U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
PACIFIC NORTHWEST ENVIRONMENTAL
RESEARCH LABORATORY
QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT
July 1 - September 30, 1973
PACIFIC NORTHWEST ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
An Associate Laboratory of
National Environmental Research Center—Corvallis

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PACIFIC NORTHWEST ENVIRONMENTAL
RESEARCH LABORATORY
QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT
July 1 - September 30, 1973
N. A. Jaworski, Director
I P Spvb Dpnutu Di rprtnr
PACIFIC NORTHWEST ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
200 S.W. 35th ST.
CORVALLIS, OREGON 97330
FTS 503-752-4571
503-752-4211

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INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this report is to present a quarterly view of the
activities, both intramural and extramural, of the Pacific Northwest
Environmental Research Laboratory (PNERL). The research branches at
PNERL include:
Coastal Pollution Branch (CPB), involving research on the
behavior of pollutants in the marine environment.
Eutrophication and Lake Restoration Branch (ELRB),
involving research on the eutrophication (premature
aging) process in polluted water and development of
methods and technology for the control and restoration
of eutrophic waters.
Eutrophication Survey Branch (ESB), a study to identify
and analyze approximately 800 bodies of water in the
United States with potential or actual eutrophication
problems brought on by the discharge of excessive amounts
of nutrients into them.
Thermal Pollution Branch (TPB), involving the study of
causes, effects, controls, and prevention of thermal
pollution in streams, lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, and
coastal waters.
Industrial Wastes Branch (IWB), involving research on
treatment of wastes from the pulp and paper industry,
wood products industry, forestry and logging, and the
food processing industry.
Laboratory Services Branch (LSB), a centralized laboratory
providing analytical and computer services to the five
branches of PNERL.
The reporting of the research activities focus around the Research
Objective Achievement Plan (ROAP). Included in the presentation are
the ROAP approach, intramural activities, and extramural activities.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Item	Page
Coastal Pollution Branch 		1
Eutrophication and Lake Restoration Branch 		7
Eutrophication Survey Branch 		22
Thermal Pollution Branch 		27
Industrial Wastes Branch 		32
Laboratory Services Branch , 		55
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COASTAL POLLUTION BRANCH
Program Element 1BA025
I. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
A. SCIENTIFIC CRITERIA FOR OCEAN DISPOSAL--21 AIS
Approach
General: Determine behavior of pollutants in the marine environment
and the ecosystem responses they elicit, singly and in combination,
through controlled laboratory and field experiments and through
analytical measurement and observations in polluted natural environments.
Field experiments in controlled tidal ponds will be correlated with
laboratory simulator studies and full-scale observational and
demonstration programs. Studies of a more generally applicable nature
will be conducted in-house, while specific location-oriented studies
will make extensive use of grants and contracts.
Specific: Study the following:
(1)	uptake of mercury in Dungeness crabs,
(2)	PCB's in Puget Sound, Los Angeles Bight, and New York Bight,
and in laboratory simulators,
(3)	nature and significance of surface films near municipal ocean
outfalls (California Coast),
(4)	dynamical response of ecosystems to environmental stresses
(New York and Los Angeles Bights),
(5)	mechanisms of heavy metal accumulation in Southeastern
Atlantic and Gulf Coast coastal ecosystems,
(6)	behavior of microbial pollutions in marine systems, and
(7)	relationship of particulate pollutants in dredge spoil and
treated wastewater discharges on marine water quality.
Intramural Activities
(1) New York Bight Study:
The current meters deployed in May were retrieved and redeployed. The
films recovered, coupled with adequate past deployment checks, give the
indication of a good data record. The films are currently being
processed.
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Two large volume sediment trap stations were established close to
the center of the area. Retrieval of these devices is scheduled for
mi d-October.
The fourth benthic survey of the proposed New York Bight experimental
dump site was conducted in August. Specimens collected during the
first three cruises (December 1972, February and May 1973) have
been identified to the species level and enumerated. The macrobenthos
at the site is very diverse: 105 species have been collected in 63
0.1 m2 Smith-McIntyre grabs. In terms of species richness, the
polychaetes (47 species) and amphipods (21 species) are the dominant
phylogenetic groups. The sand dollar (Echinarchinius parma) accounts
for most of the biomass, and an unidentified arenaceous foraminiferan
is the most numerous species. Most of the dominant organisms in our samples
are common throughout the Bight except in the existing sludge disposal area.
Thus, the structure of this assemblage appears to be a good biological
criterion of the effects of sludge dumping on the environment.
A number of New York Sewage Treatment Plant sludges and some sediments
from the 3 nautical mile grid around buoy NB in New York Bight have
been analyzed for PCB. The sludges have in the order of 5-17 ppm
PCB-1254 (dry weight basis) and the sediments in the order of .05-.13
ppm PCB-1254; additional samples are to be analyzed.
There is thus some reasonable probability of following the sludge and
its chemical behavior in the New York Bight experiment. However, there
is still the practical problem of how to get a sludge rich sample
(equal to 20 grams dry basis) from the bottom when the experimental
material has been dispersed.
(2) Trace Metals:
A scientific report has been drafted showing results of neutron activation
laboratory work on New York Bight samples. Very small amounts of sludge
can be analyzed for certain trace metals in the presence of excess
sediment.
Samples of persistent petroleum pollutant (tar balls) have been
subjected to preliminary neutron activation analysis. Based on the
fact that only about half of the persistent material is actually
analyzed by typical G.C. procedures it was shown that substantial
additional information could be obtained about the more persistent
heavy polar molecules which contain the trace elements. This
methodology is useful for monitoring and research purposes and will be
reported at the EPA seminar on monitoring the marine environment, Seattle,
October 17, 1973.
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Extramural Activities
In August, the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project
submitted the first annual progress report for their grant entitled
"Quantitative Response Characteristics of Coastal Fish and Benthic
Invertebrate Communities of the Los Angeles Bight." SCCWRP has
designed and implemented a major biological data storage, retrieval,
and analysis system to handle the large quantities of historic
information on the biota of the Bight. The species composition,
biomass, disease frequency, and abiotic station data for 2700 demersal
samples are being entered into the system. Studies of the effects
of pollution on the incidence of disease in fishes have shown that
fin erosion in the dover sole (Microstomas pacificus) is very high
in the vicinity of major wastewater discharge sites. This disease
may be a consequence of direct contact with contaminated sediments.
Progress reported by Dr. Selleck - The significance and control of
wastewater floatables has shown a possible mechanism for slick
tracing through the use of hexane extractable concentrations. Slick
samples analyzed for PCB's are showing positive results. Scheduled
field operations were conducted and staff from both EPA and the Hyperion
plant were on board to observe and learn the procedures for sample
collection. The grant is on schedule and a final report should
be received prior to the end of the calendar year.
The final report on project 16070EKZ "Oxidation of Organic Matter in
Sediments" by Mario Pamatmat, R. S. Jones, H. Sanborn and A. Bhazwat,
(EPA 660/3-73-005, June 1973 - Project Officer, Dr. Milton H. Feldman),
is being printed and will be available for distribution. The information
generated in this three year program on procedures and equipment
for the detailed evaluation of organic accumulation will be of interest
to those with the need to make decisions with regard to such suspected
accumulation or where dredging or ocean disposal practices are
to be regulated.
In addition to the detailed procedures developed for oxygen demand, biological
and chemical, short and long term, Dr. Pamatmat has shown the importance
of the anaerobic layer underneath the oxygen consuming surface
layers, a previously neglected part of the organics accumulation problem.
B. PREDICTIVE MODELS FOR POLLUTANTS IN THE OCEAN ENVIRONMENT—
21 AIT
Approach
General: To develop and test predictive models which quantitatively
describe the physical, chemical, and ecological interactions of added
polluting substances and pathogenic organisms. Such models describe
and predict the pollution sources, their routes and rates of movement,
the storage points and rates of accumulation, the transformations and
their rates, and the ecological interactions which occur in
climatologically and geographically distinct regions.
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Specific: A series of predictive models for categories of pollutants
in ecologically-distinct ocean reaches. These models would be built
from the physical aspects--circulation, mixing, and diffusion—and
extended to include geological and geochemical processes and finally
to incorporate the biological and ecological relationships with extension
to management models.
Intramural Activities
Some minor delays have occurred in our Navy Interagency Agreement on
modeling of coastal circulation and pollutant flushing, however, it
is anticipated that the final report will be completed next quarter.
In the verification stage of the model, instruments placed in the
Bight last June were recovered -- with one exception. The meter
off the Hudson Canyon was lost. Possible reasons for the loss are
extreme currents, failure of the sonic device, or interference
by draggers which were reported as operating in the area. The
records of the recovered meters were plotted, visually
edited, and sent to NOAA for further processing. This is the first
time that records of offshore tides have been made in the Bight.
More important, it is an example which shows that obtaining input data
to large scale models can be accomplished.
During our last trip to the experimental sludge dump site (ESDS)
samples were collected en route at the surface, mid-depth, and
near-bottom for suspended sediment and particle size analysis.
Stations were located at the Harbor entrance, the established
sludge dumping area, and the ESDS. On the average the concentration
of suspended matter increases from the surface to the bottom
although there are differences at individual stations. The highest
concentrations were found in the sludge dumping area, as would be
expected. Computer runs were made to simulate the vertical distribution
of sediment with distance offshore. Input to the model consists of
a horizontal velocity, vertical diffusion, depth, and settling
velocity. Based on the model and sampling results another cruise is
scheduled to sample intensively around the sludge dump area for
suspended sediment and particle size analysis. One purpose of this
cruise is to determine the effectiveness of the Coulter Counter technique
in monitoring barge dumps.
Extramural Activities
A final report on "Dispersion in the Hydrologic and Coastal Environment"
was reviewed and forwarded to Washington for printing. The report
summarizes five years of research by Dr. Norman Brooks and his
associates at Cal Tech on various flow phenomena of importance to
the transport and dispersion of pollutants. During the course of
this grant, 32 publications, reports, and technical memoranda were
issued.
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The final report for Dr. David A. Bella's project on "Tidal Flats
in Estuarine Water Quality Analysis" was received. The initial
phase of this study concerned mixing processes and tidal hydraulics.
Later, emphasis shifted to estuarine benthic systems and, in particular,
the sulfur cycle. The report is presently being reviewed.
The continuation for Dr. Winters' grant at the University of
Washington on circulation in fiords was received. The second year
of this study will: 1) continue to develop an improved general
computer model for deep fiord circulation; 2) demonstrate the use
of circulation models in the numerical assessment of fiord biological
activity; and 3) continue studies of Puget Sound circulation using
the University's hydraulic model of the Sound.
The final report on our Interagency Agreement with the U.S. Navy
Environmental Prediction Research Facility was initiated. The first
draft on "Development and Testing of Numerical Models of Pollution of
the New York Bight Area" with Dr. T. Laevastu as principal investigator,
will be completed in the next quarter. Our grant with Dr. D. Harleman,
MIT, is continuing on schedule. Arrangements are being made to extend
Dr. Francois Morel's stay in the U.S. in order to work on our MIT grant.
Dr. Morel has been working at Cal Tech with Professor Morgan on certain
chemical problems.
II.	TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
A. Operation Quicksilver
Cooperation was again the order of the day with EPA's Annapolis Field
Office, Coastal Pollution Branch, and the U.S. Coast Guard pooling
manpower and resources in an attempt to recover seven sediment
traps deployed at the Region's interim sludge dumping site. The
U.S. Coast Guard supplied the services of the cutter Sassafras backed
up with helicopter support.
No traps were recovered but sediment samples were collected and
forwarded to PNERL's Laboratory Services Branch for analysis.
III.	PRESENTATIONS, TRIPS AND REPORTS
1.	Dr. Feldman has written an ecological series report entitled
"Petroleum Weathering: Some Pathways, Fate and Disposition on Marine
Waters" EPA 660/3-73-013. September 1973.
2.	Mr. Callaway served as co-coordinator with Oregon State
University on a short course on numerical modeling of estuarine
pollution. Mr. Callaway gave a seminar on coastal pollution and
modeling to the OSU Oceanography Department and the Coastal Upwelling
Ecosystem Analysis group of the International Decade of Oceanographic
Exploration. An abstract of the talk will be published in the final
report of the CUEA Theoretical Workshop.
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Mr. W. Rittall, a CPB staff engineer served as a member of an official
EPA delegation to the Soviet Union under the 1972 USSR-US Environmental
agreement. The trip included four days of technical discussions in Moscow
with field visits to research facilities and industrial plants in the
vicinity of Lake Baikal in Eastern Siberia. The following places
were visited.
1.	Irkutsk
2.	Listvennichnoe City
a. Limnology Institute of Academy of Sciences of the USSR
3.	Baikalsk
a.	Baikalsk Cellulose Factory
b.	Hydromet Hydrological and geochemical expedition
4.	Bolshie Koty Settlement
a. Irkutsk State University Biological Station
A set of publications (in Russian) representing the recent research
findings of both the Irkutsk State University Biological Station
staff and the Academy of Sciences Limnology Station were obtained
and are on file in EPA's library at PNERL.
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EUTROPHICATION AND LAKE RESTORATION BRANCH
Program Element 1BA031
I. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
A. THE DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF LAKE RESTORATION
PROCEDURES - 21 AIY
Approach
General: Demonstrate and evaluate lake restoration procedures at laboratory
pilot and full-scale levels.
Specific: Many existing or newly developed preventive and remedial
processes that have proven successful at the laboratory level will be
brought to operating levels capable of broad practical application.
Some of these processes will be advanced waste treatment, dredging, in
situ phosphorus precipitation, nutrient exclusion, aeration, sediment
drying, and nutrient flushing.
Intramural Activities
Shagawa Lake Studies: Conduct limnological investigation to determine the
effect of advanced waste treatment (phosphorus removal) of municipal
wastewater on the eutrophication process in Shagawa Lake, Minnesota.
The advanced wastewater treatment plant at Ely is operating well. Total
phosphorus in the effluent averaged about 0.05 mg/1 during the quarter.
There has been no significant decrease in the total phosphorus or
chlorophyll ^concentration within the lake this growing season when
compared to recent years. There was the usual, although smaller, blooms
of the blue-greem algae Aphanizomenon and Anabaena occurring in August and
September.
Field work on several special limnological studies were completed which
included an : 1) aerial and ground survey of higher aquatic plants;
2) assessment of N? fixation; 3) estimate of zooplankton migration, biomass
and grazing rates; 4) a sediment survey; 5) measurements of sediment oxygen
demand and nutrient regeneration potential; and 6) seston sedimentation
rate.
Diamond Lake Nutrient Diversion Studies: Monthly field studies to
evaluate the effectiveness of nutrient diversion on Diamond Lake, Oregon,
was continued for the third annual field season. All campground waste
disposal facilities have now been intercepted, but septic tanks remain
operational at the lodge complex. Complete interception is still
planned, however.
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In addition to the usual physical, chemical, and biological measurements in
the lake, qualitative and quantitative measurements of macrophyte
beds were made by SCUBA. Weeds were harvested by hand in measured areas
at four different locations in July, August, and September, and were
analyzed for dry weight and taxonomic identification.
Aerial photographs of the lake were taken from a chartered light aircraft
in August in an effort to map, visually, the areal extent of the
macrophyte beds. Analysis of results, which include overlapping
pictures made with three different types of film is continuing.
Extramural Activities
"Monitoring and nutrient inactivation studies on two glacial lakes
(Ohio) before and after nutrient diversion." G. Dennis Cooke, Kent
State University Ohio, 801936.
The objectives are: 1) to determine the effect of sewage diversion
(installation of sewer lines) on indices of eutrophication, 2)
to determine a base-line reference for a full-scale experiment of
lake restoration (with one lake serving as a control), and 3)
to conduct a full-scale restoration experiment of nutrient
inactivation of phosphorus.
Both lakes showed some measurable change in comparison to periods of time
prior to diversion. Nutrient inactivation using aluminum sulfate in
columns in the lakes was encouraging as a restoration technique. Results
of mathematical modeling efforts were presented at the Utah Modeling
Workshop.
"The effectiveness of advanced waste treatment methods and the recovery
rate of enriched lake following nutrient cut-off." Winston C. Larson,
Consulting Engineer, Detroit Lakes, Minnesota, 800490.
This project will divert the wastewater treatment plant effluent
from Lake Sal lie in an attempt to reduce the nutrient input to
this lake and retard its rate of eutrophication.
The diverted wastewater will be treated experimentally by three
processes: 1) chemical precipitation and sedimentation; 2) spray
applications to crops and soils, and 3) periodic discharge to
soil adsoprtion galleries. The objectives of the project are
to determine the effectiveness of the three techniques cited
above in removing nutrients from the wastewater effluent and to
document the response and rate of recovery of Lake Sal lie
following the elimination of its primary nutrient source.
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Sallie Lake, its tributaries, and groundwater wells in future
treatment areas were monitored to establish baseline conditions
prior to advanced wastewater treatment.
"Eutrophic lake reclamation by physical and chemical manipulations."
Don A. Linger, University of Notre Dame, 801245.
The project involves a demonstration of water quality parameter
changes in a eutrophic lake (Stone Lake, Cassopolis, Michigan)
following complete domestic pollution abatement. During this study
particular emphasis will be placed on the investigation and field
demonstration of external manipulation procedures which will hopefully
accelerate the return of human uses to existing lakes which are
seriously polluted.
The recovery of Stone Lake continues to be evaluated. Nutrient
inactivation studies emphasized biological effects. Results of
mathematical modeling efforts were presented at the Utah Modeling
Workshop.
"Survey of lake rehabilitation techniques and experiences." S. M. Born,
University of Wisconsin, 802242.
This grant will produce a state-of-the-art review of lake restoration
activities in the world and determine past experience and the
existing state-of-knowledge associated with each technique.
Draft of the final report is being reviewed.
"National lake inventory." Paul D. Uttormark, University of Wisconsin,
801363.
The goal of this project is to compile factual information describing
the quality of lakes larger than 100 acres in size as a basis for
assessing: 1) the magnitude of the eutrophication problem in this
country, 2) the need for lake rehabilitation, and 3) the need
for protective action to maintain satisfactory lake quality.
Efforts have been on the compilation of factual information describing
the quality of lakes as a basis for assessing the magnitude of
the eutrophication problem in this country and the need for
rehabilitative projects or maintenance programs.
"Eutrophication information program." Paul D. Uttormark, University of
Wisconsin, 801365.
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The objective is to publish the following materials:
1.	Eutrophication: A Bimonthly Summary of Current Literature.
2.	Two critical literature reviews of selected areas of
eutrophication.
3.	Annual Index of Eutrophication Literature.
The bimonthly surmiary of current eutrophi cation literature continues
to be printed and distributed.
"Lake drawdown: A method of improving water quality." Jackson L. Fox,
University of Florida, 800305.
The overall objective of this project is to quantitatively and
qualitatively define the effects of drawdown and refilling on
Lake Apopka, Florida, water quality in physical, biological, and
chemical terms. Emphasis has been on evaluating pilot scale
sediment drying and reflooding under conditions approaching those
found in the field.
"Reduction of eutrophication of lower St. Regis Lake by point source
phosphorus removal." G. Wolfgang Fuhs, Health Research Inc., and
New York State Health Dept. 801529.
The objective is to demonstrate whether phosphorus removal alone
at the Paul Smith College wastewater treatment plant during tha
growing season will greatly lessen the recurring algal blooms in
lower St. Regis Lake. Two methods of phosphorus removal-alum
precipitation and effluent recharge-will be studied at the
treatment plant.
The phosphorus removal system has operated smoothly at 80 percent
removal or better. Lake response to lower phosphorus loading has
become apparent this summer with a decreased algal density and
improved dissolved oxygen.
"Nutrient diversion effects on eutrophication." Eugene B. Welch,
University of Washington, 800512.
The objective is to evaluate the rate of return of nutrient and
plankton algal content to a pre-enrichment level in Lake Sammamish
Washington. The rate of return will be computed with that following
a similar diversion from Lake Washington. Emphasis will be to
determine the role of sediments in controlling the recovery rate
in the two lakes.
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Monitoring of Lake Sammamish has shown only slight changes in
response to a reduction in nutrient income. Emphasis has been
placed on evaluating sediments as a nutrient source during anoxic
conditions. Simulation modeling results of Lake Sammamish were
presented at the Utah Modeling Workshop.
B. PREDICTIVE MODELS FOR THE EUTROPHICATION PROCESS - 21 AJA
Approach
General: Develop a series of predictive models which define the chemical,
physical and biological components and their effect on the eutrophication
of lakes and estuaries.
Specific: Develop and test a predictive model or models which quantitatively
describe and define the significant ecological (chemical, physical and
biological) phenomena which relate to eutrophication in freshwater and
estuarine water bodies. Such models should include numerical terms
for: 1) cycling of nutrients in ecosystems including nutrient uptake and
release from bottom sediments; 2) relationship of algal species to available
nutrients; 3) community level response to specific nutrient increases and
decreases; 4) effects of physical and chemical factors such as light,
temperature, pH and salinity on growth of individual species; and 5)
the metabolic processes involving nutrients and then cycling.
Intramural Activities
Develop systematic software directed toward Shagawa Lake data analysis.
Test software against data to provide preliminary assessments of the
validity and completeness of the terms in the model formulation.
Prepare statement of data need and an estimate of confidence levels for
models developed.
A mathematical model was developed and presented at the Utah Modeling
Workshop which related algal growth to solar radiation and concentration
of nitrogen and phosphorus in Shagawa Lake.
Extramural Activities
"Systems studies of water and nutrient transport." Dale Huff, University
of Wisconsin, 801366.
This project will assemble and document a package of computer programs
that can be used to explore the effects of land-water interactions
on lake quality. A second related goal is to use the collection of
computer programs to examine potential points for applying
management plans for improving lake quality.
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A combined model was presented at the Utah Modeling Workshop
coupling a mechanistic model of hydrology of a lake's drainage
basin, prediction of nutrient loading and biotic response.
"Aqueous environmental chemistry of nitrogen and phosphorus in Lake
Mendota." Wm. Boyle, University of Wisconsin, 801360.
The objectives are: 1) to estimate nutrient flux to and from lake
sediments; 2) assess ways in which nutrients are transported to
the lake from the watershed; and 3) define the role of the
thermocline as a barrier to nutrient transport.
Model development continued on the phosphorus dynamics in Lake
Mendota.
C. DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES TO MEASURE NUTRIENTS FROM DIFFUSE
SOURCES - 21 AJE
Approach
General: The development of laboratory and/or field methods for quantitatively
describing the nutrient contribution of diffuse sources, such as
agricultural and urban runoff and rainfall to bodies of water and of
procedures to assess their significance in terms of the total nutrient
input to a given water body.
Specific: Evaluate the sediment-water nutrient exchange capacity of various
lake sediments. Initiate field studies to determine subsurface nutrient
input, including that from septic tanks, to test sites and develop
methods for quantifying such inputs. Evaluate impact and significance of
other diffuse sources, including precipitation.
Intramural Activities
Eighteen test wells in and about septic tank drain field areas at
two sites on a lake in the Cascades were examined for plant nutrient
content. These wells are located such that changing nutrient content
of the subsurface discharges might be followed in the suspected direction
of flow toward the adjacent lake. In July, one liter of Rhodamine WT
fluorescent dye was introduced into the septic system to trace the flow
route of effluent in the drain field. Data at this point appears to
be inconclusive with regard to the movement of wastewater discharge in
the saturated soil zone. The dye studies indicate that lateral
movement from the point of discharge has been minimal; chemical data tend
to confirm this. Water tables in this area have been very low this
year and may have affected the rate of tracer and nutrient movement
away from the discharge point. A more thorough examination of the
existing data is in prograss.
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In the latter half of FY 1973 a wide variety of nutrient complexing
compounds were tested to detect 1) their ability to render plant nutrients
unavailable to algae and other aquatic plants, 2) their effects on
aquatic animals, and 3) the longevity of such inactivant-nutrient complexes.
The most promising of those condidates screened to date include zirconium
tetrachloride, zirconium oxychloride, alum, sodium aluminate, and Wah
Chang waste. All have proven to be relatively efficient phosphorus
strippers. The Wah Chang waste product is somewhat less efficient than the
others but has the advantage of low cost. The presence of heavy metals
in this material, however, poses a serious question as to its use.
Laboratory experiments have shown that aluminum concentrations of 5 mg/1 or
greater will remove all traces of phosphorus from NAAM algal culture
medium containing a phosphorus concentration of 0.15 mg/1. Zirconium
concentrations of 2-3 mg/1 will also remove all phosphorus from the NAAM
medium. Algal assay tests (AAP) of the nutrient inactivated medium
demonstrate that one or more essential nutrients are rendered unavailable
to the test species (Selenastrum capricornutum); growth rate and biomass
production were severely reduced.
Since zirconium tetrachloride in solution is extremely acidic, while
sodium aluminate is basic, we are investigating the possibility of
using the two substances in combination thereby achieving the pH control
without addition of a buffer. The combination should extend the effective
pH range over which the inactivant will be operative.
Tests to determine whether candidate inactivants would exert detrimental
effects on aquatic animals have consisted of 96 hour static bioassays
using coho and chinook salmon fingerlings and water fleas (Daphnia magna).
Ninety-six bioassays with fish demonstrated nearly 100 percent survival
with all substances at all concentrations tested (up to 40 mg/1). The
only exception was lanthanum rare earth chloride which killed fish at
all concentrations.
Daphnia survived 96 hour tests with Wah Chang waste product at all
concentrations tested. Daphnia also showed good survival in zirconium
oxychloride and lanthaum rare earth chloride when concentrations did
not exceed 5 mg/1. One set of tests has been run to determine the long
range effects of potential inactivants on zooplankton. The tests were
conducted with Daphnia using zirconium tetrachloride as the inactivant.
Duration of the tests was 9 weeks, which included several generations of
Daphnia. The Daphnia survived these tests and reproduced as long as
the zirconium concentration was less than 10 mg/1.
The most promising feature of zirconium as an inactivant is its
tenacious bonding with phosphorus. Laboratory experiments to determine
the time span over which a zirconium-phosphate complex will be maintained
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under both aerobic and anaerobic condition have been delayed pending
development of micro-techniques applicable to small experimental
containers (modified Jenkins coring tubes). Methods for determining
phosphorus on 2.5 ml samples are now accurately reproducible. Special
pH and redox probe adapters have been constructed and tested and an oxygen
analyzer has been modified so that samples as small as 0.25 ml can be analyzed
to ± 0.1 mg 0^/1. Calibration curves have been established on a liauid
scintillation counter for 33p and 3^P which will be used in the sediment
and water phases, respectively, in the columns. This phase of the
inactivation studies will begin in November.
Extramural Activities
"Determine the release of inorganic organic forms of phosphorus
from sediments." R. E. Wildung, Battelle-Northwest, Contract 14-12-508.
The final report has been published (EPA-R3-73-024, April 1973).
Methods were developed for the characterization of inorganic and
organic P components and/or laboratory measurement of release from
sediments and subsequent availability to algae. Lake systems studied
were Upper Klamath, Agency, Diamond, Erie, and Shagawa. Sufficient
data were obtained to detect seasonal changes in P concentration in
Upper Klamath Lake sediments.
Release of and resorption of P associated with the solid phase occurred.
Release appeared to be largely from non-occluded Fe-P whereas
resorption was primarily in the form of non-occluded Al-P. Algal
growth response to released P during dialysis in laboratory experiments
was approximately equivalent to the response to orthophosphate.
"Determine nitrogen transformation in lake sediments." D. R. Keeney,
University of Wisconsin, 801362.
The final report has been approved for publication. It will consist
principally of a protocol for the determination of sorption and
release of nitrogen by lake sediments. Other results of the
research under this grant have been published in technical journals.
Nitrogen fixation in sediments from hard and soft water lakes has
been investigated, and work was carried out on the effects of
certain additives, such as alum and calcium carbonate, or nitrogen,
or nitrogen transformations in sediments.
Determine the role of phosphorus-sediment interactions in eutrophication
and quantify the potential release from sediments." Armstrong, University
of Wisconsin, 801364.
The final report is in preparation. Initial phases of the work
consisted of characterization of phosphorus types from a number
14

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of Wisconsin lakes. Phosphorus transformations were investigated
in the laboratory under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, particularly
with respect to iron and manganese. Sediment-water systems to
simulate the effect of ground water percolation on transport of P
from sediments were developed.
"Determine nitrate removal from water at the water-mud interface in
swamps." W. H. Patrick, Jr., Louisiana State University, 800428.
This project was approved for continuation during the fourth
quarter, FY-73. Emphasis continues to be oriented toward an
understanding of the mechanisms involved in nitrate removal from the
overlying flooded soils and sediments. Two components have been
intensified: 1) a dilution effect of the nitrate in the overlying
flood water diffusing into the water phase of the sediment, and
2) denitrification of nitrate after diffusion into the reduced
sediments. Mathematical expressions have been developed to
describe both processes. Another series of studies is being conducted
to determine the effect of oxygen on the denitrification processes.
D. METHODS TO INHIBIT ALGAE AND AQUATIC WEED GROWTH WHERE
NUTRIENTS CANNOT BE CONTROLLED - 21 AIZ
This ROAP was terminated at the end of FY 1973, but contained four
extramural activities for which funding was complete but which had not
yet been concluded.
Extramural Activittes
"Nutrient dynamics in an artifically enriched lake." J. K. Neel , University
of North Dakota, 16010 DFI.
The final report has been published (EPA-660/3-73-001 , July 1973).
This study was designed to determine the effects of macrophyte
harvesting on the nutrient dynamics of the lake, It was found that
harvest had a definite imDact on macrophyte growth the following
season. After one year's harvest, density of weeds was about one-
fourth as great the following year and phytoplankton density increased.
However, macrophyte removal by harvest took out only insignificant
amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus when compared with the amounts of
nitrogen and phosphorus brought in annually by the lake's major
tributary, the highly enriched Pelican river.
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"Nitrogen sources and cycling in natural waters." P. L. Brezonik, University
of Florida, 16010 DCK.
The final report has been published (EPA-660/3-73-002. July 1973).
Sources of nitrogen were reviewed to determine their significance in
lake nitrogen budgets. Nutrients in rainfall were found to be
significant. N & P budgets were calculated for 55 Florida Lakes
and critical loading rates established. Nitrogen fixation by
bacteria in sediments was described and evidence for the role of
lake sediment as an ammonia buffer was found.
"Eutrophication of surface waters — Lake Tahoe (Indian Creek Reservoir)."
P. H. McGauhey, Lake Tahoe Area Council, 16010 DNY.
The general purpose of this study has been to determine whether
advanced waste treatment processes at the upper limit of current
technology are adequate to reduce nutrients below the level at which
they may seriously accelerate the rate of eutrophication of surface
waters. Indian Creek Reservoir is the terminus of a system designed
to export from the Lake Tahoe basin the final effluent from the
AWT of the South Tahoe Public Utility District. The reservoir has
been monitored under this grant for three years. It is presently
in its terminal year, and the final report is in preparation.
"Research and development of a selective algicide to control nuisance
algal growth." W. F. Mcllhenny, Dow Chemical Co., Contract 68-01-0076.
The objective of this project is to develop a compound to
effectively and economically control the growth of nuisance
species of blue-green algae with a minimum impact on desirable
forms of life in the aquatic environment.
The final report for Phase II of the study has been published (EPA-660/3-
73-006, August 1973). Two compounds were selected as final candidates
for field testing in Phase III. Tests were carried out during the
first quarter FY-74 in Lake Sal lie, Minnesota; Chowan River, North
Carolina; and Diamond Lake, Oregon. Results of these tests are
pendi ng.
D. THE DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR ASSESSING AND CATEGORIZING THE
POTENTIAL EUTROPHICATION OF NATURAL WATERS - 21 AJF
Approach
General: The trophic state and productivity response of freshwater and
estuarine organisms to change in nutrient levels must be known in order
to predict the consequences of eutrophication control measures.
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To meet this need, it is necessary to develop, evaluate, and standardize
laboratory and in situ assays which will allow an accurate and rapid
assessment of organism-nutrient relationships. Another need is to be
able to rapidly classify a lake on the basis of a single set of
observations. This is necessary in order to identify problem lakes
and set priorities for implementing control measures.
Specific: Develop, refine, evaluate, standardize, and conduct laboratory
and field bioassays (in situ) to measure, predict and categorize the
response(s) of aquatic organisms, both freshwater and estuarine, to
specific additions or reductions of nutrients. Define critical nutrient
levels (phosphorus, nitrogen, etc.,) responsible for buisance "blooms"
of algae. Design a simple, reliable lake classification system to aid
scientific, regulatory and planning agencies to identify problem lakes
and set priorities for implementing control measures.
Intramural Activities
Evaluate and predict the effects of individual and known nutrients on the
growth of nuisance algae and aquatic plants using both lab and field
(in situ) bioassay techniques in fresh and estuarine waters.
Freshwater algal assay studies: Development and evaluation of methods to
count the filamentous blue-green alga, Anabaena figs aquae with an
electronic particle counter have been completed. Efforts have been devoted
to the use of the sonicator as a tool for breaking up the algal filaments
prior to counting.
The results show that untreated (sonicated) filaments grown in algal
assay medium (AAM) gave varying ratios of cell volume to gravimetric
dry weight. Therefore, no constant conversion factor could be obtained
during the log phase of growth. Sonication treatment of the filamentous
cells grown in AAM enable the calculation of the following conversion
factor; cells/mg/1 x mean cell colume x 5.4 x 10 equals mg dry wt/1
of Anabaena flos aquae. This conversion factor will be evaluated for
cells grown in natural waters.
Field samples of varying salinity and nutrient content have been
obtained from the Yaquina Estuary, Newport, Oregon and Puget Sound,
Washington, on cooperation with EPA Region X.
Batch "Bottle Test" assays using Dunaliella tertiolecta indicate nitrogen
to be the predominate limiting nutrient. Phosphorus was growth
limiting in several low salinity (2,8 to 5.0 0/00) water samples.
Inoculum studies were undertaken to determine the level at which minteral
nutrient carryover from cells grown in Burkholders artifical seawater
containing AAM nutrient content occurs. Initial concentration levels of
100, 250, 1000 cells/ml of Dunaliella were evaluated. Similar growth
response was obtained at each inoculum level. However, to insure minimum
nutrient carryover, 100 cells/ml has been chosen as the standard inoculum
for Dunaliella.
17

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Extramural Activities
"Evaluate continous-flow and field (in situ) bioassay results with those
obtained with the AAP bottle Test, August 1971, in fresh waters."
Dr. Charles M. Weiss, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 800399.
This study deals with four phases of research concerning the algal
assay procedure. One phase is to conduct a series of systematic
studies in which random block designs will be evaluated to establish
the best arrangement of test design in order to increase the reliability
of the algal assay among laboratories. Another phase will be
concerned with investigating an experimental design, whereby, samples
are brought into the laboratory and primary productivity of the natural
phytoplankton determined. The effect of change in temperature will
be particularly studied. The adaption of the algal assay procedure
to estuarine waters will also be studied. Finally, the relationship
of in situ productivity to productivity in laboratory assays will be
studied.
"Design assay techniques, both lab and field, to evaluate and define the
nutritional ecology of aquatic plants." Dr. Gerloff, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, 800504.
This research is part of a continuing program of laboratory studies
to establish the nutritional requirements, and to some extent other
environmental requirements, of nuisance aquatic plants and to apply
the results in reducing nuisance growths of the plants in lakes and
streams. This specific project involves further refinement and
evaluation of a bioassay technique known as "plant or tissue
analysis" for assessing nutrient supplies and specific limiting
nutrients for growth of the nuisance aquatic plants.
Studies will be carried out in the laboratory to compare the
capacities of various types of nuisance aquatic plants, both algae and
macrophytes, to take up and compete for nutrients in the presence
of very low concentrations of the elements comparable to the
concentrations in lakes of Wisconsin. It is anticipated the
results will be applicable in explaining differences in the
relative abundance of different nuisance plants with variations
in lake fertility, including the effects of nutrient pollution.
"Describe and quantify—including the use of bioassays the various
physical, chemical, and limnological interrelationships responsible for
the succession (changes) in species composition relative to the trophic
state of a body of water." Dr. Morton, WARF Institute, 801168.
The objective of this project is to determine the conditions
favorable for maintaining a high green algae, or diatom, to
blue-green algae ratio in natural waters.
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The succession and predominance of algal types will be determined
as a function of manganese, iron, carbon, oxygen, rate of aeration
and mixing, light intensity and temperature. Mixtures of green and
blue-green algae and diatoms will be cultured under varying
conditions and the rate of growth and final cell yields of each
growth and the variations in the chemical and physical system in
which they are grown will be determined.
University of Wisconsin biological and chemical data on Lake
Mendota will be used to correlate green to blue green algae ratios
observed in the field to experimental results obtained by the
proposed laboratory research.
"Application of bioassay and chemical analysis to evaluation of the
ecological implications of nutrient control projects." Dr. George Fitzgerald,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, 801361.
The specific objectives of this project are to apply bioassay and
chemical analyses to the evaluation of the ecological implications
of nutrient control projects:
1.	To apply the standard Algal Assay Procedures (AAP) based
on cell growth to record changes in the maximum biomass of
algae supported by lake water samples and the role of N, P,
and Fe as limiting factors throughout the growing season. AAP
assays will continue to be carried out in cooperation with
the Inland Lake Renewal and Management Demonstration Program
supported by the Upper Great Lakes Regional Commission. Basic
and applied studies of the use of the carbon-14 limiting
nutrient technique as one alternative to the AAP will also
be continued.
2.	To record changes in the N, P, and Fe nutritional status
of in situ algae from key sampling stations throughout
theTlgal growing season by the use of enzymatic and chemical
fraction analyses as evidence of practical changes taking
place.
3.	To conduct comparative chemical analyses and 24-hour algal
sorption tests on selected water samples to record the
concentrations of soluble PO4-P, total P, and available P
in lake samples throughout the algal growing season.
4.	To critically evaluate the data generated by the different
techniques on a cost-results basis for rationally interpreting
results and the selection of methods most appropriate for
particular purposes.
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"Determine relationship between interspecies effect of algal extracellular
metabolites and bloom sequence in freshwater." Dr. Luigi Provasoli,
Yale University, 801387.
In vitro metabolite effects involving organisms isolated from the
same body of fresh water will provide a basis for discerning in
situ events of possible relevance to metabolite activity; i.e.,
in vitro effects which correlate with bloom sequence will be used
as indicators of possible in situ involvement of extracellular
metabolite activity in bloom sequence. Bioassays of waters taken
before, during and after blooms will be used to establish the
relative activities of such waters. Activity which reasonably suggests
itself as a contributor to sequential events will be studied in greater
detail.
"Investigation of the aspects of blue-green algal growth and phosphate
concentration in relation to available phosphate." Dr. Jensen, Herbert
Lehman College, New York, New York, 800431.
This research study will investigate three different aspects of the
blue-green algal growth and phosphate concentration in relation
to the available phosphate in the environment. First, the effect
of the varying amounts of available phosphate on the formation of
the polyphosphate bodies under different environmental conditions
will be determined. Second, an attempt will be made to develop new
methods of observing polyphosphate bodies. Third, an analysis will
be made to determine if a correlation exists in nature between
available phosphate and total volume of polyphosphate bodies in a
certain number of blue-green algal cells.
II. PRESENTATIONS, REPORTS, TRIPS
A.	PRESENTATIONS
1.	Phillips Larsen presented a paper entitled "Modeling
Algal Growth Dynamics in Shagawa Lake, Minnesota with Comments
Concerning Projected Recovery of the Lake" at the workshop
Modeling of the Eutrophication Process held at Logan, Utah.
2.	Spencer Peterson presented a paper entitled "Full Scale
Harvest of Aquatic Plants: How it Affects the Nutrient Budget of
and Artifically Enriched Lake" at the annual meeting of the
Water Pollution Control Federation at Cleveland, Ohio, in
September.
B.	REPORTS
1. Schults, D. W. and K. W. Malueg. "Uptake of Radiophosphorus
by Aquatic Plants." Proc. 3rd National Symposium on Radiecology
Oak Ridge, Tenn., May 1971.
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2. Maloney, T. E. , W. E. Miller and N. L. Band. "Use of
Algal Assays in Studying Eutrophication Problems" Advances in
Water Pollution Research. Proc. 6th International Conference,
Jerusalem, June 8-23, 1972. S. H. Jenkins, Editor.
C. TRIPS
1.	Donald Schults attended the 13th Annual Hyacinth Control
Meeting, New Orleans, July 16-19.
2.	Phillips Larsen, Thomas Maloney, Kenneth Malueg and
Spencer Peterson attended a workshop, co-sponsored by ELRB and
the Utah State Department of Civil Engineering at Logan, Utah,
September 5-7 entitled "Modeling of the Eutrophication Process."
3.	Thomas Maloney and Kenneth Malueg visited the Shagawa LAKE
Restoration Project at Ely, Minnesotat and the National Water
Quality Laboratory, Duluth, July 31-August 3.
4.	Thomas Maloney attended a meeting held by the Organizationa
fro Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France of the Water
Management Section Group, Cooperative Projects for Monitoring
Inland Waters on September 17.
5.	Thomas Maloney met with Tunisian Government Officials in
Tunis, Tunisia, September 18-21 in connection with a PL 480
Project on the restoration of the Lake of Tunis.
III. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
1.	C. F. Powers prepared testimony for the presentation in
the Reserve Mining Case.
2.	William E. Miller attended a meeting in Cheney, Washington to
discuss further assistance to EPA Region X in evaluating the
effects of proposed waste treatment on the Spokane River system.
3.	Cultures of algal assay test species were sent to several
institutions.
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EUTROPHICATION SURVEY BRANCH
Program Element 1BA029
I. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
The portion of the Eutrophication Survey Branch (ESB) for which the
Pacific Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory (PNERL) is
responsible includes three interrelated Research Objective Achieve-
ment Plans which are:
1.	A Survey of Nutrient Loadings to Lakes - 25 AJX
2.	A Survey of Rate-Limiting Nutrients in Lakes - 25 AKM
3.	A Survey of Watershed Land Use Influence on Nutrient Input
to Lakes - 25 ALP.
Primarily, the survey is limited to lakes or impoundments larger than
100 acres which receive effluent from one or more municipal sewage
treatment plants discharging directly to the lake or to a tributary
stream within 25 miles of the lake.
The primary program objective is to determine which of the study lakes would
be benefited by nutrient removal from the municipal sewage treatment
plant effluents. A secondary objective is to determine the magnitude
and effect of diffuse nutrient sources on the trophic state of the
lakes and impoundments sampled.
The survey is tentatively scheduled for completion by mid-1976; and, by
that time, selected lakes in all of the contiguous 48 states will have
been surveyed.
A. ROAP 25 AJX - SURVEY OF NUTRIENT LOADINGS TO LAKES
Approach
The objective of 25 AJX is to determine the total nitrogen and phosphorus
input to each surveyed lake and the percentage of the total which
originates from municipal sewage treatment plants.
For each lake, sampling sites are selected for each major inlet and
outlet stream, and monthly samples are collected from each site over
a one year period. This sampling is designed to determine the
contribution from diffuse sources. The samples are shipped to the
PNERL where they are analyzed for phosphorus and nitrogen content.
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A second phase of the study involves the collection of monthly effluent
samples from each municipal sewage treatment plant influencing a given
lake. The effluent samples are collected on a voluntary basis by each
plant operator and are shipped to PNERL for nutrient analysis.
Intramural Activities
During the first quarter of FY 74, program efforts were directed to the
following areas:
1.	Completion of selection and description of tributary sampling
sites in the states of New Jersey, Virginia, and West Virginia and thus
completing this task for the 1383 sampling sites in the 17'states'in
which sampling was initiated in CY 1973.
2.	In the states of New Jersey, Virginia, and West Virginia, instructing
National Guard sampling teams during the initial sampling round as to
proper methods of sample collection and arranging for collection of
samples from municipal sewage treatment plants in the three states.
3.	Completion of tributary sampling in all of the states initially
sampled in CY 1972 with the exception of New York.
4.	Development of lake report format and content through preparation
of preliminary reports on four selected lakes in the states of Georgia,
Michigan, New York, and Wisconsin prior to completion of sampling on
those lakes. The preliminary reports were submitted to the states
involved and to various EPA offices for review; on the basis of comments
received, a final report format has been prepared.
5.	Preparation of final reports on the seven Vermont water bodies
studied and submission of the reports to the Vermont Department of Water
Resources for review and comments.
6.	Initiation of report preparation for New Hampshire and Rhode
Island water bodies studied.
7.	Continuing analyses of stream and effluent sample and verification
and computer storage data.
By way of review, the number of study waters, tributary sites, and
treatment plants in each of the states thus far involved in the
Survey are listed below:
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Number of
Number of


Number of
Stream
MSTP's
Month Stream

Surveyed
Samp!ing
Being
Sampling was
State
Lakes
Sites
Sampled
Initiated
Vermont
7
52
23
July, 1972
Connecticut
8
74
17
August, 1972
Rhode Island
3
28
1
August, 1972
New Hampshire
4
52
5
August, 1972
Massachusetts
8
37
15
September, 1972
Maine
9
59
5
September, 1972
Wisconsin
46
170
16
September, 1972
Minnesota
74
231
56
October, 1972
Michigan
37
170
51
October, 1972
New York
25
242
36
November, 1972
South Carolina
14
97
59
February, 1973
Alabama
11
115
33
March, 1973
Georgia
17
100
46
March, 1973
Florida
42
112
46
March, 1973
North Carolina
18
99
38
March, 1973
Kentucky
5
47
14
March, 1973
Tennessee
18
218
44
April, 1973
Delaware
6
16
7
April, 1973
Ohio
20
95
14
May, 1973
Maryland
4
20
9
May, 1973
Pennsylvania
17
78
52
May, 1973
Illinois
32
110
32
June, 1973
Indiana
26
97
34
June, 1973
Virginia
9
57
26
July, 1973
New Jersey
14
51
34
July, 1973
West Virginia
5
33
16
July, 1973
Mississippi
5
35
12
August, 1973
Thus far, then, 484 water bodies in 27 states are involved in Survey and
sampling is in progress or completed at 2495 tributary sites; and as
of this writing, 741 municipal sewage treatment plants (MSTP) were providing
effluent samples.
During the past quarter, a computer program was prepared to compute
nutrient loadings using ESB concentration data and actual and "normalized"
flows provided by USGS. Also, additional effort during the quarter was
directed to programming and retrieval of survey data in formats to be
used directly in the final reports on Survey water bodies and thus
reduce the work load required for report preparation.
B. ROAP 25 AKM - SURVEY OF RATE LIMITING NUTRIENTS IN LAKES
Approach
From each of the ESB study lakes, at least one five gallon sample,
composited from all stations, is collected and shipped to PNERL. A
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series of algal assay tests are then performed on each sample using a
selected green algae, Selenastrum capricornutum. The purpose of the
test is to determine the existing potential of each lake water to
support algal growth and to determine whether algal growth is limited
by phosphorus, nitrogen, or some other constituent.
Intramural Activates
During this quarter, the last two 1972 samples were assayed and 99 of
the 1972 samples were assayed a second time as a check on methodology
and for quality control.
Since March, 1973, over 300 assay samples have been received from the
study waters being surveyed by the NERC-Las Vegas in CY 1973. Algal assays
on 14 of these samples were completed this quarter, and an additional
14 samples are in progress. When the latter are completed, all of
the samples from the Alabama and South Carolina study waters will have
been assayed.
C. ROAP 25 ALP - SURVEY OF WATERSHED LAND USE INFLUENCE ON
NUTRIENT INPUT TO LAKES
Approach
The purpose of 25 ALP is to develop nutrient runoff coefficients for
different land use types. These coefficients can then be used in
the future for estimating nutrient input to lakes.
Of the approximately 750 lakes to be studied by the ESB, about 155 will
be selected for detailed land use studies of each watershed. Lake
selections will be based on (1) availability of high altitude photo-
graphic coverage and/or existing land use studies, (2) availability of
good topographic maps for accurate drainage area delineation, (3)
sufficient watershed relief to render surface runoff a significant
factor and (4) a diversity of geographical area coverage so that
regional runoff coefficients can be developed.
Following the selection of lakes to be so analyzed, (1) drainage areas
and sub-drainage areas are delineated on US6S topographic maps and
the areas are measured by planimetry, (2) land use identifications
are made from aerial photographs and transferred to map overlays, (3) the percent
of each land use type is computed, and (4) the tabulated land use data is
related to data from the tributary and lake sampling data to develop nutrient
runoff coefficients.
Intramural Activities
Land use types were identified for CY 1972 lake drainage and sub-
drainage areas in the land use study and their extent, as a percent of
25

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drainage or sub-drainage areas, has been computed. Preliminary graphs
of land use versus nutrient concentrations were prepared for the 128
subdrainage areas involved. Nutrients related to land use were total
phosphorus, orthophosphorus, total nitrogen, and inorganic nitrogen.
Research and selection of CY 1973 ESB lakes for land use analysis
were completed during this quarter. Forty-one lakes were selected
from the approximately 240 ESB lakes being sampled in 17 states during CY 1973.
Included in the study are 30 drainage areas and 201 subdrainage areas.
The "state-of-the-art" in remote sensing, as it applies to water quality
has been of interest to this program. The land use section of the ESB
has kept abreast of developments in the remote sensing field for possible
"quick and dirty" methods of trophic state assessment. On of the two part-time
college students assisting in the land use studies is also investigating
the possibilities of using ERTS (Earth Resources Technology Satellite)
imagery as a tool in eutrophication assessment. ERTS computer compatible
tapes of several ESB study lakes have been procured from NASA-Goddard for this
investigation.
II.	TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
One and one-half man days were spent in assisting the Montana Department
of Health and Environmental Sciences in acquiring equipment and methodology
for algal bioassays.
III.	TRIPS
1.	Mr. Dominquez participated in the first round of tributary sampling
in Virginia, July 13-15.
2.	Mr. Austin participated in the first round of tributary sampling
in New Jersey, July 20-23.
3.	Mr. Lauer participated in the first round of tributary sampling
in West Virginia, July 27-29.
4.	Messrs. Omernik and Jackson travelled to several ESB study areas
in New York, Wisconsin and Minnesota to conduct ground truth collection
for Land Use vs. Nutrient Runoff Study, August 20-30.
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THERMAL POLLUTION BRANCH
Program Elements 1BA032/1BB392
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE ACHIEVEMENT PLANS
I. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
A. PREDICTIVE MODELS FOR THERMAL POLLUTION—1BA032-21 AJH
Approach
General: Provide composite of three kinds of predictive models.
(1) Thermal plume behavior and heat dissipation; (2) chemical-
biological response; and (3) local meteorologic impact. Finish
analytical development and field verify aqueous plume models, and
apply output to the applicable fluid dynamics to the atmospheric
plume problems. By grant and contract explore the amenability
of chemical and biological response to stochastic or multivariate
regression treatment.
Specific: (1) Analytical and plume development of workbook and/or
manual on plume prediction models for shallow and submerged surface
discharges; (2) analysis of local meteorologic impact of evaporative
cooling systems; (3) study of physico-chemical and biochemical response
to temperature changes.
Intramural Activities
The strategy in TPB thermal plume modeling consists of (a) continued
evaluation of current developments and advances in mathematical
analyses of heated jet discharges, (b) evaluation of new field and
laboratory data, (c) matching these with the needs of the Agency,
(d) developing the lacking technology in-house, and (e) presenting
the state-of-the-art in a usable form.
Activities of this quarter continued to provide progress in meeting
each of the strategic goals. Computer programs previously developed
for predicting the transport and behavior of heated water discharged
at or near the surface are being run in conjunction with a generalized
plot routine to generate nomograms for insertion into the workbook.
The workbook format has been finalized and writing has begun.
In-house work on evaluating the meteorological impacts of evaporative
cooling devices has begun. The project is a field study to be conducted
in conjunction with the Turkey Point demonstration of salt water cooling.
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Data will be collected to describe the vapor plume emanating from a
single cell mechanical draft cooling tower. A radiosonde will be
used to measure vertical temperature and humidity profiles at several
distances downwind from the tower. The radiosonde will be taken aloft
by a large "blimp like" balloon (kitoon) or an inflatable kite.
Investigations on the feasibility of these lifting devices has begun,
and several "test flights" have been made. A checkout of the measuring
system prior to the field study at Turkey Point will occur locally.
Sites for this checkout are under investigation.
Extramural Activities
Task 35 of ROAP 21 AJH will be conducted via a negotiated contract.
The Cincinnati Negotiated Contracts Branch has published a call for
proposals in the Commerce Business Daily. The research project will
be entitled "Improving the Statistical Reliability of Stream Heat
Assimilation Prediction" and will provide technical information needed
to implement Section 303(d) of PL 92-500.
"Mixing and dispersion in a warm water outlet," University of Minnesota,
800435.
Objective is to develop experimental and analytical results for
prediction of the surface spread of heated water discharges. In
this quarter, extensive effort was devoted to the prediction of
plume characteristics within the development region of the jet.
Experimental analysis of this particular problem is continuing.
"Studies on the effects of heated water from power plants on the
physico-chemical and biochemical processes occurring in free-flowing
waters and their influence on water quality," Water Econoiny Research
Institute, Poland, PL 480 project.
The project is on schedule, and equipment and laboratory supplies
have been obtained. First set of data was received and reviewed
during this quarter. The data were preliminary in nature and consisted
mainly of minimums, maximums and means of selected parameters at
several points in the Vistula River below the power plant discharge.
More comprehensive, synoptic data are required. The three top
investigators on the project visited the U.S.
B. INDUSTRIAL WATER CONTROL TECHNOLOGY; ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION—
1BB392 - 21 AZU
Approach
General: Develop industry wide applicable, and viable, pollution
control technology for the industry which will provide a basis for
establishing, improving, and implementing required effluent standards.
28

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The standards sought, levels of control desired, and implied technology
research (TR) leadtime requirements are as follows:
1.	Best practicable control technology currently available
(BPT) - by 1/75.
2.	Best available control technology economically achievable
(BAT) - by 1/79.
3.	Elimination of the discharge of pollutants (ZERO) - by 1983.
4.	Elimination of multi-media pollution discharges (TOT) - by
1985.
Specific: Thoroughly evaluate and, if practicable, eliminate all
secondary environmental hazards associated with existing cooling
systems. To be accomplished primarily by engineering-economic
analysis of alternative systems, field measurement programs, and
incentive support for demonstration projects. Budget limitations
preclude major support of the costly and large new systems within
this industry.
Intramural Activities
In-house efforts are oriented toward the above approach. Considerable
effort has been provided in formulating the Agency's requirements
for implementing the 1972 FWPCA, particularly in the area of effluent
standards. Associated research and development work is being defined
and pursued to enable meeting the future technological requirements
of the Act. This involves recycle/treatment/reuse programs for
all power generation effluents, possibility of backfitting treatment
devices, and related areas defined by Agency needs.
Extramural Activities
"Thermal Water Demonstration Project," Eugene Water and Electric Board,
802032.
Field work on this project is completed. Final report currently is
in draft review form. This project provides a significant contribution
in defining and demonstrating benefits from warm water (waste heat)
use in agriculture, especially for undersoil heating.
"A Critical State-of-the-art Review of the Engineering Aspects of
Power Plant Thermal Discharges," State of Maryland, Power Plant
Siting Program, R-801433.
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This grant is progressing satisfactorily. Data acquisition is
complete, covering in depth the Installations in Maryland.
Thorough analysis of engineering and economic data on control of
the various power plant wastes is underway.
"Technical and Economic Evaluations of Cooling System Blowdown
Techniques," Wapora, Inc., 68-03-0233.
Final report on this contract was received, reviewed, and approved
for publication. This report documents advanced SOA technology for
handling and controlling blowdown. This is a useful and significant
contribution toward effluent control.
Attempts are currently being made to fund three important extramural
projects.
II. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
1.	Technical assistance provided to Region II for the review
of a thermal model for a power plant in Great Egg Harbor Bay, New
Jersey.
2.	Technical assistance on EIS Review-Report and Thermal
Pollution Workshop.
3.	Technical assistance provided to Region II concerning water
quality standards for New York State.
4.	Technical assistance provided to Headquarters concerning
the Technology Transfer Manual covering the power industry.
5.	Technical assistance provided to Oregon State University
for instruction on cooling tower program.
6.	Technical assistance to Region IV concerning salt drift
data.
7.	Technical assistance provided to Region VI for the review
of Commanche Peak Stream Electric Station Environmental Report.
8.	Preparation and participation in the Thermal Pollution
Workshop in Atlanta, provided technical assistance to EPA Headquarters,
Office of Air & Water Programs.
9.'	The Thermal Pollution Branch staff reviewed one environmental
impact statement relating to nuclear fueled power plants during the
quarter.
10. The following report, "Reviewing Environmental Impact
Statements--Power Plant Cooling Systems Engineering Aspects" was prepared
to assist the EPA Regional Offices in evaluating environmental impact
statements for nuclear power plants.
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11.	Technical assistance provided to a water quality management
conference held by the United Nations Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD) in Paris France.
12.	Technical assistance provided to EPA Headquarters, Office of
Technical Analysis and Office of Water Programs for report preparation
related to Section 316 of PL 92-500.
13.	Technical assistance provided to Region IV for the review
of a technical report on the Anclote Power Plant.
III. PRESENTATIONS, TRIPS, AND REPORTS
1.	Dr. Mostafa Shirazi attended and presented the paper, "An
Evaluation of Ambient Turbulence Effects on a Buoyant Plume Model"
at the 1973 Summer Computer Simulation Conference in Montreal, Canada
on July 17-19, 1973.
2.	Dr. Bruce Tichenor participated in the Symposium on the
Modeling of Eutrophication Processes on September 4-7 in Logan, Utah.
3.	Mr. Frank Rainwater traveled to Berkeley, California,
to present a lecture on "Non-radiological Effluents of Cooling Systems"
as part of University of California's Continuing Education in Engineering
program "Environmental Impact Assessment of Nuclear River Generation"
on September 11, 1973.
4.	Mr. Alden Christianson presented a paper, "A Demonstration of
Waste Heat Use in Agriculture," and cochaired a thermal pollution session
at the First World Congress on Water Resources in Chicago, Illinois,
on September 24-28, 1973.
5.	Dr. Mostafa Shirazi presented a paper, "A Critical Review of
Laboratory and Some Field Experimental Data on Surface Jet Discharge
of Heated Water," at the First World Congress on Water Resources
in Chicago, Illinois, on September 24-28, 1973.
6.	Mr. Frank Rainwater, attended the meeting of the Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development in Paris, France on September
26-28, 1973 as the U.S. expert on thermal pollution. The objective
of the meeting was to discuss water management problems in relation
to thermal discharges to the water.
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INDUSTRIAL WASTES BRANCH
Program Element 1BB037
I. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
The overall objective is the development and full-scale demonstration of
technically and economically feasible methods of processing food and
kindred products, and paper and forest industries products without discharge
of liquid wastes to the environment and with adequate control of solid
residuals and air pollution. Extramural RD&D grants are used to:
A.	Characterize wastes by unit operations,
B.	Minimize wates by process modification,
C.	Optimize product and by-product recovery,
D.	Demonstrate new and improved treatment technology, and
E.	Demonstrate complete or unit process water recycle.
In-house efforts are devoted to evaluating grant applications, monitoring
ongoing projects, and assisting in the dissemination of information through
meetings, presentations, and symposia.
A. INDUSTRIAL MULTIPLE LEVEL CONTROL WOOD PULPING - 21 AZX
Approach
General: The ultimate in waste control from the industry will be complete
recyle and reuse of nonconsumptive water used. Interim needs must be
satisfied by increasing degrees of treatment and control. Extramural
efforts will be directed toward new treatment and improved control
technology to satisfy near term needs and develop background for complete
pulping process recyle. The demonstration projects will provide data on
design, performance, and costs.
Specific: The specific grants now active in this program are aimed at
separating soluble, colored organic wastes from their carrier liquid.
Since these materials include non-biodegradable organics as well as
biodegradables advanced waste treatment and internal systems are being
employed. The advanced waste separation processes include ultrafiltration,
reverse osmosis, carbon, air stripping, and coagulation while one project
substitutes oxygen for the normal bleaching agent. Several projects
are involved with the chemistry of compounds and hazardous materials and
their separation.
Intramural Activities
All in-house research has been completed at this time. The final write
up of two projects involving sulfite pulping is in progress. The first,
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"Significance of Klebsiella in Pulp Mill Effluents," is in the first draft
while the second, "Suspended Solids Removal by Filtration," is being
prepared for an industry technical slide presentation.
Extramural Activities
"Production and Use of Activated Carbon for Water Renovation in Kraft
Pulp and Paper Mills." St. Regis Paper Company, New York, N.Y. 12040 EJU.
This project is a program for development of an economical carbon
based system for maximum water reuse in the kraft pulp industry.
The first phase is an effluent treatment cycle using activated carbon
and the second is on-site production and activation from readily
available raw materials with full integration into the mill
recovery and power systems to achieve the lowest net cost.
The second phase is now under construction.
"Coliform Growth and Control in Aerated Stabilization Basins." Crown-
Zellerbach Corporation, San Francisco, California. 12040 GQD.
This is a cooperative project to study the growth and control of
coliform organisms in an aerated stabilization basin treating effluent
from an ammonia-based sulfite pulp and paper mill. Production and
treatment system manipulations, together with treated effluent dis-
infection by various agents, will be utilized to obtain the highest
possible BOD removal and the lowest levels of coliform growth rate
and densities.
Final report approved for publication.
"Mercury Recovery from Sediments and Sludges." Georgia-Pacific Corporation,
Bellingham, Washington. 12040 HDU.
Project objectives are devoted to minimizing losses of Hg from
chlor-alkali plants both as to liquid wastes containing traces
of Hg, and to processing of brine sludge. Processing of previously
lagooned brine sludge is also planned. A sodium sulfide precipitation
system will be used. Sludges will be roasted in a furnace with Hg
condensed for recovery. Final polishing for minimum discharge is
planned. The project is now in final construction stage.
"Ultrafiltration Processes for Color Removal from Kraft Mill Effluents."
Champion Papers Division of U.S. Plywood-Champion Papers Inc., Hamilton,
Ohio 800261.
The project investigated the merits of ultrafiltration to remove color
bodies from kraft caustic extract and decker wastes. Spiral-wound
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membranes were employed. Considerable difficulty was experienced
in filtration pretreatment to avoid membrane blinding in this type
of equipment. Subsequent results indicate a substantial reduction
in color and production of re-usable water by this means. The final
report is being printed.
"Closed Process Water-Loop in NSSC Pulp Production" Green Bay Packaging
Inc., Green Bay, Wisconsin. 800520.
This project will employ reverse osmosis to dewater surplus white
water in a closed process water loop. Retained dissolved solids
are returned to the Whitewater loop to be eventually removed in the
recovery furnace, or through retention in product. The R.O. plant
is presently being installed. This is a full scale system employing
tubular type equipment. The plant should be in operation by January 1,
1974.
"Minimizing the Pollutional Impact of Kraft Pulping through Oxygen Bleaching."
The Chesapeake Corporation of Virginia, West Point, Virginia. 800740.
This project is not only investigating oxygen bleaching for kraft pulp,
but also investigating use of oxygen for black liquor oxidation
as well as constructing a secondary waste treatment system which
will employ the UN0X system of waste treatment. A 100 T/D oxygen
plant will be operated at the mill. The oxygen bleach system is
in quite continuous operation. The UN0X system is under construction.
"Chemical and Physical Nature of Color Bodies in Kraft Mill Effluents
Before and After Lime Treatment." Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton,
Wisconsin. 800853.
The objectives of the project are to identify the nature of color
bodies removed by the several color removal projects operating in
the kraft industry. Interest is also directed toward nature of
color bodies remaining after lime treatment. The project period was
extended to investigate efficiency of several metal ions in color
removal.
"A Test Method for Volatile Component Stripping of Wastewater in Cooling
Towers." University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas. 801876.
Develop a quick and simple laboratory test method for determining
the volatile component stripping potential of industrial waste-
waters. Laboratory apparatus and procedures will be developed to
measure the upper limit of stripping potential and the relative
ease of volatile component removal.
Industrial samples are being tested. Project completion date extended
to April, 1974.
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"Organic Compounds in Pulp Mill Lagoon Discharge." University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington. 802084.
Volatile organic compounds in kraft wastewater before and after
biological waste treatment are being analyzed. Identification of
the volatile materials are being carried out on a G.C.M.S. unit
while other compounds are being measured by routine analysis.
This project is in the final months of the investigation.
"Treatment of Sulfite Evaporator Condensates for Recovery of Volatile
Components." The Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton, Wisconsin.
801207.
This project is concluded and the final report submitted for printing.
Findings indicate steam stripping of condensates and activated
carbon treatment is capable of recovering sulfur dioxide,
furfural, methanol and acetic acid. Acetic acid may be converted
to ethyl acetate. Product purity is high for all derivatives.
Condensate BOD load is reduced 90 percent for uncontaminated
condensates and 60 percent for those condensates employed for wash
1iquor.
"Pulping Chemicals Recovery and External Waste Treatment Comparison."
EKN0N, Bellevue, Washington. Contract 68-01-0765.
Recovery schemes are described for each of the major pulping
processes with flow, solids, and chemical balances given for example
kraft, sulfite, and NSSC mills. External waste treatment processes
are described and cost data given for several example mills. A
comparison of internal and external waste treatment is also given
for several examples.
This project has been completed and the report accepted for printing.
B. INDUSTRIAL MULTIPLE LEVEL CONTROL PAPER AND PAPERBOARD - 21AZY
Approach
General: The implementation of complete recycle and reuse of noncon-
sumptive water is the ultimate objective in water pollution abatement
in the paper and paperboard industry.
Specific: The trend towards higher quality effluents will make it
necessary to continue studying methods of improving discharge charac-
teristics. Dry forming is a possible alternative to conventional produc-
tion that may help in achieving the general goal of zero discharge.
A two year grant has been awarded to demonstrate the dry forming of
paperboard. Another segment of this industry is represented in an
ongoing grant to demonstrate zero discharge from a paper reprocessing
plant producing construction grade papers and felts.
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Intramural Activities
Project monitoring and control continued during the quarter. One new
grant was funded and two project reports were published.
Extramural Activities
"Water Reuse in a Paper Reprocessing Plant." Big Chief Roofing, Ardmore,
Oklahoma. 801206.
Full scale demonstration of zero discharge through increasing reuse
of process water while decreasing fresh water input. Effluent discharge
to surface waters shall be eliminated by reducing effluent flow to
a level which can be solar evaporated. Savings resulting from
decreased stock losses, fresh water use, and effluent treatment shall
be determined along with increased costs of slime and corrosion
control and operation changes. Effects on product quality also
shall be determined.
Corrosion and slime problems have been controllable with very good
progress towards minimal fresh water consumption.
"Dry-Forming Process for Paperboard from Recycled Waste without the Use
of Water." Paris-Worcester Corporation, Lawrence, Massachusetts. 802572
Demonstrate the feasibility of dry-forming paperboard by a process
developed in Denmark which has been used for non-woven textiles.
If the feasibility results are promising, a paperboard production
unit shall be constructed.
Project recently funded.
"Treatment for Flocculation and Microstraining of Whitewater." Strathmore
Paper Company, Turner Falls, Massachusetts. 12040 FDE.
Demonstrate the applicability of microscreening of paper mill wastes
from two adjacent paper mills. Polyelectrolytes shall be evaluated
for removal of turbidity remaining in the microstrainer effluent.
Final report to be amended to include recent developments/
"Ozone Treatment of Wastewater for Reuse in Fine Paper Reprocessing."
State of Vermont, Montpelier, Vermont. 802157.
Wastewater from a small tissue mill which runs on 100 percent recycled
wastepaper has been treated in a trailer mounted treatment plant.
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Biological treatment followed by ozone treatment has been studied
in an effort to determine a system which will produce water quality
acceptable for reuse in the tissue process.
The experimental work has been completed and the final reports being
prepared.
C. INDUSTRIAL MULTIPLE LEVEL CONTROL LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS - 21 AZZ
Approach
General: Reports are needed which clearly trace the nature of this
pollution by quantitative identification and provide direct guidance
for future EPA-sponsored control projects, and immediate implementation
of known improved management practices by the industry.
Specific: Former activities in this area centered on the ecological
impact of logging practices on water quality due to various harvest
methods and on road construction practice. Current efforts now are
expanded to include the environmental effects of forest farming including
fertilization with nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus as well as thinning
programs. Minimal funding permits only limited extramural activities.
Extramural Activities
"Treatment of Wood Preserving Wastewater by Chemical and Biological Methods."
Koppers Company Incorporated, Carbondale, Illinois. 12100 HIG.
Demonstrate a chemical-biological wastewater treatment system for
creosote and pentachlorophenol wood preserving wastes. The waste-
water shall be characterized and process parameters necessary to
properly treat the waste shall be defined.
Activated sludge plant with pre and post chlorination in operation/
evaluation phase.
"Fate of Nitrogen Fertilizers in Forest Soils: Conversion, Movement and
Losses." Crown Zellerbach Corporation, Camas, Washington. R-800915.
A series of investigations will determine relationships of fertilizer
structure, interaction with forest soils and floor, climate and the
interaction of these factors to volatilization losses, conversion
of fertilizer to other nitrogen compounds, and downward movement of
nitrogen forms in the soil.
The possibility exists that nitrogen volatilized from forest soil
may be reabsorbed by various components of the forest ecosystem,
thereby decreasing potential losses. Therefore, tests will be made
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of the capacity of water, soil, forest floor, understory vegetation,
and coniferous seedlings for adsorption of ammonia and nitrogen
oxides. Plant uptake is an influential factor in leaching losses.
For treatments having substantial leaching losses, tests will be
made with green plants in the system.
Preliminary reports 1-5 on the first phase of the project have
been submitted and planning is being finalized for the second phase
of the study.
"Pyrolysis of Industrial Wastes for Oil and Activated Carbon Recovery."
Garrett Research and Development Company, LaVerne, California. S-801202.
The objective of this research project is to demonstrate the economic
and technical effectiveness of the flash pyrolysis process to dispose
of industrial wastes, principally bark with the production of acti-
vated carbon and heating oil as by-products. A modified four ton/day
pilot plant will be operated utilizing bark, rice hulls, and cattle
feedlot wastes to provide process engineering data for the design
of commercial scale demonstration plants.
The pilot plant operations on the pyrolysis of rice hulls are
presently underway.
D. INDUSTRIAL MULTIPLE LEVEL CONTROL - MEAT AND EDIBLE OILS - 21 BAA
Approach
Historically the emphasis has been on full-scale demonstration projects aimed
at upgrading available treatment technology. Recent efforts have been
devoted to by-product recovery.
Extramural Activities
"Egg Breaking and Processing Wastes." Cornell University, Ithaca,
New York, 802174.
Determine the magnitude of the shell egg and egg breaking and processing
waste problems on a regional and national basis and indicate waste
management methods that are applicable to these wastes. Specific
objectives include: define size of industries and future growth
trends, characterize typical wastes, identify in-plant waste
reduction and water reuse opportunities, and develop feasible
treatment alternatives.
Data collection is currently underway.
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"Protein Recovery from Meat Packing Effluent." Armour and Company,
Nampa, Idaho, 802253.
Full-scale demonstration of the technical and economic feasibility
of precipitating and recovering proteinaceous nitrogen from a
meat packing plant effluent. Dissolved air flotation will be
used in conjunction with the addition of lignosulfonic acid to treat
the 300-400 gpm flow. The system will be operated and evaluated
for a minimum of six months.
Design of the facilities has been completed and construction will be
initiated in the near future.
"Industrial Water Reuse." Maryland State Department of Health and
Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, Maryland, 801970.
Demonstrate the feasibility of reclaiming poultry eviscerating
plant wastewater for potable water reuse. The treatment facilities
will consist of aerated lagoons, microstraining, flocculation and
settling, filtration through diatomaceous earth and sterilization
using either ozone or ultra-violet light.
A draft of the final report has been received. Some additions
and changes are necessary.
"Recycling of Water In Poultry Processing Plants." Pacific Egg and
Poultry Association, Los Angeles, California, 800930.
Evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of recycling
poultry chill water. Prior to recycle the water will be passed
through a traveling screen, a cyclonic desludger for removal
of suspended solids down to a particle size of lOOy, and an
ultra-violet sterilizer.
The evaluation phase of the project is behind schedule due to
delays in equipment delivery.
"Small Meatpacker Waste Treatment System." W.E. Reeves Packinghouse,
Ada, Oklahoma, 12060 GPP.
Full-scale evaluation of various biological systems for the treatment
of a small meat packing plant's effluent. Compare efficiencies
and economics of an anaerobic-aerobic lagoon system versus an
aerated-aerobic lagoon system. Additional pilot plant work will
be done on a spray-runoff soil treatment system for upgrading the
effluents from the lagoon systems, including the removal of nitrogen
and phosphorus.
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The contract for analytical service was let and the second phase
of the project was initiated.
"Evaluation of the Rotating Biological Surface System on Meat Packing
Wastes." Iowa Beef Packers, Inc., Dakota City, Nebraska, 12060 FMF.
Full-scale (3 mgd) evaluation of an anaerobic lagoon followed by
eight two-stage rotating biological surface units. Design,
operational and economic data, including the existing pretreatment
operations, will be documented.
The major equipment has mechanically failed. A new supplier's
equipment is being tested at pilot plant scale for possible re-
placement of the rotating biological surface units.
"Water and Waste Management in Poultry Processing." Gold Kist Poultry
Division, Atlanta, Georgia, 12060 EGV.
Evaluate changes in poultry processing operations for demonstration
of effective in-plant control of water use as well as reuse.
A draft of the final report was received. Considerable effort
remains to prepare a publishable report.
"Waste Treatment Facility, Farmbest, Inc., Denison, Iowa." 12060 DFF.
One-year full-scale demonstration of the use of anaerobic lagoons
and two-stage trickling filters for the treatment of wastes
resulting from the slaughtering and processing of hogs. An average
flow of 0.85 mgd results from the processing of about 500 hogs.
Evaluation will include determining efficiencies of individual
treatment units under various loadings.
The final report is being rewritten in line with review comments.
"Construction and Study of a Demonstration Plant Utilizing the Aerobic
Channel Method for Treating Packinghouse Wastes." John Morrell and
Company, Ottuma, Iowa, 12060 EUB.
The parallel, circular, oxidation channels with separate settling
basins and sludge recycle will be evaluated for treatment of
packinghouse waste. Estimated loads on the treatment system are
3.5 mgd and 20,000 pounds BOD/day.
Excess sludge will be centrifuged or evaporated and dried. The
dried solids will be evaluated as a possible animal-feed supplement.
The final report draft is currently being reviewed.
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"Membrane Separation of Soybean Whey for Product Recovery and Waste
Treatment." Central Soya Co., Chicago, Illinois, 12060 FUR.
Pilot scale membrane separation followed by evaporation will be
used to establish scale-up design factors and the economic feasi-
bility of a commercial scale soybean whey facility.
The termination date on this project was July 27, 1972, A draft
of the final report has not been received.
"Utilization of Paunch Manure as a by-product Feed for Channel Catfish
and Its Effects on Water Quality." Oklamhoma State University, Stillwater,
Oklahoma, 12060 HVD.
Determine utilization of feed comprised of various amounts of
dried paunch manure for open pond and cage culture of channel
catfish. Fish growth will be measured and pond effluents will
be monitored.
The final report is being revised prior to publication.
E. INDUSTRIAL MULTIPLE LEVEL CONTROL - FRUITS, VEGETABLES, SUGAR
AND BAKERY PRODUCTS - 21 BAB
Approach
Federal R&D grant monies were first awarded to the fruit and vegetable
segment of the food industry during FY 68. The objective of the first
few grants sponsored was the demonstration of secondary treatment.
State-of-art grants were awarded subsequent to the secondary treatment
demonstration grants. As a result of these state-of-art grants this
grant program is currently emphasizing in-plant process modifications
for the reduction of wastes.
Developing low waste generating industrial processes is one of the first
steps in "closing up" the water use practices of this industrial
segment. Future grants will continue to emphasize process modification
and establish water quality requirements for specific industrial
processes. The latter will provide a base for setting up a systematic
approach for the demonstrating of closed-loop water use systems.
Developing by-products from the wastes generated by this segment of
the food industry will also be an objective of future grants.
Closed-loop recycle of sugar beet fluming waters was the objective
of the first few grants awarded in this segment of the food industry.
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State-of-art papers were then funded to obtain an overview of the waste
problems associated with the processing of sugar. As a result, current
grant objectives deal with developing new low wastes generating unit
processes, and resolving problems associated with flume mud dewatering
and disposal.
Future grants will tackle problems concerning the reuse of condenser
blowdown, and then utilization of processing wastes.
Only one project has been funded in the bakery segment and it was
terminated prematurely when the grantee filed for bankruptcy. This
is a minor problem area compared to the rest of the food processing
industry thus additional work in this area is unlikely.
Extramural Activities
"Full-Scale Demonstration and Evaluation of Potato Dry and Wet Caustic
Peeling Processes." Western Potato Service, Inc., Grand Forks, North
Dakota, 12060 EI6.
Three commercial scale low liquid waste dry "caustic" peelers
have been installed in a potato processing plant at Grand Forks,
North Dakota. Conventional Caustic Peelers, located at a Presque
Isle, Maine, potato plant, will be studied as a control. For
comparative purposes, equivalent primary waste treatment equipment
has been installed at both processing plants.
Specific grant objectives are 1) to determine total capital
expenditures and operational and maintenance costs of the dry
caustic process and the conventional caustic process; 2) to
compare the quantity and quality of the waste generated by the
two systems; 3) to compare the treatment efficiency of the silt
removal systems and final clarifier and primary treatment systems
at both plant locations; 4) to determine whether the dry caustic
sludge would be accepted or rejected during cattle feeding operations.
The final report is currently being revised for the third and last time
prior to publication.
"Low Water Volume Enzyme Deactivation of Vegetables Before Preservation."
National Canners Association, Berkeley, California, 12060 PAV.
The objectives of this grant are to develop and evaluate two low
waste generating, vegetable blanching systems (microwave and
hot-gas). These low waste blanchers will be evaluated by
comparing them to models of two current commercial blanchers
(hot-water and steam). Comparisons will be made on wastewater
volumes and strengths generated during blanching of seven different
vegetables. The seven vegetables utilized during this grant will
be corn, peas, green beans, beets, pumpkin, spinach, and asparagus.
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Subsequent to blanching, all seven vegetable commodities will be
canned, retorted, and stored. Product quality will be evaluated,
on all vegetable commodities at the end of a six month storage
period. Quality evaluation includes vitamin and mineral analyses,
organoleptic rankings, and USDA product quality grading. Based on
these, quality evaluation comparisons will be made between final
product quality and blanching method.
The final report was published. Title is the same as the grant
title and the number is EPA-R2-73-198.
"Continuous Hot Gas Blanching of Vegetables." National Canners Assoc.,
Berkeley, California, 800250.
The primary objective of this grant is to demonstrate the technical
and economic feasibility of the hot gas blanching process in the
vegetable preserving industry for reducing a major source of
pollution.
Continuous hot gas blanching runs will be conducted on five
vegetable commodities (spinach, corn, peas, green beans and beets).
Five separate 8 hour continuous runs, per vegetable commodity,
will be conducted after preliminary short runs to determine
optimum process variables.
Hot gas and commercial blancher effluents will be monitored and
wastewater quality will be evaluated. Final canned product
quality, after storage, will be evaluated on the basis of vitamin
and mineral content, and consumer taste evaluations.
A second draft of the final report is currently being prepared.
"Dry Caustic Peeling of Clingstone Peaches on a Commercial Scale."
Del Monte Corp., San Jose, California, 12060 HFY.
A commerical scale (15 tons/hour) low liquid waste peeler, "dry
caustic" peeler, will be demonstrated for peeling Clingstone
peaches. Comparisons will be made between the dry caustic peeler
and the current commercial "wet caustic" peeling process.
Comparisons will include water use, wastewater characteristics
product yield and process economics.
The grantee is revising the final report.
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"Evaluation of a New Blanching Process (IQB) for Wastewater Abatement
In Canning Vegetables." University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin,
801484.
This grant is evaluating a low water volume blanching process in
the canning of vegetables called the Individual Quick Blanch (IQB).
Several varieties of vegetables (peas, corn, green beans, lima
beans, carrots, potatoes, and beets), including different species
of the same vegetables, will be blanched using IQB and commercial
steam and hot water blanching systems. Blancher effluent volume
will be measured and various water quality parameters will be
analyzed for each blanching run.
Quality of the blanched commodities will be evaluated after storage
by objective and subjective tests. Design recommendations for a
full-scale IQB unit will result if process expectations are fulfilled.
The first draft og the final report is currently being reviewed.
"Treatment of Concentrated Wastewater from the Citrus Processing
Industry." Winter Garden Citrus Products Co-op, Winter Garden, Florida,
801432.
The objective is to process waste activated sludge using gravity
thickening, centrifugation and rotary kiln drying and evaluate
its potential as a feed supplement through chicken feeding tests.
Sludge thickening study has been completed and the feeding tests
are currently underway.
"Wastewater Characterization for the Specialty Food Industry." American
Frozen Food Institute, Washington, D.C. 801684.
The objectives are to categorize and then characterize the
wastewaters generated by the speciality food industry which includes:
frozen dinners; canned and frozen precooked fish, beef and poultry
dishes; frozen and canned soups and stews; frozen and canned
ethnic/nationality foods; and frozen vegetables in sauce.
Characterization will include measurement of: flow, temperature,
pH, BOD, COD, Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus as well as
grease and oi1.
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Data collection has been completed. The first draft of the final
report is being prepared.
"Separation, Dewatering and Disposal of Sugarbeet Transport Water
Solids." American Crystal Sugar Corp. , Crookston, Minnesota, 12060 ESC.
This study is divided into two phases. Phase I is a pilot
scale and laboratory study during which time the optimum
clarification environment will be determined.
If Phase I is found to be an economical method of dewatering
solids from the transport wastewater, Phase II will be initiated.
Phase II will consist of the design, construction, and operation
of a full-scale solids dewatering system (vacuum filtration).
The full-scale facility will be operated for one processing
season so as to establish a good data base for industry-wide
recommendations.
The third draft of the final report is currently being reviewed.
"Ecostatic Cane Processing System-Pilot Phase." County of Hawaii,
Hilo, Hawaii, 801221.
The objective of this grant is to develop on a pilot scale, an
economical system which will eliminate liquid-borne wastes
from sugar cane processing plants. This system will incorporate
a harvest cleaner system, a dry cleaner soil remover, a juice
wet cleaner, a recycled water cleaner, and a stabilized slope
disposal system. All fibrous solid wastes including leaf and
bagasse will ultimately be used in low emission boilers for
electric power generation.
Data collection has been completed and the first draft of the
final report is being prepared.
"Ecostatic Cane Processing System-Prototype Phase." Hilo Coast
Processing Company, Pepeeker, Hawaii, 802420.
This project will demonstrate on full-scale systems - field
cane harvester system, a dry cleaner soil remover, juice
wet cleaner and a trash cleaner with the trash and bagasse
used for electric power generation. The project will last at
least 2.5 years.
Construction of the full-scale systems is underway.
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F. INDUSTRIAL MULTIPLE LEVEL CONTROL - GRAIN MILLS AND BEVERAGES
21 - BAC
Approach
Emphasis to date has been the development and demonstration of technically
and economically feasible methods of waste treatment and by-products
development.
"Winery Wastewater-Characterization and Treatment." Widmer's Wine
Cellars, Inc., Naples, New York, 12060 EUZ.
Project objectives include characterization of winery wastewater
and documentation of the extended aeration process for treating
winery wastewater.
Data collection on the full-scale treatment system has been
completed and the final report is being written.
"Activated Sludge-Bio Disc Treatment of Distillery Wastes." The
American Distilling Co., Pekin, Illinois, 12060 FLL.
Investigations involve comparative operating and economic
evaluations of the two biological treatment processes.
The first draft of the final report following review was
returned to the grantee for revision.
"State-of-the-art Study of Water Pollution Control from the Beverage
Industry." Environmental Research and Applications, Inc., Wilton,
Connecticut, 12060 FTC.
Objectives of this study were to investigate the impact on water
pollution by the Beverage Industry and to estimate the capital,
operating, and manpower requirements to meet state water quality
regulations.
Work on revision of the final report was terminated before
completion since the contractor's expenses had considerably
exceeded the award. The final revision will probably have to
be done in-house.
"Pilot Scale Treatment of Wine Stillage." California Department of
Agriculture, San Francisco, California, 12060 HPC.
Objectives require both aerobic and anaerobic pilot plant
scale studies to determine design and cost data for the treatment
of brandy stillage.
Following a review the final report was returned to the grantee
for revision.
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"Rum Distillery Waste Treatment by Anaerobic Digestion." Bacardi
Corp., San Juan, Puerto Rico, 800935 (12060 HRU).
Project objectives include the operation of a pilot plant to
anaerobically treat distillery wastes. This operation will
produce preliminary design information for plant scale construction.
The 500 gallon anaerobic digestor is still in operation with
routine data being collected.
"Submerged Combustion Evaporation System for Concentration of
Brewery Spent Grain Liquors." Anheuser-Busch, Inc., St. Louis,
Missouri, 12060 HCW.
The primary objective of this project is to demonstrate the
feasibility of concentrating spent grain liquors. In addition
to eliminating a significant wastewater source the system will
provide a saleable by-product.
A severe gas shortage problem in Houston, Texas has resulted
in premature termination of the project. A final report
covering the completed work will be prepared.
"Treatment of Wastes from the Wet-Milling Industry." Corn Products
Company International, Pekin, Illinois, 12060 DPE.
The three plus year project entails the design, construction
and operation of a full-scale complete mix activated sludge
system for treatment of corn refining wastes. A detailed
technical and economic evaluation will follow the one-year
period of operation:
The final report is still being written.
G. INDUSTRIAL MULTIPLE LEVEL CONTROL - DAIRY PRODUCTS AND MISCELLA-
NEOUS FOODS - 21 BAD
Approach
The principal emphasis in the dairy segment has been and continues
to be the development and demonstration of technically and economically
feasible methods of converting whey into by-products for use in
human and animal foods. Approximately 25 billion pounds of whey
are generated annually with less than one-half of it currently being
utili zed.
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Some limited work has been done on seafoods processing waste characters
zation and pilot plant treatment. Additional emphasis is needed on
both treatment and by-product recovery.
Extramural Activities
"Seafoods Processing Wastewater Characterization." Oregon State
University, Corvallis, Oregon, 8001007 (12060 HUQ).
The primary objective of this grant is to develop waste profiles
on the Pacific Northwest Seafood Processing Industry. A total of
six processing plants wi71 be monitored. This study will include
characterization of tuna, bottom fish, crab, clams, shrimp,
salmon wastes, and by-products.
Waste profiles will include, but not be limited to: flow,
temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, total solids, dissolved
solids, volatile solids, settleable solids, suspended solids,
chemical oxygen demand, oil, grease, and complete nitrogen
and phosphorus analysis.
This grant was expanded to include characterization of wastes
from the processing of South Atlantic menhaden, and South
Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico shrimp.
Preparation of the final report is still underway.
"Shrimp Canning Waste Treatment Study." American Shrimp Canner
Assoc., New Orleans, Louisiana, 800904.
The general objective of this grant is to conduct a study,
on a pilot scale, of wastewater treatment for the Gulf Coast
Shrimp processing industry. With this general objective
there are the following specific objectives:
(a)	Monitor and characterize the wastewater from a shrimp
canning plant.
(b)	Evaluate and recommend changes in the canning process to
minimize water usage.
(c)	Perform pilot scale studies on typical shrimp canning
wastes in order to develop specific design and operational
criteria for selected treatment methods.
(d)	Determine the economics of various alternative procedures
to capture and dispose of the solid wastes.
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Data collection and pilot plant operation were completed and
the final report is being drafted.
"Development and Demonstration of an Ultrafiltration Plant for the
Abatement of Pollution from Cottage Cheese Whey." Crowley Foods, Inc.,
Binghamton, New York, 12060 DXF.
Recover edible protein and lactose by ultrafiltration and
reverse osmosis thereby reducing influent BOD by 99 percent,
perform operation, technical, and economic evaluation of both
a 10,000 lb/day pilot plant and a 300,000 lb/day full-scale
system.
The final report on the full-scale system is undergoing revision.
"Acid Whey Fermentation Demonstration Pilot Plant." Juneau, Wisconsin,
800747 (12060 HRR).
Pilot plant (500 gallon reactor) demonstration of acid whey
fermentation process with recovery of protein by-products.
Fermentation will be done on whole and deproteinized whey.
Evaluate the recovered protein for potential use as an animal
feed supplement and as a human food supplement.
The final report is being rewritten for a second time.
"Kent Cheese Co - Waste Treatment Facility." Melrose Park, Illinois
12060 EKQ.
This grant is to demonstrate the effectiveness of aerated
lagoons for treatment of cheese whey process rinse water.
Determine effectiveness of Helixor submerged aeration system
by showing uniformity of dissolved oxygen, bottom velocities
and sludge settling rate, and oxygen transfer rate in two
aerobic lagoons in series. Determine BOD removal rate for this
type of waste and determine the allowable loadings as a function
of lagoon volume.
A third and final revision of the final report is nearing
completion.
"Elimination of Pollution by Utilization of Protein Concentrates
(Dried Whey) from Milk Residues of Cheese Making." Dairy Research
and Development Corp., New York, New York, 12060 DEQ.
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Development of demonstration of a system for evaporating and
spray drying cottage cheese whey. Demonstrate elimination of
pollution from cottage cheese manufacturing by conversion of
acid whey waste to a non-hygroscopic edible powder. Demonstrate
utilization of powder for food purposes. Design and construction
of full-scale concentration and drying equipment and operation
adjustment period completed.
Preparation of the final report is currently underway.
"Vermont Cheese Industry Pollution Abatement Project." Vermont
Whey Pollution Abatement Authority, Montpelier, Vermont, 12130 ENF.
Demonstrate a comprehensive program in the State of Vermont
for conversion of cheese whey to a non-hygroscopic edible powder.
Design, construct, and operate a central whey drying plant
that will handle 90 percent of the whey in the State of Vermont.
Development and demonstration of the marketing of whey powder
from the central drying plant.
Various contracts and sub-contracts are still being reviewed
prior to initiation of construction.
"Continuous Enzymatic Conversion of Whey (Cottage & Cheddar)." LeHi
The Farmers' Dairy, Allentown, Pennsylvania, 802615.
Pilot plant demonstration using bonded enzymes to convert
lactose (from whey) to glucose and galactose, by-products with
better marketing potential. The lactose stream will be
the permeate from an ultrafiltration unit.
The grant was just awarded.
"Construction and Operation of a Demonstration Plant for Commercial
Production of Protein by the Fermentation of Acid and/or Sweet Whey."
Mil brew, Inc., Juneau, Wisconsin, 800747.
This project will be a full-scale demonstration of the successful
pilot plant work conducted by the same grantee discussed above.
The grant was just awarded.
H. INDUSTRIAL MULTIPLE LEVEL CONTROL - JOINT LIGHT INDUSTRY
INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL - 21 BAE
Approach
General: Develop, demonstrate, and optimize to obtain the most effective
and economical waste management, treatment, and control system which will
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permit the discharge and treatment of industrial wastewater into municipal
systems.
Specific: There exists adequate technology for treatment of joint
wastewaters, however, there is a need of pretreatment and in-plant control
to enable industry to discharge wastes "equivalent" to domestic wastes
for joint treatment.
Extramural Activities
"Optimization of combined industrial-municipal waste treatment through
automation and reuse." Miami Conservancy District, Franklin, Ohio,
12130 GER
The project plan is to construct and operate a regional type waste
treatment facility which will serve all industrial and municipal
users within the service area. The plant will result in the
abandonment of the existing City of Franklin sewage treatment
plant and four industrial treatment facilities, all of which are
grossly inadequate. The project will stress high reliability and
performance, flexibility, economy, recovery and recycle of pollutants
and treated wastewater, and automation of waste treatment systems.
Bids were rejected and new bids called for an automated computer
control system.
"Controlled Treatment of Combined Potato Processing - Municipal Wastes
by Anaerobic Fermentation, Aerobic Stabilization Process." City of
Grand Forks, North Dakota, 12130 DJB.
A full scale, 4.5 mgd demonstration and evaluation of the joint treatment
of municipal sewage in conjunction with potato processing wastes using
several pretreatment methods prior to final treatment in existing
stabilizations ponds will be undertaken in this project. The
pretreatment methods include anaerobic and aerated treatment (in
series, anaerobic treatment alone, and aeration alone) under varying
seasonal waste load conditions.
Final report is being prepared.
I. INDUSTRIAL MULTIPLE LEVEL CONTROL - MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIES
AND STONE, CLAY AND GLASS - 21 BAF
Approach
Develop, demonstrate and optimize process changes and treatment methods to
eliminate the discharge of pollutants to the environment for a wide
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variety of miscellaneous industries not classified in other industrial
categories. The principle activities concern the glass, fiberglass,
asbestos, cement, tanneries, photo processing, and water treatment wastes
industries.
Extramural Activities
"Aerobic Biological Treatment, Sludge Dewatering, and Disposal and
Effluent Reuse for a Side Leather Tannery." S. B. Foot Tanning Company,
Red Wing, Minnesota, 12120 DSG.
This project will provide a full-scale demonstration and investigation
of primary sedimentation, biological secondary treatment utilizing aerated
lagoons, and primary and secondary sludge dewatering and disposal by
means of pressure filtration and incineration. The system will treat
the total waste flow of 2.1 mgd from the side leather tannery. In addition,
an evaluation will be conducted to determine the influence of final
treatment plant effluent reuse on hide processing and quality of
finished product by reusing it in the "limepaddle" and "wash soak"
tanning operations.
The period was extended to November 15, 1974, and project objectives
are now being met.
"Magnesium Carbonate Treatment of Potable Water." Montgomery, Alabama, 12120 HMZ
The concept of using MgCO^ as a coagulant stems from the search for
a solution to the ever increasing problem of disposing of the alum
sludges from municipal water treatment. The concept to be piloted
and demonstrated will use MgCO^ as the flocculant with MgCOH)^ precipitated
by the addition of lime. A scneme for recycling the magnesium
by carbonation with C0? will produce a sludge which is easily dewatered
and at the same time recover at least 90 percent of the magnesium
for reuse. The project activities will make operational, technical,
and cost comparisons between the MgCO^ and conventional alum coagulation
systems.
Project was amended to include additional studies in Florida, which
are now underway.
"Renewal and Recovery of Sulfide from Tannery Wastes." Blueside Real
Estate, Kansas City, Missouri 12120 EPC
The basic objectives of the project are to translate pilot-plant
results into the development and demonstration on a plant scale of
a process for removing sulfide from the effluent of a chrome tannery
and recovering the sulfide in a form reuseable in the tannery. The
project will demonstrate the technical feasibility of the sulfide
removal method and will determine the economics of the process on
a full-scale plant. Final report is in preparation.
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"Leather Tannery Waste Management Through Process Change, Reuse and Pretreatment."
Pfister and Vogel Tanning Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 801037.
This project will demonstrate that it is technically and economically
feasible to achieve major reductions in the pollution load discharge
from a large side leather tannery through process changes, reuse and
recovery techniques and pretreatment methods. Conventional batch type
tanning operations will be replaced by newly developed hide processing
machines in which the hide is not removed from the unit until the
tanning step has been completed. This process change will permit a
waste volume reduction of approximately 50 percent. Additional major
waste reductions will result from the recovery of processing chemicals and
the reuse and pretreatment of individual waste streams. Recovery of
soluble proteins extracted from the hides will be investigated. Adequate
sampling will be performed to achieve parameter weight balances throughout
multiple process cycles to characterize the tannery effluent.
Studies have been completed and the final report is being prepared.
"Elimination of Water Pollution by Recycling Cement Plant Dusts." Portland
Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois, 802196.
The objective of this proposed research project is the elimination of
problems associated with disposal of kiln dust from cement plants. The
dust has a relatively high content of alkali-bearing compounds that
are a source of water pollution with disposal procedures currently in
use. The need for improvement of these procedures is increasing as
the efficiency of dust collection and production and use of cement
increases.
The grant project is well underway and on schedule.
II. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
Approach
General: Technical assistance is given upon request by other EPA
programs to Regions, States, and Headquarters for personal services of
information and consultation, review, surveys, and short-term research
projects.
Specific: The type of assistance rendered involved a) effluent guidelines
b) industrial waste effects on water quality c) efficiency and feasibility
of external and in-plant processes for pollution abatement.
Intramural Activities
Effluent Limitation Guidelines
Considerable effort was devoted to working with the Effluent
Guidelines Division, OAWP, personnel and their contractors
in both the pulp and paper, and food processing areas.
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Technology Transfer
Assistance was provided to the Technology Transfer Program
in planning and conducting seminars on Dairy and Seafoods.
Assistance is being provided Technology Transfer and the contractor
in the development of a waste treatment design manual for the
pulp and paper industry.
Assistance was also given to the Office of Planning and Evaluation,
EPA and C.E.Q., on the development of information on a cross-media
study involving the pulp and paper industry. A mill survey and
evaluation was initiated for the Justice Department and EPA
Region I on the Ticonderoga-Lake Champlain court case.
Mr. R. H. Scott presented a seminar on a recent visit to Lake
Baikal and the Baikal Cellulose Factory in Siberia, to the OSU
School of Forestry.
III. PRESENTATION, REPORTS, AND TRIPS.
1. The following reports were made available during the quarter:
EPA-R2-73-236. "Tertiary Treatment of Combined Domestic and
Industrial Wastes."
EPA-R2-73-269. "Treatment of Complex Cyanide Compounds for
Reuse or Disposal."
EPA-R2-73-232. "Methods for Pulp and Paper Mill Sludge Utili-
zation and Disposal."
EPA-R2-73-255. "Ion Exchange Color, and Mineral Removal from
Kraft Bleach Wastes."
EPA-R2-73-184. "State-of-the-Art Review of Pulp and Paper
Waste Treatment."
EPA-R2-73-195. "Aerobic Secondary Treatment of Plywood Glue
Wastes."
EPA-R2-73-196. "Stream Stripping Odorous Substances from Kraft
Effluent Streams."
2. Mr. H. W. Thompson presented "Treatment of Fruit and Vegetable
Processing Wastes" at the Symposium on Ecology and Agricultural
Production at the University of Tennessee.
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LABORATORY SERVICES BRANCH
GENERAL
The exchange of samples collected by the Eutrophication Survey
Branch-Field Crew,Las Vegas and the Eutrophication Survey Branch-
National Guard operation is continuing. The two laboratories at
NERC-Las Vegas and Laboratory Services Branch-Pacific Northwest
Environmental Research Laboratory are turning out the same numbers
for nutrient constituents. The comparative data for total and
orthophosphate phosphorus are extremely close.
A study on adsorption of orthophosphate on sample container walls using
freshwater was started and the marine water phase was completed.
A brief rerun on the freshwater phases is being planned for this
next quarter. The purpose of the study is an attempt to document
what happens to orthophosphate between collection and analysis.
The study on preservation and storage of wastewater samples has been
completed and documented.
PNERL PROGRAM ELEMENT SUPPORT
Coastal Pollution Branch:
Nutrient analysis of marine waters, both manual and automated, were
documented and provided to the Branch for inclusion in proposed
ocean dumping methodology.
Computer Services were provided specifically for data reduction of
biological data from the New York Bight, and of the data collected
by the Yaquina in 1968. Operational support was provided for the
barge dumping model. Supervisory support was provided to the three
work-study students who were employed by the Coastal Pollution Branch
for computer work during the summer.
Eutrophication And Lake Restoration Branch:
Increased activity in field work has provided a greater sample
input.
Computer Services were provided as operational support for data
collection relating to the Shagawa Lake Project. A simple
computerization of the Branch staff's journal article
file was begun.
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Thermal Pollution Branch:
Laboratory space and technical assistance was provided for the study
on residual chlorine in brackish water. The cooperative sharing of
resources between the Thermal Pollution Branch and the Laboratory
Services Branch was successful in producing a workable technique.
The problem of measurement of chlorine residual was defined, a workable
program was worked out and success was achieved.
Jan Dojlido, participating in the PL 480 studies in Poland for the
Thermal Pollution Branch, was given a briefing on EPA-Laboratory
Services Branch methodology for analysis of constituents in water.
Extensive computer services were provided to the Branch staff in the
development and parameterization of surface discharge plume models.
Services included programming, running statistical routines, and
plotting. One work-study student was given full-time to the Branch
during the summer.
Industrial Wastes Branch:
The level of assistance to the Industrial Wastes Branch has diminished;
in the last two months of the quarter there were no samples
submitted for analysis.
Minimal computer services were provided to the program.
Eutrophication Survey Branch:
The major inputs of samples from this Branch continue to be from
tributaries, wastewater effluents and lakes. Logistics of sample
handling require substantial manpower resources. The computer section
continues to provide a significant input of resources to assist
the chemistry section in processing data. The data capture and
processing systems are operating with minimal difficulties despite
the changes that have been made to improve the system.
A visit was made to the Eutrophication Survey Branch-Field Crew to
observe sample collection and sample handling. The care in collecting,
documenting and handling samples is as exacting now as it was during
last year's initial year of operation. The enthusiasm and verve of
the crew is exemplary.
Considerable operations support was provided to the Lake Survey in the
computer services area, both directly to program staff and indirectly,
in support to Laboratory Services Branch laboratories producing
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primarily lake survey analyses in the Technicon lab. Inasmuch as
the Eutrophication Survey Branch generates a large portion of the
programming/keypunching work, a major portion of supervisory overhead,
and terminal operation overhead is attributable to the program.
National Environmental Research Center - Corvallis Activities:
Computer Services continued to provide operations support in areas of
financial services, personnel, and property. Occasional programming
support was furnished to the Program Operations Office. The Chief
continues to act as NERC ADP Coordinator, and met with a new computer
specialist from the National Marine Water Quality Laboratory.
Statistical program operation was provided to the National Ecological
Research Laboratory.
Occasional assistance was provided for data reduction at the Western
Fish Toxicology Station.
PRESENTATIONS, BRIEFINGS, REPORTS, AND TRIPS
1.	Briefing was provided to Sid Verner, EPA Headquarters, Quality
Assurance Division.
2.	Briefing on Laboratory Services Branch operation was given
to Laszlo Pinkola from Hungary.
3.	Briefing and discussion were conducted on information
systems with Ralph Darby, Battelle, Columbus, Ohio; Larry Weiner
and Lou Garrett, EPA, Washington, D.C.
4.	Discussions were held with Wayne Ott from EPA Washington on
SHAVES.
5.	Mr. Laszlo Pasztor consultant to the Pollution Control
Division of R&D was provided with an in-depth briefing of the
Laboratory Services Branch operation.
6.	An audiovisual training program purchased from the National
Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc.
was used as a review of methodology for suspended solids, settleable
solids, turbidity and BOD.
7.	A presentation on Laboratory Services Branch quality control
aspects was made to visitors from the Manufacturing Chemists Association.
8.	A briefing was provided to Russian Scientists Svetlana
Shigan and E. A. Mozhaev through an interpreter, John Mailkoff.
9.	National Environmental Research Center - Corvallis was
represented by the chief at the Quality Control Seminar for Program
Managers at National Environmental Research Center - RTP.
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FY - 74
FIRST QUARTER SUMMARY
Samples	Tes ts
AQC	642	2,122
CPB	26	274
ELRB	1,016	6,381
ESB	7,876	53,128
TPB	34	156
IWB 	8Z	268
Total	R&D PNERL 9,676	62,329
NERL	59	124
WFTS	27	554
86	678
Total	R&D 9,762	63,007
Facilities	36	60
TOTAL, ALL	SOURCES 9,798	63,067
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