United States Corvallis Environmental
Environmental Protection Research Laboratory
Lb I Agency Corvallis, Oregon 97333
QUARTERLY
RESEARCH PROGRESS REPORT
APRIL 1 - JUNE 30, 1988
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QUARTERLY
RESEARCH PROGRESS REPORT
APRIL 1 - JUNE 30, 1988
This research progress report, covering the period April 1 through June 30, 1988,
summarizes the current status of all active projects at the CorvalUs Environ-
mental Research Laboratory.
If you have questions or would like more Information, feel free to contact either
the manager listed at the end of each project description or the Laboratory
Director. For those who use a commercial line, dial (503) 757- and the 4-dlgit
extension of the project manager. The main telephone number of the laboratory
complex 1s (503) 757-4600.
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CONTENTS
Page
Air Pollution Effects 1
Acid Rain Effects 9
Pesticides 39
Toxic Substances 47
Water Quality 59
Global Climate Change/Photobiology 67
Superfund/Hazardous Wastes 71
Cold Climate 77
Publications List (Blue Pages) 79
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corval1is
Project Status Report—Air Pollution Effects
June 30, 1988
Title: Economic Assessment of Ozone Impact on Crops (01)
Objectlve(s):
Develop ozone exposure-crop response data for the major agronomic crops and
use these data to conduct an economic assessment of the effects of air
pollution on agriculture. This project Mill develop exposure-response data
for crops representing 90% of the U.S. acreage and estimate national eco-
nomic losses based on these data. The magnitude of bioenvironmental sources
of uncertainty (soil moisture) and the effects of pollutant exposure
dynamics on these estimates will also be evaluated.
Output Status:
Journal article on economic consequences of alternative seasonal ozone
standards (04/88). Complete.
Journal article on analysis of sample frequency for air monitoring (04/88).
Complete.
Journal article on comparison of two winter wheat varieties to ozone
(05/88). Complete.
Journal article on effect of soil moisture and ozone on species composition
(06/88). Complete.
Journal article on effect of water stress and ozone on carbohydrate
partitioning in soybean (06/88). Complete.
Journal article on review of exposure regimes and their uses (07/88).
Delayed because of senior author's Involvement 1n planning program on
Impacts of stratospheric ozone depletion.
Journal article on Influence of soil moisture and ozone on soybean yield
(09/88). Delayed because of senior author's relocation and additional
responsibilities.
Journal article on influence of soil moisture and ozone on soybean
physiology (09/88). Delayed because of senior author's relocation and
additional responsibilities.
Journal article, Statistical methodologies of NCLAN data (09/88). On
Schedule.
Journal article on effects of 03 and S02 on crop quality (11/88). On
schedule.
Journal article, Ozone and within species variability (01/89). On
Schedule.
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Journal article, Effect of cadmium dihydrogen phosphate on the growth of
arabidopsis (09/88). On schedule.
Journal article, Assessment of drought stress effects on crop yield response
to ozone (09/88). On schedule.
Final report, NCLAN scientific meeting (09/88). On schedule.
Activities:
Proposals received in response to a RFP to fund experimental studies to help
determine the appropriate averaging time to "best" characterize the effects
of ozone on vegetation have been evaluated and the funding action has been
initiated. The research is being conducted to assist OAQPS in developing a
NAAQS for ozone.
The papers from the NCLAN International Conference on Crop Loss Assessment
are in the printing process by both Elsevier Applied Science Publishers
(book) and Environmental Pollution (special issue). The book resulting from
the Conference is scheduled for publication 1n late fall 1988.
Studies were initiated at ERL-C to determine the phenological relationship
of ozone sensitivity in leguminous plants. This information will be used to
support the development of biologically realistic exposure indices that
incorporate plant phenology.
Findings:
OZONE EFFECTS ON FORAGE CROPS — A two year research study evaluated the
effects of ozone on pasture grasses (animal forage). The major findings
were: (1) Ozone impaired the total field production from the pasture, (2)
but the growth of clover (the major source of protein in the forage) was
reduced more than the grasses. Consequently, both the total forage produc-
tion and forage quality (protein content) were reduced. These data indicate
that ambient ozone impairs forage production which reduces the animal feed
available.
OZONE AND MOISTURE DEFICIT EFFECTS ON COTTON — The major findings of a
journal article evaluating the combined effects of ozone and soil moisture
deficit on cotton yield were: (1) cotton growth and yield were signifi-
cantly reduced by ozone exposure; (2) soil moisture deficit (drought
stress) decreased the impact of ozone on cotton yield and foliar Injury.
These data indicate that on 5 Irrigated farms, ambient ozone can signifi-
cantly reduce cotton yields, however, on non-irrigated farms ambient ozone
1s expected to Impair yield only in years of average or greater than
average rainfall. This supports the conclusion that soil moisture deficit
is a major environmental factor Influencing the Impact of ozone on agri-
cultural productivity and must be considered 1n assessments.
NCLAN QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM — A summary of the Agency's National Crop
Loss Network (NCLAN) QA Program reported that: (1) project data quality
objectives were valuable for determining the acceptability of data among
sites, (2) standardized protocols Insured data comparability, (3)
Independent on-site audits Insured protocol adherence and (4) precision and
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accuracy measurements permitted assessment of data quality, data
acceptability and indicated the need for instrument adjustment or repair.
These conclusions clearly show that multi-site ecological research projects,
must have a coordinated QA program with standardized protocols and data
quality objectives 1n order that conclusions and comparisons across sites
will be valid and supportable.
Publications:
Floyd, R. A., M. S. West, K. L. Eneff, W. E. Hogsett, and D. T. Tingey.
1988. Hydroxyl free radical mediated formation of 8-hydroxyguanine in
isolated DNA. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 262:266-272
(published).
Floyd, R. A., and P. K. Wong. 1988. Electrochemical detection of hydroxyl
free radical adducts to deoxyguansine. DNA Repair. A Laboratory Manual
of Research Procedures Vol. 3, Friedberg and Hanawalt, Eds. Marcel
Dekker, Inc., N. Y., NY (published).
Heggestad, H. E., E. L. Anderson, T. J. Gish, and E. H. Lee. 1988. Effects
of ozone and soil water deficit on roots and shoots of field-grown
soybeans. Environmental Pollution 50:259-278 (published).
Rawlings, J. 0., V. M. Lesser, A. S. Heagle, and W. W. Heck. 1988.
Alternative ozone dose metrics to characterize ozone impact on crop
yield loss. 1988. Journal of Environmental Quality 17:285-291
(published).
Temple, P. J., and L. F. Benoit. 1988. Effects of ozone and water stress
on canopy temperature, water use, and water use efficiency of alfalfa.
Agronomy Journal 80:439-447 (published).
Temple, P. J., L. F. Benoit, R. W. Lennox, C. A. Reagan, and 0. C. Taylor.
1988. Combined effects of ozone and water stress on alfalfa growth and
yield. Journal of Environmental Quality 17:108-113 (published).
Glyer, J. D., R. M. Adams, and B. A. McCarl. Seasonal air pollution
standards: Compliance, pollution levels and benefits to the agricul-
tural sector. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management
(submitted).
Kohut, R. 0., J. A. Laurence, L. J. Colavito, and P. King. Differences in
the yield responses of two cultlvars of winter wheat exposed to
controlled levels of ozone 1n the field. Environmental Pollution
(submitted).
Project Manager: Thomas J. Noser FTS 420-4852/4600
David T. Tingey FTS 420-4621/4600
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Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Project Status Report - Air Pollution Effects
June 28, 1988
Title: Assessment of Ozone Impacts on Forests (06)
Objective(s):
(1) Determine response of commercially/ecologically important forest tree
species under a range of ozone scenarios for those forest types most at risk
to ozone. (2) Determine the relationship between components of ozone
exposure (e.g. concentration, frequency, duration and respite time) and tree
response, and once quantified, (a) develop realistic exposure-response
functions and (b) examine the biological relevance of alternative air
quality statistics that are meaningful in an air quality standards context.
(3) Predict the influence of various ozone air quality scenarios on pro-
ductivity and composition of forest trees over time and' across forest
types.
Output Status:
Journal article on the influence of acid fog on foliar leaching in
Douglas-F1r. (08/88). On schedule.
Journal article on the effects of ozone on growth of Pinus banksiana.
(10/88). On schedule.
Journal article on the development of fog exposure regimes. (12/88). On
schedule.
Journal article on the growth response of 5 western conifer species to
seasonal exposure of acid fog and ozone. (12/88). On schedule.
Journal article on the growth response of western conifers to winter
exposure of S02. (2/89). On schedule.
Journal article on the effect of 03/S02 on growth of Pinus elliottii.
(08/89). On schedule.
Internal Report on the effect of acid fog on nitrate reductase, glutamine
synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase activity 1n western conifers.
(06/88). Completed.
Research Plan for ozone effects on forest resources (1/89). On schedule.
Activities:
A comprehensive research plan has been prepared which presents the approach
for studying the Impact of ozone on forest species, and details the experi-
mental studies required to accomplish the tasks. This plan has been sub-
mitted for peer-review and the peer-review findings will be presented
7/18/88 in CorvalUs and followed by a workshop to address the peer-panel's
concerns. A final plan will be produced from this workshop. The plan is
due 1/89.
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A report was prepared for the National Park Service, A1r Quality Division
detailing the development and description of needle injury on Eastern White
Pine exposed to ozone in open-top chamber exposure systems.
Assessment of growth response in aspen during exposure to simulated ambient
exposure of O3 and SO2 mixtures continues over the next 90 days to complete
three replicate exposure periods. These studies are conducted in an
Interagency Agreement with the National Park Service.
Assessment of growth response in five western coniferous species following
seasonal exposure to ozone, acidic fog and SO2 continues through the spring
bud growth period for ranking of relative sensitivity of the species to the
two different exposure scenarios.
A number of exposure studies 1n support of the newly initiated program
investigating the effects of ozone on forest species were begun 6/15/88.
These studies address issues of ozone exposure dynamics, growth response,
water use efficiency, drought stress, needle retention, and root regrowth in
ponderosa pine.
Several biological markers (biolndicators) are being examined for repro-
ducibility, utility and ease of measurement for ozone, acidic fog or SO7
exposure/impact on forest trees. These bioindicators, when identified and
correlations established, would allow assessment of stress impact in larger
trees which are not amenable to measurement of various growth parameters.
To date, cuticular wax, needle buffering capacity, needle hydrocarbon
emission, needle pigment ratios, stable carbon isotope ratios, and chloro-
plast DNA adducts are being examined for effects in ponderosa pine. The
most promising of these at present appears to be stable carbon isotope
ratios, and the change in ratio of needle pigments (e.g., xanthin/
antheraxanthin) with ozone exposure.
An invited paper entitled "Bioindicators 1n Air Pollution Research-
Applications and Constraints" was presented at the recent "Workshop on
Markers of Air Pollution Effects 1n Forests" sponsored by the National
Research Council/National Academy of Science.
Findings:
The presentation "Bioindicators 1n Air Pollution Research—Applications
and Constraints" given at the NRC/NAS Workshop concluded that although both
physical and biological methods have been used to estimate the impacts of
air pollutants on biological systems, only the biological measures of
response can Indicate 1f an exposure had a biological consequence.
Biological neasures of response are preferred because they integrate the
Influence of the pollutant exposure and the modifying factors of genotype,
climate, and edaphic conditions. Even though bioindicators have intrinsic
value in assessing environmental problems, most of them are in rudimentary
stages of development or verification. In addition, biological response
data are at most correlative indicators of a problem and, alone, provide
insufficient Information for corrective or mitigative actions unless other
data (e.g., air monitoring) are also provided. The proceedings of the
Workshop will be published by the National Academy of Science.
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Publications:
Submitted -
Tingey, D. T., Bioindicators in air pollution research—Applications and
constraints. Submitted to National Academy of Science Proceedings:
Markers of Air Pollution on Forests.
Project Manager: W. E. Hogsett FTS 420-4632/4600
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Envi ronmental Research Laboratory—Corval1i s
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1988
Title: National Lake Survey (51)
Objective(s):
Determine the percentage, distribution, and characteristics of low pH and
low alkalinity lakes.
Determine the percentage, distribution, and characteristics of fishless
lakes.
Determine whether long term chemical and biological changes are occurring in
lakes.
Output Status:
Draft report on seasonal chemical variability in eastern lakes poor quality
of some of the spring and summer data has resulted in modification of the
product. Two journal articles are being prepared on the fall 1986 data in
lieu of a final project report:
Journal article on variability of the Environmental Protection Agency's
National Lake Survey: Comparison of fall 1984 and fall 1986 chemistry
results In the Northeastern United States.
Journal article on variability of fall lake chemistry in the Northeastern
United States.
Activities:
National Lake Survey, Phase I: Data analysis interpretations on the results
of the Eastern and Western Lake Surveys continue. Two manuscripts were
completed this quarter and will be submitted for publication shortly.
National Lake Survey, Phase II: Staff continue to re-evaluate the quality
of the spring and summer data. Analysis of the fall 1986 data is proceeding
with the intention of producing two journal articles this fall, one quanti-
fying the wlthln-fall variability and a second quantifying fall 1984 and
fall 1986 variability. An audit of the fall 1986 data will be conducted in
July.
Findings:
Gran plot titration of acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) 1s currently the
preferred way of measuring add neutralizing capacity for the study of
acidification of surface waters. This method assumes titration of bicar-
bonate ion only. However, this assumption 1s not valid for many lakes and
streams which contain aluminum and organic adds. Consequently, ANC titra-
tions are subject to considerable error, especially near zero where the
result 1s most crucial. ERL-C and cooperating scientists have developed an
index of acidification that better reflects the total chemical response to
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acidification than is presently achieved using titrated ANC. The index
consists of the equivalence of H+ accepting weak acid anions less the
equivalence of acidic cations. Estimates of surface water acidification
prepared using this index will be greater than estimates computed using
titrated ANC. A manuscript describing this index is under peer review.
Publications:
Bralike, 0. F., A. Henriksen, and S. A. Norton. Estimated background concen-
trations of sulfate 1n dilute lakes. Water Resources Bulletin (in
press).
Marmorek, D. R., 0. P. Bernard, M. L. Jones, L. P. Rattie, and T. J.
Sullivan. 1988. The effects of mineral acid deposition on concen-
trations of dissolved organic acids in surface waters. Environmental
and Social Systems Analysts, Ltd., Vancouver, B.C. 110 pp.
Project Manager: Dixon H. Landers FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1988
Title: National Stream Survey (52)
Objective(s):
Characterize the chemistry of acidic and low alkalinity streams in sensitive
regions of the U.S. and determine their extent and geographic distribution.
Determine normal seasonal variability In stream chemistry. Determine the
relationship between key biological resources and the chemical character-
istics of streams. Classify streams in order to identify representative
systems for more in-depth study.
Output Status:
Phase I National Stream Survey Report (04/88). Completed.
Journal article manuscript "Chemical Characteristics of Streams in the
Eastern U.S.M (09/88). On schedule.
Activities:
Preparation of final pre-print and camera-ready drafts of National Stream
Survey (NSS-I) Mid-Atlantic and Southeast Screening data report. Prepara-
tion and presentation of briefing materials for EPA Headquarters, Con-
gressional, and press briefings. Presentation of NSS-I results at con-
ference of American Society of Limnology and Oceanography.
Findings:
An estimated 2.7% (5429 km) of the total National Stream Survey (NSS-I)
target stream length was acidic (acid neutralizing capacity [ANC] < 0 ueq
L-l). Of this acidic stream length, 3,243 km (60%) was classified in a sub-
population whose major source of acidity is most likely to be acidic deposi-
tion. The majority (55%) of the streams 1n this subpopulation were
located in upland forested drainages in the Interior Mid-Atlantic—the
remainder were located 1n lowland drainages of the Mid-Atlantic Coastal
Plan, primarily in the New Jersey Pine Barrens.
Within the Interior Mid-Atlant1c, roughly 10% of the reaches on forested
ridges of the Valley and Ridge geographic province and the Allegheny Plateau
were acidic at their upstream ends; the major source of acidity 1n these
streams is probably addle deposition.
Whereas acid deposition appears to be a major source of acid anions in
the majority of the streams 1n the New Jersey Pine Barrens, most of these
lowland streams are also Influenced by organic acidity from natural sources
and many are likely to have been acidic 1n the past.
Organic acidity (from the natural decay of vegetation) was the most probable
source of acidity 1n most (98%) of the acidic stream length in the Florida
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subregion and In approximately one quarter of the acidic streams in the
Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plan subregion.
An estimated 23,487 km (11.7%) of the total NSS-1 stream length had ANC
less than 50 ueq L-l value commonly used to indicate extreme sensitivity to
acidic deposition. Streams in this category were found in every NSS-I
subregion.
Approximately half of the stream reach length in the NSS-I target population
was estimated to have AN less than 200 ueq L-l, a level considered to
include many streams sensitive to acidic deposition.
Patterns in stream pH tended to follow the distribution of ANC. Based on
the interpolated stream length, an estimated 2.9% of the stream length in
the NSS-1 had a pH < 5.0, 8.3% had pH < 5.5, and 17.8% had pH < 6.0.
In almost all streams, the upstream end of the reach had a lower ANC and pH
than the downstream end.
Variability in stream ANC was best explained by concentrations of base
cations (sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium) indicating that local
geologic setting (watershed bedrock, soil characteristics) is probably the
most important factor controlling the sensitivity of streams to acidic
inputs.
Subregional median streamwater sulfate concentration was highly correlated
with subregional wet sulfate deposition rates, indicating that atmospheric
inputs of sulfate were probably the major source of streamwater sulfate.
Publications:
Eshleman, Keith N., and Philip R. Kaufmann. 1988. Assessing the regional
effects of sulfur deposition on surface water chemistry: The Southern
Blue Ridge. Environmental Science and Technology 22:685-670 (pub-
lished).
Kaufmann, P. R., A. T. Herlihy, J. W. Elwood, H. E. Hitch, W. S. Overton, M.
J. Sale, 0. J. Messer, K. A. Cougan, D. V. Peck, K. H. Reckhow, A. J.
Kinney, S. 0. Christie, D. D. Brown, C. A. Hag ley, and H. 1. Jager.
1988. Chemical Characteristics of Streams In the Mid-Atlantic and
Southeastern United States. Volume I: Population Descriptions and
Physlco-Chemical Relationships. EPA/600/3-88/0021A. U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. (to be printed 07/88).
Sale, M. J., P. R. Kaufmann, H. I. Jager, J. M. Coe, K. A. Cougan, A. J.
Kinney, M. E. Mitch, and W. S. Overton. 1988. Chemical Character-
istics of Streams in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States.
Volume II: Streams Sampled, Descriptive Statistics, and Compendium of
Physical and Chemical Data. EPA/600/3-88/0021B. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. (to be printed 07/88).
Project Manager: Philip R. Kaufmann FTS 420-4666/4600
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Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1988
Title: Biologically Relevant Chemistry (53)
Objective(s)
Determine changes in surface water chemical variables caused by acidic
deposition that may pose a threat to fisheries. Develop predictive model
of the effects of surface water acidity on fish.
Output Status:
Final draft report on fish community status as a function of water quality
in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (6/88). Delayed to 07/88 because of
delays in receiving needed Information on the field work from the Michigan
State University cooperator.
Final report on fish community status as a function of water quality in the
Upper Peninsula of Michigan (11/88). On schedule.
Activities:
The final draft report, "Fish community status as a function of water
quality in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan" is being prepared.
Findings:
Preliminary results from the fish survey conducted in the Upper Midwest
indicate that fish species richness (number of species) and lake water pH
are positively correlated. Numerous past surveys have shown similar
results. However, researchers at ERL-C and Kilkelly Environmental Asso-
ciates are currently analyzing the data to determine if other physical or
chemical variables are also correlated with species richness. For example,
species richness of fish communities and lake size or levels of toxic
aluminum species. The loss of fish populations in acidified lakes is a
major concern for assessing aquatic effects of acidic deposition. It is,
therefore, important that the effects of low pH and associated chemical
factors be isolated from those variables Influencing the structure of fish
communities.
Project Manager: Robert F. Cusimano FTS 420-4666
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Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1988
Title: Effects of Acidic Deposition on Human Health (54)
Objective(s):
Estimate potential health effects attributed to toxic metal mobilization/
bioaccumuTation due to acid deposition.
Output Status:
Final report on factors contributing to mercury accumulation in muscle
tissue of fish collected during Phase II of the ELS (08/88). On schedule.
Review draft report on assessment of the potential effects of lake acidity
on bi©accumulation of mercury by fish in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan
(08/88). On schedule.
Final draft report on assessment of the potential effects of lake acidity on
bioaccumulation of mercury by fish 1n the Upper Peninsula of Michigan
(11/88). On schedule.
Activities:
Fish tissue mercury analyses have been completed for all lakes.
The results of the tissue analyses are currently being compiled into a dBASE
III PLUS data file by Tetra Tech. All lake physical/chemical data and the
results of the mercury analyses for the 49 sampled lakes will be contained
in the file. This file will be delivered to ERL-C by 07/08/88.
Findings:
Preliminary results from fish tissue analyses (age three yellow perch) for
total mercury content indicated an inverse relationship exists between
mercury concentration and lake water pH. These findings are important
because 30 of the 49 lakes sampled in the study are seepage systems.
Seepage lakes generally receive most of their hydrologic Inflow from
precipitation falling directly onto the lake surface. Differences in
mercury uptake by fish between different pH lake systems are therefore
likely due to Internal (within lake) processes that Influence the bio-
availability of the metal. Acidification due to atmospheric deposition may
have increased the bioavailability of mercury.
Project Manager: Robert F. Cusimano FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1988
Title: Watershed Manipulation Project (55)
Objectlve(s):
Investigate and quantify the relationships between the watershed processes
that Influence the acidity of surface waters and the impact that acidic
deposition has on them. Critically evaluate the models used 1n the
Direct/Delayed Response Project and the predictions/classifications derived
from the project. Provide mechanistic data to refine/revise those models as
necessary.
Output Status:
Final report of DDRP model sensitivity and uncertainty analysis (11/88). On
schedule.
Progress report on the Watershed Manipulation Project (WMP) (12/88). On
schedule.
Journal article on residence time distribution of soil water on a hi 11 slope
(12/88). On schedule.
Activities:
A panel review of research progress within the WMP was held at the Uni-
versity of Maine campus, Orono, ME, May 24-25, 1988. The project was
praised highly by the reviewers for the amount of progress demonstrated
during the review. Particularly noteworthy was the selection of suitable
paired-catchments, the cooperation of the task and site groups In the design
and implementation of the external plot experiments, and the use of the
common bulk soil samples for field and laboratory experimentation.
Two WMP cooperator workshops were held concurrently with the field trip
portion of the review. An external plot workshop was held for project
scientists to discuss research direction, project coordination and plot
manipulation. Watershed-level research, task group data needs, and addi-
tional biomass/productlvity work were discussed at the watershed workshop.
Activities at the Bear Brook catchments have been directed toward the
construction and assembly of the external plot Irrigation system. Testing
Is currently underway; acid applications are expected to begin 1n June.
Other progress by the site team Includes completing the Installation of the
weirs under a subcontract to the USGS and a return to full-scale field
sampling.
Current task activities at the Bear Brook catchments Include: Installation
of the 1n-s1tu sulfur Isotope experiments designed to quantify sizes of
various soil sulfur pools (Sulfur Task); placement of litter bags In the
external plots (Nitrogen Task); addition of bromide into the streams to
lucldate pathways of water flow (Hydrology Task); and construction of a
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water purification system for the mineral weathering plots (Cation Resupply
Task).
University of Maine personnel met with ERL-C staff April 20-21, 1988, in
Corvallis for a Validation/Data Quality Documentation workshop. Maine will
maintain two databases on-site: a raw database and a verified/validated
(V/V) database. The V/V database will be delivered to ERL-C on a quarterly
frequency, with ERL-C producing a final database from the V/V database.
Several finalists in two task areas for the Watershed Recovery Project (WRP)
were asked to submit full proposals for peer review. Based on those
reviews, cooperators for task 1 (sulphate adsorption/desorption) and 2
(mineral weathering base cation supply) have been selected and are currently
responding to reviewer's comments. Full proposals were not requested for
task 3 (DDRP uncertainties).
In a recent paper, VIMP modelers (Eary, et al.) compared three models of
watershed acidification (MAGIC, ETD, and ILWAS) with respect to the formu-
lations used to represent meteorological, hydrological, geochemical and
biogeochemical processes, and by examining the degree of aggregation used to
simulate watershed-specific parameters.
Findings:
In a recent paper, scientists at the University of Illinois (David, et al.)
reported the results of a study that examined the effects of added sulfuric
and nitric acids on DOC forms and processes for WMP Bear Brook soils. The
research showed that levels of DOC In soil extracts and mechanisms buffering
acidic inputs depend both on the type and concentration of acid and the
origin of the soil extract. Experimental acid additions altered the
ratios of organic acids (organic acids being the major components of DOC in
soil solutions from Bear Brook), 1n a manner similar to what naturally
occurs when soil solutions pass from the 0 horizon through the B horizon.
The study implies that organic acid ratios modified by acidic deposition
may have significant environmental consequences via altered metal solu-
bilities.
Scientists at the University of Virginia (Hydrology Task) recently presented
two papers on subsurface water flow research at the "International Confer-
ence on Validation of Flow and Transport Models for the Unsaturated Zone,"
held May 23-26, 1988, 1n Ruidoso, NM. The applicability of two physical
transport models (Darcian and 2-domain) 1n evaluating the residence time of
water under field conditions was evaluated through the use of hi 11 slope
tracer experiments. Results suggest that neither the classical Darcian flow
model nor the 2-domain water flow model adequately describe the responses
observed 1n the study. Parametric transfer function models were evaluated
as alternative conceptualizations.
Publications:
David, Mark. B., George F. Vance, Joseph M. Rissing and Frank J. Stevenson.
19B8. Organic Carbon Fractions In 0 and B Horizon Solutions from a New
England Spodosol: Effect of Acid Treatment. Journal of Environmental
Quality (submitted).
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Eary, L.E., E. A. Jenne, L. W. Vail, and D. C. Glrvin. 1988. Numerical
Models for Predicting Watershed Acidification. Archives of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (submitted).
Germann, P. F. 1989. Hacropores and hydrologic hillslope processes. In:
Anderson, H. G. and T. D. Burt (eds.). Process Studies in Hillslope
hydrology, John Wiley and Sons (submitted).
Hornberger, G. M., P. F. Germann, K. J. Beven, P. Bruns and R. Hoelscher.
1988. Subsurface Hydrological Flow Paths in a Forested Catchment in
Haine. International Conference on Validation of Flow and Transport
Models for the Unsaturated Zone. Ruidoso, New Mexico. May 23-26,
1988. Abstract.
Hoelscher, R. and G. M. Hornberger. 1988. Applications of Two Conceptual
Water Flow and Solute Transport Models to Hillslope Tracer
Experiments. International Conference on Validation of Flow and
Transport Models for the Unsaturated Zone. Ruidoso, New Mexico. May
23-26, 1988. Abstract.
Norton, S. A., I. 3. Fernandez, T. A. Haines, J. S. Kahl, S. K. Nodvin, P.
J. Wigington, and H. E. Erickson. 1988. The Watershed Manipulation
Project in Maine. Water Pollution Control Federation Specialty
Conference on Acid Precipitation. Hartford, Conn. May 19, 1988.
Abstract.
Project Manager: P. J. Wigington, Jr. FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1988
Title: Long-Term Mon1toring/TIHE (56)
Objective(s):
Determine future trends in surface water quality relative to the effects of
current or changing levels of acidic deposition at regional or national
scales to provide information necessary for regulatory decisions and to
verify predictive models of acidification or recovery.
Output Status:
None this reporting period.
Activities:
Action to continue funding the LTM network has been completed. Cooperative
and interagency agreements for LTM cooperators have received Laboratory
clearance and have been sent to GAD for final funding action.
Revisions to the LTM QA program are continuing. A draft of the revised plan
has been distributed to the LTM cooperators with a letter outlining specific
areas for comments. In addition, the LTM labs have begun participation in
the interlaboratory comparison studies coordinated by the Canada Centre for
Inland Waters for the Long Range Transport of Airborne Pollutants (LRTAP) QA
program. Fifty labs in the U.S. and Canada participate 1n this exchange of
low conductivity natural waters. This program will allow performance
comparisons of the LTM labs to be made not only among the LTM labs, but
among the larger selection of the participating labs in other International
and national programs.
Responsibility for the LTM database management task has been moved from ORNL
to ERL-CorvalHs. All data files are being reviewed, updated, and put in a
standard format. A draft database management document has been prepared to
describe the proposed design of the LTM database.
A meeting with LTM cooperators was held at the American Society of Limnology
and Oceanography (ASLO) meeting 1n Boulder, CO, 1n June. The meeting was
held to address strategies for timely Integration of LTM data Into ERL-C's
1990 AERP assessment report and to discuss revisions to the LTM QA program.
Design changes in TIME due to refocused AERP priorities are summarized in an
Interim document now available for distribution. All people on the TIME
Conceptual Plan mailing 11st will receive this update.
A poster titled, "A description of USEPA's long-term monitoring project:
studies of surface water acidification" was presented at the American
Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO) meeting in Boulder, CO, in
June. In addition, a talk describing EPA long-term monitoring programs in
acid deposition, such as LTM and TIME, was presented.
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A report summarizing the recommendations of the joint U.S.-Canadian workshop
on biological monitoring is expected by 30 June.
Project Manager: Jesse Ford FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1988
Title: Direct/Delayed Response of Watersheds (57)
Objective(s):
Predict the long-term response of watersheds and surface waters to acidic
deposition; classify watershed system response as direct, delayed or
capacity protected. The Agency and Congress require information concerning
rate of acidification and its reversibility. It 1s not known whether
aquatic resources will deteriorate 1f emissions are held constant or
decreased or whether aquatic resources will improve. This work 1s necessary
for Informed decision making concerning the timing and necessity for
additional emission controls.
A three-tiered approach Is employed to classify watersheds. Level I entails
statistical analysis of watershed characteristics and water chemistry and
evaluated watershed and regional Input-output elemental budgets. Level II
estimates single factor response times for watersheds emphasizing key
properties (e.g., sulfate adsorption capacity, base saturation, and indices
of soil-water contact). Level III uses dynamic system models to integrate
important processes and predicts changes in watershed properties and surface
water chemistry. A soil survey is an important aspect of the approach in
that it provides data for Level I, II, and III analyses.
Output Status:
Review draft report on regional rates of surface water acidification
(12/88). Some difficulties will likely occur in completing Level III
analyses with one of the three watershed models, otherwise, on schedule.
Activities:
Validation of the watershed and soils database for the NE U.S. has been
completed. This database is planned for release at the time of publication
of the DDRP report (03/89). Level I, II and III analyses with these data
are underway at ERL-C and by extramural cooperators. Validation of the
watershed and soils databases for the Southern Blue Ridge Province is
underway.
Mapping continues on 45 additional NE watersheds for study as well as on 36
watersheds for study in the mountainous Mid-Appalachian region. Approxi-
mately half of the watersheds are currently mapped. Planning 1s complete
for soils analyses and QA/QC for the Mid-Appalachian study.
In review:
Rochelle, B. P., D. L. Stevens, Jr. and M. R. Church. Uncertainty analysis
of runoff estimates from a runoff contour map. Water Resources
Bulletin.
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Shaffer, P. W. and M. R. Church. Comparison of projected and observed
trends in stream sulfate concentrations in the SE U.S. Environmental
Science and Technology.
Wolock, D. M., G. M. Hornberger, K. J. Beven, and W. G. Campbell. Topo-
graphic and edaphic control of residence times and flow paths: A
regional analysis of hydrochemical catchment response. Water Resources
Research.
Findings:
In the forested regions under study, runoff (as runoff depth) appears to be
unrelated to watershed area. Thus, runoff maps generated for use in the
DDRP can be applied without bias to estimating runoff for the watersheds
study.
Comparison was made of trends in sulfate concentration of streams in the
Southern Blue Ridge Province as projected by the sulfate model used in DDRP
with observed trends in the region. Both sets of trends match reasonably
well indicating: 1) agreement between the model and observed data, and 2)
increases in stream sulfate concentrations in this region, although cur-
rently slight, are consistent with projections of future increases that are
of concern.
Publications:
Campbell, W. G. and M. R. Church. EPA uses GIS to study lake and stream
acidification. Federal Digital Cartography Newsletter (submitted).
Church, M. R. 1988. Acidic Deposition and Surface Water Chemistry. EOS,
Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Water Watch. 69(22):626
(published).
Graczyk, D. J., W. A. Gebert, W. R. Krug, D. L. Stevens, B. P. Rochelle,
and M. R. Church. Runoff maps for the Northeastern, Southeastern and
Mid-Atlantic United States for 1951-1980. U.S. Geological Survey Water
Resources Investigation Report 88-4094 (in press).
Lee, J., D. Lammers, M. Johnson, R. Church, D. Stevens, D. Coffey,
R. Turner, L. Blume, L. Liegel and R. Holdren. Soil survey to support
an assessment of the regional effects of acidic deposition on surface
water chemistry. Environmental Management (accepted).
Rochelle, B. P., M. R. Church, W. A. Gebert, D. J. Graczyk and W. R. Krug.
Relationship between annual runoff and watershed area for the Northeast
and Southern Blue Ridge Province of the United States. Water Resources
Bulletin 24:35-41 (published).
Sullivan, T. 0., 0. M. Eilers, M. R. Church, D. J. Blick, K. H. Eshleman,
D. H. Landers and M. D. DeHaan. 1988. The relationship between
atmospheric sulfate deposition and lakewater chemistry in the
Northeastern U.S. Nature. 331:607-609 (published).
Project Manager: M. Robbins Church FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1988
Title: Episodic Response Project (58)
Objective(s):
Phase I:
Determine the magnitude, duration, frequency and characteristics of episodic
chemical changes that accompany hydrologic events (both snowmelt and
rainstorms) in streams.
Evaluate the effects of episodic acidification on fish populations in
streams.
Define key characteristics of episodes that determine the severity of
effects on fish populations.
Develop and calibrate regional models of episodic chemistry that link
atmospheric deposition to biologically relevant chemistry during episodes.
Phase II:
Evaluate and test the assumptions and predictive capability of regional
models of biologically relevant episodic chemistry.
Estimate the number and proportion of surface waters in specific regions
that are likely to experience biologically relevant acidic episodes.
Improve regional estimates of the effects of acidic deposition on fish
populations through consideration of episodic chemical changes.
Output Status:
Interim report on episodic and chronic response to acidic manipulations
(8/89). On schedule.
Interim report on magnitude, duration, and frequency of episodes (12/89).
On schedule.
Activities:
All major funding actions for Phase I cooperator proposals (except chemical
modeling) have been submitted to GAD (one apx. 25K action with ALSC
remains). All streams In two regions (5 1n the Catskllis and 5 1n the
Northern Appalachian Plateau) have been selected. Chemical and biological
characterizations of these streams have been completed and several sites
have been Instrumented. One site (Biscuit Brook) was operational throughout
the spring snowmelt period, and data are being analyzed. The ERP Quality
Assurance Plan (first draft; Peck et al., 1988) was completed and reviewed
Internally. Development of a data base management (entry/verification/
management/transfer to ERL-C) system 1s 1n progress. Field forms have been
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designed and data file structures determined. Preliminary simulations of
episodic stream chemistry using a mechanistic hydrologic model were com-
pleted for three streams and a journal article 1s in progress. The ERP
Field Training Session was conducted at Frost Valley, NY, in June with all
three cooperator groups represented; field teams are apx. 80% hired. An I AG
between EMSL-RTP and PNL to provide deposition support for ERP has been
funded; purchase orders for new equipment (Including Aerochem-metrlcs Model
301 samplers and recording rain gages) have been sent out. A new project
manager (P.J. Wigington) of ERP has been selected, and he will assume his
duties effective July 1.
The REAM QA Plan has been approved by the ERL-C Project and OA officers.
Aqueous sample chemical analyses began 1n April. Quarterly data reporting
will begin in June. WMP quarterly audit samples are now being distributed
to the Fernow lab. Dr. Sue Perry (West Virginia University) will be exam-
ining effects of watershed acidification on stream macro-Invertebrates.
Requests to delay acidification of watershed 3 until April of 1989 have been
submitted to ERL-C by Fernow Site Director Helvey, and Drs. Perry and
Strickland. The Fernow data base management system program will include
systems for entry error and reasonable range checking, as well as validation
routines comparing calculated vs. measured charge balance, conductance, and
ANC. The Forest Service has received three proposals to conduct the hydro-
logic mixing study component of the project. Planned lysimeter locations on
both control and manipulation watersheds have been excavated. ERL-C staff
have verified soil delineation positions for installation. Bench-mark
pedons on each watershed have been sampled for complete soil chemical
characterization. Analyses will be conducted at the University of Maine.
Findings:
Based on data collected from Biscuit Brook and several other streams in the
Catskill mountains (New York) this spring, the spring melt was the most
gradual of the six melts observed since 1983; therefore, pH depressions in
these streams were less severe than in previous years. However, as of May
15, fish had not yet repopulated streams that had been acidified during the
spring melt events.
Publications:
Eshleman, K. N., and H. F. Hemond. 1988. Alkalinity and major ion budgets
for a Massachusetts reservoir and watershed. Limnology and Ocean-
ography 33(Z):174—185 (published).
Eshleman, K. N., and P. R. Kaufmann. 1988. Assessing the regional effects
of sulfur deposition on surface water chemistry: the Southern Blue
Ridge. Environmental Science and Technology 22(6):685-690 (published).
Project Manager: Keith N. Eshleman FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corval1is
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1988
Title: Synthesis and Integration of Aquatic Effects Research (59)
Objective(s):
Provide comprehensive and integrated interpretation of information germane
to understanding the current and future effects of acidic deposition on
surface waters.
Output Status:
None this reporting period.
Activities:
Second draft versions of most Regional Case Studies (RCS) Project book
chapters were completed.
Fourth meeting of all RCS participants 1n Boulder, CO, June 16 and 17 to
review draft chapters was attended.
Special symposium consisting of presentations of RCS results at the American
Society of Limnology and Oceanography meeting June 12-16, 1988, was
attended.
All 1988 funding arrangements with RCS participants were completed.
Workshop "Regional Analysis of Wet Deposition for Effects Research," CERL,
June 7-8 was co-sponsored.
We received and revised white papers on important RCS issues: definition of
ANC and alkalinity, enrichment factor analysis, and calculation of organic
acid concentrations.
McKenzie participated 1n NAPAP workshop, "Week-of-Work" and identified the
state-of-science and assessment material required of the aquatics program
for the 1990 report. Original material developed for the 1990 AERP report
reorganized to fit Into the NAPAP planning process.
Meeting in Seattle of the authors and planning staff for the 1990 AERP
effort was attended where the format, scope, schedules and budgets based on
results of the NAPAP meetings were refined. Frequent communication with
NAPAP staff to resolve issues on scope, integration and scheduling was
maintained.
Project Manager: Donald F. Charles FTS 420-4666/4600
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Envi ronmental Research Laboratory—Corval1i s
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1988
Title: Synthesis and Integration of Acid Rain Research (63)
Objective(s):
Provide leadership and scientific support in the large scale synthesis and
integration of forest research activities by quantifying the effects of acid
rain on the health and productivity of forests.
Output Status:
First annual report on quantitative estimates of seedling response to sul-
fur, nitrogen, and associated pollutants under ambient conditions (04/88).
Completed.
Annual report for the Synthesis and Integration Project (04/88). Completed.
Report on analysis of growth trends 1n southern pine plantations (06/88).
Completed.
Report on the Southern forest Atlas project (06/88). Completed.
Report on the strategy for modeling the effects of acidic precipitation on
tree and forest growth (06/88). Completed.
Overview and progress of gradient studies 1n the Forest Response Program
(06/88). Completed.
Activities:
The research plan for Long-Term Monitoring will be peer reviewed 1n July. A
report is expected 8/88.
A briefing was given to the FRP Federal Management Group on the status of
Major Program Outputs and on the plan for the forest effects contribution to
the 1990 NAPAP Assessment.
Staff participated 1n discussions with EPRI representatives on the Responses
of Plants to Integrated Stress (R0PIS) and the Integrated Forest Study (IFS)
programs, which has helped to provide additional Information they'll use in
developing MPO's #1 and 2, and the 1990 Assessment.
Staff met with National Program Management and Research Cooperative Direc-
tors from the Forest Response Program in Salt Lake City, Utah, to discuss
FRP outputs, and Identify research needs for the outputs. Staff are
receiving data as requested for outputs.
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Findings:
Results from short-term seedling studies do not indicate dramatic effects of
acid rain within one season of exposure. However, there is evidence that
effects may become apparent in the growing season after the period of
exposure. These conclusions are based on preliminary information which will
be verified In future studies.
The current state of modeling the carbon balance of entire trees was
critically reviewed to develop a description of major structural links that
must be represented 1n a modeling system. The suggested system includes
sets of functional relationships between physiological processes, a
description of the morphological structure of the tree, and time scales of
reaction and interactions between functional components.
Application of less conventional statistical analyses to the data on growth
reduction of pine in the Southeast confirmed the existence of reductions in
growth rate for the smaller diameter classes of natural stands of Southern
pines. The reductions appear to be more severe for stands in the Piedmont
and mountain regions than for the Coastal Plain. Using a simple conceptual
model, 1t was shown that the observed pattern of reduction and most, if not
all, of its magnitude can be explained by hardwood (or other) competition.
Publications:
Ford, E. D. & S. Bassow. 1988. Internal Report: Strategy for modeling the
effects of acidic precipitation on tree and forest growth (published).
Peterson, C. E. 1988. Internal Report: First annual report on
quantitative estimates of seedling response to sulfur, nitrogen, and
associated pollutants under ambient conditions (published).
Reams, G. A. 1988. Internal Report: Overview and progress of gradient
studies in the Forest Response Program (published).
Vong, R. J. et al. 1988. Acid rain: Simultaneous observations of a natural
marine background and Its acidic sulfate precursor. Geophysical
Research Letters 15. No. 4, pp. 338-341 (published).
Vong, R. 0. et al. 1988. Changes 1n rainwater acidity associated with
closure of a copper smelter. J. Geophysical Research 93 (published).
Vong, R. J. et al. 1988. A multivariate chemical classification of
rainwater samples. Chemometrlcs and Intelligent Lab Systems 3. pp. 99-
109 (published).
Warren, W. G. 1988. Internal Report: Analysis of growth trends in
southern pine plantations (published).
Project Manager: A. Ross K1ester FTS 420-4636/4600
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iMAW
U S. Environmental Protection Agency
iorvaliis Environmental Research Lab
200 S.W. 35th Street
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corval 11s
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1988
Title: Quality Assurance (QA) Forest Response Program (64)
Objective(s):
Assure that research data produced within NAPAP's Forest Response Program
(FRP) are of known and documented quality. The data will be used: 1) for
integration of research results on the effects of acid deposition on
forested ecosystems; and 2) to answer policy questions posed by EPA
management.
Output Status:
Document on guidelines for collecting and reporting QC data (09/88). On
schedule.
Internal Report: Semi-annual report to Deputy National Manager—Research
(08/88). On schedule.
Revised Data Quality Objectives Document (06/88). Delayed to 11/88 to allow
for the collection of necessary Information for the revision.
Activities:
The QA Staff continues to approve FRP QA Project Plans for existing and new
projects.
The QA Staff completed 2 systems audits and their respective reports, plus 9
reports from previous quarters. All sites were found to be In compliance
with FRP requirements with only minor exceptions. Audit protocols have been
established at the national level to provide consistency across the FRP.
The revision of QA documentation continues, reflecting the growing program
and advances 1n the quality assurance procedures. This documentation
Includes the QA Implementation Plan, the QA Methods Manuals, and the DQ0
Document, audit protocols, and a QC Document. In addition, the QA Staff
continues to meet the many reporting requirements of the QA project.
Findings:
Auditing in the Forest Response Program has shown generally high levels of
scientific quality among projects. The opportunity to Interact with
investigators and establish QA Project Plans prior to funding has greatly
improved our ability to administer the QA program effectively.
Soil sample exchanges are showing very good comparability among FRP
laboratories. A full report on 1987 soil sample exchange activities will be
available next quarter.
The QA Project sponsored an international workshop on QA for ecological
research in Denver, March 28-31. Discussions were very helpful in
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furthering refinement of the FRP QA Project and establishing it as a leading
QA effort in the area of ecological research. We concluded that there is
still much to be done in the area of comparability studies and adapting
standard QA principles to ecological research and agreed to meet again in a
year.
Publications:
Cline, S. P., W. G. Burkman and S. A. Medlarz. 1988. The role of quality
assurance in ecological research programs. Abstract for 15th
International Meeting for Specialists In Air Pollution Effects on
Forest Ecosystems, Interlaken, Switzerland, Oct. 1988 (submitted).
Robarge, W. P. and J. D. Bailey. 1988. Abstract for Chemical analysis of
field-moist vs. air-dry forest soil samples. Rocky Mountain Chemical
Association Conference (in press).
Winjum, J. K., S. A. Medlarz, and J. D. Bailey. 1988. Internal Report:
Quality Assurance Project Overview (published).
Project Manager: Jack Winjum FTS 420-4324/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1988
Title: Effects of Atmospheric Deposition on the Condition of Forests in the
Western U.S. (65)
Objective(s):
Evaluate the current and future responses of western coniferous forests to
atmospheric deposition. The Western Conifers Research Cooperative efforts
toward this goal are part of the national Forest Response Program.
Output Status:
Annual research plan for the Western Conifers Research Cooperative (4/88)
Completed.
Activities:
Funds have been committed by GAD for two projects to evaluate forest growth
trends in the Colorado Front Range. Research will be conducted by the USFS
Southwest Experiment Station and the University of Arizona. The studies
will quantify natural variation in growth for ponderosa pine and high
elevation spruce-fir in this region and determine if any deviations from
normal have occurred in areas with degraded air quality.
Participated In meeting with Corvallis Forest Team and National Program
Management Group 1n Salt Lake City, UT to discuss FRP outputs and identify
research needs for the outputs. Supplied Forest Team with data for outputs.
Additional funding actions Include:
(1) 1AG with Department of Energy for "A conifer foliar model
incorporating photosynthesis and nutrient dynamics." (currently
circulating for lab approval)
(2) Cooperative Agreement with University of California for "Remote
sensing of forest condition along an S02 gradient." (cleared lab,
submitted to GAD)
Planning was initiated for a symposium on the effects of atmospheric
pollutants on western forests. The symposium 1s tentatively scheduled for
August 1989 and will be designed to function as part of the NAPAP Assessment
process.
A proposal for the Forested Ecosystems Research Study was developed and
submitted to MERC (Rlordan). This is part of the Project on Western
Environmental Research, a joint effort of Regions VIII, IX, and X, and
ERL-C. An integrated study including regional atmospheric monitoring and
watershed-level research on the effects of air pollutants is proposed for
initiation in 1989. This represents a major post-NAPAP initiative.
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A workshop was held involving principal investigators of all Project 65
forest growth trends studies. Status of projects was reviewed and an
outline was developed for a state-of-science paper on the condition of
western forests. This paper will be a contribution to the NAPAP Assessment
process.
Draft manuscript completed on "Particulate and dissolved organic nitrogen
and sulfur compounds in stemflow and throughfall from a subalpine balsam fir
forest."
Final report received for the project "Characterization of cloud chemistry
and frequency of canopy exposure to clouds in the Rocky Mountains."
Findings:
For Mt. Werner in the Colorado Rockies, (1) subalpine forests were immersed
in cloud for 6% of the growing season, (2) annual deposition of nitrate and
sulfate in cloud water may equal 50% or more of deposition via precipita-
tion, (3) sulfur and nitrogen deposition via clouds is estimated to be 5-10
times greater than dry deposition, (4) ignoring occult deposition when
calculating nutrient budgets for high elevation forested watersheds in the
Rockies may result in a significant underestimate of inputs.
Publications:
Aeschbach Gay, C. J. and R. L. Nicholson. 1988. ZLEAF: a general leaf
growth and ontogeny model for Zft£ mavs. Phytopathology (submitted).
Aeschbach Gay, C. J. and R. L. Nicholson. 1988. Targeting periods of
susceptibility of corn to colletotrichum graminicola with the ZLEAF
growth model. Phytopathology (submitted).
Curtiss, B. and S. L. Ustin. 1988. The characterization of sources of
illumination in the Ponderosa pine fPinus ponderosa) forest community
using the Portable Instantaneous Display and Analysis Spectrometer.
Proceedings 1988 Tech. Symp. Southeast on Optics, Electro-Optics, and
Sensors. International Soc. Optical Engineers (SPIE) Orlando, FL,
April 4-8, 1988 (submitted).
Schaefer, D. A., W. A. Reiners and R. K. Olson. 1988. Factors controlling
the chemical alteration of throughfall In a subalpine balsam fir
canopy. Environmental and Experimental Botany (in press).
Sievering, H. 1987. Dynamics of sulfur exchange at the air/forest canopy
interface: A review of throughfall inferred deposition rates. Global
biogeochemical cycles 1 (31:233-249 (published).
Ustin, S. L., Curtiss, B., Martens, S. N., and V. C. Vanderbilt. 1988. Use
of high spectral resolution sensors to detect air pollution injury in
conifer forests. Proceedings EPA/ASPRS Symposium on Remote Sensing of
Air Pollution, St. Louis, MO, March 23-25, 1988 (submitted).
Project Manager: Richard K. Olson FTS 420-4355/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1988
Title: Effects of Atmospheric Deposition on Spruce-Fir Forests (66)
Objective(s):
Determine the effects of acidic deposition and associated air pollutants on
spruce-fir forests. Includes investigations of the current reports of
spruce decline at high elevations and investigations of potential mechanisms
of pollutant effect.
Output Status:
Annual Report for the Spruce-Fir Research Cooperative (04/88). Completed.
Activities:
Participated in meeting with Corvallis Forest Team and National Program
Management Group in Salt Lake City, UTt to discuss FRP outputs, and
identify research needs for the outputs. Supplying Forest Team with data
for the outputs.
Co-op Manager and some FRP Principal Investigators participated in the Air
Pollution Workshop in State College, PA.
Principal Investigators participated in a workshop in Albany, NY, to discuss
how characterized atmospheric deposition data collected by the Mountain
Cloud Chemistry Program (MCCP) could be integrated with forest condition
data being collected by the Spruce-Fir Coop.
Manager and investigators participated in conference calls on EPRI
Integrated Forest Study (IFS) program, and to discuss Spruce-Fir Co-op
interest in continued funding at Great Smoky Mountain National Park and
Whiteface Mountain for A1 and Ca studies.
Some investigators participated 1n the Air Pollution Control Association
Annual Meeting 1n Dallas, TX.
Operations started up in two areas:
(1) Initiation of branch chamber studies on red spruce at Whiteface
Mountain, NY.
(2) Establishment of cloud exclusion chambers at Whitetop Mountain, VA
for measurement of effects of mountain-top ambient conditions on
red spruce.
Findings:
Preliminary findings from testing N fertilization hypothesis were that
simulated sulfuric acid mist on red spruce seedlings produces significantly
more damage and needle injury than nitric acid mist. Supplemental and late
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season N fertilization did not decrease cold tolerance of red spruce seed-
lings, but ozone did. Further work 1s being conducted to verify these
initial findings.
In testing frost hardiness of red spruce, direct exposure to SO? and NO2
during a sustained winter period resulted in less frost hardiness fn spring.
Aluminum-induced calcium deficiency has been suggested as a reason for
growth decline of red spruce. Contents of and ratios between A1 and the
two elements Ca and Mg in annual rings show a relatively constant pattern
during the "preindustrial" era and a remarkable change with the advent of
heavy industrialization in the Vermont and Great Smoky Mountain National
Park areas studied.
Uptake of calcium and magnesium 1s apparently reduced by chemical antagonism
with aluminum In the soil solution.
Publications:
Bruck, R. 1. 1988. Sampling methodology for quantification and characteri-
zation of natural ectomycorrhizae 1n spruce-fir ecosystems. Canadian
Journal of Forest Research (submitted).
Conkey, L. E., and M. Keifer. Red spruce growth by elevation and aspect:
Differential effects of air pollution? In: Association of American
Geographers, Program Abstracts. 1988 April 6-9; Phoenix, Arizona (in
press).
Friedland, A. J., G. J. Hawley, R. A. Gregory. 1988. Red spruce (Picea
rubens Sarg.) foliar chemistry in Northern Vermont and New York, USA.
Plant and Soil. 105:189-193 (published).
Hanson, P. 0., and S. B. McLaughlin. Growth, photosynthesis, and chloro-
phyll concentrations of red spruce seedlings exposed to H202 fog.
Plant Physiology, Supplement. Abstract (in press).
Laurence, J. A., R. J. Kohut, and R. G. Amundson. 1988. Response of red
spruce seedlings exposed to ozone and simulated acidic precipitation in
the field. Arch. Environmental Contamination Toxicology. 17 (in
press).
Lucas, P. W., D. A. Cottam, L. J. Sheppard, and B. J. Francis. 1988.
Growth responses and delayed winter hardening in Sitka spruce following
summer exposure to ozone. New Phytologist. 10:495-504 (published).
Project Manager: Roger L. Blair FTS 420-4662/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corval1is
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1988
Title: Effects of Acid Deposition on Southern Commercial Forests (67)
Objective(s):
Determine the effects of acidic deposition and associated air pollutants on
southern commercial forests. Includes investigations of the current reports
of growth decline in several southern pines and investigations of potential
mechanisms of pollutant effects.
Output Status:
Annual report for the Southern Commercial Forest Research Cooperative
(04/88). Completed.
Report on effects of natural and airborne chemical stresses on growth and
development of Individual trees and forests (05/88). Completed.
Activities:
Manager and several Investigators participated in the Air Pollution
Workshop in State College, PA.
Two investigators participated In the National Research Council Workshop on
Biomarkers of the Effects of Air Pollution on Forest Trees.
Investigators from the field sites met with members of the group to resolve
statistical Issues.
Manager and several investigators participated in the Air Pollution Control
Association Annual Meeting 1n Dallas, TX.
Participated 1n meeting with Corvallis Forest Team and National Program
Management Group In Salt Lake City, UT to discuss FRP outputs and identify
research needs for the outputs. Supplied Forest Team with data for the
outputs.
Findings:
Findings of the project on comparative responses of loblolly pine families
to simulated acid rain and ozone include: increasing concentrations of
ozone resulted 1n linear decreases 1n seedling height, stem diameter and
secondary needle and stem fresh weight. Ozone effects on seedling height,
diameter and blomass were reproducible over years. Since primary and
secondary needle abscission was minimal In both years, changes 1n fresh
weight did not reflect loss of needles but rather loss in blomass
production.
Findings of the field study of response of loblolly pine families to acidic
precipitation and ozone stress: Exposure to elevated ozone (>0.09 ppm,
12-hr/day seasonal mean) suppressed the diameter growth and foliar biomass
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of field-grown seedlings of loblolly pine in the first year of treatment.
There was no apparent effect of the acidic precipitation treatments,
however, there was a delayed start to those treatments and that may have
played a role.
Publications:
Hanson, P. 3. and S. B. McLaughlin. 1988. Net carbon dioxide exchange
characteristics of Pinus taeda L. shoots exposed to variable ozone
levels and rain chemistries in field and laboratory settings.
Phvsiolooia Plantarum (submitted).
McLaughlin, S. B. 1988. Carbon allocation processes as Indicators of air
pollution effects on forest trees. NRC Conference on Biomarkers of the
Effects of Air Pollution on Forest Trees. Proceedings of a Symposium;
1988 April (in press).
Kress, L. W., H. L. Allen, J. E. Mud a no, and W. W. Heck. Response of lob-
lolly pine to acidic precipitation and ozone. 81st Air Pollution
Control Association Annual Meeting, June 19-24, Dallas, TX. Journal of
the Air Pollution Control Association (submitted).
Reinert, R. A., M. M. Schoeneberger, S. R. Shafer, G. Eason, S. J. Horton,
and C. Wells. Responses of loblolly pine half-sib families to ozone.
81st Air Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, June 19-24,
Dallas, TX. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association
(submitted).
Richards, C. J., R. T. DiGiulio, and N. E. Tandy. Free radical mediated
processes as markers of air pollen stress in trees. NRC Conference on
Biomarkers of the Effects of Air Pollution on Forest Trees. Proceed-
ings of a Symposium; 1988 April (in press).
Project Manager: Roger L. Blair FTS 420-4662/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Pesticides
June 30, 1988
Title: Bioassay Development and GEM Studies Crops (36)
Objective(s):
Develop rationales and procedures for evaluating survival, reproduction,
potential for genetic exchange, fate, effects, and risks associated with
release of genetically engineered biological control agents.
Output Status:
Dispersal of BCAs released to the atmosphere (09/89). On schedule.
Activities:
Delineation of near point source dispersion patterns (1 to 1,000 m) of
microbial aerosols is presently not possible. Gaussian plume models have
been used in the past to account for large scale microbial dispersion, but
are inappropriate for near source small scale estimations. The current goal
is to develop a droplet dispersion model that will allow prediction of
deposition patterns of microbial aerosols generated from point sources.
Activities have been directed at the following computer simulation model
components: wind direction and speed with a time resolution of 0.1 to 1 s;
droplet size frequency distribution; droplet dynamic properties; droplet
evaporation as a function of relative humidity; and temperature and char-
acteristics of microbes per droplet.
Drs. Mike Walter and Carl Matyac have recently joined the NSI staff to work
with EPA on the aerobiology program. They have established an enclosed
research facility and an experimental field site for evaluating aerosol
models and reentrainment of bacteria and fungi from leaf surfaces.
Findings:
A crude Pasquel model that includes the beginning of a droplet dispersion
model was expanded in a framework and written in Fortran-77. The model now
consists of a modified random walk droplet model where each of many droplets
are dispersed in space as a function of meteorological factors of wind
direction and speed. At each time step, the following functions will be
updated: droplet evaporation, microbial death as a function of relative
humidity, temperature, solar radiation, and time. Pictures of the particle
dispersion patterns show that the model correctly accounts for wind direc-
tion and speed, particle deposition rate, and particle variance. Prelim-
inary use of the model suggests that further dispersal of spray droplets of
a microbial aerosol may occur If the spray-out occurs under relatively dry
atmospheric conditions. Large droplets will impact target surfaces before
appreciable evaporation and death of contained microbes can occur; small
droplets will evaporate and cause death of the contained microbes before
long distance transport downwind.
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Publications:
Lindow, S. E.„ G. R. Knudsen, R. J. Seidler, M. V. Walter, V. W. Lambou, P.
S. Amy, D. Schmedding, V. Prince, and S. Hern. 1988. Aerial dispersal
and epiphytic survival of Pseudomonas svrinqae during a pretest for the
release of genetically engineered strains into the environment.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54:1557-1563 (published).
Project Manager: Ramon 0. Seidler FTS 420-4661
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Pesticides
June 30, 1988
Title: Field Validation for Hazard Assessment Techniques (37)
Objective(s):
Conduct field validation of an Office of Pesticide Programs assessment of
pesticide hazard to terrestrial nontarget organisms and provide toxicity
information on nontarget terrestrial organisms In response to requests from
OPP and the regions.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
An indigenous population of red-winged blackbirds at the ERL-C ponds was
studied in spring-surrmer 1987 as a candidate species for possible passerine
studies in the field. The next studies will emphasize dose-release
evaluation of an OP on nesting behavior in hens at several points during
incubation. The sensitive times of incubation should be detected during
these studies.
Field studies using telemetry to evaluate the effects of an OP pesticide on
valley quail began in April. Twenty-nine transmitters were mounted and
tracking began in late April. The tracking system has provided "continuous"
plots of movements of each valley quail hen at the Wilson Test Site.
Significant battery failures have impacted the study but new transmitters
are being attached to hens and the final project should not be affected.
A nest box field study using starlings has been completed on a cooperative
project with Western Washington University. The starling is one of several
potential surrogate passerines for use 1n nest box studies. An interim
report has been submitted for review. A preliminary nest-box protocol
suitable for reproductive studies of starlings 1s being developed with
endpoints such as reproduction, nest attentiveness, and other behavioral
parameters affected by chemicals.
Findings:
Red-winged blackbirds and starlings both continue to be excellent candidate
surrogate passerines for reproductive and nest-box studies.
Continuous tracking of valley quail has documented the foraging and
"activity" sites of telemetered hens. Field studies that utilize radio
telemetry are proving to be an excellent means of evaluating "population"
parameters 1n field tests.
Project Manager: Bill A. Williams FTS 420-4679
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Pesticides
June 30, 1988
Title: Methods Development and Effects Measurement (38)
Objective:
Develop guidelines and test methods for evaluation of the effects of
microbiological pest control agents on nontarget, beneficial terrestrial
species.
Output Status:
Lab validate test methods for exposure by oral and Intravenous routes to
nontarget avian species (05/89). On schedule.
Lab validated test methods for effects of BCAs on three groups of nontarget
arthropods (12/88). On schedule.
Activities:
Testing the protocol for the parasitic hymenopteran, Trichoaramma spp., has
been initiated.
An "Interim Protocol for Assessing the Impact of Microbial Pest Control
Agents (MPCAs) on Predatory Dipterans" has been completed and is being
reviewed by peers.
An insect fungus, Metarhvzzium spp., was grown in vitro and titrated in
cabbage looper moth larvae. Methods were developed to formalin-kill the
fungus and to quantitate the fungus by CFU or spore counts. An experiment
is underway to determine feasible methods of pathogenicity testing of the
fungus in 10-day-old mallard ducklings.
A proposal has been written by Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory to
develop methods for assessing pathogenicity of MPCAs in birds exposed by the
respiratory route. The proposal has been submitted for scientific review,
and funding decisions will be made within the month.
The following manuscripts have been completed and are currently in review:
Donegan, K., and B. Lighthart. Bioassay protocol for lethal and sublethal
effects of fungal pathogens on Chrvsoperla carnea (Neuroptera:
Chrysopidae).
Donegan, K.f and B. Lighthart. Lethal and sublethal effects of fungal
pathogen Beauveria bassiana on the predatory insect Chrvsoperla carnea
(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Environmental Entomology.
Sewall, D., and B. Lighthart. Standard practice for conducting fungal
pathogenicity tests on the predatory mite Metaseiulus occidental is
(Acari: Phytoseiidae).
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Sewall, D., and B. Lighthart. Standard practice for conducting bacterial
pathogenicity tests on the predatory mite Metaseiulus occidental is
(Acari: Phytoseiidae).
Findings:
The first experiment with mallards (virus testing) demonstrated that there
are several differences 1n the way mallard ducklings and bobwhite quail
chicks are cared for.
Mallards grow at a tremendous rate (30 g to 1 kg in 4 weeks) and, conse-
quently, consume large amounts of feed and water. Modifications were made
to brooders, water troughs, and feeders prior to initiation of the second
experiment, which seems to have corrected our difficulties in properly
maintaining and monitoring the mallards.
Two weeks into the experiment to inoculate mallards with an insect fungus,
there appears to be no adverse effect of the fungus on health or growth rate
of the birds.
An entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana. has been found for the
predatory Lacewing, Chrvsoperla carnea. and used to define the environmental
stress conditions which increase the sensitivity of a bioassay used for
estimating the lethal effects of an infectious fungus on a predatory
neuropteran. Variation of single and combined stress conditions caused the
lacewing to become 50 times more susceptible to death, and 5,000 times more
susceptible to developmental failure.
Publications:
Donegan, K., and B. Lighthart. Effect of several stress factors on the
susceptibility of the predatory insect, Chrvsoperla carnea (Neuroptera:
Chrysopidae), to the fungal pathogen, Beauveria bassiana. Journal q£
Invertebrate Pathology (submitted).
Lighthart, B., and D. Sewall. A fungus, Beauveria bassiana. pathogenic for
the predatory mite, Metaseiulus occidental is. Mvcopatholoav
(submitted).
Project Manager: Ramon J. Seidler FTS 420-4661
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Con/allis
Project Status Report—Pesticides
June 30, 1988
Title: Risk Methodologies for Wildlife Populations (40)
Objective(s):
Oevelop environmental risk assessment methodology using modified, existing
or newly developed fate, transport, and effects models to express risk as a
probability statement with estimates of associated uncertainty.
Output Status:
Report on the relative Importance of uptake routes by an organophosphate
chemical (11/88). On schedule.
Activities:
The TERRE-TOX data base has been modified for use on an IBM PC computer.
The program is operational, but needs additional work to make it user
friendly. The Montana State University principal investigator is on a
temporary assignment to evaluate all of the data base efforts supported by
the Ecorisk program. He is providing an evaluation of the several
Individual efforts and will report on how to assure that they are opera-
tionally and functionally similar.
Initial work on the evaluation of the relative importance of various routes
of exposure and uptake of an organophosphate in birds has been completed.
The current phase of the project emphasizes an OP with different dermal
toxicity and the effects of environmental parameters on uptake routes.
A major field study to evaluate the effect of chemicals on a small mammal
population 1s in its final stages. Initial (baseline) information about
species types and populations 1n the study area have been identified and
described, and application of chemical was on schedule.
Findings:
The inhalation route appears to account for approximately 10% of the uptake.
The uptake from vegetation and overspray appears to be more significant for
methyl parathion, with dermal exposure a significant route of uptake.
The effects of toxic substances can be modified by lengthy exposures.
Timing and frequency of exposure to toxic materials can affect toxicity
(accumulation effects) (enzymatic breakdown, transformation). A method has
been devised to compare experimental toxicity data by a temporal scaling
technique. This may provide a means of extrapolating data sets to
asymptotic endpolnts for comparison of effects. This work has been
submitted for publication.
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Publications:
Emlen, John. Report on terrestrial community models for ecological risk
assessment: a state-of-the-art review. Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry (submitted).
Project Manager: Bill A. Williams FTS 420-4679
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
June 30, 1988
Title: Terrestrial Toxicology (30)
Objectlve(s):
Evaluate, improve, and validate bioassay methods to assess the effects of
toxic chemicals on plants and animals.
Output Status:
Journal article on the mechanism of transfer of chemicals to eggs and
offspring In avians (10/88). On schedule.
Activities:
A journal article summarizing the Investigations of uptake and distribution
of HCB in bobwhite egg and embryos is in preparation.
Research on the effect of dicofol, an organochloride, on egg quality in
mallards in proceeding on schedule. Range-finding tests of dicofol and DDT
(a contaminant of dicofol) have been completed. Gas chromatography
techniques for the determination of dicofol and its metabolites have been
completed.
A laboratory study to determine the impact of nutritional status on the
ability of bobwhite to detect chemicals in feed has been completed. Data
analysis and preparation of a manuscript are underway.
The initial phase of an Investigation to evaluate the relative toxicity of
an analogous alcohol series (methanol to octanol) is complete. Tests have
determined appropriate routes, volumes, and timing of alcohol toxicity
tests. Additional tests are being conducted with two "higher" chain analogs
to determine the relationship of Log P to carbon series and toxicity.
Research continues to produce complete understanding of the uptake,
metabolism, and accumulation of xenobiotics by plants. This work 1s being
expanded to consider a wider range of chemicals and plant species. The test
species being used are recommended for revegetatlon of toxic waste sites and
chemicals which are of regulatory concern, such as PCBs. Experimental data
collected from this research will be used to estimate the biological
influence that plants have on the fate of xenobiotics In the environment.
To maximize the use of data collected in this laboratory and that published
in the literature, a plant uptake model has been developed. The model will
be used to interpret data already published to learn more about the mechan-
isms of plant uptake. The model Is being validated and modified for risk
assessment work.
In the studies completed to date, PCB cogeners were converted to polar
metabolites by axenic plant cultures. Research 1s being conducted to
identify these metabolites. Such information will allow for a comparison of
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plant PCB metabolism with that reported previously for microbial and animal
systems.
Detection of dicofol and its metabolites in the gas chromatograph has been
resolved. New GC methodologies have proven successful.
Findings:
Early results indicate that the toxicity of alcohols may be related to the
carbon chain length (e.g., each alcohol In the series has an additional
carbon) for alcohol with less than six carbons, but not for those with
longer carbon chains. Further work and analysis is needed, however, to
relate these results to QSAR principles.
A study addressing the influence of water stress on plant response to
chemical insult has been completed and a manuscript is in review. It was
shown that an acute exposure of plant roots to Dalapon for 24 h increased
the production of vegetative biomass (leaves, stem, etc.) by 45% but
decreased the reproductive growth (pod weight) by 46%. Plants receiving an
identical Dalapon exposure in combination with water stress showed a similar
but reduced shift between vegetative and reproductive growth.
Research indicates that plants have the capacity to metabolize PCBs. These
metabolites are water soluble and may be more mobile than microbial and
animal metabolized PCBs. Since plant roots constitute the largest organic
component of the soil, plants may play a significant role in the travel of
PCB metabolites in the ecosystem.
Publications:
Boersma, L., F. T. Lindstrom, C. McFarlane, and E. L. McCoy. Model of
coupled transport of water and solutes in plants. Special Report 818
(April 1988). Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State Univer-
sity, Corvallis. 109 pp.
Groeger, A., and J. S. Fletcher. The influence of increasing chlorine
content on the accumulation and metabolism of polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) by Paul's Scarlet rose cells. Plant Cell Reports (accepted).
Lindstrom, F. T., L. Boersma, C. McFarlane, K. P. Suen, and D. Canfield.
Uptake and transport of chemicals by plants (Version 2.1). Special
Report 819 (May 1988). Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State
University, Corvallis. 80 pp.
Project Manager: Bill A. Williams FTS 420-4679
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corval1 is
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
June 30, 1988
Title: Bioenvironmental Aspects of Biotechnology (31)
Objective:
Develop data bases and a series of research-based protocols to provide
methods for evaluating risks from the release of genetically engineered
microbes (GEMs) into terrestrial environments.
Output Status:
Report on genetic stability of novel microbes In the environment (12/88).
On schedule.
Fate and survival of altered microbes and genetic material in the environ-
ment: terrestrial (02/89). On schedule.
Activities:
Studies have continued on the survival of bacteria in microcosms under
varying conditions of relative humidity (RH) and soil moisture. In addition
to Enterobacter cloacae (pBR3Z2), bean plants and soil have also been
sprayed with Erwinia herbicola (pBR322) and Klebsiella olanticola (pBR322).
Studies have also investigated the appearance of £. cloacae (pBR322), £.
herbicola (pBR322), and K. olanticola (pBR322) 1n the foreguts and frass of
the cutworm Peridroma saucia. as well as the ability of the cutworms to
transport these bacteria onto uninoculated plants. Investigation of
potential recombinant bacteria regrowth in insect frass has been initiated.
Thirteen cooperative agreements submitted for FY88 funding are currently out
for review. Topics in the cooperative agreements range from molecular bases
for colonization of plant roots and leaves to investigations of the dis-
persal mechanisms involving rain for transporting bacteria and fungal
spores. Several studies propose the development of mathematical models for
describing dispersal of GEMs in the environment.
Findings:
Survival of three genera of bacteria containing recombinant DNA sprayed onto
plants was blphaslc with a steeper die-off within the first five days
compared to days 5-21. Increased bacterial survival on foliage was demon-
strated with £. cloacae and £. herbicola by elevating the RH to 90% during
both light and dark periods. Higher soil moisture significantly increased
the ability of the bacteria to survive In soil.
Of the three genera of bacteria studied, £. cloacae exhibited highest
survival in the insect gut and frass, followed by £. herbicola. then £.
olanticola. Similarly, &. olanticola were poorly transmitted onto fresh
plants by the Insect compared to £. cloacae, which was readily transmitted.
£. cloacae multiplied over 6,000-fold in freshly voided insect frass, while
members of the other two genera grew poorly if at all. These studies
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clearly demonstrate that genera of related bacteria do not behave similarly
in their dispersal, survival, and growth characteristics in the terrestrial
environment.
Publications:
Holben, W. E., J. K. Jansson, B. K. Chelm, and J. M. Tiedje. DNA probe
methods for the detection of specific microorganisms in the soil
bacterial community. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54:703-
711.
Short, K. A., R. H. 01 sen, and ft. J. Seidler. Degradation of 2,4-
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in native soils by cells of Pesudomonas
outida PP0301 (pROlOl) and R. outida PP0301 (pR0103). Published in
Abstracts of the 1988 Annual Meeting of the ASM. Miami Beach, Florida.
Wang, Z., D. L. Crawford, A. L. Pometto III, and F. Rafii. 1988. Survival
and effects of wildtype, mutant, and recombinant Streotomvces a soil
ecosystems. Applied and Environmental Microbiology (submitted).
Project Manager: Ranon J. Seidler FTS 420-4661
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
June 30, 1988
Title: Comparative Terrestrial Toxicology (34)
Objective(s):
Determine when data from surrogate species can be used to extrapolate
toxicologic effects to other species.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Development of immune function tests for mallards and bobwhite continues. A
collaborative effort with staff from the Oregon State University College of
Veterinary Medicine to define avian serum chemistry profiles continues.
Baseline data for blood chemistry of mallards and bobwhite has been com-
pleted and a report is being prepared. A Tb test for avians has been
successfully tested. Work continues on standardizing the lymphocyte
migration and carbon clearance assays.
The results of a screening test for mallards are being prepared for an
internal report. Tests were primarily directed at immunological tests, but
other screening included histopathological, microbiological, parasito-
logical, virological, and toxicological (residue) examination.
A new test for immunologic screening has been developed. A glutathion
peroxidase test (GPX) has been demonstrated for avian tissue, while a GPX
test for blood is under development. The GPX test is being considered to
determine the potential for membranes to bind free radicals and thus is used
as an indication of selenium level.
The AChE assay has been successfully developed to determine butyl vs. acetyl
cholinesterase moieties in blood samples.
Findings:
Clinical screening of mallards obtained from several commercial vendors
Indicate that, for the most part, the birds are relatively healthy, with no
significant problems associated with a particular vendor. The residue
levels found in the sample birds appeared to be lower than one would expect
In wild birds. Some unexpected variations in color patterns, minor varia-
tions in organ weights, and other minor problems were noted.
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The ratio between butyl vs. acetyl cholinesterase moieties in blood has been
shown to be a sensitive indicator of exposure to certain classes of chemi-
cals. Some chemicals decrease levels of butyl greater than acetyl, and
vice versa. This technique is being investigated as a diagnostic method to
determine exposure to various classes of chemicals in wildlife.
Project Manager: Bill A. Williams FTS 420-4679
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
June 30, 1988
Title: Bioaccumulation and Toxic Effects of Sediment (35)
Objectlve(s):
Develop and validate methods to define adverse effects of toxic substances
in sediments on freshwater organisms.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
The final report on toxicity of DDT and endrin at varying sediment organic
content has been completed and reviewed and is in the final stages of
revision and processing.
Work is continuing on development and validation of chronic Daphnia sediment
procedures for EPA Office of Toxic Substances.
Work is nearing completion on testing the effects of sediment storage
(freezing vs. 4°C) on toxicity of DDT and endrin in the sediments to
Hvalella azteca.
Findings:
Results from the freezing and cold storage sediment bioassay tests show that
toxicity to Hvalella azteca was reduced when DDT-spiked sediments were
frozen before testing. The toxicity of endrin, however, was virtually
unchanged by freezing. The differences in toxicity between DDT and endrin
for cold-stored and frozen sediments appear to be related to the differing
response of those pesticides to increased levels of organic carbon in the
test water which was released from the sediment by freezing.
Project Manager: Alan V. Nebeker FTS 420-4875
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
June 30, 1988
Title: Develop Methodologies for Soil/Plant Communities (41)
Objective(s):
Identify critical ecosystems and their components and processes which have
social and/or ecological value.
Improve risk methods for toxic chemicals In soil/plant communities and
provide a mathematical model which will allow prediction of effects of
xenobiotic chemicals in terrestrial plants.
Output Status:
Maintenance and updating of PHYTOTOX database for support of risk assessment
(12/88). On schedule.
Survey and analysis of mathematical models suitable for assessing risk to
terrestrial ecosystems from releases of xenobiotics (08/88). On schedule.
Activities:
The PHYTOTOX database is being revised in response to suggestions provided
by users of the microcomputer version of the database which was distributed
during the fall of 1987. Most noteworthy are efforts to alter the database
whereby it will possess what might be termed as primitive form of artificial
intelligence; whereby dose-response data will automatically be evaluated to
yield estimated LD50 values.
Additional work is underway using molecular biology to identify fungal
populations 1n soils. Long term goals of this project have potential to
relate to the role which fungi play in the uptake and detoxification of
toxic substances In contaminated soli.
Findings:
The mathematical model UTAB which describes the uptake, translocation,
accumulation, and biodegradatlon of toxic organic chemicals 1n terrestrial
plants has recently been coupled to a model which describes the movement of
organic chemicals In soil. The result 1s called CTSPAC: mathematical model
for coupled transport of water, solutes, and heat 1n a soil-plant atmosphere
continuum. It 1s Intended for use 1n evaluating the possibility of plant
contamination In the context of environmental and human risk assessment.
Although these models are coupled, considerable testing and evaluation is
needed before they can be used 1n a predictive mode.
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Publications:
McFarlane, C.f F. T. Llndstrom, and L. Boersma. Experimental evaluation of
a mathematical model for plant uptake of organic chemicals. Journal of
Environmental Quality (submitted).
Project Manager: Bill A. Williams FTS 420-4679
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
June 30, 1988
Title: Validated Hazard Assessment Using Microcosms and Field Sites (42)
Objective(s):
Determine the ability of toxicological testing methods to predict an effect
on field populations.
Output Status:
Report on effects of body size and age on sensitivity of chemicals in avian
dietary tests (10/B8). On schedule.
Activities:
An investigation on the effects of body size and age on sensitivity to three
OTS chemicals continues. Two chemicals have been completed. An incubator
failure 1n June has resulted In a five-week delay in the project, but the
project currently remains on schedule. The results will be submitted as an
1n-house report and as a manuscript for publication.
A computerized metabolic (respiratory) system is being used to measure
oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production in bobwhite quail. Pre-
liminary data Is being collected to determine basal levels of metabolism
and the influence of environmental variables (temperature) on metabolic
rate. Investigations to determine the Impact of chemicals on metabolic rate
will begin in late summer.
Work is continuing on the development of an automated system to measure
respiration In soil culture. This will be used to measure the effect of
toxic chemicals on random metabolism of soil populations over small
increments of time where responses are often missed 1n traditional culture
techniques.
The continuous-flow culture procedure has been modified to evaluate the
effect of chemicals on soil nitrification.
Findings:
The range of body weights (size of the test birds) varies from 9 to 44 grams
using current test guidelines. The stratification technique for body weight
appears to provide an acceptable method of tracking chemical sensitivity vs.
size, but 1t requires observation of Individual birds rather than groups of
birds, as in the standard LC50 test.
Project Manager: Bill A. Williams FTS 420-4679
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Water Quality
June 30, 1988
Title: Lake Restoration (13)
Objective(s):
Provide EPA's Office of Water with a comprehensive Lake Restoration Guidance
Manual (LRGM) that incorporates all aspects of lake management and
restoration including types of techniques, cost-effectiveness, regional
prioritization of projects, and an assessment of efficiency of treatment
techniques.
Output Status:
Lake Restoration Guidance Manual (02/88). Completed.
Activities:
ERL-Corvallis (ERL-C) has been requested by EPA Office of Water (0W) to
continue to work with the North American Lake Management Society to produce
a plan for assessing the yet nagging question of longevity of effectiveness
of various lake restoration techniques. In addition, ERL-C will address the
influence of wetlands on lake condition. This is a cooperative effort
between Office of Wetlands Protection and Office of Water Regulations and
Standards.
The Lake Restoration Guidance Manual has been printed and distributed to EPA
Regions and States (see publications below).
Staff from ERL-C met with several Regional and State (Wisconsin DNR) people
at the Chicago Clean Lakes meeting in May to discuss refinement of Upper
Midwest "Summer Total Phosphorus Map." The intent is for a cooperative
project with the Wisconsin DNR. Wisconsin is currently gathering field data
in Polk County on approximately 200 lakes. In addition, they are collecting
soil core samples. They have agreed to share their data with ERL-C such
that validation of the phosphorus ecoregions in the area can be done. Our
intent is to put confidence limits on the ecoregion boundary lines. Addi-
tional resources will be required to conduct this work. Both Region V and
the Non-Point Source Branch 1n Office of Water have been contacted regarding
this project.
Publications:
Moore, Lynn, and Thornton, Kent W. [Eds.] 1988. Lake and Reservoir
Restoration Manual: First Edition. EPA 440/5-88-002 (published).
Qmernlk, 0. M., C. M. Rohm, S. E. Clarke, and D. P. Larsen. Summer Total
Phosphorus In Lakes: A Map of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan.
Oournal of Environmental Management (accepted).
Project Manager: Oames C. McCarty FTS 420-4601
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corval lis
Project Status Report—Water Quality
June 30, 1988
Title: Wetlands Research on Mitigation and Cumulative Effects of Loss (14)
Objective(s):
Implement research on cumulative Impact assessment and mitigation to (1)
assess the effects of cumulative wetland losses on wetland functions in the
landscape; (2) Improve methods of creating, restoring and enhancing wetlands
and wetland functions; (3) provide guidance for the design of effective
mitigation projects; (4) evaluate the feasibility of developing wetland
specific water quality criteria; and (5) provide information through the
publication of "Community Profiles" and other wetlands information.
Output Status;
Journal article documenting results of cumulative impacts feasibility study
(06/88). Complete.
Provisional guidance document based on literature synthesis (09/88). On
schedule.
Activities:
Final editing of the Proceedings of the workshop on cumulative impacts of
wetland loss was completed. Fifteen manuscripts were submitted to Environ-
mental Management for publication next quarter.
A draft report on the patterns and trends in 404 permit activity in
Washington and Oregon has been prepared. Final quality assurance checks on
the databases from the Mississippi River area have been completed. Analysis
of the databases will characterize decisions that have been made regarding
mitigation.
A series of pilot studies 1s comparing created wetlands with natural
wetlands to evaluate whether or not comparable wetlands are being created as
a result of 404 permitting. Data from Oregon has been entered and final
quality assurance checks are underway. Field crews for the Florida and New
England pilot studies were trained. Field work for the Florida study was
begun and the quality assurance audit conducted. Methods manuals for both
studies have been developed.
A state-of-the-sc1ence literature synthesis is summarizing material on the
design and performance of wetland creation and restoration projects.
Manuscripts are being finalized.
Research to define water quality criteria 1n wetlands is being planned.
Information is being gathered from experts for use 1n a workshop that will
be held In August to explore the feasibility of developing wetland specific
water quality criteria and propose a research strategy.
Findings:
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Analysis of the permit databases from Washington and Oregon has established
that permits issued in both states that required mitigation in the form of
wetland creation and restoration resulted 1n a net loss of wetland acreage
in both states. When in-kind mitigation was required the acres created
tended to match the acres destroyed. Mitigation projects were typically
located 1n the vicinity of the Impact (e.g., 1n the same watershed or water
body).
The results of the training sessions and planning meetings with the prin-
cipal investigators of the Florida and New England pilot studies indicate
that the methods developed by the Wetlands Research Team to compare created
and naturally-occurring wetlands are generally applicable 1n these regions.
In addition, aspects of the sampling approach were streamlined, new proto-
cols were Incorporated, and the method was expanded to include the sampling
of wooded wetlands.
The literature synthesis confirms that practical experience and available
literature on restoration and creation is limited for most types of wetlands
and varies regionally for the country as a whole. The majority of the
projects have been constructed along the Eastern seaboard and have been the
subject of the most follow-up monitoring and reporting in the literature.
Fewer projects have been Implemented on the Gulf and Pacific coasts and,
correspondingly, there 1s a smaller literature base. Much less is known
about restoring or creating inland wetlands.
Publications:
Abbruzzese, B., A. B. Allen, S. Henderson and M. E. Kentula. 1988.
Selecting sites for comparison with created wetlands. IN: Proceedings
of Symposium *87—Wetlands/Peatlands, compiled by C.D.A. Rubec and R.P.
Overend. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 1987. pp. 291-297 (published).
Bedford, B. L. and E. M. Preston (eds). 1988. Cumulative Effects on
Landscape systems of wetlands: Scientific status, prospects and
regulatory perspectives. Environmental Management (in press).
Kentula, M. E. 1988. EPA initiates research in wetland creation and
restoration. IN: Proceedings of the National Wetland Symposium:
Mitigation of Impacts and Losses, Assoc. of State Wetland Managers, New
Orleans, Louisiana, 1986. pp. 437-439 (published).
Kusler, J. A., M. L. Quammen and G. Brooks (eds.). 1988. Proceedings of the
National Wetland Symposium: Mitigation of Impacts and Losses. Assoc.
of State Wetland Managers, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1986. 460 p.
(published).
Project Manager: Eric M. Preston FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Water Quality
June 30, 1988
Title: Regional Integration Project (15)
Objective(s):
Develop assessment procedures for determining biological integrity in
freshwater systems.
Determine regional patterns of stream ecosystem characteristics.
Provide methods and technical assistance for assessing attainable uses.
Output Status:
Preliminary protocol for rapid bioassessment of fish communities (05/88).
Completed.
Report on recommendations arising from national biocriteria workshop
(06/88). Completed.
Guidance paper on regional integration rationale with examples (01/89).
Cancelled, funds expected from Water Office did not materialize.
Activities:
Transferred Colorado water chemistry data from Storet to GIS and began
producing maps.
Began delineating ecological subregions for Colorado.
Installed entire Colorado hydrography database from Petroleum Information
Inc. and produced a GIS map from it.
Reviewed A Critique of and Proposal for Maryland's Surface Water Monitoring
Program for the Maryland Department of the Environment.
Reviewed "Descriptive Characteristics of the Seven Ecoregions in Minnesota"
for the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency.
Reviewed "Regional Surface Water Characteristics of Nebraska" for the
Environmental Services Division, EPA Region VII.
Prepared material for a cooperative research project with the French
National Museum of Natural History.
Initiated cooperative research project with Oregon Department of
Environmental Quality and Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation.
Briefed state and federal lake managers on applications of a map of summer
total phosphorus patterns 1n lakes.
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Publications:
Bond, C. E., E. Rexstad, and R. M. Hughes. Habitat Use of Twenty-five
Common Species of Oregon Freshwater Fishes. Northwest Science
(submitted).
Brooks, R. P., and R. M. Hughes. 1988. Guidelines for assessing the biotic
communities of freshwater wetlands. Proceedings of the National
Wetland Symposium: Mitigation of Impacts and losses pp. 276-282
(published).
Hughes, R. H., and D. P. Larsen. 1988. Ecoregions: an approach to
establish surface water quality goals. Journal of the Water Pollution
Control Federation pp. 486-493 (published).
Larsen, 0. P., D. R. Dudley and R. M. Hughes. 1988. A regional approach
for assessing attainable surface water quality: An Ohio case study.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation pp. 171-176 (published).
Project Manager: Robert M. Hughes FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Water Quality
June 30, 1988
Title: Water Quality Criteria for Terrestrial Wildlife (17)
Objective(s):
Provide EPA with information on the adequacy of existing water quality
criteria to protect terrestrial wildlife, and provide information to revise
criteria where these are inadequate.
Output Status:
Internal report on significant levels of chemicals found in bodies of water
utilized by waterfowl and small mammals (11/88). On schedule.
Internal report on pollutants considered to pose the greatest threat to
wildlife when existing water quality criteria (WQC) are met (12/88). On
schedule.
Activities:
Review of WQC documents continues. Several persistent chemicals have been
identified that have the potential to bioaccumulate in fish and other
elements of the food chain. Research to identify chemicals with potential
for accumulation in piscivorous birds and mammals is underway.
The USFWS is summarizing the Impact of WQC on non-aquatic organisms. This
effort is an offshoot of the Kesterson Reservoir Project (USFWS) and is
being coordinated with our effort at ERL-C.
A study to determine the effect of selenium on waterfowl in outdoor ponds
continues. This cooperative effort between investigators at the University
of Wisconsin, Madison, the Duluth EPA laboratory, and the Wildlife
Toxicology Research Group at Corvallis is progressing satisfactorily.
In-house feeding and water tests are being planned to evaluate the toxic
effects of pollutants at levels within defined WQC.
The toxic, oncogenic, and teratogenic effects of high levels of selenium are
well documented. There 1s still considerable debate, however, as to which
of the selenium moieties are more toxic. The toxic levels of each moiety
are being investigated as part of this project.
Findings:
Existing water quality criteria (WQC) were developed primarily for the
protection of aquatic animals, with little consideration of the adequacy of
the criteria to protect terrestrial animals. The Identification of
chemicals that enter the food chain and thereby accumulate from prey to
predator suggests that the most troublesome chemicals are persistent chemi-
cals such as DDT, PCB, and HCB and metals, especially selenium. Other
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agencies share the concern that WQC should be based on wildlife impacts, and
these efforts are being documented for inclusion in the ERL-C report.
Preliminary data suggest that low levels of the sodium selenite moiety
stimulate the Immune system of mallards, but that higher levels cause
suppression of the immune system. The sodium methionine moiety appears to
be immunosuppressive at the (moderate) dose studied.
Project Manager: Bill A. Williams FTS 420-4679
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Global Climate Change/Photobiology
Hay 31, 1988
Title: Ecological Effects of Stratospheric Modification (44)
Objectives):
Develop information and data base sufficient for understanding the
environmental effects of enhanced radiation resulting from stratospheric
ozone depletion due to chlorofluorocarbon emissions to the atmosphere.
Output Status:
Journal article on UV-B effects on tree seedlings (9/88). Completed.
Report on Indirect effects of UV-B radiation on a commercial fishery
(10/88). On schedule.
Activities:
Participated in National Research Council Workshop on the ecological effects
of UV-B radiation 1n Washington, DC, on April 28 and 29.
The development of the research plan for FY89-FY93 is on schedule. A second
draft of the plan has been completed and circulated for internal review.
The final draft 1s scheduled for completion by September 30. Research is
planned on the effects of increasing UV-B radiation on agroecosystems,
forested ecosystems, and marine ecosystems. A workshop on the effects of
UV-B radiation on rice has been delayed until FY89.
Five research projects are currently underway. The projects are examining
the effects of UV-B radiation on: (1) rice; (2) loblolly pine; (3) inter-
active effects with elevated atmospheric CO2 on wheat, soybeans, and rice;
(4) competitive interactions between weed and crop species; and (5) marine
ecosystem dynamics.
Rice field exposure plots have been constructed and preliminary growth
analysis studies 1n the greenhouse have concluded. Field exposure plants are
being grown in the greenhouse for transplanting into the field in mid-June.
Ultraviolet lamp modulators are being constructed and experimental exposures
will begin mid-sunmer.
Greenhouse exposures of loblolly pine under enhanced UV-B radiation were
completed on schedule and growth data 1s currently being analyzed. The
second year of field exposures on loblolly pine has been Initiated. In
addition, loblolly pine seedlings grown from seed collected along a lati-
tudinal gradient 1n the Eastern U.S. are being exposed to elevated UV-B
radiation 1n the field In order to assess the potential for natural
adaptation to UV-B radiation.
A study was initiated In late May at the Duke University Phytotron to
examine the interaction of UV-B radiation and elevated atmospheric CO2 on
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the growth and development of wheat, rice and soybean. The study will
continue through the summer.
Greenhouse screening of monocultures of wheat, wild oat, domestic oat,
pigweed, lambs quarter, snap bean, corn, and foxtail grass for potential
morphological changes due to UV-B radiation exposure have been completed and
field competitive studies have been initiated.
Research Is examining the impacts of UV-B radiation on marine phytoplankton,
and the consequent impacts on the consumers of phytoplankton (zooplankton).
Results of the studies will be used to model potential changes in fish
production due to UV-B radiation Impacts on the marine food chain.
Findings:
(1) Rice - Seedlings for transplant into field plots are growing well.
Greenhouse temperature response studies have confirmed published
recommendations that a minimum diurnal water temperature of approx. 65°
is necessary for optimum growth and rapid development.
(2) Competitive studies - Monoculture greenhouse exposures revealed sensi-
tivity and morphology differences between several crop and weed
species. Snap bean, wild oat, and pigweed were selected based on these
differences for field competitive studies during this season.
Publications:
Murali, N. S., Alan H. Teramura, and Stephen K. Randall. 1988. Response
differences between two soybean cultivars with contrasting UV-B
radiation sensitivities. Photochem, Photobiol.(In Press).
Teramura, A. H. 1987 Current risks and uncertainties of stratospheric ozone
depletion upon plants. 1m Risk of Trace Gases That Can Modify the
Stratosphere, Volume VIII. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA
400/1-87/001H (Published).
Sullivan, J. H. and Alan H. Teramura. 1988. Effects of ultraviolet-B irradi-
ation on seedling growth in Pinaceae. Amer. J. Bot. 75(2):225-230
(Published).
Project Manager: Jack Hardy FTS 420-4739
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corval1is
Project Status Report—Global Climate Change
June 30, 1988
Title: Ecological Effects of Global Climate Change (46)
Objective(s):
Provide scientifically sound estimates of the most probable and most likely
ecological effects of global climate changes resulting form tropospheric
greenhouses gases, and support the requirements of the Global Climate
Protection Act of 1987.
Output Status:
Peer reviewed research plan for ecological effects (5/88). Completed.
Internal report as part of the Congressional report on environmental effects
covering forested ecosystems and an integrated California project (07/88) On
Schedule.
Activities:
Staff from the Corvallis laboratory have been involved in the development of
the ecological component of the Agency's Global Climate Change Research
Plan. The ultimate goal of the research plan is to determine what effects
changes in global climate will have on select ecological and environmental
systems in regions of the United States. Given the potential magnitude of
these effects, it is important to reduce existing uncertainties about the
nature, magnitude, extent, and timing of climatic change and Its Impacts.
The specific goals are to (1) determine the consequences of climatic change
for selected sensitive systems; (2) produce risk characterization infor-
mation to assist policy and regulatory development; and (3) provide input
for resource management decisions and options for possible adaptive or
mitigative strategies.
A formal peer review of the long-term research plan was held 1n Corvallis in
April. The consensus opinion of the review panel placed the Research plan
between 'good' and 'excellent*. Concern was expressed regarding the
ambitious timeline of project scheduling. However, the overall 'top-down'
approach causally relating regional climatic gradients to regional resource
patterns was viewed as excellent.
Corvallis scientists have Implemented the first component of the long-term
research plan. The 'Biotic Regions' project 1s designed to address the
causal relation between regional climate and the distribution of 'indicator'
plant species 1n the major biotic regions of the conterminous United States.
Once determined, these causal relations will allow the qualitative (even-
tually quantitative) projection of ecological effects as controlled by
different climate scenarios at a regional scale throughout the Nation.
Corvallis staff have had a substantial role in the development of the report
on potential ecological effects of global climatic change requested by
Congress. The design of the reports, their oversight, interpretation and
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synthesis have required considerable input and advice from Corvallis staff.
Corvallis has accepted specific responsibility for the summary chapters on
the California case study and the forest impacts. In May Corvallis
scientists attended a planning, writing, and reviewing session in Maryland
regarding the Congressional report.
Findings:
The 'Biotic Regions' project is yielding some early results. The Southwest
deserts appear to be under the control of different climatic gradients on
different biotic boundaries (ecotones). Some are primarily under winter
temperature controls; while, others are primarily under either winter or
summer moisture controls. A climatic transect from the New England Coast,
coursing under the Great Lakes, through southern Wyoming and terminating on
the West Coast in southern Oregon displays regional scale patterns in
seasonal rainfall associated with the primary biotic regions. The eastern
deciduous forest is associated with uniform rainfall throughout the year;
the tall grass prairie exhibits a strong seasonality to rainfall, high in
the summer, low in the winter; while, the short grass prairie is low in
rainfall throughout the year as is the sagebrush steppe of the West. The
Northwest Coast is characterized by very high winter rainfall with dry
summers.
Possible effects of climatic change in California include reduced water
deliveries from decreased snow formation and early snowmelt, agricultural
impacts and delta and estuarine impacts from sea-level rise. Impacts on
mountain lakes and terrestrial ecosystems are also possible.
Forested zones in the eastern United States could tend to move to the north.
However, the rate of climatic change could severely tax the capabilities of
the forests to maintain a sufficient rate of northward dispersal. This
could result in significant declines in some areas and possibly growth
increases in other areas. The possible 'invasion* of forested regions by
agricultural and grassland regions could present significant management
questions.
Project Manager: Ronald P. Neil son FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Superfund/Hazardous Wastes
June 30, 1988
Title: Cost-Effective Screening Bioassays for Release Assessment (20)
Objective(s):
Develop and demonstrate or field validate a multi-media biological screening
protocol to assist in determining toxicity potential and extent of
contamination by waste released into the aquatic or terrestrial environment
including sediments.
Output Status:
Handbook: Revised protocols for bioassessment of hazardous waste sites
(05/88). Complete.
Activities:
The workshop (Seattle Workshop for Developing "Protocols for Conducting
Ecological Assessments at Hazardous Waste Sites") to discuss research for
comprehensive ecological assessment at waste sites has been postponed to
July 1988.
Kilkelly Associates (KEA), in conjunction with CERL staff, completed review
and revision of the Bioassessment Protocols handbook. KEA is presently
preparing the manuscript for publication.
Superfund site samples from Bunker Hill, ID (Kellog), were provided by
Region X for plant growth experiments. The samples were amended with
zeolites (two types) and transported to Corvallis for biological experi-
ments.
Findings:
The toxicity of metal-ladened soil increases with the addition of zeolite.
This finding was not predicted from comparative chemical analysis of the
contaminated and zeolite-amended soils. Plants grown in zeolite amended-
metal contaminated soil exhibited toxicity symptoms and died sooner than the
control plants grown 1n the unamended contaminated soils.
Publications:
Greene, Joseph C., C. L. Bartels, W. J. Warren-Hicks, B. R. Parkhurst, G. L.
Under, S. A. Peterson, and W. E. Miller. Protocols for Short Term
Toxicity Screening of Hazardous Waste Sites (In press).
Project Manager: Larry A. Kapustka FTS 420-4606
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corval1 is
Project Status Report—Superfund/Hazardous Wastes
June 30, 1988
Title: Site and Situation Assessment (22)
Objective(s):
Provide uniform, useful field manuals to describe the major environmental
processes, effects, and assessment methods that will assist decision makers
with containment and cleanup of hazardous wastes. The documents focus on
biological and ecological effects of various cleanup scenarios.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Processing and performance of bioassays and chemical analyses continued on
the Drake Chemical (Loch Haven, PA), United Chrome (Corvallis, OR), and
Environment Canada samples, including the performance of algal, macro-
invertebrate, and microbial assay, as well as metals analyses on the ICPAES
and methyl chloride extractions for GC/MS analysis of organics. A total of
43 samples from the three sites were tested for toxicity.
Findings:
United Chrome Superfund site, Corvallis, OR:
Results support those findings cited in the last Status Report (i.e.,
success of the site soil stabilization process appears to be minimal, and
the chromium waste remains highly toxic).
Drake Chemical Company Superfund site, Loch Haven, PA:
An additional 10 site locations have been tested. Until further testing is
completed, definitive conclusions regarding toxicity of site samples is
premature.
Environment Canada site:
With the exception of the Daphnia and seed germination tests, the inter-
laboratory comparison being performed in conjunction with Environment Canada
has been completed. Both the aquatic and terrestrial bioassays tested to
indicate high to moderate toxicity; microbial bioassays were indecisive.
Upon completion, compiled toxicity data and brief summaries of testing
methods will be submitted to Environment Canada.
Publications:
None scheduled this period.
Project Manager: Larry Kapustka FTS 420-4606
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corval 1 is
Project Status Report—Superfund/Hazardous Wastes
June 30, 1988
Title: Dioxin Bioavailability Food Chain (27)
Objective(s):
Determine the potential for accumulation of dioxin in terrestrial plants and
animals that are consumed by man.
Outputs:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Plants have been dosed with tritiated 2,3,7,8-TCDD administered to the
rooting hydroponic media. The plants have been collected and extracted.
The process of separation and analysis is underway. Results are unavailable
at this writing. In this first experiment, we observed a microbial growth
on the roots and in the hydroponic solution. Subsequent tests are underway
to determine the cause and cure of this situation. It appears that this
growth was stimulated by the addition of the chemical carrier (a mixture of
methanol and 12% benzene), 0.5 ml in 500 ml (0.1%). If this is confirmed,
subsequent experiments will necessitate determining and evaluating alternate
dosing procedures.
Dr. John Fletcher has arrived in Corvallis for his summer's work on the
metabolism of dioxin in plant cells. The cultures are ready and experiments
will begin shortly.
Project Manager: J. Craig He Farlane FTS 420-4670
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corval1is
Project Status Report—Cold Climate
June 30, 1988
Title: Cold Climate Research Program (45)
Object!ve(s):
Answer questions of concern to EPA Region X and State of Alaska regarding
environmental problems unique to arctic and subarctic regions.
Output Status:
User's Guide: Update of manual for assessing the impacts of oil and gas
development on tundra wetlands habitats (07/88). Completed 06/88.
Activities:
Peer review of the User's Guide was completed and the final report was
cleared by the laboratory for publication. A final quality assurance report
was completed covering the quality of data gathered for the testing of an
air dispersion model. The model will be used to predict plume behavior from
industrial sources along Alaska's North Slope.
Findings:
Gravel is the material of choice for the construction of oil development
platforms and connecting roads along Alaska's North Slope. Its mining,
transportation, placement, and secondary effects result in one of the major
environmental impacts from oil and gas development in the area. The primary
Impact is on waterbirds and their habitat.
Publications:
Meehan, R. Oil development in Northern Alaska: A guide to the effects of
gravel placement on wetlands and waterbirds. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (submitted).
Project Manager: James C. McCarty FTS 420-4601
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1986-88 PUBLICATIONS*
Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Abbruzzese, Brooke, Anastasla Allen, Sandra Henderson, Mary E. Kentula. 1987.
Selecting sites for comparison with related wetlands. IN Proceedings,
Symposium 87 Wetlands/Peatlands. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, August 23-27,
1987. EPA/600/D-87/337. PB 88 132 204/AS (A03). (ERL-Cor-837D).
Anderson, J. W., J. M. Neff, and P. D. Boehm. 1986. Sources, Fates, and
Effects of Aromatic Hydrocarbons In the Alaskan Marine Environment with
Reconmendations for Monitoring Strategies. EPA/600/3-86/018. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (J. McCarty, project
officer). PB 86 168 291/AS (All). (ERL-Cor-302).
Angermeier, Paul L. 1986. Assessing biotlc integrity 1n the fish community of
a small Illinois stream. North American Journal of Fisheries Management.
(D. Larsen, project officer). (ERL-Cor-7170).
Athey, L. A., J. M. Thomas, J. R. Skalski, and W. E. Miller. 1987. Role of
Acute Toxicity Bioassays in the Remedial Action Process at Hazardous Waste
Sites. User's Manual. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. EPA/600/
8-87/044. PB 88 125 430/AS (A06). (ERL-Cor-423).
Baker, Joan P., and Todd B. Harvey. 1986. Critique of Acid Lakes and Fish
Population Status 1n the Adirondack Region of New York State. EPA/600/3-
86/046. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon.
(R. Lackey, project officer). PB 86 238 318/AS (All). (ERL-Cor-343AP).
Biggs, R. H., and P. 6. Webb. 1987. Effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B radia-
tion on yield, and disease Incidence and severity for wheat under field
conditions, pp. 303-311 IN Stratospheric Ozone Reduction, Solar Ultraviolet
Radiation and Plant Life. R. C. Worrest and M. M. Caldwell (eds.). NATO
ASI Series, Vol. G8. Sprlnger-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. EPA-600/D-87-060
PB 87 176 905/AS (A02). (J. McCarty, project officer). (ERL-Cor-745J).
Blick, D. James, Jay J. Messer, Dixon H. Landers, and W. Scott Overton. 1987.
Statistical basis for the design and Interpretation for the National Surface
Water Survey, Phase I: Lakes and Streams. Lake and Reservoir Management
3:470-475. (ERL-Cor-752DAP).
Brakke, D. F., J. M. Eilers, and D. H. Landers. 1987. Hydrologic and chemical
characteristics of darkwater, Clearwater, and acidic lakes in the United
States. International Symposium on Acidification and Water Pathways,
Bolkesj, Norway. May 4-8, 1987. (ERL-Cor-733DAP).
Brakke, David F., Dixon H. Landers, and Joseph M. Eilers. 1988. Chemical and
Physical Characteristics of Lakes 1n the Northeastern United States.
Environmental Science and Technoloov 22 (2): 155-163. (ERL-Cor-731JAP).
Caldwell, Martyn M. 1986. Plant architecture and resource competition. IN
Potentials and Limitations of Ecosystem Analysis. EPA/600/D-86/244.
Sprlnger-Verlag, Berlin. (J. McCarty, project officer). PB 87 117 479/AS
(A03). (ERL-Cor-6850).
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Caldwell, M. M., L. B. Camp, C. W. Warner, and S. D. Flint. 1986. Action
spectra and their key role in assessing biological consequences of solar
UV-B radiation change. IN Stratospheric Ozone Reduction, Solar Ultraviolet
Radiation, and Plant Life. R. C. Worrest and M. H. Caldwell (eds.).
Springer-Verlag. EPA/600/D-87/006. PB 87 147 138/AS (A03). (J. McCarty,
project officer). (ERL-Cor-639D).
Campbell, William G., Gary D. Bishop, H. Robbins Church, Jeffrey J. Lee, Ouane
A. Lammers, and Leon H. Liegel. 1987. The Environmental Protection
Agency's direct/delayed response project: the role of a geographic infor-
mation system. Geographic Information Systems and Workshop, October 1987.
San Francisco. EPA/600/D-87/310. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. PB
88 119 425/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-8040AP).
Carey, Ann, Anthony C. Janetos, and Roger Blair. 1987. Responses of Forests to
Atmospheric Deposition. National Research Plan for the Forest Response
Program. EPA/600/3-86/066. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environ-
mental Research Laboratory, Corvallls, Oregon. PB 87 140 919/AS (A06).
(ERL-Cor-376AP).
Carney, C. E., and F. deNoyelles, Jr. 1986. Grass carp as a potential control
agent for cattails. EPA/600/J-86/364. Transactions of the Kansas Academy
of Science 89 (3-4) 86-89, July-December. (D. Larsen, project officer). PB
87 196 531/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-440J).
Chapman, G., M. Cairns, D. Krawczyk, K. Malueg, A. Nebeker, and G. Schuytema.
1986. Report on the toxicity and chemistry of sediments from Toronto and
Toledo harbors. IN Evaluation of Sediment Bioassessment Techniques. Report
of the Dredging Subcommittee to the Great Lakes Water Quality Board, Inter-
national Joint Commission, Windsor, Ontario. EPA/600/D-87/ 061. PB 87 180
014/AS (A03). (ERL-Cor-473D).
Church, M. Robbins, and Robert S. Turner, eds. 1986. Factors Affecting the
Long-Term Response of Surface Waters to Acidic Deposition: State-of-the-
Science. EPA/600/3-86/0Z5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Corvallis. PB 86 178 118/AS (A14). (ERL-Cor-318AP).
Church, M. Robbins. 1987. Book review of Acid Rain: A Water Resources Issue
for the 80's. R. Herrmann and A. I. Johnson, eds. American Water Resources
Association, Bethesda, HD. 83 pp. 1983. EPA/600/M-87/027. Published 1n
EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union 68 (15):209. PB 88 101 688/AS
(A02). (ERL-Cor-769mi sc.)
Dawson, Clyde L., and Ronald A. Hellenthal. 1986. A Computerized System for
the Evaluation of Aquatic Habitats Based on Environmental Requirements and
Pollution Tolerance Associations of Resident Organisms. EPA/600/3-86/019.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallls, Oregon. (D. Larsen,
project officer). PB 86 167 343/AS (A06). (ERL-Cor-323). (with project
summary).
DeHaan, M. S.. 1988. Cubic Spline Smoothing: A Useful Tool for Curve Esti-
mation. EPA/600/D-88/082. PB 88 214 796/AS.(ERL-C0R-476).
-80-
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Devanas, M.A., and G. Stotzky. 1988. Survival of Genetically Engineered
Microbes in the Environment: Effect of Host/Vector Relationship. EPA/600/D-
88/109 PB 88 214 978/AS. (ERL-COR-492)
Dewey, Sharon L. 1986. Effects of the herbicide atrazine on aquatic insect
community structure and emergence In experimental ponds. Ecology 67
(I):148-162, February. (D. Larsen, project officer). (ERL-Cor-438J).
Eilers, J. M., D. F. Brakke, 0. H. Landers, and W. S. Overton. 1987. Chemistry
of Milderness lakes in the Western United States. IN Proceedings World
Wilderness Congress, Sept. 14-18, 1987. Estes Park, Colorado. EPA/600/
D-87/338. PB 88 132 105/AS (A03). (ERL-Cor-838DAP).
Eilers, J. M., D. H. Landers, D. F. Brakke, and R. A. Linthurst. Factors con-
tributing to differences in acid neutralizing capacity among lakes in the
Western United States. IN 23rd Annual AWRA Conference and Symposium,
November 1-6, 1987, Salt Lake City, UT. EPA/600/D-87/309. (R. Lackey,
project officer). PB 88 112 156/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-802DAP).
Eilers, Joseph M., David F. Brakke, and Dixon H. Landers. 1988. Chemical and
Physical Characteristics of Lakes 1n the Upper Midwest, United States.
Environmental Science and Technology 22: 164-172. (ERL-Cor-739JAP).
Eilers, Joseph M., Dixon H. Landers, and David F. Brakke. 1988. Chemical and
Physical Characteristics of Lakes 1n the Southeastern United States.
Environmental Science and Technology 22: 172-177. (ERL-Cor-737JAP).
Eshleman, K. N. 1988. Predicting regional episodic acidification of surface
waters using empirical techniques. Accepted Water Resources Research.
(ERL-Cor-784JAP).
~
Eshleman, Keith N., and Harold F. Hemond. 1988. Alkalinity and major ion
budgets for a Massachusetts reservoir and watershed. Limnology and
Oceanography 33(2):174-185. March.
Eshleman, Keith N., and Philip R. Kaufmann. 1988. Assessing the regional
effects of sulfur deposition on surface water chemistry: The Southern Blue
Ridge. Environmental Science & Technology 22(61:685-690. (ERL-C0R-801JAP).
Evans, L. S., K. F. Lewln, E. M. Owen, and K. A. Santucci. 1986. Comparison
of yields of several cultivars of field-grown soybeans exposed to simulated
acidic rainfalls. New Phvtoloaist 102: 409-417, April. (J. Lee, project
officer). (ERL-Cor-671JAP).
Fernandez, I. J., and P. A. Kosian. 1987. Soil air carbon dioxide concen-
trations 1n a New England spruce-f1r forest. EPA-600/J-87/043. Soil
Science Society of America Journal 51: 261-263. (R. Lackey, project
officer). PB 87 203 162/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-676JAP).
Fletcher, John, Alan Groeger, Joel McCrady, and James Mc Farlane. 1987.
Polychlorbophenyl (PCB) metabolism by plant cells. Biotechnology Letters 9
(II): 817-820. (ERL-Cor-830J).
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Fletcher, John S., Alan W. Groeger, and James C. Mc Farlane. 1987. Metabolism
of 2-chlorobiphenyl by suspension cultures of Paul's Scarlet rose. Bulletin
of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 39:960-965. (ERL-Cor-755J).
Flexner, J. L., B. Lighthart, and B. A. Croft. 1986. The effects of microbial
pesticides on non-target, beneficial arthropods. EPA/600/J-86/409. Agri-
culture. Ecosystems, and Environment 16: 203-254, August. PB 88 113 212/AS
(A04). (ERL-Cor-579J).
Flint, S. 0., and M. H. Caldwell. 1986. Comparative sensitivity of binucleate
and trinucleate pollen to ultraviolet radiation: A theoretical perspective.
IN Stratospheric Ozone Reduction, Solar Ultraviolet Radiation, and Plant
Life. R. C. Worrest and M. M. Caldwell (eds.). Sprlnger-Verlag.
(J. McCarty, project officer). PB 87 147 120/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-694D).
Ford, D. E., K. W. Thornton, J. F. Nix, 0. T. Malcom, and F. E. Payne. 1986.
Acidic Episodes and Surface Water Chemistry: A Comparison of Northeast and
Southeast Study Sites. October. EPA/600/3-87/018. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (M. Robbins, project officer). PB 88
154 299/AS. (ERL-Cor-371AP).
Freda, Joseph, and William A. Dunson. 1986. The effect of prior exposure on
sodium uptake in tadpoles exposed to low pH water. EPA/600/J-86/368.
Journal of Comparative Physiology B 156: 649-654, December. (R. Lackey,
project officer). PB 87 198 826/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-714JAP).
Gaston, L. A., R. S. Hansel 1, and R. D. Rhue. 1986. Sulfate mobility in acid
soils and implications with respect to cation leaching: a review. IN
Proceedings of the 43rd annual meeting of the Soil Crop Science Society of
Florida, October 25-27, 1983. (R. Wilhour, project officer). EPA-600/D-86/
094. PB 86 194 230/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-628DAP).
/
Gile, Jay D., and S. Mark Meyers. 1986. Effect of adult mallard age on avian
reproductive tests. EPA/600/J-86/399. Archives of Environmental Contami-
nation and Toxicology 15: 751-756, October. PB 88 101 639/AS (A02).
(ERL-Cor-587J).
Greene, Joseph C., W. E. Miller, and Ellen Merwin. 1986. The effect of
secondary effluents on eutrophication in Las Vegas Bay, Lake Mead, Nevada.
EPA/600/J-86/406. Water. Air, and Soil Pollution 29: 391-402, January.
PB 88 107 057/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-558J).
Greene, J. C., W. J .Warren, B. R. Parkhurst, G. L. Llnder, C. L. Bartels, S. A.
Peterson, and W. E. Miller. Protocols for Short Term Toxicity Screening of
Hazardous Waste Sites. (ERL-COR-496).
Griffith, Glenn E., James M. Qmernik, and Andrew J. Kinney. 1986. Interpreting
patterns of lake alkalinity in the Upper Midwest Region, USA. Presentation
at Lake and Reservoir Management: Influences of Nonpoint Source Pollutants
and Acid Precipitation. North American Lake Management Society Symposium.
November 5-8, 1986, Portland, Oregon. EPA/600/D-87/009. PB 87 145 769/AS
(A02). (ERL-Cor-698D).
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Guderian, Robert, and David T. Tingey. 1987. Study on the need and the estab-
lishing of air quality criteria for nitrogen oxides. Institut fur Ange-
wandte Botanik der Univers1tat-GHS Essen, Germany. January. 170pp. (in
German)
Haines, Terry A., Stanislas J. Pauwels, and Charles H. Jagoe. 1986. Predicting
and Evaluating the Effects of Acidic Precipitation on Water Chemistry and
Endemic Fish Populations 1n the Northeastern United States. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service Biological Report 80(40.23), Air Pollution and Acid Rain
Report No. 23. PB 86 188 703. (R. Lackey, project officer).
(ERL-Cor-349AP).
Heagle, Allen S.t W. W. Heck, V. H. Lesser, J. 0. Rawlings, and F. L. Howry.
1986. Injury and yield response of cotton to chronic doses of ozone and
sulfur dioxide. EPA/600/0-86/366. Journal of Environmental Quality 15 (4):
375-382, October-December. (D. Tingey, project officer). PB 87 196 085/AS
(A02). (ERL-Cor-507J).
Heagle, Allen S., W. W. Heck, V. M. Lesser, and J. 0. Rawlings. 1987. Effects
of daily ozone exposure duration and oncentration fluctuation on yield of
tobacco. Phytopathology 77 (6): 856-862. (D. Tingey, project officer).
(ERL-Cor-610J).
Heck, Walter W., 0. C. Taylor, R. M. Adams, J. E. Miller, D. T. Tingey, and L. H.
Weinstein. 1986. National Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN) 1984 Annual
Report. EPA/600/3-86/041. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environ-
mental Research Laboratory, CorvalUs, Oregon. (D. Tingey, project
officer). PB 86 232 949/AS (All). (ERL-Cor-352).
Heggestad, H. E., J. H. Bennett, and E. H. Lee. 1986. Effects of Increasing
doses of sulfur dioxide and ambient ozone on tomatoes: plant growth, leaf
injury, elemental composition, fruit yields, and quality. Phytopathology
76 (12): 1338-1344, December. (D. Tingey, project officer). (ERL-Cor-510J).
Heggestad, H. E., E. L. Anderson, T. J. Gish and E. H. Lee. Effects of Ozone and
Soil Water Deficit on Roots and Shoots of Field Grown Soybeans. Environ-
mental Pollution 50:259-278. (ERL-C0R-817J)
Heiskary, Steven A., and David P. Larsen. 1986. Analysis of regional lake
water quality patterns: Implications for resource management in Minnesota.
Proceedings Lake and Reservoir Management: Influences of Nonpoint Source
Pollutants and Acid Precipitation. North American Lake Management Society
Symposium, November 5-8, 1986, Portland, Oregon. EPA/600/D-87/010. PB 87
188 157/AS (A03). (ERL-Cor-699D).
Hendricks, Charles W., Eldor A. Paul, and Paul D. Brooks. 1987. Growth measure-
ments of terrestrial microbial species by a continuous-flow technique.
Plant and Soil 101: 189-195. (ERL-Cor-6490).
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Herdendorf, Charles E. 1987. The Ecology of the Coastal Marshes of Western
Lake Erie: A Community Profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S.
Department of the Interior; Corps of Engineers, U.S. Department of the
Army; and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. U.S.FWS
Biological Report 85(7.9). (E. Preston, EPA project officer; W. Duffy, FWS
project officer). PB 87 186 805/AS. (ERL-Cor-416).
Hodges, Steven C. 1987. Aluminum speclatlon: A comparison of five methods.
EPA/600/J-87/057. Soil Science Society of America Journal 51: 57-64. (R.
Wllhour, project officer). PB 87 213 252/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-584JAP).
Hughes, Robert M., David P. Larsen, and James M. Omernlk. 1986. Regional
reference sites: A method for assessing stream potentials. EPA/600/J-86/218.
Environmental Management 10 (5):629-635. PB 87 170 767/AS (A02).
(ERL-Cor-477J).
James, Bruce R., and Susan J. Riha. 1986. pH buffering in forest soil organic
horizons: relevance to acid precipitation. EPA/600/J-86/404. Journal of
Environmental Quality 15 (3): 229-234, July-September. (R. Wilhour,
project officer). PB 88 103 627/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-515JAP).
Kanclruk, P., J. M. Eilers, R. A. McCord, D. H. Landers, D. F. Brakke, and R. A.
Linthurst. 1986. Characteristics of Lakes in the Eastern United States.
Volume III. Data Compendium of Site Characteristics and Chemical Vari-
ables. EPA/600/4-86/007c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D.C. 439 pp. PB 87 110 409c. (ERL-Cor-337c). See Linthurst
et al. 1986 for Volume I and Overton et al. 1986 for Volume II.
Karr, James R. 1986. Biological monitoring and environmental assessment: A
conceptual framework. Environmental Management. (D. Larsen, project
officer). (ERL-Cor-718J).
Kaufmann, P., A. Herlihy, M. Mitch, A. Kinney, S. Christie, D. Brown, J. Elwood,
M. Sale, H. Jager, K. Cougan, D. Peck, C. Hagley, S. Overton, J. Messer and
K. Reckhow. Chemical Characteristics of Streams 1n the Mid-Atlantic and
Southeastern United States. (ERL-C0R-482).
Kentula, Mary E. 1986. EPA adopts wetland research plan. EPA/600/M-87/016.
National Wetlands Research Newsletter 8 (4): 14-15. (E. Preston, project
officer). PB 87 187 076/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-657m1sc).
Kentula, Mary E. 1986. Wetland rehabilitation and creation 1n the Pacific
Northwest. Presentation to the Washington State Department of Ecology
Wetlands Conference on "Wetland Functions, Rehabilitation, and Creation in
the Pacific Northwest: The State of Our Understanding." Port Townsend,
Washington, April 30-May 2, 1986. EPA/600/D-86/183. (D. Larsen, project
officer). PB 86 241 023/AS (A03). (ERL-Cor-667D).
Kentula, Mary E. 1987. Does mitigation work? EPA's wetland research program
is checking. IN Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on Wetlands
Restoration and Creation. May. Hillsborough Community College, Tampa, FL.
EPA/600/0-87/308. (E. Preston, project officer). PB 88.112 149/AS (A02).
(ERL-Cor-800D).
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Kentula, Mary E. 1987. EPA Initiates wetland research 1n the Pacific Northwest.
EPA/600/M-87/026. The Northwest Environmental Journal 3: 163-164, March.
PB 88 101 696/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-768misc).
Kettle, W. D., F. deNoyelles, Jr., B. D. Heacock, and A. M. ICadoum. 1986. Diet
and reproductive success of bluegill recovered from experimental ponds
treated with atrazine. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxi-
cology. (D. Larsen, project officer). (ERL-Cor-716J).
Kiester, A. Ross. 1987. Background for the synthesis and integration of forest
response to atmospheric deposition. Presented at the California Forest
Response Program Planning Conference, Asllomar, CA, February 22-25.
(R. Blair, project officer). (ERL-Cor-775DAP).
Kiester, A. Ross. 1987. The role of models in the Forest Response Program. IN
Proceedings 1987 IUFR0 Forest Growth Modeling and Prediction Conference,
Minneapolis, Minnesota. August 24-28, 1987. EPA/600/D-87/334. PB 88 130
281/AS (A03). (ERL-Cor-828DAP).
King, David A. 1987. A model for predicting the Influence of moisture stress
on crop losses caused by ozone. EPA/600/J- 87/77. Ecological Modelling 35:
29-44, Jan. (D. Tingey, project officer). PB 88 102 983/AS (A02).
(ERL-Cor-4670).
King, David A., and William L. Nelson. 1987. Assessing the impacts of soil
moisture stress on regional soybean yield and Its sensitivity to ozone.
Agriculture. Ecosystems, and Environment 20: 23-35. (ERL-Cor-580J).
Klein, Theodore M., and Martin Alexander. 1986. Effect of the quantity and
duration of application of simulated acid precipitation on nitrogen mineral-
ization and nitrification in a forest soil. EPA/600/J-86/370. Water. Air,
and Soil Pollution 28: 309-318, April. (R. Wilhour, project officer).
PB 87 198 842/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-736JAP).
Kress, L. W., J. E. Miller, H. J. Smith, and J. 0. Rawlings. 1986. Impact of
ozone and sulphur dioxide on soybean yield. EPA/600/J-86/157. Environ-
mental Pollution (Series A) 41: 105-123. PB 87 118 519/AS (A02).
(0. Tingey, project officer). (ERL-Cor-512J).
Landers, Dixon H., W. Scott Overton, Rick A. Llnthurst, and David F. Brakke.
1988. Eastern Lake Survey: Regional estimates of lake chemistry. Environ-
mental Science and Technology 22: 128-135. (ERL-Cor-730JAP).
Larsen, David P., Frank DeNoyelles, Jr., Frank Stay, and Tamotsu Shiroyama.
1986. Comparisons of single species, microcosm, and experimental pond
responses to atrazine exposure. EPA/600/0-86/050. Environmental Toxicology
and Chemistry 5: 179-190, February. PB 86 199 379/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-4140).
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Larsen, David P., Robert M. Hughes, James M. Omernik, Daniel R. Dudley,
Christina H. Rohm, Thomas R. Whittier, Andrew J. Kinney, and Allsa L.
Gallant. 1986. The correspondence between spatial patterns in fish
assemblages 1n Ohio streams and aquatic ecoreglons. EPA/600/J-86/365.
Environmental Management 10 (6): 815-828, December. (D. Larsen, project
officer). PB 87 196 077/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-480J).
Lee, Jeffrey J. 1985. Effect of simulated sulfuric acid rain on the chemistry
of a sulfate-adsorbing forest soil. EPA-600/J-85-105. Water. Air, and Soil
Pollution 25: 185-193. PB 85 244 259/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-304J).
Lefohn, Allen S., W. E. Hogsett, and David T. Tingey. 1986. A method for
developing ozone exposures that mimic ambient conditions 1n agricultural
areas. EPA/600/J-86/046. Atmospheric Environment 20 (2): 361-366,
February. PB 86 195 948/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-451J).
Levin, Morris A., Ramon Seldler, A1 W. Borquln, John R. Fowle III, and Tamar
Barkay. 1987. EPA developing methods to assess environmental release.
Biotechnology 5: 38-45, January.
Link, S. 0., R. J. Fellows, D. A. Cataldo, J. 6. Droppo, and P. Van Vorls. 1987.
Estimation of an Aerial Deposition and Foliar Uptake of Xenobiotics:
Assessment of Current Models. Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest
Laboratories. PNL-6173. EPA/300/3-87/050. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, CorvalUs, Oregon. (J. Mc Farlane, project officer). (ERL-Cor-439).
Linthurst, R. A., D. H. Landers, J. Ellers, P. E. Keller, D. F. Braake, D. S.
Jeffers, et al. Regional Chemical Characteristics of Lakes in North
America. Part II: Eastern United States. EPA/600/J-86/465 Water. Air, and
Soil Pollution 31:577-591, PB88 222 542/AS (ERL-COR-767JAP).
Linthurst, R. A., D. H. Landers, J. M. Ellers, D. F. Brakke, W. S. Overton, E. P.
Meier, and R. E. Crowe. 1986. Characteristics of Lakes 1n the Eastern
United States. Volume I. Population Descriptions and Physico-Chemical
Relationships. EPA/600/4-86/007a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D.C. 136 pp. PB 87 110 383a. (ERL-Cor-337a).
Overton, W. S., P. Kanclruk, L. A. Hook, J. M. Ellers, 0. H. Landers, D. F.
Brakke, D. J. Blick, Jr., R. A. Linthurst, M. D. DeHaan, and J. M. Omernik.
1986. Characteristics of Lakes 1n the Eastern United States. Volume II.
Lakes Sampled and Descriptive Statistics for Physical and Chemical Vari-
ables. EPA/600/4-86/007b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. 374 pp. PB 87 110 391b. (ERL-Cor-337b).
Kanclruk, P., J. M. Ellers, R. A. McCord, D. H. Landers, D. F. Brakke, and
R. A. Linthurst. 1986. Characteristics of Lakes 1n the Eastern United
States. Volume III. Data Compendium of Site Characteristics and Chemical
Variables. EPA/600/4-86/007c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D.C. 439 pp. PB 87 110 409c. (ERL-Cor-337c).
National Surface Water Survey: Eastern Lake Survey, Phase I(ELS-I), 1984
(SAS Data Tape). PB 87 193 298 (T03). EPA/DF/MT-87/024; EPA/600/4-86/007g.
(ERL-Cor-387g).
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National Surface Water Survey: Eastern Lake Survey, Phase I (ELS-I), 1984
(SAS Export Data Tape).PB 87 193 306(T03) EPA/DF/MT-87/023;
EPA/600/4-86/007d. (ERL-Cor-387d).
National Surface Water Survey: Eastern Lake Survey, Phase I (ELS-I), 1984
(EBCDIC Tape). PB 87 193 314 (T03). EPA/DF/MT-87/025; EPA/600/4-86/007f.
(ERL-Cor-387f).
National Surface Water Survey: Eastern Lake Survey, Phase I (ELS-I), 1984
(ASCII Tape). PB 87 193 322 (T03). EPA/DF/MT-87/026; EPA/600/4-86/007c.
(ERL-Cor-387c).
National Surface Water Survey: Eastern Lake Survey, Phase I (ELS-I), 1984
(for microcomputers). PB 87 193 330 (D05). EPA/DF/DK-87/029;
EPA/600/4-86/007 i. (ERL-Cor-387i).
Malueg, K. W., G. S. Schuytema, and D. F. Krawczyk. 1986. Effects of sample
storage on a copper-spiked freshwater sediment. EPA/600/J-86/276. Environ-
mental Toxicology and Chemistry 5: 245-253, April. PB 87 166 815/AS (A02).
(ERL-Cor-432J).
Hansell, R. S., S. A. Bloom, H. H. Selim, and R. D. Rhue. 1986. Multispecies
cation leaching during continuous displacement of electrolyte solutions
through soil columns. EPA/600/J- 86/369. Geoderma 38: 61-75, November.
(R. Wilhour, project officer). PB 87 198 834/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-735JAP).
Harmorek, David R., D. P. Bernard, M. L. Jones, L. P. Rattie and T. J. Sullivan.
The Effects of Mineral Acid Deposition on Concentrations of Dissolved
Organic Acids in Surface Waters. (ERL-COR-500AP).
McCrady, Joel K., Craig Mc Farlane, and F. T. Lindstrom. 1987. The transport
and affinity of substituted benzenes in soybean stems. Journal of Experi-
mental Botany 38 (196): 1875-1890. (ERL-Cor-710J).
Mc Farlane, Craig, and Thomas Pfleeger. 1986. Plant Exposure Laboratory and
Chambers. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon.
EPA/600/3-86/007a,b. Volume I. PB 86 155 777/AS (A03); Volume II
(Appendices 1-6), PB 86 155 785/AS (A13). (ERL-Cor-301a,b).
Mc Farlane, Craig, Cynthia Nolt, Carlos Wickliff, Tom Pfleeger, Ray Shimabuku,
and Mike McDowell. 1987. The uptake, distribution, and metabolism of four
organic chemicals by soybean plants and barley roots. Environmental
Toxicoloov and Chemistry 6: 847-856. (ERL-Cor-669J).
McLaughlin, D. J. Dowing, T. J. Biasing, B. L. Jackson, D. J. Pack, D. N.
Dirvlck, L. K. Mann and T. W. Doyle. 1988. FORAST DATA BASE DOCUMENTATION.
EPA/DF/MT-88/054a. EPA/600/3-87/029a PB88 223 649/AS (ERL-COR-380APa).
McLaughlin, D. J. Dowing, T. J. Biasing, B. L. Jackson, D. J. Pack, D. N.
Dirvick, L. K. Mann and T. W. Doyle. 1988. FORAST DATA BASE DOCUMENTATION.
(Computer Tape) EPA/DF/MT-88/054. EPA/600/3-87/029b PB88 223 649/AS (ERL-
C0R-380APb)
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Meehan, Rosa and Jon R. Nickles. 1988. Oil Development in Northern Alaska—A
Guide to the Effects of Gravel Placement on Wetlands and Waterbirds. (ERL-
COR-501).
Meyers, S. Hark, and Jay D. Gile. 1986. Mallard reproductive testing in a pond
environment: a preliminary study. EPA/600/J-86/400. Archives of Environ-
mental Contamination and Toxicology 15:757-761, December. PB 88 101 621/AS
(A02). (ERL-Cor-600J).
Meyers, S. Mark, and Susan M. Schiller. 1986. TERRE-TOX: A data base for
effects of anthropogenic substances on terrestrial animals. EPA/600/0-86/
051. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 26: 33-36,
February. PB 86 199 361/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-506J).
Meyers, S. M., and S. M. Schiller. 1986. TERRE-TOX Terrestrial Toxicity Data
Base. EPA/600/M-86/008. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis,
Oregon. (H. ICibby, project officer). PB 86 178 043/AS (T03). (ERL-Cor-327).
Two magnetic tapes. No project report or summary.
Moser, Thomas J., David T. Tingey, and Kent D. Rodecap. 1986. Direct and
residual effects of cadmium on the growth and elemental composition of
Arabidopsis thaiiana. Angewandte Botanik 60: 391-405.
Murali, N. S., and Alan S. Teramura. 1986. Effects of supplemental ultra-
viol et-B radiation on the growth and physiology of field-grown soybean.
EPA/600/J-86/378. Environmental and Experimental Botany 26(3): 233-242.
PB 87 212 866/AS (A02). (J. McCarty, project officer). (ERL-Cor-574J).
Murphy, Thomas A. 1987. Design and management of research projects. Proceed-
ings of U.S./Malayasian Seminar on R j D Management. EPA/600/D-87/263..
PB 88 106 380/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-721D).
Nebeker, Alan V., Carol Savonen, and Donald G. Stevens. 1985. Sensitivity of
rainbow trout early life stages to nickel chloride. EPA-600/J-85-016.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 4: 233-239. PB 85 198 372/AS(A02).
(ERL-Cor-318J).
Nebeker, Alan V., Samuel T. Onjukka, Michael A. Cairns, Daniel F. Krawczyk.
1986. Survival of Daphnia magna and Hyalella azteca in cadmium-spiked water
and sediment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5: 933-938, October.
(ERL-Cor-581J).
Nebeker, A. V., M. A. Cairns, S. T. Onjukka, and R. H. Titus. 1986. Effect of
age on sensitivity of Daphnia magna to cadmium, copper, and cyanazine. EPA/-
600/J—86/131. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5: 527-530, June.
PB 87 100 590/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-468J).
Nebeker, A. V., A. Stinchfield, C. Savonen, and G. Chapman. 1986. Effects of
copper, nickel, and zinc on three species of Oregon freshwater snails.
EPA/600/J-86/407. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5: 807-811, May.
PB 88 107 198/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-569J).
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Neuhauser, E. F., P. F. Ourkin, M. R. Malecki, and M. Anatra. 1986. Comparative
toxicity of ten organic chemicals to four earthworm species. EPA/600/J-86/
397. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 83C (l): 197-200. pb 88 107
115/AS (A02). (C. Callahan, project officer). (ERL-Cor- 550J).
Neuhauser, E. F., R. C. Loehr, and Michael R. Malecki. 1986. Contact and
artificial soil tests using earthworms to evaluate the Impact of wastes in
soil. pp. 192-203 IN Hazardous and Industrial Solid Waste Testing: Fourth
Symposium. ASTM STP 886. J. K. Petros, Jr., W. J. Lacy, and R. A. Conway,
Eds. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. EPA/600/
D-84/298S. (C. Callahan, project officer). PB 86 195 237/AS (A02).
(ERL-Cor-4260).
Newell, Avis D. 1987. Predicting spring lake chemistry from fall samples.
EPA/600/D-87/265. Proceedings of the International Conference on Acid Rain,
1-3 September 1987, Lisbon. PB 88 106 356/AS (A02).
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Otnernik, James M., and Alisa L. 6a11 ant. 1986. Ecoregions of the Pacific
Northwest. EPA/600/3-86/033. U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency,
Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon, w/map. (ERL-Cor-341).
Otnernik, James M., and Alisa M. Gallant. 1987. Ecoregions of the South Central
States. Map. EPA/600/D-87/315. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Corvallis, Oregon. (ERL-Cor-792M).
Omernik, James M., and Alisa H. Gallant. 1987. Ecoregions of the Southwest
States. Map. EPA/600/D-87/316. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Corvallis, Oregon. (ERL-Cor-795M).
Omernik, James M., and Alisa N. Gallant. 1987. Ecoregions of the West Central
States. Map. EPA/600/D-87/317. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Corvallis, Oregon. (ERL-Cor-793M).
Overton, W. S., P. Kanciruk, L. A. Hook, J. M. Eilers, D. H. Landers, D. F.
Brakke, D. J. Blick, Jr., R. A. Linthurst, M. D. DeHaan, and J. M. Omernik.
1986. Characteristics of Lakes in the Eastern United States. Volume II.
Lakes Sampled and Descriptive Statistics for Physical and Chemical Vari-
ables. EPA/600/4-86/007b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D.C. 374 pp. PB 87 110 391b. (ERL-Cor-337b). See Linthurst
et al. 1986 for Volume I and Kanciruk et al. 1986 for Volume III.
Peterson, S. A., J. C. Greene, W. E. Miller, and D. C. Wilborn. 1987. Bio-
activity differences of water and sodium acetate eluate from municipal and
industrial wastes. Third Annual EPA Solid Waste Testing and Quality Assur-
ance Symposium, July 13-17. (ERL-Cor-777D). Hot In HTIS.
Peterson, Spencer A. 1986. Sediment removal. Chapter 8 IN Lake and Reservoir
Restoration. (G. 0. Cooke, E. B. Welch, S. A. Peterson, and P. R.
Newroth). Butterworth Publishers, Stoneham, Massachusetts. EPA/600/
0-84/207. PB 84 236 397/AS (A08). (ERL-Cor-1670). Quinn, S. 0., and
N. Bloomfield, eds. 1986. Acidic Deposition, Trace Contaminants, and
Their Indirect Human Health Effects: Research Needs. Proceedings of a
Workshop held at Toprldge Conference Center, Paul Smith's, New York, June
19-22, 1984. EPA/600/9-86/002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Corvallis, Oregon. (R. Lackey, project officer). PB 86 177 581/AS (A05).
(ERL-Cor-276AP).
Ratsch, Hilman C., and Debra Johndro. 1986. Growth Inhibition and morphological
effects by several chemicals in Arabidopsls thaiiana (L.) Heynh. EPA/600/
J-86/129. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5: 55-60, January. PB 87
100 707/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-349J).
Reed, Margaret A., and Richard J. Stolzberg. 1987. Direct determination of
arsenite by differential pulse polarography in the presence of lead(II) and
thallium(I). Analytical Chemistry 59 (3). (J. McCarty, project officer).
(ERL-Cor-780J).
Riitters, Kurt H. Process models for monitoring forest health. IH Proceedings
of the IUFR0 Forest Growth Modeling and Prediction Conference, Minneapolis,
MN, August 24-28, 1987. EPA/600/0-87/307. (Roger Blair; project officer).
PB 88 113 675/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-797DAP).
-90-
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Robberecht, R.f and M. M. Caldwell. 1986. Leaf UV optical properties of Rumex
patientia L. and Rumex obtusifolius L. in regard to a protective mechanism
against solar UV-B radiation Injury. IN Stratospheric Ozone Reduction,
Solar Ultraviolet Radiation, and Plant Life. R. W. Worrest and
Caldwell (eds.). Springer-Verlag. EPA/600/D-87/00B. PB 87 147 112//;$
(A02). (J. McCarty, project officer). (ERL-Cor-695D).
Rochelle, Barry P.t and Parker J. Wiglngton, Jr. 1986. Surface runoff from
southeastern Oklahoma forested watersheds. Proceedings of the Oklahoma
Academy of Science 66: 7-13.
Rochelle, Barry P., M. Robbins Church, and Mark B. David. 1987. Sulfur reten-
tion at intensively studied sites in the U.S. and Canada. Water. Air, and
Soil Pollution 33: 73-83, March. (ERL-Cor-636JAP).
Rochelle, Barry P., and M. Robbins Church. 1987. Regional patterns of sulfur
retention 1n watersheds of the eastern U.S. Water. Air, and Soil Pollution
36: 61-73. (ERL-Cor-705JAP).
Rodecap, Kent D., and David T. Tingey. 1986. Ozone-Induced ethylene release
from leaf surfaces. EPA/600/J-86/398. Plant Science 44: 73-76, March.
PB 88 107 107/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-420J).
Sanville, William D., H. Peter Ellers, Theodore R. Boss, and Thomas G. Pfleeger.
1986. Environmental gradients 1n northwest freshwater wet-lands. EPA/600/
J-86/413. Environmental Management 10 (1): 125-134. PB 88 123 948/AS
(A03). (ERL-Cor-397J).
Shirazi, M. A., S. A. Peterson, L. Lowrie, and J. W. Hart. 1986. Computerbased
land classification for management of hazardous waste. EPA/600/J-86/405.
Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials 3 (1): 77-100, March. PB 88 104
195/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-5570).
Shirazi, Mostafa A., Richard S. Bennett, and LeVaughn Lowrie. 1988. An
approach to environmental risk assessment using avian toxicity tests.
Archives Of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 16: 263-271.
(ERL-Cor-706J).
Shirazi, Mostafa A., and LeVaughn Lowrie. 1988. Comparative toxicity based on
similar asymptotic endpoints. Archives of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology 17: 273-280. (ERL-Cor-726J).
Slddens, Llsbeth K., Wayne K. Seim, Lawrence R. Curtis, and Gary A. Chapman.
1986. Comparison of continuous and episodic exposure to acidic, aluminum-
contaminated waters of brook trout. EPA/600/J-86/393. Canadian Journal of
Fisheries and Aouatic Sciences 43 (10): 2036-2040. (C. Powers, project
officer). PB 88 104 286/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-632JAP).
Slgal, Lorene L., and J. William Johnston, Jr. 1986. Effects of acidic rain
and ozone on nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis 1n the lichen Lobaria
pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. EPA/600/J-86/395. Environmental and Experimental
Botany 26 (1): 59-64, January-March. (R. Wilhour, project officer). PB 88
104 294/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-629JAP).
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Si gal, Lorene L., and J. William Johnston, Jr. 1986. Effects of simulated
acidic rain on one species each of Pseudoparmelia, Usnea, and Umbilicaria.
EPA/600/J-86/396. Water. Air, and Soil Pollution 27: 315-322, February.
(R. Wilhour, project officer). PB 88 107 099/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-630JAP).
Skelly, John M. et al., eds. 1987. Diagnosing Injury to Eastern Forest Trees.
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, Forest Response Program,
Vegetation Survey Research Cooperative. Published under a cooperative
agreement with the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Forest Service, and
Pennsylvania State University, College of Agriculture, University Park.
(R. Blair, project officer). (ERL-Cor-435AP). Not submitted to NTIS.
Stotzky, G., H.A. Devanas, and L.R. Zeph. 1988. Behavior of Genetically Engi-
neered Microbes 1n Natural Environments and Their Potential Use 1n IN SITU
Reclamation of Contaminated Sites. EPA/600/D-88/108 PB 88 214 960/AS
(ERL-COR-493).
Sullivan, Timothy J., Charles T. Driscoll, Joseph M. Eilers, and Dixon H.
Landers. 1988. Evaluation of the role of sea salt Inputs 1n the long-term
acidification of coastal New England lakes. Environmental Science and
Techno!oqv 22: 185-190. (ERL-Cor-729JAP).
Taylor, G. E., Jr., D. T. Tlngey, and C. A. Gunderson. 1986. Photosynthesis,
carbon allocation, and growth of sulfur dioxide ecotypes of Geranium
carolinlanum L. Oecoloaia (Berlin) 68: 350-357. (ERL-Cor-555J).
Temple, Patrick. 1986. Stomatal conductance and transplrational responses of
field grown cotton to ozone. EPA/600/J-86/132. Plant. Cell, and Environ-
ment 9 (4): 315-321, June. (D. Tlngey, project officer). PB 87 100
608/AS (A02).
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Thomson, B. E., and R. C. Worrest. 1986. Microcomputer control of an estu-
arine research mesocosm facility. EPA/600/J-86/408. Journal of Micro-
computer Applications 9: 167-177, July. (J. McCarty, project officer).
PB 88 104 229 (A02). (ERL-Cor-571J).
Tingey, David T. 1986. Effects of nitrogen oxides on vegetation. IN Study on
the Need and the Establishing of Air Quality Criteria for Nitrogen Oxides.
R. Guderian and D. Tingey, eds. Institute fur Angewandte Botanik der
Universltat-GHS Essen, Germany. EPA-600/D-85-265. PB 86 119 542/AS (A03).
(ERL-Cor-549D).
Tingey, David D. 1986. The impact of ozone on agriculture and Its consequences,
pp. 53-63 IN Acidification and Its Policy Implications. T. Schneider, ed.
Elsevier Science Publishers b.V., Amsterdam. December. EPA/600/D-86/105.
PB 87 175 055/AS (A02).
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Whittier, Thomas. R., and Wayne Davis. Report of the National Biocriteria
Workshop. (ERL-C0R-489D)
Whittier, Thomas R., and David P. Larsen. 1987. The Ohio Stream Regionalization
Project: A Compendium of Results. EPA/600/3-87/025. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (ERL-Cor-412).
Whittier, Thomas R., and David L. Miller. 1986. Stream fish communities
revisited: A case of mistaken identity. EPA/600/J—86/367. American
Naturalist 128 (3): 433-437, September. (D. Larsen, project officer).
PB 87 198 818/AS (A02). (ERL-Cor-559J).
Wigington, Parker J., Jr., Clifford W. Randall, and Thomas Grizzard. 1986.
Accumulation of selected trace metals in soils of urban runoff swale
drains. Water Resources Bulletin. American Water Resources Association 22
(1), February.
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