xvEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency ** Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory Corvallis, Oregon 97333 QUARTERLY RESEARCH PROGRESS REPORT September 30 - December 31, 1988 ------- QUARTERLY RESEARCH PROGRESS REPORT September 30 - December 31, 1988 This research progress report, covering the period October 1 through December 31, 1988, summarizes the current status of all active project at the Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallxs. If you have questions or would like more information, feel free to CONTACT EITHER THE MANAGER LISTED AT THE END OF EACH PROJECT DESCRIP- TION or the Laboratory Director. For those who use a commercial line, dial (503) 757- and the 4-digit extension of the project MANAGER. THE MAIN TELEPHONE NUMBER OF THE LABORATORY COMPLEX IS (503) 757-4600. ------- CONTENTS Page Air Pollution Effects 1 Acid Rain Effects 5 Pesticides 39 Toxic Substances 47 Water Quality 57 Ecological Global Climate 65 Stratospheric Ozone 77 Superfund/Hazardous Wastes 85 Publications List (Blue Pages) 93 ------- Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis Project Status Report--Air Pollution Effects December 31, 1988 Title: Economic Assessment of Ozone Impact on Crops (01) Objective(s): Develop ozone exposure-crop response data for the major agronomic crops and use these data to conduct an economic assessment of the effects of air pollution on agriculture. This project will develop exposure-response data for crops representing 90 percent of the U.S. acreage and estimate national economic losses based on these data. The magnitude of bioenvironmental sources of uncertainty (soil moisture) and the effects of pollutant exposure dynamics on these estimates will also be evaluated. Output Status: None scheduled this reporting period. Activities: Presentations were made (December 14; Research Triangle Park, North Carolina) to EPA's Clean Air Science Advisory Committee (CASAC), which is advising the Agency on ambient air quality standards for ozone. The presen- tations consisted of: 1) a review and interpretation of new literature published since the "Criteria Document for Ozone and other Photochemical Oxidants" was issued and 2) new analyses that have been conducted by Environmental Research Laboratory-Corvallis (ERL-C) scientists to develop alternative ozone exposure indices relating ozone exposure to reduced crop yield. In relation to these new analyses, ERL-C scientists discussed the close correlation of crop loss with ozone exposure indices that emphasized peak concentrations and cumulated concentrations over time. Peak concen- trations and cumulated exposures which summed the ozone concentrations above a threshold of either 0.06 or 0.07 ppm correlate well with both short- and long-term air quality indicators and relate well to biological response (i.e., yield loss). The data suggest that these indicators have potential for use as an ambient air quality standard that protects vegetation against adverse effects from repeated peaks and long-term ozone exposures. Based on these findings, CASAC recommended that the Agency establish a long-term standard based on cumulative concentrations above a threshold of 0.06 or 0.07 ppm. In support of the development of an Air Toxics Effects Project, an ERL-C scientist has solicited six abstracts and will chair a session titled "Air Toxics—Effects on Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems" at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association (Anaheim, California, June 25-30, 1989). In addition, a proposal for a session titled "Effects of Airborne Chemicals on Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems" was approved for the 10th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (Toronto, Canada, October 28-November 2, 1989). -1- ------- Findings: Alternative Secondary Ozone Standard—Scientists at the Corvallis Laboratory prepared a report that interrelated the Agency's National Crop Loss Assess- ment Network (NCLAN) Program's experimental data and the Agency's Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) air quality data to provide valuable information regarding possible alternative secondary ambient ozone stand- ards. This report was prepared for the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and submitted to the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee. Statistical modeling of experimental data showed that indices that cumulate hourly concentrations and emphasize peak concentrations relate well to biological response. These indices correlated well with short- and longer- term air quality indicators of importance in understanding ozone and its effects on vegetation, natural ecosystems, and human welfare. Air quality analysis of the AIRS ozone data indicated the temporal patterns of exposure for rural sites in the United States can be characterized by the five-month period (May to September). Predicted relative yield loss estimates were calculated to determine the levels of an ozone standard that are protective against pollutant effects. Publ ications: Heagle, A.S., J.E. Miller, W.W. Heck and R.P. Patterson. 1988. Injury and yield response of cotton chronic doses of ozone and soil moisture deficit. Journal of Environmental Quality. 17:627-635 (published). Kohut, R.J., R.G. Amundson and J.A. Laurence. 1988. Effects of ozone and sulfur dioxide on yield of red clover and timothy. Journal of Environmental Quality. 17:580-585 (published). Lee, H.E., D.T. Tingey and W.E. Hogsett. 1989. Evaluation of ozone expo- sure indices for relating exposure to plant production and for esti- mating agricultural losses. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report (in press). Lee, H.E., D.T. Tingey and W.E. Hogsett. 1989. Interrelation of experimen- tal exposure and ambient air quality data for comparison of ozone expo- sure indices and estimating agricultural losses. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report (submitted). Miller, J.E., R.P. Patterson, A.S. Heagle, W.A. Pursley and W.W. Heck. 1988. Growth of cotton under chronic ozone stress at two levels of soil moisture. Journal of Environmental Quality. 17:635-643 (published). Project Manager: David T. Tingey FTS 420-4621/4600 -2- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis Project Status Report--Air Pollution Effects December 31, 1988 Title: Assessment of Ozone Impacts on Forests (06) Objectives: (1) Determine response of commercially/ecologically important forest tree species under a range of ozone scenarios for those forest types most at risk to ozone. (2) Determine the relationship between components of ozone exposure (e.g., concentration, frequency, duration and respite time) and tree response, and once quantified, (a) develop realistic exposure-response functions and (b) examine the biological relevance of alternative air quality statistics that are meaningful in an air quality standards context. (3) Predict the influence of various ozone air quality scenarios on pro- ductivity and composition of forest trees over time and across forest types. Output Status: Research Plan for ozone effects on forest resources (1/89). On schedule. Activities: A revised research plan for "The Effect of Tropospheric Ozone on Forest Tree Species" was prepared, which reflects the concerns and issues of the peer review of the document in July, 1988. A reconciliation memo document- ing the changes was sent to the Terrestrial Branch Chief along with the Summary Report of the Peer Panel. This plan is due 01/89. The revised research plan for the effects of ozone on forest tree species was presented to the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Council (CASAC) on December 14 in Raleigh, NC, at the request of the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS), the client office for this research program. The plan was well accepted by the CASAC, and suggested changes in the plan will be incorporated. Planning continues for the 1989 field season and other tree physiological studies at the Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory in order to develop a tree process model and understand the role of exposure dynamics 1n tree growth response. Preliminary Inquiries have been sent to interested researchers regarding conduct of exposure- response studies with a number of tree species. Statistical analysis of data on assessment of growth response 1n five western coniferous species following seasonal exposure to ozone, acidic fog, and sulfur dioxide (SO,) was completed and a summary report prepared for submission to the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) seedling report. These studies are in support of the Western Conifer Cooperative of the National Forest Response Program for ranking by relative sensitivity of the species to the two different exposure scenarios. -3- ------- W. Rick Smith from the U.S. Forest Service, Southern Experiment Station, visited the Tropospheric Ozone Group to discuss possible cooperation of the Forest Ozone Research Program with the USFS in interfacing tree process models with stand growth models. He presented a seminar on his current work with crown models titled "Static Geometric Models of Forest Tree Crowns." Findings: The second year of a study of the relative sensitivity in growth of eight western conifer species with the Western Conifer Cooperative of the Forest Response Program was completed. The results are similar to the previous year's exposure study, where ponderosa pine and western hemlock appeared to be more susceptible than the other species to ozone and acidic fog seasonal exposure as indicated by growth alterations (especially spring bud elonga- tion}. Douglas fir and western redcedar were intermediate in their response to the ozone acidic fog seasonal exposures. Lodgepole pine was again relatively resistant to damage by ozone and acidic fog. As in the previous year, western hemlock and western redcedar displayed the greatest response to acidic fog in fall-winter exposures. Both species had increased bud elongation and needle dry weights in response to the exposure. All species were unaffected by S02 exposure. Publications: Turner, D.P., D.T. Tingey, and W.E. Hogsett. 1988. Acid fog effects on conifer seedlings. Proceedings: Air Pollution and Forest Decline. IUFRO, Interlaken, Switzerland (in Press). Floyd, R.A., M.S. West, W.E. Hogsett and D.T. Tingey. 1989. Increased 8-hydroxy guanine content of chloroplast DNA from ozone treated plants. Plant Physiology (submitted). Project Manager: W.E. Hogsett FTS 420-4632/4600 -4- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvall1s Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects December 31, 1988 Title: National Surface Water Survey (51) Objective(s): Characterize the chemistry of acidic and low alkalinity lakes and streams in sensitive regions of the U.S. and determine their extent, geographic distribution, and probable sources of acidity. Determine normal seasonal variability 1n surface water chemistry. Determine the relationship between key biological resources and the chemical characteristics of lakes and streams. Classify lakes and streams in order to identify representative systems for more in-depth study. Output Status: Journal article manuscript "Acid-Base Status of Streams in the Eastern U.S.--Results of EPA's National Stream Survey." (09/88). Completed. Activities: Preparation of draft journal article manuscript summarizing results of National Stream Survey (NSS). Completion of two internal report drafts describing the geographic and chemical classification of NSS sites. Initiated comparisons of NSS results with those of Maryland and Virginia Stream Surveys. Planning and budgeting for FY89 research activities and contributions to NAPAP 1990 State of Science and Assessment reports. The Office of Research and Development Quality Assurance Management Staff (QAMS) received additional quality assurance Information for the Phase II fall data, as requested. We are now awaiting QAMS' analysis and recommenda- tion. The due date for this is January, 1989. Cornell University, under a cooperative agreement with Environmental Monitoring and Surveillance Laboratory--Las Vegas (EMSL-LV) requested and received permission to use the five chemical variables collected from the 50 lakes sampled in the upper Midweest as part of Phase II Biology. These data were used in a manuscript that explores the feasibility of remote sensing techniques to detect pH, inorganic aluminum, and dissolved organic carbon. Revisions to the recalculated acid neutralizing capacity manuscript have been Incorporated and additional input was solicited from EMSL-LV coauthors. This manuscript will be submitted after final revisions. An internal draft manuscript on the chemistry of lakes 1n the far West was prepared. The scope of this research has been expanded to compensate for deficiencies in the snow chemistry data. -5- ------- Findings: Base flow chemistry of streams located in the Eastern United States was surveyed using a probability sample of 504 stream reaches. A total stream length of 224,000 km is represented by the sample and survey results indicate that approximately half of this stream length has acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) (less than or equal to 200 ueq/L). Acidic reaches were located in Florida and in the highlands and coastal lowlands of the mid- Atlantic region but were scarce in the other subregions of the Southeast. Sulfate concentrations mirrored depositional loading and were markedly higher in the mid-Atlantic region than in the Southeast region. Atmospheric sulfate deposition is estimated to be the major source of acidity in approx- imately 2,300 km of acidic reaches in upland forested drainages of the interior mid-Atlantic region. Other research efforts in the mid-Atlantic region show that many drainages located in unglaciated portions of the region have soil characteristics that should retain sulfate and provide some protective capacity to delay the effects of acidic deposition. On the basis of this observation, the NSS estimate of 2,300 km of acidic streams in the mid-Atlantic region's interior with acidity attributable to atmospheric acid deposition was somewhat unexpected. The NSS results suggest that watershed sulfate retention capacities, expected to provide some protection from the effects of acidic deposition, may be waning as a result of prolonged exposure to high atmos- pheric acid deposition rates. Alternatively, it is possible that these protective retention capacities were never very substantial. Despite the near-absence of chronically acidic streams in the interior Southeast, the finite capacity for continued retention of relatively high atmospheric sulfate loadings and the large number of low ANC streams in this region warrants concern regarding the potential for future acidification in the Southeast. Long-term monitoring and detailed studies of acidification processes in specific watersheds may allow more accurate prediction of the time scale for delayed response in surface water acidification in the Southeast. Publications: Johnson, C.B., T.J. Sullivan, and D.J. Blick. Defining regional populations of lakes for the assessment of surface water quality. Water Resources Bulletin (in press). Kaufmann, P.R., A.T. Herlihy, J.M. Elwood, M.E. Mitch, W.S. Overton, M.J. Sale, J.J. Messer, K.A. Cougan, D.V. Peck, K.H. Reckhow, A.J. Kinney, S.J. Christie, D.D. Brown, C.A. Hagley, and H.I. Jager. 1988. Chemical Characteristics of Streams in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States. Volume I: Population Descriptions and Physico-Chemical Rela- tionships. EPA/600/3-88/021A. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (published). -6- ------- Kaufmann, P.R., A.T. Herlihy, J.J. Messer, W.S. Overton, M.E. Mitch, M.J. Sale, and J.W. El wood. 1988. Acid-base status of streams in the Eastern U.S.--results of EPA's National Stream Survey. Science (submitted). Sale, M.J., P.R. Kaufmann, H.I. Jager, J.M. Coe, K.A. Cougan, A.J. Kinney, M.E. Mitch, and W.S. Overton. 1988. Chemical Characteristics Streams in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States. Volume II: Streams Sampled, Descriptive Statistics, and Compendium of Physical and Chemical Data. EPA/600/3-88/021B. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (published). Sullivan, T.J., C.T. Driscoll, R.B. Cook, S.A. Gherini, D.F. Charles, and C.P. Yatsko. The influence of organic acid anions and aqueous aluminum on measurements of acid neutralizing capacity in surface waters. Nature (submitted). Sullivan, T.J., et al. The influence of organic acid anions and aqueous aluminum on measurements of acid neutralizing capacity in surface waters. Nature (in press). Brakke, D.F., J.M. Eilers, D.H. Landers, and T.J. Loranger. The chemistry of dilute lakes and precipitation in mountainous areas of the western United States. Water Resources Research (submitted). Sullivan, T.J., J.M. Eilers, and D.F. Brakke. Chemical differences between drainage and seepage lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. (submitted). Project Manager: Philip R. Kaufmann FTS 420-4666/4600 -7- ------- -8- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--CorvalUs Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects December 31, 1988 Title: Biologically Relevant Chemistry (53) Objective(s): Identify the chemical parameters and characteristics that determine the effects of surface water acidification (caused by acid deposition) on aquatic biota. Develop predictive models of the effects of surface water acidity on fish. Output Status: Final draft report on fish communities 1n the upper peninsula of Michigan in relation to lake acidity (11/88). Completed. Interim Report on Episodic Response Project Phase I (magnitude, duration, frequency, and biological effects of episodes) (6/90). On schedule. Activities: The draft report on fish communities in the upper penisula of Michigan was revised in response to reviewers' comments. Installation of stream and deposition monitoring equipment was completed at all episodic response project (ERP) sites prior to the onset of severe winter conditions. One deposition station is not yet in operation because of a lack of electrical power to the site. Episodes were monitored at most of the study streams during the fall. Initial biological experiments were implemented at each of the ERP study regions, the Northern Appalachian Plateau of Pennsylvania, the Catskills and the Adirondacks of New York. All three regions examined the influence of episodic acidification on wild brook trout and a forage fish species through in situ bioassays and fish transplant experiments. In Pennsylvania, trout were tracked during episodes using radiotelemetry techniques. See also Project 58. Findings: Despite the relatively large numbers of acidic lakes in the upper peninsula of Michigan (Eastern Lake Survey, Subreglon 2B), most lakes (over 99 percent of the target population) support at least one species of fish. Eighty- four percent of the lakes (96 percent of the lake area) support at least one game species. Lakes with low pH do, however, have fewer fish species and generally lack species of fish considered acid sensitive. Fish communities 1n the region are influenced by a number of factors including, but not limited to, lake acidity. Of the estimated 636 lakes in the upper peninsula of Michigan that currently support fish, 23 percent have an acid neutraliz- ing capacity below 50 ueq/L and thus are potentially susceptible to future effects from acidic deposition. -9- ------- Publications: None this reporting period. Project Manager: Parker J. Wigington, Jr. FTS 420-4666 -10- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report--Acid Rain Effects December 31, 1988 Title: Effects of Acidic Deposition on Human Health (54) Objective(s): Estimate the potential human health effects attributed to toxic metal mobilization/bioaccumulation due to acid deposition. Output Status: Review draft report on levels of mercury in fish in the upper peninsula of Michigan in relation to lake acidity (11/88). Delayed to 6/89 because of problems with fish age estimates. The samples for estimating fish age are currently being reanalyzed by an independent expert. Expected date for completion of fish aging 4/89; review draft report 6/89. Final draft report on mercury levels in fish in the upper peninsula of Michigan in relation to lake acidity (2/89). Delayed to 9/89 (same reason as above). Activities: Preliminary results from the study of fish mercury content in the upper peninsula of Michigan were presented 11/88 at the annual meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. A subset of the samples for fish age estimates was sent to an independent, outside expert for verification. These results indicated a serious bias in the age estimates reported by Michigan State University (the cooperator responsible for field activities and processing of fish age samples). Arrangements have been made to have all samples reanalyzed to determine fish ages; expected completion date 4/89. Findings: Four fish species analyzed for total mercury concentrations (yellow perch, northern pike, largemouth bass, and white sucker) were caught in 37 of the 49 lakes surveyed for fish in the upper peninsula of Michigan (Eastern Lake Survey, Subregion 2B). Mercury levels measured in muscle tissue from these fish exceeded the state public health advisory criterion (0.5 ppm) in 24 of the 37 lakes. Eleven lakes contained fish with concentrations greater than the FDA's Action Level of 1.0 ppm. Publications: None this reporting period. Project Manager: Dixon H. Landers FTS 420-4666 -11- ------- -12- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects December 31, 1988 Title: Watershed Manipulation Project (55) Objective(s): Investigate and quantify the relationships between the watershed processes influencing the acidity of surface waters, and the Impact that acidic deposition has on them. Critically evaluate the models used in the Direct/Delayed Response Project and the predictions/ classifications derived from the project. Provide mechanistic data to refine/revise those models as necessary. Output Status: Final Report of DDRP model sensitivity and uncertainty analysis (11/88). Delayed to 01/89 due to delay in return of reviewer comments. Progress report on the Watershed Manipulation Project (WMP) (12/88). Completed. Activities: Benchmark soil pits were located within the Bear Brook catchments and sampling completed. Because the eight planned pedons yielded fewer than the expected number of samples, two additional pedons were sampled, ensuring that nearly all of the major soils on the Bear Brook catchments were covered. Soil samples are being prepared by the Maine site team for distribution to the WMP tasks for analyses. Results of the Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis (ERL-C) initiated field check of the Soil Conservation Service's (SCS) soil mapping activities at Bear Brook confirmed that the SCS provided data of exception- ally high quality, with only a few minor changes suggested for the Bear Brook soils map. A revision of the soils map with a "phylogenetically" color-coded key is nearing completion. A draft depth-to-bedrock map for the catchments has been completed; locations of outcrops will be added to the final. Successful sprinkler-applications of acidic solutions to the eighteen external plots ended on October 7, 1988. During this first season of treatment, the plots received about half the planned dosage. "Winterizing" activities (e.g., removal of sprinkler heads, draining lines and tanks, etc.) have now been completed. Activities at the Bear Brook site are, for the most part, winding down for the winter. Necessary repair work is under way and sampling has been reduced. Stemflow and litterfall collections had been initiated in the catchment reference plots during September. Litterfall collections were made monthly for the remainder of the snow-free season; stemflow was collected biweekly. -13- ------- Restructuring of the WMP and research priorities for 1989 and beyond were two key issues discussed at a meeting for WMP cooperators and EPA held in Orono, Maine, October 10-11, 1988. WMP scientists stressed the need for adequate support of research on vegetation and microbial processes. Without due support, biological processes, providing vital linkages to other geochemical processes, will be grossly under-represented and remain an uncharacterized contributor to surface water acidification. The dry-deposition station installed at Bear Brook (through a subcontract to Environmental Protection Agency--Research Triangle Park (EPA-RTP) has had numerous power-supply and datalogger programming problems since its installation. The subcontractor has been unresponsive to requests for assistance made by the Maine site team. EPA-Corvallis is working with EPA- RTP to provide a mechanism to ensure that operational problems are solved within a sufficient amount of time to minimize data loss. Seven papers on WMP-related research were presented at the recent Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting held in Anaheim, California, Nov. 27-Dec. 2, 1988. Authors and titles include: R.A. Dahlgren, D.C. McAvoy and C.T. Driscoll. "Aluminum precipitation/dissolution rates in the Bs horizons of Spodosols from northeastern USA;" M.B. David, G.F. Vance and F.J. Stevenson. "Organic carbon transport in a forested ecosystem;" C.T. Driscoll, R.A. Dahlgren and D.C. McAvoy. "Acidification and recovery of Spodosol Bs horizons from acidic deposition in the northeastern U.S.;" W.J. Fasth, M.B. David, G.F. Vance and M.J. Mitchell. "Effects of acid additions on sulfate retention in forest soils;" W.J. Fasth, G.F. Vance, M.B. David, K.S. King, and C. Hallberg. "Effects of acid additions on sulfur and carbon in two forest soils;" I.J. Fernandez and L.R. Rustad. "Soil solution response to experimental acidification In a New England spruce-fir forest;" D.C. McAvoy, R.A. Dahlgren and C.T. Driscoll. "Modeling the chemical response of a Spodosol Bs horizon leached with acidic solutions." A paper titled "Effect of acid treatment on the chemistry of a New England Spodosol: Importance of the B horizon on dissolved organic carbon retention" was presented by G.F. Vance and M.B. David at the 7th North American Forest Soils Conference, July 24-28, 1988 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Findings: Organic acids contribute significantly to surface water acidity and metal complexation reactions, yet little 1s known about organic acid composition or processes affecting their composition in forest soils. In a recently completed study, researchers at the University of Illinois constructed soil columns consisting of single and multiple soil horizons to examine acid effects on dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leaching and DOC composition 1n various horizons. Increasing acidity of the Input solution resulted in a decrease of DOC from the organic (0) horizon, an Increase from the mineral (B) horizon and a decrease in the combined O/B horizon, pointing to the Importance of organic layers 1n influencing leaching processes. The major DOC component 1n these soils, hydrophobic acids, was reduced 1n all horizons with increased acid Input, the effect being more pronounced 1n the B. These results indicate that DOC leached from the 0 horizon is retained in the B horizon preferentially in the form of hydrophobic acids. -14- ------- Publications: Vance, George F. and Mark B. David. 1988. Effect of acid treatment on the leachate chemistry of a New England Spodosol: Importance of the B horizon on dissolved organic carbon retention. Soil Science Society of America Journal (submitted). Project Manager: P.J. Wigington, Jr. FTS 420-4666 -15- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report--Acid Rain Effects December 31, 1988 Title: Long-Term Monitoring/TIME (56) Objective(s): Determine future trends in surface water quality relative to the effects of current or changing levels of acidic deposition at regional or national scales to provide information necessary for regulatory decisions and to verify predictive models of acidification or recovery. Output Status: All outputs are on schedule. Activities: Long-Term Monitoring (LTM) sampling for 1988 has been completed. All data for Maine, the Adirondacks, the upper Midwest, and Colorado LTM programs have been validated for the entire period of record and flags were sent to cooperators. Final tags have been set for Maine (1983-1988). Special methods overlap studies have been planned as part of the LTM program to guide the splicing of datasets with significant changes in methods. All manuscripts for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) report on Biological Monitoring are now in WordPerfect format, and document prepara- tion is under way. Revised and condensed manuscripts for the special issue of Water, Air and Soil Pollution are in preparation; one-third of the manuscripts have been received to date. Seminars/briefings on the TIME project were presented at the annual meeting of the International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes, and to the Swedish National Environmental Protection Board (SNV), University of Uppsala (Sweden), University of Bergen (Norway), the National Park Service and Bureau of Land Management (Anchorage), National Acid Precipitation and Assessment Program (NAPAP), and Office of Environmental Processes and Effects Research (OEPER) (EPA). "Detecting Trends in TIME Data Series" will be sent to Tech Transfer for release as an EPA report next quarter. Classification activities on the National Surface Water Survey (NSWS) database have begun. These will aid in TIME site selection. A database of all sites currently 1n the TIME candidate pool has been created. Final solicitation for candidate sites Is planned for next quarter. -17- ------- The nature of our contribution to Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) (Surface Waters group and Synthesis and Integration activities), which has been under intense discussion, is close to being formally defined. Findings: No major findings to report at this time. Publications: None this reporting period. Project Manager: Jesse Ford FTS 420-4666 -18- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report--Ac1d Rain Effects December 31, 1988 Title: Direct/Delayed Response of Watersheds (57) Objective(s): Predict the long-term responses of watersheds and surface waters to acidic deposition. The Agency and Congress require information concerning rate of acidification and its reversibility. It 1s not known whether aquatic resources will deteriorate if emissions are held constant or decreased, or whether aquatic resources will improve. This work is necessary for informed decision-making concerning the timing and necessity for additional emission controls. A three-tiered approach is employed to classify watersheds. Level I entails statistical analysis of watershed characteristics and water chemistry. Level II estimates single-factor response times for watersheds, emphasizing key properties (e.g., sulfate adsorption capacity, base saturation, and indices of soil-water contact). Level III uses dynamic system models to integrate important processes and predicts changes in watershed properties and surface water chemistry. A soil survey is an important aspect of the approach in that it provides data for Level I, II, and III analyses. Output Status: Review draft report on regional rates of surface water acidification (02/89). On schedule. Final report on regional rates of surface water acidification (06/89). On schedule. Activities: Level III analyses have been completed for the Northeast and Southern Blue Ridge Province (SBRP) watersheds with the Model of Acidification of Groundwater Catchments (MAGIC) and Enhanced Trickle Down (ETD) models. Analyses continue with the Integrated Lake Water Acidification Study (ILWAS) model. Level I and II analyses continue. Uncertainty analyses for all levels of work are under way. Sampling was completed for the 150 soil pedons on the 36 Direct/Delayed Response Project (DDRP) Mid-Appalachian watersheds. Sample preparation laboratory operations are well under way, as Is laboratory analysis of the samples. Two papers on DDRP-related research were presented at the Fifth Annual Gatlinburg Acid Rain Conference held in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, Oct. 31-Nov. 1, 1988. Authors and titles are: M.B. Adams, R.S. Turner and D.D. Schmoyer. "Evaluation of soil sampling classes for the Southern Blue Ridge Province;" R.S. Turner, C.C. Brandt and M.B. Adams. "Regional variability of soil sampling classes and surface water chemistry." -19- ------- Six papers on DDRP-related research were presented at the Annual Meeting of Soil Science Society of America, Anaheim, California, Nov. 27-Dec 2, 1988. Authors and titles Include: H.B. Adams, R.S. Turner and O.D. Schmoyer. "Regional variability of soil sampling classes;" M.G. Johnson, B.A. Schumacher, G.R. Holdren and J.Baham. "Mineralogical characteristics of northeastern forested soils;" D.A. Lammers and D.L. Cassell. "An approach to quality assurance in soil mapping;" C.I. Liff, B.P. Rochelle, W. Campbell and M.G. Johnson. "Applicability of relating mapped geomorphic parameters to surface water chemistry in the northeastern United States;" P.W. Shaffer, D.L. Stevens, Jr. "Sulfate retention by forest soils: Sulfate pools and adsorption capacity in the northeastern U.S. and Southern Blue Ridge Province;" R.S. Turner, C.C. Brandt, M.B. Adams and C.G. Holland. "Relationships between watershed characteristics, acidic deposition, and stream chemistry in the Southern Blue Ridge Province;" R.S. Turner, C.C. Brandt and M.B. Adams. "Regional variability of soil sampling classes and surface water chemistry." Findings: Uncertainty analyses on sulfur input/output budgets indicate that using index period lake and stream chemistry in preparing annual budgets is acceptable. Uncertainty analyses on estimated sulfate steady state values now allows us to specify upper limits on lake and stream sulfate concentra- tions, above which internal sources of sulfur are very likely (95 percent confidence) to be present. Interim Level 11 modeling results indicate that additional changes in surface water Acid Neutralizing Capacity, (ANC) could result from leaching of base cations beyond a period of 50 years. This has caused us to extend Level III modeling runs for up to 100 years for the Northeast and up to approximately sulfate steady state in the SBRP. Publications: Campbell, W.G., M.R. Church, G.D. Bishop, D.C. Mortenson and S.M. Pierson. Role of a Geographic Information System in a large environmental project. International GIS Journal (submitted). Church, M.R., P.VI. Shaffer, K.N. Eshleman and B.P. Rochelle. Potential effects of sulphur deposition on stream chemistry in the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains. Nature (submitted). Holdren, Jr., G.R., C.I. Liff and D.L. Cassell. 1989. Cation exchange models and the prediction of soil buffering capacity. IN Chemical Modeling in Aqueous Systems II eds., R. Bassett and D. Melchior, ACS Symposium Series, Washington, DC. (in press). Lee, J.J., D.A. Lammers, D.L. Stevens, K.W. Thornton and K.A. Wheeler. 1989. A scheme for classifying soils in the Northeast U.S. for acidic deposition aquatic effects. Soil Science Society of America Journal (in press). -20- ------- Hegel, L.H. and D. Thompson. Poster displays for scientific meetings. Journal of Agronomic Education (submitted). Mortenson, D.M. Geographic Information System Documentation for the Direct/Delayed Response Project--Northeast Region. EPA/600/3-89/001 (published). Shaffer, P.W., R.P. Hooper, K.N. Eshleman and M.R. Church. Watershed vs. 1n-lake alkalinity generation: A comparison of rates using input- output studies. Water. A1r and Soil Pollut. 39:263-273 (published). Wolock, D.M., G.M. Hornberger, K.J. Beven, and W.G. Campbell. Topographic and edaphic control of residence times and flow paths: A regional analysis of hydrochemical catchment response. Water Resources Research (submitted). Project Manager: M. Robbins Church FTS 420-4666/4600 -21- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report--Acid Rain Effects December 31, 1988 Title: Episodic Response Project (58) Objective(s): Phase I: Determine the magnitude, duration, frequency and characteristics of episodic chemical changes that accompany hydrologic events (both snowmelt and rainstorms) in streams. Evaluate the effects of episodic acidification on fish populations in streams. Define key characteristics of episodes that determine the severity of effects on fish populations. Develop and calibrate regional models of episodic chemistry that link atmospheric deposition to biologically relevant chemistry during episodes. Phase II: Evaluate and test the assumptions and predictive capability of regional models of biologically relevant episodic chemistry. Estimate the number and proportion of surface waters in specific regions that are likely to experience biologically relevant acidic episodes. Improve regional estimates of the effects of acidic deposition on fish populations through consideration of episodic chemical changes. Output Status: Internal Report on Episodic and Chronic Response to Acidic Manipulations (6/90). On schedule. Interim Report on Episodic Response Project (ERP) Phase I (magnitude, duration, and frequency, and biological effects of episodes) (12/89). On schedule. Activities: Installation of stream and deposition monitoring equipment was completed at all sites prior to the onset of severe winter conditions. One deposi- tion station is not yet in operation because of a lack of electrical power to the site. Episodes were monitored at the study streams during the fall. Initial biological experiments were Implemented at each of the ERP study regions, the Northern Appalachian Plateau of Pennsylvania, the Catskilis and the Adirondacks of New York. All three regions examined the influence -23- ------- of episodic acidification on wild brook trout and a forage fish species through in situ bioassays and fish transplant experiments. In Pennsylvania, trout were tracked during episodes using radiotelemetry techniques. Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis (ERL-C) and Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory--Las Vegas (EMSL-LV) personnel met to plan quality assurance activities for project. Larry Hughes has joined the ERL-C staff to work in the area of water quality assurance. The ERP Quality Assurance (QA) Plan and the Field Training Manual were revised during the first quarter. Each document is bound in a three-ring binder to allow updates to be added. A field site audit was conducted on at least one stream in each region. No major problems were identified. A laboratory audit of the ERP labs and subcontract labs was performed by Deborah Coffey and Larry Hughes. Some problems were identified and corrective actions are currently being implemented. The Winter ERP Meeting will be held January 4-6, 1989 at Pennsylvania State University. The purpose of the meeting is to review fall research activities and to develop plans for implementation of research during the spring snowmelt season. All preparations for the meeting have been completed. Jim Wigington, Keith Eshleman, Trevor Davies, and Martyn Tranter met in Chicago in November to prepare plans for the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) Episodes State of Science/Technology document. Preliminary calibration models for the Regional Episodic and Acidic Manipulation (REAM) Project research watersheds at the Fernow Experimental Forest have been completed. Models allow the detections of changes in pH, sulfate, calcium, and Acid Neutralizing Capacity (ANC) after manipulation of the treatment watershed begins during January 1989. Final calibration models for these and other chemical parameters will be developed during the second and third quarters. Preproposals for an episodic acidification modeling cooperative agreement were received and evaluated. A limited number of people were invited to submit full proposals, which are due January 9, 1989. Findings: Preliminary results from radiotelemetry studies of brook trout on streams in Pennsylvania indicate that fish subject to episodes exhibit erratic behavior and lethargy, after which the fish resume normal behavior. Publications: None this reporting period. Project Manager: P.J. Wigington Jr. FTS 420-4666/4600 -24- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report--Acid Rain Effects December 31, 1988 Title: Synthesis and Integration of Aquatic Effects Research (59) Objective(s): Provide comprehensive and Integrated information germane to understanding the current and future effects of acidic deposition on surface waters. Output Status: None this reporting period. Activities: More second-draft versions of Regional Case Studies (RCS) project book chapters were completed, and four more were sent for external review. Internal and external reviews have been completed for six chapters. Most statistical analyses, maps, and draft figures for the book are completed. Drafts of two main RCS book integration chapters were sent for internal review. Aquatic Effects Research Program (AERP) staff participated in a National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) author's workshop and further developed the state-of-science outlines and schedule for preparation of materials for the 1990 report. AERP and support staff worked with NAPAP Office of the Director (0D) staff to produce the Draft Plan released for public comment. Prepared State of Science report and Integrated Assessment sections. Participated in the public comment meeting and reviewed and summarized relevant comments. AERP and support staff worked with staff from other NAPAP agencies and the 0D to prepare the NAPAP annual report. AERP Corvallis staff briefed Drs. Mahoney and Malanchuk on the AERP project status and plans. Findings: None this reporting period. Publications: Sullivan, T.J., C.T. Driscoll, R.B. Cook, S.A. Gherini, D.F. Charles. The influence of organic acid anions and aqueous aluminum on measurements of acid neutralizing capacity in surface waters. Nature (in press). Project Manager: Donald F. Charles FTS 420-4666/4600 -25- ------- -26- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report--Acid Rain Effects December 31, 1988 Title: Extent and Magnitude of Recent Changes 1n Forest Condition (63) Objectives: Identify and evaluate the extent and magnitude of recent changes in forest condition (MPO #1). Output Status: Initial draft of interim report on extent and magnitude of recent changes in forest condition (10/88). Completed. Revision of interim report on extent and magnitude of recent changes in forest condition (1/89). On schedule. Report on extent and magnitude of recent changes in forest condition (9/89). On schedule. Activities: Participated in development of plan for Forest Effects Assessment through the development of a detailed outline for State of Science reports. Met with the Eastern Hardwoods Cooperative to review work that is relevant to MPO #1. Participated in meeting with the Spruce-Fir Cooperative in Albany, New York, to review and discuss red spruce decline. Findings: Results from a number of tree-ring studies indicate that there is a synchronous decrease in radial increment since 1960 for old growth red spruce in high elevation forests in the northeast U.S. Research on high elevation southern red spruce indicates a decline in radial increment since 1966. The declines in both regions appear to be related to elevation. Publications: Van Deusen, P.C. 1988. Red spruce tree-ring analysis using the Kalman filter. In Analyses of Great Smokey Mountain Red Spruce Tree-Ring Data. Ed. P.C. Van Deusen, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report S0- 69:57-67 (published). Cook, E.R. 1988. A tree-ring analysis of red spruce in the southern Appalachian Mountains. In Analyses of Great Smokey Mountain Red Spruce Tree-Ring Data. Ed. P.C. Van Deusen, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report S0-69.-6-20 (published). Project Manager: Richard Olson FTS 4420-4355 Gregory A. Reams FTS 420-4640 -27- ------- -28- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects December 31, 1988 Title: Evaluation of the Role of Non-Air Pollution Factors (64) Objectives: Evaluate the roles of non-a1r pollution factors In causing growth reduction or visible decline in northeastern spruce-fir, southern commercial forests, eastern hardwoods, and western conifers (MPO i2). Output Status: Evaluation of the role of non-a1r pollution factors 1n growth reductions and visible decline - Initial draft of interim report MPO #2 (10/88). Completed. Evaluation of the role of non-air pollution factors in growth reductions and visible decline - Revision of Interim report MPO #2 (1/89). On schedule. Evaluation of the role of non-air pollution factors in growth reductions and visible decline - Report on MPO #2 (9/89). On schedule. Activities: Participated in development of plan for Forest Effects Assessment through the development of a detailed outline for State of Science reports. Met with the Eastern Hardwoods Cooperative to review work that is relevant to MPO #2. Participated in meeting with the Spruce-Fir Cooperative in Albany, New York, to review and discuss red spruce decline. Findings: Research indicates that climate may be a major source of variability contributing to the red spruce decline in both the northern and southern high elevation forests 1n the eastern U.S. Climate, especially drought, may also be contributing to radial growth loss for southern pines. Publications: Zahner, R. 1988. A model for tree-ring time series to detect regional growth changes 1n young, even-aged forest stands. Tree-Ring Bulletin. Vol. 48 (1n press). Zahner, R., J.R. Saucier, and R.K. Myers. 1988. Tree-ring model interprets growth decline In natural stands of loblolly pine 1n the southeastern United States. Can. jL For. Res, (in press). Project Manager: Richard Olson FTS 420-4355 Gregory A. Reams FTS 420-4640 -29- ------- -30- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report--Acid Rain Effects December 31, 1988 Title: Quantitative Estimates of Seedling Responses Project (65) Objectives: Determine the quantitative responses of seedlings to controlled experi- mental exposures of acidic deposition and associated air pollutants. Output Status: First draft of report on MPO #3 for circulation within Forest Response Program (FRP) (12/88). Completed. MPO #3 Report: Quantitative Estimates of Seedling Response to S, N, and Associated Pollutants Under Ambient Conditions (04/89). On schedule. Activities: Presented poster on statistical issues surrounding air pollution research on seedlings. Distributed first draft of MPO #3 within FRP for internal review and to editors for technical editing. Met with Forest Effects Assessment team to coordinate input of seedling information to State of Science (SOS) report; provided review comments to principal author(s) of SOS outline and the Forest Effects Assessment Plan. Findings: Regarding the statistical issues discussed at Interlaken, more emphasis needs to be placed on designing long-term experiments for seedlings (i.e. longer-lived perennial plants), which incorporate multiple stresses. After three months of exposures, Laurence et al. found no effects of either acid precipitation or ozone, on either growth or photosynthesis of red spruce seedlings. Results suggest that red spruce seedlings are tolerant of pH as low as 3.1 and ozone concentrations of twice ambient. Publications: Peterson, C.E. 1988. Statistical Issues for seedling studies 1n air pollution research. In proceedings of 15th International Meeting for Specialists 1n Air Pollution Effects on Forest Ecosystems. Interlaken, Switzerland. October 2-8, 1988 (submitted). -31- ------- ianrpnrp J A R J Kohut, and R.G. Amundson. 1989. Response of red spruce seedlings exposed to ozone and simulated acidic in the field. Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxigol. 18.285-290 (published). Project Manager: C. Jeffrey Brandt FTS 420-4311 Charley E. Peterson FTS 420-4310 -32- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects December 31, 1988 Title: Evaluation of S, N, & Associated Pollutants 1n Forest Decline (66) Objectives: Summarize the work of the Forest Response Program (FRP) (with the exception of projection of response under alternative deposition scenarios) and support an assessment of the effects of current levels of sulfur, nitrogen, and associated pollutants. Output Status: Evaluation of the role of sulfur, nitrogen, and associated pollutants in Forest Damage (I) (09/89). On schedule. Activities: Initiated a review of specific inputs to the project from the FRP Research Cooperatives. Coordinated with FRP Coop Managers and National Acid Precipitation Assess- ment Program (NAPAP) staff to facilitate incorporation of project results in the NAPAP Assessment. Presented a synopsis of the project to the Director of NAPAP. Findings: None this reporting period. Publications: None this reporting period. Project Manager: C. Jeffrey Brandt FTS 420-4311 Paul Schroeder FTS 420-4658 -33- ------- -34- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report--Acid Rain Effects December 31, 1988 Title: Projection Under Alternative Deposition Scenarios (67) Objectives: Produce scenarios of the response of trees and forests to policy relevant to atmospheric deposition scenarios. These deposition scenarios include changes from current ambient conditions in the deposition of sulfur and nitrogen compounds, pH, and ozone. Responses estimated include physio- logical processes, growth patterns of individual trees and their parts, and the growth and development of stands of trees. Species to be investigated include loblolly pine, red spruce and ponderosa pine. The methods of projection include statistically based projections and computer simulation models. The simulation models include portions of whole tree physiology (e.g., branch export of photosynthate, whole tree models providing diameter increment, and stand models). Output Status: Water Transport and Dynamics Model (09/89). On schedule. Carbohydrate Transport Model (09/89). On schedule. Model for Branch Growth and Development (09/89). On schedule. Activities: Attended the Society of American Foresters Annual Convention and presented a paper titled "The Forest Response Program View of the Quantification of the Effects of Atmospheric Deposition on Forests" in the Biometrics Technical Working Session. Developed the structure for SWT, the Simple Whole Tree Model. All modeling efforts for this project were summarized in a memo and a series of 10 documents sent out to the Forest Response Program (FRP) on November 23. Met twice with the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) Assessment team, once in Washington, DC (together with the Forest Response Program), and once in Corvallis (with James Mahoney and John Malanchuk of NAPAP). These meetings provided the FRP and NAPAP with the current status and direction of the Project and obtained their input. Findings: The first paper listed below is an analysis of current modeling strategies and their usefulness for assessing pollution impacts. It concludes that whole tree physiology modeling efforts need to model carbon allocation as a result, not as its own process. They also should not consider that a tree grows up to a fixed amount of foliage. The final total amount of foliage should be an output of the model, not an input. -35- ------- Publications: Bassow, S., E.D. Ford, and A.R. Kiester. 1989. A Critique of Carbon Based Tree Growth Models. In IUFRO Symposium: Forest Growth: Process Modeling of Response to Environmental Stress (In press). Droessler, T.D. and T.E. Burk. 1989. A Test of Nonparametric Smoothing of Diameter Distributions. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research (in press). Project Manager: A. Ross Kiester FTS 420-4636 -36- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis Project Status Report—Add Rain Effects December 31, 1988 Title: Contribution to 1990 NAPAP Assessment (68) Objectives: Promote information in support of an assessment of the roles of sulfur, nitrogen, and associated pollutants in changes in forest condition, and project forest responses under alternative pollution deposition scenarios. Output Status: None this reporting period. Activities: Developed plan for Forest Effects Assessment including establishment of topics for State of Science (SOS) reports, identification of lead authors for SOS reports, and development of detailed outlines for SOS reports. Developed plan to answer questions of Integrated Assessment, which address effects of concern, sensitivity of effects to change in deposition, estimates of future conditions, and comparisons of future scenarios. Organized Forest Response Program (FRP) managers' meeting to present plan and discuss necessary revisions. Coordinated with National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) on revisions resulting from public review of plan. Attended NAPAP author's workshop to finalize plans for SOS reports and to discuss issues that may cross to other SOS reports or Integrated Assessment questions. Findings: None this reporting period. Publ ications: None this reporting period. Project Manager: C. Jeffrey Brandt FTS 420-4311 -37- ------- -38- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report--Pesticides December 31, 1988 Title: Bioassay Development and GEM Studies Crops (36) Objective(s): Develop rationales and procedures for evaluating survival, reproduction, potential for genetic exchange, fate, effects, and risks associated with release of genetically engineered biological control agents. Output Status: None scheduled this reporting period. Activities: We are proceeding with transformation by electroporation of the fungus Schizophvllum commune with tryptophan and hygromycin B resistance genes as a model system prior to attempts to transform a mycorrhizal fungus (Laccaria bicolor). The mycorrhizal fungi will be transformed with the hygromycin B resistance to generate a fungal strain that can be selectively cultured and identified in field samples. Such fungi will initially be used in microcosm studies to develop means to sample and process soil to assess population dynamics. We are beginning extraction and sequencing of ribosomal RNA from mycorrhizal fungi to identify nucleotide sequences that can possibly be used as mycorrhizal-specific oligonucleotide probes to detect and identify these fungi in field samples. It is an eventual goal to compare greenhouse and field survival data with those obtained in microcosm experiments. This will enable us to assess the field survival predictive capabilities of studies performed in contained environments. The reentrainment of bacteria from Inoculated plants to noninoculated plants depends on wind, rain, or aerosol movement. Each of these factors is being addressed in field and greenhouse experiments. Central portions of plots were sprayed with bacterial suspensions and the colonization of plants in adjacent plots and possible aerosols in the greenhouse and field have been monitored. A computerized model is being developed to simulate an actual spray of genetically engineered bacteria suspended in about 10 trillion water droplets. In reality, as a rare droplet may drift the farthest, it takes many simulated droplets before such an event might occur in the simulation. It is hoped that the computer modeling will illustrate this phenomenon. -39- ------- Findings: Greenhouse plots receiving rain had a significantly greater dispersal of bacteria from inoculated to nonlnoculated plants. Reentrainment occurred within a 15-centimeter zone surrounding the plot of inoculated plants in plots receiving either no leaf wetness, 24-hour mist, or 8-hour limits. However, in the plots receiving rainfall, reentrainment occurred as far as 30 centimeters away. A partially completed viable droplet dispersion model based on many individual droplets whose trajectory 1n air 1s projected from many small time steps as a function of meteorological conditions 1s performing well. Pictures of the particle dispersion pattern show that the model correctly accounts for prototype wind direction and speed, particle deposition rate, and particle variance. A manuscript on this work is being reviewed. Preliminary use of the model suggests that containment of spray droplets of a microbial aerosol may be increased if the spray-out occurs under relatively dry atmospheric conditions. At low relative humidity, there is a differential evaporation rate (and consequent death of contained micro- organisms) 1n which small droplets evaporate much faster than large droplets, resulting in relatively little die-off of the microbes in the large droplets and much die-off in the small droplets. Publications: Armstrong, J.L., N.L. Fowles, and P.T. Rygiewicz. 1988. Restriction frag- ment length polymorphisms distinguish ectomycorrhizal fungi. Plant and Soil (in press). Rygiewicz, P.T., N.L. Fowles, and J.L. Armstrong. 1988. DNA RFLPs dis- tinguish ectomycorrhizal fungi. Proc. 2nd European Symposium on Mycorrhizae. Prague, Czechoslovakia (published). Project Manager: Ramon J. Seidler FTS 420-4661 -40- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvall1s Project Status Report—Pesticides December 31, 1988 Title: Field Validation for Hazard Assessment Techniques (37) Objective(s): Conduct field validation of an Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) assessment of pesticide hazard to terrestrial nontarget organisms and provide toxicity Information on nontarget terrestrial organisms in response to requests from OPP and the regions. Output Status: Use of avian nest boxes for reproductive tests In the field (02/89). On schedule. Activities: Field work has been completed by principal investigators at Western Washington University developing standardized methods for the use of arti- ficial nest boxes so that chemical effects on avian reproduction may be measured. Residue and cholinesterase assays have been completed. Guide- lines and a support document for conducting nest box studies are being prepared. Data analysis has been completed by principal Investigators at Oregon State University developing radiotelemetry techniques for monitoring pesticide exposure and effects using incubating California quail in the field. Posi- tion location data are being analyzed to determine the effects of methyl parathion applications on nest attentiveness and home range size and location. The indigenous population of redwing blackbirds at the Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis ponds has been studied for the last two springs and summers to determine their suitability as a research species involving reproductive behavior and nesting success. Activities in 1988 included: determining survival of females exposed to sublethal doses of methyl parathion the previous year, determining reproductive success of previously treated females, and collection of data on population dynamics (i.e., annual turnover rates, fecundity). Findings: Preliminary results of the valley quail telemetry study suggest that methyl parathion, applied to foraging areas at label rates, produces nest abandonment and reproductive effects. Due to small final sample size, however, the study cannot be evaluated using statistical methods and will be repeated this season with a larger sample size. Methyl parathion appears to alter female incubation behavior but does not seem to affect ability to successfully hatch a clutch. The redwing is an -41- ------- excellent species for field studies Involving reproduction and long-term effects extending beyond one season. Publicatlons: Fairbrother, A., R.S. Bennett, and J.K. Bennett. 1988. Sequential sampling of plasma cholinesterase (ChE) 1n mallards (Anas platvrhvnchos) as an indicator of exposure to ChE-inhibitors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (in press). Project Manager: Bill A. Williams FTS 420-4679 -42- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis Project Status Report—Pesticides December 31, 1988 Title: Methods Development and Effects Measurement (38) Objective: Develop guidelines and test methods for evaluation of the effects of microbiological pest control agents on nontarget, beneficial terrestrial species. Output Status: Lab validation and test methods for exposure by oral and Intravenous routes to nontarget avian species (08/89). On schedule. Activities: Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis has completed and delivered to the Office of Pesticides Programs (OPP) at EPA Headquarters final laboratory protocols for testing the effects of microbial pest control agents (MPCAs) on two groups of beneficial anthropods. These are the first tested proto- cols for use by OPP in registering MPCAs under Subdivision M Guidelines. Included are protocols for the effects of bacteria on predaceous neurop- terans and for bacteria and fungi on predaceous mites. Fungal pathogens have been identified for key genera of beneficial arthro- pods listed in the Agency Risk Assessment Guidelines. We are evaluating environmental conditions and stress factors as they affect the suscepti- bility of the parasitic hymenopteran, Trichogramma spp. to infection by fungal MPCAs. Assays have been initiated for developing and validating a protocol for the effects of fungal MPCAs on the coleopteran Hippodamia converqens. Experiments to determine methods of intravenous and oral inoculation of Metarrhizium spp. of fungus into 10-day-old mallards and bobwhite quail and appropriate observations for pathogenicity have been completed. Assays for determination of antibody titers are being developed using ELISA and immuno- diffusion methodologies. Serum chemistry analyses have been completed. Data is 1n the process of being analyzed. Work has begun with Salmonella oullorum. a known avian pathogen. An LD5(} test using 10-day-old bobwhite quail was performed and appropriate oral ana intravenous dosages for definitive experiments determined. A definitive experiment to determine methods of oral and Intravenous Inoculation of 1. oullorum Into 10-day-old bobwhite quail and observations for pathogenicity has been completed. Laboratory tests for isolating pathogen 1n feces and tissues of quail are being performed. Antibody response assays, serum chemistry and data analyses remain to be completed. Oral and intravenous inoculation of mallards with £• pullorum is scheduled for January 1989. -43- ------- Findings: The fungus Metarhizium anisooliac and the bacteria Serratia marcescens have been found to be pathogenic to the lady beetle Hippodamia converqens. A method has been developed to determine dermal lethal dose levels of pathogens on lady beetles. £. pullorum is confirmed to be pathogenic to bobwhite quail. Methods for isolation and positive identification of the pathogen from the feces and selected tissues have been successful. Publications: Donegan, K., and B. Lighthart. Effect of several stress factors on the susceptibility of the predatory insect, Chrvsooerla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), to the fungal pathogen, Beauveria bassiana. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology (in press). Lighthart, B., D. Sewall, and D. Thomas. 1988. Effect of several stress factors on susceptibility of predatory mite, Metaseiulus occidentals, to the weak bacterial pathogen, Serratia marcescens. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 52:33-42 (published). Project Manager: Ramon J. Seidler FTS 420-4661 -44- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report—Pesticides December 31, 1988 Title: Risk Methodologies for Wildlife Populations (40) Objective(s): Develop environmental risk assessment methodology using modified, existing or newly developed fate, transport, and effects models to express risk as a probability statement with estimates of associated uncertainty. Output Status: Report on the relative importance of uptake routes by an organophosphate chemical (12/88). Completed. Activities: Field work by principal investigators at Colorado State University (CSU) assessing the direct and indirect effects of xenobiotic chemicals on small mammal populations was reported at SETAC 88. Effects of the organophos- phorus insecticide methamidophos were measured on small mammals and invertebrates on eight experimental plots using capture/recapture techni- ques, brain cholinesterase activity, chemical residues, and stomach content analysis. High resolution aerial photographs were taken to quantify microhabitat characteristics. Comparative acute toxicity testing of methamidophos to wild mammals includ- ing deer mice, grasshopper mice, and thirteen-lined ground squirrels was reported at SETAC 88 by the CSU investigators. A final report comparing lab toxicity data to effects observed in the field is being prepared for the Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis. Work on the TERRE-TOX database was temporarily suspended while the principal Investigator evaluates the several databases that support the ecorisk program. The databases' operational similarities are being reviewed to assure that they will be compatible when completed. A "user's manual" for the new TERRE-TOX (PC) has been submitted and is In review. Phase I of the project to determine the importance of various routes of exposure on toxicity to bobwhite has been completed and a manuscript for a journal article has been received. Dermal, oral, and Inhalation routes of exposure have been compared 1n the exposure facility (wind tunnel) using methyl parathion as the test chemical. Findings: Acute toxicity tests of methamidophos to wild mammals indicate that it 1s more toxic to deer mice than to grasshopper mice or thirteen-lined ground squirrels. These were the three most commonly captured species on field plots in the short grass prairie of central Colorado. -45- ------- Initial findings indicate that methyl parathion Is absorbed by bobwhite during aerosol exposure directly via dermal contact, and as a result of significant preening. The importance of various routes of uptake are ranked by relative contribution according to the toxicologic response to avian wildlife. For example, a one-hour, post-spray inhalation exposure is more significant than either dermal or preening, but at 48 hours dermal uptake becomes the most significant route of exposure while inhalation is the least significant. Publications: None this reporting period. Project Manager: Bill A. Williams FTS 420-4679 -46- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report--Tox1c Substances December 31, 1988 Title: Terrestrial Toxicology (30) Objective(s): Evaluate, Improve, and validate bloassay methods to assess the effects of toxic chemicals on plants and animals. Output Status: Journal articles on the mechanism of transfer of chemicals to eggs and offspring in avians (10/88). Completed. Activities: An investigation to evaluate the relative toxicity of an analogous alcohol series (methanol to octanol) 1s complete. Tests have determined appropriate routes, volumes, and timing of alcohol toxicity tests. Additional tests with additional analogs to determine the relationship of Log P to carbon series and toxicity are being considered 1n discussions between Environ- mental Research Laboratory--Corvallis (ERL-C) scientists and Office of Toxic Substances. A journal article on the influence of water stress on plant response to chemical insult was drafted. In the studies completed to date, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) cogeners were converted to polar metabolites by axenic plant cultures. Research is being conducted to identify these metabolites. Such information will allow comparison of plant PCB metabolism with that reported previously for microbial and animal systems. A journal article summarizing investigations of appropriate experimental designs and evaluation techniques to determine the effects of organophos- phorus compounds on avian egg production and eggshell quality is In final preparation. Investigations on the effect of an organochlorine (dlcofol) on mallard reproduction potential have been completed. The results of a pilot study to determine appropriate exposure scenarios have been summarized In a ERL- C in-house report. A definitive experiment, conducted in accordance with EPA's Good Laboratory Practice guidelines, has been completed and results will be reported next quarter. A report summarizing the investigations of uptake of dietary hexachloro- benzene (HCB) Into eggs and embryos of bobwhite was completed. The report summarizes the equations describing uptake during 40 days of exposure. The equations and other parameters needed to support models of chemical uptake are Included 1n the report. -47- ------- Initiated testing of selected organic compounds to determine their toxicity to algae. Work has begun on evaluating short life cycle Brassica spp. as a potential laboratory and field bioassay system. Findings: Special dosing techniques were developed to support toxicity testing of alcohols due to their irritating properties. LC50 values developed for these chemicals must be carefully evaluated, since the membrane Irritation often causes regurgitation and subsequent loss of test chemical. Dicofol, an organochlorine Insecticide proposed for use in agricultural fields, has been shown to cause decreased eggshell quality in mallards at realistic exposure levels. HCB has been shown to accumulate 1n yolks of bobwhite eggs. It was demon- strated that the chemical is sequestered in the yolk until late incubation or hatching, when it is "utilized" by the chick. This effect may be important to describe the effects of this chemical on embryo death and decreased hatchling survival. Study on the influence of water stress on plant response to chemical insult found that a sublethal Dalapon exposure increased vegetative production 16 percent and pod yield 9 percent, but the interaction of a sublethal Dalapon exposure followed by imposed stress prevented the expression of stimulated growth and resulted in pod yields similar to that of stressed plants. Publications: None this reporting period. Project Manager: Bill A. Williams FTS 420-4679 -48- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report—Toxic Substances December 31, 1988 Title: Bi©environmental Aspects of Biotechnology (31) Objective: Develop databases and a series of research-based protocols to provide methods for evaluating risks from the release of genetically engineered microbes (GEMs) into terrestrial environments. Output Status: Fate and survival of altered microbes and genetic material in the environ- ment: terrestrial (02/89). On schedule. Activities: Studies have continued on the survival of bacteria in microcosms under varying conditions of relative humidity (RH) and soil moisture. In addition to Enterobacter cloacae (pBR322), bean plants and soil have also been sprayed with Erwinia herbicola (pBR322) and Klebsiella olanticola (pBR322). Studies have also investigated the appearance of £. cloacae (pBR322), £. herbicola (pBR322), and j(. olanticola (pBR322) in the foregut and frass of the cutworm Peridroma saucia. as well as the ability of the cutworms to transport these bacteria onto uninoculated plants. Investigation of potential recombinant bacteria regrowth in insect frass has been initiated. Continued to analyze the efficiency of transfer of plasmid R388 between donor and recipient strains of £. cloacae that have been ingested by cutworm larvae and have colonized insect frass. We have completed a series of experiments where £. cloacae (pBR322), £. herbicola (pBR322), and K. olanticola (pBR322) were sprayed on bean leaves that were then fed to cutworms. The numbers of bacteria on leaves, in soil, and in insect foreguts and fecal pellets were monitored. After one and three days, these larvae were transferred to uninoculated bean plants. We then tracked the appearance of these bacteria on the leaves and in the soil and followed their persistence in foreguts and fecal pellet samples. In November, a Corvallis scientist was invited to participate in an inter- national culture collection symposium at the University of Maryland in College Park, Maryland. Also in November, a Corvallis scientist was invited to participate 1n a colloquium in San Diego, California. The colloquium addressed risk assessment of genetically engineered microbes and was sponsored by the American Phytopathological Society. -49- ------- Findings: Preliminary studies of colonization of £. cloacae carrying the plasmid pBR322 sprayed on bean plants indicate that the dynamics of population numbers depends on the initial Inoculum. The results suggest that a leaf surface may have a maximal "carrying capacity" for microbial colonization. The carrying capacity is dynamic and time-dependent. Initial experiments demonstrated after only three days a mutant strain of the same species was able to colonize and grow on the leaf. This demonstrates the need to thoroughly understand the ability of genetically altered microorganisms to compete, survive, and reproduce. Comparative studies of £. cloacae (pBR322) and £. cloacae (-), which lacked the plasmid, showed no differences between them in survival on bean foliage for up to 21 days 1n a microcosm. Cutworms were fed plants sprayed with £. cloacae (pBR322), £. herbicola (pBR322), and J<. planticola (pBR322) and then were transferred to uninocu- lated plants. Three days after the transfer, soil, leaf, and foregut samples were analyzed. Results indicate the variability in transport and subsequent survival that can be expected between different genera of bacteria. Publications: Steffan, R.J., J. Goksoyr, A.K. Bej, and R.M. Atlas. 1988. Recovery of DNA from soils and sediments. Add!. Environ. Microbiol. 54:2908-2915 (published). Wang, Z., D.L Crawford, A.L. Pometto III, and F. Raf11. 1989. Survival and effects of wild-type, mutant, and recombinant Streptomvces in a soil ecosystem. Add!. Env. Microbiol. (in press). Project Manager: Ramon J. Seidler FTS 420-4661 -50- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report--Toxic Substances December 31, 1988 Title: Comparative Terrestrial Toxicology (34) Objective(s): Determine when data from surrogate species can be used to extrapolate toxicologic effects to other species. Output Status: None scheduled this reporting period. Activities: Development of a battery of immune function tests for mallards continues. Specific tests for measurement of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in liver and blood have been included as a measure of excessive or deficient consumption of selenium, an immunotoxic metalloid. Work continues in collaboration with investigators at Oregon State Uni- versity College of Veterinary Medicine to determine the isozyme pattern of selected mallard serum enzymes. Work has been completed and data analyzed to determine differences in serum chemistry profiles of mallards of differ- ent age, sex, and reproductive states, and a manuscript is in final stages of preparation. Assay methods have been developed to separately determine the amounts of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (AChE and BChE, respectively) in avian plasma. Work is progressing to investigate the relative ratios of these enzymes in several avian species. Findings: Several immune function tests have been shown to be useful in mallards: total and differential white blood cell counts, splenic plaque-forming cell assay, hemagglutination titers to sheep red blood cells, tuberculin reac- tion, lymphocyte migration index, and the jn vivo carbon clearance assay. The phytohemagglutinin (PHA) response test must be reevaluated using lower doses of PHA. A survey of the health and contaminant screening of mallards from three commercial sources demonstrated the type of examinations useful in eval- uating the physical condition of test animals. The importance of this type of screening is described in light of the scarcity of mallards reared expressly for research purposes. Only one of 10 mallards examined would have been Inappropriate for an EPA toxicity test (because of a phenotypic abnormality). All birds were free of pathogens, parasites, and chemical contamination. -51- ------- Assays using the Gilford autoanalyzer were successfully developed for duck GPX in both liver and whole blood. This necessitated concurrent development of assays for hemoglobin and total liver protein. Differentiation of AChE and BChE in avian plasma is a competitive inhibition test using the organophosphate iso-OMPA (tetraisopropylpryophosphoramide). Incubation of plasma with iso-OMPA inactivates the BChE, enabling measure- ment of the remaining AChE. BChE is then determined by difference of total and AChE. Approximately 25 percent of total mallard plasma ChE is AChE while only 15 percent of bobwhite ChE activity is attributable to AChE. Work is continuing with other species (e.g., Canada goose, wild turkey). An ether extraction method has been developed to reduce interference from lipemia in plasma samples. Age, sex, and reproductive state (laying, incubating, or molting) all affect some or all of the serum chemistries measured in the mallard. Changes in serum enzymes, proteins, electrolytes, etc., are indicative of sublethal effects on internal organs such as liver, kidney, and heart muscle. Means and ranges for each of the subclasses have been calculated and will be reported in the peer-reviewed literature for other investigators to use in future studies of sublethal effects of toxic substances. Investigations using the isozymes of certain serum enzymes (amylase, gamma glutamyl trans- ferase, creatinine phosphokinase) have shown differences in the electro- phoretic pattern when compared to mammals, indicating that the tissue distribution of these enzymes probably differs. Work continues in this area. Publications: Fairbrother, A., S.L. Wagner, S. Welch, and B.B. Smith. 1988. Influence of menstrual cycles on serum chemistry. Environmental Residues (sub- mitted). Project Manager: Bill A. Williams FTS 420-4679 -52- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report--Toxic Substances December 31, 1988 Title: Develop Methodologies for Soil/Plant Communities (41) Objective(s): Identify ecosystems and their components and processes that have critical social and/or ecological value. Improve risk methods for evaluating toxic chemicals in soil/plant com- munities and provide a mathematical model that allows prediction of effects, uptake, and fate of xenobiotic chemicals in terrestrial plants. Construct and maintain databases pertaining to the uptake and toxicity of chemicals for terrestrial plants. Output Status: Adaptation of the PHYTOTOX database use, its updating, expansion, and implementation (12/88). Completed. Survey and analysis of mathematical models suitable for assessing risk to terrestrial ecosystems from releases of xenobiotics (10/88). Completed. Activities: PHYTOTOX is now being examined and used by several units in Headquarters, regional offices, and within the Environmental Research Laboratory-- Corvallis. Updating files continues. Consideration is being given toward developing a metal uptake, toxicity section to the database. The exploration of critical ecosystems evaluation continues. Efforts are under way to assemble an array of numerical values for selected critical ecological processes for one model ecosystem. The tabular datasets will be integrated with a conceptual hierarchical model and be used to demon- strate the decision-making steps required to evaluate the ecological effects on the system. Work on evaluating fungal populations In soils and determining their role in the uptake and detoxification of xenobiotics continued. The major effort of this quarter was in data analysis and interpretation. Findings: Examining of existing ecosystem models confirmed that none 1s directly amenable to ecological risk assessment. Adaptation of the existing models to meet the requirements for risk assessment 1s far from trivial. Examination of the effects of atrazine, hexazlnone, and pidoram on mycorr- hizal Douglas fir and ponderosa pine seedling growth proved that there was an ameliorating effect of mycorrhizae on survival and growth of Douglas fir -53- ------- and ponderosa pine. A less pronounced ameliorating effect of mycorrhlzae was observed 1n older seedlings. The data Indicated that mycorrhlzae may be Important 1n field situations due to their ameliorating effects on seedling survival exposed to herbicides at recommended field rates, espe- cially during the development of mycorrhizal symbiosis on newly germinated seedlings. Publications: None this reporting period. Project Manager: Larry Kapustka FTS 420-4606 -54- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report--Toxic Substances December 31, 1988 Title: Validated Hazard Assessment Using Microcosms and Field Sites (42) Objective(s): Determine the ability of toxicological testing methods to predict an effect on field populations. Output Status: Report on effects of body size and age on sensitivity of chemicals in avian dietary tests (11/88). Completed. Activities: Determinations of the impact of chemicals on metabolic rate in bobwhite quail are under way. A computerized system is operational to monitor the oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production of test birds. This tech- nique provides a method to evaluate the effects of thermal and other stressors on metabolic rate. Work is continuing on the development of an automated system to measure respiration in soil culture. This will be used to measure the effect of toxic chemicals on random metabolism of soil populations over small incre- ments of time where responses are often missed in traditional culture techniques. An investigation on the effects of body weight and age on the results of dietary testing has been completed and data analysis is 1n progress. Three chemicals (methiocarb, dicrotophos, and dieldrin) were used in a series of six LC50 tests using birds of two ages and three stratified weight groups. Findings: The measured metabolic rate of caged bobwhite 1s within the values estimated for adult bobwhite. This system will be fully operational In spring 1989. Publications: None this reporting period. Project Manager: Bill A. Williams FTS 420-4679 -55- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvall1s Project Status Report—Water Quality December 31, 1988 Title: Wetlands Research on Mitigation and Cumulative Effects of Loss (14) Objectives: Implement research on cumulative Impact assessment and mitigation to (1) assess the effects of cumulative wetland losses on wetland functions 1n the landscape; (2) improve methods of creating, restoring, and enhancing wet- lands and wetland functions; (3) provide guidance for the design of effective mitigation projects; (4) evaluate the feasibility of developing wetland specific water quality criteria; (5) develop a research plan for design and implementation of a wetlands component to the Ecological Status and Trends Program; and (6) provide information through the publication of "Community Profiles" and other wetlands information. Output Status: Provisional guidance document based on literature synthesis (02/89). On schedule. Research/monitoring plan to support development of wetland specific Water Quality Criteria and to evaluate Water Quality improvement of wetlands (03/89). On schedule. Activities: A manuscript on patterns and trends In Section 404 permit activity in Washington and Oregon was submitted to a scientific journal. Results of the analysis of the databases from Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri have been compiled. The databases will be used to characterize decisions that have been made regarding mitigation. The revision of the programming for the data management system that is used to analyze the data is complete and is being tested. Pilot studies are comparing created wetlands with natural wetlands to evaluate whether or not comparable wetlands are being created as a result of Section 404 permitting. Analysis of the physical data from the Oregon field study 1s nearly complete. Data entry and verification for the Florida and New England studies 1s 1n progress. A state-of-the-sc1ence literature synthesis Is summarizing material on the design and performance of wetland creation and restoration projects. It is being finalized. Planning to produce the Provisional Handbook on Wetlands Mitigation was Initiated. A draft outline was produced. The multlvolume product will report the principal findings of the analyses of the permit databases and the pilot field studies; present a method for characterizing wetlands and comparing created and natural sites; and document a data management system for tracking Section 404 permit information. -57- ------- A research plan to define water quality criteria in wetlands is under review. Program staff contributed to and provided instruction in an Office of Wetland Protection sponsored training course on "Cumulative Impact Assess- ment in Southeastern Wetland Ecosystems" to held in Slidell, Louisiana, in October. A Synoptic Assessment Method for evaluating landscape sensitivity to cumulative impacts of wetland loss was presented. A joint Office of Environmental Processes and Effects Research/Office of Monitoring, Modeling Systems and Quality Assurance Wetlands Task Group has been mobilized to produce an Ecological Status and Trends Research Plan. Findings: Examination of the Section 404 permit database from Oregon reveals com- pliance with permit requirements. The mitigation required tends to be completed within two years after the permit is issued. Of the 23 permits (40 percent of the total considered) for which the work has not been completed, 17 were issued in 1985 and 1986, the final two years of this study. If the pattern holds, the number of created wetlands should increase in 1987 and 1988 as the projects permitted in 1985 and 1986 are completed. However, these results do not imply that the created wetlands were con- structed or are functioning as described in the Section 404 permit. A random sample of plots on US Geological Survey (USGS) Land Use/Land Cover maps compared to the same plots on National Wetland Inventory (NWI) maps within the Cache River Basin, Arkansas, revealed significant differences in the classification of wetlands. The USGS maps were used to estimate the population of wetlands and other land cover types for the synoptic assess- ment of landscape sensitivity to the cumulative impacts of wetland loss. The random sampling was conducted to reveal acreage differences due to the difference in scale between the two types of maps. The assumption was that the National Wetland Inventory maps were more accurate. Wetland acreage was 14.2 percent on the NWI maps; 0.9 percent on the USGS maps. Examination of the land cover types indicated that the difference in acreage was due to classification of seasonally flooded forested wetlands as deciduous forests by USGS. The results of the study suggest a need for standardization of land cover types by federal agencies concerned with environmental monitoring. A "Wetlands and Water Quality Research and Monitoring Plan," prepared by the Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis, recommends that EPA intensify its current research on the role of wetlands in purifying water. New research on the effects of contaminants, and means of monitoring them, in wetlands should be initiated. These recommendations were based on input from a workshop attended by 40 experts, a survey and a literature review. The plan is currently being reviewed. -58- ------- Publications: Bedford, B.L., and E.M. Preston (eds.). 1988. Cumulative effects on landscape systems of wetlands: Scientific status, prospects and regulatory perspectives. Environmental Management. 12(5):561-773 (published), (fourteen manuscripts published as a special issue.) Bedford, B.L., and E.M. Preston. 1988. Developing the scientific basis for assessing cumulative effects of wetland loss and degradation on landscape functions: Status, perspectives, and prospects. Environmen- tal Management. 12(5):751-772 (published). Kentula, M.E., J.C. Sifneos, J.W. Good, M. Rylko, and K. Kunz. Trends and patterns in Section 404 permitting in the Pacific Northwest. Environ- mental Management (submitted). Preston, E.M., and B.L. Bedford. 1988. Evaluating cumulative effects on wetland functions: A conceptual overview and generic framework. Environmental Management. 12(5):565-584 (published). Project Manager: Eric M. Preston FTS 420-4666/4600 -59- ------- -60- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report—Ecoregions December 31, 1988 Title: Regional Integration Project (15) Objectlve(s): Develop assessment procedures for determining biological integrity in fresh- water systems. Determine regional patterns of stream and lake ecosystem characteristics. Provide methods and technical assistance for assessing attainable uses. Output Status: Final Report: "Demonstration of an Ecologically-Based Method for Inter- preting Regional Patterns in State-wide Surface Water Monitoring Data" (06/89). On schedule. Activities: Participated in two meetings of Office of Water's Biological Criteria Policy Workgroup. Briefed Deputy Director, Office of Water Regulations and Standards, and the Chesapeake Bay Program on ecoregions and biological criteria/biological integrity. Participated in a workshop on assessing recovery of Lotic ecosystems and presented a paper. Participated 1n a workshop on southeastern stream ecology and presented a paper. Participated in second planning workshop for cooperative research project with ERL-Duluth (Studies of Landscape and Anthropogenic Perturbation). Completed preliminary analysis of regional patterns of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources lake phosphorus data. Briefed USGS staff on ecoregions/regional analysis. Briefed Oregon Department of Environmental Quality on ecoregions. Findings: Preliminary analysis of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources data on spring total phosphorus 1n lakes supports the regional patterns Illustrated on the previously published map of summer total phosphorus 1n lakes 1n Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. -61- ------- Publications: Bond, C.E., E. Rexstad, and R.M. Hughes. 1989. Habitat Use of Twenty-five Common Species of Oregon Freshwater Fishes. Northwest Science. 5:223- 232 (published). Miller, D.L., P.M. Leonard, R.M. Hughes, J.R. Karr, P.B. Moyle, L.H. Schrader, B.A. Thompson, R.A. Daniels, K.D. Fausch, G.A. Fitzhugh, J.R. Gammon, D.B. Halliwell, P.L. Angermeier, and D.J. Orth. 1988. Regional Applications of an Index of Biotic Integrity for Use in Water Resource Management. Fisheries. 13:12-20 (published). Omernik, J.M., and A.L. Gallant. 1988. Ecoregions of Upper Midwest States. EPA/600/3-88/037, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon (published). Omernik, J.M., C.M. Rohm, S.E. Clarke, and D.P. Larsen. 1988. Summer total phosphorus in lakes in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Environmen- tal Management. 12:815-826 (published). Project Manager: David P. Larsen FTS 420-4666 -62- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report—Water Quality December 31, 1988 Title: Water Quality Criteria for Terrestrial Wildlife (17) Objective(s): Provide EPA with information on the adequacy of existing water quality criteria to protect terrestrial wildlife, and provide information to revise criteria where these are inadequate. Output Status: None scheduled this reporting period. Activities: A workshop to evaluate water quality criteria (WQC) applicability to wildlife was held November 1-4 in Portland, Oregon. Attendees were personnel involved in making water quality decisions related to wildlife and those knowledgeable in aquatic ecosystem food webs. The workshop will produce a document addressing the adequacy of existing WQC for the protection of wildlife and provide recommendations for future research efforts that the Agency should undertake to complete its database for appro- priate future WQC. Results of the workshop discussions are being compiled. Two studies to determine the effect of aqueous selenium on waterfowl immune competence are being prepared for a peer-reviewed journal article. One study was conducted at Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis (ERL- C) using caged mallards. The other study was conducted cooperatively by ERL-C with investigators at the University of Wisconsin—Madison and the EPA Monticello Research Station. This study used mallards kept in large pens on artificial streams that were treated with selenium. A controlled laboratory study completed at ERL-C to assess the effect of ingestion of selenium in drinking water on the immune response of mallard ducks was followed closely by a collaborative study at EPA Monticello to examine the same question in a more natural "near-field" environment. Findings: Results of studies on the effects of selenium on mallard immune response indicate that ingestion of selenium at about twice the normal dietary amount stimulates the immune response, while doses at 10 to 20 times the recom- mended amount cause immune depression. These effects are primarily in the cell-mediated immune response, while antibody production remains relatively unaffected. Concurrent work at EPA-Monticello showed that, although selenium concentrations in the water were in the ppb range, aquatic invertebrates and plants concentrated it to the ppm range, sufficient to cause immune suppression and increased mortality of 19-day-old ducklings. Additionally, plants and animals convert the sodium selenlte salt to seleno- methionine, the more immunoreactive form. We know from the recent experience at Kesterson Wildlife Refuge in California that selenium can -63- ------- concentrate to very high levels in both water and aquatic plants and animals, causing teratogenesis and reduced hatching success in water birds. The results of our studies suggest that lower selenium concentrations, closer to the 36 ppb limit set by EPA water quality guidelines, can also be hazardous to waterfowl by reducing their capacity to resist infections by common diseases such as avian cholera or influenza. Discussions at the Water Quality Criteria Workshop suggest that many of the water quality criteria that are based on protection of aquatic species are probably adequate. However, the workshop participants agreed that accumulation and food web translocation of persistent chemicals was not adequately considered and must be better evaluated to adequately protect terrestrial wildlife. Publications: None this reporting period. Project Manager: Bill A. Williams FTS 420-4679 -64- ------- Environmental Research laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report—Ecological Global Climate December 31, 1988 Title: Regional Methods and Effects of Global Climatic Change (81) Objectives: Determine how climate controls the distribution of natural resources in the United States and the relative sensitivity of resources and regions of the U.S. to climatic change. Develop an understanding of the linkages between ecosystems and how those are affected by climate. Develop the capability to make regional predictions of the impacts of trace-gas Induced climatic change. Output Status: Internal Report: Sensitivities of Ecological Landscapes (09/89). On schedule. Activities: This project is one of six created from Project 46 at the beginning of FY89. Research continues in the "Biotic Regions" component of the long-term research plan. This task is designed to determine the causal relations between regional climate and the distribution of indicator species of the major biotic regions in the conterminous United States. The analysis of national climate data is proceeding at a rapid pace, with transect analyses virtually complete for monthly precipitation and nearing completion for mean monthly temperatures. Moisture indices that account for evapotranspi- ration and carryover of moisture from earlier months are being evaluated to determine their utility for this project. Work has begun on relating the seasonal pattern of precipitation with circulation of the upper atmosphere. A presentation was made before the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) annual meeting in Arlington, Virginia, titled "Climatic control of biotic regionalization in the U.S." Corvallis scientists attended the Science Advisory Board's peer-review of EPA's report to Congress on the potential impacts of climatic change. The chapter of that report discussing the potential Impacts of climate change on California was written by Corvallis scientists. The chapter was favor- ably reviewed. Modifications to the chapter were made in response to com- ments expressed by the reviewers. Corvallis staff continue to work on refining that chapter and coordinating completion of the research that supports it. Findings: Differences 1n the seasonality of precipitation and temperature across the United States have been identified using transects of monthly data for each variable. Major changes in the seasonality of precipitation are apparent -65- ------- from the transects, and can be related to the circulation of the atmosphere. For instance, the dynamics of the Pacific High Pressure System correlate with the onset of the winter rainy season along the west coast of the United States. Temperature varies more smoothly across the country. Most of the major ecotones in the U.S. are correlated with changes in the seasonality of precipitation or temperature. Ecotones oriented generally north to south are correlated with changes in seasonal precipitation. For instance, the transition from forests to grasslands occurs where the pre- cipitation regime changes from one in which significant precipitation falls in all months to one in which there are major peaks in precipitation during spring or summer. Temperature probably has its strongest influence on the position of east to west trending ecotones in the northern part of the country. For instance, the transition between deciduous forest and boreal forest is strongly influenced by minimum temperatures significantly below freezing. Temperature also influences the position of ecotones by its impact on moisture availability. Consequently several types of moisture indices were plotted along the same transects as the precipitation data. The most useful index for predicting the position of ecotones was potential evapotranspira- tion minus actual evapotranspiration. The importance of precipitation in controlling ecotone position raises concern about the accuracy of projections of the potential impacts of climatic change on vegetation. Presently, these projections are based on scenarios of future climate generated by current General Circulation Models (GCMs). GCMs do not simulate present-day precipitation patterns well, so their projections of future precipitation under double carbon dioxide con- centrations are suspect. Since precipitation is critical in determining biotic regionalization, estimating climate change impacts on biotic regions with GCM scenarios will produce results of limited value. Publications: King, G.A., R.P. Neilson, R.L. DeVelice, and J.M. Lenihan. 1989. Season- ality of precipitation, atmospheric circulation, and the location of U.S. biotic regions. Abstract for oral presentation at the Fourth Annual Landscape Ecology Symposium, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, March 15-18, 1989 (submitted). Project Manager: George A. King FTS 420-4666 -66- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis Project Status Report--Ecological Global Climate December 31, 1988 Title: Effects of Global Climate Change on Vegetation and Wildlife (82) Objective(s): Provide projections of potential ecological effects of climate change on forests, grasslands, deserts, and wildlife to support the requirements of the Global Climate Protection Act of 1987. Output Status: New project, no "A Level" deliverables scheduled as yet. Activities: This project is one of six created from Project 46 at the beginning of FY89. The project leader contributed to revisions of the national forestry chapter of the Office of Policy Planning and Evaluation (OPPE) report to Congress on Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States and to the Ecological Effects of Global Climate Change chapter of the Office of Research and Development (ORD) research plan. Next quarter, letter reports will be developed for Implementation of research in the forest and grassland task areas. The project leader is completing preparation of study initiatives for submission to OPPE concerning possible global climate change research on forests. As part of this process, dialogue was also Initiated with USDA Forest Service research staff concerning possible EPA--Forest Service cooperative research in forest effects. Both the Forest Service and personnel at OPPE are highly optimistic about jointly funding this research. The project leader began preliminary on-line evaluation of forest succession simulation models that may eventually be used in the projection of climate change impacts on forest composition and distribution. Findings: This project 1s still undergoing conceptual development and has not yet generated results. However, specific studies are being proposed for possible implementation 1n the forest effects task. These proposed studies focus on temperate forests 1n the U.S., boreal forests of the Northern Hemisphere, and tropical forests at dispersed locations worldwide. These studies Include: • Using response surfaces to examine potential shifts in the ranges of tree species. -67- ------- • Projecting future forest composition and regional patterns by extrapolating from the patterns expressed in the paleo record under comparable climatic conditions. • Generalizing forest dynamics models to include projections of both local and regional forest growth and development including dispersal and disturbance regimes. • Using gradient analyses to quantify the pattern of forest community occurrence and production in relation to a range of environmental variables (including climate). • Conducting a workshop addressing policy questions relating to climatic change effects on forests. • Quantifying the covariation between tree ring widths and climatic patterns for use in detecting regional trends in growth and for estimating climatic conditions for periods lacking an instrument record. The long-term goal is the development of capability to predict climate change impacts on forest occurrence and function at stand, landscape, and regional scales. Forest resources (including wildlife) that are partic- ularly at risk will be identified. The magnitude and mechanisms of changes in composition, productivity, and species ranges will be examined and potential management strategies for minimizing significant losses will be assessed. Close integration with research efforts involving other sources of stress on forest ecosystems will be essential since stresses associated with climatic change, increased ultraviolet radiation, tropospheric ozone, and acidic precipitation will likely occur simultaneously and may be cumulative. Interactions and cooperation with other researchers, agencies, and institutions both nationally and internationally will be actively pursued. Publications: None this reporting period. Project Manager: Robert L. DeVelice FTS 420-4666 -68- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report—Ecological Global Climate December 31, 1988 Title: Hydrological and Related Aquatic Effects of Global Climate Change (83) Objective(s): Investigate the most probable hydrologic effects of global climate change on terrestrial ecosystems in support of the requirements of the Global Climate Protection Act of 1987. Output Status: New project, no "A Level" deliverables scheduled as yet. Activities: This project is one of six created from Project 46 at the beginning of FY89. Work analyzing the USGS historic hydro-climate data begun during the last quarter of FY88 was continued. Additional water quality data, and Canadian hydro-climate data were ordered. The transfer to ERL/C of extensive climate modeling software and data developed by the project leader at UC Santa Barbara was begun, and will be completed early next quarter. The project leader visited with scientists at Batelle's Pacific Northwest Laboratories for discussions on possible joint research into the regional effects of climate change. Discussions were held with the director of the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis on the possibility of cooperative investigation of geographic information systems (GIS) applications in regional hydrologic and ecologic research. The project leader attended the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco, presenting results of previous climate modeling work, and meeting with scientists from several universities, state, and federal agencies to discuss possible cooperation on evaluation and modeling hydrologic effects of climate change. Contributed to draft research plan for project 46, Ecological Effects of Global Climate Change, and will develop a detailed research and implementa- tion plan during the next quarter. Findings: The most dramatic ecological effects of climate change will manifest as changes in regional precipitation patterns of form, seasonality and volume, which will affect regional water quality and quantity. To understand this interaction between climate and the terrestrial hydrology and between hydrology and terrestrial ecosystems requires that we improve our under- standing of the mechanisms and processes which control them. To do this will require: -69- ------- • A national data-base of hydro-climatically significant parameters such as terrain structure, soils, lithology, vegetation, land use, drainage networks and areas, and Integrated hydro-meteorological (air temperature and humidity, wind, precipitation, runoff and streamflow) data. This must Include remote sensing data. • A new set of mesoscale hydro-climate models that can bridge the scale gap between the current GCM models and the small watershed scale of most process driven hydrologic models. These models must not only simulate regional hydrology, but must include hydro-ecosystem Interaction. • An information system that can integrate large datasets in a variety of formats, temporal and spatial scales, into a managed database that can be operated and evaluated at the policy level (the client) for active decision making. In addition to drafting a detailed research and implementation plan, initial efforts will be made to determine the most hydrologically sensitive regions of the U. S., and to begin assembling the data into the information system described above. Publications: None this reporting period. Project Manager: Danny Marks FTS 420-4666 -70- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report—Ecological Global Climate December 31, 1988 Title: Ecological Effects of Global Climate Change on Agroecosystems (84) Objective(s): Provide scientifically sound estimates of the most probable and most likely ecological effects of global climate changes on agroecosystems resulting from tropospheric greenhouses gases, and support the requirements of the Global Climate Protection Act of 1987. Output Status: New project, no "A Level" deliverables scheduled as yet. Activities: This project is one of six created from Project 46, Ecological Effects of Global Climate Change, at the beginning of FY89. Agroecosystem portions of the Ecological Effects chapter of the Global Climate Change Research Plan were prepared for review by the Science Advisory Board in early 1989. Other activities involved literature review, attendance at scientific meetings concerning global climate change, and discussions with other researchers 1n preparation for writing detailed research implementation plans for this project. Findings: Important aspects of climate change effects on agroecosystems which emerged Included the following: Geographic: 1) Identification of sensitive crops and agricultural regions. 2) Changes in distribution of crops. Abiotic: 1) Direct effects of C02 and Interactions with temperature and water. 2) Effects of altered climatic variability and occurrence of extreme events. B1ot1c: 1) Effects on agricultural pests and pathogens. 2) Effects on major weed species. 3) Effects on soil biota. Management: 1) Changes 1n use of irrigation, fertilizer, and pesticides. 2) Off-site impacts of such changes (e.g., water quality and avail- ability). 3) Ability of management adaptations to keep pace with climate change. -71- ------- Publications: None this reporting period. Project Manager: Donald L. Phillips FTS 420-4666 -72- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory—CorvalUs Project Status Report—Ecological Global Climate December 31, 1988 Title: Biotic Emissions of Radiatively Important Trace Gases (85) Objective(s): Develop the scientific understanding to identify the effects of climate change on the emissions of biogenic gases, and to quantify the contribution of radiatively important trace gases from the earth's biota 1n support of the Global Climate Protection Act of 1987. Output Status: New project, no "A Level" deliverables scheduled as yet. Activities: This project is one of six created from Project 46, Ecological Effects of Global Climate Change, at the beginning of FY89. We are in the process of identifying a project leader, and identifying the project team. Bioemissions portions of the Ecological Effects chapter of the Global Climate Change Research Plan were prepared for review by the Science Advisory Board during the second quarter of FY89. Other activities Involved literature review, attendance at scientific meetings concerning global climate change, and discussions with other researchers in preparation for writing detailed research implementation plans for this project. Findings: The extent to which biogenic emissions affect the total Inventory of radiatively-important trace gases 1n the earth's atmosphere bears directly on the our ability to mitigate the influence of anthropogenic emissions on the earth's climate. It is essential that we be able to quantify the contributions of biogenic gases from all sources under current and predicted cl imates. Specific areas of research demanding Immediate attention Include: 1) quantifying the emissions from livestock, rice paddles, and wetlands; 2) the effect of climate warming in tundra areas on the emissions of radiatively- important gases, especially methane; and 3) the contribution of methane and dimethylsulflde from the ocean's upper waters. Publications: None this reporting period. Project Manager: Peter A. Beedlow (acting) FTS 420-4666 -73- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report—Ecological Global Climate December 31, 1988 Title: Effects of Global Climate Change on Biodiversity (86) Objective(s): Evaluate the threats climate change and other stresses pose to biodiversity and evaluate options for protecting biodiversity to support the requirements of the Global Climate Protection Act of 1987 and potential mandates specific to biodiversity. Output Status: New project, no "A Level" deliverables scheduled as yet. Activities: This project is one of six created from Project 46 at the beginning of FY89. The project contributed to revisions of the biodiversity chapter of the Office of Policy Planning and Evaluation (OPPE) report to Congress on Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States and to the Ecological Effects of Global Climate Change chapter of the Office of Research and Development (ORD) research plan. The acting project leader is completing preparation of study initiatives for submission to OPPE concerning possible global climate change research in biodiversity. The acting project leader has organized a Biodiversity Seminar Series sponsored by Environmental Research Laboratory--Corval1 is to begin in early FY89. Presenters include recognized experts in the field: Paul Ehrlich, Elliott Norse, Jerry Franklin, Rob Peters, and Robert Goodland. The goals of the series are to: • Provide a forum for an exchange of ideas and concerns. • Evaluate options for protecting biological diversity within the realm of public policy. • Increase public awareness on the Importance of this Issue. Findings: This project 1s still undergoing conceptual development and has not yet generated results. However, specific studies are being proposed for possible implementation to support EPA's regulatory role In biodiversity. Policy-relevant research Issues Include: 1) the importance of biodiversity for an ecosystem's ability to maintain structure and function; and 2) anticipation and mitigation of negative Impacts. The research will provide -75- ------- policy guidance to other agencies and the public concerning actions that can be taken to restore and protect biodiversity. Tentatively, the research approach proposed for the initial period of study includes the following steps: 1. Review existing databases and evaluate their usefulness for characteriz- ing biodiversity. This survey would integrate existing databases on biodiversity, identify gaps in coverage, and close those gaps where possible. 2. Contour maps of species richness patterns within specific groups of organisms such as mammals, reptiles, birds, fish, trees, and plants will be produced or assembled on a continental scale. 3. Within each group, relationships to large-scale climatic and landscape patterns will be addressed. 4. Criteria will be established for determining sensitivities to climate change including dispersal capabilities within general groups of organisms, barriers to dispersal (both natural and anthropogenic) and general habitat requirements and habitat availability. As a result of the above approach, it may be possible to identify "hot spots" of biodiversity that are particularly sensitive to climate change. Publications: Henderson, S. 1989. Global climate change and animal species response. EPA Journal (in press). Project Manager: Sandra Henderson (acting) FTS 420-4383 -76- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report--Stratospheric Ozone December 31, 1988 Title: Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Agroecosystems (71) Objective: Provide a risk characterization of the global consequences of stratospheric ozone depletion and resultant increases in UV-B radiation on agroecosystems. Output Status: Internal Report: Effects of UV-B radiation on agroecosystems for inclusion in the biennial report to Congress (11/88). Completed. Internal Report: Synthesis of biological effects of UV-B radiation on plants and animals for use in Montreal Risk Assessment (8/89). On schedule. Internal Report: Report on selected UV-B effects on wetland rice (9/89). On schedule. Activities: An integrated research plan to examine the effect of global climate/UV-B change on the rice ecosystem was prepared and sent to Robert Worrest, Stratospheric Ozone Project Manager, Office of Environmental Processes and Effects Research (OEPER). A meeting was held with Alan Teramura to discuss his research proposal to examine the impact of global climate/UV-B change on the rice ecosystem. Deadlines were set for receipt of the final proposal. A workshop is being planned for February 1989 to peer-review the proposal. Ultraviolet lamps and plastic film were sent to the International Rice Research Institute in Los Banos, Philippines. These materials will be used to conduct preliminary screening experiments examining rice cultivar sensitivity to UV-B radiation. Final harvests have been made for wheat, rice, and soybeans in the UV-B/C02 interaction experiment. An abstract titled "Ecosystem responses to increases in solar ultraviolet- B radiation" was prepared and submitted to the program chairman for the Air Pollution Control Association conference. This is an invited paper which will be presented at the annual meeting in Anaheim, California, June 25-30, 1989. Findings: It is known that increased solar ultraviolet-B radiation can affect vegeta- tion directly. However, results from a multi-year field and laboratory study have shown that UV-B can also affect crop growth indirectly. In many -77- ------- areas, wheat normally grows in the presence of the weed, wild oat. When a mix of wheat and wild oat were exposed to Increased UV-B, the competitive balance between the two was significantly altered. In some cases this was due to one species overtopping and shading Its competitor. Investigation of this phenomenon with various combinations of crops and weeds of agricultural Importance 1s under way. Publications: Barnes, P.W., Jordan, P.W., Gold, W.6., Flint, S.D., and Caldwell, M.M. 1988. Competition, morphology and canopy structure 1n wheat (Triticum aestiyum) and wild oat (Avena fatual exposed to enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation. Functional Ecology. 2:319-330 (published). Project Manager: Paul Barnes FTS 420-4725 -78- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report—Stratospheric Ozone December 31, 1988 Title: Effects of UV-B Radiation on Forested and Other Terrestrial Ecosystems (72) Objective: Provide a risk characterization of the global consequences of stratospheric ozone depletion and resultant increases in UV-B radiation on selected forested and other terrestrial (non-agricultural) ecosystems. Output Status: Internal Report: UV-B effects on tree seedlings (11/88). Completed. Internal Report: Effects on forested ecosystems for inclusion in the biennial report to Congress (11/88). Completed. Internal Report: Synthesis of biological effects of UV-B radiation on plants and animals for use in Montreal Risk Assessment (9/89). On schedule. Activities: The second year of field exposures with loblolly pine is completed and a harvest is under way. The funding package was completed and distributed to continue this research for a third season. Screening exposure of native plant species along an elevational gradient in Hawaii is continuing. A cooperating investigator made a presentation on UV-B/plant interactions at the "Second North American Conference on Climate Change: A Cooperative Approach." Findings: Research at the University of Maryland examined effects of increased UV-B radiation on pigment production and photosynthesis in loblolly pine. In a six-month greenhouse study, the concentration of UV-B absorbing pigments generally increased with UV-B dose and the pigments appeared to afford some protection to the trees. A review of UV-B radiation effects on tree seedlings revealed that six of 15 tree species exposed to a UV-B regime simulating 20 percent and 40 percent depletions 1n stratospheric ozone had significantly reduced biomass production. None of the species tested were from the boreal coniferous forests, which are predicted to receive some of the greatest increases in UV-B. -79- ------- Publications: None this reporting period. Project Manager: D.P. Turner FTS 420-4643/4600 -80- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis Project Status Report--Stratospheric Ozone December 31, 1988 Title: Risk Assessment for UV-B Radiation Effects on Global Ecosystems (73) Objectives: Characterize the nature and magnitude of the risk to terrestrial and marine ecosystems from predicted increases in UV-B radiation as a result of stratospheric ozone depletion. Output Status: Internal Report: Indirect effects of UV-B radiation on commercial fisheries (10/88). Completed. Internal Report: Effects on aquatic ecosystems for inclusion in the Biennial Report to Congress (11/88). Completed. Internal Report: Synthesis of biological effects of UV-B radiation on plants and animals for use in the Montreal Protocol Risk Assessment (08/89). On schedule. Activities: Summary information was prepared for the Corvallis contribution to the Biennial Report to Congress on Stratospheric Ozone Depletion. Findings: Increases in UV-B radiation reaching the earth's surface due to stratos- pheric ozone depletion pose a threat to a wide variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. UV-B can injure organisms directly or alter community or ecosystem processes (e.g., competition). Data for assessment of risk to organisms and ecosystems is often lacking; existing information is fraught with uncertainties. Additional research must be conducted to provide an accurate assessment of the ecological effects of increasing UV-B radiation. Research should proceed in four steps within a risk assessment framework: 1) formulation conceptual models, 2) dose-response assessments, 3) exposure assessments, and 4) risk characterization on a regional and global scale. Publications: None this reporting period. Project Manager: Jack Hardy FTS 420-4739 -81- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis Project Status Report—Stratospheric Ozone December 31, 1988 Title: Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Marine and Terrestrial Emissions of Biogenic Gases (74). Objective: Provide a risk characterization of the global consequences of stratospheric ozone depletion and resultant Increases 1n UV-B radiation on selected aquatic and terrestrial biogeochemical cycles. Output Status: Internal Report: Synthesis of biological effects of UV-B radiation on plants and animals for use in Montreal Risk Assessment (8/89). On schedule. Activities: Initiated the participation of Corvallis personnel in National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) oceanographic cruise designed to measure radiatively- important trace gas emissions from marine organisms. The EPA objectives are fourfold: 1) measure the effect of enhanced UV-B on dimethyl sulfide, methane, and carbon monoxide/dioxide emissions; 2) measure effects of UV-B on primary productivity of natural surface phytoplankton populations; 3) identify marine populations, especially the neuston, at risk from UV-B exposure; and 4) collect baseline data on UV-B penetration into ocean waters. Cruise preparations are in progress; a new system for exposing marine plankton to UV-B was developed and tested at OSU as a prototype for use on the cruise. Presented a paper titled "Toxic contaminants in the surface microlayer in Chesapeake Bay: Preliminary results" at the Society of Environmental Toxicology in Alexandria, Virginia, on November 12-15. Presented a paper on "The biological structure subjacent to the sea surface microlayer: Effects of anthropogenic contamination" at the American Geophysical Union conference in San Francisco, California, on December 5. Findings: Methane, a potent "greenhouse gas", has also been Implicated in the destruc- tion and formation of stratospheric ozone. Its concentration in the earth's atmosphere has more than doubled over the past several centuries and is currently Increasing at 1 percent to 2 percent per year. An assessment of methane's role in global climate change and alteration of the stratospheric ozone layer requires an understanding of the global sources and sinks of this gas. Corvallis laboratory scientists have recently completed a report analyzing current knowledge on biogenic emissions of methane to the atmos- phere. We conclude that over half the present total global production of methane comes from rice paddies and natural wetlands, with rice paddies -83- ------- being the single greatest source. Other sources include: ruminant animals, termites, marine sediments, biomass burning, and organic waste decay. Additional research is being designed to determine more precisely sources, sinks and controlling factors for biogenic methane. Publications: None this reporting period. Manager: Hermann Gucinski FTS 420-4577 -84- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis Project Status Report--Superfund/Hazardous Wastes December 31, 1988 Title: Enforcement and Other Technical Support (22) Objective(s): Provide Office of Haste Programs Enforcement, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Regional Offices, Department of Justice, and state governments with rapid technical expertise regarding biological assessment of sites and assemble and disseminate information regarding assessment methods and findings via guidance documents (journal articles), workshops, and seminars. Output Status: Report, "Toxicity Bioassay and Eluate Heavy Metal Analyses Results of the Bench Scale Stabilization Study of Soils from the United Chrome Superfund NPL Site, Corvallis, Oregon." Completed. No other reports due this quarter. Those scheduled for the next two quarters are on schedule. Activities: Completed a review of the draft report, "Ecological Assessment of Hazardous Waste Sites," and made appropriate revisions as per reviewers' comments. The revised document will be available next quarter. Journal article, "Plant Growth Experiments in Bunker Hill and Zeolite- Amended Soil," has been drafted. The information was presented orally and as a written report to Region X. Completion of the metals fractionation work for the Drake Chemical site samples. Completed SOS Chromotest (genotoxicity) bioassays on 39 Drake Chemical Superfund site samples. Ijq situ earthworm bioassays were conducted at the Baird-McGuire site. Studies on the use of honeybees to detect levels of toxicity at National Priority List (NPL) sites in Montana continued. This quarter, a significant effort was devoted toward assembling informa- tion, Initiating the development of a research/technical assistance plan for ecological assessment of NPL sites and preparation of manuscripts. The major achievements include: • Comprehensive review and update of standard operating procedures for the bioassessment/chemical group bioassays conducted at the Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvall is -85- ------- • Drafted paper, "Short-Term Amphibian Toxicity Tests as Measures of Chemical-Induced Teratogenicity" • Drafted paper, "Early Plant Development and Plant Toxicity Assess- ments: Seed Germination and Root Elongation Tests" • Drafted standard guides for Root Elongation (E47.ll) and Life Table Analysis (E47.08) and initiated their ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) testing process • Drafted paper, "Capabilities and Limitations of Approaches to in situ and Laboratory Bioassessment Methods" • Drafted paper, "HWS Characterization Utilizing in situ and Laboratory Bioassessment Methods" • Drafted paper, "Geostatistical Tools Applicable to Ecological Assessments at Hazardous Waste Sites" Participated in SETAC meetings; Superfund Technology Transfer Group; Superfund PCB Conference. Consulted with scientists from: Ft. Detrick, Maryland, Department of Army, Colorado School of Mines, Cincinnati—Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, and Athens—Environmental Research Laboratory. Findings: Baird-McGuire, Holbrook, Massachusetts: In situ earthworm bioassays yielded comparable results to those obtained from standard laboratory earthworm bioassays. Results were highly correlated with chemical values measured. Because of the simplicity of the jn situ version of the test and the relatively low cost, the results look very promising. Additional in situ testing is being planned. Bunker Hill, Silver Valley, Idaho: This study demonstrated that a proposed remediation treatment (zeolite amendment) was ineffective in reducing toxicity to plants. The study further demonstrated the importance of using biological assessments to address biological questions inasmuch as the preliminary chemical analyses suggested efficacy of the amendment. Montana Pole, Millcreek, Montana: Field data from minicolonies 1s being used to test the Hoffman bee model. Data are being merged with a toxics module which uses LC50 data to predict overall bee population impacts associated with specific chemicals. -86- ------- Publications: None this reporting period. Project Manager: Larry Kapustka FTS 420-4606 -87- ------- -88- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis Project Status Report--Superfund/Hazardous Wastes December 31, 1988 Title: Terrestrial Environment Assessments: Evaluation of Cover Crops (24) Objective(s): Evaluate the phytotoxicity, uptake, translocation, and metabolism properties of selected cover crop species. Output Status: None scheduled for this reporting period. Activities: One series of experiments was completed involving eight species of plants challenged with a low concentration nitrobenzene. A manuscript on this work is in review. Additional species are being considered for similar exposure experiments. Another phase of this project is under development to evaluate phytotoxic responses of six legumes and seven grasses to contaminated soils. Findings: At the low concentration, nitrobenzene caused no phytotoxic responses as determined by photosynthetic and transpiration rates in three of the eight species. However, autumn olive lost its leaves within 45 hours. Russian olive, green ash, and lettuce showed initial decrease in both photosynthesis and transpiration rates. An additional significant observation was that volatilization of nitroben- zene from leaves was a major route of chemical loss, accounting for 10 percent to 40 percent of the quantity introduced into the test system. Publications: None this reporting period. Project Manager: Larry Kapustka FTS 420-4606 -89- ------- Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Project Status Report--Superfund/Hazardous Wastes December 31, 1988 Title: Plant Uptake, Translocation, and Metabolism of Hazardous Chemicals (25) Objective(s): Evaluate the biological hazard associated with contaminated soils, water, and sediments; and determine the bioavailability (uptake, translocation, and metabolism) of hazardous chemicals in terrestrial plants. Output Status: None scheduled for this reporting period. Activities: A planned series of hydroponic experiments are under way to determine the magnitude of incorporation of dioxin into soybean tissues. Tritiated dioxin is used to track "trace" levels of dioxin, as well as search for potential metabolic products. Experiments are under way using different carrier com- pounds including surfactants. Dual label experiments with other chemicals (e.g., 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 2-chlorobiphenyl, and nitrobenzene) are planned. Earlier experiments with tissue culture cells have been analyzed. Findings: Trace levels of tritiated dioxin appear to be transported to the shoots of soybeans, probably via the transpiration stream. Approximately 2 percent of the dioxin appears to be altered in some fashion such that 1t appears in bound residue, suggesting some type of metabolism. There is also some suggestion of plant mediated volatilization, though each of the findings to date are to be considered very tentative. Publications: None this reporting period. Project Manager: Larry Kapustka FTS 420-4606 -91- ------- 1986--CURRENT PUBLICATIONS Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis Abbruzzese, Brooke, Anastasia Allen, Sandra Henderson, Mary E. Kentula. 1987. Selecting sites for comparison with related wetlands. IN Proceedings, Symposium 87 Wetlands/Peatlands. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, August 23-27, 1987. EPA/600/D-87/337. PB88 132 204/AS (A03). (ERL-COR-837D). Anderson, J.W., J.M. Neff, and P.D. Boehm. 1986. Sources, Fates, and Effects of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Alaskan Marine Environment with Recommenda- tions for Monitoring Strategies. EPA/600/3-86/018. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (J. McCarty, project officer). PB 86 168 291/AS (All). (ERL-C0R-302). Angermeier, Paul L. 1986. Assessing biotic integrity in the fish community of a small Illinois stream. North American Journal of Fisheries Management. (D. Larsen, project officer). (ERL-COR-717J). Armstrong, John L., and Guy R. Knudson and Ramon J. Seidler. 1987. Microcosm method to assess survival of recombinant bacteria associated with plants and herbivorous insects. Current Microbiology 15:229-232. (ERL-C0R-658J). Athey, L.A., J.M. Thomas, J.R. Skalski, and W.E. Miller. 1987. Role of Acute Toxicity Bioassays in the Remedial Action Process at Hazardous Waste Sites. User's Manual. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. EPA/600/8-87/044. PB 88 125 430/AS (A06). (ERL-COR-423). Baker, Joan P., and Todd B. Harvey. 1986. Critique of Acid Lakes and Fish Population Status in the Adirondack Region of New York State. EPA/600/3-86/ 046. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (R. Lackey, project officer). PB 86 238 318/AS (All). (ERL-C0R-343AP). Banwart, W.L., P.M. Porter, J.J. Hassett, and W.M. Walker. 1987. Simulated acid rain effects on yield response of two corn cultivars. Agronomy Journal 79(3):497-501. (ERL-C0R-663JAP). Bennett, Jewel K., Robert K. Ringer, Richard S. Bennett, Bill A. Williams, and Philip E. Humphrey. 1988. Comparison of breaking strength and shell thickness as evaluators of eggshell quality. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 7:351-357. (ERL-C0R-816J). Bennett, Richard S., and Daniel W. Schafer. 1988. Procedure for evaluating the potential ability of birds to avoid chemically contaminated food. Environ- mental Toxicology and Chemistry 7:359-362. (ERL-C0R-660J). Biggs, R.H., and P.G. Webb. 1987. Effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation on yield, and disease Incidence and severity for wheat under field conditions, pp. 303-311 IN Stratospheric Ozone Reduction, Solar Ultraviolet Radiation and Plant Life. R.C. Worrest and M.M. Caldwell (eds.). NATO ASI Series, Vol. 68. Sprlnger-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. EPA-600/D-87-060 PB 87 176 905/AS (A02). (J. McCarty, project officer). (ERL-C0R-745J). -93- ------- Binkley, D., C.T. Driscoll, H.L. Allen, P.S. Schoeneberger, and D. McAvoy. 1988. Impacts of Acidic Deposition: Context & Case Studies of Forest Soils in the Southeastern U.S. (ERL-COR-516). Blick, 0. James, Jay J. Messer, Dixon H. Landers, and W. Scott Overton. 1987. Statistical basis for the design and interpretation for the National Surface Water Survey, Phase I: Lakes and Streams. EPA600/D-88/160. Lake and Reservoir Management 3:470-475. PB88 237 938/AS. (ERL-C0R-752DAP). Brakke, D.F., J.M. Ellers, and D.H. Landers. 1987. Hydrologic and chemical characteristics of darkwater, clearwater, and acidic lakes in the United States. International Symposium on Acidification and Water Pathways, Bolkesj, Norway. May 4-8, 1987. (ERL-C0R-733DAP). Brakke, David F. Dixon H. Landers, and Joseph M. Eilers. 1988. Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Lakes in the Northeastern United States. EPA 600/J-88/123. Environmental Science and Technology 22(2):155-163. PB88 251 764/AS. (ERL-C0R-731JAP). Brooks, Robert P., and Robert M. Hughes. 1988. Guidelines for assessing the biotic communities of freshwater wetlands. EPA/600/D-88/208. IN: Proceed- ings of the National Wetland Symposium: Mitigation of Impacts and Losses. New Orleans, LA, Oct. 8-10, 1986. PB89 119 598/AS. (ERL-C0R-765D). Caldwell, Martyn M. 1986. Plant architecture and resource competition. IN Potentials and Limitations of Ecosystem Analysis. EPA/600/D-86/244. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (J. McCarty, project officer). PB 87 117 479/AS (A03). (ERL-C0R-685D). Caldwell, M.M., L.B. Camp, C.W. Warner, and S.D. Flint. 1986. Action spectra and their key role in assessing biological consequences of solar UV-B radiation change. IN Stratospheric Ozone Reduction, Solar Ultraviolet Radiation, and Plant Life. R.C. Worrest and M.M. Caldwell (eds.). Springer-Verlag. EPA/600/D-87/006. PB 87 147 138/AS (A03). (J. McCarty, project officer). (ERL-C0R-639D). Campbell, William G., Gary D. Bishop, M. Robbins Church, Jeffrey J. Lee, Duane A. Lammers, and Leon H. Liegel. 1987. The Environmental Protection Agency's direct/delayed response project: the role of a geographic information system. Geographic Information Systems and Workshop, October 1987, San Francisco. EPA/600/D-87/310. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. PB88 119 425/AS(A02). (ERL-C0R-804DAP). Carey, Ann, Anthony C. Janetos, and Roger Blair. 1987. Responses of Forests to Atmospheric Deposition. National Research Plan for the Forest Response Program. EPA/600/3-86/066. ,U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environ- mental Research Laboratory, Corvallls, Oregon. PB 87 140 919/AS (A06). (ERL-COR-376AP). Carney, C.E., and F. deNoyelles, Jr. 1986. Grass carp as a potential control agent for cattails. EPA/600/J-86/364. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 89 (3-4) 86-89, July-December. (D. Larsen, project officer). PB 87 196 531/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-440J). -94- ------- Chapman, G., M. Cairns, 0. Krawczyk, K. Malueg, A. Nebeker, and G. Schuytema. 1986. Report on the toxicity and chemistry of sediments from Toronto and Toledo harbors. IN Evaluation of Sediment Bioassessment Techniques. Report of the Dredging Subcommittee to the Great Lakes Water Quality Board, International Joint Commission, Windsor, Ontario. EPA/600/D-87/061. PB 87 180 014/AS (A03). (ERL-C0R-473D). Church, H. Robbins, and Robert S. Turner, eds. 1986. Factors Affecting the Long-Term Response of Surface Waters to Acidic Deposition: State-of-the- Science. EPA/600/3-86/025. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis. PB 86 178 118/AS (A14). (ERL-C0R-318AP). Church, N. Robbins. 1987. Book review of Acid Rain: A Water Resources Issue for the 80's. R. Herrmann and A.I. Johnson, eds. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, MD. 83 pp. 1983. EPA/600/M-87/027. Published in EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union 68 (15):209. PB 88 101 688/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-769misc). Coffey, D.S., J.C. Sprenger, D.T. Tingey,G.E. Neely, and J.C. Mc Carty. 1988. National Crop Loss Assessment Network: Quality Assurance Program. Environ- mental Pollution 53:89-98. (ERL-C0R-892J). Cozzarelli, Isabelle M., Janet S. Herman, and Roderlc A. Parnell, Jr. 1987. The mobilization of aluminum in a natural soil system: Effects of hydrologic pathways. EPA/600/J-87/379. Water Resources Research 23f51:859- 874. PB88 251 806/AS. (ERL-C0R-850JAP). Cusimano, R.G., D. Brakke, G.A. Chapman. 1986. Effects of pH on the toxicities of cadmium, copper, and zinc to steel head trout [Salmo qairdneri). EPA/600/ J-86/500 Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43(8): 1497-1503. PB89 130 413/AS. (ERL-C0R-842J). Dassel, K.A., and J.0. Rawlings. 1988 Experimental design strategy for the Weibull Dose Response model. Environmental Pollution 53:333-349. (ERL- C0R-886J). Dawson, Clyde L., and Ronald A. Hellenthal. 1986. A Computerized System for the Evaluation of Aquatic Habitats Based on Environmental Requirements and Pollution Tolerance Associations of Resident Organisms. EPA/600/3-86/019. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (D. Larsen, project officer). PB 86 167 343/AS (A06). (ERL-C0R-323). (with project summary). DeHaan, M. S. 1988. Cubic Spline Smoothing: A Useful Tool for Curve Estima- tion. EPA/600/D-88/082. PB 88 214 796/AS. (ERL-C0R-476). Devanas, Monica A., Devorah Rafael1-Eshkol, and Guenther Stotzky. 1986. Survival of plasmid-containing strains of Escherichia coli In soil: Effect of plasmid size and nutrients on survival of hosts and maintenance of plasmid. EPA/600/J-86/495. Current Microbiology 13:269-277. PB88 251 822/AS. (ERL-C0R-894J). -95- ------- Devanas, Monica A. and Guenther Stotzky. 1986. Fate 1n soil of a recom- b 1 n a n t plasmid carrying a Drosophila gene. EPA/600/J-86/496. Current Microbiology 13:279-283 PB88 251 863/AS. (ERL-C0R-895J). Devanas," M.A., and G. Stotzky. 1988. Survival of Genetically Engineered Microbes 1n the Environment: Effect of Host/Vector Relationship. EPA/600/ D-88/109 Developments in Industrial Microbiology 29:287-296. PB 88 214 978/AS. (ERL-COR-492). Dewey, Sharon L. 1986. Effects of the herbicide atrazine on aquatic insect community structure and emergence in experimental ponds. Ecology 67 (1):148-162, February. (D. Larsen, project officer). (ERL-C0R-438J). Drewes, Charles D., Mark J. Zoran, and Clarence Callahan. 1987. Sublethal neurotoxic effects of the fungicide benomyl on earthworms (Eisenia fetida). EPA/600/0-87/377. Pestic. Sci. 19:197-208. PB88 251 798/AS. (ERL-COR- 626J). Eilers, J.M., D.F. Brakke, D.H. Landers, and W.S. Overton. 1987. Chemistry of wilderness lakes in the Western United States. IN Proceedings World Wilderness Congress, Sept. 14-18, 1987. Estes Park, Colorado. EPA/600/ D-87/338. PB 88 132 105/AS (A03). (ERL-C0R-838DAP). Eilers, J.M., D.F. Brakke, D.H. Landers, and P.E. Kellar. 1988. Characteristics of lakes in mountainous areas of the Western United States. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. Bd. 23:144-151. (ERL-C0R-732JAP). Eilers, Joseph M., David F. Brakke, and Dixon H. Landers. 1988. Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Lakes 1n the Upper Midwest, United States. EPA 600/J-88/157 Environmental Science and Technology 22:164-172. PB89 119 408/AS. (ERL-C0R-739JAP). Eilers, J.M., D.H. Landers, D.F. Brakke, and R.A. Linthurst. Factors contribut- ing to differences in acid neutralizing capacity among lakes in the Western United States. IN: Proceedings "Water resources related to mining and energy—Preparing the Future." 23rd Annual AWRA Conference and Symposium, November 1-6, 1987, Salt Lake City, UT. EPA/600/D-87/309. (R. Lackey, project officer). PB 88 112 156/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-802DAP). Eilers, Joseph M., Dixon H. Landers, and David F. Brakke. 1988. Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Lakes in the Southeastern United States. Environmental Science and Technology 22:172-177. (ERL-C0R-737JAP). Eshleman, K.N. 1988. Predicting regional episodic acidification of surface waters using empirical techniques. Accepted Water Resources Research. (ERL-C0R-784JAP). Eshleman, Keith N., and Harold F. Hemond. 1988. Alkalinity and major ion budgets for a Massachusetts reservoir and watershed. Limnology and Oceanog- raphy 33(2):174-185. March. -96- ------- Eshleman, Keith N., and Philip R. Kaufmann. 1988. Assessing the regional effects of sulfur deposition on surface water chemistry: The Southern Blue Ridge. Environmental Science & Technology 22(6):685-690. (ERL-COR-801JAP). Evans, L.S., K.F. Lewin, E.M. Owen, and K.A. Santucci. 1986. Comparison of yields of several cultivars of field-grown soybeans exposed to simulated acidic rainfalls. New Phytolooist 102:409-417, April. (J. Lee, project officer). (ERL-C0R-671JAP). Fernandez, I.J., and P.A. Kosian. 1987. Soil air carbon dioxide concentrations in a New England spruce-fir forest. EPA-600/J-87/043. Soil Science Society of America Journal 51:261-263. (R. Lackey, project officer). PB 87 203 162/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-676JAP). Flagler, R.B., R.P. Patterson, A.S.Heagle, and W.W.Heck. Ozone and soil moisture deficit effects on nitrogen metabolism of soybean. Crop Science 27:1177-1184. (ERL-C0R-678J). Fletcher, John, Alan Groeger, Joel McCrady, and James Mc Farlane. 1987. Polychlorbophenyl (PCB) metabolism by plant cells. EPA/600/J-87/425. Biotechnology Letters 9(11):817-820. (ERL-C0R-830J). Fletcher, John S., Alan W. Groeger, and James C. Mc Farlane. 1987. Metabolism of 2-chlorobiphenyl by suspension cultures of Paul's Scarlet rose. EPA/600/J-87/439. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 39:960-965. PB88 251 439. (ERL-C0R-755J). Flexner, J.L., B. Lighthart, and B.A. Croft. 1986. The effects of microbial pesticides on non-target, beneficial arthropods. EPA/600/J-86/409. Agriculture. Ecosystems, and Environment 16:203-254, August. PB 88 113 212/AS (A04). (ERL-C0R-579J). Flint, S.D., and M.M. Caldwell. 1986. Comparative sensitivity of binucleate and trinucleate pollen to ultraviolet radiation: A theoretical perspective. IN Stratospheric Ozone Reduction, Solar Ultraviolet Radiation, and Plant Life. R.C. Worrest and M.M. Caldwell (eds.). Springer-Verlag. (J. McCarty, project officer). PB 87 147 120/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-694D). Floyd, R.A., M.S. West, K.L. Eneff, N.E. Hogsett, and D.T. Tlngey. 1988. Hydroxyl free radical mediated formation of 8-hydroxyguanine in Isolated DNA. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 262(1):266-272. (ERL-COR- 815J). Ford, D.E., K.W. Thornton, J.F. Nix, J.T. Mai com, and F.E. Payne. 1986. Acidic Episodes and Surface Water Chemistry: A Comparison of Northeast and Southeast Study Sites. October. EPA/600/3-87/018. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (M. Robbins, project officer). PB 88 154 299/AS. (ERL-C0R-371AP). Freda, Joseph, and Will 1am A. Dunson. 1986. The effect of prior exposure on sodium uptake 1n tadpoles exposed to low pH water. EPA/600/J-86/368. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 156:649-654, December. (R. Lackey, project officer). PB 87 198 826/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-714JAP). -97- ------- Gaston, L.A., R.S. Mansell, and R.D. Rhue. 1986. Sulfate mobility In acid soils and Implications with respect to cation leaching: a review. IN Proceedings of the 43rd annual meeting of the Soil Crop Science Society of Florida, October 25-27, 1983. (R. Wilhour, project officer). EPA-600/D-86/ 094. PB 86 194 230/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-628DAP). Germann, P.F. Macropores and Hydrologic Hill slope Processes. Chapter 9 IN: Process Studies 1n Hill slope Hydrology, Anderson, M.G. and T.P. Buit (eds). John Wiley,.Publishers. (ERL-C0R-495D). Gile, Jay D., and S. Nark Meyers. 1986. Effect of adult mallard age on avian reproductive tests. EPA/600/J-86/399. Archives of Environmental Contamina- tion and Toxicology 15:751-756, October. PB 88 101 639/AS (A02). (ERL- C0R-587J). Greene, Joseph C., W.E. Miller, and Ellen Merwln. 1986. The effect of secondary effluents on eutrophication in Las Vegas Bay, Lake Mead, Nevada. EPA/600/ J-86/406. Water. Air, and Soil Pollution 29:391-402, January. PB 88 107 057/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-558J). Greene, J.C., W.J.Warren, B.R. Parkhurst, G.L.Linder, C.L. Bartels, S.A. Peterson, and W.E. Miller. Protocols for Short Term Toxicity Screening of Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA 600/3-88/029. PB88 235 510/AS. (ERL-COR-496). Griffith, G.E., J.M. Omernik, and A.J. Kinney. 1986. Interpreting patterns of lake alkalinity in the Upper Midwest Region, USA. EPA 600/D-87/009. Presented at Lake & Reservoir Management: Influences of Nonpoint Source Pollutants and Acid Precipitation. North American Lake Mngmt. Soc. Sym- posium. Nov. 5-8,1986, Portland, OR. PB 87 145 769/AS (A02). (ERL-COR- 698D). Guderian, Robert, and David T. Tingey. 1987. Study on the need and the establishing of air quality criteria for nitrogen oxides. Instltut fur Angewandte Botanik der Universitat-GHS Essen, Germany. January. 170pp. (in German). Haines, Terry A., Stanislas J. Pauwels, and Charles H. Jagoe. 1986. Predicting and Evaluating the Effects of Acidic Precipitation on Water Chemistry and Endemic Fish Populations In the Northeastern United States. U.S. F1sh and Wildlife Service Biological Report 80(40.23), Air Pollution and Acid Rain Report No. 23. PB 86 188 703. (R. Lackey, project officer). (ERL-COR- 349AP). Heagle, A.S., B. Flagler, R.P. Patterson, V.M. Lesser, S.R. Shafer, and W.W. Heck. 1987. Injury and yield response of soybean to chronic doses of ozone and soil moisture deficit. Crop Science 27:1016-1024. (ERL-COR-711J). Heagle, Allen S., W.W. Heck, V.M. Lesser, J.O. Rawlings, and F.L. Mowry. 1986. Injury and yield response of cotton to chronic doses of ozone and sulfur dioxide. EPty600/J-86/366. Journal of Environmental Quality 15 (4):375-382, October-December. (D. Tingey, project officer). PB 87 196 085/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-507J). -98- ------- Heagle, Allen S., W.W. Heck, V.M. Lesser, and J.O. Rawllngs. 1987. Effects of daily ozone exposure duration and concentration fluctuation on yield of tobacco. EPA 600/J-87/290. Phytopathology 77(6):856-862. PB88 185 178/AS (D. Tingey, project officer). (ERL-COR-610J). Heck, Walter W., O.C. Taylor, R.M. Adams, J.E. Miller, D.T. Tingey, and L.H. Weinstein. 1986. National Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN) 1984 Annual Report. EPA/600/3-86/041. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environ- mental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. (D. Tingey, project officer). PB 86 232 949/AS (All). (ERL-COR-352). Heck, W.W., O.C.Taylor, and D.T. Tingey (eds). 1988. Assessment of Crop Loss from Air Pollutants. Proceedings: International Conference Raleigh, NC, Oct. 25-29, 1987. (ERL-C0R-515). Heggestad, H.E., J.H. Bennett, and E.H. Lee. 1986. Effects of increasing doses of sulfur dioxide and ambient ozone on tomatoes: plant growth, leaf injury, elemental composition, fruit yields, and quality. Phytopathology 76(12):1338-1344, December. (D. Tingey, project officer). (ERL-C0R-510J). Heggestad, H.E., E.L. Anderson, T.J. Gish and E.H. Lee. Effects of Ozone and Soil Water Deficit on Roots and Shoots of Field Grown Soybeans. Environmen- tal Pollution 50:259-278. (ERL-COR-817J). Heiskary, Steven A., and David P. Larsen. 1986. Analysis of regional lake water quality patterns: Implications for resource management in Minnesota. Proceedings Lake and Reservoir Management: Influences of Nonpoint Source Pollutants and Acid Precipitation. North American Lake Management Society Symposium, November 5-8, 1986, Portland, Oregon. EPA/600/D-87/010. PB87 188 157/AS (A03). (ERL-C0R-699D). Henderson, S., A.B. Allen, B. Abbruzzese, M.E. Kentula, and R.M. Hughes. 1988. A Method for the Selection of Reference Wetlands. EPA/600/D-88/254. IN: Proceedings of the Society of Wetland Scientists' Eighth Annual Meeting. "Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems of the American West" May 26-29, 1987. Seattle, WA. PB89 129 043/AS. (ERL-C0R-823D). Hendricks, Charles W. and Nanci Pascoe. 1988. Soil microbial biomass estimates using 2450 MHz microwave irradiation. Plant and Soil 110:39-47. (ERL-C0R- 773J). Hendricks, Charles W., Eldor A. Paul, and Paul D. Brooks. 1987. Growth measurements of terrestrial microbial species by a continuous-flow technique. Plant and Soil 101:189-195. (ERL-C0R-649J). Herdendorf, Charles E. 1987. The Ecology of the Coastal Marshes of Western Lake Erie: A Community Profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior; Corps of Engineers, U.S. Department of the Army; and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. U.S. FWS Biological Report 85(7.9). (E. Preston, EPA project officer; W. Duffy, FWS project officer). PB 87 186 805/AS. (ERL-COR-416). -99- ------- Hodges, Steven C. 1987. Aluminum speciatlon: A comparison of five methods. EPA/600/J-87/057. Soil Science Society of America Journal 51:57-64. (R. Wilhour, project officer). PB 87 213 252/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-584JAP). Hogsett, W.E., D.T. Tingey, G.E. Taylor, O.M.Olszyk, and D.P. Ormond. 1987. A1r Pollution Exposure Systems and Experimental Protocols--Vol. 1: A Review and Evaluation of Performance. EPA 600/3-87/0375. PB88 181 698. 137 pg. (ERL-COR-437a). Hogsett, W.E., D.T.Tingey, G.E. Taylor, O.M. Olszyk, and D.P. Ormond. 1987. Air Pollution Exposure Systems and Experimental Protocols--Vol. 2: Description of Facilities. EPA 600/3-87/037b. PB88 181 698. 347 pg. (ERL-COR-437b). Hughes, Robert M. and James R. Gammon. 1987. Longitudinal changes in fish assemblages and water quality 1n the Willamette River, Oregon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 116(2):196-209. (ERL-C0R-638J). Hughes, R.M., and D.P. Larsen. 1988. Ecoregions: an approach to surface water protection. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 60(4):486-493. (ERL-C0R-819J). Hughes, Robert M., David P. Larsen, and James M. Omernik. 1986. Regional reference sites: A method for assessing stream potentials. EPA/600/J-86/ 218. Environmental Management 10(5):629-635. PB 87 170 767/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-477J). Hughes, R.M., Eric Rexstad, and Carl E. Bond. 1988. The relationship of aquatic ecoregions, river basins and physiographic provinces to 1ch- thyogeographic regions of Oregon. (ERL-COR-556). Jacobson, J., P. Irving, A1 Kuja, D. Shriner, S. Perrigan and V. Culllnan. 1988. A Collaborative Effort to Model Plant Response to Acidic Rain. Accepted in Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association. (ERL-C0R- 922J). James, Bruce R., and Susan J. Riha. 1986. pH buffering 1n forest soil organic horizons: relevance to acid precipitation. EPA/600/J-86/404. Journal of Environmental Quality 15(3):229-234, July-September. (R. Wilhour, project officer). PB 88 103 627/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-515JAP). Kanciruk, P., J.M. Eilers, R.A. McCord, D.H. Landers, D.F. Brakke, and R.A. Linthurst. 1986. Characteristics of Lakes 1n the Eastern United States. Volume III. Data Compendium of Site Characteristics and Chemical Vari- ables. EPA/600/4-86/007c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 439 pp. PB 87 110 409c. (ERL-C0R-337c). See Linthurst et al. 1986 for Volume I and Overton et al. 1986 for Volume II. Karr, James R. 1986. Biological monitoring and environmental assessment: A conceptual framework. Environmental Management. (D. Larsen, project officer). (ERL-C0R-718J). -100- ------- Kaufmann, P., A. Herlihy, M. Hitch, A. Kinney, S. Christie, D. Brown, J. Elwood, M. Sale, H. Jager, K. Cougan, D. Peck, C. Hagley, S. Overton, J. Messer and K. Reckhow. Chemical Characteristics of Streams In the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States. Vol. I: Population descriptions & physico- chemical relationships. EPA/600/3-88/021a. PB89 119 606/AS. (ERL-COR- 482a). Vol.II: Streams sampled, descriptive statistics, & compendium of physical & chemical data. EPA/600/3-88/021b. PB89 119 614/AS. (ERL-COR- 482b). Kentula, Mary E. 1986. EPA adopts wetland research plan. EPA/600/M-87/016. National Wetlands Research Newsletter 8(4):14-15. (E. Preston, project officer). PB 87 187 076/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-657misc). Kentula, Mary E. 1986. Wetland rehabilitation and creation in the Pacific Northwest. Presentation to the Washington State Department of Ecology Wetlands Conference on "Wetland Functions, Rehabilitation, and Creation in the Pacific Northwest: The State of Our Understanding." Port Townsend, WA, April 30-May 2, 1986. EPA/600/D-86/183. (D. Larsen, project officer). PB 86 241 023/AS (A03). (ERL-C0R-667D). Kentula, Mary E. 1987. Does mitigation work? EPA's wetland research program is checking. IN Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on Wetlands Restoration and Creation. May. Hillsborough Community College, Tampa, FL. EPA/600/D-87/308. (E. Preston, project officer). PB 88 112 149/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-800D). Kentula, Mary E. 1987. EPA Initiates wetland research 1n the Pacific North- west. EPA/600/M-87/026. The Northwest Environmental Journal 3:163-164, March. PB 88 101 696/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-768misc). Kentula, Mary E. 1988. Wetland mitigation: Research opportunities and needs. IN: "Country in the City": Managing natural resources in the urban environment, Feb. 1988, Portland, OR. (ERL-COR-940D) Kettle, W.D., F. deNoyelles, Jr., B.D. Heacock, and A.M. Kadoum. 1986. Diet and reproductive success of blueglll recovered from experimental ponds treated with atrazine. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. (D. Larsen, project officer). (ERL-C0R-716J). Kiester, A. Ross. 1987. Background for the synthesis and Integration of forest response to atmospheric deposition. Presented at the California Forest Response Program Planning Conference, Asilomar, CA, February 22-25. (R. Blair, project officer). (ERL-COR-775DAP). Kiester, A. Ross. 1987. The role of models 1n the Forest Response Program. IN Proceedings 1987 IUFRO Forest Growth Modeling and Prediction Conference, Minneapolis, Minnesota. August 24-28, 1987. EPA/600/D-87/334. PB 88 130 281/AS (A03). (ERL-C0R-828DAP). King, David A. 1987. A model for predicting the Influence of moisture stress on crop losses caused by ozone. EPA/600/J-87/77. Ecological Model!Ina 35: 29-44, Jan. (D. Tingey, project officer). PB 88 102 983/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-467J). -101- ------- King, David A. 1988. Modeling the impact of ozone x drought interactions on regional crop yields. Environmental Pollution 53:351-364. (ERL-C0R-835J). King, David A., and William L. Nelson. 1987. Assessing the Impacts of soil moisture stress on regional soybean yield and its sensitivity to ozone. Agriculture. Ecosystems, and Environment 20:23-35. (ERL-COR-580J). King, D.A., A.S. Heagle, and R.B. Flagler. 1988. Evaluation of an ozone x moisture stress Interaction model for soybean. Ecological Modelling 41:269- 279. (ERL-C0R-704J) Klein, Theodore M., and Martin Alexander. 1986. Effect of the quantity and duration of application of simulated add precipitation on nitrogen mineral- ization and nitrification in a forest soil. EPA/600/J-86/370. Water. Air, and Soil Pollution 28:309-318, April. (R. Wilhour, project officer). PB 87 198 842/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-736JAP). Knittel, M.D., and Anne Fairbrother. 1987. Effects of temperature and pH on survival of free nuclear polyhedrosls virus of Autographa californica. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 53(12):2771-2773. (ERL-C0R-728J). Kohut, R.J., J.A. Laurence , and L. J. Colavito. 1988. The influence of ozone exposure dynamics on the growth and yield of kidney bean. Environmental Pollution 53:79-88. (ERL-C0R-884J). Krasovsky, Vera N. and G. Stotzky. 1987. Conjugation and genetic recombination in Escherichia coli In sterile and nonsterile soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 19(5):631-638. (ERL-C0R-896J) Kress, L.W., J.E. Miller, H.J. Smith, and J.O. Rawlings. 1986. Impact of ozone and sulphur dioxide on soybean yield. EPA/600/J-86/157. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 41:105-123. PB 87 118 519/AS (A02). (D. Tingey, project officer). (ERL-C0R-512J). Krug, W.R., W.A.Gebert, D.J. Graczyk, D. Stevens, B.P.Rochelle, and M.R. Church. 1988. Runoff map for the northeastern, southeastern and Mid-Atlantic United States for Water Years 1951-80. (ERL-COR-472). Kusler, Jon A., Millicent Quammen and Gail Brooks--EDIT0RS. 1988. Proceedings: National Wetland Symposium, Mitigation of Impacts and Losses. EPA/600/988/ 014. PB88 223 797/AS. (ERL-C0R-457). Lammers, D.A., D.L. Cassell, and J.J. Lee 1987. Field Operations and Quality Assurance/Quality Control for Direct/Delayed Response Project Soil Mapping Activities In the Northeast Region. 140 pgs. EPA 600/3-87/017. PB88 171 301. (ERL-C0R-406AP). Lammers, D.A., D.L. Cassell, J.J. Lee, W.G. Campbell, and M.G. Johnson. 1987. Field Operations and Quality Assurance/Quality Control for Direct/Delayed Response Project Soil Mapping Activities 1n the Southern Blue Ridge Region. EPA 600/3-88/016. PB88 195 722/AS. (ERL-C0R-454AP). -102- ------- Landers, D.H., J.M. Eilers, D.F. Brakke, and P.E. Kellar. 1988 Characteristics of acidic lakes in the Eastern United States. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. Bd. 23:152-162. (ERL-C0R-734JAP). Landers, Oixon H., W. Scott Overton, Rick A. Linthurst, and David F. Brakke. 1988. Eastern Lake Survey: Regional estimates of lake chemistry. Environmental Science and Technology 22:128-135. (ERL-C0R-730JAP). Larsen, David P., Frank DeNoyelles, Jr., Frank Stay, and Tamotsu Shiroyama. 1986. Comparisons of single species, microcosm, and experimental pond responses to atrazine exposure. EPA/600/J-86/050. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5:179-190, February. PB 86 199 379/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-414J). Larsen, David P., Daniel R. Dudley, and Robert M. Hughes. 1988. An approach for assessing attainable water quality: Ohio as a case study. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. (ERL-C0R-681J). Larsen, David P., Robert M. Hughes, James M. Omernik, Daniel R. Dudley, Christina H. Rohm, Thomas R. Whittier, Andrew J. Kinney, and Alisa L. Gallant. 1986. The correspondence between spatial patterns in fish assemblages in Ohio streams and aquatic ecoregions. EPA/600/J-86/365. Environmental Management 10(6):815-828, December. (D. Larsen, project officer). PB 87 196 077/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-480J). Lee, E. Henry. 1988. Evaluation of ozone exposure indices in exposure-response modeling. Journal of Environmental Pollution 53:43-62. (ERL-COR-798J). Lee, E. Henry, D.T. Tingey, and W.E. Hogsett. 1988. Evaluation of ozone exposure indices for relating exposure to plant production and for estimating agricultrual losses. EPA/600/3-88/039. PB89 118 350/AS. (ERL- COR-518). Lee, Jeffrey J. 1985. Effect of simulated sulfuric acid rain on the chemistry of a sulfate-adsorbing forest soil. EPA-600/J-85/105. Water. Air, and Soil Pollution 25:185-193. PB 85 244 259/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-304J). Lefohn, A.S., C.E. Davis, C.K. Jones, D.T. Tingey, and W.E. Hogsett. 1987. Co- occurrence patterns of gaseous air pollutant pairs at different minimum concentrations in the United States. Atmospheric Environment 21(11):2435- 2444. (ERL-C0R-707J). Lefohn, Allen S., W.E. Hogsett, and David T. Tingey. 1986. A method for developing ozone exposures that mimic ambient conditions 1n agricultural areas. EPV600/J-86/046. Atmospheric Environment 20(21:361-366. February. PB 86 195 948/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-451J). Lefohn, Allen S., W.E. Hogsett, and David T. Tingey. 1987. The development of sulfur dioxide and ozone rural exposure profiles that mimic ambient condi- tions in the southeastern United States. EPA/600/J-87/376. Atmospheric Environment 21(31:659-669. PB88 251 848/AS. (ERL-C0R-613J). -103- ------- Lefohn, A.S, H.P. Knudsen, J.A. Logan, J. Simpson, and C. Bhumralkar. 1987. An evaluation of the Krlglng Method to predict 7-h seasonal mean ozone con- centrations for estimating crop losses. JAPCA 37(5):595-602. (ERL-COR- 687J). Lefohn, A.S., H.P. Knudsen, and L.R. McEvoy. The use of krlging to estimate monthly ozone exposure parameters for the southeastern United States. Environmental Pollution 53:27-42. (ERL-C0R-887J). Levin, Morris A., Ramon Seidler, A1 W. Borquln, John R. Fowle III, and Tamar Barkay. 1987. EPA developing methods to assess environmental release. Biotechnology 5:38-45, January. Lighthart, Bruce. 1988. Some changes In gut bacterial flora of field-grown Peridroma saucia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) when brought into the laboratory. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54(7):1896-1898. (ERL-C0R-654J). Lighthart, Bruce and A.J. Mohr. 1987. Estimating downwind concentrations of viable airborne microorganisms in dynamic atmospheric conditions. EPA/600/ J-87/458. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 53(7):1580-1583. PB89 134 639/AS. (ERL-C0R-643J). Lighthart, Bruce, David Sewall, and David R. Thomas. 1988. Effect of several stress factors on the susceptibility of the predatory mite, Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae), to the weak bacterial pathogen Serratia marcescens. Journal of invertebrate pathology 52:33-42. (ERL-C0R-818J). Lindow, S.E., G.R. Knudsen, R.J. Seidler, M.V. Walter, V.W. Lambou, P.S. Amy, D. Schmedding, V. Prince, and S. Hern. 1988. Aerial dispersal and epiphytic survival of Pseudomonas syringae during a pretest for the release of genetically engineered strains into the environment. Applied and Environ- mental Microbiology 54(6):1557-1563- (ERL-C0R-846J). Lindstrom, F.T., D.E. Cawlfield, and L. Boersma. 1988. CTSPAC: Mathematical Model for Coupled Transport of Water, Solutes, and Heat in the Soil-PIant- Atmosphere Continuum: Vol. 1. Mathematical Theory and Transport Concepts. EPA/600/3-88/030. PB88 238 316/AS. (ERL-C0R-505). Link, S.O., R.J. Fellows, D.A. Cataldo, J.G. Droppo, and P. Van Voris. 1987. Estimation of an Aerial Deposition and Foliar Uptake of Xenobiotics: Assessment of Current Models. Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest Laboratories. PNL-6173. EPA/300/3-87/050. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR. (J. Mc Farlane, project officer). (ERL-COR-439). Linthurst, R.A., D.H. Landers, J. Ellers, P.E. Keller, D.F. Braake, D.S. Jeffers, et al. Regional Chemical Characteristics of Lakes In North America. Part II: Eastern United States. EPA/600/J-86/465. Water. Air, and Soil Pollution 31:577-591. PB88 222 542/AS. (ERL-C0R-767JAP). -104- ------- Linthurst, R.A., D.H. Landers, J.M. Eilers, D.F. Brakke, W.S. Overton, E.P. Heier, and R.E. Crowe. 1986. Characteristics of Lakes 1n the Eastern United States. Volume I. Population Descriptions and Physico-Chemical Relationships. EPA/600/4-86/007a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 136 pp. PB 87 110 383a. (ERL-C0R-337a). Overton, W.S., P. Kanclruk, L.A. Hook, J.M. Eilers, D.H. Landers, D.F. Brakke, D.J. BUck, Jr., R.A. Linthurst, M.D. DeHaan, and J.M. Omernik. 1986. Characteristics of Lakes In the Eastern United States. Volume II. Lakes Sampled and Descriptive Statistics for Physical and Chemical Vari- ables. EPA/600/4-86/007b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 374 pp. PB 87 110 391b. (ERL-C0R-337b). Kanciruk, P., J.M. Eilers, R.A. McCord, D.H. Landers, D.F. Brakke, and R. A. Linthurst. 1986. Characteristics of Lakes 1n the Eastern United States. Volume III. Data Compendium of Site Characteristics and Chemical Variables. EPA/600/4-86/007c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 439 pp. PB 87 110 409c. (ERL-C0R-337c). National Surface Water Survey: Eastern Lake Survey, Phase I(ELS-I), 1984 (SAS Data Tape). PB 87 193 298 (T03). EPA/DF/MT-87/024; EPA/600/4-86/007g. (ERL-C0R-387g). National Surface Water Survey: Eastern Lake Survey, Phase I (ELS-I), 1984 (SAS Export Data Tape). PB 87 193 306(T03). EPA/DF/MT-87/023; EPA/600/ 4-86/007d. (ERL-COR-387d). National Surface Water Survey: Eastern Lake Survey, Phase I (ELS-I), 1984 (EBCDIC Tape). PB 87 193 314 (T03). EPA/DF/MT-87/025; EPA/600/4-86/007f. (ERL-C0R-387f). National Surface Water Survey: Eastern Lake Survey, Phase I (ELS-I), 1984 (ASCII Tape). PB 87 193 322 (T03). EPA/DF/MT-87/026; EPA/600/4-86/007c. (ERL-C0R-387c). National Surface Water Survey: Eastern Lake Survey, Phase I (ELS-I), 1984 (for microcomputers). PB 87 193 330 (D05). EPA/DF/DK-87/029; EPA/600/ 4-86/0071. (ERL-C0R-387i). Maguire, Christine Chitko, and Bill A. Williams. 1987. Cold Stress and acute organophosphorus exposure: interaction effects on juvenile northern bobwhite. EPA 600/J-87/378. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16:477-481. PB88 251 814/AS. (ERL-COR-627J). Maguire, Christine Chitko, and Bill A. Williams. 1987. Response of thermal stressed bobwhite to organophosphorus exposure. Environmental Pollution 47:25-39. (ERL-C0R-974J). Malueg, K.W., G.S. Schuytema, and D.F. Krawczyk. 1986. Effects of sample storage on a copper-spiked freshwater sediment. EPA/600/J-86/276. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5:245-253, April. PB 87 166 815/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-432J). -105- ------- Mansell, R.S., S.A. Bloom, H.M. Selim, and R.D. Rhue. 1986. Hult1spec1es cation leaching during continuous displacement of electrolyte solutions through soil columns. EPA/600/J-86/369. Geoderma 38:61-75, November. (R. Wilhour, project officer). PB 87 198 834/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-735JAP). Marmorek, David R., D.P. Bernard, M.L. Jones, L.P. Rattle and T.J. Sullivan. The Effects of Mineral Acid Deposition on Concentrations of Dissolved Organic Acids 1n Surface Waters. EPA 600/3-88/022. PB88 235 528/AS. (ERL- C0R-500AP). Marx, Donald, et al. Southern Forest Atlas Project—Atmospheric deposition, weather, soils, tree distribution, and pest-fire. Printed & distributed by USDA FS. (ERL-COR-920Atlas) Mast, M. Alisa and James I. Drever. 1987. The effects of oxalate on the dissolution rates of ollgoclase and tremollte. EPA/600/J-87/462. Geochlmica et Cosmochlmica Acta 51:2559-2568, Pergamon Journals Ltd. PB89 134 787/AS. (ERL-C0R-897J). McCrady, Joel K., Craig Mc Farlane, and F.T. lindstrom. 1987. The transport and affinity of substituted benzenes in soybean stems. Journal of Experimental Botany 38(196):1875-1890. (ERL-C0R-710J). Mc Farlane, Craig, and Thomas Pfleeger. 1986. Plant Exposure Laboratory and Chambers. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. EPA/600/3-86/007a,b. Volume I. PB 86 155 777/AS (A03); Volume II (Appendices 1-6), PB 86 155 785/AS (A13). (ERL-C0R-301a,b). Mc Farlane, J. Craig, and Thomas Pfleeger. 1987. Plant exposure chambers for study of toxic chemical-plant interactions. EPA/600/J-87/459. Journal of Environmental Quality 16(4):361-371. PB89 134 753/AS. (ERL-C0R-725J). Mc Farlane, J. Craig, Thomas Pfleeger, and John Fletcher. 1987. Transpiration effect on the uptake and distribution of bromacil, nitrobenzene and phenol in soybean plants. Journal Environmental Quality 16(4):372-376. (ERL-COR- 727J). Mc Farlane, Craig, Cynthia Nolt, Carlos WickUff, Tom Pfleeger, Ray Shimabuku, and Mike McDowell. 1987. The uptake, distribution, and metabolism of four organic chemicals by soybean plants and barley roots. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 6:847-856. (ERL-COR-669J). McLaughlin, D.J., Dowlng, T.J. Biasing, B.L. Jackson, D.J. Pack, D.N. Dirvlck, L. K. Mann and T.U. Doyle. 1988. FORAST DATA BASE DOCUMENTATION. EPA/DF/MT-88/054a. EPA/600/3-87/029a. PB88 223 649/AS. (ERL-COR-380APa). McLaughlin, D.J., Dowing, T.J. Biasing, B.L. Jackson, D.J. Pack, D.N. Dirvick, L. K. Mann and T.U. Doyle. 1988. FORAST DATA BASE DOCUMENTATION. (Computer Tape) EPA/DF/MT-88/054. EPA/600/3-87/029b. PB88 223 631/AS. (ERL-COR-380APb). -106- ------- Meehan, Rosa and Jon R. Nickles. 1988. Oil Development 1n Northern Alaska—A Guide to the Effects of Gravel Placement on Wetlands and Uaterbirds. EPA/600/3-88/024. PB88 224 407/AS. (ERL-C0R-501). Meyers, S. Mark, and Jay D. Gile. 1986. Mallard reproductive testing in a pond environment: a preliminary study. EPA/600/J-86/400. Archives of Environ- mental Contamination and Toxicology 15:757-761, December. PB 88 101 621/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-600J). Meyers, S. Mark, and Susan M. Schiller. 1986. TERRE-TOX: A data base for effects of anthropogenic substances on terrestrial animals. EPA/600/ J-86/051. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 26:33-36, February. PB 86 199 361/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-506J). Meyers, S.M., and S.M. Schiller. 1986. TERRE-TOX Terrestrial Toxicity Data Base. EPA/600/M-86/008. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (H. Kibby, project officer). PB 86 178 043/AS (T03). (ERL-COR- 327). Two magnetic tapes. No project report or summary. Miller, D.L., P.M. Leonard, R.M. Hughes, J.R. Karr, P.B. Moyle, L.H. Schrader, B.A. Thompson, R.A. Daniels, K.D. Fausch, G.A. Fitzhugh, J.R. Gammon, D.B. Halliwell, P.L. Angermeier, and D.J. Orth. 1988. Regional applications of an index of biotic integrity for use 1n water resource management. Fisheries 13(5):12-20. (ERL-C0R-827J). Moser, Thomas J., David T. Tingey, and Kent D. Rodecap. 1986. Direct and residual effects of cadmium on the growth and elemental composition of Arabidopsis thaliana. Anqewandte Botanik 60:391-405. (ERL-C0R-656J). Murali, N.S., and Alan S. Teramura. 1986. Effects of supplemental ultra- violet-B radiation on the growth and physiology of field-grown soybean. EPA/600/J-86/378. Environmental and Experimental Botany 26(3):233-242. PB 87 212 866/AS (A02). (J. McCarty, project officer). (ERL-COR-574J). Murphy, Thomas A. 1987. Design and management of research projects. Proceed- ings of U.S./Malayasian Seminar on R&D Management. EPA/600/D-87/263. PB 88 106 380/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-721D). NAPAP Forest Response Program. Ecological Quality Assurance Workshop. EPA/600/ 9-88/020. PB89 118 699/AS. (ERL-C0R-512). Nebeker, A.V., M.A. Cairns, S.T. Onjukka, and R.H. Titus. 1986. Effect of age on sensitivity of Daphnia magna to cadmium, copper, and cyanazine. EPA/600/ J-86/131. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5:527-530, June. PB 87 100 590/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-468J). Nebeker, Alan V., and Clifford E. Miller. 1988. Use of the Amphipod Crustacean Hyalella Azteca in freshwater and estuarine sediment toxicity tests. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 7:1027-1033. (ER1-C0R-799J). Nebeker, Alan V., Samuel T. Onjukka, Michael A. Cairns. 1988. Chronic effects of contaminated sediment on Daohnia magna and Chironomus tentans. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41:574-581. (ERL-C0R-582J). -107- ------- Nebeker, Alan V., Samuel T. Onjukka, Michael A. Cairns, Daniel F. Krawczyk. 1986. Survival of Daphnla magna and Hyalella azteca In cadmium-spiked water and sediment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5:933-938, October. (ERL-C0R-581J). Nebeker, Alan V., Carol Savonen, and Donald G. Stevens. 1985. Sensitivity of rainbow trout early life stages to nickel chloride. EPA-600/J-85-016. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 4:233-239. PB85 198 372/AS(A02). (ERL-C0R-318J). Nebeker, A.V., A. Stinchfield, C. Savonen, and G. Chapman. 1986. Effects of copper, nickel, and zinc on three species of Oregon freshwater snails. EPA/600/J-86/407. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5:807-811, May. PB 88 107 198/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-569J). Neuhauser, E.F., P.F. Durkin, M.R. Malecki, and M. Anatra. 1986. Comparative toxicity of ten organic chemicals to four earthworm species. EPA/600/J-86/ 397. Comparative Bio-chemistrv and Physiology 83C(1):197-200. PB 88 107 115/AS (A02). (C. Callahan, project officer). (ERL-C0R-550J). Neuhauser, E.F., R.C. Loehr, and Michael R. Malecki. 1986. Contact and artifi- cial soil tests using earthworms to evaluate the impact of wastes in soil, pp. 192-203 IN Hazardous and Industrial Solid Waste Testing: Fourth Symposium. ASTM STP 886. J.K. Petros, Jr., W.J. Lacy, and R.A. Conway, Eds. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. EPA/600/ D-84/298S. (C. Callahan, project officer). PB 86 195 237/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-426D). Newell, Avis D. 1987. Predicting spring lake chemistry from fall samples. EPA/600/D-87/265. Proceedings of the International Conference on Acid Rain, 1-3 September 1987, Lisbon. PB 88 106 356/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-771DAP). Nix, Joe F., K.W. Thornton, D.E.Ford and J. Malcolm. Storm Event Sampling of Two Low Alkalinity Southwestern Arkansas Streams. EPA/600/3-88/023. PB 88 225 107/AS. (ERL-COR-499D). Olson, Richard, project manager. 1987. Western Conifers Research Cooperative. 1987 Research Plan. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. PB 87 227 641 AS (A05). (ERL-C0R-408AP). Olszyk, David M., and David T. Tlngey. 1986. Joint action of 03 and S02 in modifying plant gas exchange. EPA/600/J-86/394. Plant Physiology 82: 401-405. PB 88 104 278/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-625J). Omernik, James. 1987. Ecoreglons of the conterminous United States. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 77(lh118-125. March. (ERL-C0R- 578J). Omernik, James M. 1987. Ecoreglons of the Northeast States. Map. EPA/600/ D-87/313. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (ERL-C0R-794M). -108- ------- Omernik, James M. 1987. Ecoregions of the Southeast States. Hap. EPA/600/ D-87/314. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (ERL-COR-796M). Omernik, James M., and Alisa M. Gallant. 1988. Ecoregions of the Upper Midwest States. EPA/600/3-88/037. PB89 138 440/AS. (ERL-COR-943MAP). Omernik, James M., and Glenn E. Griffith. 1986. Total Alkalinity of Surface Waters: A Map of the Upper Midwest Region. Map and text. EPA-600/ D-85-043. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (ERL-COR-269D). Not in NTIS. Also published in Environmental Management 10 (6):829-839, 1986. Omernik, James M., and Glenn E. Griffith. 1986. Total alkalinity of surface waters: a map of the western region. EPA/600/J-86/410. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 41(6):374-378, November-December. PB 88 104 302/AS. (ERL-C0R-639J). Omernik, James M., and Alisa L. Gallant. 1986. Ecoregions of the Pacific Northwest. EPA/600/3-86/033. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon, w/map. (ERL-COR- 341). Omernik, James M., and Alisa M. Gallant. 1987. Ecoregions of the South Central States. Map. EPA/600/D-87/315. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (ERL-COR-792M). Omernik, James M., and Alisa M. Gallant. 1987. Ecoregions of the Southwest States. Map. EPA/600/D-87/316. U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (ERL-C0R-795M). Omernik, James M., and Alisa M. Gallant. 1987. Ecoregions of the West Central States. Map. EPA/600/D-87/317. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (ERL-COR-793M). Overton, W.S., P. Kanciruk, L.A. Hook, J.M. Eilers, D.H. Landers, D.F. Brakke, 0. J. Blick, Jr., R.A. Linthurst, M.D. DeHaan, and J.M. Omernik. 1986. Characteristics of Lakes in the Eastern United States. Volume II. Lakes Sampled and Descriptive Statistics for Physical and Chemical Variables. EPA/600/4-86/007b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 374 pp. PB 87 110 391b. (ERL-C0R-337b). See Linthurst et al. 1986 for Volume I and Kanciruk et al. 1986 for Volume III. Peterson, S.A., J.C. Greene, W.E. Miller, and D.C. Wilborn. 1987. Bioactivity differences of water and sodium acetate eluate from municipal and industrial wastes. Third Annual EPA Solid Waste Testing and Quality Assurance Sym- posium, July 13-17. (ERL-C0R-777D). Not 1n NTIS. Peterson, Spencer A. 1986. Sediment removal. Chapter 8 IN Lake and Reservoir Restoration. (G.D. Cooke, E.B. Welch, S.A. Peterson, and P.R. Newroth). Butterworth Publishers, Stoneham, Massachusetts. EPA/600/D-84/207. PB 84 236 397/AS (A08). (ERL-C0R-167D). -109- ------- Plafkin, James L., Mike Barbour, K1m Porter, Sharon Gross, and Bob Hughes. 1988. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for use 1n streams and rivers: Benthic Macro-invertebrates and Fish. Sections 2.8 and 7 only. (ERL-COR-926). Porter, P.M., W.L. Banwart, J.J. Hassett, R.L. Finke. 1987. Effects of simulated acid rain on yield response of two soybean cultivars. Journal of Environmental Quality 16(4):433-437. (ERL-C0R-746JAP). Quinn, S.O., and N. Bloomfield, eds. 1986. Acidic Deposition, Trace Contami- nants, and Their Indirect Human Health Effects: Research Needs. Proceed- ings of a Workshop held at Topridge Conference Center, Paul Smith's, New York, June 19-22, 1984. EPA/600/9-86/002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, CorvalUs, Oregon. (R. Lackey, project officer). PB 86 177 581/AS (A05). (ERL-C0R-276AP). Rappaport, L. 1988. Rapid Assays of Plant Responses to Herbicide Treatment. 36 pg. EPA 600/3-88/005. PB88 158 050. (ERL-COR-257). Ratsch, Hi 1man C., and Debra Johndro. 1986. Comparative Toxicity of six test chemicals to lettuce using two root elongation test methods. EPA/600/ J-86/499. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 6:267-276. PB89 120 133/AS. (ERL-C0R-306J). Ratsch, Hilman C., and Debra Johndro. 1986. Growth inhibition and morphologi- cal effects by several chemicals in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. EPA/600/ J-86/129. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5:55-60. January. PB 87 100 707/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-349J). Ratsch, Hilman C. and Debra Johndro. 1987. The influence of two culturing techniques on toxicity of four chemicals 1n Arabidopsis. EPA/600/J-87/453. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 9:155-168. PB89 130 371/AS. (ERL- C0R-618J). Rawlings, J.O., V.M.Lesser, A.S. Heagle, and W.W. Heck. 1988. Alternative ozone dose metrics to characterize ozone impact on crop yield loss. Journal of Environmental Quality 17(2):285-291. (ERL-COR-904J). Reckhow, Kenneth H. 1987. Systems analysis 1n water quality management. IN: Proceedings, IAWPRC International Symposium "Systems Analysis In Water Quality Management." (ERL-C0R-761JAP). Reed, Margaret A., and Richard J. Stolzberg. 1987. Direct determination of arsenite by differential pulse polarography in the presence of lead(II) and thallium(I). Analytical Chemistry 59(3). (J. McCarty, project officer). (ERL-COR-780J). Riitters, Kurt H. Process models for monitoring forest health. IN Proceedings of the IUFR0 Forest Growth Modeling and Prediction Conference, Minneapolis, MN, August 24-28, 1987. EPA/600/D-87/307. (Roger Blair, project officer). PB 88 113 675/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-797DAP). -110- ------- Robberecht, R., and M.M. Caldwell. 1986. Leaf UV optical properties of Rumex patientia L. and Rumex obtusifolius L. in regard to a protective mechanism against solar UV-B radiation Injury. IN Stratospheric Ozone Reduction, Solar Ultraviolet Radiation, and Plant Life. R.W. Worrest and M.M. Caldwell (eds.). Springer-Verlag. EPA/600/D-87/008. pB 87 147 H2/AS (A02). (J. McCarty, project officer). (ERL-C0R-695D). Rochelle, Barry P., and Parker J. Migington, Jr. 1986. Surface runoff from southeastern Oklahoma forested watersheds. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science 66:7-13. Rochelle, Barry P., M. Robbins Church, and Mark B. David. 1987. Sulfur reten- tion at Intensively studied sites in the U.S. and Canada. Water. Air, and Soil Pollution 33:73-83. March. (ERL-C0R-636JAP). Rochelle, Barry P., and M. Robbins Church. 1987. Regional patterns of sulfur retention in watersheds of the eastern U.S. Water. Air, and Soil Pollution 36:61-73. (ERL-C0R-705JAP). Rodecap, Kent D., and David T. Tingey. 1986. Ozone-induced ethylene release from leaf surfaces. EPA/600/J-86/398. Plant Science 44:73-76, March. PB 88 107 107/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-420J). Rohm, Christina M., John W. Giese, and Charles C. Bennett. 1987. Evaluation of an aquatic ecoregion classification of streams 1n Arkansas. EPA/600/ J-87/168. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 4(1):127-140. PB88 158 845/AS. (ERL-C0R-708J). Rygiewicz, P.T., S.L. Miller, and D.M. Durall. 1988. A root-mycocosm for growing ectomycorrhizal hyphae apart from host roots while maintaining symbiotic integrity. Plant and Soil 109:281-284. (ERL-COR-772J). Sanville, William D., H. Peter Eilers, Theodore R. Boss, and Thomas £. Pfleeger. 1986. Environmental gradients in northwest freshwater wetlands. EPA/600/ J-86/413. Environmental Management 10(1):125-134. PB 88 123 948/AS (A03). (ERL-C0R-397J). Seidler, Ray J. and Stephen Hern. 1988. Special Report: Release of Ice Minus Recombinant Bacteria. EPA/600/3-88/060. PB89 138 465/AS. (ERL-COR-473). Shaffer, Paul W., Richard P. Hooper, K.N. Eshleman, and M.R. Church. 1988. Watershed vs 1n-lake alkalinity generation: a comparison of rates using input-output studies. Water. Air, and Soil Pollution. 39:263-273. (ERL- C0R-760JAP). Schuytema, Gerald S., Daniel F. Krawczyk, William L. Griffls, Alan V. Nebeker, Merline L. Robideaux, Bruce J. Brownawell, and John C. Westall. 1988. Comparative uptake of hexachlorobenzene by fathead minnows, amphipods and oligochaete worms from water and sediment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 7:1035-1045. (ERL-C0R-829J). -Ill- ------- Shirazl, M.A., R.S. Bennett, and L.C. Lowrie. 1988. An approach to environmen- tal risk assessment using avian toxicity tests. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 16:263-271. (ERL-C0R-706J). Shirazi, M.A., L. Boersma, and J.W. Hart. 1988. A unifying quantitative analysis on soil texture: Improvement of precision and extension of scale. EPA/600/ J-88/081. Soil Science Society of America 52(11:181-190. PB88 249 875/AS. (ERL-C0R-670J). Shirazi, M.A., and LeVaughn Lowrie. 1988. An approach for Integration of toxicologlcal data. EPA/600/D-88/253. Special Technical Publication 971 1988. American Society for Testing and Materials. PB89 129 472/AS. (ERL- C0R-635D). Shirazi, Mostafa A., and LeVaughn Lowrie. 1988. Comparative toxicity based on similar asymptotic endpoints. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 17:273-280. (ERL-C0R-726J). Shirazi, M.A., S.A. Peterson, L. Lowrie, and J.W. Hart. 1986. Computerbased land classification for management of hazardous waste. EPA/600/J-86/405. Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials 3(1):77-100, March. PB 88 104 195/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-557J). Siddens, Lisbeth K., Wayne K. Seim, Lawrence R. Curtis, and Gary A. Chapman. 1986. Comparison of continuous and episodic exposure to acidic, aluminum- contaminated waters of brook trout. EPA/600/J-86/393. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aouatic Sciences 43(10):2036-2040. (C. Powers, project officer). PB 88 104 286/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-632JAP). Sigal, Lorene L., and J. William Johnston, Jr. 1986. Effects of acidic rain and ozone on nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis in the lichen Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. EPA/600/J-86/395. Environmental and Experimental Botany 26(1):59-64, January-March. (R. Wilhour, project officer). PB 88 104 294/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-629JAP). Sigal, Lorene L., and J. William Johnston, Jr. 1986. Effects of simulated acidic rain on one species each of Pseudoparmella, Usnea, and UmbiUcarla. EPA/600/J-86/396. Water. Air, and Soil Pollution 27:315-322, February. (R.Wilhour, project officer). PB 88 107 099/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-630JAP). Skelly, John M. et al., eds. 1987. Diagnosing Injury to Eastern Forest Trees. National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, Forest Response Program, Vegetation Survey Research Cooperative. Published under a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Department of Agr1culture--Forest Service, and Pennsylvania State University, College of Agriculture, University Park. (R. Blair, project officer). (ERL-C0R-435AP). Not submitted to NTIS. Sprulll, S.E., V.M. Lesser, M.C. Somerville, and J.O. Rawllngs. 1988. Methods used for managing and analyzing the data stored 1n the NCLAN data library. Environmental Pollution 53:462-465. (ERL-COR-947J). -112- ------- Stotzky, G. Influence of soil mineral colloids on metabolic processes, growth, adhesion, and ecology of microbes and viruses. EPA/600/D-88/161. Interac- tions of Soil Minerals with Natural Oroanics and Microbes Soil Science Society of America Spec. Publ. #17. PB88 237 946/AS. (ERL-C0R-899J). Stotzky, G. and H. Babich. 1986. Survival of, and genetic transfer by, gene- tically engineered bacteria in natural environments. EPA/600/D-88/162 Advances 1n Applied Microbiology 31:93-138. PB88 237 953/AS. (ERL-COR- 900J). Stotzky, G., M.A. Oevanas, and L.R. Zeph. 1988. Behavior of Genetically Engineered Microbes in Natural Environments and Their Potential Use 1n IN SIIU Reclamation of Contaminated Sites. EPA/600/D-88/108. PB 88 214 960/AS (ERL-COR-493). Sullivan, Timothy J., Charles T. Driscoll, Joseph M. Eilers, and Dixon H. Landers. 1988. Evaluation of the role of sea salt inputs 1n the long-term acidification of coastal New England lakes. Environmental Science and Technology 22:185-190. (ERL-C0R-729JAP). Sullivan, T.J., J.M. Eilers, M.R. Church, D.J.Blick, K.N. Eshleman, D.H. Landers, and M.S. DeHaan. 1988. Atmospheric wet sulphate deposition and lakewater chemistry. Nature 331 No. 6157:607-609. (ERL-C0R-786JAP). Taylor, G.E., Jr., D.T. Tingey, and C.A. Gunderson. 1986. Photosynthesis, carbon allocation, and growth of sulfur dioxide ecotypes of Geranium carolinianum L. Oecolooia (Berlin) 68:350-357. (ERL-C0R-555J). Temple, Patrick. 1986. Stomatal conductance and transplrational responses of field grown cotton to ozone. EPA/600/J-86/132. Plant. Cell, and Environ- ment 9(4):315-321, June. (D. Tingey, project officer). PB 87 100 608/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-476J). Temple, Patrick J., and Larry F. Benoit. 1988. Effects of ozone and water stress on canopy temperature, water use, and water use efficiency of alfalfa. EPA/600/J-88/122. Agronomy Journal 80:439-447. PB88 251 756/AS. (ERL-C0R-738J). Temple, P.J., L.F. Benoit, R.W. Lennox, C.A. Reagan, and O.C. Taylor. 1988. Combined effects of ozone and water stress on alfalfa growth and yield. Journal of Environmental Quality 17(1):108-113. (ERL-C0R-661J). Temple, P.J., R.S. Kupper, R.L. Lennox, and K. Rohr. 1988. Injury and Yield Responses of differentially-irrigated cotton to ozone. Agronomy Journal 80:751-755. (ERL-C0R-821J). Temple, P.J., R.S. Kupper, R.L. Lennox, and K. Rohr. 1988. Physiological and growth responses of differentially-irrigated cotton to ozone. Environmen- tal Pollution 53:255-263. (ERL-C0R-822J). -113- ------- Temple, P., O.C. Taylor, and L.F. Benoit. 1985. Cotton Yield Responses to Ozone as Mediated by Soil Moisture and Evapotransp1rat1on. EPA 600/J- 85/520. Journal of Environmental Quality 14(1):55-60. PB88 170 170/AS. (ERL-C0R-327J). Temple, Patrick J., 0. Clifton Taylor, and Larry F. Benoit. 1986. Yield response of head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) to ozone. EPA/600/J-86/011. Environmental and Experimental Botany 26 (1): 53-58, January-March. (D. Tingey, project officer). PB 86 176 773/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-471J). Teramura, Alan H., and N.S. Murali. 1986. Intraspecific differences 1n growth and yield of soybean exposed to ultrav1olet-B radiation under greenhouse and field conditions. EPA/600/J-86/374. Environmental and Experimental Botany 26(l):89-95. (J. McCarty, project officer). PB 87 203 139/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-564JAP). Teramura, A.H., J.H. Sullivan. 1988. Mechanisms of plant resistance to increased solar ultraviolet-B radiation. EPA 600/3-88/019. PB 88 218 987/AS. (ERL-C0R-477). Thomas, J.M., J.R. Skalski, J.F. Cline, M.C. McShane, W.E. Miller, S.A. Peterson, C.A. Callahan, and J.C. Greene. 1986. Characterization of Chemical Waste Site Contamination and Its Extent Using Bioassays. EPA/600/J-86/130. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5:487-510, June. (D. Tingey, project officer). PB 87 100 582/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-463J). Thomson, B.E., and R.C. Worrest. 1986. Microcomputer control of an estuarine research mesocosm facility. EPA/600/J-86/408. Journal of Micro-computer Applications 9:167-177. July. (J. McCarty, project officer). PB 88 104 229 (A02). (ERL-COR-571J). Thornton, K., J.P. Baker, D. Marmorek, D. Bernard, M.L.Jones, P.J. McNamee, C. Wedeles, and K.M. Eshleman. 1988. Episodic Response Project Research Plan. EPA/600/3-88/059. PB89 138 861/AS (ERL-COR-470). Tingey, David T. 1986. Effects of nitrogen oxides on vegetation. IN Study on the Need and the Establishing of Air Quality Criteria for Nitrogen Oxides. R. Guderian and 0. Tingey, eds. Institute fur Angewandte Botanik der Universitat-GHS Essen, Germany. EPA-600/D-85-265. PB 86 119 542/AS (A03). (ERL-C0R-549D). Tingey, David D. 1986. The impact of ozone on agriculture and Its conse- quences. pp. 53-63 IN Acidification and Its Policy Implications. T. Schneider, ed. Elsevier Science Publishers b.V., Amsterdam. December. EPA/600/D-86/105. PB 87 175 055/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-640D). Tingey, David. 1988. Biolndicators In A1r Pollution Research—Applications and Constraints. EPA 600/D-88/116. PB 88 214 770/AS. (ERL-COR-487). Tingey, D.T., R. Evans, E.H.Bates, and M.L. Gumpertz. 1987. Isoprene emissions and photosynthesis 1n three ferns: The Influence of light and temperature. Phvsioloqia Plantarum 69:609-616. (ERL-COR-659J). -114- ------- Tingey, David, William Hogsett, and E. Henry Lee. 1988. Analysis of Crop Loss for Alternative Ozone Exposure Indices. EPA/600/0-88/118. PB 88 214 788/AS. (ERL-COR-494). Tingey, David T., Thomas J. Hoser, and Kent D. Rodecap. 1986. Direct and residual effects of cadmium on the growth and elemental composition of Arabidopsis thaliana. Anaewandte Botanik 60:391-405, July. (ERL-COR- 656J). Tingey, David T., Thomas J. Moser, Dave F. Zirkle, and Michael D.Snow. 1987. A plant cultural system for monitoring evapotransplration and physiological responses under field conditions. EPA/600/D-87/264. Proceedings, Interna- tional Conference Measurement of Soil and Plant Water Status, July 6-10, 1987. Logan, UT. PB 88 106 349/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-766D). Tingey, David T., Kent D. Rodecap, Henry Lee, Thomas J. Moser, and William E. Hogsett. 1986. Ozone alters the concentrations of nutrients in bean tissue. Anqewandte Botanik 60:481-493, December. (ERL-C0R-692J). Vozzo, S.F., J.E. Miller, A.S.Heagle and W.A. Pursley. 1988. Effects of ozone and water stress on net photosynthetic rate of field grown soybean leaves. Environmental Pollution 53:471-473. (ERL-C0R-946J). Walker, D.A., P.J. Webber, E.F. Binnian, K.R. Everett, N.D. Lederer, E.A. Nordstrand, M.D. Walker. 1987. Cumulative Impacts of oil fields on Northern Alaskan Landscapes. Science 238:757-761. (ERL-C0R-858J). Walter, M.V., K. Barbour, M. McDowell and R.J. Seidler. 1987. A method to evaluate survival of genetically engineered bacteria in soil extracts. Current Microbiology 15:193-197. (ERL-C0R-697J). Walter, M., A. Porteous, R. Seidler. 1987. Measuring genetic stability in bacteria of potential use in genetic engineering. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 53 (1): 105-109, January. (ERL-COR-650J). Watts, R.R., R.J. Drago, R.G. Merrill, R.W. Williams, E.Perry, and J. Lewtas. 1988. Wood smoke impacted air: Mutagenicity and chemical analysis of ambient air in a residential area of Juneau, Alaska. Journal of Air Pollution Control Association 38(5):652-660. (ERL-C0R-781J). Weiner, J.G., and J.M. Eilers. 1987. Chemical and biological status of lakes and streams 1n the Upper Midwest: Assessment of acidic deposition effects. EPA/600/D-88/271 Lake and Reservoir Management 3:365-378. PB89 132 716/AS (ERL-C0R-751DAP). Weiner, G.S., C.B. Schrech, and H.W. Li. 1986. Effects of low pH on repro- duction of rainbow trout. EPA/600/J-86/112. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 115:75-82. (R. Lackey, project officer). PB 86 230 117/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-655JAP). -115- ------- Westall, John, Bruce Brownavell, Ronald Hilburn, and Gerald Schuytema. 1987. The design of laboratory systems for controlling the activity of moderately volatile organic compounds. A design manual. U.S. Environmental Protec- tion Agency, Corvallis, OR. EPA/600/3-87/030. PB87 231 759/AS (A04). (S. Peterson, project officer). (ERL-COR-428). Whittier, Thomas. R., and Wayne Davis. 1988. Report of the National Workshop on Instream Biological Monitoring Criteria. EPA/600/9-88/016. Uncolnwood, IL. Dec. 2-4, 1987. PB88 245 964. (ERL-C0R-489D). Whittier, Thomas R., and David P. Larsen. 1987. The Ohio Stream Regionaliza- tion Project: A Compendium of Results. EPA/600/3-87/025. U.S. Environmen- tal Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (ERL-COR-412). Whittier, Thomas R., and David L. Miller. 1986. Stream fish communities revisited: A case of mistaken identity. EPA/600/J-86/367. American Naturalist 128 (3):433-437, September. (D. Larsen, project officer). PB 87 198 818/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-559J). Wigington, Parker J., Jr., Clifford W. Randall, and Thomas Grizzard. 1986. Accumulation of selected trace metals in soils of urban runoff swale drains. Water Resources Bulletin. American Water Resources Association 22 (1), February. (ERL-C0R-683J). Woodward, Daniel F.t Elaine Snyder, Robert G. Riley, and Thomas G. Garland. 1988. Drilling fluids and the Arctic Tundra of Alaska: Assessing contamination of Wetlands Habitat and the toxicity to aquatic invertebrates and fish. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 17:683- 697. (ERL-C0R-848J). Worrest, Robert C. 1988. What Are the Effects of UV-B Radiation on Marine Organisms? EPA/600/D-88/159. PB88 237 920/AS. (ERL-COR-497). Worrest, Robert C., and Martyn M. Caldwell, eds. 1986. Stratospheric Ozone Reduction, Solar Ultraviolet Radiation, and Plant Life. Proceedings of a Workshop held in Bad Windsheim, Federal Republic of Germany, September 27-30, 1983. (To be published by Springer-Verlag 1n cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division). (ERL-COR-312). Worrest, R.C. 1986. Ecological and nonhuman biological effects of solar UV-B radiation, pp. 165-191 IN Effects of Changes 1n Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate, Volume I: Overview. James G. Titus, ed. U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency and United Nations Environment Programme. (ERL- C0R-703D). Not sent to NTIS. Zedler, Joy B., and Mary E. Kentula. 1986. Wetlands Research Plan. EPA/600/ 3-86/009. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. (H. Kibby, project officer). PB 86 158 656/AS (A06). (ERL-COR-313). Zedlar, Paul H. 1987. The Ecology of Southern California Vernal Pools: A Community Profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Report 85(7.11). EPA/600/3-87/036. PB 87 215 497/AS. (E. Preston, project officer). (ERL-C0R-426). -116- ------- Zeph, L.R., M.A. Onaga, and G. Stotzky. 1988. Transduction of Escherichia coli by Bacteriophage PI in Soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54(7): 1731-1737. (ERL-COR-911J). Ziminski, Peter K., and Steven R. Hoi man. 1987. Automated data acquisition and control system bolsters EPA's air pollution research. EPA/600/M-87/010. Design and Manufacturing pp. 12-15, March. PB 87 180 030/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-689J). Zoran, Mark J., Thomas J. Heppner, and Charles D. Drewes. 1986. Teratogenic effects of the fungicide benomyl on posterior segmental regeneration in the earthworm, Eisenla fetida. EPA/600/J-86/411. Pesticide Science 17:641-652. November. (C. Callahan, project officer). PB 88 104 310/AS (A02). (ERL-C0R-758J). -117- ------- |