£EPA
Air and Radiation EPA420-P-04-004
April 2004
NR-004b
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Seasonal and Monthly
Activity Allocation
Fractions for Nonroad
Engine Emissions Modeling
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EPA420-P-04-004
Revised April 2004
Seasonal and Monthly Activity Allocation
Fractions for Nonroad Engine Emissions Modeling
NR-004b
Assessment and Standards Division
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
NOTICE
This technical report does not necessarily represent final EPA decisions or positions.
It is intended to present technical analysis of issues using data that are currently available.
The purpose in the release of such reports is to facilitate the exchange of
technical information and to inform the public of technical developments which
may form the basis for a final EPA decision, position, or regulatory action.
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Introduction
The EPA has developed a national nonroad air emissions inventory model called
NONROAD. The model uses estimates of annual activity for each equipment type, e.g.,
generally expressed in terms of hours of operations or gallons of fuel used per year, to calculate
yearly emission inventories. It will also calculate inventories on a seasonal (i.e., summer, fall,
winter, spring), monthly, or daily (i.e., week or weekend day) basis by allocating annual activity
to these smaller time periods. This memorandum documents the seasonal and monthly activity
allocation fractions used by the model. Daily activity allocation fractions are addressed in a
separate technical memorandum. The EPA currently considers these fractions to be final inputs
for the draft NONROAD2004 model.
The remainder of this memorandum is organized into two parts. The first part contains a
basic description of the overall approach and sources of information that are used to develop the
requisite temporal allocation fractions. The second part explains how this information is used
and describes the final default values for each state.
Background
The draft NONROAD2004 model allocates annual activity for the various equipment
categories to each month of the year based on the general climate and geographic location of the
state and the time of year in which the equipment is used. Seasonal inventories are computed by
combining the monthly activity fractions that comprise each of the four seasons as shown in
Table 1.
Table 1
Season and Month Correspondence
Season
Summer
Fall
Winter
Spring
Month
June, July, and August
September, October, and November
December, January, and February
March, April, and May
The monthly activity allocation fractions used in NONROAD were derived from the
seasonal activity factors contained in the November 1991 Nonroad Engine and Vehicle Emission
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Study1 (NEVES) and monthly activity factors contained in a technical report for the California
Air Resources Board (CARB) nonroad emissions model - OFFROAD.2 The EPA decided to
develop the activity allocation fractions based on these two documents as default values for the
NONROAD model. To the best of the EPA's current knowledge, these two sources of
information represent the most comprehensive work that has been done to date concerning the
distribution of activity by season and month for a broad range of nonroad equipment categories
on a statewide (CARB) and nationwide (EPA) basis. The EPA recognizes that states and other
users of NONROAD may have more detailed information on their local activity levels by season
and month. Such users of NONROAD may substitute activity allocation fractions derived for a
state, county, or air quality management district based on surveys or other studies for any of the
equipment categories.
The data from NEVES can be found in Appendix L, Tables L-02, L-03, and L-04 of that
document, which contain percentages of activity for summer and winter use only (Attachment
I).3 More specifically, Table L-02 contains summer and winter activity allocations for
agricultural, construction, industrial, lawn and garden (excluding chainsaws),
snowblower/snowmobile, commercial marine, airport service, logging (including chainsaws),
and light commercial equipment. These percentages were derived from a paper written by Hare
and Springer,41987 state implementation plan (SIP) inventories, and the CARB Technical
Support Document for proposed regulations applicable to lawn and garden equipment.5 Separate
summer and winter activity allocations for these general equipment categories are provided for
three climatological and geographical regions (cold/northern, medium/central, and
warm/southern). These regions are defined by the average January temperature and latitude
criteria shown in Table 2.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation. Nonroad Engine and Vehicle Emission Study,
21A-2001, November 1991.
Energy and Environmental Analysis. Documentation of Input Factors For the New Off-Road Mobile Source
Emissions Inventory Model - Draft. Prepared for the California Air Resources Board, August 1995. OFFROAD
was formerly know as MVOFF
The derivation of allocation factors for the fall and spring using the NEVES summer and winter values is
explained in the next section.
Hare, C.T., andKJ. Springer. Exhaust Emissions from Uncontrolled Vehicles and Related Equipment Using
Combustion Engines, Part 5, No. APRD-1494. San Antonio, TX:Southwest Research Institute, October 1973.
California Air Resources Board. Technical Support Documents for California Exhaust Emission Standards and
Test Procedures for 1994 and Subsequent Model Year Utility and Lawn and Garden Equipment Engines.
Attachment C to CARB Mailout #90-64. El Monte, C A: State of California, December 1991.
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Table 2
Seasonal Activity Allocation Fraction Regions Defined by Hare and Springer
Region
Cold/Northern
Medium/Central
Warm/Southern
Average January
Temperature («F)
<35oo
35o>44co
>45oo
Latitude
43coand north
37ooto 43oo
37coand south
Table L-03 contains summer and winter activity allocations for recreational marine
equipment from a boat usage survey done for the National Marine Manufacturers Association
(NMMA).6 The factors in this table are arranged into eight geographical regions: Northeast,
Southeast, Mid-Atlantic Coast, Great Lakes, Southwest, Rocky Mountains, Northwest, and West
Coast.
Table L-04 contains summer and winter activity allocations for recreational equipment
from a survey done for the Motorcycle Industry Council (MIC).7 Table L-04 lists twelve regions.
However, the list of regions was subsequently found to be in error, based on a list received from
the MIC that defines the geographical regions used for its survey. The corrected information was
used in the development of the allocation scheme for NONROAD.
The MIC organized the seasonal activity usage results into four regions (East, Midwest,
South, West), which the MIC further divided into eight subregions: New England and Middle
Atlantic8 (East); East Central and West Central (Midwest); Southeast and Southwest (South); and
Rocky Mountains and Pacific (West). In Table L-04, the allocations for the main regions are
averages of the two subregions that form each of the main regions.
The CARB model has activity allocations for the State of California, which are expressed
in monthly form (Attachment 2). The allocation fractions are described in the OFFROAD
model's technical support document. The CARB factors differ from those contained in NEVES
for agriculture, construction, industrial, lawn and garden, snowblowers/snowmobile, and
recreational equipment. The CARB technical document did not contain allocations for certain
Irwin Broh & Associates, Inc. NMMA Boat Usage Survey. Prepared for the National Marine Manufacturers
Association, Des Plaines, IL, August 1991.
Burke Marketing Research. 1990 Survey of Motorcycle Ownership and Usage: Final Results Waves 1-12,
Volume II. Conducted for the Motorcycle Industry Council, Inc. May 1991.
In NEVES, Middle Atlantic was changed to be Mid-Atlantic Coast. However, in the documentation of the
geographic definitions received from the MIC, it is labeled at Middle Atlantic.
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categories (i.e., commercial and recreational marine9), and it differed from NEVES in that it
contained separate factors for tillers, chainsaws less than or equal to five horsepower and
transportation refrigeration units. CARB and NEVES had equivalent allocations for the
remaining categories where usage was judged to be essentially uniform over the year. As
described in the next section, the CARB allocation factors are used directly in the draft
NONROAD2004 to model emissions in the State of California.
Methodology/Results
NEVES-Based Regional Activity Allocations
Because each of the seasonal allocation tables in NEVES contains different numbers and
types of geographical regions, composite regions were created for use in NONROAD by
geographically matching the less defined regions from Tables L-02 and L-03 to those in Table L-
04. This correspondence is shown in Table 3. The resulting ten composite regions represent an
attempt to reconcile and link the regions defined in each of the three tables so that they are
geographically coherent and compatible.
Table 3
Mapping of Seasonal Activity Allocation Regions From NEVES to NONROAD
NEVES
General
Equipment
Table L-02
Cold/Northern
Medium/Central
Warm/Southern
NEVES
Recreational Marine
Table L-03
Northeast, Great Lakes,
Northwest, Rocky Mountains
Mid-Atlantic Coast, West
Coast
Southeast, Southwest
NEVES
Recreational Equipment
Table L-04
Midwest, New England,
Rocky Mountains, East
Central
Mid-Atlantic Coast, West
Central, Pacific,
South, Southeast, Southwest
NONROAD
Composite
Regions
Northeast/New England,
Great Lakes/Midwest,
Rocky Mountains,
Northwest
Middle Atlantic, West
Coast, Central West
Southeast, Southwest,
South Central
There were two exceptions in regard to the general method of defining the regions
discussed above. The first involved a decision to leave out the East Central region found in
Table L-04 for recreation equipment from the composite regions because the region that it
defined could be included in and reasonably characterized by the Great Lakes/Midwest region.
For commercial marine, as well as aircraft and locomotives, baseline emissions in tons per day were directly
entered into the OFFROAD model and a growth factor was used to project emissions into the future. Therefore,
seasonal activity allocation fractions were not needed. No explanation is given for why no seasonal activity
allocation fractions are listed for recreational marine equipment
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The second exception pertained to the allocation factors used for the general equipment
categories included in the Rocky Mountains category for NONROAD. In Table L-02, the
general equipment categories used in this geographic area would have been classified as
Medium/Central by the criteria previously shown in Table 2. This classification may seem
reasonable since the Rocky Mountains region is generally located in the central part of the U.S.
However, the climatic conditions found in most of the Rocky Mountains more closely resemble
the northern part of the U.S. than the central section of the country. Therefore, NONROAD uses
the Cold/Northern seasonal activity allocation factors from Table L-02 for the general equipment
categories included in the Rocky Mountains category. This rationale is also supported by Table
L-01 in NEVES, which classified the nonattainment area of Denver as being within a cold
region.10
Since the seasonal allocation factors for all of the categories except recreational
equipment were arranged in more general regions than the ten composite regions described
above, these values were used multiple times based on the matching strategy in Table 3. For
example, the cold/northern fractions from Table L-02 are used in the Northeast/New England,
Midwest/Great Lakes, Rocky Mountains, and Northwest regions.
Because the allocation tables in NEVES include only summer and winter factors, it was
also necessary to develop allocations for the remaining two seasons. These allocations were
determined by taking the sum of the summer and winter allocation percentages for each
equipment category and geographical region represented in the NEVES tables, and subtracting
this value from one hundred. The resulting value was then divided by two to obtain the fall and
spring allocation percentages.
The monthly allocation fractions required by NONROAD can be computed from the
NEVES-based seasonable allocation percentages by first dividing the seasonal percentages for
each equipment category and region described above by 100 to convert from percentile to
fractional form. Second, each seasonal allocation fraction was then divided by three to produce
the allocation fraction for each month of the respective season (Table 1). The resulting monthly
allocation fractions by equipment category for all regions except the West Coast, which is
described below, are shown in Table 4.
This approach assumes that the four seasons are contained in specific three month
periods, within which usage in each category is constant. For example, this results in
NONROAD apportioning the use of snow-related equipment to December, January, and
February because these are defined as the winter months. However, it is common knowledge
that significant snow can occur in late fall and early spring in certain areas. While the NEVES-
based method does not optimally reflect such conditions, in the absence of more specific regional
or local data, the method provides a reasonable and logical approximation of the seasonal
impacts on nonroad equipment usage for a national emission inventory model.
Regional and Seasonal Designations, Table L-01, NEVES Appendices, p. L-2
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CARB-Based Regional Activity Allocations
An exception to the NEVES-based approach described above resulted from using the
available fractions from the CARB OFFROAD technical support document for the State of
California, which is represented in NONROAD by the West Coast region. Commercial and
recreational marine were not included in the CARB model, so NONROAD uses allocations
derived from NEVES. The resulting monthly allocation fractions by equipment category for the
West Coast and for each of the other regions are shown in Table 4, starting on the next page.
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As a general practice, EPA welcomes and encourages the use of locally-derived activity
allocation data in place of national or regional default data. It is the EPA's judgement that state
or local agencies, such as CARB, are usually in a better position than EPA to collect, assess,
and/or develop local nonroad activity-oriented data that more realistically mirror local conditions.
In the specific case of California, the use of the CARB fractions will help to ensure that EPA's d
NONROAD model produces compatible results with those from California's OFFROAD model
when it is run for California. If possible, EPA will incorporate data from other local sources in
future model revisions when such information becomes available.
Assignment of Region Activity Allocations to States
The final task involves assigning states to each of the regions. These assignments are
shown in Table 5. As mentioned above, California is the only state apportioned to the West
Coast region. Many of the other states have logical assignments. However, some states do not
clearly belong in a particular region because they span more than one of the defined regions
and/or have several climatic tendencies that resemble more than one region. New York could be
included in the Great Lakes/Midwest, Northeast/New England, or Middle Atlantic regions.
Pennsylvania could be included in the Great Lakes/Midwest or Middle Atlantic regions.
Wyoming could be included in the Central West, Rocky Mountain, or Northwest regions. In
these cases, the EPA's best judgement was used based on general knowledge of the state's
climate, general geographical position, and information from the NEVES report. Alaska, which
has two CO nonattainment areas (Fairbanks and Anchorage), presented another problem. It
should have its own unique seasonal allocation fraction data. However, lacking this data, it
seemed logical to classify it as a Midwest/Great Lakes state, since the climatic conditions in
Alaska bear the closest resemblance to the states assigned to that region.
Table 5
Mapping of States to Regions Used For Defining Monthly Activity Allocation Fractions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Region
Southeast
Great Lakes/Midwest*
Southwest
South Central
West Coast
Rocky Mountains
Mid-Atlantic
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
12
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10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
State
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Mississippi
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Region
Southeast
West Coast
Northwest
Great Lakes/Midwest
Great Lakes/Midwest
Great Lakes/Midwest
Central West
South Central
Southeast
Northeast/New England
Mid-Atlantic
Northeast/New England
Great Lakes/Midwest
Great Lakes/Midwest
Great Lakes/Midwest
Southeast
Northwest
Central West
Central West
Northeast/New England
Mid-Atlantic
Southwest
Northeast/New England
Mid-Atlantic
Great Lakes/Midwest
Great Lakes/Midwest
South Central
Northwest
Mid-Atlantic
13
-------
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
State
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
Washington, D.C.
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Region
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Great Lakes/Midwest
South Central
Southwest
Central West
Northeast/New England
Mid-Atlantic
Northwest
Mid-Atlantic
Mid-Atlantic
Great Lakes/Midwest
Rocky Mountains
* Although Alaska should have unique seasonal adjustment fractions, for the purpose of default data, Alaska has been
equated with the Midwest/Great Lakes profile because of a lack of data at this time.
National Average Seasonal and Monthly Activity Allocations
The NONROAD model has the capability to model seasonal and monthly emissions for a
nationwide scenario. The EPA used the monthly activity allocations to calculate national average
seasonal and monthly activity allocations. These are included in the SEASON.DAT input data
file with the region designation of "US."
Due to the different seasonal activity allocations and different geographic allocations of
the various types of equipment, the national average seasonal allocations are calculated as
follows. Any set of equipment that has the same temporal and geographic allocations can be
handled together, which is why there are not more than the 65 different types of equipment for
this purpose.
1) Do twelve 50-state model runs (one for each month of the year) including all equipment types
to generate emission estimates for any exhaust pollutant (HC, CO or NOx) for each state for each
month for every type of equipment. Use the same temperature and fuel properties for all runs,
since the seasonality allocation factors are just meant to allocate activity, regardless of emissions.
In this exercise the emissions are being used as a surrogate for activity.
2) Do one annual total model run including all equipment types, using same temperature and
fuel properties as in step 1.
14
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3) For each of the 65 equipment types listed in SEASON.DAT find the ratio of each month's
emissions total from step 1 to the annual total from step 2.
4) In the /MONTHLY/ packet of SEASON.DAT add another 65-line block for the US total
allocations, putting in the twelve monthly ratios from step 3 into each appropriate line.
15
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Attachment 1
NEVES Seasonal Activity Allocation Fractions
Table L-02. Summer and Winter Percentages of Yearly Activity
Equipment Category
Agricultural
Construction
Industrial
Lawn and Garden (excl. chain saws)
Snowblowers/Snowmobiles
Commercial Marine
Airport Service
Logging (including chain saws)
Light Commercial
Cold/Northern
Summer
(%)
50
43
30
50
0
25
25
25
25
Winter
(%)
6
10
20
6
100
25
25
25
25
Medium/Central
Summer
(%)
40
38
25
40
0
25
25
25
25
Winter
(%)
6
15
25
6
100
25
25
25
25
Warm/Southern
Summer
(%)
34
33
25
34
0
25
25
25
25
Winter
(%)
6
20
25
6
100
25
25
25
25
Table L-03. Summer and Winter Percentages of Yearly Activity for
Recreational Marine Equipment
Region
Northeast
Southeast
Mid- Atlantic Coast
Great Lakes
Southwest
Rocky Mountains
Northwest
West Coast
% During Summer
68
48
57
70
48
69
57
48
% During Winter
1
7
2
0
7
0
5
7
-------
Table L-04. Summer and Winter Percentages of Yearly
Activity for Recreational Equipment*
Region
East
Midwest
South
West
New England
Mid- Atlantic Coast
East Central
West Central
Southeast
Southwest
Rocky Mountains
Pacific
National Average
% During Summer
42
46
36
44
44
41
48
44
35
37
44
43
42
% During Winter
12
8
15
11
14
12
9
8
17
12
8
13
12
Excluding snowmobiles
17
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