F"United States Corvallis Environmental
Environmental Protection Research Laboratory
mI Agency Corvallis, Oregon 97333
QUARTERLY
RESEARCH PROGRESS REPORT
JULY 1, 1988--SEPTEMBER 30, 1988
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QUARTERLY
RESEARCH PROGRESS REPORT
JULY 1, 1988—SEPTEMBER 30, 1988
This research progress report, covering the period July 1 through September 30,
1988, summarizes the current status of all active projects at the Corvallis
Environmental Research Laboratory.
If you have questions or would like more information, feel free to contact either
the manager listed at the end of each project description or the Laboratory
Director. For those who use a commercial line, dial (503) 757- and the 4-digit
extension of the project manager. The main telephone number of the laboratory
complex is (503) 757-4600.
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CONTENTS
Page
Air Pollution Effects 1
Acid Rain Effects 7
Pesticides 43
Toxic Substances 53
Water Quality 75
Global Climate Change/Photobiology 77
Superfund/Hazardous Wastes 83
Cold Climate 89
Publications List (Blue Pages) 91
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Air Pollution Effects
September 30, 1988
Title: Economic Assessment of Ozone Impact on Crops (01)
Objective(s):
Develop ozone exposure-crop response data for the major agronomic crops and
use these data to conduct an economic assessment of the effects of air
pollution on agriculture. This project will develop exposure-response data
for crops representing 90% of the U.S. acreage and estimate national eco-
nomic losses based on these data. The magnitude of bioenvironmental sources
of uncertainty (soil moisture) and the effects of pollutant exposure
dynamics on these estimates will also be evaluated.
Output Status:
Final Report, NCLAN scientific meeting (09/88). Completed.
Activities:
An interagency agreement was awarded to the USDA/ARS to provide detailed
statistical and modeling analyses of the crop loss assessment data base that
was developed as part of the NCLAN program.
The Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis (ERL-C) National Crop Loss
Assessment (NCLAN) Program's recent International Meeting was highlighted in
a recent issue of Environmental Pollution. An entire issue was devoted to
the policy, economic and scientific aspects of air pollutant-plant effects
papers presented at the meeting. The findings introduced in these articles
will be of benefit to scientists, policy makers, professors and students
around the world.
Environmental Research Laboratory-Corval1is (ERL-C) scientists used National
Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN) data to generate air quality parameters
that best correlated with crop production. Empirical findings were incorpo-
rated into a report "Evaluation of Ozone Exposure Indices for Relating
Exposure to Plant Production and for Estimating Agricultural Losses" that
was presented to the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS)
personnel in July 1986. Exposure indices that emphasized peak
concentrations and cumulated concentrations over time correlated closely
with crop loss and were proposed as potential parameters for future OAQPS
efforts in establishing a new secondary ozone National Ambient Air Quality
Standard (NAAQS).
Findings:
REASSESSMENT OF THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF OZONE ON U.S. AGRICULTURE -
Research funded by the Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory resulted
in a journal manuscript that assesses the economic effects of ozone on
agricultural production. This study provides the most encompassing economic
analysis of ozone effects on major agronomic crops ever conducted.
Increases in yields of eight major crops from a 25 or 40% reduction of
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ambient ozone levels would reveal annual net benefits of 2 and 3 billion
dollars, respectively to the U.S. economy. The magnitude of these losses
with supporting scientific data may require policy makers to review and
modify the secondary standard for ozone.
Publications:
Adams, R.M., J.D. Glyer, B.A. HcCarl and S.L. Johnson. (1968). A
reassessment of the economic effects of ozone on U.S. agriculture.
Journal of Air Pollution Control Association (submitted).
Cof fey, D.S., J.C. Sprenger, D.T. Tingey, G.E. Neely and J.C. McCarty.
(1988). National Crop Loss Assessment Network: quality assurance
program. Environmental Pollution 53:89-98 (published).
Dassel, K.A. and J.O. Rawlings. (1988). Experimental design strategy for
the Wei bull dose response model. Environmental Pollution 53:333-349
(published).
Dassel, K.A. and J.O. Rawlings. (1988). Experimental design for the
Weibull function as a dose response model assuming an unconstrained
dose scale. Journal of the American Statistical Association
(submitted).
Heagle, A.S., J. Rebbeck, S.R. Shafer, U. Blum and W.W. Heck. (1988).
Effects of long-term ozone exposure and soil moisture deficit on growth
of a ladino clover-tall fescue pasture. Phytopathology (in press).
Heck, W.W., O.C. Taylor and D.T. Tingey (Eds.). (1988). Assessment Of
Crop Loss From Air Pollutants. Elsevier Applied Science, London and
New York (in press).
Holman, S.R., P.K. Ziminski, W.E. Hogsett and D.T. Tingey. (1988). An
automated air pollutant exposure facility for field research. Environ-
mental Pollution 53:432-433 (published).
King, D.A. (1988). Modeling the impact of ozone x drought interactions on
regional crop yields. Environmental Pollution 53:351-364 (published).
King, D.A., A.S. Heagle and R.B. Flagler. (1988). Evaluation of an ozone
x moisture stress Interaction model for soybean. Ecological Modelling
41:269-279 (published).
Kohut, R.J., J.A. Laurence and L.J. Colavito. (1988). The influence of
ozone exposure dynamics on the growth and yield of kidney bean.
Environmental Pollution 53:79-88 (published).
Lee, E.H., D.T. Tingey and W.E. Hogsett. (1988). Evaluation of ozone
exposure Indices in exposure-response modeling. Environmental Pollu-
tion 53:43-62 (published).
Lefohn, A.S., H.P. Knudsen and L.R. McEvoy. (1988). The use of kriging to
estimate monthly ozone exposure parameters for the Southeastern United
States. Environmental Pollution 53:27-42 (published).
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Miller, J.E., A.S. Heagle, S.F. Vozzo, R.B. Philbeck and W.W. Heck. (1988).
Effects of ozone and water stress, separately and combined, on soybean
yield. Journal of Environmental Quality (submitted).
Miller, J.E., R.P. Patterson, A.S. Heagle, W.A. Pursley and W.W. Heck.
(1988). Growth of cotton under chronic ozone stress at two levels of
soil moisture. Journal of Environmental Quality (in press).
Miller, J.E., R.P. Patterson, W.A. Pursley, A.S. Heagle and W.W. Heck.
(1988). Response of soluble sugars and starch in field-grown cotton to
ozone, water stress and their combination. Environmental and Experi-
mental Botany (submitted).
Spruill, S.E., V.M. Lesser, M.C. Somerville and J.O. Rawlings. (1988).
Methods used for managing and analyzing the data stored in the NCLAN
data library. Environmental Pollution 53:462-465 (published).
Temple, P.J., R.S. Kupper, R.S. Lennox and K. Rohr. (1988). Physiological
growth responses of differentially-irrigated cotton to ozone. Environ-
mental Pollution 53:255-263 (published).
Temple, P.J., R.S. Kupper, R.W. Lennox and K. Rohr. (1988). Injury and
yield responses of differentially-irrigated cotton to ozone. Agronomy
Journal 80:751-755 (published).
Tingey, D.T., W.E. Hogsett and E.H. Lee. (1988). Exposure regimes for
determining the effects of pollutant deposition on plants. Atmospheric
Environment (submitted).
Vozzo, S.F., J.E. Miller, A.S. Heagle and W.A. Pursley. (1988). Effects
of ozone and water stress on net photosynthetic rate of field grown
soybean leaves. Environmental Pollution 53:471-473 (published).
Project Manager: David T. Tingey FTS 420-4621/4600
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Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Project Status Report—Air Pollution Effects
September 30, 1988
Title: Assessment of Ozone Impacts on Forests (06)
Objectives:
(1) Determine response of commercially/ecologically important forest tree
species under a range of ozone scenarios for those forest types most at risk
to ozone. (Z) Determine the relationship between components of ozone expo-
sure (e.g. concentration, frequency, duration and respite time) and tree
response, and once quantified, (a) develop realistic exposure-response
functions and (b) examine the biological relevance of alternative air
quality statistics that are meaningful in an air quality standards context.
(3) Predict the influence of various ozone air quality scenarios on pro-
ductivity and composition of forest trees over time and across forest
types.
Output Status:
Research Plan for ozone effects on forest resources (1/89). On schedule.
Activities:
A comprehensive research plan was prepared which presents the approach for
studying the impact of ozone on forest species, and details the experimental
studies required to accomplish the tasks. This plan was reviewed by a peer
panel 7/18/88 in Corvallis. The findings of the peer panel have been sub-
mitted in a report to the Terrestrial Branch. Following the peer-review, a
workshop was held 7/19-20/88 with 18 invited participants addressing the
issues and concerns of the peer-review. A revised research plan is cur-
rently being written incorporating the findings of the peer-review and
workshop. This plan is due 01/89.
Assessment of growth response in aspen during a 90-day exposure to simulated
ambient exposure of O3 and S0£ mixtures was completed. To date three
replicate 90-day exposures have been completed and no further studies are
planned. Statistical analyses of the replicates will be undertaken soon.
These studies are conducted in an Interagency Agreement with the National
Park Service.
Assessment of growth response In five western coniferous species following
seasonal exposure to ozone, acidic fog, and SO? was completed after mea-
surement of spring bud elongation. Statistical analyses of these studies
has begun. These studies are in support of the Western Conifer Cooperative
of the National Forest Response Program for ranking by relative sensitivity
of the species to the two different exposure scenarios.
A number of exposure studies in support of the newly initiated program
investigating the effects of ozone on forest species were begun 6/15/88.
These studies address issues of ozone exposure dynamics, growth response,
water use efficiency, drought stress, needle retention, and root regrowth in
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ponderosa pine. Exposures were completed 9/28/88. Measurements will
continue through next year's growing season and completed 10/89.
An Annual Report was submitted for research funded by the National Council
of Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI) on Biological Indicators of Air
Pollution Stress in Conifers. Several biological markers (bioindicators)
are being examined for reproducibility, utility, and ease of measurement for
ozone, acidic fog, or SO^ exposure/impact on forest trees. These bio-
indicators, when identified and correlations established, would allow
assessment of stress impact in larger trees which are not amenable to
measurement of various growth parameters.
A cooperative agreement was awarded to the University of Washington to
conduct experimental studies which will assist in determining the appro-
priate averaging time to 'best* characterize the effects of ozone on
vegetation. One of several studies being conducted with forest species to
provide information to OAQPS in developing a NAAQS for ozone.
Findings:
Seven possible bioindicators were evaluated over the past year to simulated
ambient exposures of ozone, ozone/acid fog in seasonal exposure, and winter
exposure to S02. To date, cuticular wax, needle buffering capacity, needle
hydrocarbon emission, needle pigment ratios, stable carbon isotope ratios,
and chloroplast DNA adducts have been investigated in 4/0 ponderosa pine.
The most promising of these at present appears to be stable carbon isotope
ratios, and the change in ratio of needle pigments (e.g. xanthin/anther-
axanthin) with ozone exposure.
Gas exchange in ponderosa pine was examined in container- grown 2/0 seed-
lings in both chambers and nursery condition, and field-grown 4/0 seedlings
and mature trees were compared and found to all exhibit similar diurnal
behavior with stomatal conductance and photosynthesis on 4 different dates
over the sunnier growing season. Studies like these are being conducted to
describe the similarities and differences between mature trees and seedlings
in physiological processes related to growth to better understand how to
extend data and observations of ozone exposure of seedlings to understand
and quantify mature tree response to ozone exposure.
Publications:
Neufeld, H.S., D.M. Durall, P.M. Rich and D.T. Tingey. (1986). A mini-
rhizotron for quantitative observations on intact entire root systems.
Plant and Soil (Submitted).
Tingey, D.T. (1988). Bioindicators in air pollution research - Applica-
tions and constraints. National Academy of Science Proceedings:
Markers of Air Pollution on Forests (In Press).
Turner, D.P., D.T. Tingey, and W.E. Hogsett. (1988). Acid fog effects on
conifer seedlings. Proceedings: Air Pollution and Forest Decline.
IUFR0, Interlaken, Switzerland (Submitted).
Project Manager: W.E. Hogsett FTS 420-4632/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corval1 is
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1988
Title: National Lake Survey (51)
Objective(s):
Determine the percentage, distribution, and characteristics of low pH and
low alkalinity lakes. Determine the percentage, distribution, and char-
acteristics of fishless lakes. Determine whether long term chemical and
biological changes are occurring in lakes.
Output Status:
The draft report on seasonal chemical variability in eastern lakes cannot be
completed at this time because the data have been determined to be generally
of poor quality; problems with the spring and summer data quality has
resulted in modification of the product. One journal article will be
prepared on components of variance in lake water chemistry: consequences
for regional assessment of lake characteristics. (06/89). On schedule.
Activities:
National Lake Survey, Phase II: QAMS has undertaken a review of the quality
of the spring and summer data. Analysis of the fall 1986 data is proceeding
with the intention now of producing one journal article this fall dealing
with quantifying the within-fall variability and quantifying fall 1984 and
fall 1986 variability. An audit of the fall 1986 data was completed in
July; audit review report by Oak Ridge National Laboratory is anticipated
10/88.
National Lake Survey, Phase I: Data analysis interpolations on the results
of the regional lake surveys continue. Several manuscripts were completed
this quarter and have been submitted for journal review, including:
Brakke, D.F., O.M. Eilers, D.H. Landers, and T.J. Loranger. The chemistry
of dilute lakes and precipitation in mountainous areas of the western
United States. Water Resources Research. In review.
Eilers, O.M., T.J. Sullivan, and K.C. Hurley. Lake Notasha, Oregon: the
most dilute lake? Hydrobiolooia. In review.
Johnson, C.B., T.J. Sullivan, and D.J. Blick. Identifying lake populations:
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Eastern Lake Survey. Water
Resourc. Bull. In review.
Sullivan, T.J., O.M. Eilers, and D.F. Brakke. Chemical differences between
drainage and seepage lakes. Limnol. Oceanoar. In review.
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Sullivan, T.J., C.T. Driscoll, R.B. Cook, S.A. Gherini, D.F. Charles, and
C.P. Yatsko. The influence of organic acid anions and aqueous
aluminum on measurements of acid neutralizing capacity in surface
waters. Nature. In review.
Sullivan, T.J., D.L. Kugler, D.F. Charles, J.H. Eilers, and D.J. Blick.
Loss of organic acids in lakewater as a consequence of acidic depo-
sition. Can. J. Fish. Aauat. Sci. In review.
Findings:
Acidic lakes (i.e., acid neutralizing capacity, ANC 10) in the United
States, Canada, and Scandinavia are most often clear-water, sulfate-
dominated systems, presumed not appreciably influenced by organic acidity.
However, it has been hypothesized that lake acidification from atmospheric
sulfur deposition has been accompanied by a loss of dissolved organic carbon
(DOC) and color. ERL-C scientists present the first regional data that
support this hypothesis and suggest that mineral acid deposition has caused
decreases in lake water organic acid concentration. Data from the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's Eastern Lake Survey show a decreasing
trend in lake water DOC across a gradient of increasing wet sulfur deposi-
tion in the northeastern and upper midwestern United States. In addition,
multivariate analyses that predict lake water DOC, and paleoecological
reconstructions of pre-acidification lake water chemistry suggest regional
loss of organics in response to acidic deposition. Although sulfate has
undoubtedly depleted ANC in some northeastern lakes, it is also likely that
a portion of the sulfate input has resulted in some decrease in lake water
organic concentrations. If this hypothesis is true, then model predictions
of past and future acidification and recovery may overestimate changes in
lake water pH and ANC, because current empirical and dynamic geochemical
models assume that DOC is temporally constant.
Publications:
Baker, L.A., C.D. Pollman, and J.H. Eilers. 1986. Alkalinity regula-
tion in softwater Florida lakes. Water Resources Research.
24:1069-1082.
Seip, H.M., D.O. Andersen, N. Christophersen, T.J. Sullivan, and R.D. Vogt.
Variations in concentrations of aqueous aluminum and other chemical
species during hydrological episodes at Birkenes, southernmost Norway.
J. Hvdrol. (in press).
Project Manager: Dixon H. Landers FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corval1 is
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1988
Title: National Stream Survey (52)
Objective(s):
Characterize the chemistry of acidic and low alkalinity streams in
sensitive regions of the U.S. and determine their extent, geographic
distribution, and probable sources of acidity. Determine normal seasonal
variability in stream chemistry. Determine the relationship between key
biological resources and the chemical characteristics of streams. Classify
streams in order to identify representative systems for more in-depth study.
Output Status:
Journal article manuscript "Acid-Base Status of Streams in the Eastern
U.S.—Results of EPA's National Stream Survey". (09/88). Completed.
Activities:
Preparation of draft journal article manuscript summarizing results of
National Stream Survey (NSS). Completion of two internal report drafts
describing the geographic and chemical classification of NSS sites.
Initiation of comparisons between NSS results and those of Maryland and
Virginia Stream Surveys. Planning and budgeting for FY89 research
activities and contributions to NAPAP 1990 State of Science and Assessment
reports.
Findings:
The U.S. EPA surveyed baseflow chemistry in a probability sample of 504
stream reaches representing a population of 64,300 reaches (224,000 km total
length) in the Eastern United States. We estimate that approximately half
of this stream length has acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) < = 200 peq/L.
Acidic (ANC < = 0) reaches were located in highlands of the Interior Mid-
Atlantic Region and in coastal lowlands of the Mid-Atlantic and Florida, but
were very scarce in the other subregions of the Southeast. Sulfate concen-
trations mirrored depositional loading and were markedly higher in the Mid-
Atlantic than in the Southeast Region. Atmospheric sulfate deposition is
estimated to be the major source of acidity in approximately 2,300 km of
acidic reaches 1n upland forested drainages of the interior mid-Atlantic
Region.
Other research efforts show that many drainages in the part of the Mid-
Atlantic Region south of the extent of the Wisconsin Glaciation (a line
running obliquely from northcentral Pennsylvania to northern New Jersey)
have soil characteristics that should retain sulfate and provide some
protective capacity to delay the effects of acidic deposition. On the basis
of this observation, the NSS estimate of 2,300 km of acidic streams in the
interior mid-Atlantic with acidity attributable to atmospheric acid
deposition was somewhat unexpected. The NSS results suggest that watershed
sulfate retention capacities expected to have provided sulfur retention and
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resistance to acidification of low ANC mid-Atlantic streams in the past may
be waning ("sulfate breakthrough") as a result of prolonged exposure to high
atmospheric acid deposition rates (or perhaps these protective retention
capacities were never very substantial). Despite the near absence of
chronically acidic streams in the interior southeast, the finite capacity
for continued retention of relatively high atmospheric sulfate loadings and
the large number of low ANC streams in this region warrants concern regard-
ing the potential for future acidification in the southeast. Long-term
monitoring and detailed studies of acidification processes in specific
watersheds may shed light on the question of delayed response in surface
water acidification, and are the subject of other ongoing EPA projects.
Publications:
Kaufmann, P.R., A.T. Herlihy, J.W. El wood, M.E. Mitch, W.S. Overton, H.J.
Sale, J.J. Messer, K.A. Cougan, D.V. Peck, K.H. Reckhow, A.J. Kinney,
S.J. Christie, D.D. Brown, C.A. Hagley, and H.l. Jager. 1988.
Chemical Characteristics of Streams in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeast-
ern United States. Volume I: Population Descriptions and Physico-
Chemical Relationships. EPA/600/3-88/021A. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. (published).
Kaufmann, P.R., A.T. Herlihy, O.J. Messer, W.S. Overton, M.E. Mitch, M.J.
Sale, and O.W. Elwood. 1988. Acid-base status of streams in the
Eastern U.S.—results of EPA's National Stream Survey. Science
(submitted).
Sale, M.J., P.R. Kaufmann, H.I. Oager, O.M. Coe, K.A. Cougan, A.J. Kinney,
M.E. Mitch, and W.S. Overton. 1988. Chemical Characteristics Streams
in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States. Volume II:
Streams Sampled, Descriptive Statistics, and Compendium of Physical and
Chemical Data. EPA/600/3-88/021B. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D.C. (published).
Project Manager: Philip R. Kaufmann FTS 420-4666/4600.
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1988
Title: Biologically Relevant Chemistry (53)
Objective(s):
Determine changes in surface water chemical variables caused by acidic
deposition that may pose a threat to fisheries. Develop predictive model
of the effects of surface water acidity on fish.
Output Status:
Final draft report on fish community status as a function of water quality
in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (9/88). Delayed to 11/88 because
reviewers were approximately five weeks late returning their comments.
Activities:
The final draft report, "Fish community status a? 3 function of water
quality in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan" is being prepared. Reviewers
comments/modifications are being incorporated into the final draft.
Findings:
No new findings.
Project Manager: Robert F. Cusimano FTS 420-4666
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1988
Title: Effects of Acidic Deposition on Human Health (54)
Objective(s):
Estimate potential health effects attributed to toxic metal mobiliza-
tion/bioaccumulation due to acid deposition.
Output Status:
Review draft report on assessment of the potential effects of lake acidity
on bioaccumulation of mercury by fish in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan
(08/88). This report represents a cooperative research between the ERL-C
and the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI). As part of the
agreement, EPRI is responsible for creating a data base that contains the
mercury data. Because of delays in finalizing the data base with EPRI this
report has been delayed to 11/88.
Final draft report on assessment of the potential effects of lake acidity on
bioaccumulation of mercury by fish in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan
(11/88). Delayed to 2/89 (same reason as above).
Activities:
Mercury data was sent to ERL-C from Tetra Tech. ERL-C has reformatted the
data into a SAS data set and sent a combined Fish/Mercury data set to
Kilkelly. Joan Baker (Kilkelly) will coordinate the preparation of the
draft report entitled "Assessment of the potential effects of lake acidity
on bioaccumulation of mercury by fish in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan".
Findings:
No new findings.
Project Manager; Robert F. Cusimano FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1988
Title: Watershed Manipulation Project (55)
Objective(s):
Investigate and quantify the relationships between the watershed processes
influencing the acidity of surface waters, and the impact that acidic
deposition has on them. Critically evaluate the models used in the Direct/
Delayed Response Project and the predictions/classifications derived from
the project. Provide mechanistic data to refine/revise those models as
necessary.
Output Status:
Final Report of DDRP model sensitivity and uncertainty analysis (11/88). On
schedule
Progress report on the Watershed Manipulation Project (WMP) (12/88). On
schedule.
Journal article on residence time of soil water on a hill si ope (12/88). On
schedule.
Activities:
Provisions have been made to sample and characterize soils from "bench-
mark" pedons at Bear Brook. Characterization will include soil chemical
analyses that are pertinent to DDRP model input requirements, and will
follow methodologies as closely as possible to the DDRP surveys and ongoing
WMP efforts. Funds have also been made available to estimate vegetative
cover (percent conifer versus hardwood) on the Bear Brook catchments using
LANDSAT imagery.
Seismic refraction investigations of the Bear Brook catchments have been
completed by the SUNY-Plattsburgh team. Solum depths to bedrock were
determined at a total of 47 points. Results indicate that depths are
relatively shallow, ranging from 1.3 to 5.2 meters. Depth to bedrock maps
are now being drafted at ERL-C.
Sprinkler-applied acid treatments began mid-July on the eighteen external
experimental plots at Bear Brook. Successful field testing earlier in July
yielded targeted-coefficients of uniformity ranging from 60% to 80% (60% to
80% of the area receives the mean application). Irrigations are occurring
weekly and will continue through October.
Lysimeter solutions are being collected as planned from the external plots,
with appropriate samples being sent to tasks for analysis. One modification
has been made to the sampling protocol: only one of the monthly collections
of soil water from tension lysimeters will be kept at the Maine lab for
chemical analyses, the other collections will be sent to the tasks for
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analyses. Zero-tension lysimeter samples are being collected and analyzed
on a bi-weekly schedule.
Acid irrigations have also begun on the six mineral weathering plots at
Bear Brook. For the first two weeks of treatment lysimeters were sampled
three times per week and analyzed separately for an estimate of spatial and
short-term temporal variability. Treatments are now being applied weekly
with soil solutions sampled monthly.
Catchment-level activity returned to a full swing this field season. The
USGS has restored areas adjacent to the weirs that were disturbed during
construction. The ninth (and final) catchment reference plot was estab-
lished in West Bear. Installation of the throughfall collectors on all
external and catchment reference plots was completed, with sampling of
throughfall and lysimeter solutions occurring bi-weekly. Stemflow plots
were established adjacent to the southwest corner of all reference plots.
Litterfall traps were installed in all internal plots (four per plot).
Deposition inputs to Bear Brook are now being measured more intensively.
The dry deposition station has been completed by EPA-RTP contractors with
weekly sampling of filter packs progressing as planned. A third Aero-
chemetric sampler is now operational at the weir site on East Bear.
Abstract Presentations:
Ohamala, B.R., M.J. Mitchell and A.C. Stam. 1988. Characteristics of
sulfur dynamics using >"s in soil from two northern hardwood forest
ecosystems. Ecological Society of America Meetings, Davis, CA, August
1988.
Stam, A.C., H.R. Krouse, M.J. Mitchell, S.C. Nodvin, M.B. David and R.D.
Fuller. Distribution and dynamics of stable sulfur isotopes in a
northern hardwood watershed. Ecological Society of America Meetings,
Davis, CA, August 1988.
Findings:
Characterization of stable sulfur isotopes in the WMP bulk soils (0 and B)
and in the upper two cm of the B horizon from the external plots suggests
that there Is no significant mineral source of sulfate at Bear Brook. The
Sulfur Task group did not find isotopic signatures characteristic of soils
associated with shales in which sulfur containing minerals (biogenic
pyrites) are abundant. A lack of internal (mineral) sources of sulfate
allows for greater confidence In sulfur budget calculations.
Results from analyses of solid phase carbon pools by the Organic Acids Task
group indicate that the humic fraction comprises approximately 75% of the
carbon in the 0 horizon, with fulvic acids increasing with depth. In the
lower B horizon, fulvic acids dominate. These fractions may be most
sensitive to acidic inputs.
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Publications:
David, M.B. and G.F. Vance. 1988. Generation of soil acid neutralization
capacity by addition of dissolved inorganic carbon. Environmental
Science and Technology (submitted).
Project Manager: P.J. Wigington, Jr. FTS 420-4666
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1988
Title: Long-Term Monitoring/TIME (56)
Objective(s):
Determine future trends in surface water quality relative to the effects of
current or changing levels of acidic deposition at regional or national
scales to provide information necessary for regulatory decisions and to
verify predictive models of acidification or recovery.
Output Status:
Peer reviewed TIME Research Plan
Delayed to 8/90 due to decreases in funding levels for the TIME project
Peer reviewed Site Selection Plan
Delayed to 8/90 due to decreases in funding levels for the TIME project
Activities:
All LTM labs have been added to the LRTAP interlaboratory comparison
studies and the first round of results has been received.
All the LTM standardized data bases for lakes have been constructed for
data through 1987, and validation is in process.
The initial TIME QA Plan has been received from Las Vegas. This plan is of
necessity quite general, as several critical aspects of the TIME design have
not yet been finalized.
The final report on "Detecting Trends in TIME Data Series" has been
received. This document uses Monte Carlo simulations to compare the
usefulness of seven trend detection techniques on univariate time series
data.
Trend tests identified as being of particular interest have been set up in-
house, and are beginning to be applied to individual data sets of interest.
The eight background papers prepared for the joint U.S./Canadian Bio-
monitoring Workshop have been submitted to Water, Air, and Soil Pollution.
WASP has expressed an interest in published condensed versions of these
papers as a special issue.
The draft report of the U.S./Canadian Biomonitoring Workshop is complete and
1s being circulated to participants for comments. The final report will be
Issued after participants comments have been incorporated.
Work has begun on a paper on Nevins Lake, MI, an LTM seepage lake that has
lost about 180 peq/1 ANC over the past five years.
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Findings:
Based on the summer 1988 LRTAP round robin, all LTM labs are performing
within acceptable limits for core parameters.
The most powerful trend tests over the range of conditions studied
(patterns of seasonality, trend magnitude, etc.) are the Seasonal Kendall
and the analysis of covariance (ANOCOV) on ranks. The Seasonal Kendall
corrected for serial correlation is less powerful, but is the only test that
does not suffer from inflated significance levels in the presence of serial
correlation.
There are several useful and cost-effective biological response variables
that can be used both as early warning signals and to characterize chronic
aquatic effects of acidification or recovery. The response variables are
primarily species composition and information derived from this parameter
for phytoplankton, periphyton, zooplankton, benthic invertebrates, and fish.
Publications:
Ford, J. The Effects of Chemical Stress on Aquatic Species Composition and
Community Structure. In S. Levin et al. (ed). Ecotoxicoloov.
Springer-Verlag. In press.
Project Manager: Jesse Ford FTS 420-4666
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1988
Title: Direct/Delayed Response of Watersheds (57)
Objective(s):
Predict the long-term response of watersheds and surface waters to acidic
deposition. The Agency and Congress require information concerning rate of
acidification and its reversibility. It is not known whether aquatic
resources will deteriorate if emissions are held constant or decreased or
whether aquatic resources will improve. This work is necessary for informed
decision making concerning the timing and necessity for additional emission
controls.
A three-tiered approach is employed to classify watersheds. Level I
entails statistical analysis of watershed characteristics and water
chemistry and evaluated watershed and regional input-output elemental
budgets. Level II estimates single factor response times for watersheds
emphasizing key properties (e.g., sulfate adsorption capacity, base
saturation, and indices of soil-water contact). Level III uses dynamic
system wodels to integrate important processes and predicts changes in
watershed properties and surface water chemistry. A soil survey is an
important aspect of the approach in that it provides data for Level I, II,
and III analyses.
Output Status:
Review draft report on regional rates of surface water acidification
(12/88). Some difficulties will likely occur in completing Level III
analyses with one of the three watershed models, otherwise, on schedule.
Final report on regional rates of surface water acidification (03/89), on
schedule.
Activities:
Validation of the watershed and soils database for the S6RP U.S. has been
completed. This database is planned for release at the time of publication
of the DDRP report (03/89). Level I, II and III analyses with these data
are underway at ERL-C and by extramural cooperators.
Mapping is complete on 45 additional NE watersheds for study as well as on
35 watersheds for study in the mountainous Mid-Appalachian region. Map
units have been correlated, sample sites selected and sampling is underway.
In review:
Wolock, D.M., G.M. Hornberger, K.J. Beven, and W.G. Campbell. Topographic
and edaphic control of residence times and flow paths: A regional
analysis of hydrochemical catchment response. Water Resources
Research.
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Findings:
Using two independent procedures, we estimated relative contributions of
in-lake alkalinity generation to total basin alkalinity budgets for
drainage lakes in selected regions of the eastern United States. Pro-
jections from the two methods are comparable, and show that for most
drainage lakes in northeastern U.S., Southern Blue Ridge Province, and Upper
Midwest, in-lake alkalinity generation is a minor contributor to net basin
alkalinity production, contributing £ 7% of total net basin alkalinity
production in typical watersheds in any of the regions. The close agreement
between the two procedures lends support to the use of watershed area to
lake area ratio as a convenient estimator of relative alkalinity sources,
requiring only map-derived parameters. Regional assessments of current or
future effects of acidic deposition on surface water chemistry in the
northeastern U.S. and the Southern Blue Ridge Province, or in other areas
dominated by drainage lakes with high watershed to lake area ratios, would
not appear to be seriously compromised by use of models limited to consider-
ation of terrestrial processes. In areas such as the Upper Midwest that are
characterized by high proportions of seepage lakes, or for lakes with long
hydrologic residence times, in-lake processes and hydraulic influences must
be considered.
In cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) we conducted an
analysis to quantify the uncertainty associated with interpolating runoff
to specific sites using a runoff contour map. We interpolated runoff to
100 gaged watersheds from a runoff contour map using: (1) hand interpolation
to the watershed outlet, (2) a computer interpolation to the watershed
outlet, and (3) hand interpolation to the watershed centroid. We then
compared the interpolated values to the actual gaged values. We found that
there was a bias in the average interpolated value for runoff estimated at
basin outlets with interpolated values being less than the actual. We found
no significant difference between the hand interpolation method and the
computer interpolation method except that the computer method tended to have
higher variability due to factors inherent to the software used. There were
no strong spatial correlations or regional patterns in the runoff interpola-
tions, indicating that there are no regional biases introduced in the
development of the contour map. We determined that we could estimate
runoff, on the average, within approximately 8.9 cm (3.5 in; 15.0%) of the
measured value using the three methods. The results of this work indicate
that runoff contour maps can be used in regional studies to estimate runoff
to ungaged systems with quantifiable uncertainty.
Publications:
Campbell, W.G. and M.R. Church. EPA uses GIS to study lake and stream
acidification. Federal Digital Cartography Newsletter (in press).
Krug, W.R., W.A. Gebert, D.J. Craczyk, D.L. Stevens, B.P. Rochelle, and M.R.
Church. Runoff maps for the Northeastern, Southeastern and Mid-
Atlantic United States for 1951-1980. U.S. Geological Survey water
Resources Investigation Report 88-4094 (in press).
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Rochelle, B.P., D.L. Stevens, Or. and M.R. Church. Uncertainty analysis of
runoff estimates from a runoff contour map. Water Resources Bulletin,
(in press).
Shaffer, P.W. and M.R. Church. Terrestrial and in-lake contributions to
the alkalinity budgets of drainage lakes: An assessment of regional
differences. Can. J. Fish & Aquat. Sci. (in press).
Shaffer, P.W., R.P. Hooper, K.N. Eshleman and M.R. Church. Watershed vs.
in-lake alkalinity generation: A comparison of rates using input-
output studies. Water, Air and Soil Pollut. (in press).
Project Manager: M. Robbins Church FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1988
Title: Episodic Response Project (58)
Objective(s):
Phase I:
Determine the magnitude, duration, frequency and characteristics of
episodic chemical changes that accompany hydrologic events (both snowmelt
and rainstorms) in streams. Evaluate the effects of episodic acidification
on fish populations in streams. Define key characteristics of episodes that
determine the severity of effects on fish populations. Develop and
calibrate regional models of episodic chemistry that link atmospheric
deposition to biologically relevant chemistry during episodes.
Phase II:
Evaluate and test the assumptions and predictive capability of regional
models of biologically relevant episodic chemistry. Estimate the number and
proportion of surface waters in specific regions that are likely to expe-
rience biologically relevant acidic episodes. Improve regional estimates of
the effects of acidic deposition on fish populations through consideration
of episodic chemical changes.
Output Status:
Interim report on episodic and chronic response to acidic manipulations
(8/89). On schedule.
Interim report on magnitude, duration, and frequency of episodes (12/89).
On schedule.
Activities:
The new project leader (P.J. Wigington Jr.) and the new statistician/
modeler (M.K. McDowell) visited the Episodic Response Project (ERP)
research sites during August and September. The new database manager (Ming
Hu) has also joined the ERL-C staff. The Adirondack Lake Survey Corp.
(ALSC) subcontract is In place and the hiring of staff is complete with the
exception of a chemist. A major effort is underway by the ALSC to complete
installation of the monitoring equipment at all sites before fall. Four
streams have been selected in the Adirondacks; a fifth (Minnow Brook) is
being investigated as a possible site. The development of the ERP data
entry and verification system (ERP-EVS) is nearing completion. The data
entry and data display options are installed at the cooperator's sites and
at ERL-C. Each of the cooperators has been trained in the use of the data
entry system and the field data forms. Updates and bug fixes will be
periodically mailed out to the cooperators and to ERL-C. Data collection
using the CR-10 data loggers is not proceeding smoothly. Some of the data
loggers have been pulled from the sites and the data logger programs are
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being debugged. Data can still be collected by hand and on analog
instruments with strip charts.
The lysimeter locations for the Regional Episodic and Acid Manipulation
(REAM) project control and manipulation watersheds have been identified and
installation is complete. Bench-mark pedon soil samples have been prepared
for chemical and mineralogical analyses. Dr. Ivan Fernandez' lab at the
University of Maine will be performing the analyses. The request to delay
acidification of watershed 3 has been granted until Jan. 1989. Actual
application of ammonium sulfate will occur when the weather permits.
Findings:
A two-box mixing model, with regional chemistry and deposition data from
Adirondack lakes, was used to predict acidification of surface waters. The
model indicates that acidic episodes are an important phenomenon and when
episodes are taken into account, the total proportion of acidic stream
reaches can be much higher in the spring then in the fall (Eshleman, 1988).
Publications:
Eshleman, K.N. 1988. Predicting regional episodic acidification of surface
waters using empirical models. Water Resources Research 24(7):1118-
1126.
Project Manager: P. J. Wigington Jr. FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1988
Title: Synthesis and Integration of Aquatic Effects Research (59)
Objective(s):
Provide comprehensive and integrated information germane to understanding
the current and future effects of acidic deposition on surface waters.
Output Status:
None this reporting period.
Activities:
Second draft versions of Regional Case Studies (RCS) project book chapters
were completed, and five have been sent for external review.
Most statistical analyses, maps, and draft figures are completed.
Formal agreement was reached with RCS book publisher and signed.
Held Meeting of authors of RCS book integration chapters, in July in
Corvallis.
Aquatic Effects Research Program (AERP) staff participated in a NAPAP
workshop and developed the state-of-science outlines and assessment
materials for the 1990 report.
A meeting of the NAPAP Aquatics Task Group VI was held at NAPAP to further
the planning and coordination among the agency representatives. Responsi-
bilities for two state of science reports were assigned to Department of
Energy (Watershed processes) and Department of Interior/U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service (Surface Water Mitigation).
AERP and support staff worked with NAPAP staff to respond to comments on the
Draft Plan and produce the revised plan for Agency review. Frequent
communication with NAPAP staff continues to facilitate the resolution of
issues on scope, Integration, and scheduling for NAPAP 1990 planning. A
peer review and NAPAP Task Group VI meeting was held in Herndon, VA, to
review the proposed NAPAP State of Science Reports. The meeting focused on
the peer review of three reports: Biological Effects, Historical Changes
and Forecasts in non-DDRP regions.
Findings:
No major findings to report.
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Publications:
D.F. Charles, R.W. Battarbee, I. Renberg, H. van Dam and J.P. Smol. Paleo-
ecological analysis of lake acidification trends in North America and
Europe using diatoms and chrysophytes. Chapter for Volume 2 of Acid
Precipitation, part of "Advances in Environmental Sciences" series,
published by Springer-Verlag. (in press).
T.J. Sullivan, C.T. Driscoll, R.B. Cook, S.A. Gherini, D.F. Charles. The
influence of organic acid anions and aqueous aluminum on measurements
of acid neutralizing capacity 1n surface waters. Nature, (submitted)
Project Manager: Donald F. Charles FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corval1 is
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1988
Title: Synthesis and Integration of Acid Rain Research (63)
Objectives:
Provide leadership and scientific support in the large scale synthesis and
integration of forest research activities by quantifying the effects of acid
rain on the health and productivity of forests.
Output Status:
Report on the rationale and initial design for forest health monitoring.
(08/88). Completed.
Activities:
The research plan for Long-Term Monitoring was peer reviewed in July. A
report was completed 8/88.
A briefing was given to the Forest Response Program Federal Management
Group in Denver 09/88 on the status of Major Program Outputs and on the
plan for the forest effects contribution to the 1990 NAPAP Assessment.
Staff participated in a foliar processes workshop in Raleigh, NC, which has
helped to provide additional information they'll use in modelling in Major
Program Outputs #4 and 5, and the 1990 Assessment. A report on the workshop
will be developed next quarter.
Staff met with National Program Management and Research Cooperative
Directors from the Forest Response Program at Pack Forest, Washington to
discuss FRP outputs, and identify research needs for the outputs. Staff are
receiving data as requested for outputs.
Findings:
The simulator model for branch growth and export of photosynthate was
developed to help project the effect of alternative acid deposition
scenarios on trees and forests. This model simulates the growth and
development of a single branch of a tree. Its primary output is the amount
of photosynthate exported to the trunk of the tree as a function of age and
time of year. This is an important measure of the functioning of a healthy
tree. Runs of the Model show that there 1s an optimum balance of exported
photosynthate that is left after growth for foliage and wood for structural
support. This 1s optimal when total exported photosynthate over time is
maximized.
Publications:
Riitters, K.H. 1988. Rationale and initial design for forest
health monitoring. Internal report.
Project Manager: A. Ross Kiester FTS 420-4636/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1988
Title: Quality Assurance (OA) Forest Response Program (64)
Objectives:
Assure that research data produced within NAPAP's Forest Response
Program (FRP) are of known and documented quality. The data will be
used: 1) for integration of research results on the effects of acid
deposition on forested ecosystems; and 2) to answer policy questions
posed by EPA management.
Output Status:
Document on guidelines for collecting and reporting QC data (09/88).
Delayed; out for review.
Internal Report: Semi-annual report to Deputy National Manager-
Research (08/88). Completed.
Revised Data Quality Objectives Document (06/88). Delayed to 11/88 to
allow for the collection of necessary information for the revision.
Activities:
The QA Specialist for the Spruce-fir Research Cooperative in FRP, Susan
Medlarz, has left to take an assignment in the management of the
Southern Commercial Forest Research Cooperative. Action has begun to
recruit a replacement by November 1988.
The QA staff has constructed two zero ozone air sources used with
thermo electron (TECO) 49PS ozone equipment monitors for FRP equipment
audits. However, purchasing delays have prevented receipt of the TECO
instruments until late September. Meanwhile, the audits requiring this
equipment have been conducted with equipment borrowed from EMSL-RTP.
For foliar sample exchanges, the QA staff collected, processed and
arranged ten samples for standard elemental analyses at Galbraith
Laboratories. The foliar samples represent loblolly pine, red spruce,
Douglas-fir and sugar maple. Subsamples and the results from standard
analysis will be supplied to analytical laboratories supporting FRP
research.
John Bailey presented a paper entitled "Implementation of the European
and North American Crown Damage Classification System" in July, 1988.
This was a series of three presentations to Pilot Survey crews of the
National Vegetation Survey.
LIBRARY
"J.S. Environmental Protection Agertcy
xvallis Environmental Research Lab
-31- 200 S.W. 35th Street
Corv3lik Orenon 57338
-------
Findings:
The QA staff completed 16 systems audits and their respective reports.
All sites were found to be in compliance with FRP requirements with
only minor exceptions.
Due to a problem encountered with contracting equipment audits in 1987,
the FRP QA staff has undertaken the equipment audits in 1988. Equip-
ment audits were conducted for ten research projects during the July-
September period; no major problems were detected.
The method testing study on chemical analysis of field-moist versus
air-dry forest soil samples has shown that there are consistent
significant differences in pH determinations and exchangeable bases.
This may be very important in comparing and combining data from the two
methods. Correction factors will be developed for use in the FRP.
Publications:
Adriano, D.C., D.l. Kaplan, W.G. Burkman, 6.L. Hills. 1988. "Long-
term phytoavailability of soil-applied organo-borates". jL.
Environ. Qua!. 17:485-492.
Forest Response Program QA Staff. 1988. Proceedings of the National
Workshop on QA in Ecological Research. Denver, CO. March 1988.
Robarge, W.P. and J.D. Bailey. 1988. Chemical Analyses of Field-Moist
vs. Air-Dry Forest Soil Samples. Abstract for and presentation
at the Rocky Mountain Conference. August 1-3, 1988.
Project Manager: Jack Winjum FTS 420-4324/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvall is
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1988
Title: Effects of Atmospheric Deposition on the Condition of Forests in the
Western U.S. (65)
Objectives:
Evaluate the current and future responses of western coniferous forests to
atmospheric deposition. The Western Conifers Research Cooperative efforts
toward this goal are part of the national Forest Response Program.
Output Status:
None this reporting period.
Activities:
Participated in meeting with Corvallis Acid Rain Team and National
Program Management Group at Pack Forest, Washington to discuss Forest
Response Program outputs, identify research needs for the outputs, and
present anticipated budgets.
Coop Manager assumed responsibilities for developing and implementing a
forest monitoring plan as part of the Environmental Monitoring Assess-
ment Program (EMAP) and attended a Forest Service forest monitoring
workshop in Harpers Ferry, VA, which will contribute to the EMAP
planning effort.
Staff presented a seminar, "A strategy for the simulation of effects of
atmospheric pollutants on western conifers."
Initiated a California case study on current and potential effects of
air pollution on California mixed conifer forests as part of the NAPAP
Assessment.
Completed the study of growth trends in the mined conifer forest of the
Sierra Nevada.
Staff organized and attended a workshop on modeling response of foliar
processes to air pollution.
Findings:
Investigators found no evidence of recent large scale regional growth
reduction In ponderosa pine in the Sierra Nevada. Some sites in the
southern Sierra Nevada showed recent reduced growth and visible ozone
injury, suggesting that ozone may be affecting some areas.
A study of regional growth trends of western conifers in central and
southern Arizona was completed. Ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir in the
southern Basin and Range area (elevated sulfur and ozone levels) showed
widespread growth declines since 1961. Stands in the less polluted
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Mogollon rim generally showed no decline. Desert Research Institute
cloud - S04 and N03 deposition during summer was of the same magnitude
as that from precipitation, and greater than that from dry deposition.
On average, the cloud samples from the Rockies were 10 times less
acidic than values reported for the northeastern US, Denver, and
western Washington, and 100 times less acidic than recorded in
southern California. However, a few of the cloud events sampled
during the study period showed similar pH values to those for the
northeastern US, Denver, and western Washington, indicating that
severe events can also occur. It has been concluded from this that
accurate estimates of acid deposition to high elevation forests in the
west cannot be achieved without determining the contribution from cloud
deposition.
University of Washington cloud study of cloud acidity at high eleva-
tions in the Cascades is consistently below a pH of 3.5. To date, the
pH has not dropped below 3.0. Sites upwind of the Seattle - Tacoma
urban and industrial complex record pH values above 4.5.
Publications:
Peterson, D.L. and H.J. Arbaugh. Growth trends in oxidant-stressed
forests of the Sierra Nevada. 81st Air Pollution Control
Association Annual Meeting, June 19-24, Dallas, TX. Journal fii
Air Pollution Control Association (submitted).
Schaefer, D.A., W.A. Reiners, and R.K. Olson. 1988. Factors
controlling the chemical alteration of throughfall in a subalpine
balsam fir canopy. Environmental and Experimental Botanv.
28(3):175-189.
Project Manager: Richard K. Olson FTS 420-4355
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1988
Title: Effects of Atmospheric Deposition on Spruce-Fir Forests (66)
Objectives:
Determine the effects of acidic deposition and associated pollutants on
spruce-fir forests. Includes investigations of the current reports of
spruce decline at high elevations and investigations of potential
mechanisms of pollutant effect.
Output Status:
None.
Activities:
Participated in meeting with Corvallis Forest Team and National
Program Management Group at Pack Forest, Washington, to discuss Forest
Response Program outputs, and identify research needs for the outputs.
Supplied National Program Management with projected FY89 budget.
fierry Hertel is no longer Spruce-Fir Coop Manager. Chris Eagar has
assumed Hertel's duties in the capacity of Spruce-Fir Program
Coordinator.
Program Coordinator attended Electric Power Research Institute (EPR1)
Response of Plants to Integrated Stress review in Ithaca, NY. The
Spruce-Fir Coop is involved with Boyce Thompson Institute in EPRI's
Integrated Forest Study (IFS) program.
Program Coordinator and some investigators attended the Raleigh, NC
workshop on modeling response of foliar processes to air pollution.
Findings:
Cloudwater accounts for about 50% of the sulfate deposition to
mountain summits in the Appalachians of the eastern U.S. Ozone didn't
have an effect on growth or physiology of water-stressed and unstressed
Fraser fir.
Exposure of red spruce seedlings to acid mist containing equimolar
amounts of sulfate and nitrate exhibited a delay in frost hardening
during the autumn.
Exposure of red spruce seedlings to N0£ induced foliar nitrate
reductase activity. Thus red spruce appears to be able to metabolize
nitrogen deposited to forest canopies.
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Publications:
Andersen, C.P., S.B. McLaughlin. 1988. Seasonal changes in water
relations of Picea rubens at two high elevation sites. Tree
Physiology. August 1988 (submitted).
Bondietti, E.A., S.B. McLaughlin, C.F. Baes. 1988. The potential of
trees to record aluminum mobilization and changes in alkaline
earth availability. In Proceedings of a National Research
Council Symposium: Biomarkers of Air Pollution Effects on
Forests. Little Switzerland, NC. April 23-28, 1988 (in press).
Bondietti, E.A., S.B. McLaughlin, C.F. Baes. Radial trends in cation
ratios 1n tree rings as indicators of the impact of atmospheric
deposition on forests. Canadian Journal q£ Forestry. September
1988 (submitted).
Cape, J.N., L.J. Sheppard, I.D. Leith, M.B. Murray, J.D. Deans, and D.
Fowler. 1988. The effect of acid mist on the frost hardiness of
red spruce seedlings. Aspects of Applied Biology. Vol. 17.
DeHayes, D.H., M.A. Ingle, C.E. Waite. Nitrogen fertilizer enhances
cold tolerance of red spruce seedlings. Canadian Journal Forest
Resources (submitted).
Dull, C.W., J.D. Ward, H.D. Brown, G.W. Ryan, W.H. Clerke, and R.J.
Uhler. 1988. Evaluation of red spruce and fir mortality in the
southern Appalachian mountains. USDA Forest Service Technical
Report; Southern Station (in press).
Johnson, A.H. 1988. Decline of red spruce in the northern Appalachians:
Determining 1f air pollution is an important factor. In proceedings of
the Conference on Markers of Air Pollution Exposure in Trees. National
Academy of Science. April 25-28, 1988 (in press).
Johnson, A.H., E.R. Cook, T.G. Siccama. 1988. Relationships between
climate and red spruce growth and decline in the northern
Appalachians. In proceedings of National Academy of Science.
Kraske, C.R., I.J. Fernandez, C.J. Spencer. 1988. A comparison of
methods for measuring extractable Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn, Al, Fe, and
P from New England forest soils. Comrnun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal.
1988 (submitted).
Kraske, C.R., I.J. Fernandez. 1988. Conifer seedling growth response
to soil type and selected nitrogen availability indices. Soil
Science Society American Journal, (submitted).
Laurence, J.A., R.J. Kohut, R.G. Amundson. 1988. Response of red spruce
seedlings exposed to ozone and simulated acidic precipitation 1n the
field. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,
(submitted).
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McLaughlin, S.B. 1988. Carbon allocation as an indicator of pollutant
impacts on forest trees. In M. Cannell and D. Lavender, eds.
Proc. IUFRO Symposium Plant Growth in a Changing Chemical and
Physical Environment. Vancouver, B.C. (in press).
McLaughlin S.B. 1988. Whole tree physiology and forest responses to
air pollutants. In Proc. Commission of European Communities
Workshop Interrelationships Between Above Ground Influences of
Air Pollutants on Forest Trees. Gennep, the Netherlands. (in
press).
McLaughlin, S.B. 1988. Carbon allocation processes as indicators of
air pollution effects on forests. In Proceedings of a National
Research Council Symposium: Biomarkers of Air Pollution Effects
on Forests. Little Switzerland, NC. April 23-28, 1988 (in
press).
Mueller, S.F. and F.P. Weatherford. 1988. Chemical deposition to a
high elevation red spruce forest. Water. Air, aoi Soil
Pollution. 38:345-363.
Norby, R.J. 1988. Foliar nitrate reductase activity: A marker for
assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen oxides. In proceedings of a
National Research Council Symposium: Biomarkers of Air Pollution
Effects on Forests. Little Switzerland, NC. April 23-28, 1988
(in press).
Norby, R.J., Y. Weerasuriya, P.J. Hanson. 1988. Induction of nitrate
reductase activity in red spruce needles by N02 and HN03 vapor.
Canadian jL Forest Research. August 1988 (submitted).
Pyle, C. and M.P. Schafale. 1988. Land use history of three spruce-
fir forest sites in Southern Appalachia. Journal of Forest
History. 32(1):4-21.
Reisinger, L.M., K.J. Olszyna, T.L. Hetrick. 1988. Comparison of
enhanced and routine methods for measuring ambient low-level
sulfur dioxide. Journal of. Uifi Ajx Pollution Control
Association. (submitted).
Sheppard, L.J., R.I. Smith, M.G.R. Cannell. 1988. Frost hardiness of
Picea rubens growing in spruce decline regions of the
Appalachians. Tree Physiology, (submitted).
Solomon, D.S. and T.D. Droessler. 1988. Bole growth and foliage production
1n response to environmental stress. In Forest 6rowth: Process
Modeling of Environmental Stress Meeting. Gulf Shores, AL. April 19-
22, 1988 (In press).
Solomon, D.S. and R.A. Hosmer. 1988. A growth and yield model (FIBER) for
multiple species stands within different forest types. Presented at
the IUFRO Forest Growth Modelling and Prediction Conference.
Minneapolis, MN. August 24-28, 1987 (in press).
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Strader, R.H., D. Binkley, C.G. Wells. 1988. Nitrogen mineralization in
high elevation forests of the Appalachians. I. Regional patterns in
southern spruce-fir forests; II. Patterns with stand development in
fir waves. BioQeochemistrv (in press).
Tseng, E.C., J.R. Seiler, and B.I. Chevone. 1988. Effects of ozone and
water stress on greenhouse-grown Fraser fir seedling growth and
physiology. Environmental and Experimental Botanv. 28(1):37-41.
Valente, R.J., R.K.A.M. Mallant, S.E. McLaren, R.S. Schemenauer, R.E.
Stogner. 1988. Field Intercomparison of ground based cloud physics
instruments at Whitetop Mountain, Virginia. Journal Atmospheric
and Oceanic Technology. (submitted).
Project Manager: Roger L. Blair FTS 420-4662
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1988
Title: Effects of Acid Deposition on Southern Commercial Forests (67)
Objectives:
Determine the effects of acidic deposition and associated air pollutants on
southern cononercial forests. Includes investigations of the current reports
of growth decline in several southern pines and investigations of potential
mechanisms of pollutant effects.
Output Status:
Report on comparative sensitivity, mechanisms, and whole plant physio-
logical implications of responses of loblolly pine genotypes to ozone
and acid deposition (Technical Summary Report for SC04) (12/B8)
Completed.
Activities:
All of the Intensive Research Sites are now fully operational. In
Alabama and Texas, simulated acid rain treatments began in mid-July
(ozone fumigations began earlier). The acid rain and ozone treatments
began in August at the sites in Florida and South Carolina. At all
sites, growth data are being collected on the trees. This includes
monthly measurements of height and diameters, photosynthesis mea-
surements, and harvesting of certain trees for nutrient and physio-
logical studies.
Collection of physiological data (photosynthesis, respiration, stomatal
conductance, and xylem water potential) began at the mature tree-branch
fumigation study field site in Athens, Georgia. Also, a procedure to
collect carbon exchange data on all treatment branches of a subject
tree over the course of a 24-hour day has been designed, tested, and is
in use.
Findings:
The diameter growth of the trees in phase 1 of the North Carolina
Intensive Field Study is showing a significant
-------
and reduced (19%) by rain at pH 3.3. At increasing ozone concentrations,
rainfall acidity effects were reduced by an apparent antagonism between the
two pollutants.
Seedlings were more sensitive to ozone under field conditions than when
exposed in Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor chambers in the labora-
tory. The chronic nature of field exposures and the absence of a
clean air respite under field conditions are seen as principal factors
contributing to the greater sensitivity.
Relative sensitivity among families to ozone was similar in field and
laboratory studies.
Growth reduction in response to ozone was typically accompanied by
reduced net photosynthesis, reduced translocation of assimilates from
shoots to roots, reduced biomass and starch of coarse roots, and
reduced mycorrhizae infection. In general, physiological indicators
were useful in providing a mechanistic basis for observed growth
effects, but actual levels of growth reduction were not typically
predicted by these status variables.
Publications:
Kress, L.W., H.L. Allen, J.E. Mudano, and W.W. Heck. 1988. Response of
loblolly pine to acidic precipitation and ozone. Presented at the 81st
Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association. New York,
NY. June 21-26, 1987. Paper no. 88-70.5. 11 pp.
McLaughlin, S.B., M.E. Adams, N.T. Edwards, P.A. Hanson, P.A. Layton, E.G.
O'Neill, and W.K. Roy. 1988. Comparative Sensitivity, Mechanisms,
and Whole Plant Physiological Implications of Responses of Loblolly
Pine Genotypes to Ozone and Acid Deposition. ORNL Technical Report
ORNL TM-10777 (in press).
Peet, R.K. and N.L. Christensen. 1988. Competition and tree death.
Bioscience 37:586-595.
Reinert, R.A., M.M. Schoeneberger, S.R. Shafer, G. Eason, S.J. Horton, and
C.G. Wells. 1988. Responses of loblolly pine half-sib families to
ozone. Presented at the 81st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association. New York, NY. June 21-26, 1987. Paper no.
88-125.2. 14 pp.
Richardson, C.J., T.W. Sasek, D.E. Keen, E.A. Fendick, and R.T. DiGiulio.
1988. Effects of gaseous pollutants and acid deposition on open-top
chambered loblolly pine seedlings. Annual Report to the SCFRC
(submitted).
Richardson, C.J. and T.W. Sasek. 1988. The use of physiological and
biochemical markers for assessing air pollution stress in trees.
[Abstract] First Symposium on Use of Plants for Toxicity Assessment
(submitted)
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Richardson, C.O. and T.W. Sasek. 1988. Effects of chronic doses of
ozone on loblolly pine: photosynthetic characteristics in the
third growing season. Forest Science (submitted).
Project Manager: Roger L. Blair FTS 420-4662
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Pesticides
September 30, 1988
Title: Bioassay Development and GEM Studies Crops (36)
Objective(s):
Develop rationales and procedures for evaluating survival, reproduction,
potential for genetic exchange, fate, effects, and risks associated with
release of genetically engineered biological control agents.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Aerosol spray releases of nonrecombinant Pseudomonas svringae have been
conducted in both an enclosed aerobiology chamber and in the field. Target
bacteria suspended in the aerosol have been sampled at increasing distances
from the release point. Populations have been tracked to determine survival
over time, and populations compared with organisms that were not subjected
to spray release. In addition, droplet sizes at specific distances are
being monitored for comparison with survival and aerosol dispersion.
Gram negative vegetative bacterial cells and spores of fi. subtil us were
released in an enclosed aerobiology chamber and sampled at increasing
distances downwind from the spray site. Total populations of vegetative
cells recovered from the aerosol are being compared with populations of
spores released at the same time. Decreases in spore populations are due
to dilution. Decreases in vegetative cells in excess of spore populations
are attributable to death of the gram negative test microorganism.
The following cooperative agreements have been recommended for funding:
Lindow, IC-Berkeley, "Importance of Mode of Inoculum Application and
Adaptive Characteristics of GEMs on Their Survival and Dispersal
Potential."
Fitt, McCartney, Rothamsted Experimental Station, "Assessment of the
Potential for Dispersal of Genetically Manipulated Bacteria by Wind
and Rain."
Wickman, Oregon State University, "Methods for Estimating Impingement
of Airborne GEMs on Plant Surfaces."
Experiments have been perforaed to examine several factors affecting
bacterial survival on plants. These include bacterial species, host
species, host age, and qualitative and quantitative differences in leaf
wetness. Oats and snap beans were subjected to four leaf-wetness regimes
including: (1) continuous 24 hr wetness, (2) continuous 8 hr wetness
between the hours of 12 p.m. and 8 a.m. (simulating dew), (3) conditions
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described under 2 plus a rain event at 12 a.m., and (4) continuously dry
conditions.
Estimates have been made on survival of two of these bacterial species
applied to leaf surfaces in the field.
Dr. Mike Walter served on a subcommittee of the Science Advisory Board in
Washington, D.C., 1n July. In August, he gave a presentation at the
University of California-Davis entitled "Goals and Accomplishments of the
Corvallis Biotechnology Program." He then left for Berkeley, California,
in September to do experimental collaboration with Dr. Steve Lindow.
Findings:
Preliminary findings indicate that vegetative cells at 3 m beyond the
source of the spray exhibit significant die-off. There are indications
that the rate of death is a distance-related phenomenon and may also be
related to droplet size.
The major factor influencing the survival of bacteria is the host plant
species. Slopes of regression lines representing the log cfu/g bacteria on
leaf surfaces over time were much lower for beans than oats. Microcosm
studies reported by Armstrong al. indicated that increased relative
humidity was a major influence controlling bacterial survival. The present
work was able to demonstrate only minor differences among leaf wetness
treatments; no strong conclusions could be drawn. Therefore, relative
humidity and leaf wetness cannot be considered to have equivalent effects on
bacterial survival in the phylloplane. We are presently involved in the
correlation of microcosm and greenhouse survival phenomena.
Publications:
Walter, M. 1988. Goals and accomplishments of Corvallis Biotechnology
Program. Proceedings of Conference on Risk Assessment in Agricultural
Biotechnology (in press).
Project Manager: Ramon J. Seidler FTS 420-4661
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Pesticides
September 30, 1988
Title: Field Validation for Hazard Assessment Techniques (37)
Objective(s):
Conduct field validation of an Office of Pesticide Programs assessment of
pesticide hazard to terrestrial nontarget organisms and provide toxicity
information on nontarget terrestrial organisms in response to requests from
OPP and the regions.
Output Status:
Use of avian nest boxes for reproductive tests in the field (02/89). On
schedule.
Activities:
Field work has been completed by principal investigators at Western
Washington University developing standardized methods for the use of
artificial nest boxes to measure chemical effects on avian reproduction.
Residue and cholinesterase assays have been completed. A set of guidelines
and a support document for conducting nest box studies is being prepared.
Field work has been completed by principal investigators at Oregon State
University developing radio-telemetry techniques for monitoring pesticide
exposure and effects using incubating California quail in the field.
Position location data are being analyzed to determine the effects of
methyl parathion applications on nest attentiveness and home range size and
location.
A research proposal to determine the population impacts of agricultural
chemicals on sage grouse in southeastern Idaho was reviewed and a revised
version of the proposal is being prepared. The proposal was submitted by
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and EG&G Associates, Idaho, and involves
a multi-year study to determine if the documented field kills of grouse in
this area represent a significant impact of the grouse population.
The indigenous population of red-winged blackbirds (redwings) at the ERL-C
ponds has been studied for the last two springs and summers to determine
their suitability as a research species involving reproductive behavior and
nesting success. Activities in 1988 included: determining survival of
females exposed to sublethal doses of methyl parathion the previous year,
determining reproductive success of previously treated females, and
collection data on population dynamics (I.e., annual turnover rates,
fecundity).
Findings:
Mallard ducklings were tested to determine how a 4 mg/kg dose of methyl
parathion (sublethal dose 1n lab tests) affected brood behavior. Half the
ducklings in four broods were dosed with methyl parathion and half with
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corn oil before being released into ponds with their mother. Four other
broods received only corn only. Treated broods spent most of the time on
land preening and loafing, while controls primarily fed and swam in open
water. Hens remained with their broods and kept all ducklings together
even when dosed young were too sick to move. Forty percent of dosed
ducklings died the first day, whereas no control ducklings died. The
results of this study indicate that methyl parathion can affect the brood-
rearing phase of reproduction by direct mortality and through behavioral
changes.
Although starlings had a much greater nest box occupancy rate when boxes
were placed on the periphery of the field than in the center, the effects
of nestling survival were greater at mid-field.
Methyl parathion appears to alter female incubation behavior but does not
seem to affect ability to successfully hatch a clutch. The redwing is an
excellent species for field studies involving reproduction and long term
effects extending beyond one season.
Publications:
Fairbrother, A., S.M. Meyers, and R.S. Bennett. 1988. Changes in mallard
hen and brood behaviors in response to methyl parathion-induced illness
of ducklings. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 7:499-503.
Fairbrother, A., R.S. Bennett, and J.K. Bennett. 1988. Sequential
sampling of plasma cholinesterase (ChE) in mallards (Anas
Dlatvrhvnchosl as an indicator of exposure to ChE-inhibitors.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (in press).
Fairbrother, A., and J.K. Bennett. 1988. The usefulness of cholinesterase
measurements. Journal qI Wildlife Disease 24:587-590.
Project Manager: Bill A. Williams FTS 420-4679
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corval1 is
Project Status Report—Pesticides
September 30, 1988
Title: Methods Development and Effects Measurement (38)
Objective:
Develop guidelines and test methods for evaluation of the effects of
microbiological pest control agents on nontarget, beneficial terrestrial
species.
Output Status:
Lab validation and test methods for exposure by oral and intravenous routes
to nontarget avian species (05/89). On schedule.
Lab validated test methods for effects of biological control agents on two
groups of nontarget arthropods (12/88). On schedule.
Activities:
Experiments to determine methods of intravenous and oral inoculation of
Metarhvzzium spp. of fungus into 10-day-old mallards and bobwhite quail and
appropriate observations for pathogenicity have been completed. Assays for
determination of antibody titers are being developed using enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay methodologies. Serum chemistry and data analyses remain
to be completed.
Planning has begun for intravenous and oral inoculation of quail and
mallards with Salmonella pullorum. a known avian pathogen. This will help
evaluate the procedures developed during the viral and fungal pathogenicity
experiments.
Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory has been awarded the contract to
develop methods for assessing pathogenicity of MPCAs in birds exposed by
the respiratory route. Work is scheduled to begin October 1, 1988.
Testing the interim protocol for Coleopteran 011a nigrum has begun.
Testing the protocol for the parasitic hymenopteran, Trichoqramma spp., has
been initiated.
An interim protocol titled "Interim Protocol for Assessing the Impact of
Microbial Pest Control Agents (MPCA) on Predatory Dipterans" has been
completed and is in the final revision process.
Tests to evaluate the effects of various Bacillus thuringiensis varieties
on biocontrol nematodes are being performed by George Poinar of the
Department of Entomology and Parasitology, UC-Berkeley.
Experts have been contacted who would prepare interim protocol for the
following insects: honey bees and forest litter layer insects. As
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termites are such important decomposers and nitrogen fixers, it is thought
termites should also be a group with an interim protocol.
A bioassay of &. £. using the cinnabar moth has been performed and the data
is being processed.
A cooperative agreement is being prepared with Brian Croft and Jeff Miller
(Oregon State University) on the mitigation of microbial pest control agents
applied to insects.
The following cooperative agreements or purchase orders have been recom-
mended for funding;
Linderman and Loper, USDA, "Development of Methodology to Evaluate the
Effect of Microbial Pesticides on Mycorrhizal Symbiosis."
Van Voris, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, "Respiratory
Exposure of Avian Wildlife to Airborne Microbial Pest Control Agents."
Miller, Oregon State University, "Development of an Interim Protocol
for Testing the Effects of Microbial Pathogens on Aphidophagous
Syrphids (Diptera)."
Miller, Oregon State University, "Testing the Effects of Baci11 us
thuringiensis on a Nontarget Beneficial Lepidopteran, the Cinnabar
Moth."
Poinar, UC-Berkeley, "A Bioassay to Determine the Effect of Bacillus
thuringiensis strains on Entomogenous Rhabditoid Nematodes."
Findings:
Metarhvzzium spp. is not pathogenic in either quail or mallards. Methods
for mallard husbandry have been developed that are adequate for maintaining
birds for AO days and for relatively accurate measurements of consumption of
feed and water.
Beauveria bassiana has been found for the first time to be pathogenic to
the ladybird beetle, Hiooodamia converoens. and the parasitoid wasp
Trlcfwqraiww SP-
Publications:
Donegan, K., and B. Lighthart. 1988. Lethal and sublethal effects of
fungal pathogen, Beauveria bassiana. on the predatory insect,
Chryspperlft carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Environmental Entom-
ology (submitted).
Donegan, K., and B. Lighthart. 3988. Bioassay protocol for lethal and
sublethal effects of fungal pathogens on Chrvsooerla carnea
(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) (submitted).
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Sewall, 0., and B. Lighthart. 1988. Standard practice for conducting
fungal pathogenicity tests on the predatorv mite Metaseiulu* occiden-
tals (Acari: Phytoseiidae) (submitted).
Project Manager: Ramon J. Seidler FTS 420-4661
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Pesticides
September 30, 1988
Title: Risk Methodologies for Wildlife Populations (40)
Objective(s):
Develop environmental risk assessment methodology using modified, existing
or newly developed fate, transport, and effects models to express risk as a
probability statement with estimates of associated uncertainty.
Output Status:
Report on the relative importance of uptake routes by an organophosphate
chemical (11/88). On schedule.
Activities:
Field work has been completed by principal investigators at Colorado State
University assessing the direct and indirect effects of xenobiotic chemicals
on small mamma) populations. Effects of the organophosphorus insecticide
methamidophos were measured on small mammals and invertebrates on eight
experimental plots (20-25 ha) using capture/recapture techniques (33,000
trap nights in 1988), brain cholinesterase activity, chemical residues, and
stomach content analysis. High resolution aerial photographs were taken to
quantify microhabitat characteristics. Data are being incorporated into
population and community level models of chemical effects to strengthen the
biological structure upon which the interaction assessment model is based.
Comparative acute toxicity testing of methamidophos to wild mammals has
been completed for deer mice, grasshopper mice, and thirteen-lined ground
squirrels. A final report comparing lab toxicity data to effects observed
in the field is being prepared.
Work on the TERRE-TOX data base has been temporarily suspended while the
principal investigator evaluates the several data bases that support the
ecorisk program in order to optimize data bases' operational similarities
and to assure that they will be compatible when completed. A report was
submitted providing a synopsis of available data bases suitable to support
terrestrial population models.
Phase I of the project to determine the importance of various routes of
exposure on toxicity to bobwhite has been completed. Dermal, oral, and
inhalation routes of exposure have been compared in the exposure facility
(wind tunnel) using methyl parathion as the test chemical. These data will
be summarized in a report during the next reporting period.
Findings:
Acute toxicity tests of methamidophos to wild mammals indicate that it is
more toxic to deer mice (LD50 = 9 mg/kg) than to grasshopper mice or
thirteen-lined ground squirrels (LC50 approximately 20 mg/kg). These were
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the three most commonly captured species on field plots in the short grass
prairie of central Colorado.
Initial findings indicate that methyl parathion is absorbed by test
bobwhite during aerosol exposure directly via dermal contact, and as a
result of significant preening.
The most appropriate data bases currently available for use in terrestrial
population models appear to be TERRE-TOX (ERL-C), Registry of Toxic
Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS), Denver Wildlife Research Center
Database (DWRC), and Aquatic Information Retrieval Toxicity Database
(AQUIRE). The investigator recommends integration of the data from these
separate data bases for use in the Eco Risk Program, with emphasis on the
bird data.
Project Manager: Bill A. Williams FTS 420-4679
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
September 30, 1988
Title: Terrestrial Toxicology (30)
Objective(s):
Evaluate, Improve, and validate bioassay methods to assess the effects of
toxic chemicals on plants and animals.
Output Status:
In-house report on the mechanism of transfer of chemicals to eggs and
offspring in avians (10/88). On schedule.
Activities:
An investigation to evaluate the relative toxicity of an analogous alcohol
series (methanol to octanol) is complete. Tests have determined appro-
priate routes, volumes, and timing of alcohol toxicity tests. Additional
tests with additional analogs to determine the relationship of Log P to
carbon series and toxicity.
Work was completed on the influence of water stress on plant response to
chemical insult and a manuscript prepared.
In the studies completed to date, PCB cogeners were converted to polar
metabolites by axenic plant cultures. Research is being conducted to
identify these metabolites. Such information will allow for a comparison
of plant PCB metabolism with that reported previously for microbial and
animal systems.
A journal article summarizing investigations of appropriate experimental
designs and evaluation techniques to determine the effects of organophos-
phorus compounds on avian egg production and eggshell quality is in
preparation.
Investigations on the effect of an organochlorine (dicofol) on mallard
reproduction potential have been completed. The results of a pilot study
to determine appropriate exposure scenarios have been summarized in a CERL
in-house report. A definitive experiment, conducted in accordance with
EPA's Good Laboratory Practice guidelines, has been completed and results
are being analyzed.
A report sumarlzing the Investigations of uptake of dietary HCB into eggs
and embryos of bobwhite will be completed during the next reporting period.
The report wiTl summarize the equations describing uptake during 40 days of
exposure. The equations and other parameters needed to support models of
chemical uptake will be Included In the report.
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Findings:
Special dosing techniques were developed to support toxicity testing of
alcohols due to their irritating properties to membranes. LC50 values
developed for these chemicals must be carefully evaluated, since the
membrane irritation often causes regurgitation and subsequent loss of test
chemical.
Dicofol, an organochlorine insecticide proposed for use in agricultural
fields, has been shown to cause decreased eggshell quality in mallards at
realistic exposure levels.
Project Manager: Bill A. Williams FTS 420-4679
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
September 30, 1988
Title: Bi©environmental Aspects of Biotechnology (31)
Objective:
Develop data bases and a series of research-based protocols to provide
methods for evaluating risks from the release of genetically engineered
microbes (GEMs) into terrestrial environments.
Output Status:
Fate and survival of altered microbes and genetic material in the environ-
ment: terrestrial (02/89). On schedule.
Activities:
Titles of cooperative agreements recently funded:
Fredrickson fit al., Battelle PNL, "Field Calibration of Soil-Core
Microcosms for Evaluating Fate and Effects of GEMs in Terrestrial
Ecosystems."
Crawford, University of Idaho, "Mechanisms of Effects of Recombinant
Streptomvces on the Carbon Cycle in Soil."
Dr. Seidler participated in an EPA/OPTS sponsored workshop in Virginia
dealing with the development of guidelines for field releases of GEMs.
Approximately 20 scientists and EPA personnel participated in a 4-day
workshop sponsored by Kilkelly Environmental Associates and ERL-Corval1 is
to develop technical components of the Terrestrial Biotechnology 5-year
research plan.
We are initiating extraction of total DNA from soil and leaf samples using
the methods of Ogram, Sayler and Barkay, 1987 (J. Microbiol. Methods 7:57).
We are developing this method into a way to monitor changes in the biotic
community structure, that may be affected from the introduction of
recombinant microorganism.
We are initiating cooperative research with Drs. Steve Cuskey (EPA, Gulf
Breeze) and Anne Andersen (Utah State U., Logan) to study the relation
between bacterial survival and their attachment to roots. Dr. Andersen has
a strain of Pseudomonas putida that aggregates 1n the presence of root
exudates. She has obtained mutants that aggregate poorly and others that
have enhanced aggregation. These and the parental strains will be
introduced into microcosms (terrestrial at CERL and aquatic at GBERL) and
compared for their abilities to colonize and persist in association with
roots and foliage.
Several months ago we planted Ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, and Douglas
fir trees. Some were infected with the mycorrhizal fungi Hebeloma and
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Laccaria and others were not Infected. We have successfully extracted DNA
from the tree roots and have transferred the restriction enzyme digested
DNA to nitrocellulose for hybridization with a probe for the fungal DNA.
This will enable us to evaluate application of previous methods with DNA
probing of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) to the
identification of fungi when they are associated with tree roots (earlier
work was done with fungi raised in pure culture). Future studies will be
field-oriented.
We are proceeding with transformation (by electroporation) of the fungus
Schizophvllum commune with tryptophan and Hygromycin B resistance genes as
model systems prior to attempts to transform the mycorrhizal fungus
Laccaria bicolor.
Findings:
Preliminary studies of colonization of Enterobacter cloacae carrying the
plasmid pBR322 sprayed on bean plants indicate that the dynamics of
population numbers depends on the initial inoculum. When bean foliage is
inoculated with 10® cfu/g of leaf material, the population decreases to
about 105 cfu/g within 7 days. However, when leaves are sprayed with ltr
cfu/g, the bacteria increase to 105 cfu/g. The results suggest that a leaf
surface may have a maximal "carrying capacity" for microbial colonization.
We wondered if leaves that are inoculated with high numbers of bacteria to
saturate the leaf "carrying capacity" would be unable to support survival
of the same bacteria in a subsequent spray. Bean leaves were sprayed with
Enterobacter cloacae (pBR322) NalR at a relatively high titer to ensure
colonization of all available sites. Three days later, £. cloacae (pBR322)
RifR were sprayed on the same plants. We observed that the bacteria in the
second spray survived on the leaves as well as the same organism sprayed on
leaves that had not been previously inoculated with the Nal" resistant form.
This suggests that new sites became available for colonization by the second
inoculum, which were independent of those occupied by the bacteria in the
first spray.
We detected formation of transconjugants in the digestive tracts of cutworm
larvae, that resulted from the transfer of the plasmid from Enterobacter
cloacae (R388) to £. cloacae (-).
Relatively large quantities of total DNA have been extracted directly from
about 10 grams of local farm soil (using the Ogram, Sayler, and Barkay
procedure mentioned above) and analyzed by electrophoresis. The DNA
appears to be about 23-26 kb in size, 1s relatively pure, and can be
obtained 1n large quantity from small samples. Work 1s In progress to
develop grouj^-speclfic DNA hybridization methods to Identify the source of
the DNA (I.e. prokaryotic, eukaryotic, fungal).
Publications:
Armstrong, J.L. 1988. Microcosms as tools for demonstrating persistence
of recombinant bacteria associated with plants, soil and insects. In:
Methods Manual for Recombinant Microorganisms published by Environ-
mental Protection Agency (submitted).
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Armstrong, J.L., N.L. Fowles, and P.T. Rygiewicz. 1988. Restriction
fragment length polymorphisms distinguish ectomycorrhizal fungi.
Plant and Soil (submitted).
Schafer, W., H.D. VanEtten, and O.C. Yoder. 1988. Organ specificity and
altered host range in a recombinant fungal pathogen. Science
(submitted).
Zeph, L., H.A. Onaga, and G. Stotzky. 1988. Transduction of Escherichia
coli by bacteriophage PI in soil. Add!. Environ. Microbiol. 54:1731-
1737.
Project Manager: Ramon 0. Seidler FTS 420-4661
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Erwi ronmental Research Laboratory—Corval 1 is
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
September 30, 1988
Title: Comparative Terrestrial Toxicology (34)
Objective(s):
Determine when data from surrogate species can be used to extrapolate
toxicologic effects to other species.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Development of a battery of immune function tests for mallards continues.
Specific tests for measurement of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in liver and
blood have been included as a measure of excessive or deficient consumption
of selenium, an immunotoxic metalloid.
Work continues in collaboration with investigators at Oregon State
University College of Veterinary Medicine to determine the isozyme pattern
of selected mallard serum enzymes. Work has been completed and data
analyzed to determine differences in serum chemistry profiles of mallards
of different age, sex, and reproductive states and a manuscript is in
preparation.
Assay methods have been developed to separately determine the amounts of
acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase in avian plasma. Work is progressing to
investigate the relative ratios of these enzymes in several avian species.
An internal report was prepared discussing the findings of a survey of the
health and contaminant status of mallards from selected commercial sources.
Findings:
The following immune function tests have been proven successful in
mallards: total and differential white blood cell counts, splenic plaque
forming cell assay, hemagglutination titers to sheep red blood cells,
tuberculin reaction, lymphocyte migration index, and the in vivo carbon
clearance assay. The phytohemagglutinin (PHA) response test was
unsuccessful, probably due to using too high a dose of PHA.
The survey of the health and contaminant screening of mallards from three
commercial sources served to demonstrate the type of examinations useful in
determining if the physical condition of a test animal has the potential to
confound the results or Interpretation of toxicologicaT tests. The
Importance of this type of screening 1s described in light of the scarcity
of mallards reared expressly for research purposes. Only one of 10 mallards
examined would have been inappropriate for an EPA toxicity test (because of
a phenotypic abnormality). All birds were free of pathogens, parasites, and
chemical contamination.
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Assays using the Gilford autoanalyzer were successfully developed for
measuring duck glutathione peroxidase 1n both liver and whole blood. This
necessitated concurrent development of assays for hemoglobin and total
liver protein.
Differentiation of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterases (AChE and BChE,
respectively) in avian plasma is done by a competitive inhibition test
using the organophosphate iso-OMPA (tetraisopropylpryophosphoramide).
Incubation of plasma with iso-OMPA inactivates the BChE enabling measure-
ment of the remaining AChE. BChE is then determined by difference of total
and AChE. Approximately 25% of total mallard plasma ChE is AChE while only
15% of bobwhite ChE activity is attributable to AChE. Work is continuing
with other species (e.g., Canada goose, wild turkey). An ether extraction
method has been developed to reduce interference from lipemia in plasma
samples.
Age, sex, and reproductive state (laying, incubating, or molting) all
affect some or all of the serum chemistries measured in the mallard.
Changes in serum enzymes, proteins, electrolytes, etc. indicate sublethal
effects on internal organs such as proper functioning of liver, kidney, and
heart muscle. Means and ranges for each of the subclasses have been
calculated and will be reported in the peer-reviewed literature for other
investigators to use in future studies of sublethal effects of toxic
substances. Investigations into the isozymes of certain of the serum
enzymes (amylase, gamma glutamyltransferase, creatinine phosphokinase) have
shown differences in the electrophoretic pattern as compared to mammals,
indicating that the tissue distribution of these enzymes also differs. Work
is continuing in this area to identify the organ of origin.
Publications:
Fairbrother, A., S.L. Wagner, S. Welch, and B.B. Smith. 1988. Influence
of menstrual cycles on serum chemistry. Environmental Residues (sub-
mitted).
Project Manager: Bill A. Williams FTS 420-4679
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
September 30, 1988
Title: Bioaccumulation and Toxic Effects of Sediment (35)
Objective(s):
Develop and validate methods to define adverse effects of toxic substances
in sediments on freshwater organisms.
Output Status:
None scheduled for this final reporting period.
Activities:
This project is completed in FV88. This will be the final status report.
The final report on toxicity of DDT and endrin a: trying sediment organic
content has been submitted to EPA Office of Criteria and Standards, and a
manuscript has been submitted to the Journal of Environmental Toxicology
and Chemistry.
Work has been completed on development and validation of a chronic Daphnia
sediment test procedure, the final report is being prepared for the EPA
Office of Toxic Substances, and a journal article is in preparation.
Work on testing the effects of sediment storage (freezing vs. 4°C) on
toxicity of DDT and endrin in the sediments to Hvalella azteca has been
completed. A manuscript has been prepared and will be submitted to
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
Publications:
Nebeker, A.V., and C.E. Miller. 1988. Use of the amphipod crustacean
Hvalella azteca for freshwater and estuarine stuiment toxicity tests.
Environmental Toxicology sM Chemistrv 7(12):Nov. 1988 (in press).
Nebeker, A.V., S.T. Onjukka, and M.A. Cairns. 1988. Chronic effects of
contaminated sediment on Daphnia magna and Chironomus tentans.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination Toxicology 41(4):574-581.
Nebeker, A.V., W.L. Griffis, C.H. Wise, E. Hopkins, and J.A. Barbitta.
1989. Survival, reproduction, and bioconcentration in invertebrates
and fish exposed to hexachlorobenzene. Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry (in press).
Nebeker, A.V., 6.S. Schuytema, W.L. Griffis, J.A. Barbitta, and L.A. Carey.
1989. Effects of sediment organic carbon on survival of Hvalella
azteca exposed to DDT and endrin. Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry (submitted).
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Schuytema, G.S., D.F. Krawczyk, W.L. Griffis, A.L. Nebeker, M.L. Robideaux,
B.O. Brownawell, and J.C. Westall. 1988. Comparative uptake of
hexachlorobenzene by fathead minnows, amphipods, and oligochaete worms
from water and sediment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
7(12):Nov.. 1988 (in press).
Schuytema, G.S., D.F. Krawczyk, W.L. Griffis, A.V. Nebeker, and M.L.
Robideaux. 1989. Hexachlorobenzene uptake by fathead minnows and
macroinvertebrates in recirculating sediment/water systems. Archives
Of Contamination and Toxicology (in press).
Project Manager: Alan V. Nebeker FTS 420-4875
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corval1 is
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
September 30, 1988
Title: Develop Methodologies for Soil/Plant Communities (41)
Objective(s):
Identify critical ecosystems and their components and processes which have
social and/or ecological value.
Improve risk methods for toxic chemicals in soil/piant communities and
provide a mathematical model that will allow prediction of effects of
xenobiotic chemicals in terrestrial plants.
Output Status:
Maintenance and updating of PHYT0T0X database for support of risk assess-
ment (12/88). On schedule.
Survey and analysis of mathematical models suitable for assessing risk to
terrestrial ecosystems from releases of xenobiotics (10/88). On schedule.
Activities:
The PHYT0T0X database has been revised in response to suggestions provided
by users of the microcomputer version of the database which was distributed
during the fall of 1987. The database now incorporates an algorithm
whereby dose-response data is evaluated to yield estimated LD50 values.
Additional work is underway to build a user-friendly menu to invoke the
various features of the database.
Additional work is underway using molecular biology to identify fungal
populations in soils. Long term goals of this project have potential to
relate to the role which fungi play in the uptake and detoxification of
toxic substances in contaminated soil.
Findings:
The mathematical model UTAB which describes the uptake, translocation,
accumulation, and biodegradation of toxic organic chemicals in terrestrial
plants has recently been coupled to a model that describes the movement of
organic chemicals in soil. The result is called CTSPAC: a mathematical
model for coupled transport of water, solutes, and heat in a soil-piant
atmosphere continuum.
Evaluation and validation of the coupled models is in progress. The end
use of the validated model will be to predict levels of plant contamination
in the context of environmental and human risk assessment.
Patterns of DNA fragments, derived from restriction enzymes digests of total
fungal DNA extract, show possibility as species- and even isolate-specific
fingerprints.
Project Manager: Larry A. Kapustka FTS 420-4606
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
September 30, 1988
Title: Validated Hazard Assessment Using Microcosms and Field Sites (42)
Objective(s):
Determine the ability of toxicological testing methods to predict an effect
on field populations.
Output Status:
Report on effects of body size and age on sensitivity of chemicals in avian
dietary tests (11/88). On schedule.
Activities:
Preparations are continuing for studies to determine the impact of chemicals
on metabolic rate in bobwhite quail. A computerized system is being set up
to monitor the oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production of test
birds. Preliminary testing of a prototype system was successful. The
working version, which will allow for the application of thermal stress as a
variable, is now being put together and should be in operation this fall.
Work is continuing on the development of an automated system to measure
respiration in soil culture. This will be used to measure the effect of
toxic chemicals on random metabolism of soil populations over small incre-
ments of time where responses are often missed in traditional culture
techniques.
An investigation on the effects of body weight and age on the results of
dietary testing has been completed and data analysis is in progress. Three
chemicals (methiocarb, dicrotophos, and dieldrin) were used In a series of
six LC50 tests using bfrds of two age (10 day, 17 day) and three weight
groups. The project is on schedule.
Project Manager: Bill A. Williams FTS 420-4679
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corval lis
Project Status Report—Water Quality
September 30, 1988
Title: Lake Restoration (13)
Objective(s):
Provide EPA's Office of water with a comprehensive Lake Restoration
Guidance Manual (LRGM) that incorporates all aspects of lake management and
restoration including types of techniques, cost-effectiveness, regional
prioritization of projects, and an assessment of efficiency of treatment
techniques.
Output Status:
Lake Restoration Guidance Manual (02/88). Completed
Activities:
ERL-Corvallis (ERL-C) has been requested by EPA Office of Water (OW) to
continue to work with the North American Lake Management Society to produce
a plan to assessing the yet nagging question of longevity of effectiveness
of various lake restoration techniques. In addition, ERL-C will address the
influence of wetlands on lake condition. This is a cooperative effort
between Office of Wetlands Protection and Office of Water Regulations and
Standards.
The Lake Restoration Guidance Manual has been printed and distributed to EPA
Regions and States (see publications below).
The lake restoration project is being closed out at the end of FY-88.
On-going related work in Polk County, Wisconsin funded by OPPE and
Office of Water will be reported under Project 15 (Ecoregions).
Publications:
Moore, Lynn, and Thornton, Kent W. [Eds.] 1988. Lake and Reservoir
Restoration Manual: First Edition. EPA 440/5-88-00Z.
Omernik, J.M., C.M. Rohm, S.E. Clarke, and D.P. Larsen. Summer Total
Phosphorus in Lakes: A Map of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan.
Journal of Environmental Management (accepted).
Project Manager: James C. McCarty FTS 420-4601/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Water Quality
September 30, 1988
Title: Wetlands Research on Mitigation & Cumulative Effects of Loss (14)
Objectives:
Implement research on cumulative impact assessment & mitigation to (1)
assess the effects of cumulative wetland losses on wetland functions in the
landscape; (2) improve methods of creating, restoring & enhancing wetlands &
wetland functions; (3) provide guidance for the design of effective
mitigation projects; (4) evaluate the feasibility of developing wetland
specific water quality criteria; and (5) provide information through the
publication of "Community Profiles" and other wetlands information.
Output Status:
Provisional guidance document based on literature synthesis (11/88). On
schedule.
Research/monitoring plan to support development of wetland specific Water
Quality Criteria and to evaluate Water Quality improvement of wetlands
(03/89). On schedule.
Activities:
A manuscript on patterns and trends in 404 permit activity in Washington and
Oregon is being reviewed internally prior to being submitted to a scientific
journal. Preliminary analysis of the databases from the Mississippi River
area has been completed. The databases will be used to characterize deci-
sions that have been made regarding mitigation. The programming for the
data management system is being revised to increase its utility.
Pilot studies are comparing created wetlands with natural wetlands to
evaluate whether or not comparable wetlands are being created as a result of
404 permitting. Data from Oregon and Washington have been entered and the
quality verified. Field work for the Florida and New England pilot studies
was completed. Quality Assurance Project Plans for both studies have been
approved. Data entry and verification was begun. A series of computer
programs to analyze the data obtained using a survey method for comparing
created and natural wetlands has been written, tested, and documented.
A state-of-the-science literature synthesis is summarizing material on the
design and performance of wetland creation and restoration projects. It
1s being finalized.
A research plan to define water quality criteria in wetlands 1s being
developed. A workshop was held to gather Information on the feasibility of
developing wetland specific water quality criteria and to evaluate a
proposed research strategy.
Preparation is nearly complete for participation in an Office of Wetland
Protection sponsored training course on "Cumulative Impact Assessment in
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Southeastern Wetland Ecosystems" to be held in SIidel 1, LA in October. We
will present a Synoptic Assessment Method for evaluating landscape
sensitivity to cumulative impacts of wetland loss. The approach relies
primarily on generally available national data bases for the analysis.
Findings:
Analysis of the permit databases from Oregon and Washington revealed that
despite the fact that monitoring of the mitigation projects was minimal,
about half were visited at least once; there is some evidence for com-
pliance. Both the permitted impacts and the required creations seem to be
completed within two years after the permit was issued. This does not
imply that the created wetlands were constructed or functioning as planned,
merely that they are in place.
Examination of the Oregon database revealed that the net result of permit
decisions is that numbers and area of ponds are being used as mitigation for
freshwater marshes, and salt marshes substituted for intertidal and subtidal
flats. Examination of the National Wetland Inventory maps for the
Willamette Valley, where most of the ponds are being constructed, revealed
that ponds are not a wetland type typical of the region. This local pattern
of increase in ponds is consistent with the national gain in area of ponds
between the mid-'SO's and mid-'70's.
Field studies in Oregon, Florida, and Connecticut used similar methods to
provide data on 27 created and 39 natural wetlands. Information on site
morphology, vegetation, soils, and hydrology has been gathered. Preliminary
quality assurance analysis shows that elevation measurements had over 90%
comparability among team members; measurements of vegetation averaged
greater than 75%. The high comparability of data collected by different
individuals using the same methods allows for comparisons of information
from different parts of the country. This provides an extensive data pool
for determining how created wetlands compare with naturally occurring
wetlands.
Publications:
Adamus, P.A. and E. Clairain. 1988. Wetland Evaluation Techniques Released.
National Wetlands Newsletter 10(4):l-2.
Henderson, S., A.B. Allen, B. Abbruzzese, M.E. Kentula and R.M. Hughes.
1988. A method for the selection of reference wetlands. IN:
Proceedings of the Society of Wetland Scientists* Eighth Annual
Meeting, May 1987. Seattle, Washington.
Kentula, M.E. 1987. Does mitigation work?: EPA's Wetlands Research
Program is checking, p. 2-6. IHi Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual
Conference on Wetlands Restoration and Creation. F.J. Webb (ed.).
Hillsborough Community College, Tampa, Florida.
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Kentula, M.E. 1988. Wetland mitigation: research opportunities and needs.
IN: "Country In the City": Managing natural resources in the urban
environment, February 1988. Portland, OR (in press).
Project Manager: Eric M. Preston FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corval 1 i s
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1988
Title: Regional Integration Project (15)
Objective(s):
Develop assessment procedures for determining biological integrity in
freshwater systems. Determine regional patterns of stream ecosystem
characteristics. Provide methods and technical assistance for assessing
attainable uses.
Output Status:
Final Report: "Demonstration of an Ecologically-Based Method for Inter-
preting Regional Patterns in State-wide Surface Water Monitoring Data."
(06/89). On schedule.
Activities:
Prepared l:3,168,000-scale map of ecoregions of EPA Region VIII and shipped
20 copies to the region.
Prepared preliminary map of Oregon ecoregions and subregions, characterized
boundaries and delivered computer maps and paper map to Oregon DEQ.
Conducted review of Region VIII project in Denver.
Presented paper and participated in workshop to develop manual for assessing
ecological effects of hazardous waste sites.
Initiated cooperative research project to test phosphorus regions with
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and Office of Policy, Planning,
and Evaluation.
Initiated planning for cooperative research project (Studies of Landscaping
and Anthropogenic Perturbation) with ERL-Duluth.
Prepared memo documenting data quality problems with STORET data.
Findings:
Examination of data from approximately 5000 water monitoring sites in
Colorado revealed only 50 sites useful for assessing regional differences in
ambient water quality. This 100-fold decrease resulted from inaccurate
geographic information and site classification, an Insufficient number of
sites with the same key chemical variables analyzed, and a bias towards
Impacted sites.
Publications:
Bond, C.E., E. Rexstad, and R.M. Hughes. Habitat Use of Twenty-five Common
Species of Oregon Freshwater Fishes. Northwest Science (in press).
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Henderson, S., A.B. Allen, B. Abbruzzese, M.E. Kentula, and R.M. Hughes.
1988. A method for the selection of reference wetlands. Proceedings
of the Society of Wetland Scientists* Eighth Annual Meeting, 26-29 May,
1987. Seattle, VA.
Whittier, T.R., R.M. Hughes, and D.P. Larsen. 1988. Correspondence between
ecoregions and spatial patterns 1n stream ecosystems in Oregon.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 45:1264-1278.
Project Manager: Robert M. Hughes FTS 420-4666
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Water Quality
September 30, 1988
Title: Water Quality Criteria for Terrestrial Wildlife (17)
Objective(s):
Provide EPA with information on the adequacy of existing water quality
criteria to protect terrestrial wildlife, and provide information to revise
criteria where these are inadequate.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Planning for a workshop to evaluate water quality criteria (WQC) applic-
ability to wildlife has begun. The workshop is scheduled for November 1-4
in Portland, OR, and will bring together personnel involved in making water
quality decisions related to wildlife and those knowledgeable in aquatic
ecosystem food webs. The workshop is designed to produce a document
addressing the adequacy of existing WQC for the protection of wildlife and
provide recommendations about future research efforts that the Agency should
undertake to complete its database for appropriate future WQC.
Two studies to determine the effect of aqueous selenium on waterfowl immune
competence have been completed and are in the final stages of data analysis.
One study was conducted at ERL-C using caged mallards. The other study was
conducted cooperatively by ERL-C with investigators at the University of
Wisconsin-Madison and the EPA Monticello Research Station. This study
utilized mallards kept in large pens on artificial streams that were treated
with selenium.
Findings:
A controlled laboratory study was just completed at ERL-C to assess the
effect of ingestion of selenium in drinking water on the immune response of
mallard ducks. This was followed closely by a collaborative study at EPA
Monticello to examine the same question in a more natural "near-field"
environment. Results of these studies indicate that ingestion of selenium
at about twice the recommended dietary amount stimulates the immune re-
sponse, while doses at 10 to 20 times the recommended amount cause immune
depression. These effects are primarily in the cell-mediated immune re-
sponse while antibody production remains relatively unaffected. Concurrent
work at EPA-Honticello showed that, although selenium concentrations in the
water were In the ppb range, aquatic invertebrates and plants concentrated
it to the ppm range, sufficient to cause immune suppression and increased
¦ortality of 19-day old ducklings. Additionally, plants and animals convert
the sodium selenite salt to selenomethionine, the more immunoreactive form.
We know from the recent experience at Kesterson Wildlife Refuge in Cali-
fornia that selenium can concentrate to very high levels in both water and
aquatic plants and animals, causing teratogenesis and reduced hatching
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success in water birds. The results of our studies suggest that lower
selenium concentrations, closer to the 36 ppb limit set by EPA water quality
guidelines, can also be hazardous to waterfowl by reducing their capacity to
resist infections by common diseases such as avian cholera or influenza.
Project Manager: Bill A. Williams FTS 420-4679
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Global Climate Change/Photobiology
September, 1988
Title: Ecological Effects of Stratospheric Modification (44)
Objective(s):
Develop scientific information and a data base sufficient for understanding
the environmental effects of enhanced radiation resulting from stratospheric
ozone depletion due to chlorofluorocarbon emissions to the atmosphere.
Output Status:
Internal Report: UV-B effects on tree seedlings (11/88). On schedule.
Internal Report: Indirect effects of UV-B radiation on a commercial fishery
(10/88). On schedule.
Internal report: Effects of UV-B radiation on agro-ecosystems for inclusion
in the biennial report to Congress(ll/88). On schedule.
Internal report: Effects of UV-B radiation on forested ecosystems for
inclusion in the biennial report to Congress (11/88). On schedule.
Internal report: Effects of UV-B radiation on aquatic ecosystems for
inclusion in the biennial report to Congress(ll/88). On schedule.
Activities:
Two ERL-Corvallis scientists met with senior scientific staff at the
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) at Los Banos, Philippines to
Initiate plans for research on the effects of UV-B radiation on rice in the
tropics. The research will be carried out at IRRI, and is planned to begin
during FY89.
Field and greenhouse exposure studies of the effects of UV-B radiation on
Loblolly Pine are continuing. Growth data is currently being analyzed from a
second replicate greenhouse experiment, and the second field exposure
experiment will be completed within 30 days.
Final harvest of the wheat exposed to enriched CO2 and UV-B radiation is
complete; rice and soybean harvest will occur soon. The sensitivity
screening of species from along an elevational gradient in the Hawaiian
Islands Is continuing.
Field competition experiments using mixtures of bush bean and two common
weeds, wild oat or redroot pigweed, were completed in early August. Data
analysis is presently In progress. Development and sensitivity analyses of a
multiple species canopy photosynthesis simulation model continued. This
model will be used to integrate canopy structure and single leaf gas
exchange data to more fully evaluate the indirect effects of UV-B on
competition for light 1n species mixtures.
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Findings:
Biogenic emissions - Corvallis scientists recently completed a report
analyzing the current state of knowledge about biogenic emissions of methane
to the atmosphere. The concentration of methane in the Earth's atmosphere
has more than doubled in the last few hundred years and is currently
increasing 1 to 2% per year. Methane 1s a potent greenhouse gas, and has
been implicated 1n both the destruction and formation of stratospheric
ozone. In order to assess the implications of increasing atmospheric methane
for the stratospheric ozone layer, and changes in global climate due to the
"greenhouse" effect, an accurate understanding of the sources and sinks of
atmospheric methane is essential. There are many biological sources of
methane, but the best available estimates indicate that more than half of
the total annual global production comes from rice paddies and natural
wetlands, with rice paddies being the single greatest source. Other sources
include ruminant animals, termites, marine sediments, biomass burning, and
decay of organic waste. Additional research is being designed to more
precisely determine the sources, sinks, and controlling factors of biogenic
methane.
Marine ecosystem dynamics - Projected increases in UV-B radiation may affect
global fisheries directly by their deleterious effects on fish eggs and
larvae or indirectly by altering production in marine food webs. The
magnitude of these effects is presently difficult to forecast because of
the absence of sound empirical data. Information at hand indicates that a
25% reduction of stratospheric ozone will result in a 9% reduction in
primary production and a consequent 23% decrease in fisheries production.
This would represent a loss of about 14 million tons of fish per year.
Additional losses could occur through direct effects on fish embryos and
larvae. However, these estimates entail many untested assumptions
including: the amount of fisheries production controlled by trophic or
recruitment limitations; the doses of biologically effective UV-B radiation;
and the vertical distributions of vulnerable eggs, larvae, and prey of
fisheries species.
Publications:
Barnes, P.W., Jordan, P.W., Gold, W.G., Flint, S.D., and Caldwell, M.M.
1988. Competition, morphology and canopy structure in wheat fTriticum
aestivum) and wild oat (Avena falua) exposed to enhanced ultraviolet-B
radiation. Functional Ecology (in Press).
Beyschlag, W., Barnes, P.W., Flint, S.D., and Caldwell, M.M. 1989.
Enhanced UV-B irradiation has no effect on photosynthetic character-
istics of wheat fTriticum aestivum L.) and wild oat fAvena fatua L.)
under greenhouse and field conditions. Photosvnthetica (in Press).
Sullivan, J.H.f and Alan H. Teramura. 1988. The effects of UV-B radiation on
Loblolly Pine. I. Growth, photosynthesis and pigment production in
greenhouse grown saplings. Can. J. For. Res. (Submitted).
Project Manager: Jack Hardy FTS 420-4739
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corval1is
Project Status Report—Global Climate Change
September 30, 1988
Title: Ecological Effects of Global Climate Change (46)
Objective(s):
Provide scientifically sound estimates of the most probable and most likely
ecological effects of global climate changes resulting from tropospheric
greenhouses gases, and support the requirements of the Global Climate
Protection Act of 1987.
Output Status:
Internal reports as part of the Congressional report on environmental
effects covering forested ecosystems, an integrated California project, and
biodiversity (07/88). Completed.
Activities:
Corvallis staff have had a substantial role in the development of the report
on potential ecological effects of global climatic change requested by
Congress. The design of the reports, their oversight, interpretation, and
synthesis have required considerable input and advice from Corvallis staff.
Corval!is contributions include summary chapters on the California case
study and the forest impacts. A chapter on Biodiversity was co-authored by
Corvallis scientists with Office of Policy Planning and Evaluation
personnel.
Corvallis scientists have implemented the first two components of the long-
term research plan. The 'Biotic Regions' task is designed to address the
causal relation between regional climate and the distribution of 'indicator*
plant species in the major biotic regions of the conterminous United States.
The 'HydroTogic Regions* task has been initiated to provide regional
rainfall-runoff relationships for eventual water quality estimates when
linked with regional biota and land-use characteristics. These causal
relations will allow the qualitative (eventually quantitative) projection of
ecological effects as controlled by different climate scenarios at a
regional scale throughout the nation. Results of this research were
presented and favorably received at the annual meeting of the American
Institute of Biological Sciences and at the annual meeting of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science, Pacific Division.
As of the termination of FY88, project 46 will be dissolved and replaced by
six projects dealing in an Integrated manner with different aspects of the
Global Climate Change issue. These are: 81, Regional Methods; 82,
Vegetation and Wildlife; 83, Hydrological Effects; 84, Agroecosystems; 85,
Biogenic Emissions; 86, Biodiversity.
Findings:
The California chapter 1n the Congressional report includes the results of
four water resource studies, and single studies of wetlands, agriculture,
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and paleobotany. Scenarios of climatic change for California include
temperature increases of between about Z and 5°C, less certain changes in
precipitation, and sea level rise of one meter. Potential impacts of these
changes include changed seasonality of runoff, decreased water deliveries,
increased salinity in the Sacramento and San Joaquin river delta, changes in
biotic composition and distribution in the San Francisco Bay estuary, and
forest decline. Changes in agricultural yields are uncertain.
The forest chapter for the Congressional report focused primarily on forests
in the Great Lakes region, the Southeast Coastal Plain and California
Mountains, with minor discussions of the other forested regions of the
United States. Forests could tend to migrate hundreds of kilometers within
the next 50-100 years, but might have great difficulty in keeping pace with
the rate of climate change. Large areas could experience forest decline,
while a few areas could see growth increases.
The 'Biotic Regions' project is yielding some early results. Two east-west
transects that span the continent portray the seasonal weather patterns.
Seasonal precipitation patterns clearly delineate the boundaries separating
the major biomes of the eastern deciduous forest, the plains grasslands,
western deserts, and west-coast ecosystems. One striking feature is that
the seasonal behavior of the Bermuda High (one of three high pressure cells
that span the global subtropics) appears to control the location and
qualities of the three major biotic regions across the southern tier of
states, the Southeast pines and hardwoods, the Southern plains grasslands,
and the Southwest deserts. Changes 1n global climate affecting that one
dominant system, the Bermuda High, would impact all three regions in a
coherent fashion through changes in the geographic extent and seasonality of
rainfall. Subsequent changes in the biotic resources of each region could
eventually be predicted from a single, large-scale change in the global
weather system.
Publications:
DeVelice, R.L., G.A. King, and R.P. Neilson. 1988. Climatic control of
Sonoran Desert biota. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America
69(2):119 (abstract of paper presented at the 39th Annual Meeting of
the American Institute of Biological Sciences, 14-18 August 1988).
Keister, R.A. and L. Burke, Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity. To
OPPE for inclusion 1n the US EPA Report to Congress (submitted).
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King, G.A., R.L. DeVelice, and R.P. Neil son. 1988. The relationship between
southwestern U.S. biotic regions and regional air mass boundaries.
Proceedings of the Pacific Division, American Association for the
Advancement of Science 7(1):32-33 (abstract of paper presented at the
69th Annual Meeting of the Pacific Division, AAAS, 18-22 June 1988).
King, G.A., R.L. DeVelice, and R.P. Neilson. 1988. The relationship between
air mass boundaries and western biotic regions. Bulletin of the
Ecological Society of America 69(2):192 (abstract of poster presented
at the 39th Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Biological
Sciences, 14-18 August 1988).
King, G.A., R.L. DeVelice and R.P. Neilson, Potential Impacts of Climatic
Warming on California. To OPPE for inclusion in the US EPA Report to
Congress (submitted)
Winjum, J.K., and R.P. Neilson. The Potential Impact of Rapid Climatic
Change on Forests in the United States. To OPPE for inclusion in the
US EPA Report to Congress (submitted).
Project Manager: Ronald P. Neilson FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Superfund/Hazardous Wastes
September 30, 1988
Title: Cost-Effective Screening Bioassays for Release Assessment (20)
Objective(s):
Develop and demonstrate or field validate a multi-media biological
screening protocol to assist in determining toxicity potential and extent
of contamination by waste released into the aquatic or terrestrial environ-
ment including sediments.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
The workshop (Seattle Workshop for Developing "Protocols for Conducting
Ecological Assessments at Hazardous Waste Sites") to discuss the state of
science and research needs for comprehensive ecological assessment at waste
sites was held in July. Kilkelly Associates (KEA) is preparing a manual of
protocols submitted by a select group of scientists.
Superfund site samples from Bunker Hill, ID (Kellog), were provided by
Region X for plant growth experiments and standard bioassays. The samples
were amended with zeolites (two types) and transported to Corvallis for
biological experiments.
Findings:
Zeolite amendment was demonstrate to be ineffective in relieving toxicity
of the Bunker Hill soils, even though initial solution chemistry had
predicted lowered concentrations of Pb and Zn. Chelators, thought to be
analogs of natural plant root exudates, were shown to be effective in
stripping metals from zeolite. Micrographs of root tissue from plants grown
in Bunker Hill soils exhibited gross morbidity. Death of the root system
appeared to be responsible for exceptionally low growth rates and for the
high amount of variance of metal concentrations in plant foliar tissue.
Project Manager: Larry A. Kapustka FTS 420-4606
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Superfund/Hazardous Wastes
September 30, 1988
Title: Site and Situation Assessment (22)
Objective(s):
Provide uniform, useful field manuals to describe the major environmental
processes, effects, and assessment methods that will assist decision makers
with containment and cleanup of hazardous wastes. The documents focus on
biological and ecological effects of various cleanup scenarios.
Output Status:
Report on biological and chemical assessment of soil stabilization of a
chrome plating site (10/88). On schedule.
Activities:
Processing and performance of bioassays and chemical analyses was completed
on the Drake Chemical (Loch Haven, PA), United Chrome (Corvallis, OR),
Environment Canada, and Bunker Hill samples, including the performance of
algal, macroinvertebrate, and microbial assay, as well as metals analyses on
the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICPAES) and
methyl chloride extractions for gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS)
analysis of organics. Data reduction and preparation of report is in
progress.
Findings:
United Chrome Superfund site, Corvallis, OR:
The site soil stabilization process had a minimal effect in releasing
toxicity as measured by bioassays. All acute and chronic bioassays of
stabilized soils and of eluates yielded high toxicity (i.e., LC50 or EC50 <
20%).
Drake Chemical Company Superfund site, Loch Haven, PA:
Bioassays from 126 samples were completed. The samples were collected from
three depths in a staked grid design. Detailed analysis of toxicity
patterns is in progress. Preliminary analysis suggests horizontal
migration of toxicity which may be associated with percolation and seepage.
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Environment Canada site:
With the exception of the Daohnia and seed germination tests, the inter-
laboratory comparison being performed in conjunction with Environment
Canada has been completed. Both the aquatic and terrestrial bioassays
tested to indicate high to moderate toxicity; microbial bioassays were
indecisive. Toxicity data and brief summaries of testing methods was
submitted to Environment Canada.
Project Manager: Larry Kapustka FTS 420-4606
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Superfund/Hazardous Wastes
September 30, 1988
Title: Dioxin Bioavailability Food Chain (27)
Objective(s):
Determine the potential for accumulation of dioxin in terrestrial plants.
Outputs:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Plants have been dosed with tritiated 2,3,7,8-TCDD administered to the
rooting hydroponic media. The plants have been collected and extracted.
In this first experiment, we observed a microbial growth on the roots and
in the hydroponic solution. Microbial growth was attributed to methanol,
the chemical carrier (a mixture of methanol and 12% benzene), 0.5 ml in 500
ml (0.1%). Methanol was eliminated in subsequent experiments. Results of
the preliminary experiments are only partially analyzed. If uptake of TCDD
is occurring, it is at a very slow rate (
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Cold Climate
September 30, 1988
Title: Cold Climate Research Program (45)
Objective:
Answer questions of concern to EPA Region X and State of Alaska regarding
environmental problems unique to arctic and subarctic regions.
Output Status:
(No A-level deliverables to report on in this quarter.)
Activities:
Peer review of a report entitled "Characterization and Value Ranking of
Waterbird Habitat or the Colville River Delta" was completed and the final
report was cleared by the laboratory for publication.
Findings:
Geographic Information Systems can be used effectively to evaluate waterbird
habitats in wetland areas.
Publications:
Meehan, R. and T. Jennings. Characterization and Value Ranking of Waterbird
Habitat on the Colville River Delta, Alaska. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service (submitted).
Project Manager: Thomas A. Murphy FTS 420-4601
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1986-88 PUBLICATIONS*
Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Abbruzzese, Brooke, Anastasia Allen, Sandra Henderson, Mary E. Kentula. 1987.
Selecting sites for comparison with related wetlands. IN Proceedings,
Symposium 87 Wetlands/Peatlands. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, August 23-27,
1987. EPA/600/D-87/337. PB88 132 204/AS (A03). (ERL-C0R-837D).
Anderson, J.W., J.M. Neff,and P.O. Boehm. 1986. Sources, Fates, and Effects
of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Alaskan Marine Environment with Recommenda-
tions for Monitoring Strategies. EPA/600/3-86/018. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (J. McCarty, project officer). PB
86 168 291/AS (All). (ERL-COR-302).
Angermeier, Paul L. 1986. Assessing biotic integrity in the fish community of
a small Illinois stream. North American Journal of Fisheries Management.
(D. Larsen, project officer). (ERL-C0R-717J).
Armstrong, John L., and Guy R. Knudson and Ramon J. Seidler. 1987. Microcosm
method to assess survival of recombinant bacteria associated with plants and
herbivorous insects. Current Microbiology 15:229-232. (ERL-C0R-658J).
Athey, L.A., J.M. Thomas, J.R. Skalski, and W.E. Miller. 1987. Role of Acute
Toxicity Bioassays in the Remedial Action Process at Hazardous Waste Sites.
User's Manual. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. EPA/600/8-87/044.
PB 88 125 430/AS (A06). (ERL-C0R-423).
Baker, Joan P., and Todd B. Harvey. 1986. Critique of Acid Lakes and Fish
Population Status in the Adirondack Region of New York State. EPA/600/386/
046. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (R. Lackey,
project officer). PB 86 238 318/AS (Allf. (ERL-C0R-343AP).
Bennett, J.K., R.K. Ringer, R.S. Bennett, B.A. Williams, and P.E. Humphrey.
1988. A comparison of breaking strength and shell thickness as evaluators
of eggshell quality. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 7:351-357.
Bennett, R.S., E.E. Klass, J.R. Coats, M.A. Mayse, and E.J. Kolbe. 1986.
Fenvalerate Residues in the Vegetation, Insects, and Small Mammals of an
Old-field Ecosystem. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 36:785-792.
Bennett, R.S., and D.W. Schaefer. 1988. Procedure for determining the potential
of birds to avoid chemically contaminated food. Environ. Toxicol. Chemic.
7:359-362. (ERL-C0R-660J).
Biggs, R.H., and P.G. Webb. 1987. Effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation
on yield, and disease Incidence and severity for wheat under field condi-
tions. pp. 303-311 IN Stratospheric Ozone Reduction, Solar Ultraviolet
Radiation and Plant Life. R. C. Worrest and M. M. Caldwell (eds.). NATO
ASI Series, Vol. 68. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. EPA-600/D-87-060
PB 87 176 905/AS (A02). (0. McCarty, project officer). (ERL-C0R-745J).
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Blick, D. James, Jay J. Messer, Dixon H. Landers, and W. Scott Overton. 1987.
Statistical basis for the design and interpretation for the National Surface
Water Survey, Phase I: Lakes and Streams. EPA600/D-88/160. Lake and
Reservoir Management 3:470-475. PB88 237 938/AS. (ERL-C0R-752DAP).
Boersma, L., F.T. Lindstrom, C. HcFarlane, and E.L. McCoy. 1988. Model of
coupled transport of water and solutes in plants. Special Report 818
(April). Agricultural Experiment Station, OSU, Corvallis, OR. 109 pp.
(ERL-C0R-782J).
Brakke, D.F., J.M. Eilers, and D.H. Landers. 1987. Hydrologic and chemical
characteristics of darkwater, Clearwater, and acidic lakes in the United
States. International Symposium on Acidification and Water Pathways,
Bolkesj, Norway. May 4-8, 1987. (ERL-C0R-733DAP).
Brakke, David F. Dixon H. Landers, and Joseph M. Eilers. 1988. Chemical and
Physical Characteristics of Lakes in the Northeastern United States. EPA
600/J-88/123. Environmental Science and Technology 22 (2): 155-163. PB88
251 764/AS (ERL-C0R-731JAP).
Brooks, Robert P., and Robert M. Hughes. 1988. Guidelines for monitoring the
biotic communities of mitigated wetlands. IN: Proceedings of the National
Wetland Symposium: Mitigation of Impacts and Losses. New Orleans, LA, Oct.
8-10, 1986. (ERL-COR-765D).
Caldwell, Martyn M. 1986. Plant architecture and resource competition. IN
Potentials and Limitations of Ecosystem Analysis. EPA/600/D-86/244.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (J. McCarty, project officer). PB 87 117 479/AS
(A03). (ERL-C0R-685D).
Caldwell, M.M., L.B. Camp, C.W. Warner, and S.D. Flint. 1986. Action spectra
and their key role in assessing biological consequences of solar UV-B
radiation change. IN Stratospheric Ozone Reduction, Solar Ultraviolet
Radiation, and Plant Life. R. C. Worrest and M. M. Caldwell (eds.).
Springer-Verlag. EPA/600/D-87/006. PB 87 147 138/AS (A03). (J. McCarty,
project officer). (ERL-C0R-639D).
Campbell, William G., Gary D. Bishop, M. Robbins Church, Jeffrey J. Lee, Duane
A. Lammers, and Leon H. Liegel. 1987. The Environmental Protection Agency's
direct/delayed response project: the role of a geographic information
system. Geographic Information Systems and Workshop, October 1987, San
Francisco. EPA/600/D-87/310. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. PB88
119 425/AS(A02). (ERL-COR-804DAP).
Carey, Ann, Anthony C. Janteos, and Roger Blair. 1987. Responses of Forests to
Atmospheric Deposition. National Research Plan for the Forest Response
Program. EPA/600/3-86/066. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environ-
mental Research Laboratory, CorvalHs, Oregon. PB 87 140 919/AS (A06).
(ERL-C0R-376AP).
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Carney, C.E., and F. deNoyelles, Jr. 1986. Grass carp as a potential control
agent for cattails. EPA/600/J-86/364. Transactions of the Kansas Academy
of Science 89 (3-4) 86-89, July-December. (D. Larsen, project officer). PB
87 196 531/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-440J).
Chapman, G., M. Cairns, D. Krawczyk, K. Malueg, A. Nebeker, and G. Schuytema.
1986. Report on the toxicity and chemistry of sediments from Toronto and
Toledo harbors. IN Evaluation Of Sediment Bioassessment Techniques. Report
of the Dredging Subcommittee to the Great Lakes Water Quality Board,
International Joint Commission, Windsor, Ontario. EPA/600/D-87/ 061. PB 87
180 014/AS (A03). (ERL-COR-473D).
Church, M. Robbins, and Robert S. Turner, eds. 1986. Factors Affecting the
Long-Term Response of Surface Waters to Acidic Deposition: State-of-the
-Science. EPA/600/3-86/025. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Corvallis. PB 86 178 118/AS (A14). (ERL-C0R-318AP).
Church, M. Robbins. 1987. Book review of Acid Rain: A Water Resources Issue
for the 80's. R. Herrmann and A. I. Johnson, eds. American Water Resources
Association, Bethesda, MD. 83 pp. 1983. EPA/600/M-87/027. Published in
EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union 68 (15):209. PB 88 101 6B8/AS
(A02). (ERL-C0R-769mi sc.)
Coffey, D.S., J.C. Sprenger, D.T. Tingey, G.E. Neely, and J.C. HcCarty. 1988.
National Crop Loss Assessment Network: Quality Assurance Program.
Environmental Pollution 53:89-98. (ERL-C0R-892J).
Cozzarelli, Isabelle M., Janet S. Herman, and Roderic A. Parnell, Jr. 1987. The
mobilization of aluminum in a natural soil system: Effects of hydrologic
pathways. EPA/600/J-87/379. Water Resources Research 23(5):859-874. PB88
251 806/AS. (ERL-C0R-850JAP)
Crawford, J.A., P.J. Cole, K.M. Kilbride, and A. Fairbrother. 1987. Atypical
plumage of a female California quail. CA. Fish. Game 73(4):244-247. (ERL-
C0R-741J).
Cusimano, R.G., D. Brakke, G.A. Chapman. 1986. Effects of pH on the toxicities
of cadmium, copper, and zinc to steelhead trout fSalmo oairdneri). Canadian
Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43(8):1497-1503. (ERL-C0R-842J).
Dassel, K.A., and J.O. Rawllngs. 1988 Experimental design strategy for the
Weibull Dose Response model. Environmental Pollution 53:333-349. (ERL-COR-
686J).
Dawson, Clyde L., and Ronald A. Hellenthal. 1986. A Computerized System for
the Evaluation of Aquatic Habitats Based on Environmental Requirements and
Pollution Tolerance Associations of Resident Organises. EPA/600/3-86/019.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (D. Larsen,
project officer). PB 86 167 343/AS (A06). (ERL-C0R-323). (with project
summary).
DeHaan, M.S. 1988. Cubic Spline Smoothing: A Useful Tool for Curve Estimation.
EPA/600/D-88/082. PB 88 214 796/AS.(ERL-C0R-476).
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Devanas, Monica A., Devorah Rafaeli-Eshkol, and Guenther Stotzky. 1986.
Survival of plasmid-containing strains of Escherichia coli in soil: Effect
of plasmid size and nutrients on survival of hosts and maintenance of
plasmid. EPA/600/J-86/495. Current Microbiology 13:269-277. PB88 251
822/AS. (ERL-C0R-894J).
Devanas, Monica A. and Guenther Stotzky. 1986. Fate in soil of a recombinant
plasmid carrying a Drosophila gene. EPA/600/J-86/496. Current Microbiology
13:279-283. PB88 251 863/AS. (ERL-C0R-895J).
Devanas, M.A., and G. Stotzky. 1988. Survival of Genetically Engineered
Microbes in the Environment: Effect of Host/ Vector Relationship.
EPA/600/D-88/109 Developments in Industrial Microbiology 29:287-296 PB 88
214 978/AS. (ERL-COR-492).
Dewey, Sharon L. 1986. Effects of the herbicide atrazine on aquatic insect
community structure and emergence in experimental ponds. Ecology 67
(1):148-162, February. (D. Larsen, project officer). (ERL-C0R-438J).
Drewes, Charles D., Mark J. Zoran, and Clarence Callahan. 1987. Sublethal
neurotoxic effects of the fungicide benomyl on earthworms (Eisenia fetida).
EPA/600/J-87/377. Pestic. Sci. 19:197-208. PB88 251 798/AS. (ERL-COR-
626J).
Eilers, J.M., D.F. Brakke, D.H. Landers, and W.S. Overton. 1987. Chemistry of
wilderness lakes in the Western United States. IN Proceedings World
Wilderness Congress, Sept. 14-18, 1987. Estes Park, Colorado.
EPA/600/D-87/338. PB 88 132 105/AS (A03). (ERL-C0R-838DAP).
Eilers, J.M., D.F. Brakke, D.H. Landers, and P.E. Kellar. 1988. Character-
istics of lakes in mountainous areas of the Western United States. Verh.
Internat. Verein. Linnol. Bd. 23:144-151. (ERL-C0R-732JAP).
Eilers, J.M., D.H. Landers, D.F. Brakke, and R.A. Linthurst. Factors contribu-
ting to differences in acid neutralizing capacity among lakes in the
Western United States. IN: Proceedings "Water resources related to mining
and energy - Preparing the Future." 23rd Annual AWRA Conference and Sym-
posium, November 1-6, 1987, Salt Lake City, UT. EPA/600/D-87/309. (R.
Lackey, project officer). PB 88 112 156/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-802DAP).
Eilers, Joseph M., David F. Brakke, and Dixon H. Landers. 1988. Chemical and
Physical Characteristics of Lakes in the Upper Midwest, United States. EPA
600/J-88/157 Environmental Science and Technology 22: 164-172. (ERL-COR-
739JAP).
Eilers, Joseph M., Oinon N. Landers, and David F. Brakke. 1988. Chemical and
Physical Characteristics of Lakes in the Southeastern United States.
Environmental Science and Technology 22: 172-177. (ERL-C0R-737JAP).
Eshleman, K.N. 1988. Predicting regional episodic acidification of surface
waters using empirical techniques. Accepted Water Resources Research.
(ERL-C0R-7840AP).
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Eshleman, Keith N., and Harold F. Hemond. 1988. Alkalinity and major ion
budgets for a Massachusetts reservoir and watershed. Limnology and
Oceanography 33(2):174—185- March.
Eshleman, Keith N., and Philip R. Kaufmann. 1988. Assessing the regional
effects of sulfur deposition on surface water chemistry: The Southern Blue
Ridge. Environmental Science & Technology 22(6):685—690. (ERL-C0R-801JAP).
Evans, L.S., K.F. Lewin, E.M. Owen, and K.A. Santucci. 1986. Comparison of
yields of several cultivars of field-grown soybeans exposed to simulated
acidic rainfalls. New Phvtoloqist 102: 409-417, April. (J. Lee,project
officer). (ERL-C0R-671JAP).
Fairbrother, A., and J.K. Bennett. 1988. The usefulness of cholinesterase
measurements. J. Wildlife Diseases 24(3):587-590. (ERL-C0R-889Misc.).
Fairbrother, A., S.M. Meyers, and R.S. Bennett. 1988. Changes in Mallard hen
behaviors in response to Methyl Parathion-induced illness of ducklings.
Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 7:499-503. (ERL-C0R-803J).
Fernandez, I.J., and P.A. Kosian. 1987. Soil air carbon dioxide concentrations
in a New England spruce-fir forest. EPA-600/J-87/043. Soil Science Society
of America Journal 51: 261-263. (R. Lackey, project officer). PB 87 203
162/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-676JAP).
Flagler, R.B., R.P. Patterson, A.'S.Heagle, and W.W.Heck. Ozone and soil moisture
deficit effects on nitrogen metabolism of soybean. Crop Science 27:1177-
1184. (ERL-C0R-678J).
Fletcher, John, Alan Groeger, Joel McCrady, and James Mc Farlane. 1987.
Polychlorbophenyl (PCB) metabolism by plant cells. Biotechnology Letters 9
(11): 817-820. (ERL-C0R-830J).
Fletcher, John S., Alan W. Groeger, and James C. Mc Farlane. 1987. Metabolism
of 2-chlorobiphenyl by suspension cultures of Paul's Scarlet rose. EPA/600/
J-87/439. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 39:960-
965. PB88 251 439. (ERL-C0R-755J).
Flexner, J.L., B. Lighthart, and B.A. Croft. 1986. The effects of microbial
pesticides on non-target, beneficial arthropods. EPA/600/J-86/409.
Agriculture. Ecosystems, and Environment 16: 203-254, August. PB 88 113
212/AS (A04). (ERL-C0R-579J).
Flint, S.D., and M.H. Caldwell. 1986. Comparative sensitivity of binucleate
and trlnucleate pollen to ultraviolet radiation: A theoretical perspective.
IN Stratospheric Ozone Reduction, Solar Ultraviolet Radiation, and Plant
Life. R. C. Worrest and M. M. Caldwell (eds.). Springer-Verlag. (J.
McCarty, project officer). PB 87 147 120/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-694D).
Floyd, R.A., M.S. West, K.L. Eneff, W.E. Hogsett, and D.T. Tingey. 1988.
Hydroxyl free radical mediated formation of 8-hydroxyguanine in Isolated
DNA. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 262(1):266-272. (ERL-COR-
815J).
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Ford, D.E., K.W. Thornton, J.F. Nix, J.T. Malcom, and F.E. Payne. 1986. Acidic
Episodes and Surface Water Chemistry: A Comparison of Northeast and South-
east Study Sites. October. EPA/600/3-87/018. U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (M. Robbins, project officer). PB 88 154
299/AS. (ERL-COR-371AP).
Fttli, Joseph, and William A. Dunson. 1986. The effect of prior exposure on
sodium uptake in tadpoles exposed to low pH water. EPA/600/J-86/368.
Journal of Comparative Physiology B 156: 649-654, December. (R. Lackey,
project officer). PB 87 198 826/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-714JAP).
Gaston, L.A., R.S. Mansell, and R.D. Rhue. 1986. Sulfate mobility in acid
soils and Implications with respect to cation leaching: a review. IN
Proceedings of the 43rd annual meeting of the Soil Crop Science Society of
Florida, October 25-27, 1983. (R. Wilhour, project officer). EPA-600/
D-86/094. PB 86 194 230/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-628DAP).
Germann, P.F. Macropores and Hydrologic Hi 11 si ope Processes. Chapter 9 IN:
Process Studies in Hill siope Hydrology, Anderson, M.G. and T.P. Buit (eds).
John Wiley, Publishers. (ERL-C0R-495D).
Gile, Jay D., and S. Mark Meyers. 1986. Effect of adult mallard age on avian
reproductive tests. EPA/600/J-86/399. Archives of Environmental Contamina-
tion and Toxicology 15: 751-756, October. PB 88 101 639/AS (A02).
(ERL-COR-587J).
Greene, J.C., W.E. Miller, M. Debacon, M.A. Long, and C.L. Bartels. 1988. Use
of Selanstrum Capricornutum to assess the toxicity potential of surface and
groundwater contamination caused by chromium waste. Environ. Toxicol.
Chem. 7:35-39. (ERL-C0R-709J).
Greene, Joseph C., W.E. Miller, and Ellen Merwin. 1986. The effect of secondary
effluents on eutrophication in Las Vegas Bay, Lake Mead, Nevada. EPA/600/
J-86/406. Water. Air, and Soil Pollution 29: 391-402, January. PB 88 107
057/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-558J).
Greene, J.C., W.J. Warren, B.R. Parkhurst, G.L. Linder, C.L. Bartels, S.A. Peter-
son, and W.E. Miller. Protocols for Short Term Toxicity Screening of
Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA 600/3-88/029. PB88 235 510/AS. (ERL-C0R-496).
Griffith, G.E., J.M. Omernik, and A.J. Kinney. 1986. Interpreting patterns of
lake alkalinity in the Upper Midwest Region, USA. EPA 600/D-87/009.
Presented at Lake & Reservoir Management: Influences of Nonpoint Source
Pollutants and Acid Precipitation. North American Lake Mngmt Soc.
Symposium. Nov. 5-8,1985, Portland, OR.PB 87 145 769/AS (A02).
(ERL-C0R-698D).
Guderian, Robert, and David T. Tingey. 1987. Study on the need and the estab-
lishing of air quality criteria for nitrogen oxides. Instltut fur Ange-
wandte Botanik der Un1vers1tat-€MS Essen, Germany. January. 170pp. (in
German)
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Haines, Terry A., Stanislas J. Pauwels, and Charles H. Jagoe. 1986. Predicting
and Evaluating the Effects of Acidic Precipitation on Water Chemistry and
Endemic Fish Populations in the Northeastern United States. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service Biological Report 80(40.23), Air Pollution and Acid Rain
Report No. 23. PB 86 188 703. (R. Lackey, project officer). (ERL-COR-
349AP).
Heagle, A.S., B. Flagler, R.P. Patterson, V.H. Lesser, S.R. Shafer, and W.W.
Heck. 1987. Injury and yield response of soybean to chronic doses of ozone
and soil moisture deficit. Crop Science 27:1016-1024. (ERL—C0R-711J).
Heagle, Allen S., W.W. Heck, V.M. Lesser, J.0. Rawlings, and F.L. Mowry. 1986.
Injury and yield response of cotton to chronic doses of ozone and sulfur
dioxide. EPA/600/J-86/366. Journal of Environmental Quality 15 (4):375-382,
October-December. (D. Tingey, project officer). PB 87 196 085/AS (A02).
(ERL-C0R-507J).
Heagle, Allen S., W.W. Heck, V.M. Lesser, and J.0. Rawlings. 1987. Effects of
daily ozone exposure duration and concentration fluctuation on yield of
tobacco. EPA 600/0-87/290 Phytopathology 77 (6): 856-862. PB88 185 178/AS
(D. Tingey, project officer). (ERL—C0R-610J).
Heck, Walter W., O.C. Taylor, R.M. Adams, J.E. Miller, D.T. Tingey, and L.H.
Weinstein. 1986. National Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN) 1984 Annual
Report. EPA/600/3-86/041. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environ-
mental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. (D. Tingey, project
officer). PB 86 232 949/AS (All). (ERL-C0R-352).
Heck, W.W., O.C.Taylor, and D.T. Tingey (eds). 1988. Assessment of Crop Loss
from Air Pollutants. Proceedings: International Conference Raleigh, NC, Oct.
25-29, 1987. (ERL-COR-515).
Heggestad, H.E., J.H. Bennett, and E.H. Lee. 1986. Effects of increasing doses
of sulfur dioxide and ambient ozone on tomatoes: plant growth, leaf
injury, elemental composition, fruit yields, and quali;.. Phytopathology
76 (12): 1338-1344, December. (D. Tingey, project officer). (ERL—C0R-510J).
Heggestad, H.E., E.L. Anderson, T.J. Gish and E.H. Lee. Effects of Ozone and
Soil Water Deficit on Roots and Shoots of Field Grown Soybeans. Environ-
mental Pollution 50:259-278. (ERL-C0R-817J)
Heiskary, Steven A., and David P. Larsen. 1986. Analysis of regional lake
water quality patterns: Implications for resource management in Minnesota.
Proceedings Lake and Reservoir Management: Influences of Nonpoint Source
Pollutants and Acid Precipitation. North American Lake Management Society
Symposium, November 5-8, 1986, Portland, Oregon. EPA/600/D-87/010. PB87
188 157/AS (A03). (ERL-C0R-699D).
Henderson, S., A.B. Allen, B. Abbruzzese, M.E. Kentula, and R.M. Hughes. 1988.
A Method for the Selection of Reference Wetlands. IN: Proceedings of the
Society of Wetland Scientists* Eighth Annual Meeting. "Wetland and Riparian
Ecosystems of the American West" May 26-29, 1987. Seattle, WA. (ERL-C0R-
823D).
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Hendricks, Charles W. and Nanci Pascoe. 1988. Soil microbial biomass estimates
using 2450 MHz microwave irradiation. Plant and Soil 110:39-47. (ERL-COR-
773J).
Hendricks, Charles W., Eldor A. Paul, and Paul D. Brooks. 1987. Growth mea-
surements of terrestrial microbial species by a continuous-flow technique.
Plant and Soil 101: 189-195. (ERL-C0R-649J).
Herdendorf, Charles E. 1987. The Ecology of the Coastal Marshes of Western Lake
Erie: A Community Profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department
of the Interior; Corps of Engineers, U.S. Department of the Army; and U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallls, Oregon. U.S.FWS Biological
Report 85(7.9). (E. Preston, EPA project officer; W. Duffy, FWS project
officer). PB 87 186 805/AS. (ERL-COR-416).
Hodges, Steven C. 1987. Aluminum speciation: A comparison of five methods.
EPA/600/J-87/057. Soil Science Society of America Journal 51:57-64. (R.
Wilhour, project officer). PB 87 213 252/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-584JAP).
Hogsett, W.E., D.T. Tlngey, G.E. Taylor, O.M. Olszyk, and D.P. Ormond. 1987.
Air Pollution Exposure Systems and Experimental Protocols - Vol. 1: A Review
and Evaluation of Performance. EPA-600/3-87/037b. PB88 181 698. 137 pg.
(ERL-C0R-437a).
Hogsett, W.E., D.T. Tingey, G.E. Taylor, O.M. Olszyk, and D.P. Ormond. 1987.
Air Pollution Exposure Systems and Experimental Protocols - Vol. 2:
Description of Facilities. EPA 600/3-87/037b. PB88 181 698. 347 pg. (ERL-
C0R-437b).
Hughes, Robert M. and James R. Gammon. 1987. Longitudinal changes in fish
assemblages and water quality in the Willamette River, Oregon. Transactions
of the American Fisheries Society 116(2):196-209. (ERL-C0R-638J)
Hughes, R.M., and D.P. Larsen. 1988. Ecoregions: an approach to surface water
protection. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 60(4):486-493.
(ERL-C0R-819J).
Hughes, Robert M., David P. Larsen, and James M. Omernik. 1986. Regional
reference sites: A method for assessing stream potentials. EPA/600/J-86/218.
Environmental Management 10 (5):629—635. PB 87 170 767/AS (A02).
(ERL-C0R-477J).
Hughes, R.M., Eric Rexstad, and Carl E. Bond. 1988. The relationship of
aquatic ecoregions, river basins and physiographic provinces to
Ichthyogeographic regions of Oregon. (ERL-COR-556).
Jacobson, J., P. Irving, A1 Kuja, D. Shrlner, S. Perrigan and V. Cullinan. 1988.
A Collaborative Effort to Model Plant Response to Acidic Rain. Accepted in
Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association. (ERL-C0R-922J).
James, Bruce R.y and Susan J. Riha. 1986. pH buffering 1n forest soil organic
horizons: relevance to acid precipitation. EPA/600/J-86/404. Journal of
Environmental Quality 15 (3): 229-234, July-September. (R. Wilhour,
project officer). PB 88 103 627/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-515JAP).
-98-
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Kanciruk, P., J.M. Eilers, R.A. McCord, D.H. Landers, D.F. Brakke, and R.A.
Linthurst. 1986. Characteristics of Lakes in the Eastern United States.
Volume III. Data Compendium of Site Characteristics and Chemical
Variables. EPA/600/4-86/007c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. 439 pp. PB 87 110 409c. (ERL-COR-337c). See Linthurst
et al. 1986 for Volume I and Overton et al. 1986 for Volume II.
Karr, James R. 1986. Biological monitoring and environmental assessment: A
conceptual framework. Environmental Management. (D. Larsen, project
officer). (ERL-C0R-718J).
Kaufmann, P., A. Herlihy, M. Mitch, A. Kinney, S. Christie, D. Brown, J. Elwood,
M. Sale, H. Jager, K. Cougan, D. Peck, C. Hagley, S. Overton, J. Messer and
K. Reckhow. Chemical Characteristics of Streams in the Mid-Atlantic and
Southeastern United States. (ERL-COR-482)
Kentula, Mary E. 1986. EPA adopts wetland research plan. EPA/600/M-87/016.
National Wetlands Research Newsletter 8 (4): 14-15. (E. Preston, project
officer). PB 87 187 076/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-657misc).
Kentula, Mary E. 1986. Wetland rehabilitation and creation in the Pacific
Northwest. Presentation to the Washington State Department of Ecology
Wetlands Conference on "Wetland Functions, Rehabilitation, and Creation in
the Pacific Northwest: The State of Our Understanding." Port Townsend,
WA, April 30-May 2, 1986. EPA/600/D-86/183. (D. Larsen, project officer).
PB 86 241 023/AS (A03). (ERL-C0R-667D).
Kentula, Mary E. 1987. Does mitigation work? EPA's wetland research program is
checking. IN Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on Wetlands
Restoration and Creation. May. Hillsborough Community College, Tampa, FL.
EPA/600/D-87/308. (E. Preston, project officer). PB 88 112 149/AS (A02).
(ERL-COR-800D).
Kentula, Mary E. 1987. EPA initiates wetland research 1n the Pacific Northwest.
EPA/600/M-87/026. The Northwest Environmental Journal 3: 163-164, March.
PB 88 101 696/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-768misc).
Kentula, Mary E. 1988. Wetland mitigation: Research opportunities and needs.
IN: "Country in the City": Managing natural resources in the urban
environment, Feb. 1988, Portland, OR. (ERL-COR-940D)
Kettle, W.D., F. deNoyelles, Or., B.D. Heacock, and A.M. Kadoum. 1986. Diet and
reproductive success of bluegill recovered from experimental ponds treated
with atrazine. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. (D.
Larsen, project officer). (ERL-C0R-716J).
Kiester, A. Ross. 1987. Background for the synthesis and integration of forest
response to atnospheric deposition. Presented at the California Forest
Response Program Planning Conference, Asllomar, CA, February 22-25. (R.
Blair, project officer). (ERL-COR-775DAP).
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Kiester, A. Ross. 1987. The role of models in the Forest Response Program. IN
Proceedings 1987 IUFRO Forest Growth Modeling and Prediction Conference,
Minneapolis, Minnesota. August 24-28, 1987. EPA/600/D-87/334. PB 88 130
281/AS (A03). (ERL-C0R-828DAP).
King, David A. 1987. A model for predicting the influence of moisture stress on
crop losses caused by ozone. EPA/600/J-87/77. Ecological Modelling 35:
29-44, Jan. (D. Tingey, project officer). PB 88 102 983/AS (A02).
(ERL-C0R-467J).
King, David A. 1988. Modeling the impact of ozone x drought interactions on
regional crop yields. Environmental Pollution 53:351-364. (ERL-C0R-836J).
King, David A., and William L. Nelson. 1987. Assessing the impacts of soil
moisture stress on regional soybean yield and its sensitivity to ozone.
Agriculture. Ecosystems, and Environment 20: 23-35. (ERL-COR-580J).
King, D.A., A.S. Heagle, and R.B. Flagler. 1988. Evaluation of an ozone x
moisture stress interaction model for soybean. Ecological Modelling 41:269-
279. (ERL-C0R-704J).
Klein, Theodore M., and Martin Alexander. 1986. Effect of the quantity and
duration of application of simulated acid precipitation on nitrogen
mineralization and nitrification in a forest soil. EPA/600/J-86/370. Water.
Air, and Soil Pollution 28: 309-318, April. (R. Wilhour, project
Officer). PB 87 198 842/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-736JAP).
Knittel, M.D., and Anne Fairbrother. 1987. Effects of temperature and pH on
survival of free nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Autographa californica.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology 53(12):2771-2773. (ERL-C0R-728J).
Knudsen, G.R., M.V. Walter, L.A. Porteous, V.J. Prince, J.L. Armstrong, and R.O.
Seidler. 1988. Predictive model of conjugative plasmid transfer in the
rhyzosphere and phyllosphere. AppI. Environ. Microbiol. 54:343-347. (ERL-
COR-779J).
Kohut, R.J., J.A. Laurence , and L.J. Colavito. 1988. The influence of ozone
exposure dynamics on the growth and yield of kidney bean. Environmental
Pollution 53:79-88. (ERL-C0R-884J).
Krasovsky, Vera N. and G. Stotzky. 1987. Conjugation and genetic recombination
in Escherichia coli in sterile and nonsterile soil. Soil Biol. Biochem.
19(5):631—638. (ERL-C0R-896J).
Krasovsky, Vera N. and 6. Stotzky. 1987. The effect of oxalate on the dissolu-
tion rates of oligoclase and tremolite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
51:2559-2568. (ERL-COR-897J).
Kress, L.W., O.E. Miller, H.J. Smith, and J.O. Rawlings. 1986. Impact of ozone
and sulphur dioxide on soybean yield. EPA/600/J-86/157. Environmental
Pollution (Series A) 41: 105-123. PB 87 118 519/AS (A02). (D.Tingey,
project officer). (ERL-C0R-512J).
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Krug, W.R., W.A. Gebert, D.J. Graczyk, D. Stevens, B.P. Rochelle, and M.R.
Church. 1988. Runoff map for the northeastern, southeastern and Mid-
Atlantic United States for Water Years 1951-80. (ERL-COR-472).
Larmiers, D.A., D.L. Cassell, and J.J. Lee 1987. Field Operations and Quality
Assurance/Quality Control for Direct/Delayed Response Project Soil Mapping
Activities in the Northeast Region. 140 pgs. EPA 600/3-87/017. PB88 171
301. (ERL-C0R-406AP).
tinners, D.A., O.L. Cassell, J.J. Lee, W.G. Campbell, and M.G. Johnson. 1987.
Field Operations and Quality Assurance/ Quality Control for Direct/Delayed
Response Project Soil Happing Activities in the Southern Blue Ridge Region.
EPA 600/3-88/016. PB88 195 722/AS. (ERL-C0R-454AP).
Landers, D.H., J.M. Eilers, D.F. Brakke, and P.E. Kellar. 1988 Characteristics
of acidic lakes in the Eastern United States. Verh. Internat. Verein.
Limnol. Bd. 23:152-162. (ERL-C0R-734JAP).
Landers, Dixon H., W. Scott Overton, Rick A. Linthurst, and David F. Brakke.
1988. Eastern Lake Survey: Regional estimates of lake chemistry.
Environmental Science and Technology 22: 128-135. (ERL-C0R-730JAP).
Larsen, David P., Frank OeNoyelles, Jr., Frank Stay, and Tamotsu Shiroyama. 1986.
Comparisons of single species, microcosm, and experimental pond responses to
atrazine exposure. EPA/600/J-86/050. Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 5: 179-190, February. PB 86 199 379/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-414J).
Larsen, David P., Daniel R. Dudley, and Robert M. Hughes. 1988. An approach for
assessing attainable water quality: Ohio as a case study. Journal of Soil
and Water Conservation. (ERL-COR-6810).
Larsen, David P., Robert M. Hughes, James M. Omernik, Daniel R. Dudley, Christina
H. Rohm, Thomas R. Whittier, Andrew J. Kinney, and Alisa L. Gallant. 1986.
The correspondence between spatial patterns in fish assemblages in Ohio
streams and aquatic ecoregions. EPA/600/J-86/365. Environmental Management
10 (6): 815-828, December. (D. Larsen, project officer). PB 87 196 077/AS
(A02). (ERL-COR-480J).
Lee, E. Henry. 1988. Evaluation of ozone exposure Indices in exposure-response
modeling. Journal of Environmental Pollution 53:43-62. (ERL-C0R-798J).
Lee, Jeffrey J. 1985. Effect of simulated sulfuric acid rain on the chemistry
of a sulfate-adsorbing forest soil. EPA-600/J-85-105. Water. Air, and Soil
Pollution 25: 185-193. PB 85 244 259/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-304J).
Lefohn, A.S., C.E. Davis, C.K. Jones, D.T. Tlngey, and W.E. Hogsett. 1987. Co-
occurrence patterns of gaseous air pollutant pairs at different minimum
concentrations in the United States. Atmospheric Environment 21(11):2435-
2444. (ERL-C0R-707J).
Lefohn, Allen S., W.E. Hogsett, and David T. Tingey. 1986. A method for
developing ozone exposures that mimic ambient conditions in agricultural
areas. EPA/600/J-86/046. Atmospheric Environment 20 (2): 361-366,
February. PB 86 195 948/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-451J).
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Lefohn, Allen S., W.E. Hogsett, and David T. Tingey. 1987. The development of
sulfur dioxide and ozone rural exposure profiles that mimic ambient condi-
tions in the southeastern United States. EPA/600/J-87/376. Atmospheric
Environment 21(31:659-669. PB88 251 848/AS (ERL-C0R-613J).
Lefohn, A.S, H.P. Knudsen, J.A. Logan, J. Simpson, and C. Bhumralkar. 1987. An
evaluation of the Kriging Method to predict 7-h seasonal mean ozone concen-
trations for estimating crop losses. JAPCA 37(5):595-602. (ERL-COR-687J).
Lefohn, A.S., H.P. Knudsen, and L.R. McEvoy. The use of kriging to estimate
monthly ozone exposure parameters for the southeastern United States.
Environmental Pollution 53:27-42. (ERL-C0R-887J).
Levin, Morris A., Ramon Seidler, A1 W. Borquin, John R. Fowle III, and Tamar
Barkay. 1987. EPA developing methods to assess environmental release.
Biotechnology 5:38-45, January.
Lighthart, Bruce. 1988. Some changes in gut bacterial flora of field-grown
Peridroma saucia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) when brought into the laboratory.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54(7).*1896-1898. (ERL-C0R-654J).
Lighthart, Bruce and A.J. Mohr. 1987. Estimating downwind concentrations of
viable airborne microorganisms in dynamic atmospheric conditions. Applied
and Environmental Microbiology 53(7):1580-1583. (ERL-C0R-643J).
Lighthart, Bruce, David Sewall, and David R. Thomas. 1988. Effect of several
stress factors on the susceptibility of the predatory mite, Metaseiulus
occidental is (Acari: Phytoseiidae), to the weak bacterial pathogen Serratia
marcescens. Journal of invertebrate pathology 52:33-42. (ERL-C0R-818J).
Lindow, S.E., G.R. Knudsen, R.J. Seidler, M.V. Walter, V.W. Lambou, P.S. Amy, D.
Schmedding, V. Prince, and S. Hern. 1988. Aerial dispersal and epiphytic
survival of Pseudomonas syringae during a pretest for the release of
genetically engineered strains into the environment. Applied and
Environmental Microbiology 54(6):1557-1563. (ERL-C0R-846J).
Lindstrom, F.T., L. Boersma, C. McFarlane, K.P. Suen, and D. Cawlfield. 1988.
Uptake and transport of chemicals by plants (Version 2.1) Special Report
819, May 1988. Agricultural Experiment Station, OSU, Corvallis.
Link, S.O., R.J. Fellows, D.A. Cataldo, J.G. Droppo, and P. Van Voris. 1987.
Estimation of an Aerial Deposition and Foliar Uptake of Xenobiotics:
Assessment of Current Models. Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest
Laboratories. PNL-€173. EPA/300/3-87/050. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (J. Mc Farlane, project officer). ERL-COR-439).
Llnthurst, R.A., D.H. Landers, 0. Eilers, P.E. Keller, D.F. Braake, D.S.
Oeffers, et a?. Regional Chewical Characteristics of Lakes in North
America. Part II: Eastern United States. EPA/600/J-86/465 Water. Air, and
Soil Pollution 31:577-591, PB8B 222 542/AS (ERL-COR-767JAP).
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Linthurst, R.A., D.H. Landers, J.M. Eilers, D.F. Brakke, W.S. Overton, E.P.
Meier, and R.E. Crowe. 1986. Characteristics of Lakes in the Eastern
United States. Volume I. Population Descriptions and Physico-Chemical
Relationships. EPA/600/4-86/007a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. 136 pp. PB 87 110 383a. (ERL-C0R-337a).
Overton, W.S., P. Kanciruk, L.A. Hook, J.M. Eilers, D.H. Landers, D.F.
Brakke, D.J. Blick, Jr., R.A. Linthurst, M.D. DeHaan, and J.M. Omernik.
1986. Characteristics of Lakes in the Eastern United States. Volume II.
Lakes Sampled and Descriptive Statistics for Physical and Chemical
Variables. EPA/600/4-86/007b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. 374 pp. PB 87 110 391b. (ERL-C0R-337b).
Kanciruk, P., J.M. Eilers, R.A. McCord, D.H. Landers, D.F. Brakke, and R.A.
Linthurst. 1986. Characteristics of Lakes in the Eastern United States.
Volume III. Data Compendium of Site Characteristics and Chemical Variables.
EPA/600/4-86/007c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
439 pp. PB 87 110 409c. (ERL-C0R-337c).
National Surface Water Survey: Eastern Lake Survey, Phase I(ELS—I), 1984
(SAS Data Tape). PB 87 193 298 (703). EPA/DF/MT-87/024; EPA/600/4-86/007g.
(ERL-C0R-387g).
National Surface Water Survey: Eastern Lake Survey, Phase I (ELS-I), 1984
(SAS Export Data Tape).PB 87 193 306(T03) EPA/DF/MT-87/023; EPA/600/4-86/
007d. (ERL-C0R-387d).
National Surface Water Survey: Eastern Lake Survey, Phase I (ELS-I), 1984
(EBCDIC Tape). PB 87 193 314 (T03). EPA/DF/MT-87/025; EPA/600/4-86/007f.
(ERL—COR—387 f).
National Surface Water Survey: Eastern Lake Survey, Phase I (ELS-I), 1984
(ASCII Tape). PB 87 193 322 (T03). EPA/DF/MT-87/026; EPA/600/4-86/007c.
(ERL-C0R-387C).
National Surface Water Survey: Eastern Lake Survey, Phase I (ELS-I), 1984
(for microcomputers). PB 87 193 330 (D05). EPA/DF/DK-87/029; EPA/600/4-86/
007i.
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Marmorek, David R., D.P. Bernard, M.L. Jones, L.P. Rattie and T.J. Sullivan. The
Effects of Mineral Acid Deposition on Concentrations of Dissolved Organic
Acids in Surface Waters. EPA 600/3-88/022. PB88 235 528/AS. (ERL-COR-
500AP).
Marx, Donald, et. al. Southern Forest Atlas Project - Atmospheric deposition,
weather, soils, tree distribution, and pest-fire. Printed 4 distributed by
USDA F5. (ERL-COR-920Atlas).
Mast, M. Alisa, and James I. Drever. 1987. The effects of oxalate on the
dissolution rates of oligoclase and tremolite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta 51:2559-2568. Pergamon Journals Ltd. (ERL-C0R-897J).
McCrady, Joel K., Craig Mc Farlane, and F.T. Lindstrom. 1987. The transport
and affinity of substituted benzenes in soybean stems. Journal of
Experimental Botany 38 (196):1875-1890. (ERL-COR-710J).
Mc Farlane, Craig, and Thomas Pfleeger. 1986. Plant Exposure Laboratory and
Chambers. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon.
EPA/600/3-86/007a,i>. Volume I. PB 86 155 777/AS (A03); Volume II
(Appendices 1-6), PB 86 155 785/AS (A13). (ERL-COR-301a,b).
Mc Farlane, J. Craig, and Thomas Pfleeger. 1987. Plant exposure chambers for
study of toxic chemical-plant interactions. Journal of Environmental
Quality 16(4):361-371. (ERL-C0R-725J).
Mc Farlane, J. Craig, Thomas Pfleeger, and John Fletcher. 1987. Transpiration
effect on the uptake and distribution of bromacil, nitrobenzene and phenol
in soybean plants. Journal Environmental Quality 16(4):372-376. (ERL-COR-
727J).
Mc Farlane, Craig, Cynthia Nolt, Carlos Wickliff, Tom Pfleeger, Ray Shimabuku,
and Mike McDowell. 1987. The uptake, distribution, and metabolism of four
organic chemicals by soybean plants and barley roots. Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 6: 847-856. (ERL-C0R-669J).
McLaughlin, D.J. Dowing, T.J. Biasing, B.L. Jackson, D.J. Pack, D.N. Dirvick,
L.K. Mann and T.W. Doyle. 1988. FORAST DATA BASE DOCUMENTATION.
EPA/DF/MT-88/054a. EPA/600/3-87/029a PB88 223 649/AS (ERL-COR-380APa)
McLaughlin, D.J. Dowing, T.J. Biasing, B.L. Jackson, D.J. Pack, D.N. Dirvick, L.
K. Mann and T. W. Doyle. 1988. FORAST DATA BASE DOCUMENTATION. (Computer
Tape) EPA/DF/MT-88/054. EPA/600/3-87/029b. PB88 223 631/AS. (ERL-COR-
380APb).
Meehan, Rosa and Jon R. Nickles. 1988. Oil Development In Northern Alaska - A
Guide to the Effects of Gravel Placement on Wetlands and Waterbirds.
EPA/600/3-88/024. PB88 224 407/AS. (ERL-COR-501).
Meyers, S. Mark, and Jay D. Gile. 19B6. Mallard reproductive testing in a pond
environment: a preliminary study. EPA/600/J-86/400. Archives of Environ-
mental Contamination and Toxicology 15:757-761, December. PB 88 101 621/AS
(A02). (ERL-COR-600J).
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Meyers, S. Hark, and Susan M. Schiller. 1986. TERRE-TOX: A data base for
effects of anthropogenic substances on terrestrial animals. EPA/600/J-86/
051. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 26:33-36,
February. PB 86 199 361/AS (AO2). (ERL-C0R-506J).
Meyers, S.M., and S.M. Schiller. 1986. TERRE-TOX Terrestrial Toxicity Data
Base. EPA/600/M-86/008. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis,
Oregon. (H. Kibby, project officer). PB 86 178 043/AS (T03). (ERL-COR-327).
Two magnetic tapes. No project report or summary.
Moser, Thomas J., David T. Tingey, and Kent D. Rodecap. 1986. Direct and
residual effects of cadmium on the growth and elemental composition of
Arabidopsis thaliana. Angewandte Botanik 60: 391-405. (ERL-C0R-656J).
Murali, N.S., and Alan S. Teramura. 1986. Effects of supplemental ultra-
violet-B radiation on the growth and physiology of field-grown soybean.
EPA/600/J-86/378. Environmental and Experimental Botany 26(3): 233-242.
PB 87 212 866/AS (A02). (J. McCarty, project officer). (ERL-C0R-574J).
Murphy, Thomas A. 1987. Design and management of research projects. Pro-
ceedings of U.S./Malaysian Seminar on RSD Management. EPA/600/D-87/263.
PB 88 106 380/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-721D).
Nebeker, A.V., M.A. Cairns, S.T. Onjukka, and R.H. Titus. 1986. Effect of age
on sensitivity of Daphnia magna to cadmium, copper, and cyanazine. EPA/
600/0-86/131. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5:527-530, June.
PB 87 100 590/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-468J).
Nebeker, Alan V., Samuel T. Onjukka, Michael A. Cairns. 1988. Chronic effects
of contaminated sediment on Daphnia magna and Chironomus tentans. Bulletin
of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41:574-581. (ERL-COR-582J).
Nebeker, Alan V., Samuel T. Onjukka, Michael A. Cairns, Oaniel F. Krawczyk. 1986.
Survival of Daphnia magna and Hyalella azteca in cadmium-spiked water and
sediment. Environmental Toxicoloov and Chemistry 5:933-938, Oct.
(ERL-C0R-581J).
Nebeker, Alan V., Carol Savonen, and Donald G. Stevens. 1985. Sensitivity of
rainbow trout early life stages to nickel chloride. EPA-600/J-85-016.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 4:233-239. PB85 198 372/AS(A02).
(ERL-C0R-318J).
Nebeker, A.V., A. Stinchfield, C. Savonen, and G. Chapman. 1986. Effects of
copper, nickel, and zinc on three species of Oregon freshwater snails.
EPA/600/J-86/407. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5: 807-811, May.
PB 88 107 198/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-5690).
Neuhauser, E.F., P.F. DurJHn, M.R. MaJecki, and M. Anatra. 1986. Comparative
toxicity of ten organic chemicals to four earthworm species. EPA/600/J-86/
397. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 83C(1):197-200. PB 88 107
115/AS (A02). (C. Callahan, project officer). (ERL-COR-550J).
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Neuhauser, E.F., R.C. Loehr, and Michael R. Malecki. 1986. Contact and arti-
ficial soil tests using earthworms to evaluate the impact of wastes in
soil. pp. 192-203 IN Hazardous and Industrial Solid Waste Testing: Fourth
Symposium. ASTM STP 886. J.K. Petros, Jr., W.J. Lacy, and R.A. Conway,
Eds. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. EPA/600/
D-84/298S. (C. Callahan, project officer). PB 86 195 237/AS (A02).
(ERL-C0R-426D).
Newell, Avis 0. 1987. Predicting spring lake chemistry from fall samples.
EPA/600/D-87/265. Proceedings of the International Conference on Acid Rain,
1-3 September 1987, Lisbon. PB 88 106 356/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-771DAP).
Nix, Joe. F., K.W. Thornton, D.E.Ford and J. Malcolm. Storm Event Sampling of
Two Low Alkalinity Southwestern Arkansas Streams. EPA/600/3-88/023. PB 88
225 107/AS (ERL-COR-499D)
Olson, Richard, project manager. 1987. Western Conifers Research Cooperative.
1987 Research Plan. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. PB
87 227 641 AS (AOS). (ERL-COR-408AP).
Olszyk, David M., and David T. Tingey. 1986. Joint action of 03 and S02 in
modifying plant gas exchange. EPA/600/J-86/394. Plant Physiology 82:
401-405. PB 88 104 278/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-625J).
Omernik, James. 1987. Ecoregions of the conterminous United States. Annals of
the Association of American Geographers 77(1):118-125, March. (ERL-C0R-
578J).
Omernik, James M. 1987. Ecoregions of the Northeast States. Map. EPA/600/
0-87/313. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon.
(ERL-C0R-794M).
Omernik, James M. 1987. Ecoregions of the Southeast States. Map. EPA/600/
D-87/314. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon.
(ERL-C0R-796M).
Omernik, James M., and Glenn E. Griffith. 1986. Total Alkalinity of Surface
Waters: A Map of the Upper Midwest Region. Map and text. EPA-600/D-85-
043. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (ERL-COR-
269D). Not in NTIS. Also published in Environmental Management 10
(6):829-839, 1986.
Omernik, James M., and Glenn E. Griffith. 1986. Total alkalinity of surface
waters: a map of the western region. EPA/600/0-86/410. Journal of Soil
and Water Conservation 41 (6): 374-378, November-December. PB 88 104
302/AS. (ERL-C0R-6390).
Omernik, Janes M., and ATfsa L. Gallant. 1986. Ecoregions of the Pacific
Northwest. EPA/600/3-86/033. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. w/map.
(ERL—COR—341).
-106-
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Omernik, James M., and Alisa M. Gallant. 1987. Ecoregions of the South Central
States. Map. EPA/600/D-87/315. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Corvallis, OR. (ERL-COR-792M).
Omernik, James M., and Alisa M. Gallant. 1987. Ecoregions of the Southwest
States.(Map) EPA/600/D-87/316. U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,
Corvallis, OR (ERL-C0R-795M).
Omernik, James M., and Alisa M. Gallant. 1987. Ecoregions of the West Central
States. Map. EPA/600/D-87/317. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Corvallis, Oregon. (ERL-C0R-793M).
Overton, W.S., P. Kanciruk, L.A. Hook, J.M. Eilers, D.H. Landers, D.F. Brakke,
D. J. Blick, Jr., R. A. Linthurst, M. D. DeHaan, and J. M. Omernik. 1986.
Characteristics of Lakes in the Eastern United States. Volume II. Lakes
Sampled and Descriptive Statistics for Physical and Chemical Variables.
EPA/600/4-86/007b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
374 pp. PB 87 110 391b. (ERL-C0R-337b). See Linthurst et al. 1986 for
Volume I and Kanciruk et al. 1986 for Volume III.
Peterson, S.A., J.C. Greene, W.E. Miller, and D.C. Wilborn. 1987. Bioactivity
differences of water and sodium acetate eluate from municipal and industrial
wastes. Third Annual EPA Solid Waste Testing and Quality Assurance
Symposium, July 13-17. (ERL-COR-777D). Not in NTIS.
Peterson, Spencer A. 1986. Sediment removal. Chapter 8 IN Lake and Reservoir
Restoration. (G.D. Cooke, E.B. Welch, S.A. Peterson, and P.R. Newroth).
Butterworth Publishers, Stoneham, Massachusetts. EPA/600/D-84/207. PB 84
236 397/AS (A08). (ERL-COR-167D).
Plafkin, James L., Mike Barbour, Kim Porter, Sharon Gross, and Bob Hughes. 1988.
Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for use in streams and rivers: Benthic Macro-
invertebrates and Fish. Sections 2.8 and 7 only. (ERL—COR-926).
Quinn, S.O., and N. Bloomfield, eds. 1986. Acidic Deposition, Trace Con-
taminants, and Their Indirect Human Health Effects: Research Needs.
Proceedings of a Workshop held at Topridge Conference Center, Paul Smith's,
New York, June 19-22, 1984. EPA/600/9-86/002. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (R. Lackey, project officer). PB 86
177 581/AS (A05). (ERL-C0R-276AP).
Rappaport, L. 1988. Rapid Assays of Plant Responses to Herbicide Treatment.
36 pg. EPA 600/3-88/005. PB88 158 050. (ERL-COR-257).
Ratsch, Hi 1man C., and Debra Johndro. 1986. Comparative Toxicity of six test
chemicals to lettuce using two root elongation test methods. Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment 6:267-276. (EKL-C0R-306J).
Ratsch, Hilaan C„, and Debra Johndro. 1986. Growth Inhibition and morphological
effects by several chemicals 1n Arabidopsis thaiiana (L.) Heynh. EPA/600/
J-86/129. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5:55-60, January. PB 87
100 707/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-349J).
-107-
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Ratsch, Hilman C. and Debra Johndro. 1987. The influence of two culturing
techniques on toxicity of four chemicals in Arabidopsis. Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment 9:155-168. (ERL-C0R-618J)
Rawlings, J.O., V.M.Lesser, A.S. Heagle, and W.W. Heck. 1988. Alternative ozone
dose metrics to characterize ozone impact on crop yield loss. Journal of
Environmental Quality 17(2):285-291. (ERL-C0R-904J).
Reckhow, Kenneth H. 1987. Systems analysis in water quality management. IN:
Proceedings, IAWPRC International Symposium "Systems Analysis in Water
Quality Management." (ERL-COR-761JAP).
Reed, Margaret A., and Richard J. Stolzberg. 1987. Direct determination of
arsenite by differential pulse polarography in the presence of lead(II) and
thallium(I). Analytical Chemistry 59 (3). (J. McCarty, project officer).
(ERL-C0R-780J).
Riitters, Kurt H. Process models for monitoring forest health. IN Proceedings
of the IUFRO Forest Growth Modeling and Prediction Conference, Minneapolis,
MN, August 24-28, 1987. EPA/600/D-87/307. (Roger Blair, project officer).
PB 88 113 675/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-797DAP).
Robberecht, R., and M.M. Caldwell. 1986. Leaf UV optical properties of Rumex
patientia L. and Rumex obtusifolius L. in regard to a protective mechanism
against solar UV-B radiation injury. IN Stratospheric Ozone Reduction,
Solar Ultraviolet Radiation, and Plant Life. R.W. Worrest and M.M.
Caldwell (eds.). Springer-Verlag. EPA/600/D-87/008. PB 87 147 112/AS
(A02). (J. McCarty, project officer). (ERL-C0R-695D).
Rochelle, Barry P., and Parker J. Wigington, Jr. 1986. Surface runoff from
southeastern Oklahoma forested watersheds. Proceedings of the Oklahoma
Academy of Science 66: 7-13.
Rochelle, Barry P., M. Robbins Church, and Mark B. David. 1987. Sulfur reten-
tion at intensively studied sites in the U.S. and Canada. Water. Air, and
Soil Pollution 33: 73-83, March. (ERL-C0R-636JAP).
Rochelle, Barry P., and M. Robbins Church. 1987. Regional patterns of sulfur
retention in watersheds of the eastern U.S. Water. Air, and Soil Pollution
36: 61-73. (ERL-C0R-705JAP).
Rodecap, Kent D., and David T. Tingey. 1986. Ozone-induced ethylene release
from leaf surfaces. EPA/600/J-86/398. Plant Science 44: 73-76, March. PB
88 107 107/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-420J).
Rohm, Christina M., John W. Giese, and Charles C. Bennett. 1987. Evaluation of
an aquatic ecoregion classification of streams in Arkansas. EPA/600/J-
87/168. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 4(1):127-140. PB88 158 845/AS.
(ERL-COR-7083).
Rygiewicz, P.T., S.L. Miller, and D.M. Durall. 1988. A root-mycocosm for
growing ectomycorrhizal hyphae apart from host roots while maintaining
symbiotic integrity. Plant and Soil 109:281-284. (ERL-COR-772J).
-108-
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Sanville, William D., H. Peter Eilers, Theodore R. Boss, and Thomas G.
Pfleeger. 1986. Environmental gradients in northwest freshwater wet-lands.
EPA/600/J-86/413. Environmental Management 10 (1): 125-134. PB 88 123
948/AS (A03). (ERL-C0R-397J).
Seidler, Ray J. and Stephen Hern. 1988. Special Report: Release of Ice Minus
Recombinant Bacteria. (ERL-COR-473).
Shaffer, Paul W., Richard P. Hooper, K.N. Eshleman, and M.R. Church. 1988.
Watershed vs in-lake alkalinity generation: a comparison of rates using
input-output studies. Water. Air, and Soil Pollution. Vol. 39. (ERL-COR-
760JAP).
Shirazi, M.A., R.S. Bennett, and L.C. Lowrie. 1988. An approach to
environmental risk assessment using avian toxicity tests. Archives of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 16:263-271. (ERL-COR-706J).
Shirazi, M.A., L. Boersma, and J.W. Hart. 1988. A unifying quantitative
analysis on soil texture: Improvement of precision and extension of scale.
EPA/600/J-88/081. Soil Science Society of America 52(1):181-190. PB88 249
875/AS. (ERL-COR-670J).
Shirazi, M.A., and LeVaughn Lowrie. 1988. An approach for integration of
toxicological data. Special Technical Publication 971 1988. American
Society for Testing and Materials. (ERL-C0R-635D).
Shirazi, Mostafa A., and LeVaughn Lowrie. 1988. Comparative toxicity based on
similar asymptotic endpoints. Archives of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology 17: 273-280. (ERL-C0R-726J).
Shirazi, M.A., S.A. Peterson, L. Lowrie, and J.W. Hart. 1986. Computerbased
land classification for management of hazardous waste. EPA/600/J-86/405.
Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials 3 (1): 77-100, March. PB 88 104
195/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-557J).
Siddens, Lisbeth K., Wayne K. Seim, Lawrence R. Curtis, and Gary A. Chapman.
1986. Comparison of continuous and episodic exposure to acidic, aluminum-
contaminated waters of brook trout. EPA/600/J-86/393. Canadian Journal of
Fisheries and Aguatic Sciences 43(10):2036-2040. (C. Powers, project
officer). PB 88 104 286/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-632JAP).
Sigal, Lorene L., and J. William Johnston, Jr. 1986. Effects of acidic rain
and ozone on nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis In the lichen Lobaria
pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. EPA/600/J-86/395. Environmental and Experimental
Botany 26(l):59-64, January-March. (R. Wilhour, project officer). PB 88
104 294/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-629JAP).
Sigal, Lorene L., and J. Villiaa Johnston, Jr. 1986. Effects of simulated
acidic rain on one species each of Pseudoparmella, Usnea, and Umbillcaria.
EPA/600/J-86/396. Water. Air, and Soil Pollution 27:315-322, February.
(R.Wilhour, project officer). PB B8 107 099/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-630JAP).
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Skelly, John M. et al., eds. 1987. Diagnosing Injury to Eastern Forest Trees.
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, Forest Response Program,
Vegetation Survey Research Cooperative. Published under a cooperative
agreement with the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Forest Service, and
Pennsylvania State University, College of Agriculture, University Park. (R.
Blair, project officer). (ERL-C0R-435AP). Not submitted to NTIS.
Spruill, S.E., V.M. Lesser, M.C. Somerville, and J.O. Rawlings. 1988. Methods
used for managing and analyzing the data stored in the NCLAN data library.
Environmental Pollution 53:462-465. (ERL-C0R-947J).
Stotzky, G. Influence of soil mineral colloids on metabolic processes, growth,
adhesion, and ecology of microbes and viruses. Interactions of Soil
Minerals with Natural Orqanics and Microbes Soil Science Society of America
Spec. Publ. # 17. (ERL-C0R-899J).
Stotzky,G. and H. Babich. 1986. Survival of, and genetic transfer by, genetic-
ally engineered bacteria in natural environments. Advances in Applied
Microbiology 31:93-138. (ERL-COR-900J).
Stotzky, G., M.A. Devanas, and L.R. Zeph. 1988. Behavior of Genetically
Engineered Microbes in Natural Environments and Their Potential Use in IN
SITU Reclamation of Contaminated Sites. EPA/600/D-88/108. PB 88 214
960/AS. (ERL-COR-493).
Sullivan, Timothy J., Charles T. Driscoll, Joseph M. Eilers, and Dixon H.
Landers. 1988. Evaluation of the role of sea salt inputs in the long-term
acidification of coastal New England lakes. Environmental Science and
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Sullivan, T.J., J.M. Eilers, M.R. Church, D.J. Blick, K.N. Eshleman, D.H.
Landers, and M.S. DeHaan. 1988. Atmospheric wet sulphate deposition and
lakewater chemistry. Nature 331 No. 6157:607-609. (ERL-C0R-786JAP).
Taylor, G.E., Jr., D.T. Tingey, and C.A. Gunderson. 1986. Photosynthesis,
carbon allocation, and growth of sulfur dioxide ecotypes of Geranium
carolinianum L. Oecolooia (Berlin) 68:350-357. (ERL-C0R-555J).
Temple, Patrick. 1986. Stomatal conductance and transpirational responses of
field grown cotton to ozone. EPA/600/0-86/132. Plant. Cell, and Environ-
ment 9(4)t315—321, June. (D. Tingey, project officer). PB 87 100 608/AS
(A02). (ERL-C0R-476J).
Temple, Patrick 0., and Larry F. Benoit. 1988. Effects of ozone and water
stress on canopy temperature, water use, and water use efficiency of
alfalfa. EPA/600/J-88/122. Agronomy Journal 80:439-447- PB88 251 756/AS.
(ERL-C0R-738J).
Temple, P.3., L.F. Benoit, R.W. Lennox, C.A. Reagan, and O.C. Taylor. 1988.
Combined effects of ozone and water stress on alfalfa growth and yield.
Journal of Environmental Quality 17(1):108-113. (ERL-C0R-661J).
-110-
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Temple, P.J., R.S. Kupper, R.L. Lennox, and K. Rohr. 1988. Injury and Yield
Responses of differentially-irrigated cotton to ozone. Agronomy Journal
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Temple, P.J., R.S. Kupper, R.L. Lennox, and K. Rohr. 1988. Physiological and
growth responses of differentially-irrigated cotton to ozone. Environ-
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Temple, P., O.C. Taylor, and L.F. Benoit. 1985. Cotton Yield Responses to
Ozone as Mediated by Soil Moisture and Evapotranspiration. EPA 600/0-
85/520. Journal of Environmental Quality 14(1):55-60. PB88 170 170/AS.
(ERL-COR-327J).
Temple, Patrick J., 0. Clifton Taylor, and Larry F. Benoit. 1986. Yield
response of head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) to ozone. EPA/600/J-86/011.
Environmental and Experimental Botany 26(l):53-58, January-March. (D.
Tingey, project officer). PB 86 176 773/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-471J).
Teramura, Alan H., and N.S. Murali. 1986. Intraspecific differences in
growth and yield of soybean exposed to ultraviolet-B radiation under
greenhouse and field conditions. EPA/600/J-86/374. Environmental and
Experimental Botany 26(1):89—95. (J. NcCarty, project officer). PB 87
203 139/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-564JAP).
Teramura, A.H., J.H. Sullivan. 1988. Mechanisms of plant resistance to
increased solar ultraviolet-B radiation. EPA 600/3-88/019. PB 88-218
987/AS. (ERL—COR—477).
Thomas, J.M., J.R. Skalski, J.F. Cline, M.C. McShane, W.E. Miller, S.A.
Peterson, C.A. Callahan, and J.C. Greene. 1986. Characterization of
Chemical Waste Site Contamination and Its Extent Using Bioassays. EPA/
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Tingey, project officer). PB 87 100 582/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-463J).
Thomson, B.E., and R.C. Worrest. 1986. Microcomputer control of an estuarine
research mesocosm facility. EPA/600/0-86/408. Journal of Micro-computer
Applications 9: 167-177, July. (J. McCarty, project officer). PB 88 104
229 (A02). (ERL—COR—571J).
Thornton, K., J.P. Baker, D. Marmorek, D. Bernard, M.L. Jones, P.J. McNamee, C.
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(ERL-C0R-470).
Tingey, David T. 1986. Effects of nitrogen oxides on vegetation. IN Study on
the Need and the Establishing of Air Quality Criteria for Nitrogen Oxides.
R. Guderian and D. Tingey, eds. Institute fur Angewandte Botanik der
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(ERL-C0R-549D).
Tingey, David D. 1986. The impact of ozone on agriculture and its consequences,
pp. 53-63 IN Acidification and Its Policy Implications. T. Schneider, ed.
Elsevier Science Publishers b.V., Amsterdam. December. EPA/600/D-86/105.
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-Ill-
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Tingey, David. 1988. Bioindicators 1n Air Pollution Research Applications and
Constraints. EPA 600/0-88/116. PB 88 214 770/AS. (ERL-COR-487).
Tingey, D.T., R. Evans, E.H. Bates, and M.L. Gumpertz. 1987. Isoprene emissions
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PhvsioloQia Plantarum 69:609-616. (ERL-C0R-659J).
Tingey, David, William Hogsett, and E. Henry Lee. 1988. Analysis of Crop Loss
for Alternative Ozone Exposure Indices. EPA/600/D-88/118. PB 88 214
788/AS. (ERL-COR-494).
Tingey, David T., Thomas J. Moser, and Kent D. Rodecap. 1986. Direct and
residual effects of cadmium on the growth and elemental composition of
Arabidopsis thaliana. Anqewandte Botanik 60: 391-405, July.
(ERL-C0R-656J).
Tingey, David T., Thomas J. Moser, Dave F. Zirkle, and Michael D.Snow. 1987. A
plant cultural system for monitoring evapotranspiration and physiological
responses under field conditions. EPA/600/D-87/264. Proceedings, Inter-
national Conference Measurement of Soil and Plant Water Status, July 6-10,
1987. Logan, UT. PB 88 106 349/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-766D).
Tingey, David T., Kent D. Rodecap, Henry Lee, Thomas J. Moser, and William E.
Hogsett. 1986. Ozone alters the concentrations of nutrients in bean
tissue. Anqewandte Botanik 60: 481-493, December. (ERL-C0R-692J).
Vozzo, S.F., J.E. Miller, A.S. Heagle and W.A. Pursley. 1988. Effects of ozone
and water stress on net photosynthetic rate of field grown soybean leaves.
Environmental Pollution 53:471-473. (ERL-C0R-946J).
Walker, D.A., P.J. Webber, E.F. Binnian, K.R. Everett, N.D. Lederer, E.A.
Nordstrand, M.D. Walker. 1987. Cumulative impacts of oil fields on
Northern Alaskan Landscapes. Science 238:757-761. (ERL-C0R-858J).
Walter, M.V., K. Barbour, M. McDowell and R.J. Seidler. 1987. A method to
evaluate survival of genetically engineered bacteria in soil extracts.
Current Microbiology 15:193-197. (ERL-C0R-697J).
Walter, M., A. Porteous, R. Seidler. 1987. Measuring genetic stability in
bacteria of potential use in genetic engineering. Applied and Environmental
Microbioloov 53(1):105-109, January. (ERL-C0R-650J).
Watts, R.R., R.J. Drago, R.G. Merrill, R.W. Williams, E. Perry, and J. Lewtas.
1988. Wood smoke Impacted air: Mutagenicity and chemical analysis of
ambient air in a residential area of Juneau, Alaska. Journal of Air
Pollution Control Association 38(5):652-660. (ERL-C0R-781J).
Weiner, J.G., and J.M. Ellers. 1987. Chemical and biological status of lakes
and streams in the Upper Midwest: Assessment of acidic deposition effects.
Lake and Reservoir Management 3:365-378. (ERL-C0R-751DAP).
-112-
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Weiner, G.S., C.B. Schrech, and H.W. Li. 1986. Effects of low pH on repro-
duction of rainbow trout. EPA/600/J-86/112. Transactions of the American
Fisheries Society 115: 75-82. (R. Lackey, project officer). PB 86 230
117/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-655JAP).
Westall, John, Bruce Brownawell, Ronald Hilburn, and Gerald Schuytema. 1987.
The design of laboratory systems for controlling the activity of moderately
volatile organic compounds. A design manual. U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Corvallis, OR. EPA/600/3-87/030. PB87 231 759/AS (A04). (S.
Peterson, project officer). (ERL-COR-428).
Whittier, Thomas. R., and Wayne Davis. 1988. Report of the National Workshop on
Instream Biological Monitoring Criteria. EPA/600/9-88/016. Lincolnwood,
IL, Dec. 2-4, 1987. PB88 245 964. (ERL-C0R-489D).
Whittier, Thomas R., and David P. Larsen. 1987. The Ohio Stream Regionalization
Project: A Compendium of Results. EPA/600/3-87/025. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (ERL-COR-412).
Whittier, Thomas R., and David L. Miller. 1986. Stream fish communities
revisited: A case of mistaken identity. EPA/600/0-86/367. American
Naturalist 128(3):433-437, September. (D. Larsen, project officer). PB 87
198 818/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-559J).
Wigington, Parker 0., Jr., Clifford W. Randall, and Thomas Grizzard. 1986.
Accumulation of selected trace metals in soils of urban runoff swale
drains. Water Resources Bulletin. American Water Resources Association 22
(1), February. (ERL-C0R-683J).
Woodward, Daniel F., Elaine Snyder, Robert G. Riley, and Thomas G. Garland. 1988.
Drilling fluids and the Arctic Tundra of Alaska: Assessing contamination of
Wetlands Habitat and the toxicity to aquatic invertebrates and fish.
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 17:683-697. (ERL-
C0R-848J).
Worrest, Robert C. 1988. What Are the Effects of UV-B Radiation on Marine
Organisms? EPA/600/D-88/159. PB88 237 920/AS. (ERL-COR-497).
Worrest, Robert C., and Martyn M. Caldwell, eds. 1986. Stratospheric Ozone
Reduction, Solar Ultraviolet Radiation, and Plant Life. Proceedings of a
Workshop held in Bad Windsheim, Federal Republic of Germany, September
27-30, 1983. (To be published by Springer-Verlag In cooperation with NATO
Scientific Affairs Division). (ERL-COR-312).
Worrest, R.C. 1986. Ecological and nonhuman biological effects of solar UV-B
radiation, pp. 165-191 IN Effects of Changes 1n Stratospheric Ozone and
Global Climate, Volume I: Overview. James G. Titus, ed. U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency and United Nations Environment Programme.
(ERL-COR-703D). Not sent to NTIS.
Zedler, Joy B., and Mary E. Kentula. 1986. Wetlands Research Plan. EPA/600/
3-86/009. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (H.
Kibby, project officer). PB 86 158 656/AS (A06). (ERL-COR-313).
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Zedlar, Paul H. 1987. The Ecology of Southern California Vernal Pools: A
Community Profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Report 85(7.11).
EPA/600/3-87/036. PB 87 215 497/AS. (E. Preston, project officer).
(ERL-COR-426).
Zeph, L.R., M.A. Onaga, and G. Stotzky. Transduction of Escherichia coli by
Bacteriophage PI 1n Soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology
54(7):1731-1737. (ERL-C0R-911J).
Ziminski, Peter K., and Steven R. Hoi man. 1987. Automated data acquisition
and control system bolsters EPA's air pollution research. EPA/600/M-87/010.
Design and Manufacturing pp. 12-15, March. PB 87 180 030/AS (A02).
(ERL-C0R-689J).
Zoran, Mark J., Thomas J. Heppner, and Charles 0. Drewes. 1986. Teratogenic
effects of the fungicide benomyl on posterior segmental regeneration in the
earthworm, Eisenia fetida. EPA/600/J-86/411. Pesticide Science 17:641-652,
November. (C. Callahan, project officer). PB 88 104 310/AS (A02).
(ERL-C0R-758J).
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