U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
AGENCY
QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT
October 1, 1972 - December 31, 1972
PACIFIC NORTHWEST ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
An Associate Laboratory of
National Environmental Research Center—Corvallis

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QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT
October 1, 1972 - December 31, 1972
Pacific Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center-Corvallis
Office of Research and Monitoring
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
200 S. W. 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97'33G

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INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this report is to present a quarterly view of
the activities, "both intramural and extramural, of the Pacific North-
west Environmental Research Laboratory (PNERL). The research programs
at PNERL include:
	 National Coastal Pollution Research Program (NCPRP),
involving research on the "behavior of pollutants in the
marine environment.
	National Eutrophication Research Program (NERP), involving
research on the eutrophication (premature aging) process
in polluted water and development of methods and technology
for the control and restoration of eutrophic waters.
	 National Eutrophication Survey Program (NESP), a study to
identify and analyze more than 1,200 bodies of water in the
United States with potential or actual eutrophication
problems brought on by the discharge of excessive amounts
of nutrients into them.
National Thermal Pollution Research Program (NTPRP), involving
the study of causes, effects, controls, and prevention of
thermal pollution in streams, lakes, reservoirs, estuaries,
and coastal waters.
	 National Waste Treatment Research Program (NWTRP), Involving
research on treatment of wastes from the pulp and paper industry,
wood products industry, forestry and logging, and the food
processing industry.
The reporting of the research activities for this quarter consist
of a compilation of "Research Highlights."

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(Jfe) Coastal Pollution
Research
Pacific Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory
200 S. W. 35th Street	Corvallis, Or. 97330
January 1973
This is the first of a new format for periodic reporting
of progress in the National Coastal Pollution Research Program.
The intent is to be more informal than previous newsletter reportings.
The results highlighted under each of the subheadings below are
usually from research conducted or directed by a single investigator
in the program. Interested readers should, therefore, contact one
of the key personnel listed at the end of the report for more
specific information on a given topic.
COASTAL & ESTUARINE MODELING
OPEN COASTLINE MODEL
Within the last year a new approach to specifying boundary conditions
for open coastal models was proposed by R. J. Callaway. When
fully developed, the cost and effort required to simulate
An Associate Laboratory of the National Environmental Research Center • Corvallis
200 S.W. 35th Street, Corvallis, Or. 97330

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pollutant transport on the continental shelf and in near shore
coastal areas will be well within reach for routine utilization of
a new generation of pollution models. In connection with Oregon
State University's participation in the National Science Foundation
Coastal Upwelling Study (CUE) an opportunity was presented, in the
summer of 1972, to collect field data on the Oregon coast for verification
of the technique. Preliminary harmonic analyses of the data have been
initiated. Successful completion of this project will be of considerable
benefit to the new EPA ocean dumping permit program.
NEW YORK BIGHT
Several versions of coastal circulation and pollutant flushing
models are under investigation, through a grant with the U.S. Navy,
for application to the New York Bight. This is an integral and a
leading element in the Coastal Pollution Research Program's study
of sewage sludge dumping in the near shore coastal waters off the
New York coast. Besides being of specific benefit to the New York region,
the Navy project will result in a documentation and a verification
of at least one, and possibly several models, which can then be
used in other coastal areas. As in all of our New York Bight
studies, cooperation has been offered by NOAA, and accepted.
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To date, initial debugging has been completed on one-layer model
of the area and a few debugging runs have been made on a two-layer
model. Some instabilities were noted in the latter model's corners - this
is being investigated. Initial production runs with plots are scheduled
to begin in late January as is the documentation of the programs.
PUGET SOUND
The existing estuarine pollution models customarily employed to
predict and analyze estuarine water quality behavoir cannot be realistically
applied in Puget Sound and other fjord type estuaries of the Northeast
Coast, the Pacific Northwest Coast, and Alaska. Because of their
expertise in studying Puget Sound, a grant was awarded to the
Oceanography Department of the University of Washington to develop
a method to predict the buildup and retention of pollutants in
the basins of Puget Sound and to evaluate how these methods might
be applied to other fjords.
During the past several months a new approximate similarity
analysis, based upon the use of exponential functions of the
longitudinal coordinate of the main basin of Puget Sound, was
tested and applied to the near-surface zone. Results of a comparison
of density measurements on file in the University of Washington archives
and unpublished field data are encouraging.
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During the next quarter it is expected that the first phase of
a literature survey of present knowledge of deep-basin flows will be
completed. A compilation of relevant data on seasonal replenishment
of water at depths in selected Puget Sound basins will then begin.
VERTICALLY STRATIFIED ESTUARIES
In addition to the special requirements for modeling fjords,
mentioned above, there are other problems associated with predicting
water quality in estuaries influenced by salinity intrusion. Dr.
Harleman at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a recognized
specialist in estuarine analysis, has recently been awarded a grant
to develop models for EPA to use in these cases. The work conducted
so far included verfication of hydraulics in the Potomac estuary,
and of longitudinal salinity distributions under varying fresh water
inflow and ocean boundary tidal elevations.
A model developed by MIT to simulate multiple and interacting
water quality components 1s being tested. The BOD distribution
was chosen initially simply because of the availability of data.
Internal programming of the model is currently being modified to
distinguish between pollutant sources consisting of treatment
plant effluents and tributary inflows. Sensitivity runs will
determine the effect of assumed initial conditions in transient
water quality simulations.
4

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MARINE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
Progress in reviewing biological criteria of marine pollution
was made through the participation of program scientists in
the EPA Biological Advisory Committee Meeting. A final draft
of the Biological Method Manual was reviewed at a workshop
cosponsored by a number of agencies. The sponsors of the workshop
on dredging criteria included the EPA,Corps of Engineers, U.S. Navy,
NOAA and the Marine Technology Society. This workshop will result in
guidelines for surveying the biota at dredge and disposal sites
and recommendations for dredge spoil bioassays.
CRITERIA FOR OCEAN DISPOSAL
MERCURY
One of our heavy metal behavior projects deals with the abundance
of and distribution of mercury in estuaries of the Northeast Gulf
Coast, and parts of the east coast of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi,
Louisiana, and Texas.
This work which is being conducted by Dr. Robert Harriss at Florida
State University has been concerned with the relative concentrations
5

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of mercury in sediments, waters, particulates, and biological
specimens. The dynamic partition process essential in a true
prediction of the environmental impact of the advent of a heavy
metal are generally being elucidated as, for example, the relative
rates of uptake due to Spartina and to alternative organic-mercury-
food chains.
The geochemical (sedimentation) interactions of mercury are
an essential next step in unravelling the sequence of events.
BIOTIC STRESS
A grant was awarded to the Southern California Coastal
Water Research Project in November to study the effects of
wastewater discharges in the Los Angeles Bight. The investigation
will center on quantitating the incidence of disease and spatial -
temporal distribution patterns of demersal fish and benthic invertebrate
communities.
In relation to our New York Bight study, the first benthic
survey of the proposed experimental dumping site was completed
by program staff in December 1972. A preliminary sorting of the major
phylogenetic groups showed the amphipods and polychaetes to be
dominant taxocenes, although a foraminiferan was the most numerous
specie and a sand dollar accounted for most of the biomass. Faunal
6

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density was relatively low at all stations and showed changes among
stations that may be correlatable with sediment parameters.
PUBLICATIONS
Baumgartner, D. J. "A Brief Outline of a Study of Sewage Sludge
Dumping in the New York Bight." PNERL Working Paper #5, 9 pp., 1972.
(Can be obtained through Librarian, EPA, NERC-Corval1is)
Dailey, James E. and Harleman, Donald R. F. "Numerical Model for
the Prediction of Transient Water Quality in Estuary Networks." Ralph
M. Parsons Lab. for Water. Res. and Hydraulics Rept. 158, 226 pp.,
October, 1972. (Available from Authors, Dept. of Civil Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.)
KEY PERSONNEL
D. J. Baumgartner, Program Chief, 503-752-4368
R. J. Callaway, Modeling, 503-752-4369
M. H. Feldman, Mercury, 503-752-4370
R. C. Swartz, Biotic Stress, 503-867-6501.
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/A;	E utrophi ca
'*< PROlfc& Research	High
Pacific Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory
200 S. W. 35th Street	Corvallis, Or. 97330
January 1973
As strange as it may seem, a lake is similar to a human being; it has
a life span. A lake is born, grows old, and eventually dies, and,
similar to aging in man, the process can be rapid or slow, depending
upon a number of factors. The maturation process of a lake is called
eutrophication and is greatly accelerated by man's activities which
increase the nutrient input to the lake.
EUTROPHICATION RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
Shagawa Lake Demonstration Project
A unique project to demonstrate the feasibility of restoring dying lakes
by removing nutrients from incoming sewage will begin operation in
January 1973 at Ely, Minnesota. The body of water to be restored in
the demonstration is Shagawa Lake, and the means of accomplishing the
task is a $2.3 million advanced waste treatment facility designed to
remove more than 99 percent of the phosphorus in wastewater from Ely's
secondary sewage treatment plant. Although there are several other
tertiary treatment plants currently in operation, this is the first
attempt to restore a lake while continuing to discharge highly-treated
wastewater into it.
Design of the lake restoration program and the new wastewater treatment
facility was based on a study begun at Shagawa Lake in 1966. The
study included operation of a 28,000-gallon-per-day pilot treatment plant
An Associate Laboratory ol the National Environmental Research Center • Corvallis
200 S.kV. 35 th Street, Corvallis, Or. 97330

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2
to learn the effects of various degrees of advanced waste treatment on the
receiving lake water. If the full-scale tertiary treatment plant functions
as well as the pilot facility, only 150 pounds of phosphorus will enter
the lake each year. No other tertiary treatment plant, on any scale,
has yet achieved this significant level of phosphorus reduction. It
is anticipated that the Ely project will provide a model applicable to
sewage treatment operation in virtually every state. Robert M. Brice is
in charge of the Shagawa Lake Project.
An Interim Report on the Ely project is currently in press. Look for a
continuing series of articles on Shagawa Lake.
Diamond Lake Project
At Diamond Lake, Oregon, the effectiveness of nutrient diversion as a
lake restoration procedure is being evaluated in cooperation with the
United States Forest Service. Diamond Lake has received extremely high
recreational pressure and as a result has become eutrophlc. Installation
of a sewage interceptor system from campground areas has been initiated
and is about 50 percent completed. Extensive biological, chemical and
physical analyses are being made to evaluate the rate and extent of
recovery of the lake.
Algal Assays Procedure Being Adapted
The "Algal Assay Procedure: Bottle Test" published in August 1971
has received wide acceptance. The essential portions of the assay
procedure will appear in the 14th Edition of Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater.
The test is now being adapted for use in estuarine and marine waters.
An artificial sea water culture medium has been developed and a

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3
unicellular green alga Dunaliella tertiolecta has been chosen as
one of the test species. It has a wide salinity tolerance and has a
sensitive response to nitrogen and phosphorus.
Nutrient Inactivation Progress
In some lakes around the country it has been observed that little
improvement in water quality occurred following elimination of point-
source nutrient supply. This seems to be particularly true of lakes
which have a very low flow-through of water to replace that which is
high in nutrients. A promising method of restoring such lakes is
through an approach known as "nutrient inactivation," in which a
material which will chemically immoblize critical nutrients is
introduced into the water. A number of materials, including aluminum,
clays, and rare earths, are being tested in the laboratory for
effectiveness in removal of phosphorus from lake water and for any
detrimental environmental effects. These tests are moving to the field,
where a successful pilot scale test with sodium aluminate has already
been carried out.
Section 304(i) of New Water Bill--Lake Restoration
As a result of the efforts by the Eutrophication personnel in meeting
the requirements of Section 304(i) of the "New Water Bill," a State-of-
the-Art report on lake restoration is being developed. The document
provides information on methods, procedures and processes as may be
appropriate to restore and enhance the quality of the Nation's publicly
owned freshwater lakes.

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4
Need More Information
Consultation and advice on the subjects of this research are available
to all EPA offices and to State and Local Agencies. Requests from
sources outside EPA should be routed through the appropriate Regional
Administrator. For additional information call or write these researchers:
Thomas E. Maloney
Chief, National Eutrophication Research Program
General Program Activities
Commercial - 503-752-4211 extension 353
FTS - 8-503-752-4353
Charles F. Powers
Chief, Ecosystems Analysis and Methods Development Section
Development of lake restoration procedures and control of nutrients
from different sources
Commercial - 503-752-4211 extension 358
FTS - 8-503-752-4358
Kenneth W. Malueg
Chief, Lake Restoration Section
Lake restoration demonstration projects
Commerical - 503-752-4211 extension 357
FTS - 8-503-752-4357
William E. Miller
Acting Chief Physiology Section
Algal assays research and development
Commercial - 503-752-4211 extension 358
FTS - 8-503-752-4358
Robert M. Brice
Project Leader, Shagawa Lake Project
Shagawa Lake restoration project
Commerical - 218-365-3208
FTS - 8-612-725-4242 or 218-365-3208

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Highlights
National Lake
Survey Program
Pacific Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory
200 S. W. 35th Street
Corvallis, Or. 97330
Background
The Lake Survey (National Eutrophication Survey) Program started
in the spring of 1972 with the purpose of investigating numerous lakes
in the contiguous United States which receive effluent from municipal
sewage treatment plants to determine if phosphorus control would improve
the trophic status of those lakes. For each surveyed lake, the
investigation includes: (1) lake sampling to assess current water quality
and trophic condition, (2) algal assay studies to determine the limiting
nutrient, (3) tributary sampling to evaluate nutrient inputs, and (4)
effluent sampling to determine the contribution of point discharges
to total nutrient input.
Based on data gathered through the survey, a series of reports
will be developed presenting a rational basis for nutrient control. The
Lake Survey output will be incorporated into EPA's National Eutrophication
Control Program.
From May to November 1972, the Lake Survey field staff of the
Las Vegas National Environmental Research Center (NERC-LV) sampled
221 lakes in the New England states, Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin
three times each. Sampling was conducted from two modified "Huey"
helicopters backed up by a mobile water laboratory.
Progress
An Associate Laboratory of the National Environmental Research Center • Corvallis
200 S.W. 35th Street, Corvallis, Or. 97330

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Between July and November 1972, tributary sampling was started for
each of these lakes in the same ten states. Each lake averaged about
five tributaries with a total of 1115 sites from which monthly samples
are being acquired over a period of one year. THIS MASSIVE SAMPLING
PROGRAM WOULD HAVE BEEN IMPOSSIBLE TO UNDERTAKE HAD IT NOT BEEN FOR THE
ASSISTANCE OF THE NATIONAL GUARD. In each of the ten states, the
National Guard volunteered to assist the Lake Survey Program by
collecting the monthly stream samples and then preserving and shipping
them to the Pacific Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory for
analysis.
Excellent cooperation has also been provided by each state water
pollution control authority in providing lists of lakes to be studied,
arranging for municipal sewage treatment plant (MSTP) effluent samples to
be collected, and providing available background data for each lake.
The states in which the lake survey was initiated in 1972 and the
number of study lakes and stream sampling sites in each state are:
Number of Number of

Number of
Stream
MSTP's
Month Stream

Surveyed
Sampling
Being
Sampling Was
State
Lakes
Sites
Sampled
Ini tiated
Vermont
7
52
23
July
Connecticut
8
74
17
August
Rhode Island
3
28
1
August
New Hampshire
4
52
5
August
Massachusetts
8
37
15
September
Mai ne
9
59
5
September
Wisconsin
46
170
16
September
Minnesota
74
231
56
October
Michi gan
37
170
51
October
New York
25
242
36
November
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1973 Schedule
Planning for the Lake Survey in 1973 is well underway, and
in fact, the stream sampling program was partially started in Scjth
Carolina on February 10. Although all South Carolina sites were
scheduled to be sampled on Febraury 10 and 11, a severe snow storm
in the southern half of the state stopped the program cold (pun
intended), and the remainder of the sampling was completed during
the last two weekends in February.
The schedule for 1973 calls
east of the Mississippi River as
Number of
Lakes to
for surveying the remaining states
indicated below:
Number of
Stream
Sampling
Scheduled Start
of Stream
State
be Surveyed
Si tes
Sampli ng
South Carolina
14
97
February
Alabama
11
115
March 3
Georgi a
17
100
March 10
Florida
42
112
March 17
North Carolina
18
99
March 24
Kentucky
5
47
March 31
Mississippi
5
35
Apri 1 7
Tennessee
18
218
April 14
Delaware
6
16
April 28
Ohio
20
95
May 5
111i nois
32
113
June 2
I ndi ana
27
97
~
Maryland
4
2C
May 12
Pennsylvania
17
78
May 19
Vi rginia
9
57
~
* Not yet available
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Number of
State
Number of Stream
Lakes to	Sampling
be Surveyed Si tes
Schedule Start
of Stream
Sampling (1973)
West Virginia
New Jersey
5
14
*
~
~
NERC-Las Vegas field personnel are scheduled to begin lake
sampling the first week in March in Florida. Between March and
November 1973, each of the selected lakes in the 17 states will be
sampled three or four different occasions by the field personnel.
Tentative 1974-75 Schedule
Assuming that the survey stays on schedule, lakes in the 21
states west of the Mississippi River will be studied during 1974-75.
Tentative plans include initiating stream sampling in all 21 states during
1974, while the lake sampling would be accomplished during 1974 and 1975.
Need More Information
Additional information about the Lake Survey Program is available
to all EPA offices and to State Water Pollution Control Agencies.
Information requests from sources outside EPA should be routed through
the appropriate Regional Administrator. For additional information call
or write these persons:
Mr. Robert R. Payne
Coordinator, National Eutrophication Survey, EPA
Waterside Mall - West Tower, Rm. 607A
401 M Street, S. W.
Washington, D.- C. 20460
Commercial #202-755-0820
FTS #8-202-755-0820
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Dr. Jack H. Gakstatter
Co-Program Element Director
National Eutrophication Survey, EPA
200 S. W. 35th St.
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Commercial #503-752-4211 Extension 575
FTS #8-503-752-4575
Mr. Donald Wruble
Co-Program Element Director
National Eutrophication Survey, EPA
P. 0. Box 15027
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
FTS #8-702-736-2969
5

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United States
Environmental Protection Agency
PACIFIC NW ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
200 S.W. 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
OFFICIAL BUSINESS
PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE $300
an equal opportunity employer
POSTAGE AND FEES PAID
U S. ENVIRONMENTAL protection agency
EPA-335
Return this sheet if you do NOT wish to receive this material Q or if change of address is needed LJ (indicate change, including zip code)
NERCC-26

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(j&S	Thermal	P
Research
Pacific Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory
200 S. W. 35th Street	Corvallis, Or. 97330
January 10, 1973
Note our r.ew newsletter cover and format. This supercedes our
former Thermal Pollution Research Program State-of-the-Art Newsletter
series. The change in style is a move by EPA's National Environmental
Research Center, Corvallis, Oregon, to improve the timely dissemina-
tion of research findings to the user. We will continue to Issue a
semiannual summary such as this but, more Importantly, the Immediately
useful items will be highlighted 1n unscheduled separates.
State-of-the-art Updated
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 re-
quire the Administrator of EPA to report to the Congress on the effects
and methods of control of thermal discharges. The study will consider
such data as are available on (1) the latest technology for control,
(2)	economic feasibility, including cost-effectiveness analysis, and
(3)	total Impact on the environment. Consideration will be given not
only to water quality but also to air quality, land use, and effective
utilization and conservation of fresh water and natural resources.
An Associate Laboratory of the National Environmental Research Center • Corvallis
200 S.W. 35th Street, Corvallis, Or. 97330

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-2-
In light of the many recent advances 1n (!) techniques for
thermal plume prediction, (2) offstream cooling system design,
water treatments and operating criteria to minimize secondary
environmental problems, and (3) quantification of biologic effects,
it 1s obvious that a comprehensive updating of the state-of-the-art
is overdue. EPA, with the assistance of other interested Federal
and non-Federal agencies, has developed plans for compiling this
report, primarily through the contract mechanism.
Modeling Aquatic Thermal Pollution
Shirazl and Davis', "Workbook on Thermal Plume Prediction,
Volume I: Submerged Discharges," published last fall, must have
made the best-seller 11st. EPA's supply of copies is exhausted.
Orders for this report, Identified as EPA-R2-72-005a, Environmental
Protection Technology Series, should now be addressed to the Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402. The cost Is $1.75.
Other significant advancements 1n modeling thermal pollution
behavior in receiving waters result from completion of EPA grant-
supported research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and
Oregon State University.

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Stolzenbach, Adams and Harleman of MIT have modified and
improved the computer program for calculating three-dimensional
temperature distributions (developed at MIT and published February
1971 by EPA as "An Analytical and Experimental Investigation of
Surface Discharges of Heated Water") and now present a User's
Manual for the new program Including flow chart, program listing,
and sample of input and output data. See list of publications
for complete reference.
Trent and Welty at Oregon State University have attacked the
shallow water discharge problem and developed a numerical model
for predicting plume characteristics for vertical discharge from
a large diameter jet. The model is two-dimensional and predicts
velocity and temperature distributions for discharges Into a
homogeneous or stratified ambient water. See list of publications
for complete reference.
As models continue to accumulate --each with Its own strengths
and weaknesses --the National Thermal Pollution Research Program is
undertaking a comprehensive analysis, comparison and digest of the
various programs. Look for a series of Pacific Northwest Environmental
Research Laboratory Working Papers as this study proceeds.

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Protecting Fish Nurseries
Since many important game species use small streams for spawning
and during thermally-critical, early-life stages, Brown and Brazier
of Oregon State University report on protecting such water by control-
ling logging practices. They studied the effectiveness of uncut buffer
strips adjacent to clear cutting. The density of the buffer canopy
1n the path of the sun 1s a more important buffer strip characteristic
than width or timber volume.
NEW HARDWARE, CONCEPTS & TRENDS
Dry Towers
Dry cooling towers may get a boost in the U.S. from several direc-
tions. The first 1s the potential role of the development of the large
low-sulfur coal deposits and mlnemouth power generation of the arid
West (particularly the Powder River Basin) 1n the Nation's energy
crisis. An article in Electrical World, April 1 , 1972, describes
Soviet designed aluminum-covered, steel natural draft tower structures
that will withstand high seismic and wind loading. Hurricane and tor-
nado resistance has been a deterrent to natural draft towers in some
parts of the U.S. The Electric Power Research Institute 1s reported
to have given high priority to dry tower development for U.S. application.

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-5-
Fan-Assisted Natural Draft Towers
Although fan-assisted natural draft wet cooling towers have
appeared 1n the advertising literature of U.S. manufacturers,
none have been built in this country.
The Central Electric Generating Board of Great Britian has
completed development work on such cooling systems and 1s building
a full-scale tower for a 1000 MWe plant at Ipswltch at Cheshire.
Their objective is esthetic enhancement; one fan-assisted tower
can do the work of three conventional towers of the same height.
Geothermal Steam
As the Nation seeks alternatives to conventional energy sources
(see President Nixon's Clean Energy Message to Congress 1n June 1971)
increasing attention is focused on geothermal steam. A new annual
publication, "Geothermal World Directory," came off the press July
1972. This publication provides a reference source of current data
and related material on geothermal activities around the world. See
11st of publications for complete reference.

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NEW GRANTS AND CONTRACTS
Oregon State University, "Thermal Dlffuser Performance!' 800818.
This research will deal with mathematical and experimental
analysis of heated plume behavior from a multiple-port dlffuser
discharging into a moving ambient environment. Dr. Lorln Davis,
Mechanical Engineering Department, is the Principal Investigator.
Water Econon\y Research Institute, Poland, "Studies on the Effects
of Heated Waters Discharged from the Power Plant on the Physlco-
Chemlcal and Biochemical Processes Occurring in Large Rivers and
the Influence of These Discharges on the Water Quality."
This three-year project, activated under PL-48G, 1s directed
to determining biochemical reactions and reaction rates resulting
from adding waste heat to industrially-polluted water. Laboratory
experiments and field surveys will be performed.

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-7-
NEW EPA PUBLICATIONS
NOTE: A oomplete listing of publications of the National Thermal
Pollution Research Program may be obtained from the Librarian, Pacific
Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory, National Environmental
Research Center, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, Oregon 97230.
1.	STATE-OF-THE-ART NEWSLETTER NO. 4, Thermal Pollution Research
Program, July 1971 - June 1972.
2.	EFFECTS OF AMBIENT TURBULENCE ON BUOYANT JETS DISCHARGED INTO
A FLOWING ENVIRONMENT, by M.A. Shirazi, L.R. Davis and K.V. Byram,
January 1973, PNERL Working Paper #2.
3.	CONTROLLING THERMAL POLLUTION IN SMALL STREAMS, Oregon State
University, Environmental Protection Technology Series, EPA-R2-
72-083, October 1972.
4.	A USER'S MANUAL FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL HEATED SURFACE DISCHARGE
COMPUTATIONS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, EPA-R2-72-
133, November 1972, Environmental Protection Technology Series.
5.	A NUMERICAL MODEL FOR PREDICTING ENERGY DISPERSION IN THERMAL
PLUMES ISSUING FROM LARGE VERTICAL OUTFALLS IN SHALLOW COASTAL
WATERS, Oregon State University, Environmental Protection Tech-
nology Series, EPA-R2-73-162, November 1972.
6.	ANALYSIS OF ENGINEERING ALTERNATIVES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
FROM THERMAL DISCHARGES, State of Washington Water Research Center,
University of Washington, Washington State University, Environmental
Protection Technology Series, EPA-R2-73-161, November 1972.
The above publications are available from Librarian, Pacific Northwest
Environmental Research Laboratory, National Environmental Research
Center, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, Oregon 97330.

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-8-
Qther Significant Publications
1.	WATER TEMPERATURE DATA ACQUISITION ACTIVITIES IN THE U.S.,
F.H. Pauszek, USGS Water Resource Investigations, 2/72,
available from NTIS, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port
Laurel Road, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
2.	DRY COOLING TOWER USE STEEL STRUCTURE, Electrical World,
April 1, 1972.
3.	GEOTHERMAL WORLD DIRECTORY, 1972, published by Katherine
F. Meadows, P.O. Box 997. Glendora, California 91740.
4.	HOT NEW PROJECTS FOR POWER FROM THE EARTH, C.P. Gllmore,
Popular Science, August 1972.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
More detailed Information on EPA's Thermal Research may be
obatined by contacting:
Mr. Frank H. Rainwater, Chief
National Thermal Pollution Research Program
Pacific NW Environmental Research Laboratory
200 Southwest Thirty-Fifth Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Phone Numbers:
Commercial: (503) 752-4211, Extension 349, 350
FTS: 8-503-752-4349 or 4350

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Waste Treatment
"•w"	Research
Pacific Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory
200 S. W. 35th Street	Corvallis, Or. 97330
January 1973
CLOSED-LOOP TECHNOLOGY FOR INDUSTRY IS BEING DEVELOPED
The Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act passed
by Congress last year set forth a national goal to eliminate the
discharge of pollutants into the navigable waters by 1985. This will
require the development of technology to achieve the closed-loop
recycling of water in a wide variety of industries within a very
short time to meet deadlines specified in the new legislation. Much
has already been done.
The National Waste Treatment Research Program in Corvallis has
been conducting and funding research since 1967 to develop improved
treatment systems for the food processing and pulp and paper industries.
The results of research and demonstration projects are available
in the form of written project reports through the Corvallis office.
A few highlights of this research program are reported here.
An Associate Laboratory of the National Environmental Research Center • Corvallis
200 S.W. 35th Street] Corvallis, Or. 97330

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REVERSE OSMOSIS PERMITS RECYCLE OF PULP AND PAPER MILL EFFLUENTS
A study by the Institute of Paper Chemistry indicates that dilute
effluents from pulping, bleaching, and paper manufacture can be
treated by reverse osmosis to concentrate the waste some ten to twenty
times and will produce a permeate suitable for reuse in the plant. The
concentrate is processed to recover chemicals and solids. All usual
wastewater parameters are reduced in the 95 to 99 percent range. Some
problems with existing hardware and membranes were experienced, but
defects were corrected. Second generation equipment may provide more
acceptable service allowing substantially total removal of pollutants
from paper mill waste streams. This will permit direct reuse rather
than increased cost of effluent treatment. This study has been completed
and a final project report published.
A second study conducted by Green Bay Packaging, Inc. considered
the use of reverse osmosis for the concentration of dissolved solids in
neutral sulfite semi-chemical Whitewater. Again the dilute solids were
concentrated from one percent to an average of ten to twelve percent
solids with the concentrate being suitable for further evaporation and
burning. The permeate water was reused in mill processes. Design and
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operational data were developed for full-scale use of the RO process
for NSSC wastes. This EPA grant project has been completed and the final
project report published. (For more information contact Ralph Scott at
503-752-4211 Ext. 336.)
PULP MILL WATER SYSTEM TOTAL RECYCLE NOW POSSIBLE
A new EPA grant has been recently awarded to Green Bay Packaging, Inc.
to demonstrate at full-scale the complete close-up of a pulp mill water
system. The project will be directed at neutral sulfite semi-chemical
pulping using reverse osmosis as the primary m-plant treatment method
for concentrating solids and separating clean water. A total plant close-
up and recycle system will be installed. This system will contain
significant storage to hanJle spills and surges for reverse osmosis
processing and return of the permeate to the mill processes, and
for recovery of chemicals from the separated solids. This project is
expected to demonstrate for the first time that technology is already
available for complete close-up of this type of pulp mill. (Ralph
Scott has more information.)
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PEACH PROCESSOR REDUCES WASTE FLOW BY 90 PERCENT
Del Monte Corporation successfully demonstrated that dry peeling
of peaches could affect major savings in water used. A full-scale
commercial line was designed, constructed, and operated in parallel
with a conventional unit to compare dry peeling methods with the usual
wet processing system. Softened peach peel was removed with rapidly
rotating flexible rubber discs. This in-plant change reduced water use
from 850 gallons per ton for conventional peeling to 90 gallons per
ton and reduced BOD and suspended solids in the liquid waste from 55
to 70 percent. In-plant process changes such as this can significantly
reduce water used and the consequent waste discharges, thus preventing
major expenditures for waste treatment facilites. This project was
a demonstration grant and a final project report is being printed.
(Contact Ken Dostal for additional information at 503-752-4211, Ext.
305.)
STATE-OF-THE-ART STUDIES CHARACTERIZE FOOD PROCESSING WASTES
Two recent reports summarized current information on the character
of wastes and the existing technology for their treatment. These state-
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of-the-art projects provide baseline information on the character of
wastes and present treatment technology to help define research needs and
priori ties.
National Canners Association completed an extensive review of fruit
and vegetable processing wastes which indicated some 1840 plants
discharge 80 billion gallons of wastewater annually containing 800
million pounds of BOD. Unit processes available for treatment of these
wastes were discussed in detail.
A similar study of dairy plant wastes and treatment practices
was made by the Ohio State Department of Dairy Technology. This project
determined that more milk is being processed into products such as
cheese even though less milk is being produced. The industry currently
produces about 21 billion pounds of whey per year, which is the most
significant waste product.
Both of these state-of-the-art studies have been published as final
reports. (Ken Dostal has additional information.)
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THIRD NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON FOOD PROCESSING WASTES
The Third Symposium was held in New Orleans last spring. Twenty-
two papers on many aspects of in-plant processing changes, by product
recovery, and waste treatment systems for various segments of the food
processing industry were presented. A report of the proceedings of this
symposium has been published and is now available. This symposium is
scheduled annually for the purpose of bringing together representatives
of government and industry to hear reports on current and timely
research on new methods of treatment and in-plant process changes to
reduce waste discharges. The Fourth National Symposium will be held
jointly with Cornell University's Agricultural Waste Management
Conference late in March this year. (Additional information is
available from Jim Boydston, 503-752-4211, Ext. 313.)
EPA REPORTS AVAILABLE
The following reports include those referred to in the text
and are available through the National Waste Treatment Research
Program in Corvallis. Contact the Program Secretary or any of the
listed staff.
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1.	12040 EEL 02/72, Reverse Osmosis Concentration of Dilute
Pulp and Paper Effluents.
2.	12040 FUB 01/72, Recycle of Papermill Waste Water and
Application of Reverse Osmosis.
3.	12040 DYD (In print), Color Removal from Pulp Mill Effluents
by Massive Lime Treatment.
4.	EPA-R2-72-018, Proceedings Third National Symposium
on Food Processing Wastes.
5.	12060 EGU 03/71, Dairy Food Plant Wastes and Waste Treatment
Practi ces.
6.	12060 EDK 08/71, Liquid Wastes from Canning and Freezing
Fruits and Vegetables.
7.	12060 DXF 07/71. Membrane Processing of Cottage Cheese Whey
for Pollution Abatement.
WHO'S WHO IN WASTE TREATMENT RESEARCH
For information on the program or projects, or how to obtain the
reports, contact any of the listed staff.
James R. Boydston, Chief, National Waste Treatment Research Program
Ralph H. Scott, Chief, Paper and Forest Industries Section
Dr. H. Kirk Willard, Pulp ana Forest Industries
John S. Ruppersberger, Pulp and Paper
Dr. Martin D. Kmttel, Microbiologist, Ecological Effects

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Kenneth A. Dostal , Chief, Food Wastes Section
Max W. Cochrane, Dairy Wastes
Harold W. Thompson, Fruit and Vegetable
Dennis W. Taylor, Beverages
James A. Santroch, Fruit and Vegetable
National Waste Treatment Research Program
Pacific Northwest Environmental Research Program
200 S. W. 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
503-752-4211, Ext. 312
LIBRARY/EPA
National Environmental Research Center
200 S.W. 35th St.
Corvallis, OR 97330
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