATEL terminal at the DEQ laboratory. DEQ maintains close
2-70
-------
contact with many state and federal agencies directly or indirectly involved
with water quality, and frequently participates in cooperative studies with
these agencies.
The National Marine Fisheries Service laboratory at Hammond, Oregon,maintains
six permanent monitoring stations. The stations are located in the Columbia
River estuary and are monitored weekly. At the present time, only tempera-
ture and salinity parameters are measured (other than bio-assay). These
parameters are measured by means of a probe, and data is recorded insitu by
field personnel. The data is compiled at the station in the form of data
reports. These reports are submitted to the Seattle NMFS office for distri-
bution. The data reports are also made available to EPA/Seattle for input
to STORET. '
Many other agencies and institutions are involved in water quality investi-
gation in the study area, but have not been included because of their
limited monitoring activity. Among these are:
(1) Environmental Protection Agency
(2) U. S. Geological Survey
(3) U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
x (4) U. S. Coast Guard
(5) Department of Ecology, Washington
(6) Department of Social and Health Services, Washington
(7) University of Washington
(8) Fish Commission of Oregon
2-71
-------
(9) Division of Health, Oregon
(10) Oregon State University
(11) University of Oregon
The initial network reorganization described in detail in the case study
report, Appendix F, links the monitoring activities of the three agencies
into a compatible data flow network. In the case of the Hammond field
station, a routine data handling procedure would be provided utilizing
the U. S. mail to supply data to EPA/Seattle to receive data on a
scheduled basis in a format compatible with input data requirements for
the EPA National Computing and Data Processing System.
Exhibits A - E are attached to provide added specific information related
to the Oregon-Washington Coastal areas.
2-72
-------
TYPES OF DATA
CHEMICAL
PHYSICAL
BIOLOGIC
OTHER
¦ATlOMAl. KAACIU&
iFisuwR/es seeviet.
WASHINGTON
MWRTMfiHT OP
nSHERtE5
AGENCY
REMARKS:
OREGON
PiSTUtUT OC
(MvlitONUaMT4t. GOAL-
TITLE e«HIO"T a
© INTERSTATE
OU-GOIWG MONlTOBIWS
W M' & ELECTRONICS
^ ^ CORPORATION
OREGON" WiJSUllUSTOM
OcxamcS Diviwon
CASE STUDV AHEA
-------
TYPES OF DATA
CHEMICAL
BIOLOGIC
PHYSICAL
OTHER
AGENCY
3SPT of EUvecu
VltWTAL QUALITY
REMARKS:
$ MOUlTOftlM^ CAPA,e>H_lTie3 ADAMtLOpEO NECESSA^y
Hi
It
&
Monitoring Capabilities Summary
TITLE ex hibit b
© INTERSTATE
W M__ f flECTRONICS
^ CORPORATION
OciamcS Divimom
O RE <5 OtVWASH IN GTO N
CASE 5TUDV AReA 6
L
-------
Exhibit C
DATA USAGE BY AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS CURRENTLY ACTIVE IN THE CASE STUDY AREA
/
DATA USAGE , DATA COLLECTION
AGENCY
DRAINING
APPL.
RESEARC
PURE
1 RES.
IND.
CONTROL
REGULA-
TION
CONSER-
VATION
LONG
RNG PLN
NAV/
SAF
PUBLIC
HEALTH
STATIS-
TICAL
MONITOR
SAMPL-
ING
Oregon - -Dept. Environmental Quality
X
X
X
X
X
X
State Dept. of Health
X
X
X
Fish Coma
X
X
X
X
X
X
Oregon State University
X
X
X
X
X
Washington Dept. of Ecology
X
X
X
X
X
Dept. of Fisheries . *
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Dept. Social and Health Services
X
X
X
University of Washington
X
X
X
X
-
X
Federal Environmental Protection Agency
X
X
X
X
U.S. Geological Survey
National Marine Fisheries Service
X
\
X
X
X
X
. .
<
-
i
-
i
1
-------
C0ASTAL MUNICIPAL WASTE DISCHARGE SUMMARY
state
C9UNTY
.TYPE
treatment
0^
CLATS9P
NONE
M JN9R
PR I MARY
INTERMEDIATE
SEC9NDARY
TERTIARY
*C9UNTY T9TAL
N9. 9E
OISCH
c
c
0
0
5
c
5
P9P
X
SERVED
1COO
0.00
0.00
0.00
0 . CO
7.79
0.00
7.79
ok
C90S
Curry
8^
d9UGL-
LANt
avg daily
FLOW* MGD
C. CO
C.00
c.co
c.00
1.97
C. 00
1.9/
NONE
1
2,95
• 29
MJN9R
C
0,00
c.co
primary
6
28,61
'4.47
intermediate
c
0,00
c.co
SEC9NQARY
4
5,55
• 7lJ
tertiary
c
0,00
c.co
•county total
11
37.11
5*55
none
0
0.00
c.co
M JN9W
c
0.00
c.co
PRIMARY
2
4.35
.87
INTERMEDIATE
0
0.00
c. 00
SECONDARY
3
20,7C
.22
TERTIARY
0
0,00
c.cu
~COUNTY T9TAL
5
25,05
1.09
NONE
c
0.00
c.co
MJN9R
0
O.CO
c.co
PRIMARY
0
O.OC
c.co
INTERMEDIATE
c •
0.00
c.co
secondary
18
44.13
6.98
TERTIARY
0
O.CO
c.00
'C9UNTY T9TAL
18
44.13
6.98
NONE
C
0.00
c.co
M I N9M
0
0,00
c.co
PRIMARY
4
.5,81
•53
INTERMEDIATE
0
0,00
c.co
secondary
8
129,52
29*22
TERTIARY
C
0.00
c.co
COUNTY T9TAL
12
135.33
29.75
PAGE 1
WASHINGTON OREGON C0AST CASE STUDY AREA
DESIGNED
FLOW, MGD
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1. 46
0.00
1.46
.29
c.&c
5.95
0.00
1.10
O.oc
7.34
o.oc
o.oc
1.25
0.00
.17
o.oc
1.42
o.oc
o.oc
o,oc
0,00
8.36
0.00
«. 36
0.00
0.00
1 .19
O.OC
32.84
O.OC
34.03
a EST-
IMATED
0,0
o.c
0,0
0,0
o.o
0,0
0,0
0,0
0.0
0,0
O.C
C.C
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
c.o
o.c
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
o.o
0.0
0,0
0,0
0,0
O.o
Exhibit D
Sheet 1
-------
COASTAL MUNICIPAL WAoTE DISCHARGE SUMMARY
WASHINGTON RKEGPN COAST CASE STUDY AREA
PAGE 2
state type no.of pop served avg daily designed a est-
C9UNTY TREATMENT DlSCH * 1COO FLOW# MOD FLOW, MGD IMATED
^ LINCOLN
NONE
MINOR
primary
INTERMEDIATE
SECONDARY
TERT I ARY
•COUNTY TflTAL
8*
WA
*k
T ILLAMOO<
\j9NE
M IN0R
primary
INTERMEDIATE
SECONDARY
TERTIARY
•county total
Clallam
NlttNC
MINOR
primary
INTfPMEDIATfr
SECONDARY
TERT I ARY
•COUNTY TgTAL
GRAYS HARBOR
none
M I N0R
PRIMARY
INTERMEDIATE
SECONDARY
TERTIARY
•COUnTY TgTAL
^PERSON
none
minor
PRIMARY
INTERMEDIATE
SECONDARY
TERTIARY
•COUNTY T0TAL
n
0
CO
C
CO
O.OC
0
0
c
0
CO
C
cu
o.oo
0
0
4
5
16
89
1.05
0
0
0
0
CC
C
CO
0.00
0
0
5
12
02
1
56
2.96
0
0
0
0
CO
C
CO
O.OC
0
0
9
17
18
2
4b
4.01
0
c
C
0
00
C
CO
O.OC
0
0
C
0
CO
c
CC
0.00 ,
0
0
1
• 1
10
18
. 2C
0
0
c
0
00
CO
0.00
C
c
8
9
50
**
r
42
2.78
0
c
C
0
CO
c
CO
O.OC
0
0
9
10
60
2
60
2.98
0
0
C
0
CO
c
CO
O.OC
0
0
c
0
00
c
CU
O.OC
0
0
2
1*
15
1
51
3.13
0
0
C
0
CO
c
CO
O.OC
0
0
1
1
53
18
.57
0
c
C
0
00
c
00
O.OC
0
0
3
15
68
1
69
3.70
0
0
C
0
CO
c
CO
O.OC
0
0
c
0
CO
c
CO
O.OC
0
0
b
26
74
1C
36
6.17
0
c
c
0
00
c
CO
0.00
0
0
4
13
0*
3
89
3.87
0
0
0
0
00
c
CO
O.OC
0
0
9
39
78
H
2b
10.04
0
0
0
0
.00
c
00
o.oc
0
0
0
0
.00
c
CO
0.00
0
G
1
5
.00
44
3.30
0
0
o
0
.00
c
00
0.00
0
0
1
.10
c
CO
.06
0
C
o
0
.00
c
00
0.00
0
0
z
5
.10
44
3.36
0
0
Exhibit D
Sheet 2
2-
-------
COASTAL MUNICIPAL WASTE DISCHARGE" SUMMARY
PAGE 3
WASHINGTON OREGON C9AST CASfc" STUDY AREA
state type no.of pop served
County TREATMENT OlSCM X 1000
PACIFIC
none. o
MINQR 0
PR I MARY 2
INTLRMF.DI ATF 0
SECONDARY 3
TERTIARY 0
•COUNTY T^TAL 5
0.00
0.00
4.70
0.00
3.18
0.00
7.88
AVG daily
FLOW, MGD
0.00
O.OU
. 62
0.00
1.03
0.00
1.6b
designed
flow, MGD
0.00
0.00
2.00
0.00
1.77
0.00
3.77
A est-
imated
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
ExhJblr 0
Sheet 3
-------
AffiNCY
LAbCKATCRY
MAJOR
SI' CO FtNCTION
ELRSOWJLL
PHYSICAL CCiJU; BfiCTL
S12L BIOIO OGRAP CICL21 PhYSI R2DLO ENGIN HCIK ANNUAL
SQ. FT. GISTS hERS ISrS CISl'S GISIS ELKS IL'AL OliiER TCfiAL BUDGET
Wash. Dept. of Fisheries
VtiJLia^a Siiellfis:i Lab.
Ocean Park, Vasri.
Fisheries
53 049 Research
1,000 off.
1,200 lab.
50K
national Marine
Fisrieries Service
Hairmoru Biological
Fieki Station
Hanwona, Oregon
Fish Cctitoissicn
of Oregon
Marine Research Lab.
Newport, Ore.
Oregon State board
of Healtn Lab.
Portland, Oregon
Fisheries
41 007 Research 1,000 tot. 1
Fisheries
Regulation/
41 041 Research 9,000 tot.
Biological
dialysis
for
41 Obi Other Ags.
Scientific Staff of 18
113 100K
2 20
1,000 tot.
Jept. of Hwironrnental
Quality Lab.
State of Oregon
Beverton, Oregon
Regulatory
all
41 067 Loosystem 10,000 tot.
Dept. of ideology
State of Wasxiington
Qlynpia, Wasn.
L)ept. of Social am Health
Services
State of V&siiiiigton
Olyir^ia, Wasn.
Regulatory
all
53 067 Loosysten 10,000 tot. 1
Water
Qtality
53 067 Analysis
10
13 12K
iPA
Region X lab.
Seattle, Wasn
53 033 Regulatory 4,000 tot.
Scientific Staff of 6
"i* Laboratory Facilities Summary
~-j
vo
Exhibit E
Sheet 1
-------
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Section 3
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This section presents an overview of the social structure and economy of
each case study area as these factors are impacted by the coastal zone
r
and its water quality. '
Each case study area has a unique sociological-economic structure which is
heavily influenced by its coastal location. In most areas, there is a
direct relationship between the coastal zone or estuarine water quality
and the economy. This may be a result of dependence on fisheries, decreased
tourist trade because of degraded waters, or changes in population fliakeup
and density because of the aesthetic influence of the water.
These factors are considered, for each case study area, in the following
paragraphs.
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3.1.1 New York Bight Area
¦ *»
The New York Bight area Is one of the most heavily populated and industrial-
ized complexes in the nation. Average population densities range from 245
per square mile in Putnam County to 67,000 per square mile in Manhattan.
The principal harbor in the area is the New York Harbor which lies partly
in New York and partly in New Jersey. The New York Harbor is the central
point of an important estuary system that serves more than 19 million
people in the area. Many commercial developments are situated along the
New Jersey side of the bay, including heavy concentrations of petroleum
refineries and chemical plants. The Bayonne (New Jersey) military ocean
terminal is a major embarking poiht for military /cargo and vessels.
~
During the fiscal year 1970, 135 million tons of commodities were shipped
through New York Harbor, including 13 million tons of crude petroleum and
petroleum products.
There is severe turbidity of the waters because of the large quantity of sus-
pended materials in the water. There is also evidence of petroleum spills.
The chemical plants discharge untreated effluent into the surrounding waters,
particularly Arthur Kill. Sewage treatment plants in Kings, Richmond, Queens,
and Nassau Counties in New York and Hudson, Bergen, Essex, Union, Middlesex,
and Monmouth Counties in New Jersey discharge more than two billion gallons
per day of effluent which ultimately reaches the lower bay.
Loose material along the shores, dilapidated structures, derelict vessels,
and drift from connecting waterways contribute to the water pollution.
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It i3 estimated that there is about 29.2 million cubic feet of such material
in New York Harbor. Funds have been made available to the District Corps
of Engineers for its collection and removal.
*
An adequate evaluation is yet to be made of dumping practices off New York
Harbor. In 1970, 5,148,622 cubic yards of mud dredgings, 527,000 cubic
yards of cellar dirt and broken concrete, 4,662,425 cubic yards of sludge,
2,520,000 cubic yards of waste acid (nontoxic) and 130,820 cubic yards of
chemical waste (toxic) were deposited approximately four to ten nautical
miles from Ambrose Light at the entrance to the harbor. Existing bottom
sludge deposits in the proximity of sewage treatment plant effluents, as
s
well as near the outlets of combined sewers, may delay the improvement in
water quality expected as a result of better performance of municipal
sewage treatment plants. Raw sewage, exceeding 455 million gallons, is still
discharged in the New York Harbor from certain areas. Sewage treatment
plants are being designed for the Red Hook, West and Eastside areas^ In
1970, a gas explosion put the Jamaica Treatment Plant out of operation for
two weeks, during which 118 million gallons of raw sewage per day flowed
directly and untreated into Jamaica Bay.
Bathing is forbidden under the health code in the East River, Harlem
River, Hudson River, the upper East River, Upper Bay, Kill Van Kull,
Arthur Kill, and Jamaica Bay. Some public beaches in Coney Island and Staten
Island have been posted "POLLUTED WATERS - NOT RECOMMENDED FOR BATHING".
Water quality criteria was not designed in these areas for contact recreation.
The New York City Environmental Protection Administration has initiated a
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five-year New York Bight study as well as a program to expand and upgrade
existing sewage treatment plants so that they will provide a minimum of
ninety percent reduction of organic pollutants. The Corps of Engineers
and the NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service at Sandy Hook laboratory
have initiated long-term studies along with the Smithsonian Institution
to investigate the water pollution problems of the New York Bight.
An important natural resource of about 20,000 acres embracing the lower
waters of New York Harbor will be used to form the marine gateway to the
country's largest city in the proposed "Gateway National Park" at Breezy
Point and Jamaica Bay, New York and Sandy Hook, New Jersey. This, would
/¦
assure recreational opportunity for millions of people with attendant
economic potential in tourist trade and recreational oriented industries.
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'
3.1.2 Charleston Area.
The economic stability of the Charleston area (Charleston, Berkeley, and
Dorchester counties) is heavily dependent upon its coastal zone environ-
ment. The greatest single source of revenue to the area is the U. S. Navy
which maintains Charleston Naval Base and Supply Center and several other
similar facilities, including Polarisville Depot (Naval Weapons Annex).
Approximately 41 percent of the present total civilian payroll in the
Charleston area is from the Navy and Coast Guard.
An additional source of income in the area is tourism. The area is a
major stopping point on the intercoastal waterway and abounds with'
s
historical sites of major significance. Typical of the historical sites
is Charles Towne Landing, a state-sponsored historical center located on
the Ashley River.
Fishing in the Ashley River and the estuarine streams is closed because
of the contamination from human wastes. The use of the Ashley as a bathing
area has also been eliminated because of the pollution. The pollution has
also eliminated the taking of oysters in the Ashley River. In fact, many
of the ^oyster leases have been closed for years, with no further monitoring
* * v
being done, because of the high coliform levels encountered in the
past.
The area is being impacted by a heavy infusion of farm labor into the urban
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areas because of changes in crop patterns and the rapid commercialization
of agriculture in South Carolina. This has increased pressures on the
three counties to produce new jobs for these people.
*
Part of the proposed solution, to this economic problem is aimed at increas-
ing tourist trade, improving harbor facilities, and attracting new industries
to planned new industrial parks. . These activities are all dependent, in
complex ways, upon the quality of estuarine water in the area. This whole
situation has become a matter of almost crisis concern to those who share
the responsibility for the economic well-being of the area.
\
S
The problems of the area are further compounded by the silting of the Cooper
River as a result of the construction in 1942 of a hydro-electric complex
for the South Carolina Public Service Authority. (Refer to Appendix B
for details.) This complex has produced a greatly increased flow down the
Cooper River, bringing with it a massive amount of silt. Virtually all
private boat yards along the river (in North Charleston) have been forced
out of business because of the silting. The Naval Base maintains a contin-
A
uous dredge operation in order to keep their facilities clear.
V f
Permits for dredge spoil disposal have been cancelled because of
the impact on the ecosystem caused by dumping on marsh islands and dumping
at sea where the silt, carried by the current, has been carried back into
the estuarine zone. This has caused dredge disposal costs to soar.
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There is considerable concern that unless this problem of silting can be
rectified, the Navy may be forced to consider alternatives and may have
to use another port for the newer class of vessels which require deeper
channels. This would, obviously, be a major blow to the economy of the
M-
Charleston area.
The need for additional jobs places a burden on the port to obtain
new business^. Unless the silting problem is solved and the port made
capable of handling deeper draft vessels, competing ports in Wilmington,
North Carolina, and Savannah, Georgia, could win this new trade.
s
A proposed solution to the Cooper River silting problem is to divert the
excess water from the river, by canal, to the Pee Dee River. The'solu-
tion to one problem tends to become part of another problem. This diversion
would result in a salt wedge extending further up the river, possibly
compromising the freshwater supply to the city and to the emerging industrial
parks in the Bushy Park area. Another problem of reduced river flow is the
fact that local industrial and municipal discharges would remain constant
or increase while the flow of vehicle water decreases; therefore, the
concentration of pollutants will become higher.
The concern on the part of civic leaders is apparent. If adequate fresh-
water supplies can be maintained with the reduced flow, it has been estimated
that an additional 3000 jobs will be produced at the industrial park. This
is only an increase of 2% percent of the existing labor force, but the
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impact of these new jobs will be out of proportion to the percentage because
they will be relatively high paying manufacturing Jobs versus the existing
relatively low paying agricultural jobs. The impact of the new industrial
park could also lessen the dependence of the three-county area on the
*
military payrolls.
Industrial discharges at the present time result in an unsightly foam on
the estuarine waters and the waters of Charleston Harbor. Unless this can
be reduced in extent, it will undoubtedly have an adverse effect on tourist
sites and the possibility of growth in tourism, hunting, fishing, and water
sports. If possible, restoration of the oyster beds and adjacent fishing
and bathing areas would help improve the situation. A solution to the
silting problem would also help by improving access to the Charleston
Yacht Harbor. Effective reduction of pollutants and improved water quality
would open large areas to potential public use.
The Plum Island municipal sewage treatment plant is basically a primary
treatment plant, operating on very short funds. If supplies of chlorine
run out, or in an emergency situation, it might become necessary to
discharge raw sewage. At present, there is only one USGS monitoring
station in the receiving waters of this major sewage plant. In order
to ensure safe public use of the Ashley River area, additional monitoring
must be initiated or additional funds made available to the SCPCA for
improved water quality monitoring at their stations. Officials have
estimated that full activation of municipal sewage treatment could produce
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a 75 percent reduction in raw sewage effluent being discharged.
Detailed economic profiles of the Charleston case study area are presented
in Appendix B.
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3.1.3 Biscayne Bay Area
Biscayne Bay lies at the southern end of Florida, wholly within Dade County.
Major cities are Miami, North Miami, Miami Beach, Hialeah, and Coral Gables,
all clustered around the northern end of the bay. The city of Homestead
lies eight miles inland from the southern end. A few residential subdivi-
sions are located in the intervening agricultural area. Total land area
of Dade County is 2042 square miles, of which 200 square miles are developed
and an additional 650 square miles are developable. Greater Miami is 105
square miles, or five percent of the total county land area.
As indicated above, urban development is concentrated at the north end of
the bay. Population of the greater Miami metropcrlitan area (1970)
is 800,000, or 60 percent of the total county population of 1,260,000. In '
addition to this permanent population, up to 320,000 tourists and part-time
residents occupy the resort areas during the winter season. The built of
the expected population growth is projected to be in the area from Coral
Gables to Perrine, a southerly extension of the present metropolitan area.
The city of Miami is a light manufacturing center with production of food
products, fabric products, furniture and fixtures, printing and publishing,
and fabricated metal products. Industries producing these items account
for 33.2 percent of the total manufacturing firms in the Metropolitan Miami
area.
The major employers in the county are service organizations, including
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hotels and restaurants. Dade County is a major vacation resort, and in
1969 hotels and restaurants in the county had a combined capacity of more
than 200,000. The center of the resort area is Miami Beach.
The highly productive agricultural area south of Miami produces tomatoes,
potatoes, limes, avocados, mangoes and many other crops during the entire
year. BiScayne Bay is an important commercial fishery for bait shrimp,
stone crabs, and spiny lobsters. The bay is also an extremely important
recreation area which is used for sports such as fishing, boating, water
skiing, swimming, and diving.
The bay shores from Cutler around to Key Biscayne^ are well developed,
primarily as marina-type residential areas with hotels and apartments
fronting small boat harbors in the downtown areas of Miami and Miami Beach.
A small port facility is located immediately south of MacArthur Causeway,
and many residential developments are located on artificial islands in the
bay north of the causeway. Virginia Key is the site of several ocean-
oriented research institutions and agencies as well as the Miami sewage
treatment plant. Key Biscayne is divided between residences and Crandon
County Park where a bathing beach is located at the ocean side. Other
bathing beaches are located at Matheson Hammock and Convoy Point on the
bay, as well as the entire ocean frontage of Miami Beach. Most of the
commercial and light industrial development outside the port is on the
Miami River. Exceptions are a small power plant and oil storage area at
Cutler and the large power plant at Turkey Point. The southern half of
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the bay shore is essentially undeveloped mangrove swamp, both on the main-
land and on the keys.
1 ¦#.
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3.1.4 Pensacola Area
The Pensacola case study area is heavily impacted by the coastal economics
of the estuarine zone which are common to the entire length of the Florida
coastline. The zone is known by local inhabitants as Escarosa, an acronym
made up of the names of the two dominant counties, Escambia and Santa Rosa.
The case study area has barrier beaches, lagoons, marshlands, bays, and
estuaries, as well as a significant port and metropolitan area. These
natural resources are being coordinated under a regional planning program
headed by the Coastal Coordinating Council. This organization was estab-
lished in 1970 by the Florida Legislature to develop a comprehensive State
plan for the protection, development, and zoning of the coasts of Florida.
The Escarosa area has been selected as a preliminary project in which it
is desired to identify the principal problems in coastal zone management
so that future plans can be developed for conservation and development.
Competition for use of the densely populated shoreline is intense. Between
now and the year 2000, it is estimated that the population in the Pensacola
case study area will double, resulting in obvious increased demand for
residential property, and commercial, industrial, and recreational facilities.
Without a well designed comprehensive plan, the fragile ecology for the
coastal zone can easily be destroyed. The population in the area has
exhibited a steady growth during the last 30 years. The reasons for this
growth are the increase in military installations, defense activities,
tourism, industry, and retirements.
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One of the problems facing the area is the lack of industrial diversifica-
tion, Only four of the 19 standard industrial classifications (chemical,
wood products, food processing, and clay products) are located in the
Escarosa area. Predominant among local industry are the ten chemical
plants which provide employment for approximately 8000 workers. Lumber
and wood'products are second to chemicals, providing employment for
approximately 3000 workers. There are extensive areas of commercial
forest land in the Escarosa area assuring adequate supply for continued
growth of this industry. The third major source of employment is food
products. Approximately 1000 people are employed in the manufacturing and
processing of food products in 28 different companies. The food industry
'if
is relatively stable, centered around canning and- preserving of fruits,
vegetables, nuts, poultry, beef, dairy products, and seafood.. The only
other industry of significance is the manufacturing of stone, clay, and
glass products in which approximately 800 people are employed.
Another major source of income is from service trades. These include the
tourist businesses, as well as repair shops and personal services. The
impact of tourism on the area is significant. This industry relies heavily
upon the quality of the coastal zone waters for its survival. Annual
expected growth of tourism in the Escarosa area is 8Jj percent. A study
of tourism conducted by the Florida Division of Recreation and Parks in
1970 estimated that 630,000 visitors, including more than 360,000 campers,
will be using Escarosa facilities by the end of the 1970s.
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The increase in visitors to this area is resulting in rapidly expanding
demands for additional recreational space and facilities. Many people will
travel to Escarosa enroute to the new Walt Disney World in Orlando. The
establishment of a Gulf Islands National Seashore Preserve will put signifi-
cant portions .of Santa Rosa Island and Perdido Island under the administra-
tion of-the National Park Service, thus attracting an increasing number of
tourists. Assurance of continued success of this industry, along with
agriculture and many other sources of employment, depends heavily on the
total estuarine ecology.
It is hoped that the implementation of a coastal management plan, supported
by local residents, will improve the knowledge of the estuarine environment
and help preserve the abundant natural resources of the Escarosa area.
The basic ecological characteristics of Escarosa must be understood so that
they may be preserved for future generations. The governmental agencies
involved at the state and local level are well aware that there are no easy
or ready-made solutions to their coastal zone management problems. The
existing problems are being aggravated and multiplied by the pressure of
increasing population, a large percentage of which is moving to the coastal
sites from inland locations. An in-depth study of Escarosa and its
problems was made by the Florida Coastal Coordinating Council in 1971,
confirming these findings for the Pensacola Bay Case study area.
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3.1.5 San Francisco Bay Area
In the San Francisco Bay case study area, water quality problems have
brought about a multitude of socio-economic problems. The degraded
quality of the estuary has led to the closing of the shellfish beds in
the bay, closing of beaches to aquatic contact sports and restriction of
the shrimp industry within the bay. Numerous recent fish kills have
caused unpleasant odors and visual degradation of the water in some areas,
attesting to the steady decline of water quality in the bay.
For an area that is highly dependent on the bay as a source of continued
growth, both in an economic and social nature, this problem requires
and is receiving much attention. Through pollution control laws,, the
~
State Water Resources Control Board and the San Francisco Bay Regional
Water Quality Control Board have adopted measures that will improve the
bay water quality and allow it to support the broadest possible range
of uses. Some improvement has been seen in the bay water quality since
1967 when the objectives were first enforced.
Another agency, the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development
Commission,has compiled a plan for the development of the bay shoreline.
The commission intends to protect the bay from those types of development
that could be harmful to the ecology of the bay.
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The problem of municipal and industrial wastes causing pollution in the
bay have been studied by several agencies. They have recommended various
plans for improving the present situation and reducing the impact of
future population and industrial growth. Some of the recommendations
have been actejd upon, and others are in current legislation. One plan
calls fo-r a regional sewer agency that would prescribe waste disposal
in a manner compatible with the desired bay water quality. A second
plan calls for collection of all wastes in a centralized area for ocean
disposal.
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3.1.6 Washington/Oregon Area
The local economy of the vast Washington and Oregon coastal zone region
is closely related to the resources of its estuarine system. The region
is largely dependent upon the ability of the estuaries to support various
industrial activities.
Usage of the estuarine waterways is diverse and often contradictory. The
lumber and pulp industry (among the largest in the world) relies on the
embayments and tributary streams for timber storage, transportation, and
waste disposal. Naturally, adequate flow is necessary to meet these needs.
Commercial fishing, an important industry in the Pacific Northwest,
depends upon the estuaries to furnish fish and shellfish habitatst and
therefore requires a high degree of water quality. Recreation and
tourism contribute much to the regional economy and are contingent upon
the aesthetics of the estuaries and surrounding areas.
Population densities play an important role in water quality of the
estuarine system. Many polluted estuaries in other portions of the nation
are also the locations of extremely heavy population centers such as New
York Harbor and San Francisco Bay. Areas of large population densities
generate equally large amounts of domestic sewage. If this sewage is not
properly treated and is disposed of in the estuarine system, the result
is degradation and eventual destruction of the system.
The population densities along the Washington/Oregon coast are relatively
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low. There are less than 15 cities within the case study area with popu-
lations greater than 2500 and only four with populations of more than
10,000; the largest of these is Aberdeen, Washington, with a population
of 18,000. The effect of municipal waste disposal in this area is, there-
fore, not a pr.iraary consideration.
The people of the northwest coastal region are acutely aware of the
potential threat posed by indiscriminate use of the coastal waterways,
especially the estuarine environment. It is not difficult to recognize
the problem; it has occurred many times before, in many of the estuaries
along the coastal region of the United States. It is simply that if
industry is to survive in the coastal region, it^ is frequently at'the
expense of the estuarine system.
Although protection of these estuaries is very important, the economic
development of the region is also vital. For this reason, it is necessary
to develop and maintain an adequate monitoring network throughout the
region, and establish a land management plan that will permit reasonable
industrial development and economic maturity, while preventing the system-
atic destruction of the waterway system upon which industry depends.
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Section 4
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
At the conclusion of the field surveys of the six case study areas, a
review was conducted to determine the feasibility of an initial network
for processing and transmission of data at both local and national levels.
The basic system would have to be flexible enough to be responsive to the
needs of local users yet meet the requirements of national organizations
s
that would need access to local coastal water quality data to assist
' ' i
in setting nationwide standards, long-range planning, and the support
of enforcement action.
One of the goals was to determine the most cost effective interim system
that could be obtained using capabilities now in existence at local levels.
A study was made of forty-one governmental computer systems that could
conceivably be utilized for this purpose. Of these, 12 were determined
to be feasible systems. As a result of this survey, it was concluded
that /an EPA National Computing and Data Bank System would be the most
effective, and would require only the appropriate programming and peri-
pherals. Therefore, the initial network approach was to determine the
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most convenient and economical means of getting local agencies and organi-
zations to introduce their data directly into such a system.
4.1.1 Computer Entry
The advent of the low-speed terminal and telephone coupler has made it
practical to provide direct access to national computer systems from any
point within the United States. Implementation of the initial network
could, therefore, be effected easily by the use of additional low-speed
terminals at strategic geographical points. These terminals should have a
local magnetic tape storage capability (standard cassette) and should be
capable of remote auto start. This approach permits the user to perform
the necessary proofing, correcting, and formatting off-line at whatever
speed he is capable. The dump of this data into the system can be handled
from the central processing unit (CPU), at the convenience of the CPU.
Another advantage is that the data dump is at a uniform 15 characters per
second which averages more than twice the achievable speed of a typist on
line. The dump can be handled after office hours or other times not
convenient for personnel to be on duty. Use of this approach greatly
alleviates the existing crowding on the lines.
In addition to rather simple hardware requirements, it will be necessary
to proVide some new programming and some modification of existing programs
to more accurately meet the data users requirements at the local level.
The emerging data processing technology may well permit the design of an
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optimum system using the existing CPU within the next few years. Such a
system could providp greatly increased program capability and,at the same
time, drastically reduce the workload of the state and local agencies
currently involved in monitoring. -
4.1.2 Training Aspects
Other aspects of instrumentation which will apply to the initial network
and to a,future optimum system, are: increased training capabilities to
permit longer term training at the user's facility, and providing necessary
personalized troubleshooting of local problems. Another long range
aspect of training is the fact that once the system acquires a sizable
volume of usable data, the number of users will increase dramatically.
The users will include local, states and institutional groups engaged in
applied and basic research, and industrial corporations where concern is
primarily with long range impact of their effluent. Typical examples
of the applied researchers are those involved in mariculture which is of
increasing importance, particularly in the southeastern United States.
Researchers would welcome the availability of a system that could handle
a wide variety of ecological information.
In order to gain widespread acceptance and use of the system, consideration
should be given to EPA support of courses taught by local colleges and
A * > >
universities within case study areas, providing a series of short seminars •
(similar to those used in the electronics industry to acquaint engineers
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with new technology) at widespread geographic locations.
The purpose of these seminars would be to promote the use of the system
both as a tool and as a data file to the local users. An effective method
of accomplishing this is by providing a traveling team that can demonstrate
the system and capabilities to audiences at the high school and junior
college level that are involved in the study of ecologically related sub-
jects. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration used this approach
quite effectively to gain public support and enthusiasm for many of our
space programs. Special emphasis should be given to groups which are
engaged in sampling at sporadic intervals instead of long term monitoring
because these groups may eventually be developed into monitoring groups.
4.1.3 Public Support ~
The implementation of an adequate data quality assurance system within the
network will depend heavily on obtaining an adequate number of users. Not
to be overlooked is a necessity of providing adequate information to the man
on the street in the areas where this improved system is to be installed.
Public interest in environmental monitoring is necessary in order to obtain
the long-term support that will be needed to solve pollution problems. This
is particularly true in those areas where solutions to the pollution prob-
lems will have an impact on the local economy. It is important that
\
people in these areas understand the federal government's role to obtain
sound information. This will allow timely environmental decisions to be
made, helping to offset propaganda that may imply that these decisions
are made hastily and with little scientific fact.
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I
4.2 INITIAL NETWORK CONCEPT
The desired outcome of the Phase B case studies is the recommendation
of a method whereby existing monitoring efforts can be incorporated into
a nationwide information system; first, by utilizing existing systems
and capabilities to the fullest extent in designing a system based on
existing expenditures plus minimal additional costs, and secondly, to
look at future requirements for an optimum system.
In this report, we refer to the organization of the existing data
monitoring capabilities as the initial network. This is based on achiev-
ing a significant improvement in the current processing of data merely
by reorganizing the present work within the case study area on an r
z'
integrated rather than fragmented basis. This initial system design
very closely parallels the network approach used by communications systems
engineers.
In our model of the initial network, the data is obtained and processed
by the same local agencies currently performing these functions. The major
changes are in the methods of handling and transmission of the data after
the laboratory analysis has been performed. There are also certain program
modifications and new programs that will permit more effective use of the
incoming data by the various case study area personnel, and by EPA, as a
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national management tool. The existing STORET system is shown as the
Central Storage and Processing Unit; however, any similar data compiling
and processing system could be used.
Once the data is entered into the network by the local agencies, program-
ming within the system can be used to provide a measure of data quality
4
assurance. This can be achieved by cross checking the parameter levels
obtained at locations where there are overlapping sampling points by
several agencies. Gross errors will be immediately apparent. Proper
programming can provide an automatic alert to EPA in the event that
selected parameters exceed specified limits. This will help EPA to deploy
effective surveillance methods to properly support enforcement actions.
In all cases, the implementation of the initial network approach provides
for more local access to nationwide information, which will increase
operational and research visibility for all geographical areas of interest.
Direct entry of discharge permit data by industrial corporations into the
system, instead of processing by mail, can significantly improve the
response time of EPA personnel, providing greater enforcement capability
as well as implementation of cleanup crews after disasters, thus minimizing
ecological damage. Additional programming techniques can be applied to
compare sampling data obtained at the outfalls by municipal and industrial
waste dischargers with sampling datq, obtained in the same geographic area
by unrelated organizations.
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4.3 RECOMMENDED TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR TERMINAL EQUIPMENT
The achievable efficiency of the recommended initial network depends heavily
upon the proper choice of input/output equipment supplied to the users in
the field. As indicated in the initial network drawings for the various
case study areas, the major equipment procurements necessary to produce
an interim nationwide estuarine water quality monitoring system are a few
*
remote terminals.
There are a great many manufacturers of terminals in the United States.
Each such unit capable of interfacing with the recommended system has
specific advantages and disadvantages that will impact directly on the
system efficiency. The design of terminals is a rapidly advancing field
and, therefore, it is difficult to recommend a specific manufacturer^
~
equipment at this point in time. Factors affecting the choice of terminals
for the recommended applications are: reliability, ease of operation,
flexibility, availability of local repair of the electro-mechanical portions
of the unit, operational cost, size, noise level, and environment.
All terminals recommended to implement the initial network are classified
as low-speed terminals (capable of operating at speeds between ten and
thirty characters per second). The terminal should be capable of keyboard
send/receive (KSR) and of interfacing with remotely operable cassette
accessories to permit remote auto start. Use of the cassette accessory
permits the local operator to proof his text, correct errors, and do
formatting without being on line. This greatly reduces the use of
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telephone lines and connect time, which are major causes of congestion on
centralized computer systems. A second advantage is that when the opera-
tor has the data on the cassette to his standards, the modem can be auto-
matically called-up and the data transmitted to the computer at a consistent
rate, typically 1200 baud. In addition to automatic transmission of data,
the cassette accessory can also be used for reception, thus permitting
EPA headquarters to transmit messages over the lines during periods of
low use, such as nighttime, when personnel are not on duty at the
receiving sites. Under this type of operation, the cassette stores the
information which can then be taken off during normal business houi?s.
4.3.1 Recommended Specifications
The following are general recommended specifications for printers and
cassette accessories.
(1) Keyboard send/receive printer terminal:
Power Requirements: 117 volts + 10%, 60 Hz + 1 Hz
Power Consumption: 350 Va maximum
Maximum Weight: 75 lbs.
Maximum Size: 10 inches high, by 24 inches wide, by 27 inches
deep
Operational
Environment: +50 to +115°F
Humidity: 107. to 95%
Altitude: 0 to 12,000 ft operating; 0 to 50,000 ft storage
4-8
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Storage Temp:
Data Transmission;
Speed:
Printing; Type:
Spacing:
Line Length:
Paper:
Characters:
Printing Speed:
Minimum Operator
Controls:
-20° to +160°F
Code (USASCII) EIA Standard RS-232C
Dependent upon local requirements 110, 150, or
300 baud..
Thermal or impact. (Impact sh^ 11 meet require-
ments of federal noise standards.)
10 characters per inch horizontal; 6 lines per
inch vertical
75 characters minimum
8-7/16 inches wide
USASCII, 94 graphics including upper and lower
case alphabetics
10 to 30 characters per second dependent upon
local requirements
Power on/off, Attention, Indicator's-ready,
Standby, and On-line.
Note:
The keyboard system shall have provision for electronically separating
multiple key depressions for accurate typing of input data without using
mechanical means that slow the typing speed. Also, provisions .shall be
included for providing parity bits. ^
(2) Cassette Accessory
Power Requirements: 117 volts + 10%, 60 Hz + 1 Hz.
4-9
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Maximum Consumption: 100 Va
20 lbs.
Not to exceed 10 inches, by 10 inches wide, by
«#• •<
22 inches deep.
Cassette loading utilizing standard 2% inch by
4 inch Phillips Cassettes
0.15 inch
Certified computer grade
300 ft (50,000 characters)
Maximum data rate 30 characters per secpnd,
timing provided by printer.
10 inches per second
/¦
Note:
The cassette accessory shall be such as to permit complete remote control
capability of the terminal using proper code discipline. Environmental
requirements of the cassette remain the same as those for the keyboard
send/receive terminal.
4.3.2 General Features
The tape unit shall be designed to shut off the input power automatically
upon removal of a cassette. A visual indicator shall be provided to alert
the operator that there is data on the tape. The cassette shall be loaded
through the front of the unit. Front panel control shall be provided to
permit local lockout of the unit, to prevent unauthorized reading of the
Maximum Weight:
Dimensions:
Tape:
Tape Width:
Tape Type:
Cassette Capacity:
Data Rates:
Cassette Rewind in
Advanced Speeds:
4-10
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cassette over the lines. Other front panel controls shall be provided to
place the unit in standby condition, activate write electronics and read
electronics on operator demand, permit rapid advance and rewind of the
tape, and complete block rewind.
4.4 SYSTEM DESIGN SPECIFICATION
A series of specification documents has been generated. The purpose of
these documents is to facilitate the logical development of the National
Plan for Estuarine Water Quality Monitoring by ensuring that the necessary
existing facilities required for implementation into the initial network
remain intact, and that the additional facilities and data interfaces
required be accurately described.
It is the intention to keep these documents as brief as possible. A
separate specification has been prepared for each of the case study areas.
A representative example covering the New York Bight area is presented in
this report. This area is one of the more complex of the case study areas
covered. Remaining specifications are provided in the appendices.
4.4.1 Sample Specification.
Exhibit A, (See pages 4-19 through 4-22) is a sample specification. It is
of the New York Bight case study area System Design Specification Bl.
4.5 OPTIMAL SYSTEMS
Assuming that an increased level of funding could be made available over
4-11
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a three-year period, the system described under initial network could be
rapidly brought into an optimized data system specifically designed to
utilize the most modern technological developments in both programming and
hardware to result in an ideal system for nationwide monitoring of estuarine
and coastal water. Such a system will have to include provisions for a
wide variety of parameters in addition to the traditional, biological,
¥
and chemical indicators used today for water quality analysis. The use of
real time telemetry techniques developed for missile and space use, coupled
with recent advances in remote sensors and the use of automated biological
monitors could result in a system that will meet all local user requirements
at considerable cost savings to local agencies, yet at the same time per-
mitting the Environmental Protection Agency to monitor on a real time
basis, from a central location, any area in the coastal zone that can be
rapidly damaged by pollutants of any type.
These pollutants could range from municipal sewage or industrial
discharges, to the depositing of heavy metals or radio nuclides from
unknown sources. Information on less critical areas would be processed
and displayed on an "as necessary" basis. Presentation of the large
amounts of acquired data would be determined by programming the central
processing unit. The information could be selected in much the same way
that we ^currently handle space flight data or other important information
requiring multimedia display,
!
Considerations are given to new lightweight terminals utilizing matrices
4-12
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of light emitting diodes instead of conventional cathode ray tube displays.
The overall concept for data display and handling can effectively follow
proven aerospace approaches, providing situation rooms that are designed
to permit tight management control of a wide variety of parameters from
a central location.
A.5.1 System Design Goals
Although no data system can be all things to all people, our design for
flexibility and growth will minimize detrimental compromise between the
requirements of the various local users in the case study areas, and the
needs of the Environmental Protection Agency at the national level. The
major goal of this Initial Network design is to provide a national Coastal
Water Quality Monitoring Network utilizing existing capabilities. To meet
S
this goal effectively and present data in a form usable to all users
throughout the United States, several things must be considered as impact
factors. Some of these factors are as follows:
a. Data Formatting
All monitoring data must be in a prescribed and usable format. The
present monitoring and using agencies have' the best technical cap-
ability in this area and all monitor/user agencies are concerned with
basically the same parameters; however, considerable data is not usable
because of a lack of uniformity in scaling, use of scientific units,
and reporting format. The design of a meaningful collection, analysis,
reporting, retrieval format must, from a practical standpoint, be a
primary task at the highest level of organization, to assure
effectivity of the overall data system.
4-13
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This appears to be clearly within the charter responsibilities
of the Environmental Protection Agency,
b. Centralized Data Display
Organization of an optimum system must be such that at EPA head-
quarters (and certain regional data centers, as necessary) all
estuarine water quality data must be available and must be
¥
capable of being displayed on the appropriate media for review
by a manager. Fragmented access to data is a key factor in
decreasing overall administrative efficiency.
The complex nature of the estuarine environment necessitates a
wider variety of parameters than are currently available to
completely define the ecological system in each geographical
area; therefore, the display media and central processing system
must be capable of working with data ranging from digitally
stored thermal imagery through routine plots of temperature and
salinity.
While the central display approach is required to meet national
requirements, many local user requirements can be met by less
sophisticated designs of local data centers. The common low-
speed terminal unit with telephone coupler and cassette tape
storage unit meets a majority of local requirements. For local
areas where a greater volume of data is encountered, consideration
should be given to high-speed terminals, improved graphic displays
4-14
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(multidimensional plotting units), and high-speed presentation and
editing features (such as cathode ray tube displays and light
emitting diode terminals).
Long Range Data Analysis .
At the present time, most trend analyses are conducted using manual
methods. The results of such analyses often do not carry the necessary
urgency and accuracy required to initiate local action. Relocation of
these efforts to the centralized data processing and display head-
quarters, with an agreement to furnish local agencies with the
reduced data, would greatly improve the overall long-range planning
capability of local users. This data, presented in the standardized
format, would provide local users with more usable information than is
/¦
currently available to them and would also result in extensive cost
savings and reduce the duplications of personnel and efforts at
local levels.
By utilizing editing and compiling programs (similar to the Bowne Word-
One approach), finished reports could be prepared inexpensively for the
local user using data from the centralized data bank. A Centralized
EPA system could then provide the user service with an evaluation and
with recommendations on how to correct undesirable trends.
Identification of New Pollutants
Another advantage of the centralized system is that some data may
4-15
-------
f *
be meaningless to local agencies whereas an expert interpretation:could
provide a key to new pollutants or new sources of pollution. As
environmental monitoring instrumentation improves, we will be
- T
able to make more sophisticated analyses and to identify a wider
range of pollutants; however, the impact of these pollutants may
not be readily understood. As in any scientific research, there
is often a time lag between observation of the results and the
dissemination of useful information through scientific journals
and publications to people in applied research or to local users.
The centralization of monitoring data greatly accelerates the
identification and dissemination process, increasing the odds for
»•
averting local catastrophies.
f
Evaluation of Control Procedures
In order to make a valid evaluation of the impact of a new control
procedure or method, comparisons must be made between a previous
data base (for the particular geographic area being evaluated) and
the data base obtained after implementation of the procedure or
method. There is a natural tendency on the part of those respon-
sible for installation of a treatment plant or other such facility
to bias the reporting of results toward their prediction of results.
The central data system, with inputs from a variety of facilities
and sources (some of which are not related to the organization
initiating the control procedure or method), permits an agency to
4-16
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determine rapidly, without bias, whether the installation or
implementation is achieving its intended goals.
In this respect, the centralized data system will be able to
provide results of other areas with similar ecological structures
who have obtained success or failure with specific control
procedures- and methods. The before and after data base allows
corrective measures employed in comparable areas to provide
considerable planning data prior to implementation of a new
procedure or method.
| v,
f. Development of Model
Many of the initial efforts in the development of mathematical
models for ecological systems failed because of an inadequate
data base to define the program. The optimal development of a
centralized data network should be such that any ecological
system in the coastal and estuarine zones can be modeled rapidly
and economically at the headquarters agency. Sudden changes in
natural features or pollutants produced by man can be introduced
into the model to accurately predict immediate, short term, and
long term impacts on the ecosystem.
4.5.2 Additional Monitoring Requirements of EPA.
Monitoring in the coastal zone has been given secondary importance by most
organizations. Although many of them are currently changing their
4-17
-------
thinking, it is still doubtful that an adequate data base can be obtained
without direct monitoring in certain areas by EPA. Even if adequate state
and local governmental monitoring existed, it would still be desirable for
the EPA to initiate monitoring in several areas to provide additional data
quality assurance. While the majority of networks can be operated by state
and local agencies, the following are significant situations where monitoring
should be conducted directly by EPA:
(a) Monitoring for Case Preparation:- This includes the performance of
highly intensified short term monitoring to support enforcement
actions. It will not be practical to utilize monitoring information
obtained from state and local agencies via a national data system
for enforcement action against these agencies, since this would
break down the basic network concept due to a reluctance to provide
r
future data. '
(b) Monitoring for Basic Research:- Special requirements will present
themselves. Most state and local organizations do not have the
flexibility or the response speed necessary to move in and obtain
data under these circumstances.
(c) Monitoring for Applied Research:- Monitoring projects for evalua-
tion of new hardware, such as sensors and instruments, should be done
at a national level to reduce the cost to local agencies and to pro-
vide adequate research funding for the development and advancement
of state-of-the-art instruments.
4-18
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EXHIBIT A
SYSTEM DESIGN SPECIFICATION B1 - NEW YORK BIGHT CASE STUDY AREA
Reference: IEC/OSD Report 445-B, EPA Contract 68-01-0160
.0 PURPOSE
This specification provides implementation guidelines for integrating
existing water quality monitoring activities of the New York Bight
Area into an effective user-oriented data network.
0 GENERAL
The limits of the New York Bight case study area are defined in the
reference document. Agencies currently engaged in monitoring
activities in this area are as follows;
A. Interstate Sanitation Commission.
B. EPA Region II, Surveillance and Analysis Division, Edison n t
9 " • J i
C. U. S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory
D. New York City Department of Healthy Bureau of Sanitary Engineering
E. New York City Environmental Protection Administration, Bureau
of Water Pollution Control
F. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Marine
and Coastal Resources Division
G. Nassau County Department of Health, Division of Environmental
Health.
Figure 4-l(Bl) is a block diagram of existing facilities which are
candidates for the initial New York Bight area network. The block
diagram indicates the type of water sampling being undertaken by
each facility and the general flow of data/information within each
4-19
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Exhibit A (Continued)
facility and between related facilities.
Geographical case study area limitations excluded the New York
State Department of Environmental Conservation, Water Quality
Surveillance Network, except for their shellfish sanitation
program.
3.0 LIMITATIONS AND SPECIAL PROBLEMS
-Present user data is generally restricted to individual agency
use of its own information, with only relatively minor liaison
between agencies. Visibility of water quality data to other
than state agencies is minimal, at the present time being
highly dependent upon the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Laboratory at Edison, New Jersey, together with inputs from the
Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory operated by NOAA
/ *
0 COORDINATED INITIAL NETWORK
A practical monitoring network for the New York Bight area i
presented in figure ~-2
-------
Exhibit A (Continued)
equipment at the following locations:
1. Interstate Sanitary Commission
2. Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory
3. New York City Department of Health
4. New York City Environmental Protection Administration
5. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
6. Nassau County Department of Health
C. User instruction/support in establishing the network, both
from the standpoint of optimum manual data exchange as well
as optimum utilization of input/output terminals for local/
state/regional/national data management information.
D. Specialized EPA National Computing and Data Processing System (ENCDPS)
programming to permit maximum input/output terminal message receipt
with minimum effort.
E. Sufficiency in monitoring. ^ »
/ •
Existing capabilities, as carried forward to the figure 4-2(B-l) Initial Net-
work, must be maintained in order to ensure that the proposed network
remains operable. Modification of current capabilities may have an adverse
effect on proposed initial network activities; therefore, each contributing
agency must maintain its current activities in accordance with figures 4-1 (B-
i
and 4-2 (B-l)-
< < J, '
in order to establish anH maintain an effective monitoring network, the
following are considered minimum requirements:
4-21
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Exhibit A (Continued)
Data sheets must be formatted for manual transmission
of real time data.
Input/output terminal training/user application programs
must be accomplished on an updating, as well as mainten-
ance, basis to ensure proper user brientation and on-
going activities.
Additional personnel Shall be provided by EPA to apply data
and information to ENCDPS archives.
Specialized training shall be provided by EPA to Implement
real time interagency and extra-agency digital data trans-
mission.
/¦
4-22
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GLOSSARY
AEROBIC. In the presence of oxygen.
ANADROMOUS. Migrating up river
from the sea to spawn in fresh
water (e.g. salmon).
f ¦»',
ANAEROBIC In the absence of oxygen.
BACTERIA. Any of numerous micro-
scopic, spherical, rod-shaped or
spiral organisms.
BAUD. Information exchange rate
(specifically applied to input/
output devices such as terminals,
keyboards, pub typewriters, etc.)
BAYOU. A minor, sluggish water-
way or estuarial creek, generally
tidal or with a slow or impercep-
tible current, and with its course
generally through lowlands or
swamps, tributary to or connecting
with other bodies of water. Vari-
ous specific meanings have been
implied in different parts of the
southern United States. Sometimes
called slough.
BIGHT. A bend in a coast forming
an open bay.
/
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND. (BOD)
The quantity of oxygen utilized
in a biochemical oxidation of
organic matter in a specified time
and at a specified temperature.
It is not related to the oxygen
requirements and chemical combus-
tion, being determined entirely by
the microorganisms during oxidation.
4-23
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CELLAR DIRT. Common term for material
removed from excavation in construc-
tion.
COASTAL PHYSIOGRAPHY. Physical
geography of the coastal area.
COLIFORM. A group of bacteria,
predominately inhabitants of the in-
testine of man that ferment lactose
with gas formation.
DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO). Usually
designated as DO. The oxygen dis-
solved in water, sewage or other
liquid. Usually expressed in parts
per million or percent of saturation.
EFFLUENT. Sewage water or other
liquid partially or completely treated
or in its natural state flowing out
of a basin, reservoir, industrial
operation, or treatment plant.
EH. The redox potential measured in
¦*r
millivolts. Positive values indicate
the presence of surplus oxygen.
Negative voltage indicates a reduc-
ing environment, most commonly caused
by the presence of sulfides.
DRAINAGE BASIN. Geographical area
in which runoff discharges into a
particular body of water.
DREDGE SPOIL. Material obtained
from dredging operations.
ECOSYSTEM. An ecological community
together with its physical enviroh-
ment considered as a unit.
ENCDPS. EPA National Computing and
Data Processing System.
EUTROPHICATION. Process of aging by
nutrient enrichment and biological
development in which a body of water
becomes marshland and ultimately
develops into firm soil.
FECAL. Originating in human and
animal waste.
FISH KILLS. A common term used
to describe massive deaths of fish.
4-24
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HYDROGRAPHY. That science which
deals with the measurement of the
physical features of water and
their marginal land areas, with
special reference to the elements
that affect safe navigation, and
the publication of such information
in a form suitable for use by-
navigators.
MARICULTURE. Fish farming.
MILLION GALLONS PER DAY (MGD). A
flow rate.
MOST PROBABLE NUMBER (MPN). In the
testing of bacterial density by the
dilution method, that number of
organisms per unit volume which, in
accordance with statistical theory,
PATHOGENIC. Disease producing.
PH (HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION).
The rate of hydrogen ions in grams
per liter of solution. Commonly
expressed as a pH value that repre-
sents the logarithm of the reciprocal
of the hydrogen ion concentration.
PHENOL. A caustic, poisonous, white,
crystalline compound derived from
benzine; also called carbolic acid.
pH VALUE. The logarithm to the base
ten of the reciprocal of the concen-
tration of hydrogen ions in a sol-
ution. If the pH is below 7.0, the
solution is acidic; above 7.0, the
solution is alkaline.
PLANKTON. Plant and animal organ-
would be more likely than any other isms (generally microscopic) that
possible number to yield the observed float or drift in great numbers
test result or which would yeild the fresh or salt water
observed test result with the greatest
frequency. Expressed as density of
organisms per 100 milliliters.
POLLUTANT. Any gaseous liquid or
solid chemical or organic waste that
contaminates air, soil or water.
4-25
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POLLUTION. Contamination of soil, 85% reduction in BOD and suspended
water or atmosphere by the discharge solids,
of noxious substances.
PRIMARY SEWAGE TREATMENT. The
first major (sometimes the only)
treatment in a sewage treatment
works, usually sedimentation. The
removal of a high percentage of
suspended matter, but little or no
colloidal and dissolved matter.
Uusally results in 65% removal of
suspended solids and 35% reduction
in BOD of normal sewage wastes.
SALINITY GRADIENT. The rate of
change of salinity with respect to
change in depth or distance.
STATION. Particular geographic point
at which representative samples of a
body of water are collected for
examination.
STORET. Generic term for storage
and retrieval systems. Most commonly
applied to the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency's Water Quality Data
Bank.
STREAM CLASSIFICATION. Identifi-
cation system of the waters of the
state, according to best usage.
s
STREPTOCOCCI. Any of various
round or ovoid bacteria of the
SALMONELLA. Any of various rod-
shaped bacteria of the genus Salmon- " SPt0c°ccus occurring in
ella, many of which are pathogenic. Often pathogenic.
SECONDARY SEWAGE TREATMENT. The
treatment of sewage by biological
TERTIARY TREATMENT. This may also
be referred to as advanced waste
treatment or reclamation of
methods after primary treatment by
sedimentation. Usually results in crs. It is essentially any
waste
4-26
-------
treatment beyond the normal amount
that can be accomplished by second-
ary treatment units. Tertiary
treatment processes may include
chemical coagulation and fine media
(sand or coal) filtration, and can
result in 90 to 95% reduction of
suspended solids and BOD and 85 to
90% reduction in phosphates.
THERMAL DISCHARGE. Any effluent
that is discharged at a temperature
level different from that of the
intake water.
THERMAL IMAGER. The formation of
an image or graphic presentation
of a physical body using thermal
scanning devices.
TIDAL WATERS. Any body of water
affected by or having tides.
-------
V
GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AEC Atomic Energy Commission
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
BCF Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
BSE Bureau of Sanitary Engineering (Florida)
CE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (also COE and CO&E)
CPU Central Processing Unit, generally the heart of a computer data
system
• -t
DCHD Dade County Health Department
DCPC Dade County Pollution Control
DEQ Department of Environmental Quality, State of Oregon
DOF . Department of Fisheries, Washington
EGMEX Eastern Gulf of Mexico
EIA Electronics Industry Association
ENCDPS Environmental Protection Agency National Computer Data Processing
System
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ESCAROSA Escambia-Santa Rosa Counties, Florida
FCCC Florida Coastal Coordinating Council
FDA Food and Drug Administration
FDH Florida Department of Health
FDHRS Florida Department of Health & Rehabilitative Service
FDNR Florida Department of Natural Resources
FDPC Florida Department of Pollution Control
FMP Florida Marine Patrol
FSU Florida State University (Tallahassee)
HEW Health, Education and Welfare
IEC Interstate Electronics Corporation, Anaheim, Calif.
ISC Interstate Sanitation Commission
KSR Keyboard Send/Receive, descriptive term for teletype or computer
terminals F
LFES Lower Florida Estuarine Study
MD^&S Miami Department of Water and Sewers
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NERC National Environmental Research Center, Corvallis, Oregon
4-28
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NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service (also NFS)
NOAA National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency
NOS National Ocean Survey (NOAA)
NPS National Park Service
NYCDOH New York City Department of Health
NYCEPA New York City Environmental Protection Administration
NYSDEC New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
OSD OceanicS Division, a division of Interstate Electronics Corporation
PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl
PWPCP Pensacola Water Pollution Control Plant
RSMAS Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science
SCPCA * South Carolina Pollution Control Authority
SEWL- Southeastern Water Laboratory (Also known as the SE Water Quality Lab)
SUSIO State University System, Institute of Oceanography (Florida)
USCG United States Coast Guard
USGS U. S. Geological Survey
UWF University of West Florida (Pensacola)
4-29
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