U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
PACIFIC NORTHWEST ENVIRONMENTAL
RESEARCH LABORATORY
QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT
January 1-March 31, 1973
PACIFIC NORTHWEST ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
An Associate Laboratory of
National Environmental Research Center—Corvallis
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PACIFIC NORTHWEST ENVIRONMENTAL
RESEARCH LABORATORY
QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT
January 1-March 31, 1973
N. A. Jaworski, Director
L. P. Seyb, Assistant Director
PACIFIC NORTHWEST ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
200 S.W. 35th St.
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
FTS 503-752-4571
503-752-4211
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INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this report is to present a quarterly view of the
activities, both intramural and extramural, of the Pacific Northwest
Environmental Research Laboratory (PNERL). The research programs
at PNERL include:
— National Coastal Pollution Research Program (NCPRP),
involving research on the behavior of pollutants in the
marine environment.
— National Eutrophication Research Program (NERP), involving
research on the eutrophication (premature aging) process
in polluted water and development of methods and technology
for the control and restoration of eutrophic waters.
— National Eutrophication Survey Program (NESP), a study to
identify and analyze approximately 800 bodies of water in the
United States with potential or actual eutrophication
problems brought on by the discharge of excessive amounts
of nutrients into them.
— National Thermal Pollution Research Program (NTPRP), involving
the study of causes, effects, controls, and prevention of
thermal pollution in streams, lakes, reservoirs, estuaries,
and coastal waters.
— National Waste Treatment Research Program (NWTRP), involving
research on treatment of wastes from the pulp and paper
industry, wood products industry, forestry and logging, and
the food processing industry.
In addition, a review of the activities of the Central Laboratory
Service (CLS) is also presented.
The reporting of the research activities focus around the Research
Objective Achievement Plan (ROAP). Included in the presentation are
the ROAP approach, intramural activities, and extramural activities.
This report does not constitute publication but is for information
only. All data must be considered provisional.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Item Page
National Coastal Pollution
Research Program 1
National Eutrophication
Research Program 11
National Eutrophication
Survey Program 31
National Thermal Pollution
Research Program 39
National Waste Treatment
Research Program 45
Central Laboratory Services 71
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NATIONAL COASTAL POLLUTION RESEARCH PROGRAM
Program Element 1B1025
I. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE ACHIEVEMENT PLANS
A. SCIENTIFIC CRITERIA FOR OCEAN DISPOSAL—21 AIS
Approach
General: Determine behavior of pollutants in the marine environment
and the ecosystem responses they elicit, singly and in combination,
through controlled laboratory and field experiments and through analytical
measurement and observations in polluted natural environments. Field
experiments in controlled tidal ponds will be correlated with laboratory
simulator studies and full-scale observational and demonstration programs.
Studies of a more generally applicable nature will be conducted in-house,
while specific location-oriented studies will make extensive use of
grants and contracts.
Specific: Study the following:
(1) Uptake of mercury in Dungeness crabs,
(2) PCB's in Puget Sound, Los Angeles Bight, and New York Bight, and
in laboratory simulators,
(3) nature and significance of surface films near municipal ocean
outfalls (California Coast),
(4) dynamical response of ecosystems to environmental stresses
(New York and Los Angeles Bights),
(5) mechanisms of heavy metal accumulation in Southeastern
Atlantic and Gulf Coast coastal ecosystems,
(6) behavior of microbial pollutions in marine systems, and
(7) relationship of particulate pollutants in dredge spoil and
treated wastewater discharges on marine water quality.
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Intramural Activities
(1) New York Bight Study:
In February, the second benthic survey of the experimental sewage
sludge dump site in the New York Bight was completed. All biological
specimens collected during the first cruise in December have been
identified and enumerated. Gairenaridean amphipods and polychaetes are
the dominant taxacenes, although an arenaceous foraminiferan was the
most numerous species, and the sand dollar, Echinarchinus parma,
accounted for most of the biomass. These pre-discharge surveys will
continue for one year and provide the baseline for later evaluation
of the extent of ecosystem alterations due to sludge dumping.
A neutron activation procedure has been utilized for examination of
sludges from a number of New York area sewage treatment plants whose
sludges normally are disposed in the New York Bight, to establish
the heavy metal input to be anticipated in the New York Bight
experiment.
The sediments in the experimental site under consideration have been
sampled and are in process (at the neutron activation laboratory)
for estimation of the natural background of heavy metals.
PCB analysis of sewage sludge and sediment samples taken in the New
York Bight area is continuing. Laboratory studies to determine rates
of decay of PCB in sewage sludge and sediments were initiated.
Sample analyses of the sand fractions of bottom sediments collected
to date in the New York Bight are complete.
(2) Puget Sound:
Two cruises were made in Puget Sound with the University of Washington,
Research Vessel Onar to obtain ambient PCB data on sediment and
water samples from Elliott Bay, Commencement Bay, Budd Inlet,
and Hammersley Inlet. Analysis of these samples is near completion,
with results showing relatively large amounts of PCB present. Up to
2.2 ppm PCB were found in sediments taken from Seattle's Elliott Bay.
Overall trends indicate the Duwamish River, which empties into
Elliott Bay, is a major PCB source. Lower, yet substantial, amounts
of PCB were found in Tacoma's Commencement Bay. Further work to identify
other persistent organics and to verify PCB's presence in these samples
using the GC/MS is in progress.
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Extramural Activities
"Oxidation of Organic Matter in the Seabed." Grant No. 16070 EKZ.
The principal Investigator, Dr. Mario Pamatmat, University of
Washington, has completed the project and a draft final report
is nearly complete. Several journal publications have resulted from
this project, as well as procedure and equipment developments. These
are being compiled and evaluated as an information resource for
dissemination to Regional Offices where evaluation and decision
concerning sediments in dredging may be required.
"Transport, Fate, and Geochemical Interaction of Mercury, Cadmium, and
Inorganic Pollutants in the Coastal and Littoral and Salt Marsh
Environment of the Southeastern United States." Grant No. 800372.
This project has continued to examine a number of heavy metals
and nutrients in eight major estuaries of the SE Atlantic Coast.
Seasonal trends of concentrations in waters, suspended sediments
and bottom sediments are now being examined. For example, gradients
in concentrations of some of the metals in solution appear to be
the result of possible desorption reactions. Also, very obvious
differences can be observed on both concentrations and relative
proportions in various estuaries.
"The Significance and Control of Wastewater Floatables in Coastal
Waters." Grant No. 800373.
Dr. Robert E. Selleck, Principal Investigator, presented a discussion
of the first year's results. The paper was presented at the Third
Annual Technical Conference, Estuaries of the Pacific Northwest,
sponsored by Oregon State University and held each March on their
Corvallis campus. The title of the presentation was, "Evaluation of
Floatables of Wastewater Origin in the Vicinity of Marine Outfalls."
The paper includes discussions of the sampling methods employed for
surface slicks and near-surface floatables, and describes the
distribution of the collected and analyzed constituents for two
areas along the California coast.
"Biological Control of Microbial Pollutants in Natural Waters." Grant
No. 800433.
A continuation grant was awarded to Dr. Ralph Mitchell of Harvard
University to study the biological control of microbial pollutants in
marine waters. His current project will emphasize the identity,
seasonal distribution, killing mechanisms, and susceptibility to
pollution of £. coli predators in estuarine and coastal waters of
Massachusetts.
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"Decay of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Marine Sediments." Grant No.
800365.
Dr. Phillips is continuing to analyze stationary preparations for
decay of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Results indicate the process of
decay is extremely slow. He is also attempting to determine the
rate of decay of DDT as a function of temperature, pH, concentration
of DDT, nitrate, nitrite, oxygen, and other organic carbon.
"A Synoptic Survey of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Inputs to the Southern
California Bight." Grant No. 801153.
After a delay of two months due to changes in technical plans, Dr.
Young of SCCWRP initiated sampling for the runoff study portion of
the grant.
"Accumulation of Persistent Organic Compounds in Phytoplankton and
Influence of Phytoplankton Growth." Grant No. 800 362.
Dr. Pavlou is continuing chemostat studies of preferential
inhibition of persistent organics on phytoplankton. He is also
working on analysis of data and samples obtained from two cruises
in Puget Sound.
B. PREDICTIVE MODELS FOR POLLUTANTS IN THE OCEAN ENVIRONMENT—
21 AIT
Approach
General: To develop and test predictive models which quantitatively
describe the physical, chemical, and ecological interactions of added
polluting substances and pathogenic organisms. Such models describe
and predict the pollution sources, their routes and rates of movement,
the storage points and rates of accumulation, the transformations and
their rates, and the ecological interactions which occur in
climatologically and geographically distinct regions.
Specific: A series of predictive models for categories of pollutants
in ecologically-distinct ocean reaches. These models would be built
from the physical aspects—circulation, mixing, and diffusion—and
extended to include geological and geochemical processes and finally
to incorporate the biological and ecological relationships with extension
to management models.
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Intramural Activities
(1) Predictive techniques for coastal circulation and mixing processes:
Processing of data collected during last summer's CUE experiment was
completed. The Fourier series developed from these data were used
in the three-open-boundary model and sensitivity runs were conducted.
Production runs are scheduled for next quarter.
(2) New York Bight Study:
Preliminary observations on physical parameters (current, salinities,
and temperatures) in the vicinity of the experimental dumping site
were made during the February cruise on NGAA's R/V Rorqual. Results
were of immediate value to other investigators and will be useful
for pending modeling applications.
Extramural Activities
"Development and Testing of Numerical Models of Pollution of the New
York Bight Area." IAG-0228 (U.S. Navy).
Final debugging of the one- and two-layer models was completed. Runs
were made in the large and intermediate scale models. Initial
production runs are scheduled for next quarter. NCPRP personnel
will conduct tests with the models on a small grid size (10 x 10)
in order to become actively involved with the models' intricacies.
C. PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR POLLUTANTS IN ESTUARIES—21 AKE
Approach
General: To develop and test predictive models which quantitatively
describe the physical, chemical, and ecological interactions of polluting
substances and pathogenic organisms. These models describe and predict
the pollution sources, their routes and rates of movement, the storage
points and rates of accumulation, the transformations and their rates,
and the ecological interactions which occur in climatologically, geo-
logically and hydrologically distinct estuarine systems.
Specific: A series of predictive models will be developed for each
of the geomorphologically and ecologically distinct types of estuaries.
Physical models of the-circulation, mixing, and flushing will be further
refined into physical-chemical models and finally into ecological models
that can be mathematically manipulated with assumed pollution loads/
environmental stresses.
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Intramural Activities
None.
Extramural Activities
"Tidal Variations of Water Quality Parameters in Estuaries: Longitudinal
and Vertical Distributions." Grant No. 800429.
The second-year continuation of the grant with Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, with Dr. D. R. F. Harleman as Principal Investigator,
was submitted and approved. During this quarter, work was initiated on
incorporating vertical velocity and flux terms in the mass transport
equations.
"Retention of Pollutants in Fjords." Grant No. 801320.
This is a grant with the University of Washington, with Dr. Donald
Winter as Principal Investigator, on mechanisms controlling the
flushing rate in fjords. Work progressed on the upper layer circulation
solutions. Computer runs were made in comparing salinity structure
In Hood Canal and the main basin of Puget Sound with observed data.
Preliminary formulation of the flushing time of a particle at any
depth was completed.
A Joint International Fjord Experiment was discussed with Hood Canal
as the experiment site. Participants from the Universities of Oregon,
Washington, Alaska, and British Columbia will participate. Dr.
Baumgartner and Mr. Callaway were selected as EPA advisors.
D. SCIENTIFIC CRITERIA FOR OIL DISCHARGED INTO MARINE ENVIRONMENTS—
21 AIV
Approach
General: Initially, to participate in defining RFP Program Element
B12041 and in technical consultations and contract monitoring until the
Program Element 1B1025 approach to the long-term scientific criteria
problem can be adequately defined.
Specific: Detailed specification in accessible tabular form: chemical
fates of various oil fractions in various anticipated situations and a
prediction capability useful for regulatory purposes will be by reference
to the tabular data.
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Intramural Activities
Dr. Feldman attended the EPA/API Conference on Prevention and Control
of Oil Spills in Washington, O.C., on March 12. While in Washington,
he conferred with the members of the NAS Panels on Analytical Chemistry
and on Fates of Oils for the upcoming Workshop sponsored by NAS on
Oil Pollution of the Ocean. Dr. Feldman has accepted the responsibility
for writing a section on Fate of Oil Pollution of the Sea.
Extramural Activities
None.
E. SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR MARINE POLLUTION MEASUREMENTS—21 AIW
Approach
General: To examine existing marine methods of field sampling, in situ
sensors, remote sensing instrumentation, and devise standardized procedures
for sampling estuarine and coastal waters insofar as possible.
Specific: Minimal effort approved will be devoted solely to the area of
greatest need, review, documentation, and suggested approaches to
measurement and techniques applicable to marine biological corranunities.
Intramural Activities
The manuscript on survey techniques prepared at the Montauk Dredge
Spoil Workshop has been revised. It contains guidelines for the use of
benthic and planktonic communities to assess the impact of dredging and
spoil disposal on coastal ecosystems.
Extramural Activites
None programmed.
F. BENEFICIAL MARINE USES BY CONTROLLED INTRODUCTION OF POLLUTANTS—
01 ACG
Approach
General: Take cognizance of certain empirical attempts by other agencies;
evaluate available source waste materials; determine possible uses and
requirements; demonstrate full-scale commercial beneficial use of a
significant waste resource.
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Specific: Maintain cognizance of pertinent projects, and establish
literature file (bibliography).
Intramural Activities
None.
Extramural Activities
None.
II. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
1. Approximately ten man-months effort have been expended on the
Lake Superior Reserve Mining Enforcement Action.
2. Discussions were held with San Francisco and Seattle Regional
Office staffs regarding use of the barge dumping model for specific
problems of interest in their region.
III. PRESENTATIONS, REPORTS, TRIPS
1. Dr. Swartz presented a seminar on January 23 at the Oregon
State University Marine Science Center entitled, "Postlarval Growth
and Reproduction in the Xanthid Crab, Neopanope texana sayi."
2. Dr. Blazevich participated in two curises with Dr. Pavlou
in Puget Sound. The latest was February 5 through 8, 1973.
3. Dr. Baumgartner visited Nassau and Suffolk County (Long
Island) officials and MSRC, Suny regarding the planned New York
Bight experimental sludge.
4. In February, George Ditsworth attended depositions of Drs.
Normark and Bright (consultants for the Reserve Mining Company) and
consulted with Dr. Cook in Duluth in regard to the Lake Superior
Enforcement Action.
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5. Mr. Callaway conferred with members of the proposed Joint
International Fjord Experiment and provided advice on Hood Canal
field studies.
6. Mr. Callaway presented a summary of his CUE modeling work
to the SEA USE Numerical Modeling Workshop.
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NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION RESEARCH PROGRAM
Program Element 1B1031
I. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
A. METHODS TO INHIBIT ALGAE AND AQUATIC WEED GROWTH WHERE NUTRIENTS
CANNOT BE CONTROLLED—21 AIZ
Approach
General: To develop, evaluate and promulgate techniques of inhibiting
the growth of algae and higher aquatic plants in situations where high
nutrient availability will not, or cannot, be controlled. Such
techniques include: (1) application of selected chemicals, (2) use of
organisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and predators; (3) artificial
aeration or mixing of the water body, either completely or hypolimnetically.
Specific: Extensive literature surveys, laboratory studies, and field
evaluation will be conducted to develop and evaluate techniques to
inhibit the growth of algae and higher aquatic plants. Emphasis will
be placed on nutrient inactivation, aeration, biological control, and/
or a combination of these.
Intramural Activities
Nutrient inactivation studies.
This research is aimed at development of methodology for in situ chemical
complexing of nutrients to render them unavailable to algae and other
aquatic plants. The first step has been to evaluate the nutrient
removal capacity of various compounds. Different concentrations of
candidate inactivants were added to NAAM growth media. Subsamples
were then subjected to chemical analysis and algal assay tests (AAP).
Substances tested to date have been sodium aluminate, zirconium
oxychloride, sodium tungstate, titanium sulfate, lanthanum rare
earth carbonate, lanthanum rare earth chloride, kaolin, activated
aluminum, clinoptilite, zirconium tetrachloride, and Wah Chang
waste (by-product of the zirconium industrial process). Zirconium,
lanthanum, and aluminum compounds have shown the greatest efficiency
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in removing phosphorus, the nutrient on which we are presently
concentrating. Wah Chang waste, while not as efficient as the
pure compounds, ranks high on the list of candidates and its use
is particularly attractive in view of its low cost.
The second step is to determine whether candidate inactivants passing
the initial screening tests would exert detrimental effects on aquatic
animal life. Tests are being run utilizing fish (juvenile coho and
chinook salmon), and zooplankton (Daphnia magna). Cultures of a
benthic organism, Tarrytarsus dissimilus (a midge larva), are being
developed. It will be added to the test procedure beginning about
May 1.
Fish tests follow the static bioassay described in Standard Methods.
Concentrations of test materials range from zero (control) to
approximately ten times the amount which would be used in actual lake
treatment. Tests to date with fish have resulted in no mortality over
the 96-hour test period using sodium aluminate, Wah Chang waste, and
crude zirconium tetrachloride. Use of lanthanum rare earth chloride
resulted in complete mortality at concentrations greater than 1 mg/1
lanthanum.
Tests with Daphnia follow the static bioassay developed by NWQL, Duluth.
In tests with sodium aluminate and crude zirconium tetrachloride most
organisms survived the 96-hour test period, indicating only slightly
adverse effects. Tests with other inactivants have not been completed.
The third step in the nutrient inactivation laboratory studies is the
determination of the longevity of the inactivant-phosphate complex.
Natural sediment-water systems will be obtained with a Jenkins corer,
using glass-lined tubes. Inactivants will be introduced into the water,
and the resolubility rate of various phosphorus-inactivant complexes
measured, using 32p and 33p as tracers, in both aerobic and anaerobic
systems. These tests have been delayed while various micro-techniques
were worked out, but are expected to be initiated in the near future.
Extramural Activities
"Nutrient dynamics in an artificially enriched lake." J. K. Neel,
University of North Dakota, 16010 DFI.
The draft final report has been reviewed. This study was designed to
determine the effects of macrophyte harvesting on the nutrient dynamics
of the lake. It was found that harvest had a definite impact on
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macrophyte growth the following season. After one year's harvest,
density of weeds was about one-fourth as great the following year, and
phytoplankton density increased. However, macrophyte removal by harvest
took out only insignificant amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus when
compared with the amounts brought in annually by the lake's major
tributary, the highly enriched Pelican River.
"Nitrogen Sources and Cycling in Natural Waters." P. L. Brezonik,
University of Florida, 16010 DCK.
The draft final report has been reviewed. Sources of nitrogen were
reviewed to determine their significance in lake nitrogen budgets.
Nutrients in rainfall were found to be significant. N & P budgets
were calculated for 55 Florida lakes and critical loading rates
established. Nitrogen fixation by bacteria in sediments was described,
and evidence for the role of lake sediment as an ammonia buffer was
found.
"Eutrophication of surface waters--Lake Tahoe (Indian Creek Reservoir)."
P. H. McGauhey, Lake Tahoe Area Council, 16010 DNY.
The general purpose of this study has been to determine whether advanced
waste treatment processes at the upper limit of current technology
are adequate to reduce nutrients below the level at which they may
seriously accelerate the rate of eutrophication of surface waters.
Indian Creek Reservoir is the terminus of a system designed to export
from the Lake Tahoe basin the final effluent from the AWT of the South
Tahoe Public Utility District. The reservoir has been monitored
under this grant for three years. It is presently in its terminal
year, and the final report is in preparation.
"Research and development of a selective algicide to control nuisance
algal growth." W. F. Mcllhenny, Dow Chemical Co., Contract 68-01-0076.
The objective of this project is to develop a compound to effectively
and economically control the growth of nuisance species of blue-green
algae with a minimum impact on desirable forms of life in the aquatic
environment.
A computerized structure research of over 100,000 compounds was made
to select the analogs of four candidate compounds. The 1309 selected
analogs were subjected to agar-plate screening tests; 41 remained as
candidates for final laboratory screening. Two compounds: 2, 5-dichloro-
3, 4 dinitrothiophene, and (p-chlorophenyl) -2- thienyliodoniumchloride,
were selected as final candidates for field testing, which will constitute
the next phase of the research.
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B. DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES TO MEASURE NUTRIENTS FROM DIFFUSE
SOURCES—21 AJE
Approach
General: The development of laboratory and/or field methods for
quantitatively describing the nutrient contribution of diffuse sources
such as agricultural and urban runoff and rainfall to bodies of water
and of procedures to assess their significance in terms of the total
nutrient input to a given water body.
Specific: Continue laboratory evaluation of sediment-water nutrient
exchange under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Initiate field and
laboratory studies on surface water enrichment from septic tanks and
quantify same, while also investigating the feasibility of using
advanced septic treatment systems rather than conventional ones. Survey
other nutrient inputs to surface waters in the Northwest, select
treatment methods and evaluate effectiveness.
Intramural Activities
No intramural activity this quarter.
Extramural Activities
"Determine the release of inorganic and organic forms of phosphorus from
sediments." R. E. Wildung, Battelle-Northwest, Contract 14-12-508.
The final report has been approved for publication. Methods were
developed for the characterization of inorganic and organic P components
and/or laboratory measurement of release from sediments and subsequent
availability to algae. Lake sytems studied were Upper Klamath, Agency,
Diamond, Erie, and Shagawa. Sufficient data were obtained to detect
seasonal changes in P concentration in Upper Klamath Lake sediments.
Release of and resorption of P associated with the solid phase occurred.
Release appeared to be largely from non-occluded Fe-P whereas resorption
was primarily in the form of non-occluded Al-P. Algal growth response
to released P during dialysis in laboratory experiments was approximately
equivalent to the response to orthophosphate.
"Determine nitrogen transformation in lake sediments." D. R. Keeney,
University of Wisconsin, 801362.
The final report is in preparation. It will consist principally of
a protocol for the determination of sorption and release of nitrogen
by lake sediments. Other results of the research under this grant have
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been published in technical journals. Nitrogen fixation in sediments
from hard and soft water lakes has been investigated, and work was
carried out on the effects of certain additives, such as alum and
calcium carbonate, or nitrogen transformations in sediments.
"Determine the role of phosphorus-sediment interactions in eutrophication
and quantify the potential release from sediments." Armstrong, University
of Wisconsin, 801364.
The final report is in preparation. Initial phases of the work consisted
of characterization of phosphorus types from a number of Wisconsin
lakes. Phosphorus transformations were investigated in the laboratory
under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, particularly with respect to
iron and manganese. Sediment-water systems to simulate the effect of
ground water percolation on transport of P from sediments were developed.
"Determine nitrate removal from water at the water-mud interface in
swamps." W. H. Patrick, Jr., Louisiana State University, 800428.
Emphasis of this study continues to be oriented toward an understanding
of the mechanisms involved in nitrate removal from the water overlying
flooded soils and sediments. Two components have been intensified:
1) a dilution effect of the nitrate in the overlying flood water
diffusing into the water phase of the sediment, and 2) denitrification
of nitrate after diffusion into the reduced sediments. Mathematical
expressions have been developed to describe both processes. Another
series of studies is being conducted to determine the effect of oxygen
on the denitrification processes.
C. THE APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES TO EUTROPHICATION
STUDIES--21 AJG
Approach
General: The evaluation of application of remote sensing techniques
to eutrophication studies in order to reduce the effort required to
obtain water quality data.
Specific: Develop remote sensing techniques for the measurement of
variables such as water color, chlorophyll, suspended solids, and
light penetration, interpretable in terms of water quality and lake
trophic state. Relate aerial photographs and other remote data on
drainage area land use to nutrient flux to water. Evaluate applications
of developed techniques to eutrophication studies to reduce the effort
required to obtain water quality and trophic state data.
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Intramural Activities
Although this ROAP is primarily an extramural project, some effort was
spent during this quarter in establishing contacts with the Environmental
Remote Sensing Applications Laboratory (ERSAL) at Oregon State University,
and the Air National Guard at Salem, Oregon. Data from the ERTS-I
satellite can be accessed through ERSAL, and we are looking into the
possibility of utilizing scanner data for surveillance of lakes.
Initial work will be with Diamond Lake, for which we routinely collect
1imnological data. The air National Guard will soon initiate an
infrared aerial photography program which will include flights over
Oregon. They are interested in cooperating with our program.
Extramural Activities
"Nutrient inputs to natural waters." P. Uttormark, University of
Wisconsin, 801343.
This is a project to develop correlations between land use patterns
and nutrient contribution to lakes and rivers to enable use of aerial
photographs to estimate nutrient influx. Extensive literature searches
have yielded considerable data on quantities of various nutrients which
would be expected to enter surface waters from lands subjected to
different uses of agriculture, forestry, urbanization, and so forth.
A report has also been received summarizing an extensive literature
on N and P contributions from precipitation.
D. THE DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR ASSESSING AND CATEGORIZING THE
POTENTIAL EUTROPHICATION OF NATURAL WATERS—21 AJF
Approach
General: The trophic state and productivity response of freshwater and
estuarine organisms to change in nutrient levels must be known in
order to predict the consequences of eutrophication control measures.
To meet this need, it is necessary to develop, evaluate, and standardize
laboratory and in situ assays which will allow an accurate and rapid
assessment of organism-nutrient relationships. Another need is to
be able to rapidly classify a lake on the basis of a single set of
observations. This is necessary in order to identify problem lakes
and set priorities for implementing control measures.
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Specific: Develop, refine, evaluate, standardize, and conduct laboratory
and field bioassays (in situ) to measure, predict and categorize the
response(s) of aquatic organisms, both freshwater and estuarine, to
specific additions or reductions of nutrients. Define critical nutrient
levels (phosphorus, nitrogen, etc.) responsible for nuisance "blooms"
of algae. Design a simple, reliable lake classification system to
aid scientific, regulatory and planning agencies to identify problem
lakes and set priorities for implementing control measures.
Evaluate and predict the effects of individual and known nutrients on
the growth of nuisance algae and aquatic plants using both lab and
field (in situ) bioassay techniques in fresh and estuarine waters.
Freshwater Algal Assay Studies:
The comparison of the growth responses of Selenastrum capricornutum,
Microcystis aeruginosa, and Anabaena Flos-aquae in the Coastal-
Cascade Lake water samples is near completion. In general S^.
capricornutum, and A. Flos-aquae indicated similar growth response
trends in the waters tested. M. aeruginosa did not grow in the Coastal-
Cascade water samples. Further examination of the laboratory data is
in progress to determine why the differences in growth response for
each test alga were obtained in these waters.
Marine Algal Assay Studies:
Salinity tolerance, light intensity, temperature, pH, and AAP nutrient
conditions have been determined for Dunaliella tertiolecta. The
following optimum for optimum laboratory conditions have been observed.
(1) salinity range 5 - 25°/0o
light intensity 400 ft. C. (4304 lux)
Cooperative studies have been initiated with EPA Region X and the
state of Washington DEQ to evaluate Dunaliella tertiolecta as a
possible marine "bottle test" test organism in waters collected from
selected sites in Puget Sound.
Intramural Activities
pH range
critical phos. level
critical NH4 - N level
temperature
7.0 - 8.5
2.5 yg p/L
10.0 yg N/L
18°C
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Determination of the environmental and nutritional requirements and
physiological processes of fresh water and estuarine algae and aquatic
plants.
The trace element nutrition studies have been temporarily suspended
The principal investigator is devoting full time to the Spokane
River study.
Previous samples from the Spokane River, Washington, both filtered
and autoclaved-filtered, produced algal yields far below those
expected from chemical analysis of the water's nutrient content.
Zinc levels in the Spokane River range from 250 yg/L at Post
Falls to 20 yg/L at Long Lake Dam. Zinc levels of 100 yg/L have
been determined to be algicidal for Selanastrum capricornutum
grown in AAP culture media. In general the algistatic level of
zinc changes with the nutrient content of the test water. Levels of
zinc as low as 20 yg/L have been determined to be > 95 percent algistatic
in Spokane River waters containing < 10 yg orthophosphorus/1iter.
The final Report on the Spokane River Assay Study is in preparation.
Extramural Activities
"Evaluate continuous-flow and field (in situ) bioassay results with those
obtained with the AAP Bottle Test, August 1971, in fresh waters." Dr.
Charles M. Weiss, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 800399.
This study deals with four phases of research concerning the algal
assay procedure. One phase is to conduct a series of systematic
studies in which random block designs will be evaluated to establish
the best arrangement of test design in order to increase the reliability
of the algal assay between laboratories. Another phase will be
concerned with investigating an experimental design, whereby, samples
are brought into the laboratory and primary productivity of the natural
phytoplankton determined. The effect of change in temperature of
samples from low ambient to standard incubation temperature will
be particularly studied. The adaption of the algal assay procedure
to estuarine waters will also be studied. Finally, the relationship
of in situ productivity to productivity in laboratory assays will
be studied.
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"Design assay techniques, both lab and field, to evaluate and define
the nutritional ecology of aquatic plants." Dr. Gerloff, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, 800504.
This research is part of a continuing program of laboratory studies
to establish the nutritional requirements, and to some extent other
environmental requirements, of nuisance aquatic plants and to apply
the results in reducing nuisance growths of the plants in lakes
and streams. This specific project involves further refinement and
evaluation of a bioassay technique known as "plant or tissue
analysis" for assessing nutrient supplies and specific limiting
nutrients for growth of the nuisance aquatic plants.
Studies will be carried out in the laboratory to compare the
capacities of various types of nuisance aquatic plants, both algae
and macrophytes, to take up and compete for nutrients in the
presence of very low concentrations of the elements comparable
to the concentrations in lakes of Wisconsin. It is anticipated
the results will be applicable in explaining differences in the
relative abundance of different nuisance plants with variations in
lake fertility, including the effects of nutrient pollution.
"Describe and quantify--including the use of bioassays the various
physical, chemical, and limnological interrelationships responsible for
the succession (changes) in species composition relative to the trophic
state of a body of water." Dr. Morton, WARF Institute, 801168.
The objective of this project is to determine the conditions
favorable for maintaining a high green algae, or diatom, to blue-
green algae ratio in natural waters.
The succession and predominance of algal types will be determined
as a function of manganese, iron, carbon, oxygen, rate of aeration
and mixing, light intensity and temperature. Mixtures of green and
blue-green algae and diatoms will be cultured under varying
conditions and the rate of growth and final cell yields of each
type of algae measured. Relationships between the observed algal
growth and the variations in the chemical and physical system in
which they are grown will be determined.
University of Wisconsin biological and chemical data on Lake Mendota
will be used to correlate green to blue-green algae ratios observed
in the field to experimental results obtained by the proposed
laboratory research.
19
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"Application of bioassay and chemical analysis to the evaluation of the
ecological implications of nutrient control projects." Dr. George
Fitzgerald, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 801361.
The specific objectives of this project are to apply bioassay
and chemical analyses to the evaluation of the ecological implications
of nutrient control projects:
1. To apply the standard Algal Assay Procedures (AAP) based
on cell growth to record changes in the maximum biomass
of algae supported by lake water samples and the rple of
N, P, and Fe as limiting factors throughout the growing
season. AAP assays will continue to be carried out in
cooperation with the Inland Lake Renewal and Management
Demonstration Program supported by the Upper Great Lakes
Regional Commission. Basic and applied studies of the use
of the carbon-14 limiting nutrient technique as one
alternative to the AAP will also be continued.
2. To record changes in the N, P, and Fe nutritional status
of in situ algae from key sampling stations throughout
the algal growing season by the use of enzymatic and
chemical fraction analyses as evidence of practical changes
taking place.
3. To conduct comparative chemical analyses and 24-hour algal
sorption tests on selected water samples to record the
concentrations of soluble PO4-P, total P, and available P
in lake samples throughout the algal growing season.
4. To critically evaluate the data generated by the different
techniques on a cost-results basis for rationally
interpreting results and the selection of methods most
appropriate for particular purposes.
"Determine relationship between interspecies effect of algal extracellular
metabolites and bloom sequence in freshwater." Dr. Luigi Provasoli,
Yale University, 801387:
In vitro metabolite effects involving organisms isolated from the
same body of fresh water will provide a basis for decerning in situ
events of possible relevance to metabolite activity; i.e., in vitro
effects which correlate with bloom sequence will be used as indicators
20
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of possible in situ involvement of extracellular metabolite
activity in bloom sequence. Bioassays of waters taken before, during,
and after blooms will be used to establish the relative activities
of such waters. Activity which reasonably suggests itself as a
contributor to sequential events will be studied in greater detail.
"Investigation of the aspects of blue-green algal growth and phosphate
concentration in relation to available phosphate." Dr. Jensen, Herbert
Lehman College, New York, New York, 800431.
This research study will investigate three different aspects of the
blue-green algal growth and phosphate concentration in relation to
the available phosphate in the environment. First, the effect of
the varying amounts of available phosphate on the formation of the
polyphosphate bodies under different environmental conditions will
be determined. Second, an attempt will be made to develop new
methods of observing polyphosphate bodies. Third, an analysis
will be made to determine if a correlation exists in nature between
available phosphate and total volume of polyphosphate bodies in a
certain number of blue-green algal cells.
E. THE DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LAKE RESTORATION
PROCEDURES—21 AIY
Approach
General: Demonstrate and evaluate lake restoration procedures at
laboratory, pilot and full-scale levels.
Specific: Many existing or newly developed preventive and remedial
processes that have proven successful at the laboratory level will be
brought to operating levels capable of broad practical application.
Some of these processes will be advanced waste treatment, dredging,
in situ phosphorus precipitation, nutrient exclusion, aeration, sediment
drying, and nutrient flushing.
Intramural Activities
Conduct 1imnological investigations to determine the effect of advanced
waste treatment (phosphorus removal) of municipal wastewater on the
eutrophication process in Shagawa Lake, Minnesota.
The full-scale lake restoration of Shagawa Lake, Minnesota, began
on April 2, 1973, when the advanced wastewater treatment plant began
removing 99 + percent of the phosphorus from all municipal wastewater.
There are numerous small problems that presently exist in the plant
operation but they should be resolved in the near future.
21
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During the quarter the usual winter stratification of chemical and
biological parameters was observed. Total and orthophosphorus
remained fairly constant in Shagawa Lake at about 0.050 and
0.035 mg/1 respectively.
Chlorophyll ^concentrations were 1-3 ug/1 until mid-March when they
began to increase to a present (early April) value of 54 ug/1 at the
east end of the lake. Predominate alga was Synura uvella; also
present were Chlamydomonas spp. and Euqlena spp.
Burntside River (principal inlet) reached a peak phosphorus concentration
of 0.046 mg/1 during the period of heavy run off (March 11-18) and
returned to normal levels by March 26.
Total phosphorus mass balance calculations have been performed for
1971 and compared with observed values within the lake. Data
indicate that the sediments can act as a significant sink or source
of phosphorus and at certain times of the year can supply the lake
with three to four times the amount of phosphorus that enters the
lake through the secondary treated wastewater. The significant
supply of phosphorus from the sediments appears to correlate well
with periods of anoxia in the deeper portions of the lake.
Extramural Activities
"Monitoring and nutrient inactivation studies on two glacial lakes (Ohio)
before and after nutrient diversion." G. Dennis Cooke, Kent State
University Ohio, 801936.
The objectives are: 1) to determine the effect of sewage diversion
(installation of sewer lines) on indices of eutrophication, 2) to
determine a base-line reference for a full-scale experiment of
lake restoration (with one lake serving as a control), and 3) to
conduct a full-scale lake restoration experiment of nutrient
inactivation of phosphorus.
Although 70 percent of the sewage has now been diverted away from the
lake, no clear pattern of lake recovery is apparent. Analysis of
the data is presently continuing to try to explain these results.
Data from phosphorus inactivation. studies were reduced and plans
were completed for longevity experiments in Spring, 1973.
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"The effectiveness of advanced waste treatment methods and the recovery
rate of an enriched lake following nutrient cut-off." Winston C. Larson,
Consulting Engineer, Detroit Lakes, Minnesota, 800490.
This project will divert the wastewater treatment plant effluent
from Lake Sal lie in an attempt to reduce the nutrient input to this
lake and retard its rate of etftrophication.
The diverted wastewater will be treated experimentally by three
processes: 1) chemical precipitation and sedimentation; 2)
spray applications to crops and soils, and 3) periodic discharge
to soil adsorption galleries. The objectives of the project
are to determine the effectiveness of the three techniques cited
above in removing nutrients from the wastewater effluent and to
document the response and rate of recovery of Lake Sallie following
the elimination of its primary nutrient source. Wells were
installed at the irrigation site by U.S.G.S. to establish groundwater
gradient in the study area. Sallie Lake, its tributaries and the
various stages of wastewater treatment, were routinely monitored for
chemical and biological parameters to establish a nutrient budget
and document background conditions.
The project is awaiting funds for the cost of diverting the wastewater
to the wastewater treatment evaluation sites.
"Eutrophic lake reclamation by physical and chemical manipulations."
Mark W. Tenney, University of Notre Dame, 801245.
The project involves a demonstration of the water quality parameter
changes in a eutrophic lake (Stone Lake, Cassopolis, Michigan)
following complete domestic pollution abatement. During this study
particular emphasis will be placed on the investigation and field
demonstration of external manipulation procedures which will hopefully
accelerate the return of human uses to existing lakes which are
seriously polluted.
Stone Lake continued to be monitored for nutrient and biological
changes due to nutrient abatement.
23
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Data from laboratory and in situ lake experiments on nutrient
inactivation were evaluated. Results showed fly ashes to be more
effective than clay, silt or sand, in removing phosphate from the
lake water and controlling the biogeochemical cycling of phosphate
from flocculative type eutrophic lake sediments. The biological
effects of the fly ash on the lake system continued to be evaluated.
An economic evaluation of applications methods of fly ash or fly
ash and lime for Stone Lake reclamation was completed.
The mathematical modeling effort of Stone Lake concentrated on the
cycling of nutrients through the microbial ecosystems to determine
the sensitivity of the model to various parameters.
"Survey of lake rehabilitation techniques and experiences." S. M. Born,
University of Michigan, 802242.
This grant will produce a state-of-the-art review of lake restoration
activities in the world and determine past experience and the
existing state-of-knowledge associated with each technique.
A systematic literature search of foreign and domestic literature
on lake rehabilitation was completed. Questionnaires were mailed
worldwide to 2200 individuals working in the area of lake
eutrophication and lake renewal and management. These questionnaires
are presently being edited as they are returned. A draft of the
final report entitled "Survey of Lake Rehabilitation Techniques"
will be ready in July 1973.
"National Lake Inventory." Paul D. Uttormark, University of Wisconsin,
801363.
The goal of this project is to compile factual information describing
the quality of lakes larger than 100 acres in size as a basis for
assessing: 1) the magnitude of the eutrophication problem in
this country, 2) the need for lake rehabilitation, and 3) the need
for protective action to maintain satisfactory lake quality.
Questionnaires were prepared and completed for all Wisconsin lakes
with surface areas greater than 100 acres. The Wisconsin Department
of Natural Resources completed portions of the forms while the Water
Resources Center filled in the remainder.
Wisconsin lakes receiving direct discharge of sewage effluent were
identified and a report prepared on 65 such lakes.
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"Eutrophication Information Program." Paul D. Uttormark, University of
Wisconsin, 801365.
The objective is to continue the publication activities of the
Eutrophication Information Program at Wisconsin. Publications
include:
1. Eutrophication: A Bimonthly Summary of Current Literature.
2. Two critical literature reviews of selected areas of
eutrophication.
3. Annual Index of Eutrophication Literature.
Bimonthly summary of current eutrophication continued to be printed
and distributed.
"Lake Drawdown: A method of improving water quality." Jackson L. Fox,
University of Florida, 800305.
The overall objective of this project is to quantitatively and
qualitatively define the effects of drawdown and refilling on Lake
Apopka, Florida, water quality in physical, biological, and chemical
terms.
Sediment drying and consolidation continued to be evaluated as a
lake restoration technique. Included in the evaluation was the
effect on benthic organisms and higher aquatic plant seeds. Also
evaluated was the effect on water chemistry and biology and the
growth of plants after reflooding the dried sediments with Lake
Apopka input water.
Limnological sampling of Lake Apopka began in order to compare the
simulation data to water quality in the lake itself.
"Reduction of Eutrophication of Lower St. Regis Lake
by Point Source Phosphorus Removal." G. Wolfgang Fuhs, Health Research,
Inc., and New York State Health Dept. 801529.
The objective is to demonstrate whether phosphorus removal alone
at the Paul Smith's College Wastewater Treatment Plant during the
growing season will greatly lessen the recurring algal blooms in
lower St. Regis Lake. Two methods of phosphorus removal-alum
precipitation and effluent recharge-wi11 be studied at the treatment
plant. A limnological monitoring project began February 1973.
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"Nutrient Diversion Effects on Eutrophication." Eugene B. Welch,
University of Washington 800512.
The objective is to evaluate the rate of return of nutrient and
plankton algal content to a pre-enrichment level in Lake Sanmamish,
Washington. The rate of return will be compared with that following
a similar diversion from Lake Washington. Emphasis will be to
determine the role of sediments in controlling the recovery rate in
the two lakes.
An estimate of the pre-diversion nutrient budget has been
established.
A descriptive phosphorus cycling model for the epilimnion during
stratified periods was constructed. Modeling efforts concentrated
on development of the major components of the lake model including:
1) the relation of solar radiation and wind stress to lake
stratification and mixing* 2) proper input to the lake oxygen model,
and 3) sediment/water nutrient exchange model.
F. PREDICTIVE MODELS FOR THE EUTROPHICATION PROCESS—21 AJA
Approach
General: Develop a series of predictive models which define the chemical,
physical and biological components and their effect on the eutrophication
of lakes and estuaries.
Specific: Develop and test a predictive model or models which quantitatively
describe and define the significant ecological (chemical, physical and
biological) phenomena which relate to eutrophication in freshwater and
estuarine water bodies. Such models should include numerical terms for:
1) cycling of nutrients in ecosystems including nutrient uptake and release
from bottom sediments; 2) relationship of algal species to available
nutrients; 3) community level response to specific nutrient increases
and decreases; 4) effects of physical and chemical factors such as light,
temperature, pH and salinity on growth of individual species; and 5) the
metabolic processes involving nutrients and then cycling.
Intramural Activities
Develop systematic software directed toward Shagawa Lake data analysis.
Test software against data to provide preliminary assessments of the
validity and completeness of the terms in the model formulation. Prepare
statement of data need and an estimate of confidence levels for the
models developed.
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A preliminary model for Shagawa Lake, relating algal growth to
phosphorus concentration and total daily radiation was developed
and tested using observed phosphorus loading values {excluding
sediment interaction). The spring phytoplankton peak was simulated,
however, the large late summer peak was not. It is hypothesized
that the considerable supply of phosphorus from the sediments
promotes this extensive late summer bloom. This hypothesis will
be tested in future studies on nutrient exchange between the
sediment and lake water.
Extramural Activities
"Systems studies of water and nutrient transport." Dale Huff, University
of Wisconsin, 801366.
This project will assemble and document a package of computer
programs that can be used to explore the effects of land-water
interactions on lake quality. A second related goal is to use
the collection of computer programs to examine potential points
for applying management plans for improving lake quality.
No reports have been received for this quarter.
"Aqueous environmental chemistry of nitrogen and phosphorus in Lake
Mendota." 6. Fred Lee, University of Wisconsin, 801360.
The objectives are: 1) to estimate nutrient flux to and from
lake sediments, 2) assess ways in which nutrients are transported
to the lake from the watershed, and 3) define the role of the
thermocline as a barrier to nutrient transport.
A revised and improved estimate of the nutrient sources of Lake
Mendota was completed. A mathematical model was developed which
can be used to predict the rate of recovery of a lake upon a
nutrient input reduction. A model was developed which can be
used to formulate the deoxygenation of the hypolimnion of lakes.
Also completed studies which better define the role of the
thermocline as a barrier to nutrient transport in lakes.
II. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
1. A report was prepared for Office of Air and Water Programs
on Section 304(i) of Water Bill.
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2. Algal cultures were prepared and sent to other institutions
for algal assays.
3. A report entitled "Suggested Plan for a Comprehensive Study
of Eutrophic Conditions in the Chowan River," was reviewed as
requested by the Department of Natural and Economic Resources, State
of North Carolina.
4. Technical assistance was provided to Region V concerning the
establishment of phosphorus standards for lakes, reservoirs and streams.
5. Technical assistance to Washington State Department of Ecology
(cooperative work among Region X, NERP, and Washington State) was carried
out.
6. A Lake Apopka grant to EPA (non OR&M) was reviewed.
7. The draft of report on Spokane River Survey for Region X
relating to algal assays conducted on the river was completed. Established
that nutrients from the Spokane Sewage Treatment Plant were responsible
for nutrient enrichment in Long Lake Dam. Determined that advanced
waste treatment would be necessary to rectify the problem. Also
established that elimination of smelter waste effluent by Bunker
Hill Mining Co., at Smeltersville, Idaho, would reduce zinc levels
in the Spokane River sufficiently to increase nuisance algal problems.
8. Francis S. Stay has been serving as a consultant to Region I
and has been working with data related to the Lake Champlain litigation.
9. Kenneth W. Malueg attended a meeting in Orlando, Florida,
to discuss the restoration of Lake Apopka, Florida.
10. Representatives of the Reserve Mining Company took depositions
from Thomas E. Maloney and Charles F. Powers in relation to taconite
tailings discharge to Lake Superior.
II. PRESENTATIONS, REPORTS, TRIPS
A. TRIPS
1. Francis S. Stay traveled to Boston, Massachusetts, to
consult with Region I regarding Lake Champlain.
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2. D. Phillips Larsen, Thomas E. Maloney and Kenneth
W. Malueg traveled to St. Louis, Missouri, to attend meeting with
personnel of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute to discuss the ecosystems
modeling program being carried out at RPI for the International Biological
Program.
3. Joseph C. Greene and William E. Miller traveled to
Spokane, Washington, to sample Spokane River sites, and to meet with
Region X and City of Spokane.
4. Thomas E. Maloney attended the PED-PEM caucus concerning
ROAP's for FY 74 in Washington, D.C.
5. Kenneth W. Malueg participated in a meeting at Orlando,
Florida, to discuss the proposed lake drawdown of Lake Apopka to
improve the water quality and decrease algal blooms.
B. REPORTS
1. Technical paper, "Full Scale Harvest of Aquatic Plants:
How it Affects the Nutrient Budget of an Artificially Enriched Lake,"
by S. A. Peterson, W. L. Smith, and K. W. Malueg, submitted to Journal
of the Water Pollution Control Federation for publication, and also
submitted for presentation by Peterson at the 1973 WPCF conference.
2. Working Paper No. 8, "Diamond Lake Studies--1971,
Progress Report No. 1," by W. D. Sanville and C. F. Powers, submitted
for publication.
3. Abstract of technical paper, "Studies on Lake Restoration
by Phosphorus Inactivation," submitted for presentation at the 1973
annual meeting of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography
by W. D. Sanville.
4. Working Paper No. 7, " A Study on Disposal of Campground
Wastes Adjacent to Waldo Lake, Oregon," by J. R. Tilstra, K. W. Malueg,
and C. F. Powers, published in February.
5. EPA Ecological Series Report No EPA-R3-73-026, "The
SHAGAWA LAKE PROJECT: Lake Restoration by Nutrient Removal from
Wastewater Effluent," by K. W. Malueg, R. M. Brice, D. W. Schults
and D. P. Larsen, submitted for publication.
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NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY PROGRAM
Program Element TBI029
I. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
The portion of the National Eutrophication Survey (NES) for which
the Pacific Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory (PNERL) is
responsible includes three interrelated Research Objective Achievement
Plans (ROAP) which are:
1. A Survey of Nutrient Loadings to Lakes - 25 AJX
2. A Survey of Rate Limiting Nutrients in Lakes - 25 AKM
3. A Survey of Watershed Land Use Influence on Nutrient Input
to Lakes - 25 ALP.
The survey is limited primarily to lakes or impoundments larger than
100 acres which receive the effluent from one or more municipal sewage
treatment plants. Plant effluent may be discharged directly to the
lake or to a tributary stream within 25 miles of the lake.
The overall program objective is to determine which of the surveyed
lakes would benefit by nutrient removal from the municipal sewage
treatment plant effluents. A secondary objective is to determine
the magnitude and effect of diffuse sources on the trophic state of
the lakes and impoundments sampled.
The survey is scheduled for completion by mid-1976 and by that time
selected lakes in all of the contiguous 48 states will have been
surveyed.
A. ROAP 25 AJX - SURVEY OF NUTRIENT LOADINGS TO LAKES
Specific Approach
The objective of 25 AOX is to determine the total nitrogen and
phosphorus input to each surveyed lake and the percentage of the
total which originates from municipal sewage treatment plants.
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For each lake, sampling sites are selected for each major inlet and
outlet stream and monthly samples are collected from each location
over a one year period. This sampling is designed to determine the
contribution from diffuse sources. The samples are shipped to the
PNERL where they are analyzed for phosphorus and nitrogen content.
A second phase of the study involves the collection of monthly
effluent samples from each municipal sewage treatment plant influencing
a given lake. The effluent samples are collected on a volunteer basis
by each plant operator and are shipped to PNERL for nutrient analysis.
Intramural Activities
During the third quarter program efforts were directed to four major
areas:
1. Selecting tributary sampling sites, writing site descriptions,
and preparing USGS quadrangle maps indicating site locations.
2. Instructing National Guard sampling teams in each state
during the initial round of sampling as to proper methods of sample
collection and handling.
3. Arranging with each state to have effluent samples
collected from selected municipal sewage treatment plants.
4. Analyzing stream and effluent samples, verifying the data,
and entering the data into the computer.
During the past quarter, tributary sampling sites were selected and
USGS maps prepared for approximately 246 lakes in the seventeen states
listed below. Tributary sampling in each of the states was or will
be started during CY 1973. A total of 1383 sampling sites will be
involved for these states alone.
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States
# of lakes
# of sites
Start-up date
South Carolina
14
97
February 1
Alabama
11
115
March 3
Georgia
17
100
March 10
Florida
42
112
March 17
North Carolina
18
99
March 24
Kentucky
5
47
March 31
Mississippi
5
35
April 7
Tennessee
18
218
April 14
Delaware
6
16
April 28
Ohio
20
95
May 5
Maryland
4
20
May 12
Pennsylvania
17
78
May 19
111i noi s
32
110
June 2
Indiana
26
97
June 9
Virginia
9
57
July 14
New Jersey
14
51
July 21
West Virginia
5
33
July 28
These states and lakes were added to the ten states initiated in CY 1972
which involved 220 lakes and 1115 tributary sampling sites. At the
end of CY 1973 the program will have sampled lakes in all 27 states
east of the Mississippi River.
During the initial round of stream sampling in each state, each
National Guard sampling team is accompanied by a trainer with a
technical background in water pollution work. For each state, one
of the trainers was supplied by NES and the others were supplied
by the respective State Water Pollution or Environmental Agency.
This method has proven to be more flexible and less expensive
than in CY 1972 when all trainers were obtained from NES and/or
from other EPA laboratories throughout the country.
During the past quarter, a program was developed to interface USGS
tributary flow data with the STORET system. Flow data are being
received for the first ten states under a contract with USGS which
was finalized during the third quarter of this FY.
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Continuing attention has been given to improving the compatibility
of SHAVES (PNERL's "Sample Handling and Verification System") and
the STORET system, as well as insuring the validity of sample data
prior to inputting to STORET.
The magnitude of the job of data validation can better be appreciated
in terms of numbers of samples involved. At of the end of this quarter,
over 5,700 tributary samples have been received from the first ten
states as well as monthly samples from 353 wastewater treatment facilities.
On each of the samples, a minimum of five analyses were performed,
so in excess of 28,500 entries were checked for tributary sampling
alone.
Additional effort during the quarter was directed to programming and
retrieving of survey data for special purposes (e.g., mean levels of
nutrients in tributaries). Much of the data were summarized, subjected
to statistical measurements, and utilized in the evaluation of nutrient
standards proposed by the Office of Air and Water Programs.
Developing methods for ranking water bodies according to their trophic
condition continues. Although at least two methods are promising
for evaluating water bodies in which the primary problem is growth
of algae, it appears that the parameters measured in the 1972
sampling year give little clue to eutrophic lakes in which the
problem was primarily rooted aquatic vegetation. On this basis,
arrangements have been made with NERC-Las Vegas to include infrared
imagery and/or estimates of weed prevalence by the field limnologists
for the remainder of the survey.
B. ROAP 25 AKM - SURVEY OF RATE LIMITING NUTRIENTS IN LAKES
Specific Approach
From each of the NES study lakes at least one five gallon sample,
composited from all stations, is collected and shipped to PNERL. A
series of algal assay tests are then performed on each sample using
a selected green algae, Selenastrum capricornutum. The purpose of
the test is to determine the existing potential of each lake water
to support algal growth and to determine, for each case, whether
algal growth is limited by phosphorus, nitrogen, or some other
consti tuent.
Intramural Activities
Approximately 220 algal assay samples were received in the fall of
1972. These samples were collected from lakes in the ten states
(Vermont, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Massachusetts,
Maine, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan and New York) which were sampled
by NERC-Las Vegas field teams during CY 1972.
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Through the last quarter, assays were completed for approximately
100 lakes. New samples from the seventeen states surveyed by NERC-
Las Vegas in 1973 have been arriving at a rapid rate. These are
being placed in freezers until the backlog has been eliminated. It
is estimated that assays on the CY 1973 samples will begin in August.
C. ROAP 25 ALP - SURVEY OF WATERSHED LAND USE INFLUENCE ON
NUTRIENT INPUT TO LAKES
Specific Approach
The purpose of 25 ALP is to develop nutrient runoff coefficients for
different land use types. These coefficients can then be used in
the future for accurately estimating nutrient input to lakes.
Of the approximately 750 lakes to be studied by NES, about 155 will
be selected for detailed land use studies of each watershed. Lake
selections will be based on (1) availablity of high altitude photographic
coverage and/or existing land use studies, (2) availablity of good
topographic maps for accurate drainage area delineation, (3) sufficient
watershed relief to render surface runoff a significant factor and
(4) a diversity of geographical area coverage so that regional runoff
coefficients can be developed.
Following the selection of lakes to be so analyzed, (1) drainage
areas and sub-drainage areas are delineated on USGS topographic maps
and the areas are measured by planimetry, (2) land use identifications
are made from aerial photographs and transferred to map overlays,
(3) the percent of each land use type is computed and (4) the tabulated
land use data is related to data from the tributary and lake sampling
data to develop nutrient runoff coefficients.
Intramural Activities
During the past quarter, drainage and sub-drainage areas were
delineated and measured for 62 of the 65 lakes which were selected
from the 220 CY 1972 NES lakes. Land use types were identified and
measured for over half of the CY 1972 selected lake drainage areas.
Research involved in selecting CY 1973 NES lakes for land use analysis
was started during the quarter. We estimate that approximately forty
lakes will be selected from the 246 NES lakes sampled in 17 states
during CY 1973.
The "state-of-the-art" in remote sensing, as it applies to water
quality, has been of interest to this program. The land use section
of NES has kept abreast of developments in the remote sensing field
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for possible "quick and dirty" methods of trophic state assessment.
One of the two part-time college students assisting in the land use
studies is also investigating the possiblities of using ERTS (Earth
Resources Technology Satellite) imagery as a tool in eutrophication
assessment.
Another responsibility of the land use group is to produce small-
scale maps of each NES study lake which can be used in the final
reports. During the past quarter, rough drafts of approximately
half of the 220 CY 1972 NES study lakes were completed. The reducing-
enlarging map work is being done on a part-time basis by a college
student.
II. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
1. Algal assay data on Lake Champlain samples were supplied to
the State of Vermont, EPA Region I and Region II. The data were to
be used in the enforcement case involving the International Paper Company.
2. Twenty-one Man days were spent assembling data and preparing
coranents on the Region V phosphorus standard for lakes and streams.
III. TRIPS REPORTS, AND PRESENTATIONS
Trips were as follows:
1. Mssrs. Gakstatter, Allum, Austin and Omernik met with NERC-
Las Vegas NESP staff in Las Vegas, Nevada January 3-4 to discuss
final reports and planning for CY 1973.
2. Mr. Austin participated in the first round of tributary
sampling in South Carolina, February 9-11.
3. Mr. Dominguez participated in the first round of tributary
sampling in Alabama, March 2-4.
4. Mr. Dominguez participated in the first round of tributary
sampling in Georgia, March 9-11.
5. Mr. Austin participated in the first round of tributary
sampling in Florida, March 16-18.
6. Mr. Lauer participated in the first round of tributary
sampling in North Carolina, March 23-25.
7. Mr. Lauer participated in the first round of tributary
sampling in Kentucky, March 30 - April 1.
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8. Dr. Gakstatter to Orlando, Florida March 12-18 where he
spent one day with NERC-Las Vegas sampling crews, visited the Florida
District USGS office in Ocala, attended a joint EPA-Florida meeting
regarding Lake Apopka and participated in the initiation of Florida
stream sampling conducted by the Florida National Guard.
9. Mr. Omernik attended the Symposium on Significant Results
Obtained from ERTS-1 in New Carrolton, Maryland, March 4-9.
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NATIONAL THERMAL POLLUTION RESEARCH PROGRAM
Program Elements 1B1032/1B2036
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE ACHIEVEMENT PLANS
I. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
A. PREDICTIVE MODELS FOR AQUATIC THERMAL POLLUTION—1B1032-21 AJH
Approach
General: Provide composite of three kinds of predictive models. (1)
Thermal plume behavior and heat dissipation; (2) chemical-biological
response; and (3) local meteorologic impact. Finish analytical
development and field verify aqueous plume models, and apply output to
the applicable fluid dynamics to the atmospheric plume problems.
By grant and contract explore the amenability of chemical and biological
response to stochastic or multivariate regression treatment.
Specific: (1) Analytical and plume development of Workbook and/or
manual on plume prediction models for shallow and submerged surface
discharges; (2) analysis of local meteorologic impact of evaporative
cooling systems; (3) study of physico-chemical and biochemical response
to temperature changes.
Intramural Activities
The strategy in NTPRP thermal plume modeling consists of (a)
continued evaluation of current developments and advances in
mathematical analyses of heated jet discharges, (b) evaluation of new
field and laboratory data, (c) matching these with the needs of the
Agency, (d) developing the lacking technology in-house, and (e)
presenting the state-of-the-art in a usable form.
Activities of this quarter continued to provide progress in meeting
each of these strategic goals. Computer programs of surface discharge
models were evaluated and the necessary modifications were made.
Laboratory and field data collected by various investigators were
analyzed and fitted to available models. The correlations provided
by this effort are being used in the preparation of NTPRP's upcoming
handbook on surface discharges of heated water.
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An extensive literature review has failed to uncover adequate techniques
or data for evaluation of single jet discharges in shallow water.
Since this type of discharge is quite common in actual practice,
NTPRP conducted an in-house research effort to provide new information
on such discharges. Laboratory experiments for this project were
performed in the towing channel of PNERL's Hydraulic Laboratory.
These laboratory experiments examined a heated plume from a submerged
round jet in a water depth of 10 diameters. The experiments include
the collection of data at two Froude numbers, two ambient velocities,
with each combination studied both with and without grid generated
turbulence. The discharge angle was varied from the horizontal
to 90°. In these experiments a hot film anemometer was used to
measure temperature and velocities. The measured data consist of
the temperature distribution profiles downstream of the discharge
point.
Extramural Activities
"Mixing and dispersion in a warm water outlet." University of Minnesota,
800435.
Objective is to develop experimental and analytical results for
prediction of surface spread of heated water discharge.
Report # 16130 FSU 12/71 presents the laboratory data and a
preliminary analytical model.
"Heat and vapor exchange between water surface and atmosphere." Cornell
University, 16130 DIP.
Objective is to develop and refine analytical models for predicting
the convective and evaporative exchange at the surface of large
water bodies.
Analysis of appropriate semi-empirical mass transfer equations
indicates that they are adequate for predicting average evaporation
rates for periods of approximately one week. Evaluation of shorter
time periods requires the use of more fundamental equations along
with adequate field data. Project completed; final report
submitted.
"Study for the stochastic calculation of water equilibrium temperature."
Environmental Systems Laboratory, Contract 68-01-0167.
Techniques will be developed for predicting the equilibrium temperature
based on the statistical properties of the pertinent meteorological
parameters.
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Evaluation of five basic meteorological variable shows the
correlation between pairs is not consistent and varies with
location and time period. Using standard U.S. Weather Bureau
data, the distribution of equilibrium temperature can be computed.
Project completed; final report submitted.
"Thermal plume dispersion." Oregon State University, 16130 DGM.
The objective of this grant is the development of a generalized
numerical model for vertical discharge of heated water in coastal
regions.
Report # EPA-R2-73-162 describes the final results. The numerical
model is applicable to a vertical discharge in shallow water.
"Studies on the effects of heated water from power plants on the physico-
chemical and biochemical processes occurring in free-flowing waters and
their influence on water quality." Water Economy Research Institute,
Poland, PL480 project is just being initiated.
B. BENEFICIAL AND/OR MULTIPLE USE OF INDUSTRIAL WATER INVOLVING
COOLING—1B2036-10 BAL
Approach
General: Perform research and support demonstration projects to show
technical and economic feasibility of additional uses for water which
has or will be used for cooling purposes. Primary current involvement
is support of EWEB grant (16130 EIK) for demonstrating waste heat use
in agriculture. Other research areas include: (1) use of cooling
tower exhaust in greenhouses; (2) use of waste heat to prevent icing
of shipping lanes; (3) complete recycle of liquid streams in power plants;
and (4) use of new makeup water sources. A request will be issued to program
elements under Process and Effects Division for performance of tasks
requiring biological expertise.
Specific: Demonstration of technical feasibility and economics of using
waste heat in agriculture—irrigation, frost protection, undersoil
heating; emphasis is also being placed on assessing possibilities for
recycling effluents within power plants. Cooling tower blowdown streams
and other waste streams are being looked at to determine overall
compatibility for treatment and/or reuse.
Intramural Activities
In-house efforts are oriented toward the above mentioned approach. At
the present time emphasis is concentrated on recycle possibilities.
Data from specific plants are being gathered for use in evaluating
effluent recycle/reuse based on quantity, quality, and treatment
characteristics.
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Extramural Activities
"Thermal Water Demonstration Project." Eugene Water and Electric Board,
802032.
This project is nearing completion in demonstrating that industrial
cooling water (~100°F) can be used beneficially for agricultural
applications. Economic benefits of using this warm water on 170
acres of various vegetable and fruit crops and for underground soil
heating on experimental plots are currently being assessed.
C. WET CLOSED-CYCLE COOLING SYSTEMS—SALT AND FRESH WATER—
1B2036-16 ACQ
Approach
General: Develop and verify methodology for drift measurement at ground
level. Develop transport models for cooling tower and spray system drift
from available analytical techniques and measured data on particle
size distribution. Verify with field data. Establish ambient air chloride
levels at coastal sites. Improve predictive models for cooling tower
vapor plumes and verify with field observations. Develop techniques
for minimizing the environmental impact of cooling system blowdown.
Initially, assess the present technology for control by (a) makeup water
pre-treatment; (b) selection of chemical additives; and (c) blowdown
treatment. Demonstrate engineering and economic feasibility of
alternative blowdown control methods. Develop and demonstrate improved
wet cooling devices.
Specific: Develop chemical and engineering techniques to minimize
environmental impact of cooling system blowdown.
Intramural Activities
Document current water treatment trends. Supervise extramural activity
of blowdown control.
Extramural Activities
"Thermal Pollution Control System Nomographs." Hittman Associates, 60-
01-0171.
Objective is to prepare and present nomographs containing data
and techniques for evaluating various alternative power plant
cooling methods. Initial draft of report completed; final report
due July 15, 1973.
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"A Technical and Economic Evaluation of Cooling Tower Blowdown Control
Techniques." Wapora, Inc., 68-03-0233.
The objective is to document the technical and economic aspects
of blowdown control techniques for large, closed-cycle,
wet-evaporative cooling tower systems. New project; no substantive
results to date.
"Turbulent Bed Cooling Tower." Purdue University, 16130 EMQ.
To design and optimize new cooling methods based on 3-phase air/
water/solid contact.
Cost analysis indicates that the system is marginally competitive
with conventional wet cooling systems. Project terminated; final
report forthcoming.
D. TOTAL ENVIRONMENTAL APPROACH FOR POWER GENERATING PLANT
(DRY COOLING SYSTEMS)— 1B2036-21 AGL
Approach
General: Improve the efficiency of dry cooling systems to reduce cost
and demonstrate engineering and economic feasibility for application to
steam electric plants. Investigate engineering and economic feasibility
of closed cycle (nuclear fuel) gas turbines with dry cooling tower for
baseload electric power generation.
Specific: Project inactive. (No work conducted this quarter).
II. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
1. The National Thermal Pollution Research Program staff reviewed
six environmental impact statements relating to nuclear fueled power
plants during the quarter.
2. Assistance was provided to the Effluent Guidelines Division,
Headquarters, EPA, Washington, D.C., in reviewing contract proposals
for additional work toward establishment of effluent guidelines.
3. Assistance was continued to Region VI on the Houston Lighting
and Power case.
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4. Information on the review of AEC Environmental Impact
Statements was sent to Sheldon Meyers, Office of Federal Activities.
5. Technical assistance was provided Region II for the review
of the non-nuclear Aguirre complex.
6. R. W. Beck, Globe Linings, was provided assistance on cooling
towers and ponds.
7. Drs. Tichenor and Shirazi provided technical assistance for
the training course, "Thermal Manual Workshop," in Chicago as requested
by the Office of Permit Programs.
8. Region IV was provided technical assistance in regard to the
Duke Power Company, McGuire Plant.
III. PRESENTATIONS, REPORTS AND TRIPS
1. Mr. Guy Nelson attended and participated in the National
Association of Corrosion Engineers Conference in Anaheim, California,
on March 17-22, 1973.
2. Dr. Tichenor attended the Cooling Tower Institute Annual
Meeting in Houston, Texas, on January 29-31, 1973.
3. Dr. Shirazi attended an Entrainment and Intake Screening
Workshop at the Johns Hopkins University on February 4-8, 1973, at
Baltimore, Maryland.
4. Dr. Shirazi lectured on thermal plume prediction at the
"Institute on Dispersion and Transport of Pollutants in Water Ways"
at California State University, Los Angeles, California.
5. Dr. Tichenor traveled to New Orleans, Louisiana, on March
12-16, 1973, to present a paper, "EPA's View of Waste Heat," to the
American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
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NATIONAL WASTE TREATMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
Program Element 1B2037/1B2039
I. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
The overall objective is the development and full-scale demonstration
of technically and economically feasible methods of processing food
and kindred products, and paper and forest industries products without
discharge of liquid wastes to the environment and with adequate control
of solid residuals and air pollution. Extramural RD&D grants are used
to:
A. Characterize wastes by unit operations,
B. Minimize wastes by process modification,
C. Optimize product and by-product recovery,
D. Demonstrate new and improved treatment technology, and
E. Demonstrate complete or unit process water recycle.
In-house efforts are devoted to evaluating grant applications, monitoring
ongoing projects, and assisting in the dissemination of information
through meetings, presentations, and symposia.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE ACHIEVEMENT PLANS AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
A. DEMONSTRATION OF CLOSED-LOOP INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER AND WATER
SYSTEMS IN KRAFT PULP AND PAPER PR0DUCTI0N-21 AKY
Approach
General: The ultimate in waste control from the industry will be
complete recycle and reuse of nonconsumptive water used in the total
kraft process. Interim needs must be satisfied by increasing degrees
of treatment and control. Extramural efforts will be directed toward
new treatment and improved control technology to satisfy near term needs
and develop background for complete pulping process recycle. The
demonstration projects will provide data on design, performance, and
costs.
Specific: The specific grants now active in this program include six
projects aimed at separating soluble, colored organic wastes from
their carrier liquid. Since these materials include non-biodegradable
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organics and inorganics, separation is effected by carbon, lime, resins,
or ultrafiltration. Three projects are evaluating stripping procedures
for removing volatile organic wastes while one project is recycling
water and employing solar evaporation. The largest grant involves
an actual process change to reduce pollutant production. Most of
the program is aimed at process changes or separation systems to
reduce pollutant discharge and allow water recycle or high quality
di scharge.
Intramural Activities
Project monitoring and control continued during the quarter. Four
final draft report manuscripts were approved.
Extramural Activities
"The production and use of activated carbons for water renovation
in kraft pulp and paper mills." St. Regis Paper Company, Pensacola,
Florida, 12040 EJU.
Contracts approved for full scale facilities.
"Minimizing the pollutional impact of kraft pulping through oxygen
bleaching." The Chesapeake Corporation, Westpoint, Virginia, 800740.
Operations in shake down phase.
"Ultrafiltration processes for color removal from kraft mill effluents."
U. S. Plywood-Champion Papers, Canton, North Carolina, 5800261.
Six month extension to permit gathering additional data.
"Color and mineral removal from kraft bleach wastes." Montana State
University, Bozeman, Montana, 12040 DBD.
Final report reviewed and is being revised.
"Steam stripping of kraft pulp mill effluents." University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington, 12040 EXQ.
Final report has been submitted for printing.
"Steam stripping and rectification of kraft pulp mill condensates and
black liquor." Weyerhaeuser Company, Springfield, Oregon, 12040 FKS.
The grantee has requested project termination.
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"Organic compounds in pulp mill lagoon discharge." University of
Washington; Seattle, Washington: (802084).
The second year of this waste characterization project has
been initiated.
"A color removal and fibrous sludge disposal process for the Kraft paper
industry." Continental Can Company, Hodge, Louisiana, 12040 DRY.
Final report being drafted.
"Color removal from pulp mill effluents by massive lime treatment."
International Paper Company, Springhill, Louisiana, 12040 DYD.
Final report being printed.
"Chemical and physical nature of color bodies in kraft mill effluent
before and after lime treatment." Institute of Paper Chemistry,
Appleton, Wisconsin, 800853 and 12040 DKD.
First phase report being printed. Second phase continuing
employing samples from industry-EPA color removal projects.
"A test method for volatile component stripping of wastewater in cooling
towers." University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 12040 HTR.
Studies under this project are proceeding on schedule.
B. DEMONSTRATION OF CLOSED-LOOP WASTEWATER AND WATER SYSTEMS
IN SULFITE PULP AND PAPER PRODUCTION—21 AKZ
Approach
General: The long term objective is to demonstrate the complete recycle
and reuse of nonconsumptive water used in the sulfite segment of the
pulp and paper industry.
Specific: Until zero discharge is achieved, it will be necessary to
improve existing wastewater discharges. The resulting new technology
may be applied to either improving present wastewater systems or to
in-plant unit process water treatment for reuse. The closed-loop
objective may be achieved by either treating the combined mill effluent
to permit its recycle as mill influent, or by process modification with
in-plant treatment for reuse, or a combination of both. The problem
may also be eliminated by development of a new process to replace the
existing sulfite processes.
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Of special concern are the high coliform bacteria counts that are
characteristic of sulfite mill effluents. This problem merits special
attention due to its public health implications.
Intramural Activities
Paper mill influence on bacterial quality:
The DNA-DNA homology experiments have met with limited success
due to the poor quality of one of the materials used in the
determination. However, on a preliminary basis it has been found
that the Klebsiella pneumoniae cultures isolated from the
environment are very closely related to K_. Pneumoniae cultures
obtained from clinical or ATCC sources. Additional information
obtained from Dr. Ordal (Dept. of Microbiology, U. of Washington,
Seattle) shows that cultures meeting the cultural criteria of
K. pneumoniae show very little DNA-DNA homology to DNA from
Enterobacter aerogenes, with which it is being confused, and that
there is significant DNA-DNA homology between isolates from
various environs.
Coliforms isolated from a geographic variety of surface water
samples have shown that K. pneumoniae is not as ubiquitous as
Ducan and Razzell (App. Microbiology. 24, 933-938. 1972) have
pointed out. When K. pneumoniae has been isolated from these
water samples Escherichia coli"has also been isolated. A much
more prevelent enteric bacterian in these samples has been
species of citrobacter.
Suspended solids removal by mechanical means:
Pilot testing of the microstrainer fitted with either 10, 42,
or 100 micron screens at fixed head losses and drum speeds has
been completed on raw wastewater, effluent from an aerated lagoon
receiving primary settled waste, and the effluent from an aerated
lagoon receiving raw wastewater with no primary treatment.
Sedimentation and thickening studies on the aerated lagoon effluent
and microstrainer screenings are in progress. The microstrainer
has been modified for continuous operation with automatic drum
speed adjustments based on head loss. The pilot aerated lagoon
has been converted to short-term aeration. Flow and volume are
presently adjusted for a 1.5 day detention time. A tube settler
in the aeration tank provides a settleable solids separation.
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Extramural Activities
"Mercury recovery from sediments and sludges." Georgia-Pacific
Corporation, Bellingham, Washington, 12040 HDU.
Full scale equipment ordered. Delivery delays will extend project
to January 1, 1974.
"Studies of low molecular weight 1ignosulfonates." University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington, 12040 DEH.
Research completed. Final report has been reviewed and is
being revised.
"Treatment of sulfite evaporator condensates for recovery of volatile
components." Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton, Wisconsin, 801207.
Project developing excellent data. A number of sources of
condensates have been examined. Value of products and recyclewater
being determined.
"Pulping chemicals recovery and external waste treatment." EKONO,
Seattle, Washington, WA72-A186.
A draft report is being prepared.
"Coliform growth and control in aerated stabilization basins." Crown-
Zellerbach Corporation, Lebanon, Oregon, 12040 GDQ.
Project termination extended to July 1, 1973 to permit gathering
additional data.
C. DEMONSTRATION OF CLOSED-LOOP INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER SYSTEM
FOR MANUFACTURE OF NEUTRAL SULFITE PULP AND PAPER—21 ALA
Approach
General: Demonstration of complete recycle and reuse of nonconsumptive
water used in the neutral sulfite pulp and paper industry is the ultimate
objective.
Specific: A recent project has shown that a large percentage of water
can be recycled in this industry without expensive waste treatment.
Another project demonstrated effective use of reverse osmosis on strong
waste streams. The current project will apply the above mentioned
technology to demonstrate zero discharge capability at a NSSC mill.
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Ext ramu ra1 Activiti es
"Closed process water loop in NSSC pulp production." Green Bay Packaging,
Inc., Green Bay, Wisconsin, 800520.
Mill close-up and recycle with instrumentation substantially
complete. Surge storage capacity installed. Negotiations underway
on Reverse Osmosis system.
D. DEMONSTRATION OF CLOSED-LOOP INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER SYSTEMS IN
PROCESSING OF DEINKED RECYCLED PAPER PRODUCTION—21 ALB
Approach
General: By deinking, cleaning, and reforming used fibers, paper can
be recycled and eliminate much of the primary manufacture of paper from
wood. By selecting sorted clean furnish and treating the process
water for reuse in processing, a closed loop system can be effected for
the water cycle.
Specific: Firm effluent characteristics are difficult to determine
because of the varied nature of the deinking process and the raw materials
employed. The specific materials that need to be separated from the
water and paper include pigments, dyes, fillers, and groundwood fines.
Although contaminants may include metals, organic materials, and toxins
all substances will probably be chemically and physically removed from
the carrier liquid.
Extramural Activities
"Water Reuse for Paper Reprocessing Industry." State of Vermont,
Montpelier R 802157.
This project has just been awarded.
E. DEMONSTRATON OF CLOSED-LOOP INDUSTRIAL WATER/WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
IN THE PRODUCTION OF PAPER PRODUCTS—21 ALC
Approach
General: The ultimate objective in water pollution abatement in the
paper products industry is the complete recycle and reuse of nonconsumptive
water.
Specific: Efforts to improve effluent quality will be necessary until
the paper products industry is utilizing zero discharge technology.
Dry forming is a promising alternative to the conventional production of
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paper products that may help achieve the ultimate goal of zero discharge.
The planned program is split between work on dry forming and continuing
efforts to develop closed-loop technology for the existing paper production
processes. The present extramural program includes grants on Whitewater
treatment and sludge utilization and disposal, and contracts on a waste
study of the paper and allied products industry, and a state-of-art study
of the pulp and paper inudstry.
Extramural Activities
"Pulp and paper mill sludge utilization and disposal." Crown Zellerbach
Corporation, Camas, Washington, 12040 ESV.
Final draft report approved.
"Treatment for flocculation and microscreening of white water."
Strathmore Paper Company, Turners Falls, Maine, 12040 FDE.
Final draft manuscript received.
"Industrial waste study of the paper and allied products industry."
State-of-Art Review of Pulp and Paper Industry, WAP0R0, Inc., Washington,
D. C., 68-01-0022.
Final Report submitted for printing and distribution.
F. DEMONSTRATION OF CLOSED-LOOP INDUSTRIAL WATER/WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
IN THE PRODUCTION OF PAPERB0ARD PRODUCTS—21 ALD
Approach
General: The implementation of complete recycle and reuse of
nonconsumptive water is the ultimate objective in water pollution abatement
in the paperboard industry.
Specific: The trend towards higher quality effluents will make it
necessary to continue studying methods of improving discharge
characteristics for as long as the discharge exists. Dry forming is a
possible alternative to the conventional production of paperboard
products that may help in achieving the general goal of zero discharge.
One of the less water quality sensitive segments of this industry is
represented in a current grant to an asphaltic impregnated roofing
paper and combination shingle and paper reprocessing plant. Zero discharge
is planned through reuse of 75 percent of the effluent with the balance
being solar evaporated.
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Intramural Activities
A grant application was reviewed directed toward dry forming of
paperboard.
Extramural Activities
"Water reuse in a paper reprocessing plant." Big Chief Roofing, Ardmore,
Oklahoma, 801206.
This project is actively engaged in process modification and
evaluation.
G. DEMONSTRATION OF CLOSED-LOOP INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
FOR WOOD PRODUCT PLANTS—21 ALO
Approach
General: Documentation of new or improved pollution abatement technology
having widespread industry application. These R&D projects should include
data on design performance, operation and maintenance costs as well
as the overall economic impact on the industry to implement such
technology. Specific surveys of the subgroup industries should determine
information on waste characteristics and practices as to in-plant
treatment.
Specific: The great diversity of processes in this category requires
many different approaches for saw mills, veneer plants, plywood mills,
hardboard, insulation board, chip board, and wood preserving industries.
Some processes now work effectively as a dry process. Other plants
require separate waste treatment and water reuse as well as waste
product reuse. Some waste streams are easily treated by conventional
methods while others require recycle or advanced processes to cope
with toxic wastes. Work has just begun on the environmental effect
of discharge of such wastes.
Extramural Activites
"Treatment of wood preserving wastewater by chemical and biological
methods." Koppers Company, Carbondale, Illinois, 12100 HIG.
Delays in order of equipment and delivery. Treatment unit now
on hand awaiting suitable weather for installation.
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"Influence of log rafting on water quality." Oregon State University,
Corvallis, Oregon, 12100 EBG.
Final Report is submitted for printing.
"Aerobic secondary treatment of plywood glue wastes." Klamath Plywood,
Klamath Falls, Oregon, 12100 E2U.
Project is completed and the final report submitted for printing
"Pyrolysis of Industrial Wastes for Oil and Activated Carbon
Recovery," Garrett R & D Co., LaVerne, California. S-801202
Laboratory studies on bark, manure, rice hulls, and straw completed.
Pilot operation begun.
H. DEVELOPMENT OF PRETREATMENT AND OPTIMIZED MUNICIPAL SYSTEMS
TO PERMIT JOINT INDUSTRIAL/MUNICIPAL TREATMENT FOR FOOD, PAPER,
AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL SOURCES—21 AJS (PE 1B2036)
Approach
General: Develop, demonstrate, and optimize to obtain the most effective
and economical waste management, treatment, and control system which will
permit the discharge and treatment of industrial wastewater into municipal
sy terns.
Specific: There exists adequate technology for treatment of joint
wastewaters, however, there is a need of pretreatment and in-plant controls
to enable industry to discharge wastes "equivalent" to domestic wastes
for joint treatment.
Extramural Activities
"Optimization of combined industrial-municipal waste treatment through
automation and reuse." Miami Conservancy District, Franklin, Ohio,
12130 GER.
Bids received on computer control. Treatment structures completed.
To go on automatic control by September 1974.
"Treatment of combined sewage and NSSC pulp and paper mill wastes."
Harriman Utility Board, Harriman, Tennessee, 11060 DBF.
Final manuscript submitted for printing and distribution.
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I. GUIDELINES TO PREVENT OR CONTROL POLLUTION FROM FOREST AND
LOGGING ACTIVITIES—21 AOL (PE 1B2039)
Approach
General: Reports are needed which clearly trace the nature of this
pollution by quantitative identification and provide direct
guidance for future EPA-sponsored control projects, and immediate
implementation of known improved management practices by the industry.
Specific: Former activities in this area centered on the ecological
impact of logging practices on water quality due to various harvest
methods and on road construction practice. Current efforts now are
expanded to include the environmental effects of forest farming including
fertilization with nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus as well as thinning
programs. Minimal funding permits only limited extramural activities.
Extramural Activities
"Fate of nitrogen fertilizers in forest soils: conversions, movement,
and losses." Crown Zellerbach Corporation, Camas, Washington, 800915.
Emphasis on volatilization losses and nitrogen transport are
conti nuing.
J. DEMONSTRATION OF CLOSED-LOOP INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
IN FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS PROCESSING OPERATIONS-MEAT
PRODUCTS—21 ALE
Approach
Historically the emphasis has been on full-scale demonstration projects
aimed at upgrading available treatment technology. Recent efforts have
been devoted to by-product recovery.
Extramural Activities
"Egg Breaking and Processing Wastes." Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York, 802174.
Determine the magnitude of the shell egg and egg breaking and
processing waste problems on a regional and national basis and
indicate waste management methods that are applicable to these
wastes. Specific objectives include: define size of industries
and future growth trends, characterize typical wastes, identify
in-plant waste reduction and water reuse opportunities, and develop
feasible treatment alternatives.
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Grant awarded at end of quarter.
"Protein Recovery from Meat Packing Effluent." Armour and Company,
Nampa, Idaho, 802253.
Full-scale demonstration of the technical and economic feasibility
of precipitating and recovering proteinaceous nitrogen from a
meat packing plant effluent. Dissolved air flotation will be used
in conjunction with the addition of 1ignosulfonic acid to treat
the 300-400 gpm flow. The system will be operated and evaluated
for a minimum of six months.
Grant awarded at end of quarter.
"Paunch Manure Disposal By Incineration." John Morrell and Company,
Estherville, Iowa, 802314.
Demonstrate operation of a fluid-bed drier and a fluid-bed
incinerator for disposal of dry dumped paunch manure by reduction
to innocuous gases and inert solids. Determine the process
economics, optimum operational variables, projected bed life,
maintenance problems as well as the quality and quantity of dried
solids, off-gases and scrubber blowdown water.
Grant awarded at end of quarter.
"Recycling of Water in Poultry Processing Plants." Pacific Egg and
Poultry Association, Los Angeles, California, 800930.
Evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of recycling
poultry chill water. Prior to recycle the water will be passed
through a traveling screen, a cyclonic desludger for removal
of suspended solids down to a particle size of 100 u, and an
ultra-violet sterilizer.
Based on the results from completed laboratory and pilot scale
work, initiation of a full-scale demonstration is planned.
"Industrial Water Reuse." Maryland State Department of Health and
Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, Maryland, 801970.
Demonstrate the feasibility of reclaiming poultry eviscerating
plant wastewater for potable water reuse. The treatment facilities
will consist of aerated lagoons, microstraining, flocculation and
settling, filtration through diatomaceous earth and sterilization
using either ozone or ultra-violet light.
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Data collection is nearing completion with preparation of the final
report scheduled for initiation next quarter.
"Small Meatpacker Waste Treatment System." W. E. Reeves Packinghouse,
Ada, Oklahoma, 12060 GPP.
Full-scale evaluation of various biological systems for the treatment
of a small meat packing plant's effluent. Compare efficiencies and
economics of an anaerobic-aerobic lagoon system versus an aerated-
aerobic lagoon system. Additional pilot plant work will be done
on a spray-runoff soil treatment system for upgrading the effluents
from the lagoon systems, including the removal of nitrogen and
phosphorus.
Data collection on the anaerobic-aerobic system has been completed.
"Evaluation of the Rotating Biological Surface System on Meat Packing
Wastes." Iowa Beef Packers, Inc., Dakota City, Nebraska, 12060 FMF,
Full-scale (3 mgd) evaluation of an anaerobic lagoon followed by
eight two-stage rotating biological surface units. Design,
operational and economic data, including the existing pretreatment
operations, will be documented.
Equipment failures have delayed the startup of the evaluation.
"Water and Waste Management in Poultry Processing." Gold Kist Poultry
Division, Atlanta, Georgia, 12060 EGV.
Evaluate changes in poultry processing operations for demonstration
of effective in-plant control of water use as well as reuse.
Data collection has been completed and the final report draft
has been started.
"Waste Treatment Facility, Farmbest, Inc., Denison, Iowa." 12060 DFF.
One-year full-scale demonstration of the use of anaerobic lagoons
and two-stage trickling filters for the treatment of wastes
resulting from the slaughtering and processing of hogs. An average
flow of 0.85 mgd results from the processing of about 5000 hogs.
Evaluation will include determining efficiencies of individual
treatment units under various loadings.
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First draft of final report currently being revised.
"Construction and Study of a Demonstration Plant Utilizing the Aerobic
Channel Method for Treating Packinghouse Wastes." John Morrell and
Company, Ottumwa, Iowa, 12060 EUB.
Two parallel, circular, oxidation channels with separate settling
basins and sludge recycle will be evaluated for treatment of
packinghouse waste. Estimated loads on the treatment system are
3.5 mgd and 20,000 pounds BOD/day.
Excess sludge will be centrifuged or evaporated and dried. The
dried solids will be evaluated as a possible animal-feed supplement.
The first draft of the final report has been submitted for review.
K. DEMONSTRATION OF CLOSED-LOOP INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER SYSTEM
IN FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS PROCESSING OPERATIONS-DAIRY
PRODUCTS—21 ALF
Approach
The principal emphasis has been and continues to be the development and
demonstration of technically and economically feasible methods of
converting whey into by-products for use in human and animal foods.
Approximately 25 billion pounds of whey are generated annually with
less than one-half of it currently being utilized.
Extramural Activities
"Development and demonstration of an ultrafiltration plant for the
abatement of pollution from cottage cheese whey." Crowley Foods, Inc.,
Binghamton, New York, 12060 DXF.
Recover edible protein and lactose by ultrafiltration and reverse
osmosis thereby reducing influent BOD by 99 percent. Perform
operation, technical, and economic evaluation of both a 10,000
lb/day pilot plant and a 300,000 lb/day full-scale system.
Pilot plant study completed and report and design made for full-
scale plant.
Evaluation of the full-scale plant (300,000 lb/day) has been
completed and a first draft of the final report is currently being
reviewed.
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"Elimination of pollution by utilization of protein concentrates
(dried whey) from milk residues of cheese making." Dairy Research and
Development Corp., New York, New York, 12060 DEQ.
Development of demonstration of a system for evaporating and spray
drying cottage cheese whey. Demonstrate elimination of pollution
from cottage cheese manufacturing by conversion of acid whey
waste to a non-hygroscopic edible powder. Demonstrate utilization
of powder for food purposes. Design and construction of full-scale
concentration and drying equipment and operation adjustment
period completed.
Equipment problems have delayed the project, evaluation of the
system is still underway.
"Vermont cheese industry pollution abatement project." Vermont Whey
Pollution Abatement Authority, Montpelier, Vermont, 12130 ENE.
Demonstrate a comprehensive program in the State of Vermont for
conversion of cheese whey to non-hygroscopic edible powder.
Design, construct, and operate a central whey drying plant that
will handle 90 percent of the whey in the state of Vermont.
Development and demonstration of the marketing of whey powder
from the central drying plant.
Applied research to develop better cheese plant housekeeping, better
methods of cheese manufacturing to increase solids recovery, and
methods of treatment of residual wastes from cheesemaking and central
whey drying plant.
Problems with subcontractor selection has delayed this project
for almost three years.
Detailed planning and final contractual arrangements are being
completed, and design and construction of the central drying
plant is expected in the next 18 months.
"Kent Cheese Co.—waste treatment facility." Melrose Park, Illinois,
12060 EKQ.
This grant is to demonstrate the effectiveness of aerated lagoons
for treatment of cheese whey process rinse water.
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Determine effectiveness of Helixor submerged aeration system by
showing uniformity of dissolved oxygen, bottom velocities and sludge
settling rate, and oxygen transfer rate in two aerobic lagoons
in series. Determine BOD removal rate for this type of waste
and determine the allowable loadings as a function of lagoon
volume.
The demonstration period was completed, a draft of the final
report was reviewed, and a revised draft of the final report is
expected in April.
"Acid Whey Fermentation Demonstration Pilot Plant." Juneau, Wisconsin,
800747 (12060 HRR).
Pilot plant (500 gallon reactor) demonstration of acid whey
fermentation process with recovery of protein by-products.
Fermentation will be done on whole and deproteinized whey.
Evaluate the recovered protein for potential use as an animal
feed supplement and as a human food supplement.
The work has been completed, a final report draft has been
reviewed and a revised final report is expected in April,
L. DEMONSTRATION OF CLOSED-LOOP INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
IN FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS PROCESSING OPERATIONS-FRUIT,
VEGETABLES, AND SEAFOOD PRODUCTS—21 ALG
Approach
Federal R&D grant monies were first obligated to this segment of the
food industry during FY 68. The objective of the first few grants
sponsored under this industrial classification was the demonstration of
secondary treatment.
State-of-art grants were awarded subsequent to the secondary treatment
demonstration grants. As a result of these state-of-art grants this
grant program is currently emphasizing in-plant process modifications
for the reduction of wastes.
Developing low waste generating industrial processes is one of the first
steps in "closing up" the water use practices of this industrial category.
Future grants will continue to emphasize process modification and
establish water quality requirements for specific industrial processes.
The latter will provide a base for setting up a systematic approach
for the demonstrating of closed-loop water use systems.
Developing by-products from the wastes generated by this segment
of the food industry will also be an objective of future grants.
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Extramural Activities
"Full-scale demonstration and evaluation of potato dry and wet caustic
peeling processes." Western Potato Service, Inc., Grand Forks, North
Dakota, 12060 EIG.
Three commerical scale low liquid waste "dry caustic" peelers
have been installed in a potato processing plant at Grand Forks,
North Dakota. Conventional caustic peelers, located at a Presque
Isle, Maine, potato plant, will be studied as a control. For
comparative purposes, equivalent primary waste treatment equipment
has been installed at both processing plants.
Specific grant objectives are 1) to determine total capital
expenditures and operational and maintenance costs of the dry caustic
process and the conventional caustic process. 2) To compare the
quantity and quality of the waste generated by the two systems.
3) To compare the treatment efficiency of the silt removal systems
and final clarifier and primary treatment systems at both plant
locations. 4) To determine whether the dry caustic sludge would
be accepted or rejected during cattle feeding operations.
The revision of the first draft of the final report is still
underway. Revised copy expected in April.
"Low water volume enzyme deactivation of vegetables before preservation."
National Canners Association, Berkeley, California, 12060 PAV.
The objectives of this grant are to develop and evaluate two
low waste generating, vegetable blanching systems (microwave and
hot-gas). These low waste blanchers will be evaluated by comparing
them to models of two current commerical blanchers (hot-water and
steam). Comparisons will be made on wastewater volumes and strengths
generated during blanching of seven different vegetables. The
seven vegetables utilized during this grant will be corn, peas,
green beans, beets, pumpkin, spinach, and asparagus.
Subsequent to blanching, all seven vegetable commodities will be
canned, retorted, and stored. Product quality will be evaluated, on
all vegetable commodities at the end of a six month storage
period. Quality evaluation include vitamin and mineral analyses,
organoleptic rankings, and USDA product quality grading. Based
on these, quality evaluation comparisons will be made between final
product quality and blanching method.
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Following a second revision the final report has been submitted
to the Project Officer. It will be reviewed and submitted to
Headquarters for reproduction and distribution.
"Dry caustic peeling of clingstone peaches on a commerical scale." Del
Monte Corp., San Jose, California, 12060 HFY.
A commercial scale (15 tons/hour) low liquid waste peeler, "dry
caustic" peeler, will be demonstrated for peeling Clingstone
peaches. Comparisons will be made between the dry caustic peeler
and the current coirmercial "wet caustic" peeling process.
Comparisons will include water use, wastewater characteristics,
product yield and process economics.
The final report is under final revision.
"Water and waste management in sweet potato processing." Tabor City Foods,
Inc., Tabor City, North Carolina, 12060 FRW.
The purpose of this grant is to demonstrate, via in-plant changes in
processing equipment and operating procedures, the effective
in-plant control of both water use and waste discharge. This
grant will further demonstrate pretreatment of the liquid waste
stream from a sweet potato processing plant.
In summary the grant encompasses waste abatement and water reuse
throughout the plant, from water intake through pretreatment. The
specific objectives are:
(a) Install and/or modify a dry caustic peeling process
and demonstrate its operation for water and waste reduction.
(b) Install and demonstrate pretreatment and conditioning
of wastewaters in the reduction of waste loads,
(c) Determine the economic implications of the water and waste
reduction techniques demonstrated.
(d) Formulate guides for the management of water and water-
borne wastes and the pretreatment of liquid wastes.
The grantee's processing plant was destroyed by fire in April 1972.
Since the grantee had financial problems following the fire the
grant project was prematurely terminated. A small contract was
then awarded to the University of North Carolina to develop a
State-of-art report for sweet potato processing including the
data and information gathered under this grant.
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"Seafoods processing wastewater characterization." Oregon State
University, Corvallis, Oregon, 801007 (12060 HUQ).
The primary objective of this grant is to develop waste profiles
on the Pacific Northwest Seafood Processing Industry. A total of
six processing plants will be monitored. This study will include
characterization of tuna, bottom fish, crab, clams, shrimp, salmon
wastes, and by-products.
Waste profiles will include, but not be limited to: flow,
temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, total solids, dissolved solids,
volatile solids, settleable solids, suspended solids, chemical
oxygen demand, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, ultimate biochemical
oxygen demand, oil, grease, and complete nitrogen and phosphorus
analysis.
This grant was expanded to include characterization of wastes
from the processing of South Atlantic menhaden, and South Atlantic
and Gulf of Mexico shrimp.
All of the field work has been completed. Following completion of
the analytical work and data analysis a final report will be
drafted.
"Continuous hot gas blanching of vegetables." National Canners Assoc.,
Berkeley, California, 800250.
The primary objective of this grant is to demonstrate the technical
and economic feasibility of the hot gas blanching process in the
vegetable preserving industry for reducing a major source of
pollution.
Continuous hot gas blanching runs will be conducted on five
vegetable commodities (spinach, corn, peas, green beans and beets).
Five separate 8 hour continuous runs, per vegetable commodity, will
be conducted after preliminary short runs to determine optimum process
variables.
Hot gas and commercial blancher effluents will be monitored and waste-
water quality will be evaluated. Final canned product quality, after
storage, will be evaluated on the basis of vitamin and mineral
content, and consumer taste evaluations.
The blanching runs have been completed on corn, green beans and
beets. Runs on spinach were started and they will be completed
along with those for peas during the next quarter.
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"Shrimp canning waste treatment study." American Shrimp Canners Assoc.,
New Orleans, Louisiana, 800904.
The general objectives of this grant are to conduct a study, on a
pilot scale, of wastewater treatment for the Gulf Coast shrimp
processing industry. Within this general objective there are the
following specific objectives:
(a) Monitor and characterize the wastewater from a shrimp
canning plant.
(b) Evaluate and recommend changes in the canning process
to minimize water usage.
(c) Perform pilot scale studies on typical shrimp canning
wastes in order to develop specific design and operational
criteria for selected treatment methods.
(d) Determine the economics of various alternative procedures
to capture and dispose of the solid wastes.
Thus far a fair amount of work was done on waste characterization
but the pilot plant runs were very limited due to a lack of
available shrimp for processing. Necessary equipment modifications
are being made prior to start of processing in May.
"Evaluation of a new blanching process (IQB) for wastewater abatement
in canning vegetables." University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin,
801484.
This grant is evaluating a low water volume blanching process in
the canning of vegetables called the Individual Quick Blanch (IQB).
Several varieties of vegetables (peas, corn, green beans, lima beans,
carrots, potatoes, and beets), including different species of
the same vegetables, will be blanched using IQB and conmerical
steam and hot water blanching systems. Blancher effluent volume
will be measured and various water quality parameters will be
analyzed for each blanching run.
Quality of the blanched conmodities will be evaluated after storage
by objective and subjective tests. Design recommendations for a
full-scale IQB unit will result if process expectations are fulfilled.
All blanching runs have been completed. Following completion of
the product evaluations a first draft of the final report will
be prepared.
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"Treatment of Concentrated Wastewater from the Citrus Processing
Industry." Winter Garden Citrus Products Co-op, Winter Garden, Florida,
801432.
The objective is to process waste activated sludge using gravity
thickening, centrifugation and rotary kiln drying and evaluate
its potential as a feed supplement through chicken feeding tests.
Grantee was just awarded; project is not underway.
"Wastewater characterization for the Specialty Food Industry." American
Frozen Food Institute, Washington, D.C., 801684.
The objectives are to categorize and then characterize the
wastewaters generated by the speciality food industry which includes:
frozen dinners; canned and frozen precooked fish, beef and poultry
dishes; frozen and canned soups and stews; frozen and canned
ethnic/nationality foods; and frozen vegetables in sauce.
Characterization will include measurement of: flow, temperature,
pH, BOD, COD, Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus as well as
grease and oi1.
Grant was just awarded.
M. DEMONSTRATION OF CLOSED-LOOP INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
IN FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS PROCESSING OPERATIONS-GRAIN
MILLING INDUSTRY—21 ALH
Aproach
The principal emphasis has been on the development of new or improved
treatment technology having industry-wide application.
Extramural Activities
"Treatment of wastes from the wet-milling industry." Corn Products
Company International, Pekin, Illinois, 12060 DPE.
The three plus year project entails the design, construction and
operation of a full-scale complete-mix activated sludge system
for treatment of corn refining wastes. A detailed technical and
economic evaluation will follow the one-year period of operation.
The operational phase has been completed and the data is currently
being evaluated prior to preparation of a final report draft.
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N. DEMONSTRATION OF CLOSED-LOOP INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
IN FOOD AND KINDRED PROCESSING OPERATIONS—BAKERY PRODUCTS--21
ALI
Approach
Past work in this area has been a state-of-the-art study. Emphasis in the
future will be on demonstration grants to show effectiveness of in-plant
changes, by-product recovery, and water conservation and reuse.
Extramural Activities
"Acid emulsion breaking-activated sludge for bakery waste." Ebinger
Baking Co., Brooklyn, New York, 12060 FJK.
Development and demonstration of acid emulsion breaking pretreatment,
activated sludge secondary treatment, and multimedia filtration
effluent polishing suitable for subsurface injection disposal.
Treatment of 80,000 gpd effluent from a sweet-goods bakery was to
be demonstrated.
Develop, design, construct, operate, and evaluate waste treatment
plant. Make technical and operation data available for use by
others in the industry. The grantee has declared bankruptcy thus
the project will be terminated.
0. DEMONSTRATION OF CLOSED-LOOP INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
IN FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS PROCESSING OPERATIONS-SUGAR
PR0DUCTS--21 ALJ
Approach
Waste treatment demonstration grants were initiated under this industrial
classification in FY 68. Closed-loop recycle of sugar beet fluming waters
was the objective of the first few grants awarded in this segment of
the food industry.
State-of-art papers were then funded to obtain an overview of the waste
problems associated with the processing of sugar. As a result, current
grant objectives deal with developing new low wastes generating unit
processes, and resolving problems associated with flume mud dewatering
and disposal.
Future grants will tackle problems concerning the reuse of condenser
blowdown, and then utilization of processing wastes.
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Extramural Activities
"Separation, Dewatering and Disposal of Sugarbeet Transport Water Solids."
America Crystal Sugar Corp., Crookston, Minnesota, 12060 ESC.
This study is divided into two phases. Phase I was a pilot scale
and laboratory study during which time the optimum clarification
environment will be determined.
If phase I is found to be an economical method of dewatering solids
from the transport wastewater, Phase II will be initiated. Phase
II will consist of the design, construction, and operation of a full-
scale solids dewatering system (vacuum filtration). The full-scale
facility will be operated for one processing season so as to establish
a good data base for industry-wide recommendations.
The final report is currently going through its final revision and
Phase II is being initiated.
"Ecostatic cane processing system-pilot phase." County of Hawaii,
Hilo, Hawaii, 801221.
The objectve of this grant is to develop on a pilot scale, an
economical system which will eliminate liquid-borne wastes from sugar
cane processing plants. This system will incorporate a harvest
cleaner system, a dry cleaner soil remover, a juice wet cleaner,
a trash dry cleaner, a recycled water cleaner, and a stabilized slope
disposal system. All fibrous solid wastes including leaf and
bagasse will ultimately be used in low emission boilers for
electric power generation.
Considerable delay in the overall project was caused by a lengthy
Boilermakers strike which was recently settled.
P. DEMONSTRATION OF CLOSED-LOOP INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
IN FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS PROCESSING OPERATIONS-CONFECTIONERY
PRODUCTS—21 ALK
Approach
To date no federal grant monies have been spent or earmarked for this
industrial sub-classification. Two reasons for the above action or
inaction are: a) the limited extent of federal funds available for the
industrial waste R&D program, and b) the significance of this industrial
sub-classification's waste problems when referenced to other segments of
the food industry.
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Q. DEMONSTRATION OF CLOSED-LOOP INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
IN FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS PROCESSING OPERATIONS-BEVERAGE
INDUSTRY—21 ALL
Approach
Emphasis to date has been the development and demonstration of technically
and economically feasible methods of waste treatment and by-products
development.
"Winery Wastewater-characterization and treatment." Widmers Wine Cellars,
Inc., Naples, New York, 12060 EUZ.
Project objectives include characterization of winery wastewater
and documentation of the extended aeration process for treating
winery wastewater.
Data collection has been completed. Analysis of data and final
report preparation are underway.
"Activated Sludge-Bio Disc Treatment of Distillery Wastes." The
American Distilling Co., Pekin, Illinois, 12060 FLL.
Investigations involve comparative operating and economic
evaluations of the two biological treatment processes.
Data reduction was initiated following completion of the full-scale
evaluations. A final report draft is expected next quarter.
"State-of-the-art study of water pollution control from the beverage
industry." Environmental Research and Applications, Inc., Wilton,
Connecticut, 12060 FTC.
Objectives of this study were to investigate the impact on water
pollution by the Beverage Industry and to estimate the capital,
operating, and manpower requirements to meet state water quality
regulations.
Work on revision of the final report was terminated before
completion since the contractor's expenses had considerably
exceeded the award. The final revision will probably have to
be done inhouse.
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"Submerged combustion evaporation system for concentration of brewery
spent grain liquors." Anheuser-Busch, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri,
12060 HCW.
The primary objective of this project is to demonstrate the
feasibility of concentrating spent grain liquors. In addition to
eliminating a significant wastewater source the system will provide
a saleable by-product.
Major modifications were made to the downcomers in the evaporator
and a revised testing program will be started next quarter.
"Pilot Scale Treatment of Wine Stillage." California Department of
Agriculture, San Francisco, California, 12060 HPC.
Objectives require both aerobic and anaerobic pilot plant scale
studies to determine design and cost data for the treatment of
brandy stillage.
The pilot plant operations were completed and the first draft
of the final report is under preparation.
"Rum distillery waste treatment by anaerobic digestion," Bacardi Corp.,
San Jaun, Puerto Rico, 800935 (12060 HRU).
Project objectives include the operation of a pilot plant to
anaerobically treat distillery wastes. This operation will produce
preliminary design information for plant scale construction.
Work on the bench-top reactors was essentially completed and the
500 gallon anaerobic digestor was started near the end of the
quarter.
R. DEMONSTRATION OF CLOSED-LOOP INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
IN FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS PROCESSING OPERATIONS-MISCELLANEOUS
FOOD PREPARATION INDUSTRY—21 ALM
Approach
Emphasis to date has been devoted to by-product development and/or
pollution abatement.
"Membrane separation of soybean whey for product recovery and waste
treatment." Central Soya Co., Chicago, Illinois, 12060 FUR.
Pilot scale membrane separation followed by evaporation will be
used to establish scale-up design factors and the economic
feasibility of a commercial scale soybean whey facility.
Final report preparation is underway.
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II. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO OTHER EPA OPERATIONS
Approach
General: Technical assistance is given upon request by other EPA
programs to Regions, States, and Headquarters for personal services
of information and consultation, review, surveys, and short-term
research projects.
Specific: The type of assistance rendered involves a) effluent guidelines
b) industrial waste effects on water quality c) efficiency and feasibility
of external and in-plant processes for pollution abatement.
Intramural Activities
Secondary treatment of potato processing wastes.
At the request of Region IX design and operational data for the
three activated sludge treatment plants in Idaho was reviewed
and comments were forwarded to Regional personnel.
Effect of log driving and kraft mill effluent on St. Croix River,
Woodland, Maine.
This assistance involved a river survey and a short-term laboratory
study on bark and its leachates, and bottom sediment samples. Current
activities include assistance in preparation of the technical aspects
of this Region I enforcement case against Georgia Pacific.
Technical considerations on removal of the International Paper Company
sludge deposits, Lake Champlain, New York.
During the life of the suit between Vermont and New York we have
given assistance on the physical and chemical aspects of aging or
removing this sludge bed. With a hearing of this case by the U. S.
Supreme Court we have again assisted in determining EPA's technical
position as to the effect of the deposit and its removal on the lake.
Effluent Limitation Guidelines
Considerable effort was devoted to working with the Effluent
Guidelines Division, OAWP, personnel and their contractors in
both the pulp and paper, and food processing areas.
Technology Transfer
Assistance was proffered to the Technology Transfer Program in
the planning and conducting T.T. seminars on: Dairy, Poultry,
Meat Packing. The Pulp and Paper Program aided in preparation
of a capsule report to be issued by Technology Transfer.
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III. PRESENTATION, REPORTS, AND TRIPS
1. The Fourth National Symposium on Food Processing Wastes
was held in Syracuse, New York. It was attended by J. R. Boydston,
K. A. Dostal, H. W. Thompson, M. W. Cochrane, and J. A. Santroch.
Total attendance was approximately 230.
2. Mr. J. L. Witherow presented a paper titled, "Small Meat-
Packers Waste Treatment Systems," at the Fourth Symposium. He also
presented a talk titled, "Meat Packing Wastes," at the Southwest
Regional Annual Meeting of ASAE in Dallas, Texas.
3. "Evaluation of Joint Treatment Systems," was presented by
H. W. Thompson at the Environmental Engineering in the Food Industry
Conference in Pacific Grove, California.
4. Messrs Boydston, Scott, Willard and Ruppersburger attended
the West Coast Meeting of NCASI at Portland.
5. Mr. Scott presented a paper "The U.S. Sulfite Industry
Faces Present and Future Environmental Needs," to the TAPPI Sulfite
Conference at Boston.
6. Mr. Scott attended the National TAPPI Meeting in Chicago.
7. Dr. Willard presented a slide talk "Effects of Logging on
Watersheds: Transport and Storage in Water" to the Montana joint
AWWA and WPCF Meeting.
8. The following reports were made available during the quarter:
EPA R2 73 017 "Cannery Waste Treatment by Anaerobic Lagoons
and Oxidation Ditch."
EPA R2 72 018 "Proceedings Third National Symposium on
Food Processing Wastes."
EPA R2 73 164 "Kraft Pulping Effluent Treatment and Reuse--
State-of-the-Art."
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CENTRAL LABORATORY SERVICES
GENERAL
During this quarter all systems were functioning and thus production
and turnaround have been exceptional.
Natural water samples were provided to NESP-Las Vegas, NERP-Ely and
CLS for an AQC round robin for analysis of forms of phosphorus and
m trogen.
Silicon carbide boiling chips acquired from a supplier of chemical
stocks was found to be contaminated with an organic nitrogen material.
Only an effective analytical quality control program and a well designed
experimental program could have identified the source of contamination
since the level was variable (dependent on size and quantity used) and
only slightly above the wobble of the method.
Gases used in the atomic absorption analysis of metals were found to
be carrying contaminants which were causing problems in analysis. After
discussions with the supplier, only gases of the highest purity will be
used for atomic absorption spectrophotometry analysis of metals. In
the case of gas contamination, an effective analytical quality control
program pointed out the problem.
PNERL PROGRAM ELEMENT SUPPORT
National Coastal Pollution Research Program:
The computer section provided assistance in computer programming and
keypunching to reduce data from Lake Superior. The chemistry section
analyzed samples from the New York Bight (sludge dumping study) and
from Manchester, Washington (Puget Sound).
National Eutrophication Research Program:
Systems analysis, programming consultation, and keypuching services
towards the processing of data from Shagawa Lake were the major
contributions. A number of samples were submitted for chemical analysis.
All of the samples submitted to the Biology section originated from
NERP.
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National Waste Treatment Research Program:
Samples from intramural studies were handled primarily for BOD, COD, TOC,
and fluorescence studies. An attempt is being made to quantify easily
degradable organics using a TOC - fluorescent scheme. Preliminary
indications reveal that the TOC - fluorescent technique has merit.
National Thermal Pollution Research Program:
The computer section provided routine data reduction and model operation
assistance. The chemistry section aided in a field testing exercise.
National Eutrophication Survey Program:
A major effort in chemistry services is being provided in analyzing
tributary and wastewater treatment plant samples. On 2,700 tributary
samples 15,900 tests were performed and 2,800 tests were conducted
on 400 wastewater treatment samples. The algal assay section likewise
provided 231 samples for 6,800 analyses. Most of the computer
assistance was provided indirectly to NESP in the form of systems
programming support to data reduction activities of the chemistry lab.
Finishing touches were applied to the Technicon processor programs
early in the quarter, and the programs have run without substantial
modification since then.
National Environmental Research Center - Corvallis Activities:
The computer section devoted considerable time to the administrative
functions of the NERC, participating on agency committees, suggesting
NERC participation in agency data systems, coordinating conversion
of agency computing on BCS to OSI, etc. A three day meeting was planned
at Corvallis convening ADP representatives from the associated laboratories
and headquarters OR&M, for training and orientation in usage of agency
ADP resources. A short program for translating chlorophyll spectro-
photometer readings with STORET was written for the Grosse Isle
Laboratory. Assistance was given to the Western Fish Toxicology
Laboratory by the chemistry section.
Summary of Production Activities:
The Central Laboratory Services backlog has been reduced at the end of
March to 570 analyses. The following is a summary of the samples received
and the analyses performed.
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THIRD QUARTER SUMMARY
Chemistry Biology Tests
Samples Samples
NCPRP 5 60
NERP 133 70 635
NWTRP 158 356
NESP 3,492 24,396
Total
PNERL R&M 3,788 70 25,447
WFTS 54 344
Total R&M 3,842 70 25,791
Facilities 39 78
AQC 60 383
Misc. 12 96
TOTAL, ALL SOURCES 3,953 70 26,348
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