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vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
Regulations and Standards
Criteria and Standards Division
Washington, DC 20460
EPA 440/5-84-026
January 1985
Water
Ambient
Water Quality
Criteria
for
Mercury -1984
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AMBIENT AQUATIC LIFE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR
MERCURY
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES
DULUTH, MINNESOTA
NARRAGANSETT, RHODE ISLAND
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Criteria and Scandards Division,
Office of Water Regulations and Scandards, U.S. Environmental Proceccion
Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial
products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
AVAILABILITY NOTICE
This document is available to the public through the National Technical
Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
-- "PG6ST- 221
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FOREWORD
Section 304(a)(l) of che Clean Wacer Ace of 1977 (P.L. 95-217) requires
Che Adminiscracor of che Environmencal Proceccion Agency co publish criceria
for wacer qaalicy accuracely reflecting che lacesc scientific knowledge on
che kind and excenc of all idencifiable effeccs on health and welfare which
may be expected from che presence of pollucancs in any body of wacer,
including ground wacer. This document is a revision of proposed criceria
based upon a consideracion of coraraencs received from other Federal agencies,
State agencies, special inceresc groups, and individual scienciscs. The
criceria concained in chis document replace any previously published EPA
aquacic life criceria.
The certs "wacer qualicy criceria" is used in cwo seccions of the Clean
Wacer Ace, seccion 304(a)(l) and seccion 303(c)(2). The cerm has a differenc
program impace in each seccion. In seccion 304, the cerm represents a
non-regulatory, sciencific assessment of ecological effeccs. The criteria
presenced in chis publicacion are such sciencific assessments. Such wacer
qualicy criceria associated with specific stream uses when adopted as State
wacer qualicy scandards under seccion 303 become enforceable maximum
accepcable levels of a pollutant in ambient waters. The wacer quality
criceria adopted in che Scace wacer qualicy standards could have the same
numerical limits as che criceria developed under seccion 304. However, in
many situations States may wane co adjust water quality criceria developed
under seccion 304 co reflecc local environmental conditions and human
exposure patterns before incorporation inco wacer quality standards. It is
noc uncil their adopcion as pare of che Scace wacer qualicy scandards chac
che criceria become regulatory.
Guidelines co assist che Scaces in che modification of criceria
presenced in chia document, in che development of wacer quality scandards,
and in ocher wacer-relaced programs of chis Agency, have been developed by
EPA.
Edwin L. Johnson
Direccor
Office of Wacer Regulacions and Standards
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
J. Howard McCormick
(freshwater author)
Environmental Research Laboracory
Ouluch, Minnesota
John H. Gencile
(salcwacer author)
Environmental Research Laboratory
Narragansett, Rhode Island
Charles E. Stephan
(document coordinacor)
Environmental Research Laboracory
Duluth, Minnesota
David J. Hansen
(saltwater coordinator)
Environmental Research Laboratory
Narragansett, Rhode Island
Judy L. Crane
University of Wisconsin-Superior
Superior, Wisconsin
Clerical Support: Terry L. Highland
IV
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CONTENTS
Page
Foreword iii
Acknowledgments iv
Tables vi
Incroduccion 1
Acuce Toxic icy co Aquaeic Animals 6
Chronic Toxicicy co Aquaeic Animals 8
Toxicicy co Aquatic Planes 9
Bioaccumulacion 10
Ocher Daca 17
Unused Dae a 18
Summary 20
Nacional Criceria 21
References 76
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TABLES
Page
1. Acuce Toxicicy of Mercury co Aquaeic Animals 26
2. Chronic Toxicicy of Mercury co Aquaeic Animals 36
3. Ranked Genus Mean Acuce Values wich Species Mean Acuce-Chronic
Ratios 38
4. Toxicicy of Mercury co Aquacic Planes 44
5. Bioaccumulacion of Mercury by Aquacic Organisms 46
6. Ocher Daca on Sffeccs of Mercury on Aquacic Organisms 48
VI
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Introduce ion*
Mercury has long been recognized as one of the raosc coxic of che heavy
raecals, but only recently was ic identified as a serious poLLucanc in che
aquatic environment (National Research Council, 1978; National Research
Council Canada, 1979; Nriagu, 1979). Elemental mercury is a heavy liquid ac
room temperature and was considered relatively inert, because ic was assumed
that ic would quickly settle to che bottom of a body of water and remain
there in an innocuous state. However, elemental mercury is oxidized co
mercury(II) under natural conditions (Wood, 1974). Furthermore, mercury(II),
whether discharged directly or produced from elemental mercury, can be
methylated by both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria (Akagi, 1979; Beijer and
Jernelov, 1979; Callahan, et al. 1979; Jernelov, 1971, 1972; Jernelov, et al.
197S; National Research Council, 1978; Summers and Silver, 1978; Thayer and
Brinckman, 1982; Wright and Hamilton, 1982). Mercury(ll) can also be
methylated in the slime coat, liver, and intestines of fish (Jernelov, 1968;
Matsuraura, et al. 1975; Rudd, et al. 1980b), but raechylacion apparencly does
not occur in other tissues (Huckabee, ec al. 1978; Macida, ec al. 1971;
Pennacchioni, et al. 1976) or in plants (Czuba and Horcimer, 1980). (The
term "mechylmercury" is used herein to refer only co raonoraechylraercury, and
not to dimethylmercury or any other monoor^anoraercury sale or diorganomercury
compound. Inorganic mercury(II) will be referred co as "raercury(II)".)
The importance of mechylation may be reduced by demechylacion (Bisogni,
1979; Ramamoorchy. et al. 1982). Demechylacion mighc provide a feedback
*An understanding of the "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water
Quality Criteria for che Proceccion of Aquacic Organisms and Their Uses"
(Scephan, et al., 1985), hereafter referred co as che Guidelines, is
necessary in order co underscand che following cexc, cables, and calculacions.
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mechanism that controls che concencracion of raethylmercury in sediraenc and in
wacer. Jernelov, ec al. (1975) cited a case in which low levels of raethyl-
mercury in fish from a highly contaminated area coincided wich strong
methylmercury degrading activity in the sediment. Demethylation also occurs
in fish (Burrows and Krenkel, 1973; de Freitas, et al. 1981; Gage, 1964;
Olson, ec al. 1978), probably as part of the depuration mechanism.
Numerous factors such as alkalinity, ascorbic acid, chloride, dissolved
oxygen, hardness, organic complexing agents, pH, sediment, and temperature
probably affect the acute and chronic toxicity and bioaccuraulation of the
various forms of mercury (Amend, et al. 1969; Baker, et al. 1983; Feich, et
al. 1972; Hahne and Kroontje, 1973; Jernelov, 1980; Ramamoorthy and
Blumhagen, 1984; Ribeyre and Boudou, 1982; Rogers and Beamish, 1981, 1983;
Rudd, ec al. 1980a; Rudd and Turner, 1983a,b; Sharma, et al. 1982; Stokes, et
al. 1983; Tsai, et al. 1975; Wren and MacCriraraon, 1983; Wright and Hamilton,
1982).
A variety of studies have been conducted on the effect of selenium on
the acute toxicity of mercury (e.g., Birge, et al. 1931; Bowers, et al. 1980;
Oe Filippis, 1979; Heisinger, 1981; Heisinger, et al. 1979; Klaverkarap, et
al., 1983a; Lawrence and Holoka, 1983; Sharma and Davis, 1980c) and on che
accumulation of mercury from food and water (e.g., Beijer and Jernelov, 1978;
Chang, et al. 1983; Heisinger, et al. 1979; Klaverkarnp, et al. 1983b; Rudd,
et al. 1980a; Sharma and Davis, 1980c; Speyer, 1980; Turner and Swick, 1983).
Available data do not, however, show that quantitative relationships are
consistent enough for a variety of aquatic species to enable relating water
quality criteria to any of these variables.
Because of the variety of forms of inorganic and organic mercury and
lack of definitive information about their relative toxicities, no available
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analytical measurement is known co be ideal for expressing aquacic Life
criteria for mercury. Previous aquacic life criteria for mercury (U.S. EPA,
1980) were specified in terms of total recoverable mercury, which would
probably be measured as total mercury (U.S. EPA, 1983a), but both of chese
measurements are probably coo rigorous in some situations. Acid-soluble
mercury (operationally defined as the mercury chat passes through a 0.45 jra
membrane filter after the sample is acidified co pH • 1.5,co 2.0 wich nicric
acid) is probably che best measurement at the present for the following
reasons:
1. This measurement is compatible with all available data concerning
toxicity of mercury to, and bioaccumulation of mercury by, aquacic
organisms. No test results were rejected just because it was likely that
they would have been substantially different if they had been reported in
terms of acid-soluble mercury. For example, resulcs reported in terms of
dissolved mercury would not nave been used if the concentration of
precipitated mercury was substantial.
2. On samples of ambient water, measurement of acid-soluble mercury should
measure all forms of mercury that are coxic co aquacic life or can be
readily converced co toxic forms under natural conditions. In addicion,
this measurement should not measure several forms, such as mercury chac
is occluded in minerals, clays, and sand or is scrongly sorbed co
particulate matter, that are not toxic and are not likely co become coxic
under natural conditions. Although this measurement (and many ochers)
will measure soluble, complexed forms of mercury, such as che EDTA
complex of mercury(ll), chac probably have low toxicicies co aquacic
life, concencracions of chese forms probably are negligible in mosc
ambient water.
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3. Alchough water qualicy criteria apply co ambienc wacer, che measurement
used co express criteria is Likely to be used co measure mercury in
aqueous effluents. Measurement of acid-soluble mercury should be
applicable co effluencs because Lt will measure precipitates, such as
carbonate and hydroxide precipitates of mercury(II), chat mighc exist in
an effluent and dissolve when che effluent is diluted with receiving
wacer. If desired, dilution of effluent with receiving water before
measurement of acid-soluble mercury might be used to determine whecher
che receiving wacer can decrease che concentration of acid-soluble
mercury because of sorption.
4. The acid-soluble measurement should be useful for mosc mecals, thus
minimizing che number of samples and procedures chat are necessary.
5. The acid-soluble measurement does noc require filtration at che time of
collection, as does che dissolved measurement.
6. The only creacmenc required ac che cime of collection is preservation by
acidification co pH » 1.5 co 2.0, similar to that required for che cocal
measurement
7. Duracions of 10 minuces to 24 hours becween acidification and filcracion
probably will noc affecc che result substantially.
8. The carbonate system has a much higher buffer capacicy from pH = 1.5 co
2.0 than it does from pH * 4 to 9 (Weber and Scumm, 1963).
9. Differences in pH wichin che range of 1.5 co 2.0 probably will noc affecc
che result substantially.
10. Afcer acidificacion and filcracion of che sample co isolate the acid-
soluble mercury, che analysis for total acid-soluble mercury can be
performed using permanganate and persulface oxidation and cold vapor
atomic absorption (U.S. EPA, 1983a), as with the cocal raeasuremenc.
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Acid-soluble inorganic mercury can be measured by noc breaking down che
organoraercury compounds before using cold vapor atomic absorpcion.
Mechylmercury has been measured using gas chromacography (Cappon, 1984;
Hildebrand, ec al. 1980; Paasivirca, ec al. 1981), chin layer chromaco-
graphy (Kudo, ec al. 1982), and liquid chroraacography (Case and Kraak,
1979; MacCrehan and Dursc, 1978).
Thus, expressing aquacic life criceria for mercury in cenns of che acid-
soluble measuremenc has both coxicological and praccical advancages. On che
ocher hand, because no measuremenc is known co be ideal for expressing
aquacic life criceria for mercury or for measuring mercury in ambienc wacer
or aqueous effluencs, measuremenc of boch cocal acid-soluble mercury and
cocal mercury in ambienc wacer or effluenc or boch raighc be useful. For
example, there ought be cause for concern if cocal mercury is much above an
applicable limic, even chough cocal acid-soluble mercury is below che limic.
Unless ocherwise noced, all concencracions reporced herein are expecced
co be essencially equivalent co acid-soluble mercury concencracions. All
concencracions are expressed as mercury, noc as che chemical cesced. The
criceria presented herein supersede previous aquacic life wacer quality
criceria for mercury (U.S. EPA, 1976, 1980) because these new criceria were
derived using improved procedures and addicional information. Whenever
adequately juscified, a national criterion may be replaced by a site-specific
cricerion (U.S. EPA, 1983b), which may include noc only sice-specific
cricerion concencracions (U.S. EPA, I983c), buc also sice-specific duracions
of averaging periods and sice-specific frequencies of allowed exceedences
(U.S. EPA, 1985). The lacesc liceracure search for information for chis
docuraenc was conducted in May, 1984; some newer informacion was also used.
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Acuce Toxicicy co Aquacic Animals
Table 1 concains che primary acuce coxicicy data for chree classes of
mercury compounds: mercury(II), raethylraercury, and ocher mercury compounds,
chiefly organic. The laccer information exiscs principally because many of
these compounds were considered for use in creacmenc of diseases and concrol
of paraaices in fish culture, although their source for environmental concern
is from industrial and agricultural uses for fungus control. Both phenyl-
mercuric acetate and pyridylmercuric acetate have been called PMA. Tests
have been conducted on different formulations which contain various
percentages of active ingredient and the percentages of active ingredient
given by the authors were used to calculate mercury concentrations. When the
percentage of active ingredient was not given for pyridylmercuric acetate, 80
percent was assumed (Allison, 1957).
The freshwater acute toxicity values indicate that the difference in
sensitivity between different species to a particular mercury compound is far
greater than the difference in sensitivity of a particular species co various
mercury compounds. For example, the reported acute values for raercury(II)
range from 2.217 Mg/L for Daphnia pulex to 2,000 ,jg/L for the aquatic stages
of certain insects, with a continual gradation in sensitivity among
intermediate species (Table 3). On the other hand, Joshi and Rege (1980),
Lock and van Overbeeke (1981) and Matida, et al. (1971) found that various
species were 4 to 31 times more sensitive to various organic mercury
compounds than to mercuric chloride (Table 1).
MacLeod and Pessah (1973) studied che effect of temperature on che acute
toxicity of mercuric chloride to rainbow trout. At 5, 10, and 15 C, the
LC50s were 400, 280, and 220 ug/L, respectively (Tables 1 and 6). Clemens
and Sneed (1958b) found a similar effect of temperature on toxicity to
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juvenile channel catfish; ac 10, 16.5, and 24 C che acute values for phenyL-
mercuric acetate were 1,960, 1,360, and 233 Mg/L» respectively (Table 6).
The 28 Genus Mean Acute Values in Table 3 were calculated as georaecric
means of the available Species Mean Acute Values (Tables 1 and 3). Acuce
values are available for more than one species in each of cwo genera, and che
range of Species Mean Acute Values within each genus is less than a faccor of
1.6. On the other hand, a midge was among che most sensitive species,
whereas other insects were the most resistant species. The most sensitive
genus, Daphnia, is 756 times more sensitive than the most resistant,
Acroneuria (Table 3). A freshwater Final Acute Value of 4.857 ^ig/L was
obtained for mercury(II) using the Genus Mean Acute Values in Table 3 and the
calculation procedure described in the Guidelines. Not enough data are
available to calculate a Final Acute Value for mechylmercury, but che
available data indicate that it is more acutely coxic than mercury(II).
Saltwater fishes and invertebrates both show wide ranges of sensitivi-
ties to mercury(II). Acute values for fishes range from 36 ;jg/L for spoc co
1,678 ug/L for winter flounder (Tables 1 and 3). Among invertebrates a -aysid
has an acute value of 3.5 yg/L, whereas che value for che sofc-shell clam is
400 ug/L. Of the 29 saltwater genera for which acuce values are available,
the most sensitive, Mysidopsis, is 479 cimes more sensitive chan che mosc
resistant, Pseudopleuronectes. Acuce values are available for more chan one
species in each of three genera and the range of Species Mean Acuce Values
within each genus is less than a factor of 1.7. The salcwacer Final Acuce
Value of 4.125 >jg/L was calculated for raercury(II) from che Genus Mean Acuce
Values in Table 3.
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Chronic Toxicity to Aquaeic Animals
Chronic coxicicy cescs wich Daphnia magna have been conducted on chree
mercury compounds (Table 2). The renewal and flow-chrough cechniques
produced similar results for raercury(II), buc che renewal technique produced
much higher results for mechylmercury, presumably because of volatility. In
addition, a chronic test with brook trout on methylmercurtc chloride yielded
a chronic value of 0.5193 tJg/L. Both an early life-stage test and a
life-cycle test on mercuric chloride found adverse effects on the fathead
minnow at all concentrations tested including the lowest of 0.23 Jg/L. For
mercuric chloride the acute-chronic ratio with Daphnia magna is less than 6,
whereas thac with the fathead minnow is greater than 600. For methylraercury
che acute-chronic ratio with brook trout is 142.3.
A chronic value of 1.131 ug/L was obtained in a flow-through life-cycle
exposure of a mysid to mercuric chloride (Table 2). Groups of 30 juvenile
raysids were reared in each of 5 concentrations for 36 days at 21 C and a
salinity of 30 g/kg. Effects examined included time co first spawn and
productivity (total number of young/number of available female spawning days
and total number of spawns/number of available female spawning days). No
spawning occurred at 2.5 ^ig/L. Time to spawn and productivity at 1.6 ,Jg/L
were significantly different from the controls. The highest concentration ac
which no statistically significant effect on reproductive processes was
detected was 0.8 Jg/L. Therefore, the chronic limits are 0.8 and 1.6 yg/L
and the chronic value is 1.131 ;Jg/L. The 96-hr LC50 for this species in the
same study was 3.5 ug/L, giving an acute-chronic ratio of 3.095 (Table 2).
The species mean acute-chronic ratio for Daphnia magna is 4.498, whereas
that for the mysid is 3.095 (Table 3). These are sensitive species in fresh
and salt water, respectively, and the four most sensitive species in each
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wacer are invertebrates. Thus, ic seems reasonable to use the georaecric mean
of these two values as che Final Acuce-Chronic Ratio (Table 3). Division of
che Final Acute Values by 3.731 results in freshwater and saltwater Final
Chronic Values of 1.302 and 1.106 ;jg/L, respectively. Even chough che
fathead minnow was considerably less sensitive chan Daphnia magna in acute
tests, the acute-chronic racio for che fathead minnow is so high chat its
chronic value is below the Final Chronic Value and probably below the Final
Residue Value (see below). If the acute-chronic ratio of greater chan 649
for che fathead minnow is representative of ratios for other freshwater and
saltwater fishes, then twelve of fourteen tested fish species, including the
rainbow trout, coho salmon, bluegill, and haddock, would have chronic values
below the Final Chronic Value. Various values for vertebrates in Table 6 are
below the Final Chronic Value or are indicative of large acute-chronic ratios.
Toxicity to AquaticPlants
Whereas some freshwater plane values for mercury(II) are about 1,000
ug/L (Table 4), effects of raercury(II) and methylmercury have been observed
at concentrations below 10 >jg/L, respectively (Table 6). Some organomercury
compounds have affected algae at concencrations less chan 1.0 tJg/L (Table 6).
Although freshwater plants are relatively insensitive co raercury(II) and
sensitive to methylmercury, they do not appear to be more sensitive co
methylmercury than freshwater animals.
Data concerning the toxicity of mercuric chloride co saltwacer planes
are from four studies wich eighc species of algae. The EC50s (Table 4)
indicace reduccion in growch ac concencracions ranging from 10 co 160 ug/L.
No daca are available concerning che coxicicies of organomercury compounds co
saltwater plants.
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Bioaccumulacion
Bioconcencracion La a function of Che relacive races of uptake aad
depuracion. The bioconcencracion faccor (BCF) of mercury is high for fish
because upcake is relatively fasc and depuracion is very slow. Thus, che
biological half-life of mercury in fish is approximacely 2 co 3 years (de
Freicas, ec al. 1974, 1977; Jarvenpaa, ec al. 1970; Lockharc, ec al. 1972;
McKira, ec al. 1976; Mellinger, 1973; Ruohcula and Mieccinen, 1975; Sharpe, ec
al. 1977). Depuracion of mercury is so slow chac, even in che absence of
exposure co mercury, long-cerra reduccion in che concencracion of mercury in
fish tissue is largely due co dilucion by tissue addicion from growch.
Usually less chan 60 percent of mercury in invercebraces is mechylaced, buc
in fish, except for young fish, usually more chan 70 percenc is raechylaced
(Bache, ec al. 1971; Baluja, ec al. 1983; Busch, 1983; Cappon, 1984; Cappon
and Smith, 1982a,b; Hattula, et al. 1978; Hildebrand, ec al. 1980; Huckabee,
ec al. 1979; Kudo, ec al. 1982; Lucen, ec al. 1980; Paasivirta, ec al.
1983).
The discribucion of mercury wichin a fish is che result of che raovemenc
of mercury from che absorbing surfaces (gills, skin, and gascroincescinal
cracc), inco che blood, chen co the incernal organs, and evencually either co
che kidney or bile for recycling or elimination or to muscle for long-cerm
storage. Aa the tissue concentration approaches steady-state, nee
accumulation rate is slowed either by a reduction in upcake race, possibly
due co inhibicion of membrane cransporc, or by an increase in depuracion
race, possibly because of a sacuracion of storage sites, or both.
High concentrations of mercury in the slime coac of cercain freshwacer
fishes, such as burboc, eels, and norchern pike, and in che skin of acucely-
exposed fishes are believed co be due co che mechylacing accivicy of bacceria
10
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prevalent in che mucous coac (Jernelov, 1968). In addicion, acucely coxic
concentrations of mercury have been reported to stimulate secretion of mucus
(Baker, 1973; Lock, et al. 1981; McKone, et al. 1971). When acucely exposed
fish are placed in mercury-free water, the skin quickly loses mercury,
probably because of elimination of raercury(ll) and sloughing of che slime
coac (Burrows and Krenkel, 1973; Burrows, et al. 1974). The skin and mucous
coac are in direct contact with mercury in water and can accumulate
proportionately more mercury during short exposure than muscle. During long
exposure there is sufficient time for mercury to reach more permanent storage
sices.
Because sorpcion at the gill surface Is a major pathway of mercury into
aquaeic organisms (Frorara, 1977), increases in temperature and activity cause
increases in metabolic rate and ventilation rate and, therefore, uptake race
(de Freitas and Hart, 1975; Rogers and Beamish, 1981). The relationship
between temperature and tissue residues seems co apply primarily before
sceady-stace is reached (Reinert, et al. 1974) but also co some excenc ac
sceady-scace (Boudou, ec al. 1979; Cember, et al. 1978; Harcung, 1976). The
latter is difficult to understand if sceady-scace results from saturation of
available binding sites. Apparently noc only are uptake and depuration
accelerated by temperature (Ruohcula and Miettinen, 1975), but higher tissue
residues also occur ac higher temperatures, posibly because the uptake race
increases proportionately more than che depuration race.
Similarly, low concentrations of dissolved oxygen are likely to increase
both respiration race and uptake rate. Larson (1976) found that che low
concentration of dissolved oxygen in a eutrophic lake forced fishes into
warmer surface waters to secure adequate oxygen. The warmer surface wacer
apparently stimulated metabolic rate and increased mercury uptake.
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Increased metabolic race increases noc only vencilacion race but also
energy demand and chus increases food consumption and exposure co mercury
chrough the food chain. Upcake through both che gills and the digestive
cracc is significant for fish, and some data suggest chat tissue residues are
higher in organisms exposed via both routes than via either separately
(Boudou, ec al. 1979; Phillips and Buhler, 1978). The relative importance of
uptake from food for various fish species depends on such chings as
assimilation efficiency (Phillips and Gregory, 1979), body size, growth race,
and life span (Sharpe, ec al. 1977), and diec (Murray, 1978). Although
Murray (1978) did find different concencracions of mercury in different fish
species, Huckabee (1972) and Huckabee, ec al. (1974) found similar concencra-
cions in both forage and game fish in che same environment.
Haines (1981) reporced chac acid rain cends co scour more mercury from
che air. Acidificacion of a body of wacer might also increase mercury
residues in fish even if no new input of mercury occurs, possibly because
lower pH increases vencilacion race and membrane permeability, accelerates
che races of mechylacion and uptake, affects parcicioning between sediment
and wacer, or reduces growch or reproduccion of fish (Akielaszek and Haines,
1981; Fromrn, 1980; Hahne and Krooncje, 1973; Jernelov, 1980; Miller and
Akagi, 1979; Ribeyre and Boudou, 1982; Rudd and Turner, 19835; Scheider, et
al. 1979; Scokes, ec al. 1983; Tsai, ec al. 1975; Wrenn and MacCrimmon,
1983). However, Heiskary and Helwig (1933) did noc find a relacion between
pH and mercury in fish.
The available information (e.g., Boudou and Ribeyre, 1981; Boudou, ec
al. 1977, 1980; de Freitas, ec al. 1981; Hamdy and Prabhu, 1979; Haraelink, ec
al. 1977; Herrick, ec al. 1982; Huckabee, ec al. 1979; Jernelov and Lann,
1971; Klaverkamp, ec al. 1983c; MacCrimmon, ec al. 1983; Norscrom, ec al.
12
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1976; Phillips, ec al. 1980; Ribeyre, et al. 1980; Rogers and Beamish, 1982;
Rogers and Qadri, 1982) indicates chac the importance of uptake from food
probably depends on che form and concentration of mercury in the disc and on
the size and metabolic rate of the fish. Transfer of mercury from fish to
wildlife predators has also been observed (Heinz, et al. 1980; Kucera, 1983;
Wren, et al. 1983).
The available freshwater BCFs are listed in Tables 5 and 6. Table 5
contains BCFs only from those studies in which che exposure concentrations
were adequately measured and the tissue residues reached steady-state or the
test lasted longer than 27 days. Although the BCFs presented in Table 6 do
not meet all these conditions, they do provide information on BCFs for plants
and illustrate the very important influence of temperature on
bioconcentration.
McKim, et al. (1976) studied the uptake of mechylmercury into various
tissues of brook trout. At concentrations in water of 0.93, 0.29, 0.09 and
0.03 ^i?/L the resulting concentrations in muscle after 273 days were 10,000,
5,000, 1,900, and 1,000 ug/kg and the corresponding BCFs were 11,000, 17,000,
21,000, and 33,000, respectively. Because the concentration of mercury in
the muscle did not decrease as much as the concentration in water, che BCFs
increased as the concentration in water decreased. A possible explanation
for an inverse relationship between concentration in water and BCF is that
steady-state results from saturation of available binding sites (Cember, et
al. 1978). The maximum concentration in tissue would then be dependent on
the number of available binding sites and would be independent of the concen-
tration of mercury in water. If the concentration in tissue were constant,
the BCF would be inversely proportional to the concentration in water.
However, neither the concentration in tissue nor the BCF was constant. The
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comparable BCFs for the whole body were 10,000, 12,000, 12,000, and 23,000
and are lower than chose for muscle. The fish were adversely affected ac
0.93 Mg/L. but for boch muscle and whole body, che BCF ac chis concencracion
is in line wich che ocher BCFs. Even chough concencracions up co 0.29 ^g/L
did noc cause scaciscically significant adverse effeccs, che concencracion of
mercury in fish exposed co 0.03 ug/L were ac che FDA accion level.
Olson, ec al. (1975) obtained much higher BCFs for raechylmercury wich
che fathead minnow, and the BCF was also concentration-dependent. As che
concentration in the wacer decreased from 0.247 :Jg/L co 0.018 pg/L, che
concentration in che fish decreased from 10,900 iJg/kg co 1,470 jjg/kg, buc che
BCF decreased from 44,100 co 81,700. The concrasc between che results wich
che fathead minnow ac 25 C (Olson, et al. 1975) and brook crouc ac 9 co 15 C
(MeKim, ec al. 1976) is one of considerable interest and potential
importance. The trout were fed pelleted feed, and so had little opportunity
for food chain input. In contrast, the fathead minnow is a browser and
probably fed noc only on the introduced food buc also on che Aufwuchs growing
in che cesc solution co which mercury had been added. Thus che higher BCFs
for che fachead minnow might be more represencacive of field sicuacions in
which fish are exposed co mechylmercury via boch che wacer and food (Phillips
and Buhler, 1978; Phillips and Gregory, 1979; Rogers and Beamish, 1982).
Also, because cemperacure affects bioconcencracion, che fachead minnow might
be more represencacive of commonly consumed warmwacer fishes.
In a 75-day cest, Niimi and Lowe-Jinde (1984) found 12 rag/kg in che
whole body of rainbow crouc exposed co 0.15 ;jg mechylmercury/L (0.14 ,jg
mercury/L) in wacer and 18 jjg mercury/kg in food. The BCF of 85,700 is
higher than the highest BCF obtained by Olson, ec al. (1975). However, at
0.012 tig/L and 18 ug/kg, they found 0.053 mg/kg in che crouc. This BCF of
14
-------
4,077 is lower than the lowesc BCF obtained by McKim, ec aL. (1976). Also,
although both McKira, ec al. (1976) and Olson, ec al. (1975) found higher BCFs
ac lower concencracions in wacer, Niitni and Lowe-Jinde (1984) found jusc che
opposice.
The FDA accion level for mercury in fish and shellfish is 1.0 mg/kg
(Table 5), and now only applies Co che mechylmercury in consumed tissues
(U.S. FDA, I984a,b). In cheir cesc on mechylraercury, McKim, ec al. (1976)
found Chac brook crouc exposed co 0.03 ug/L concained 1 mg/kg in muscle
cissue. However, in cheir cesc on mechylmercury wich che fachead minnow,
Olson, ec al. (1975) found chac exposure co 0.018 ;jg/L resulced in 1.47 mg/kg
in che fish and a BCF of 81,700. Use of chis BCF wich che FDA accion level
results in a Final Residue Value of 0.012 ^ig/L for mechylmercury (Table 5).
The concencracion in che fachead minnow is for whole body, buc Heisinger, ec
al. (1979) found no significanc difference between various body compartments.
Furcher, Huckabee, ec al. (1974; tound cnac all fishes in a parcicular
environraenc acquired abouc che same concencracions of mercury in both the
whole body and muscle cissue when they were chronically exposed co low
concencracions of mercury. On che ocher hand, Heiskary and Helwig (1983) and
McKim, ec al. (1976) found higher concencracions of mercury in che edible
portion of fish than in the whole body. Thus che concentration of mercury in
che muscle of some edible species is likely co exceed che FDA accion level
when exposed to mechylmercury ac a concencracion of 0.012 :-ig/L.
Although che FDA accion level only applies co mechylmert-ury in fish and
shellfish, it can be used co derive a wacer qualicy cricerion for inercury(II)
because mosc of che mercury in fish is mechylmercury even if che organisms
were exposed co inorganic mercury (de Freicas, ec al. 1974; Jernelov and
Lann, 1971). A BCF of 4,994 was obtained for mercuric chloride in a
15
-------
life-cycle cesc with che fathead minnow (Snarski and Olson, 1982). This BCF
is baaed on che concencracion of mercuric chloride in che water and che total
concencracion of organic and inorganic mercury in che tissue. Even chough
all concentrations tested caused adverse effects and the higher concentra-
tions caused more severe effects, the BCFs were similar at all concentrations
and were lower than those obtained with raethylmercury by McKim, et al. (1976)
and Olson, et al. (1975). Use of the BCF of 4,994 with the FDA accion level
of 1.0 rag/kg results in a freshwater Final Residue Value of 0.20 jg/L for
mercury(II) (Table 5). This value of 0.20 |Jg/L derived for mercury(ll)
would, however, be too low if field BCFs are higher than laboratory BCFs, if
waters contain substantial concentrations of raechylraercury, or if mechylacion
processes are accelerated in sediment'.
Information on the bioconcentration of various mercury compounds by
saltwater animals and plants is included in Tables 5 and 6 and by saltwater
plankton in Table 6. For mercuric chloride, BCFs ranged from 853 co 10,920
with algae. In tests with the eastern oyster, BCFs of 10,000, 40,000, and
40,000 were obtained for mercuric chloride, mechylmercuric chloride and
phenylmercuric chloride, respectively (Kopfler, 1974). These are similar co
the BCFs obtained with freshwater fish, but che BCF of 129 obtained for
mercuric chloride in tail muscle of the American lobster is much lower.
To protect the marketability of saltwater shellfish for human
consumption, Final Residue Values can be calculated based on the BCFs for che
oyster and the FDA accion level of 1.0 mg/kg. Accordingly, che Final Residue
Values for mercuric chloride, mechylraercuric chloride, and phenylraercuric
chloride are 0.10, 0.025, and 0.025 iJg/L, respectively. However, ac chese
concentrations fifty percent of the exposed oysters would probably exceed che
16
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FDA action Level if all the mercury in the body were present as mechyl-
mercury.
Other Data
Most of the significant freshwater and salcwater resulcs in Table 6 have
already been discussed in connection wich daca in Tables 1-5, but a few
additional iceras deserve special mention. Comparable cescs wich four species
showed that mercuric cyanide was 0.67 co 50 times as toxic as mercuric
chloride. Also, Birge, et al. (1979) reported that flow-through casts gave
EC50s nearly two orders of magnitude lower than static tests wich rainbow
trout, catfish, goldfish, and largemouth bass (Table 6). Bouquegneau (1979)
found that preexposure induced metallochionein production, which then
protected the fish.
Molybdenum (Yamane and Koizumi, 1982) and vitamin E (Gancher, 1978,
1980) affects the toxicity of mercury to mammals, and probably many consumers
of aquatic organisms, as does selenium (e.g., Alexander, et al. 1979; Berlin,
1978; National Research Council, 1978; National Research Council Canada,
1979; Stopford and Goldwater, 1975; Strom, et al. 1979). Wobeser, et al.
(1976a,b) found raethylmercury to be much less coxic co mink when they were
fed freshwater drum, Aplodinolus grunniens, containing high mercury tissue
residues than when they were fed a diet co which methylraercury chloride had
been added. On the other hand, Albanus, et al. (1972) and Charbonneau, et
al. (1974) found similar toxicity to cats when fed similar dietary
concentrations of methylmercury, one as a tissue residue in pike and the
other with methylmercury added to the ration.
Finley and Stendell (1978) and Heinz (1979a) fed black and mallard
ducks, respectively, food contaminated with raethylmercuric dicyandiamide.
17
-------
These feeding studies extended over cwo and chree generations, respectively,
and demonstrated reduced hatching success and juvenile survival ac mercury
concentrations that were estimated to be equivalent to 0.5 and O.L mg/kg,
respectively, in the natural succulent food of the wild ducks. These results
were not used to estimate a Final Residue Value based on food for wildlife
because the dicyandiamide compound might not represent che coxicicy of
raethylmercury alone. Nevertheless, these tests suggest that che Final
Residue Value might be an order of magnitude too high because at least one of
these authors believes that the anion had little effect on the results
(Heinz, I979b).
Unused Data
Some data on the effects of mercury on aquatic organisms were not used
because the studies were conducted with species chat are not resident in
North America (e.g., Ahsanullah, 1982; Akiyama, 1970; Dial, 1978a,b;
Heisinger and Green, 1975; Jones, 1939a, 1940, 1973, 1975; Khangaroc, ec al.
1982; Kihlstrom and Hulth, 1972; Krishnaja and Rege, 1982; Mathur, ec al.
1981; McClurg, 1984; Murti and Shukla, 1984; Nagashima, ec ai. 1983; Saxena
and Parashari, 1983; Shaffi, 1981; Srivastava, 1982; van den Broek and
Tracey, 1981; Verraa, et al. 1984), or because che cest species was noc
obtained in North America and was not identified well enough to determine if
it is resident in North America (Hannerz, 1968). Brown and Ahsanullah (1971)
conducted tests with brine shrimp, which species is coo acypical co be used
in deriving national criteria. Reviews by Chapman, et al. (1968), Eisler
(1981), Eisler, et al. (1979), Phillips and Russo (1978), and Thompson, et
al. (1972) only contain data chac have been published elsewhere.
18
-------
The 96-hr values reported by Buikema, et aL. (1974a,b) were subjecc co
error because of possible reproductive inceraccions (Buikema, ec al. 1977).
Applegace, ec al. (1957) exposed only one or cwo organisms. Data were noc
used if the node of exposure was inappropriate for deriving water qualicy
criteria (Giblin and Massaro, 1973; Lucu and Skreblin, 1981; Schmidt-Nielson,
ec al. 1977; Weisbart, 1973). In addition, data were not used if mercury was
a component of an effluent (Wong, et al. 1982) or if the test organisms were
culcured in one water and tested in another (Bringmann and Kuhn, 1982).
Bills, et al. (1977) and Passino and Cotant (1979) did not report any usable
results. Jones (1935, 1938, 1939b, 1947), Miller (1980, 1981), and Nuzzi
(1972) did not report a clearly defined endpoint.
Results of some laboratory tests were not used because the test was
conducted in distilled water (McKone, et al. 1971), the quality of the
dilution water or medium was questionable (Brkovic-Popovic and Popovic,
1977a,b; Carter and Cameron, 1973; Kim, et al. 1977a,b; Stary and Kratzer,
1982; Stary, et al. 1982, 1983), or because the test solution or culture
medium contained too auch EDTA which would probably complex mercury
(Gutierrez-Galindo, 1981; Knowles and Zingmark, 1978; Scratcon and Corke,
1979; Stratton, et al. 1979).
Data concerning concentrations of mercury in wild organisms (e.g.,
Abernathy and Curabie, 1977; Armstrong and Scott, 1979; Bodaly, et al. 1984;
Copeland and Ayers, 1972; DiNardi, et al. 1974; Flegal, et al. 1981; Helwig
and Hora, 1983; Hildebrand, et al. 1980; Jensen, et al. 1981; Leonzio, et al.
1982; Martin, et al. 1984; May and McKinney, 1981; Mitchell, et al. 1982;
Moore and Sutherland, 1980; Murray, 1978; Pennington, et al. 1982; Phillips
and Buhler, 1980; Price and Knight, 1978; Ray, et al. 1984; Sheffy, 1978;
Tsui and McCart, 1981; Wachs, 1982; Watling, et al. 1981) were not used to
19
-------
calculate bioaccumulacion factors If the concentrations of mercury in the
ambient water during the period of exposure was not adequately measured.
Studies using isotopic mercury (e.g., Cunningham and Tripp, 1975;
Glooschenko, 1969) were not used because of the possibility of isocopic
discrimination.
Results of bioconcentration tests were not used Lf che cescs were
conducted in distilled water, were noe long enough, were not flow-chrough, or
if the concentration of mercury in the test solution was not adequately
measured (e.g., Cunningham and Tripp, L973; Kim, et al. 1977a,b; McKone, ec
al. 1971; Medeiros, et al. 1980; Middaugh and Rose, 1974; Phillips and
Gregory, 1980; Ribeyre, et al. 1980; Shanaa and Davis, 1980a; Scary and
Kraczer, 1980, 1982; Scary, ec al. 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983; Vernberg and
O'Hara, 1972).
Summary
Data are available on the acuce coxicicy of mercury(II) co 28 genera of
freshwater animals. Acuce values for invertebrate species range from 2.2
.jg/L for Daphnia pulex to 2,000 ug/L for three insects. Acuce values for
fishes range from 30 ug/L for the guppy to 1,000 rig/L for che Mozambique
tilapia. Few data are available for various organoraercury compounds and
mercurous nitrate, and they all appear co be 4 co 31 times more acutely toxic
than mercury(II).
Available chronic data indicate thac mechylmercury is the most
chronically toxic of che cesced mercury compounds. Tests on mechylraercury
wich Daphnia magna and brook crouc produced chronic values less than 0.07
ug/L. For nercury(II) che chronic value obtained wich Daphnia magna was
abouc 1.1 }Jg/L and che acute-chronic ratio was 4.5. In both a life-cycle
20
-------
cesc and an early life-scage cesc on mercuric chloride wich che fachead
minnow, che chronic value was less chan 0.26 ^ig/L and che acuce-chronic racio
was over 600.
Freshwacer planes show a wide range of sensicivicies co mercury, buc che
tnosc sensitive planes appear co be less sensicive chan che mosc sensitive
freshwacer animals co boch mercury(II) and raechylmercury. A bioconcencracion
faccor of 4,994 is available for tnercury(II), buc che bioconcencracion
faccors for mechyltnercury range from 4,000 co 85,000.
Daca on che acuce coxicicy of mercuric chloride are available for 29
genera of salcwacer animals including annelids, molluscs, cruscaceans,
echinoderms, and fishes. Acuce values range from 3.5 ^g/L for a ray3id co
1,678 ug/L for wincer flounder. Fishes cend co be more resiscanc and
molluscs and cruscaceans cend co be more sensicive co che acuce coxic effeccs
of mercury(II). Resulcs of a life-cycle cesc wich che mysid show chac
mercury(ll) ac a concencracion of 1,6 ,Jg/L significancly affecced cime of
firsc spawn and produccivicy; che resulcing acuce-chronic racio was 3.1.
Concencracions of mercury chac affecced growch and phocosynchecic
accivicy of one salcwacer diacom and six species of brown algae range from 10
co 160 'Jg/L. Bioconcencracion faccors of 10,000 and 40,000 have been
obcained for mercuric chloride and raechylmercury wich an oyscer.
National Criteria
Derivation of a wacer qualicy cricerion for mercury is more complex chan
for mosc mecals because of raechylacion of mercury in sedLuenc, in fish, and
in che food chain of fish. Apparencly almosc all mercury currencly being
discharged is raercury(II). Thus tnercury(II) should be che only imporcanc
21
-------
possible cause of acuce coxicicy and che Cricerion Maximum Concencracions can
be based on che acute values for mercury(II).
The best available daca concerning long-term exposure of fish co
mercury(II) indicates thac concentrations above 0.23 Mg/L caused scatisti-
cally significant effects on the fathead minnow and caused che concentration
of total mercury in the whole body to exceed 1.0 rag/kg. Although it is noc
known what percent of the mercury in the fish was methylraercury, it is also
not known whether uptake from food would increase the concentration in the
fish in natural situations. Species such as rainbow trout, coho salmon, and
especially the bluegill, might suffer chronic effects and accumulate high
residues of mercury about the same as che fathead minnow.
With regard to long-term exposure to methylmercury, McKira, et al. (1976)
found that brook trout can exceed the FDA action level without suffering
statistically significant adverse effects on survival, growth, or reproduc-
tion. Thus for methylmercury the Final Residue Value would be substantially
lower than the Final Chronic Value.
Basing a freshwater criterion on the Final Residue Value of 0.012 ng/L
derived from the bioconcentration factor of 81,700 for methylraercury with the
fathead minnow (Olson, et al. 1975) essentially assumes chat all discharged
mercury is methylmercury. On the other hand, there is che possibility chat
in field situations uptake from food might add to the uptake from water.
Similar considerations apply to the derivation of the saltwater criterion of
0.025 ug/L using the BCF of 40,000 obtained for methylmercury with the
Eastern oyster (Kopfler, 1974). Because the Final Residue Values for methyl-
mercury are substantially below the Final Chronic Values for mercury(ll), it
is probably not too important that many fishes, including the rainbow trout,
22
-------
coho salmon, bluegill, and haddock might noc be adequately protected by the
freshwater and saltwater Final Chronic Values for mercury(II).
In contrast to all the complexities of deriving numerical criteria for
mercury, monitoring for unacceptable environmental effects should be
relatively straightforward. The most sensitive adverse effect will probably
be exceedence of the FDA action level. Therefore, existing discharges should
be acceptable if the concentration of methylraercury in the edible portion of
exposed consumed species does not exceed the FDA action level.
The procedures described in the "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical
National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and
Their Uses" indicate that, except possibly where a locally important species
is very sensitive, freshwater aquatic organisms and their uses should not be
affected unacceptably if the four-day average concentration of mercury does
not exceed 0.012 ug/L more than once every three years on the average and if
the one-hour average concentration does not exceed 2.4 Mg/L more than once
every three years on the average. If the four-day average concentration
exceeds 0.012 Mg/L more than once in a three-year period, the edible portion
of consumed species should be analyzed to determine whether the concentration
of methylmercury exceeds the FDA action level.
The procedures described in the "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical
National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and
Their Uses" indicate that, except possibly where a locally important species
is very sensitive, saltwater aquatic organisms and their uses should noc be
affected unacceptably if the four-day average concentration of mercury does
not exceed 0.025 Mg/L more than once every three years on the average and if
the one-hour average concentration does not exceed 2.1 Mg/L more than once
every three years on the average. If the four-day average concentration
23
-------
exceeds 0.025 yg/L more chan once in a chree-year period, the edible portion
of consumed species should be analyzed co determine whether the concentration
of methylmercury exceeds the FDA action level.
EPA believes that a measurement such as "acid-soluble" would provide a
more scientifically correct basis upon which to establish criteria for
metals. The criteria were developed on this basis. However, at this time,
no EPA approved methods for such a measurement are available to implement the
criteria through the regulatory programs of the Agency and the Status. The
Agency is considering development and approval of methods for a measurement
such as "acid-soluble". Uncil available, however, EPA recommends applying
the criteria using the total recoverable method. This has two impacts: (1)
certain species of some metals cannot be analyzed directly because the total
recoverable method does not distinguish between individual oxidation states,
and (2) these criteria may be overly protective when based on the total
recoverable method.
The recommended exceedence frequency of three years is the Agency's best
scientific judgment of the average amount of time it will take an unstressed
system to recover from a pollution event in which exposure to mercury exceeds
the criterion. Stressed systems, for example, one in which several outfalls
occur in a limited area, would be expected to require more time for recovery.
The resilience of ecosystems and their ability to recover differ greatly,
however, and site-specific criteria may be established if adequate justifica-
tion is provided.
The use of criteria in designing waste treatment facilities requires the
selection of an appropriate wasteload allocation model. Dynamic models are
preferred for the application of these criteria. Limited data or other
factors may make their use impractical, in which case one should rely on a
24
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steady-state model. The Agency recommends the interim use of 1Q5 or IQ1Q for
Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC) design flow and 7Q5 or 7Q10 for the
Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) design flow in steady-state models
for unstressed and stressed systems respectively. These matters are
discussed in more detail in the Technical Support Document for Water Quality-
Based Toxics Control (U.S. EPA, 1985).
25
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TabU 1. Acute Ttttlclty of Mercury to Aquatic Anhuls
Species Method*
Ch—lcal
LC50
or EC50
ClIQ/l.)"
Species MBM
Acut* Valu*
(UQ/t)M
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Tubl field worm. R, U
Branch lura sowerbyl
Tubl field worm. R, U
L 1 mnodr 1 1 us hot f me 1 star 1
Tublflcld worm, R, U
Qulstadrllus multlsetosus
Tublflcld worn, R, U
Rhyacodrl lus montana
Tublflcld worm, R, U
Spirosperma ferox
Tublflcld worm, R, U
Spirosperma nlkolskyl
Tublflcld worm. R, U
Stylodrllus her Ingl anus
Tublflcld worm. R, U
Tublfex Tublfex
Tubl field worm, R, U
Varlchaeta pact flea
Worm, S. M
Nals sp.
Snal 1 (embryo) , S, M
Amnlcola sp.
Snail (adult). S, M
Amnlcola sp.
Snail, S, U
Aplexa hypnorum
Mercur Ic
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
ch 1 or 1 de
Mercur 1 c
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
ch 1 or 1 de
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
ch 1 or 1 de
Mercuric
nitrate
Mercuric
nitrate
Mercuric
nitrate
Marcur Ic
chloride
Mercury(H)
80
180
250
240
330
500
140
140
100
1,000
2,100*»»
80
370
ao
180
250
240
330
500
140
140
100
1,000
80
370
Reference
Chapman, et al. 1982a
Chapman, et al. 1982a,b
Chapman, et al. I982a
Chapman, et al. 1982a
Chapman, et al. 1982a
Chapman, et al. I982a
Chapman, et al. I982a
Chapman, et al. 1982a,b
Chapman, et al. I982a
Rahwoldt, et dl. 1973
Rehwoldt. ot al. 1973
Rehwoldt. et al. 1973
Ho I con be. et al. 1983
26
-------
Tabl* I. (ContlniMd)
Spec 1 at
Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla roagna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran (<6 hr old),
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr old),
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran (1-9 day old),
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla pulex
Amp hi pod,
Gammarus sp.
Crayf Ish (male,
mixed ages) ,
Faxonella clypeatus
Crayfish,
Orconectes llmosus
Mayfly,
Ephemeral la subvarla
Damsel fly,
(Unidentified)
Method*
S, U
s.
s.
s,
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
R.
s,
s,
s.
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
M
M
M
U
M
Chemical
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur 1 c
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
n 1 trate
Mercur 1 c
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur 1 c
ch 1 or 1 de
Mercuric
nitrate
LC5O SfMclas Mean
or EC50 Acut* Valu*
5
3.177
1.478
2.180
4.4
4.4
5.2-14.B»«« 3.157
2.217 2.217
10 10
20 20
50 50
2,000 2,000
1,200 1.200
ItefcranC*
Anderson, 1948
Bleslnger &
Chris ten sen, 1972
Canton & Adema, 1978
Canton & Adema, 1978
Canton & Adema, 1978
Barera & Adams, 1983
Barera & Adams, 1983
Barera & Mams, 1983
Canton & Adema, 1978
Rehwoldt, et al. 1973
Halt 1 Flngerman,
1977; Helt, 1981
Boutet &
Chalsemortln. 1973
War nick & Bel 1, 1969
Rehwoldt, et al. 1973
27
-------
Tabl* 1. (Continued)
Species
Stonaf 1 y ,
Aeronaut la lycorlas
Caddlsfly,
Hydropsy che betteol
Caddlsfly,
(Unidentified)
Midge,
Chlronomus sp.
Coho salmon (juvenile).
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Rainbow trout (juvenile).
Sal mo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (juvenile).
Sal mo galrdneri
Rainbow trout (juvenile).
Salino galrdneri
Rainbow trout.
Sal mo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (juvenile).
Sal mo qalrdnerl
Fathead minnow.
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmophales promelas
Mosqultoflsh (female).
Gambusla afflnls
Guppy (116-157 mg),
Poecllla retlculata
Method*
S. U
S. U
S, M
S, M
R. M
R. U
FT, U
FT. U
FT, U
FT, M
FT. M
FT, M
S. U
R. U
Chemical
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
nitrate
Mercuric
n 1 trate
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur 1 c
chloride
Mercur 1 c
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur 1 c
chloride
Mercuric
chl or 1 de
LC50
or ECSO
(ug/LI"
2,000
2,000
1,200
20
240
155.1
280
220
420
275
168
150
180
30
Specie* NMJI
Acute Value
(uq/L)" Reference
2.000 War nick & Bell, 1969
2,000 War nick & Bell. 1969
1.200 Rehwoldt. et at. 1973
20 Rehwoldt. et al. 1973
240 Lorz, et al. 1978
Matlda, et al., 1971
MacLeod & Pessah,
1973
MacLeod & Pessah.
1973
Oaoust. 1981
275 Lock & van Overbeeke,
1981
Snarskl & Olson. 1982
158.7 Cal 1, et al. 1983
180 Joshl & Rege, 1980
Deshfimkh & Mar at he.
1980
28
-------
TabU 1. {Continued)
Species Method*
Guppy (362-621 mg), R. U
Poecj 1 la ratlculata
Qlueglll (juvenile), S, U
Lepomls macroch 1 rus
Mozambique tllapla, S. U
Tllapla mossamblca
Rainbow trout (juvenile), R, U
Sal mo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (larva), R, U
Sal mo (jalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (juvenile), R, U
Sal mo
-------
Table 1. (Continued)
Species Method*
Common carp, R, U
Cyprlnus carplo
Fathead minnow, S, M
PI map hales promelas
Fathead minnow, S, M
Plmephales proroelas
Channel catfish (juvenile), S, U
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish (Juvenile), S, U
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish (juvenile), S, U
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish (juvenile). S, U
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish (juvenile), S, U
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish (juvenile), S, U
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish (juvenile). S, U
Ictalurus punctatus
Mosqultoflsh (female), S, U
Gambusla aft In Is
Mosqultoflsh (female). S, U
Gambusla af finis
Mosqultoflsh (female), S, U
LC50
or EC50
Chemical (ng/L)*"
2-Methoxy ethyl 139
mercuric chloride
Mercuric 40
acetate
Mercuric 115
thlocyanate
Ethyl mercuric 51
p-toluena
sul fonanll Ide
Ethyl mercuric 49
phosphate
Pheny (mercuric 1,966
acetate
Pheny (mercuric 28
acetate
Pyr Idyl mercuric <176
acetate
Pyr Idyl mercuric 224
acetate
Pyr Idyl mercuric
-------
Table I. (Continued)
Species
Method*
Chemical
LC50
or EC50
(ug/L)«
Spec las Mean
Acute Value*"
(ug/L>
Reference
SALTWATER SPECIES
Morcury( 1 1 )
Polychaete worm (adult),
Noanthes arenaceodentata
Polychaete worm (juvenile),
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Sand worm (adult).
Nereis vlrens
Pol ychaete worm ( 1 arva) ,
Cap! tell a capltata
01 Igochaete worm,
Llmnodrl loldes verrucosus
01 Igochaete worm,
Monopy lephorus cutlculatus
01 Igochaete worm,
Tublflcoldes gabrlellae
Northern horse mussel,
Modlolus modlolus
Blue mussel,
Mytllus edulls
Bay scallop (juvenile),
Arqopecten Ir radians
Pacific oyster,
Crassostrea gjgas
Pact t Ic oyster,
Crassostrea gl gas
Pacl Me oyster,
Crassostrea glgas
s, u
s. u
s. u
s, u
R, U
R, U
R, U
S, M
S, U
S, U
s. u
S, M
S, M
Her cur Ic
chloride
Mercur 1 c
ch 1 or 1 de
Mercuric
ch 1 or 1 de
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur Ic
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur Ic
chloride
Mercuric
nitrate
96
100
70
U
120
230
98
230
5.8
89
6.7
5.7
5.5
97.98
70
14
120
230
98
230
5.8
89
5.944
Relsh, et
Relsh, et
Elsler 4 1
1977
Relsh. et
Chapman, <
Chapman, <
Chapman, i
Hllmy, et
Martin, e
Nelson, e
Martin, e
Clicks tali
Gllckstah
31
-------
Table 1. (Continued)
Species
Eastern oyster,
Crassostrea virgin lea
Eastern oyster,
Crassostrea virgin lea
Common rang la (adult).
Rang la cuneata
Common rang la (adult).
Rang la cuneata
Common rang la (adult).
Rang la cuneata
Common rang la (adult).
Rang la cuneata
Quahog clam,
Mercenarla mercenarla
Soft-shell clan (adult),
Mya arenarla
Copepod,
Psaudodlaptomus corona tus
Copepod ,
Eurytemora af finis
Copepod,
Acartla clausl
Copepod (adult) ,
Acartla tonsa
Copepod (adult),
Acartla tonsa
Copepod (adult),
Acartla tonsa
Method*
s.
s.
S.
s,
s.
s.
s.
s.
s,
s.
s.
S.
s.
s.
u
u
u
u
M
M
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
Chemical
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur 1 c
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Marcur 1 c
ch 1 or 1 de
Mercur Ic
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
LC50
or EC50
(ug/L)"
5.6
10.2
10.000
8,700
58
122
4.8
400
79
158
10
to
14
15
Spec 1 «s Mean
Acute Value
(MqA)" Reference
Cal abrase & Nelson, 1974;
Calabruse, at al. 1977
7.558 Maclnnes & Calabrese,
1976
Olson & Harrel, 1973
Olson & Harral, 1973
DM Ion, 1977
»••»• Dillon, 1977
4.8 Calabresa 4 Nelson. 1974;
Calabrese, et al. 1977
400 Elsler & Hennakey,
1977
79 Gentile. 1982
158 Gentile. 1982
10 Gentile, 1962
Sosnowskl & Gentile,
1978
Sosnowskl & Gentile,
1978
Sosnowskl & Gentile,
1978
32
-------
Table 1. (Continued)
Species
Copepod (adult),
Acartla tonsa
Copepod ,
Nltocra splnlpes
Mysld.
Mysldopsls bah la
White shrimp (adult),
Penaeus setlferus
American lobster (larva),
Homarus amerlcanus
Hermit crab (adult),
Pagurus lonqlcarpus
Dungeness crab (larva).
Cancer magj ster
Dungeness crab (larva).
Cancer mag 1 ster
Green crab (larva),
Carclnus maenas
Starfish (adult).
Aster las forbesl
Haddock (larva),
Melanogrammus aaqleflnus
Mummlchog,
Fundulus heteroclltus
Mummlchog,
Fundulus heteroclltus
Mummlchog,
Fundulus heteroclltus
Method*
•IM^M^B^^H
s, u
s, u
FT, M
S, U
S, U
S. U
S. U
S, M
S, U
S, U
S, U
S. U
S, U
S, U
Chemical
Mercuric
chloride
Her cur 1 c
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
en 1 or 1 de
Mercuric
ch 1 or 1 de
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur Ic
chloride
33
LC50
or EC50
-------
Table 1. (Continued)
Species
Mummlchog,
Fundulus heteroclltus
Mummlchog (adult),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Mummlchog (adult),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Mummlchog (embryo),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Atlantic si Iverslde
(larva).
Men) d la men Id la
Atlantic si Iverslde
( larva).
Men Id la menldla
Atlantic si Iverslde
(juvenile),
Menldla menldla
T 1 debater s 1 1 vers 1 de
( j uven lie),
Menldla peninsulas
Foursplne stickleback
(adult),
Apeltes quadracus
Spot (juvenl le) ,
Lelostomus xanthurus
Winter flounder (larva),
Pseudop 1 euronactes
amerlcanus
Winter flounder (larva),
Pseudop 1 euronectes
Method*
s. u
S, U
s, u
S. M
S, U
S. U
S, U
s. u
s, u
s, u
s. u
s, u
Chemical
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur Ic
chloride
Mercur Ic
ch 1 or 1 de
Mercur Ic
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur Ic
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chlor Ide
LC50
or EC50
(uo/L)"
300
800
2,000
67.4
144
125
86
71
315
36
1,820
1,560
Species Mean
Acute Value
(ug/L)** Reference
Oorfman, 1977
Elsler & Hennekey,
1977
•••*» Klaunlg, et al. 1975
67.4 Sharp & Naff, 1982
Card In, 1982
Cardln, 1982
115.7 Cardln, 1982
71 Hansen, 1983
315 Cardln, 1982
36 Hansen. 1983
Cardln, 1982
Cardln, 1982
amerlcanus
34
-------
Table 1. (Continued)
Species Method*
Winter flounder (larva), S, U
Pseudop ! euronectes
amer Icanus
Winter flounder (larva). S, U
Pseudop 1 euronectes
amer Icanus
Winter flounder (larva), S, U
Pseudop 1 euronectes
amer Icanus
Amphlpod (adult), S. U
Gammarus duebenl
Mucnmlchog (embryo), S, M
Fundulus heteroclltus
Grass shrimp (adult), S, M
Palaemonetes puqlo
Grass shrimp (adult), S, M
Palaemonetes puglo
Mummlchog, S. U
Fundulus heteroclltus
Mummlchog, S, U
Fund u 1 us heteroc 1 1 tus
Chemical
LC50
or EC50
-------
TabU 2. Chronic Toxlclty of Mercury to Aquatic AnlMl
ChMlcal
LUlts Chronic Valu*
Cug/L>"
«*P VW« W*
Cladoceran,
Daphnla Maqna
Cladoceran,
Paphnla Maqna
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead Minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Cladoceran,
Daphnla roagna
Cladoceran,
Paphnta magna
Brook trout,
Salvallnus fontlnalls
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Mysld.
Mysldopsls bah la
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Mar cur yf 1 1 1
LC««» Harcurlc 0.72-1.28
ch 1 or 1 de
LC«"» Mercuric 0.91-1.82
chloride
LC Mercuric <0.26««»»i
chloride
ELS Mercuric <0.23"*1*
chloride
Methyl nercury
LC»*« Methylmercurlc <0.04»"»»»
chloride
LC*»M* Methylmercurlc 0.52-0.87
chloride
LC Methylmercurlc 0.29-0.93
ch 1 or 1 de
Other Mercury Compounds
LC"*" Pheny (mercuric 1.12-1.90
acetate
SALTWATER SPECIES
Mercuryd 1 )
LC Mercuric 0.8-1.6
ch 1 or 1 de
0.96 Bleslnger, et al.
1982
1.287 Bleslnger, et al.
1982
<0.26 Snarskl & Olson.
1982
<0.23 Call, et al. 1983
<0.04 Bleslnger, et al.
1982
0.6726 Bleslnger, et al.
1982
0.5193 McKlM, et al .
1976.
1.459 bleslnger, et dl.
1982
1.131 Gentile, et al.
1982, 1983;
1 i IP f I *±r* a +• a 1
Manuscript
36
-------
Table 2. (Continued)
• LC * life cycle or partial life cycle, ELS = early life stage.
•• Results are expressed as mercury, not as the chemical.
*** Flow-through
"" Renewal
•••••Adverse effects occurred at this concentration, which was the lowest concentration tested.
Acute-Chronic Ratio
Spec las
Cladoceran.
Daphnla maqna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Fathead ml nnow.
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Mysld,
Mysldopsls bah la
Brook trout
Salvellnus fontlnalls
Acute Value
(UO/L)
Morcury(ll)
5
5
168
150
3.5
Methyl mercury
73.89*
Chronic Value
(uq/L) Ratio
0.96 5.208
1.287 3.885
<0.26 >646.2
<0.23 >652.2
1.131 3.095
0.5J93 142.3
Geometric mean of 2 values from McKIm, et at. (1976) In Table 1.
37
-------
Tabla 3. Ranked Ganu» NMM» Acuta Valuas vltti Spacla* MM* Acuta-Chroalc Ratios
*»ok*
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
Gonus Maan
Acuta Valua
(uo/Lt
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,200
1.200
1,000
1,000
406.2
370
275
250
240
Spacla* Kaan
Acuta Valua
Spaclas (MO/L)
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Marcuryd!)
Stonafly,
Acronaurla 1 year las
Mayfly,
Ephemeral la subvarla
Caddlsfly,
Hydropsycha bottanl
Caddlsfly.
(Unidentified)
Damsel fly,
(Unidentified)
Worm,
Nals sp.
Mozambique tllapla,
Tllapla mossamblca
Tubl field worn,
Splrosperma ferox
Tubl field worm,
Splrosperma nlkolskyl
Snail,
Aplexa hypnorum
Rainbow trout.
Sal mo galr drier 1
Tubl field worm,
Qulstadrllus multlsetosus
Tubl field worm.
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,200
1,200
1,000
1,000
330
500
370
275
250
240
Spacla* Maaa
Acuta-Chroalc
Ratio
-
-
-
-
-
-
Rhyacodrllus montana
38
-------
Tabla 3. (Continued)
Rank*
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
Ganus Maan
Acuta Valua
(UQ/L)
240
180
180
160
158.7
140
140
100
80
80
50
30
20
20
Spacla* Naaa Spaclas Maaa
Acuta Valua Acuta-Chroalc
Spaclas fwa/L) Ratio
Coho saloon,
Oncorhynchus klsutch
TublMcId worm,
Llmnodrl lus hot fael star 1
Mosqultof Ish,
Gambusla afflnls
Blueglll,
Le porn Is macrochlrus
Fathead minnow,
Plmephalas promalas
TublfJcId worm.
Tub! fax tublfex
Tubl field worm,
Stylodrllus herlno,lanus
Tublflcld worm,
Varlchaata paclflca
TublMcId worm.
Branch lura sower by 1
Snail,
A/nnlcola sp.
Crayfish,
Orconectas 1 Imosus
Guppy,
Poecl 1 la retlculata
Crayfish,
Faxonalla clypeatus
Midge,
Chlronomus sp.
240
180
ISO
160
158.7 >649.2»«
140
140
100
80
80
50
30
20
20
39
-------
TabI* 3. (Continued)
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
Genus Mean
Acute Value
(iiq/L)
10
2.646
Species
Amphlpod,
Gawurus sp.
Cladoceran,
Daphnla eagna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla pulex
SALTWATER SPECIES
MercuryC 1 1 )
Species Mean
Acute Value
10
3.157
2.217
Species Mean
Acute-Chronic
Ratio
4.498**
"
1,678
400
315
230
230
230
158
120
Winter flounder,
PsaudopIauronectes
amerlcanus
Sott-shelI clan,
Hya arenarla
Foursplne stickleback,
Apeltes quadracus
Northern horse nussel,
Modiolus mod Iolus
Copepod,
Nltocra splnlpes
Ollgochaete Mori*.
flephc
atus
MonophyIephorus
cutlcula
Copepod,
Eurytamora affinis
Ollgochaete wor«,
Llmnodrlloldes
verrucosus
1.678
400
315
230
230
230
158
120
40
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Rank*
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Ganus NMA
Acuta Valua
CUS/L)
14
14
11.97
7.357
6.703
5.8
4.8
3.5
Spacla*
Green crab,
Corel nut •aenas
Polychaeta norm,
Cap) tall a cap) fata
Copapod,
Acartla clausl
Copepod,
Acartla tonsa
Dungenass crab.
Cancer magi ster
Pacific oyster,
Crassostrea glqas
Eastern oyster,
Crassostrea vlrglnlca
Blue mussel.
My til us edulls
Qua hog clam,
Hercenarla mercenarla
Mysld,
Hysldopsls bah la
Spacla* Maaa
Acuta Valua
(HO/L)
14
14
10
14.32
7.357
5.944
7.558
5.8
4.8
3.5
Acuta-Cttroolc
Ratio
3.095
* Ranked from most resistant to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value.
**Geometrlc mean of two values In Table 2.
42
-------
TabI« 3. (Continued)
Rank*
21
20
19
IB
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
Genus Mean
Acute Value
(pq/L)
98
98
97.98
90.63
89
79
70
67.4
60
50
36
20
17
Species Mean
Acute Value
Species (iiq/U)
Ollgochaete worm.
Tub! f icoldes gabrlellae
Haddock,
Melanogrammus aegleflnus
Polychaete worm,
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Atlantic sllverslde.
Hen 1 d 1 a men 1 d i a
Tidewater sllverslde,
Menldla penlnsulae
Bay seal lop,
Arqopecten Irradlans
Cope pod ,
Pseudodlaptomus coronatus
Sand worm.
Nereis vlrens
Mummlchog,
Fundulus heteroclltus
Starfish,
Arterlas forbesl
Herml t crab,
Pagurus longl carpus
Spot,
Lelostomus xanthurus
American lobster,
Homarus amerlcanus
White shrimp,
98
98
97.98
115.7
71
89
79
70
67.4
60
50
36
20
17
Species Mean
Acute-Chronic
Ratio
-
Penaeus setiferus
41
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Mercury!11)
Final Acute-Chronic Ratio - 3.731 (sea text)
Fresh xater
Final Acute Value « 4.857 Mg/L
Criterion BOXIBUM concentration * (4.857 i»g/L) / 2 • 2.428 ng/L
Final Chronic Value - (4.857 Mg/L) / 3.731 - 1.302 u9/L
Salt water
Final Acute Value =• 4.125 ug/L
Criterion maxImiM concentration * (4.125 ng/L) /2 « 2.062
Final Chronic Value - (4.125 wg/L) / 3.731 - 1.106 n9/L
43
-------
Table 4. Toxlclty of Mercury to Aquatic Plants
Specie*
Alga,
Chloral la vulgarls
Alga.
Chloral la vulgar Is
Alga,
Chloral la vulgarls
Alga,
Chloral la vulgarls
Alga,
Anabaana flos-aquaa
Blue alga,
Mlcrocystls aeruginosa
Green alga,
Scenedesnus quadrlcauda
Alga,
Salenastrum capr IcornuTum
Eurasian waterml Ifol 1,
Myrlophyltum sp lea turn
Alga.
Anabaana flos-aguae
Alga,
Chloral la vulgarls
Chemical
Mercuric
chloride
Marcurlc
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chlorlda
Mercuric
chloride
Marcurlc
chloride
Methyl mercuric
chloride
Methyl mercuric
chloride
Effect
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Mercury(ll)
33-day EC50
(cell division
Inhibition)
LC50
LC50
15-day EC50
(growth)
EC50 (growth)
8-day Incipient
Inhibition
6-day Incipient
Inhibition
Inhibited
growth
32-day EC50
(root weight)
Mat hyl mercury
EC50 (growth)
15-day EC 50
(growth)
Result
Cuo/L)*
1.030
100-1,000
148-296
443-592
53
5
70
59
3,400
6.0
0.8-4.0
Reference
RosKo & Racnlln,
1977
Glpps & Biro, 1978
Ral, 1979; Ral, at al.
1981
Ral, et at. 1981
Thomas & Montes, 1978
Bringiunn, 1975; Brlngaunn &
Kuhn, 1976, I978a,b
Brlngmann, 1975; Bringmann &
Kuhn. 1976, I976a,b, 1979,
I980b
SI oof f, et al. 1983
Stanley, 1974
Thomas & Montes, 1978
Ral, et al. 1981
44
-------
Table 4. (Continued)
Species
Chemical
Effect
Result
Reference
Alga.
Anabaena flos-aquae
Alga,
Thalassloslra aestevalls
Seaweed,
Ascophy 1 1 urn nodosum
Diatom,
Oltylum brlqhtwellll
Seaweed,
Fucus serratus
Seaweed ,
Fucus spiral Is
Seaweed,
Fucus veslculosus
Giant kelp,
Macrocystls pyrlfera
Seaweed,
Pelvetia canal Iculata
Other Mercury Compounds
Phenyl nercurlc EC50 (growth)
acetate
SALTWATER SPECIES
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur Ic
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercury (1 ' >
Reduced
ch 1 orophy 1 1 a
10-day EC50
(growth)
5-day EC50
(growth)
10-day EC50
(growth)
10-day EC50
(growth)
tO-day EC50
(growth)
4-day EC50
(growth)
10-day EC50
(growth)
2.6 Thomas & Montes. 1978
10 Holllbaugh, et al.
1980
100 Stromgren, 1980
10 Canter ford &
Canter ford, 1980
160 Strongren, I960
80 Strongren, 1980
45 Stromgren, 1980
50 Clendennlng & North,
1959
130 Stromgren, I960
Results are expressed as mercury, not as the chemical.
45
-------
Table 5. Blaaccumulatlon of Mercury by Aquatic Organises
Species
Tissue
Our at Ion BlocoAcantratloa
Chemical (days) Factor*
Reference
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Rainbow trout,
Sat mo gal r doer 1
Fathead Minnow.
Plmephales promelas
Rainbow trout.
Sal mo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout.
Sal mo galrdnerl
Brook trout,
SalveUnus fontlnalls
Brook trout,
Salvellnus fontlnalls
Brook trout,
Salvellnus fontlnalls
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Eastern oyster (adult),
Crassostrea virgin lea
American lobster (adult),
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Muscle
Whole body
Muscle and
whole body
Whole body
Soft parts
Tal 1 muscle
Mercury( 1 1 )
Mercuric chloride 60
Mercuric chloride 287
Methylmercury
Methy (Mercuric 60
chloride
Methyl mercuric 75
chloride
Methyl mercuric 273
chloride
Methyl mercuric 273
chloride
Methyl mercuric 756
chloride
Methyl mercuric 336
chloride
SALTWATER SPECIES
Mercury Ml)
Mercuric chloride
Mercuric chloride
74
30
1,800
4,994"
11,000
85,700
11,000-
33,000
10.000-
23,000
12,000
44, ISO-
SI, 670
10,000
129
Boudou & Rlbeyre, 1984
Snarskl & Olson. 1982
Boudou & Rlbeyre, 1984
Nllml & Lowe-Jlnde,
1984
McKlm. et al. 1976
McKlm. et al. 1976
McKlm, et al. 1976
Olson, et al. 1975
Kopfler, 1974
Thurbery, et al. 1977
Homarus amerlcanus
46
-------
TabU 5. (ContlniMd)
Species Tissue
Eastern oyster (adult). Soft parts
Crassostrea virgin lea
Eastern oyster (adult). Soft parts
Crassostrea virgin lea
Chemical
Duratlom
(days)
Methylmercury
Methylmercuric
chloride
74
Other Mercury Compounds
Pheny(mercuric
chloride
74
BloconcentratIon
Factor*
40.000
40.000
Reference
Koptler, 1974
Kopfler. 1974
* Results are based on Mercury, not the chemical.
"From concentrations that caused adverse effects In a life-cycle test.
Maximum Permissible Tissue Concentration
Consumer
Han
Mink.
Mustela vlson
Brook trout,
Salvellnus fontlnalls
Action Level or Effect
Action level for edible
fish or shellfish
Hlstologlcal evidence
of Injury
Death (700 days)
Concentration
(mq/kg)
1.0
£1.1
5-7
Reference
U.S. FDA, I964a,b
Wobeser. I976a,b
McKIm, et al, 1976
Hathy [mercury
Freshwater Final Residue Value - (1.0 mg/kg) / 81,700 = 0.000012 mg/kg * 0.012 ug/L (see text)
Saltwater Final Residue Value * (1.0 mg/kg) / 40,000 = 0.000025 mg/kg = 0.025 ug/L
Mercury(I I)
Freshwater Final Residue Value = (1.0 mg/kg) / 4,994 = 0.00020 mg/kg - 0.20 ug/L (see text)
Saltwater Final Residue Value = (1.0 mg/kg) / 10,000 = 0.00010 mg/kg = 0.10 ug/L (see text)
47
-------
Tab I* 6. Other Data on Effects of Mercury on Aquatic Organisms
Result
Species
Che-leal
Reference
Alga,
(Spring assemblages,
predominantly diatoms)
Alga,
Ankl strodesmus braunl 1
Alga,
Ankl strodesmus braunl 1
Alga,
Ankl strodesmus sp.
Alga,
Synedra ulna
Green alga,
Scenedesmus quadrlcauda
Green alga,
Scenedesmus quadrlcauda
Bacteria,
Eschar 1 chi a coll
Bacteria,
Eschar Ichla col I
Bacteria,
Pseudomonas put Ida
Protozoan,
Entoslphon sulcatum
Protozoan,
Chi lomonas paramacium
Protozoan,
Uronema parduczl
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur 1 c
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur 1 c
chloride
Mercur 1 c
cyanide
Mercur I c
chloride
Mercur 1 c
cyanide
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Mercury( 1 1 )
2 hrs EC5O (reduced
photosy nthes 1 s)
168-240 hrs EC50 (Inhibited
llpid biosynthesis)
24 days Inhibited growth
10 days More toxic at pH «
5 than pH - 7
0.29 days BCF-29.000
96 hrs Incipient
Inhibition
96 hrs Incipient
Inhibition
Incipient
Inhibition
Incipient
Inhibition
16 hrs Incipient
Inhibition
72 hrs Incipient
Inhibition
48 hrs Incipient
inhibition
20 hrs Incipient
inhibition
80
2,590
74
5
150"
200
200
10
18
15
67
Bllnn, et al . 1977
Mat son, et al. 1972
Trevors, 1982
Baker, et al. 1983
Fujita I Hashlzuma,
1972
Brlngmann & Kuhn, 1959a,b
Brlngmann & Kuhn, 1959a,b
Brlngmann & Kuhn. I959a
Bringmann i Kuhn, I959a
Bringmann & Kuhn,
1976, 1977a, 1979, 1980b
Bringmann, 1978; Bringmann
4 Kuhn, 1979. |980b, 1981
Brinqmann. et al . 1980;
Brlngmann & Kuhn, 1981
Brlngmann & Kuhn, I980a,
1981
48
-------
TabU 6. (Continued)
Result
Species
Protozoan,
Mlcroregma heterostoaa
Protozoan,
Mlcroregma heterostoma
Hydra,
Hydra ollqactls
Planarlan,
Dugesla luqubrls
Tubl field wore,
Tublfex tublfex
Snail,
Lymnaea staqnalla
Mussel,
Marqarltt fera margarltlfera
Cladoceran,
Dlaphanosoma sp.
Cladoceran,
Daphnla galeata nendotae
Cladoceran,
Daphn 1 a magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Bosmlna longlrostrls
Cheelcal
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
cyanide
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur 1 c
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur 1 c
chloride
Mercur 1 c
nitrate
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur 1 c
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur 1 c
cyanide
Mercur 1 c
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Duration
28 hrs
28 hrs
48 hrs
48 hrs
.48 hrs
48 hrs
39 days
3 wks
3 wks
3 wks
48 hrs
48 hrs
24 hrs
3 wks
Effect
Incipient
Inhibition
Incipient
Inhibition
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
BCF-302
Reduced population
density
Reduced population
density
Reproductive
Impairment
EC50
EC50
LC50
Reduced population
density
(|ig/|.)*
150
160
56
55
3,200
443
-
2.8
2.2
3.4
30"
20* »
13
2.8
Reference
Brlngmann & Kuhn, I959b
Brlngaann & Kuhn, 1959b
Slooff. 1983; Slooff.
et al. 1983
Slooff, 1983
Oureshl, at al. 1980
Slooff, 1983; Slooff,
et al. 1983
Mel linger. 1973
Marshall, et al.
1981
Marshal 1. et al.
1981
Bleslnger &
Chrlstensen, 1972
Brlngmann & Kuhn, I959a,b
Brlngmann & Kuhn. 1959a,b
Brlngmann & Kuhn, I977b
Marshal 1, et al .
1981
49
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Natural copepod
assemblages
Amphlpod,
Gammarus sp.
Amphlpod,
Gammarus sp.
Crayfish (male, mixed ages),
Faxonella clypeatus
Crayfish (0.2 g),
Faxonella clypeatus
Crayfish (1.2 g),
Faxonella clypeatus
Crayfish (adult),
Orconectes llmosus
Crayfish (juvenile),
Orconectes llmosus
Crayfish (Juvenile),
Orconectes llmosus
Crayfish (male, mixed ayes),
Procambarus clark I
Freshwater community
(primary producers,
herbivores and
carnivorous midges)
Mosquito,
Aades aegyptl
Mosquito,
Aedes aeqyptl
Chemical
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur Ic
chloride
Mercuric
nitrate
Mar cur Ic
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur Ic
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Marcur 1 c
chloride
Mercur 1 c
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Duration
7 days
7 days
7 days
72 hrs
24 hrs
672 hrs
96 hrs
30 days
30 days
72 hrs
» yr
48 hrs
48 hrs
Effect
Reduced growth
rate
BCF=2.500
BCF-2,500
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC60
LC50 (unfed)
LC50 (fed)
LC50
Reduced algal standing
stock and diversity;
no evidence of effects
on midges
LC50
LC50
Result
(uoA)«
26.3
-
-
200
1,000
1,000
740
2
<2
200
0.1
4,100
776
Reference
Borymann, 1980
Zubarlk & O'Connor,
1978
ZubarlK A O'Connor,
1978
Halt & Flngerman,
1977
Halt & Flngerman.
1977
Halt & Flngerman,
1977
Doyle, et al . 1976
Boutet &
Chalsemartln, 1973
Boutet &
Chalsemartln, 1973
Helt & Flngerman,
1977
Slgmon, et al . 1977
SI oof f, et al. 1983
SI oof f, et al. 1983
50
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Pink salmon (eabryo),
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
Pink salmon (pre-eyed ambryo),
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
Pink salmon (larva),
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
Sockeye salmon (embryo),
Oncorhynchus nerka
Sockeye salmon
(pre-eyed embryo),
Oncorhynchus nerka
Sockeye salmon (larva),
Oncorhynchus nerka
.Sockeye salmon (juvenile),
Qncorhynchus nerka
Rainbow trout (juvenile),
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (juvenile),
Sal mo galrdnarl
Rainbow trout (juvenile),
Sal mo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Sal mo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (embryo, larva),
Salmo galrdnerl
Chemical
Mercuric
sulfata
Mercuric
suitate
Mercuric
sulfate
Mercuric
sulfata
Mercuric
sulfate
Mercur Ic
sulfate
Mercuric
sulfate
Mercuric
chI or I de
Mercuric
chI or Ide
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
ch I or 1 de
Mercuric
chloride
Duration
Effect
2 days
-------
Table 6. (Continued!
Specie*
Rainbow trout (embryo, larva),
Sal mo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (embryo, larva),
Salroo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo qalrdnerl
Result
Rainbow trout,
Salmo qalrdnerl
Goldfish (embryo, larva),
Carasslus auratus
Goldfish (embryo, larva),
Carasslus auratus
Common carp,
Cyprlnus carp Io
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
White sucker (adult),
Catostomus commersonl
White sucker (adult),
Catostomus coroner son I
Channel catfish (embryo, larva),
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish (embryo, larva),
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish (embryo, larva),
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish (embryo, larva),
Ictalurus punctatus
Chemical
Mercuric
chloride
MarcurIc
chloride
MercurIc
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Marcur Ic
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur Ic
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur Ic
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Duration
28 days
28 days
5, 18 mo
48 hrs
7 days
7 days
60-72 hrs
48 hrs
36 mln
46 mln
10 days
10 days
-
Effect
EC50 (death and
deformity)
EC 10 (death and
deformity)
Substantial
mortality
LC50
EC50 (death and
deformity)
EC50 (death and
deformity)
Reduced hatching
success
t£50
Blood enzyme (LDH)
Inhibition 20*
Blood enzyme (GOT)
Inhibition 20*
EC50 (death and
deformity)
EC50 (death and
deformity)
Increased
albinism
3,000
37
8.000
10,000
30
0.3
0.5
10 days BCF=441-2071
Reference
Blrge, et al. 1979,
1980
Blrge, et al. 1981
480 Slooff, et al. 1983
Blrge. 1978; Blrge,
et al. 1979
Blrge, 1978; Blrge,
et al. 1979
Huckabee & Griffith,
1974
Slooff. et al. 1983
Chrlstensen, 1972
Chrlstensen, 1972
Blrge. et al. 1979
Blrge. et al. 1979
Westerman & Blrge,
1978
Blrge, et al. 1979
52
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species Chemical
Channel catfish (embryo, larva). Mercuric
Ictalurus punctatus chloride
MosqultofIsh, Mercuric
Gambusla affinis chloride
Guppy, Mercuric
Poectlla ret leu Iata chloride
Guppy, MercurIc
Poecllla retlculata chloride
Blueglll (embryo, larva). Mercuric
Lepomls macrochlrus chloride
Redear suntlsh (embryo, larva). Mercuric
Lepomls mlcrolophus chloride
Largemouth bass (embryo, larva), Mercuric
Mlcropterus salmoIdes chIor Ide
Largemouth bass (embryo, larva). Mercuric
Hlcropterus salmoIdes chloride
Largemouth bass,
Mlcropterus satmoldes
Mozambique tllapla. Mercuric
Tllapla mossamblca nitrate
Mozambique tllapla. Mercuric
Tllapla mossambIca chloride
Pig frog (embryo, larva), Mercuric
Rana nryl>o chloride
River frog (embryo, larva). Mercuric
Rana heckscherl chloride
Leopard frog (embryo, larva). Mercuric
Rana pip lens chloride
Duration
Effect
Result
{|ig/L)« Refer
10 days BCF-4.4-353
>10 days LC50
24 hrs IC50
48 hrs LC50
7-8 days EC50 (death and
deformity)
7-8 days EC50 (death and
deformity)
8 days EC50 (death and
deformity)
8 days EC50 (death and
deformity)
24 hrs Affected opercular
rhythm
35 days Clinical symptoms
48 hrs LC50
7 days EC50 (death an4
deformity)
7 days EC50 (death and
deformity)
7 days EC50 (death and
deformity)
01 rye, et al. 1979
500 Boudou. et al. 1979
13
10
1,000
Hamdy, t977
303 Slooff, et al. 1983
88.7 Blrge, et al. 1979
137.2 Blrge, et al. 1979
130 Blrge, et al. 1978,
140 1979
5.3 Blrge. et al. 1979
Morgan. 1979
310 Panlgrahl & Mlsra,
1980
Menezes & Qaslm, 1983
67.2 Blrge, et al. 1979
59.9 Blrge, et al. 1979
7.3 Blrge. et al. 1979
53
-------
Tabla 6. (Continued)
Species Chemical
Narrow-mouthed toad Mercuric
(embryo, larva), chloride
Gastrophryne carol 1 nans>»
Green toad (embryo, larva). Mercuric
Bufo debllIs chloride
Fowler's toad (embryo, larva). Mercuric
Bufo foxier! chloride
Red-spotted toad Mercuric
(embryo, larva), chloride
Bufo punctatus
Northern cricket frog Mercuric
(embryo, larva), chloride
Acrls crepltans
Southern gray treefrog Mercuric
(embryo, larva), chloride
Hyla chrysoscelIs
Spring peeper (embryo, larva). Mercuric
Hyla cruel far chloride
Barking treefrog Mercuric
(embryo, larva), chloride
Hyla gratlosa
Squirrel treafrog Mercuric
(embryo, larva), chloride
Hyla squlrella
Gray treefrog (embryo, larva), Mercuric
Hyla verslcolor chloride
African clawed frog. Mercuric
Xenopus laevls chloride
African clawed frog. Mercuric
Xenopus laevls chloride
Duration
7 days
7 days
7 days
7 days
7 days
7 days
7 days
7 days
7 days
Effect
EC50 (death and
deformity)
EC50 (death and
deformity)
EC-JO (death and
deformity)
EC50 (death and
deformity)
EC50 (death and
deformity)
EC50 (death and
deformity)
EC50 (death and
deformity)
EC50 (death and
deformity)
EC50 (death and
deformity)
7 days EC50 (death and
deformity)
II mos
48 hrs LC50
Substantial
mortalIty
RMUlt
(iig/l)* Reference
I Blrge, at al. 1978.
1.3 1979
40.0 Blrge. et al. 1979
65.9 Blrge, et al. 1979
36.8 Blrge. et al. 1979
10.4 Blrge. et al. 1979
2.4 Blrge, et al. 1979
2.8 Blrge. et al. 1979
2.5 Blrge, et al. 1979
2.4 Blrge, et al. 1979
2.6 Blrge, et al. 1979
0.16-0.2 Blrge, et al. 1978
74 Slooff & Bderselman,
I960; Slooff, et al.
1983
54
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Marbled salamander
(embryo, larva),
Ambystoma opacum
Alga,
Anklstrodesmtis braunll
Alga,
Coelastrum mlcroporum
Alga,
Scenedesmus obllquus
Alga,
Mlcrocystls Incerta
Planarlan,
Dugesla dorotocephaI a
Mussel,
Marqarltlfera margarltlfera
Amphlpod,
Gammarus sp.
Rainbow trout (juvenile),
Salmo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (Juvenile),
Sal mo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (juvenile),
Salmo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salreo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Sal mo galrdnerl
Chemical
Mercuric
chloride
Methylnercurlc
chloride
Methylmercuric
chloride
Methylmercuric
chloride
Methy(mercuric
chloride
Methylmercuric
chloride
MethyInercurIc
chloride
MethyImercuric
chloride
MethyI mercuric
chI or Ide
MethyImercuric
chloride
MethyI marcur IC
chloride
Methylmercuric
chloride
MethyImercurIc
chloride
Duration
Effect
7-8 days EC50 (death and
deformity)
Result
fug/U*
108
107.5
Reference
Blrge, et al. 1978,
1979
Methy Imercury
I6B-240 hrs Llpld biosynthesis, 1,598 Matson, et al. 1972
>EC50
EC50 (growth
Inhibition)
14 days BCF-2,100 (Maxi-
mum by third day)***
14 days BCF-990 (Maximum
by third day)**"
4 days LC50
57 days BCF-2,463
>2.4-<4.8 Holderness, et al.
1975
Havllk. et al. 1979
Havllk, et al. 1979
200-500 Best, et al. 1981
Mel linger. 1973
Zubarlk & O'Connor,
1978
7 days 8CF=8,000 (approx.)
ReInert, et al. 1974
Re Inert, et al. 1974
Re Inert, at al. 1974
Inhibited growth 0.0037-0.037 Matlda, et al. 1971
84 days**** BCF=4,530 (whole
fish, 5 C)
84 days**** BCF-6,620 (whole
fish, 10 C)
B4 days**** BCF-8,049 (whole
fish, 15 C)
14 days
approximate LC80
e
Blanc. 1973
55
-------
TabI* 6. (Continued)
Specie*
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout
(embryo, larva),
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Sal mo galrdnerl
Brook trout (embryo),
Salvellnus fontlnalls
Brook trout (alevin),
SalvelInus fontlnalls
Brook trout (alevlns),
Salvellnus fontlnalls
Brook trout (juvenile),
SalvelInus fontlnalIs
Brook trout,
Salvellnus fontlnalls
Common carp,
Cyprlnus carplo
Mosqultoflsh,
Gambusla at finis
RttUlt
Chemical
Methy (mercuric
chloride
Me thy (mar curie
chloride plus
Inorganic
mercury
—
Methy l«ercurlc
chloride plus
Inorganic
mercury
Methy (mercuric
chloride
Methy (mercuric
chloride
Methy (mercuric
ch 1 or 1 de
Methy (mercuric
chloride
Methy (mercuric
ch 1 or 1 de
Methy (mercuric
ch 1 or 1 de
Methy (mercuric
ch 1 or 1 de
Mat hy (mercuric
chloride
Duration
1 wk
120 days
24 days
269 days
30 mln
16-17 days
Incubation
period
+ 21 days
30 days
14 days
8 days
16 days
<24 hrs
Effect
Effected osmo-
regulatlon
Loss of appetite
EC50 (death and
deformity)
Loss of nervous
control
EC50 (Reduced
vlabl llty of sperm)
Decreased enzyme
(COT) activity
Reduced growth
Increased enzyme
(GOT) activity
Increased blood
plasma chloride
Increased cough
frequency
Reduced protein
synthesis
LC50
-------
T«bl« 6. (ContlntMd)
RMUlt
Species
Mosqultoflsh,
Gambusla afflnls
Mosqultoflsh,
Gambusla afflnls
Mosqultoflsh,
Gambusla afflnls
Mosqultoflsh,
Gambusla afflnls
Blueglll (Juvenile).
Lepomls macrochlrus
Blueglll (juvenile),
Lepooils aiacrochlrus
Blueglll (juvenile),
Lepomls macrochlrus
Leopard frog (tadpole),
Rana pI piens
Leopard frog,
Rana plplens
Leopard frog
(blastula embryo),
Rana plplens
Chemical
Methy (mercuric
chloride
Methy (mercuric
chloride
Methy (mercuric
chloride
Methyl mercuric
chloride
Methyl mercuric
chloride
Methy (mercuric
chloride
Methy (mercuric
chloride
Mathyl mercuric
chloride
Methy (mercuric
chloride
Methy (mercuric
chloride
Duration
30 days
30 days
30 days
30 days
28.5 days
28.5 days
28.5 days
48 hrs
4 mos
5 days
Effect
«M4*4BV«V«^B
BCF-2,500
(whole fish,
10 C)
8CF=4,300
(whole fish,
18 C)
BCF»3,000
(whole fish,
164 eg/kg In
food. 10 C}
BCF=27,000
(whole fish,
238 «g/kg In
food, 26 C)
(whole fish.
9 C)
BCF=92I»»"«
(whole fish,
21 C)
BCF-2,400M*»«
(whole fish,
33 C)
LCIOO
Failure to
metamorphose
LC50
(liq/L}* Reference
Boudou, et al.
Boudou, et al.
Boudou, et al.
Boudou, et al.
Camber, et al.
Camber, et al.
Camber, et al.
50-100 Chang, et al.
1-10 Chang, et al.
12-16 Dial, 1976
1979
1979
1979
1979
1978
1978
1978
1974
1974
57
-------
Tab)* 6. (Continued)
Species
Loopurd frog
(gastrula embryo),
Rana pi plans
Leopard frog
(neural plate embryo),
Rana pi pi ens
Leopard frog
(blastula embryo),
Rana pip lens
Leopard frog
(gastrula embryo),
Rana plplens
Leopard frog
(neural plate embryo),
Rana plplens
Newt,
Trlturus vlrldescens
Newt,
Trlturus vlrldescens
Newt.
Trlturus vlrldascens
Mink (adult),
Mustela vlson
Mink (adult),
Mustola vlson
Chemical
Methylmercuric
chloride
Mathy(mercuric
chloride
MethyImercur Ic
chloride
MethyImercuric
chloride
Methy(mercuric
chloride
MethyImercuric
chloride
MathyImercuric
chI or Ide
Methy(mercuric
chloride
MethyImercuric
chloride
MethyImercuric
chloride
Duration Effect
5 days LC50
5 days LC50
96 hrs EC50
(teratogenesls)
96 hrs EC50
(teratogenesls)
96 hrs EC50
(teratogenesls)
>2 days
Delayed limb
regeneration
17 days Death
8 days Death
Result
(ug/D* Reference
8-12 Dial. 1976
12-16 Dial, 1976
0-4
12
8
300
1.000
93 days Hlstologlc evidence I.100
of Injury
93 days LC50 In brain 11,000
tissue
Dial, 1976
8-12 Dial. 1976
Dial. 1976
Chang, et al. 1976
Chang, et al. 1976
Chang, et al. 1976
Wobeser. 1973
Wobeser, 1973
Alga,
(Florida Lake assemblage)
Methy(mercuric
dIcyand I amide
Other Mercury Compounds
(25 hrs Reduced blomass
0.8 Harrlss, et al. 1970
(approx.)
58
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Alga.
(Florida Lake assemblage)
Chemical
Duration
N-Methy(mercuric- 125 hrs
I,2,3,6-tetrahydro-
3,6-methano-3,4,5,6,
7,7,- hexach I or o-
phthallMlde
Alga.
Cladophoraceae
Alga.
Ulothrlchaceae
Alga,
(Florida Lake assemblage)
Alga,
(Florida Lake assemblage)
Alga.
Scenede&mus obllquus
Alga,
Mlcrocystls Incerta
Sponge,
Ephydatla fluvlatllls
Sponge,
Ephydatla fluvlatllls
Amph 1 pod ,
Gamma r us sp.
Crayfish ( juvenl le) ,
Procambarus dark!
Sockeye salmon (juvenile),
Oncorhynchus nerka
Sockeye salmon (juvenile).
Ethylmercuric
phosphate
Ethylmercuric
phosphate
Pheny (mercuric
acetate
Olphenyl
mercury
Pheny (mercuric
chloride
Pheny (mercuric
chloride
Mercury
Mercury
Pheny (mercuric
acetate
Methyl mercuric
dicyandlmide
Pyr idyl mercuric
acetate
Pyr Idy (mercuric
1 hr
1 hr
125 hrs
125 hrs
14 days
14 days
30 days
30 days
7 days
120 hrs
1.5 hrs
1 hr
Effect
Reduced bl amass
Nui sance control
Nul sance control
Reduced bl amass
Reduced blomass
BCF=I3,000 (Maxi-
mum by third day)
BCFM.OOO (Maximum
by third day)
Malformed gemmo-
sc lures
LC50
Result
(»g/L>* Reference
0.3 Harrlss. et al. 1970
(approx.)
38.6 Burrows & Combs. 1958
38.6 Burrows 4 Combs, 1958
0.5 Harrlss. et al. 1970
(approx.)
2.8 Harrlss. et al. 1970
(approx.)
Havllk. et al. 1979
HavllK. et al. 1979
Mysing-Gubala &
Polrrler, 1981
Oncorhynchus nerka
acetate
BCF=8,000 (approx.)
LC50
LC50
Safe for disease
control
Mysing-Gubala &
Polrrler, 19ttt
Zubarlk & O'Connor,
1978
Hendrick & Everett,
100-500
56
10.500- Burrows & Palmer,
15,700 1949
<954
Rucker, 1948
59
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Sockoya salwon (Juvenile),
Oncorhynchus nerka
Chinook salwon (fIngerling),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscna
Chinook salmon,
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Rainbow trout (juvenile).
Salrno qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (Juvenile),
Salmo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (juvenile),
Sal mo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (alevln),
Sal mo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (juvenile),
Sal IPO qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Sal mo qalrdnerl
Chemical
Duration
Rainbow trout (juvenile),
Salmo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (juvenile),
Salmo galrdnarl
Rainbow trout (juvenile),
Salmo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (juvenile),
Salmo qalrdnerl
PyrIdyl«ercurlc I nr
acetate
Ethylmercuric I hr
phosphate
Ethy(mercuric 20 hrs
phopshate
Pyrldylmercurlc I hr
acetate
PyrIdy(mercuric I hr
acetate
Pyrldylmercurlc I hr
acetate
PyrIdy(mercuric I hr
acetate
Pyridylmercuric I hr
acetate
PhenyImercuric 12 wks
acetate
Ethy(mercuric 48 hrs
phosphate
Ethylmercurlc
p-toluene
sulfonanl11de
Pyrldylmercurlc 24 hrs
acetate
Pheny(mercuric 48 hrs
acetate
Effect
Safe for disease
control
Dlstress
Safe for disease
control
LCI 00
LOO
LC33 ( 8.3 C)
(13.3 C)
Safe for dl sease
control
LC60
Result
(nQ/L)«
<4.752
77
39
4,750
4,750
<4 ,750
517
Reference
Rucker 4 Mhlpple,
1951
Burrows i Combs, 1958
Burrows & Combs. 1958
1,030 Allison. 1957
967 Allison, 1957
Rodgers. et al. 1951
Rucker & Whlpple,
1951
Allison. 1957
Growth inhibition O.ll-l.l Mat I da. et al. 1971
LC50
43 Hatlda, et al. 1971
Retarded learning 5 ug/g in Hartman, 1978
feed dally
or 10 wg/g
teed every
fifth day
LC50
LC50
25 MacLeod & Pessah,
1973
1,780 Ml 11 ford, 1966
60
-------
TabU 6. (Continued)
Species
Rainbow trout (juvenile),
Satmo qalrdnerl
Brown trout (juvenile),
Salmo trutta
Brown trout (Juvenile),
Salmo trutta
Brown trout (juvenile),
Salmo trutta
Brook trout (juvenile),
Salvellnus fontlnalls
Brook trout (juvenile),
Salvellnus fontI nails
Brook trout (juvenile),
Salvellnus font!nails
Brook trout (juvenile),
SaIvelInus font Ina11s
Lake trout (juvenile).
Salvejlnus namaycush
Lake trout (juvenile),
Sal veilnus namaycush
Channel catfish (juvenile),
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish (juvenile),
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish (yolk sac fry), PyrIdy(mercuric 48 hrs
Ictalurus punctatus acetate
Result
Chemical
Merthlolate
Pyrldylmercurlc
acetate
Pyr Idyl *ercurlc
acetate
Merthlolate
Pyrldylmercurlc
acetate
Pyrldylmercurlc
acetate
Pyrldylmercurlc
acetate
Merthlolate
Pyrldy (mercuric
acetate
Merthlolate
Pyrldylmercurlc
acetate
Pyrldy (mercuric
acetate
Duration
48 hrs
1 hr
48 hrs
48 hrs
1 hr
1 hr
48 hrs
48 hrs
48 hrs
48 hrs
72 hrs
48 hrs
Effect
LC50
Safe for dl sease
control
LC50
LC50
Safe for di sease
control
Safe for dl sease
control
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50 (10 C)
(16.5 C)
(24 C)
lug/1)*
10,500
4,750
2,950
26,800
2,070
4,750
5,080
36,900
3,610
1,060
232
1,960
1,340
234
Reference
Will ford.
Rodgars. i
HI II ford.
Ml II ford.
Allison, 1
Rodgers, <
Will ford.
Wlllford,
Will ford.
Mil Iford,
Clemens &
I958a, 19!
Clemens &
I958b
Channel catfish (I wk-old>,
Ictalurus punctatus
Pyrldylmercurlc 48 hrs
acetate
LC50 (23 C)
LC50 (23 C)
178 Clemens 4 Sneed,
I958b
<148 CI omens & Sneed,
1958b
61
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
ChMlcai
Duration
Effect
Result
<»g/ll* Reference
Channel catfish,
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish,
Ictalurus punctatus
Blueglll (juvenile),
Lepomls macrochlrus
Blueglll (juvenile),
Lepomls macrochlrus
Largemouth bass,
Hlcroptarus salmoldes
Red alga,
Antlthamnlon plumula
Alga,
Chaetoceros qlavestonensls
Alga.
Chaetoceros galvestonansl s
Alqa.
Chaetoceros qalvestonensl s
Alga,
Chroomonas sallna
Alga,
Cyclotella sp.
Alga,
Dunal lei la sp.
Pyrldy laercurlc
acetate
Marthlolate
Pyr idyl Mercuric
acetate
Herthlolate
Mercury
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
ch 1 or 1 de
Mercur 1 c
chloride
Mercur 1 c
ch 1 or 1 de
Mercur 1 c
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
48 hrs
48 hrs
48 hrs
48 hrs
21 days
SALTWATER
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
Threshold of
effect opercu-
lar rnytnm
SPECIES
Mercury( 1 1 )
30 mln LC50 after 7 days
4 days About 30? reduction
In growth
4 days No growth of
culture
4 days BCF»IO,920
1 days BCF-853
3 days No growth of
culture
75? reduction In
CO,
1,370
2,800
7.600
32,000
10
5,000
10
100
100
2,500
Will ford, 1966
WIN ford, 1966
Will ford. 1966
Will ford. 1966
Morgan, 1979
Bon ay & Corner,
Hannan, et al .
Hannan, et al .
Hannan, et al .
Parrlsh & Carr.
Hannan & Pa tool
1972
MM Is A Colwell
1959
19736
I973b
I973b
1976
Met.
, 197;
62
-------
Tabl. 6. (Continued)
Species Chemical Duration
Alga, Mercuric 8 days
DunaIiel la tertlolecta chloride
Alga, Mercuric 8 days
Dunallella tertlolecta chloride
Diatom, Mercuric 7 days
Nltzchla aclcularls chloride
Diatom, Mercuric 15 days
Skeletonema costatum chloride
Alga, Mercuric 3 days
Dunallella tertlolecta chloride
Alga, Mercuric 8 days
Dunallella tertlolecta chloride
Alga, Mercuric 15 days
Isochrysls qalbana chloride
Alga, Mercuric 15 days
Isochrysls galbana chloride
Alga, Mercuric 28 days
Isochrysls galbana chloride
Kelp (zoosporas, gametophytes. Mercuric 28 days
sporophytes), chloride
Laminar I a hyperborea
Kelp (zoospores, gametophytes. Mercuric 22 hrs
sporophytes), chloride
Laminar I a hyperborea
Kelp (zoospores, pamefophytes. Mercuric 28 hrs
sporophytes), chloride
Laminar I a hyperborea
Result
Effect (g9/L)*
About 101 Increase 100
In Maximum chloro-
phyl I _a_ concentra-
tion
About 45* Increase 220
In Maximum chloro-
phy 1 1 _a_ concentra-
tlon
Betz, 1977
Betz, 1977
Prevented growth
Reduced eel I
density
About 15< reduction
In growth
No et feet on growth
About 10$ reduction
In growth
About 60% reduction
In growth
150-200 Mora A Fabregas, 1980
0.08 Cloutler-Mantha &
Harrison, 1980
10 Davles, 1976
2 Davies, 1976
5.1 Davles, 1974
10.5 Davies, 1974
Growth rate recovery 10.5 Davies, 1974
to near normal
after day 5
Lowest concentration 10
causing growth
Inhibition
Hopkins & Kaln, 1971
EC50 respiration about 450 Hopkins & Kaln, 1971
About 801 reduc-
tion In
respiration
10,000
Hopkins & Kaln, 1971
63
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Alga,
Phaeodactylu* trlcornutu*
Alga,
Phaeodactylum trlcornutm
Alga,
Phaeodacty 1 un trlcornutum
Red alga (sporllng),
Plumarla e lagans
Red alga (sporllng),
Plumarla elegans
Red alga (sporllng),
Plumarla elegans
Red alga,
Plumarla elegans
Red alga,
Polyslphonla lanosa
Alga (mixed) ,
Asterlonella japonlca plus
Diogenes sp.
5 seaweed species,
Ascophyllum nodosum.
Fucus spiral fs.
F. verslculosus.
F. serratus.
Pelvetla canal iculata
Algae,
(eighteen species)
Cheat cat
Mercur Ic
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur Ic
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur Ic
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Duration
4 dayi
4 days
4 days
24 hrs
1 hr
18 hrs
30 «ln
30 mln
8 days
10 days
17 days
Effect
About 50} reduction
In growth
No growth of
culture
BCF-7,120
40} reduction In
growth over 21 days
40} reduction In
growth over 21 days
LC50 after 7 days
LC50 after 7 days
LC50 after 7 days
BCF-3.467
10-30} reduction In
growth
Growth Inhibition
Result
Cuo/U«
50
120
120
1,000
3,170
6.700
8,000
10
<5-15
Reference
Hannan, et al. 1973b
Hannan, et at. 1973a
Hannan, et al. I973b
Boney. 1971
Boney. 1971
Boney, et al. 1959
Boney & Corner, 1959
Boney & Corner, 1959
Laumond, et al. 1973
Strongran, 1980
Bar land, et al. 1976
64
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Specie*
Algae,
(eighteen species)
Algae,
(three species)
Algae,
(three species)
Algae,
(three species)
Natural phytoplankton
populations
Natural phytoplankton
populations
Phytoplankton,
(Natural assemblages)
Protozoan,
Crlstlgera sp.
Protozoan,
Eup lotas vannus
Sand worm (adult).
Nereis v Irons
Sand worm (adult).
Nereis v Irons
Polychaete worm (adult),
Ophryotrocha dladema
Polychaete worm (adult),
Ophryotrocha dladema
Polychaete worm (adult),
Ophryotrocha dladema
Polychaete worm,
Ophryotrocha dladema
Chemical
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
ch 1 or I de
Mar cur Ic
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
ch 1 or 1 de
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Duration
17 days
168 hrs
166 hrs
168 hrs
120 hrs
96 hrs
21 days
12 hrs
48 hrs
168 hrs
168 hrs
96 hrs
96 hrs
96 hrs
48 hrs
Effect
^•••«HM>
Death
Depressed growth
No further
bloaccumulatlon
Changes 1 n eel 1
cheml stry
Reduced chlorophyll
Reduced bloaass
Inhibited growth
Reduced growth
Inhibition of
reproduction
LC50
LCIOO
LCI3
LJC60
LCI 00
LC50
Result
Ciw/ll*
10-50
30-350
40
30-350
6
2
1
2.5-5
1.000
60
125
50
100
500
30-100
Reference
Berland. et al. 1976
Sick & Window, 1975
Sick & Wlndom, 1975
Sick & Wlndom, 1975
Holllbaugh, et al.
I960
Holllbaugh, et al.
1980
Thomas, et a|. 1977
Gray & Ventllla, 1973
Persoone &
Uyttersprot. 1975
Elsler & Hennekey,
1977
Elsler & Hennekey,
1977
Relsh & Carr, 1978
Relsh & Carr, 1978
Relsh & Carr, 1978
Parker, 1984
65
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Specie*
Blue mussel (larva),
Mytllus edulls
Pacific oyster (larva),
Crassostrea glgas
Eastern oyster (embryo),
Crassostrea vlrglnlca
Eastern oyster (embryo),
Crassostrea vlrglnlca
Eastern oyster (embryo),
Crassostrea vlrglnlca
Clam,
Hullna lateral Is
Common rang la,
Rang I a cuneata
Conmon rang la,
RangI a cuneata
Quahog clam (larva),
Hercenarla mercenarla
Qua hog clam (larva),
Mercenarla mercenarla
Soft-shell clam (adult),
Mya arenarla
Soft-shell clam (adult),
Mya arenarla
Soft-shell clam (adult),
Mya arenarla
Copepods (adult),
(5 genera)
Copepods (adult),
(5 genera)
Chemical
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
MercurIc
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
MercurIc
chloride
Mercuric
chI or Ide
MercurIc
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
MercurIc
chloride
MercurIc
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Duration
Effect
Result
Cua/D* Reference
24 hrs Abnormal development 32
24 hrs. Abnormal
development
12 days LC50
48 hrs
UCO
19 days Trace metal upset
72 hrs Reduced calcium
uptake
96 hrs
LC50 (
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Specie*
Copepods (adult),
(5 genera)
Copepod (adult),
Pseudocalanus mlnutus
Copepod (adult),
Pseudocalanus mlnutus
Copepod (adult),
Acartla clausl
Copepod (adult),
Acartla clausl
Barnacle (adult),
Balanus balanoldes
Barnacle (cyprld),
Balanus balanoldes
Barnacle (cyprld),
Balanus balanoldes
Barnacles (naupllus),
BaI anus crenatus
Barnacle (cyprld),
Balanus Improvlsus
White shrimp (adult),
Penaeus setlferus
Grass shrimp (larva),
Pa I aemanates vulgar15
Grass shrimp (larva),
Palaemonetes vulgarjs
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes puglo
Chealcal
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
MercurIc
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
MercurIc
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Duration
48 hrs
Effect
Rwult
(»g/L)* Reference
1.9 hrs
6 hrs
6 hrs
6 hrs
48 hrs
60 days
<24 hrs
48 hrs
120 hrs
Hg-Cu Interactions 17
on LC50 (Hg In
•Ixture)
70 days No growth of culture
70 days No growth Inhibition I
LC50
24 hrs BCF-7,500
48 hrs LC90
50
1,000
About I0| reduclton 10
In substrate attach-
ment over 19 days
LC50 90
LC50
About 50| abnormal 16,600
development
No effect on 1
respiration, growth,
or molting
LOGO 56
LCO <5.6
LC50 148
Reeve, et al. 1977
Sonntag & Greve, 1977
Sonntag & Greve, 1977
Corner & Sparrow,
1956
RelIchiro, et al.
1983
Clarke, 1947
PyefInch & Mott, 1948
Pyeflnch & Mott, 1948
60 Pyefinch & Mott, t948
Clarke, 1947
Green, et al. 1976
Shealy & Sandlfer,
1975
Shealy & Sandlfer,
1975
Barthalmus. 1977
67
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
RMUlt
Species
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes puglo
Grass shrimp (larva),
Palaamonetes vulgar Is
Grass shrimp (larva),
Palaemonetes vulgar Is
Hermit crab (adult),
Pagurus long! car pus
Hermit crab (adult),
Pagurus long! carpus
Hermit crab (adult),
Pagurus long I car pus
Green crab (adult),
Carclnus maenas
Green crab (adult),
Carclnus maenas
Green crab (larva),
Carclnus maenas
Green crab ( larva) ,
Carclnus maenas
Green crab (larva),
Carclnus maenas
Green crab (larva),
Carclnus maenas
Green crab (larva),
Carclnus maenas
Green crab (larva),
Carclnus maenas
Chemical
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mar cur Ic
chloride
Mercur Ic
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur Ic
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Duration
24 hrs
48 hrs
48 hrs
168 hrs
168 hrs
168 hrs
48 hrs
46 hrs
47 hrs
20-30 hrs
4.3-13.5 hrs
2.7 hrs
0.5 hrs
0.22 hrs
Effect
Impaired condi-
tioned avoidance
response
LC50
Abnormal
development
LCO
LC50
LCIOO
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
UC50
(MO/LI*
37
10
10-18
10
50
125
1,000
1,200
10
33
100
1,000
3,300
10,000
Reference
Barthalmus, 1977
Shealy & Sand Her,
1975
Shealy & Sand Her,
1975
Elsler & Hennekey,
1977
Elsler & Hennekey,
1977
Elsler & Hennekey,
1977
Portmann, 1968
Connor, 1972
Connor, 1972
Connor, 1972
Connor, 1972
Connor, 1972
Connor, 1972
Connor, 1972
68
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Fiddler crab (adult),
Uca pug 11ator
Fiddler crab (adult),
Uca pug11ator
Fiddler crab (adult),
Uca puglIator
Fiddler crab (adult).
Uca puglIator
Fiddler crab (zoea),
Uca pugllater
Fiddler crab (zoea),
Uca pug 11ator
Flddler crab (zoea),
Uca pug11ator
Starfish (adult),
AsterIas forbesl
Starfish (adult),
Aster las forbesl
Starfish (adult).
Asterlas forbesl
Sea urchin (spermatazoa),
Arbacja punctulata
Sea urchin (spermatazoa),
Arbacla punctulata
Sea urchin (embryo),
Arbacla punctulata
Haddock (embryo),
Melanoqrammus aeqlefInus
Chemical
Hercur Ic
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Msrcur 1 c
chloride
Mercur 1 c
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur Ic
chloride
Duration
28 days
6 days
6 days
24 hrs
8 days
24 hrs
5 days
168 hrs
166 hrs
168 hrs
8 mln
24 mln
13 hrs
96 hrs
Effect
Low survival.
Inhibited ll«b
regeneration
20-251 reduction
In percent survival
20-25$ reduction
In percent survival
Increased oxygen
consumption
LC50
20-100$ Increase In
•etabol Ic rate
after stage 1 zoea
About 40$ Increase
In swimming activity
of stage V zoea
LCD
LC50
LCI 00
About 150$ Increase
In swimming speed
About 80$ decrease
In swimming speed
Abnormal development
LCSO
Result
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Mummlchog (adult),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Munmlchog (adult),
Fundulus heterocUtus
Munmlchog (adult),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Munmlchog (adult),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Munmlchog (adult),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Munmlchog (adult),
Fundulus heteroc 1 1 tu s
Munmlchog (embryo),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Munmlchog (embryo),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Munmlchog (embryo),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Munmlchog (embryo),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Munmlchog (larva),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Mummlchog (adult),
Fundulus heteroc 1 1 tus
Munmlchog (adult),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Munmlchog (adult),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Chealcal
Mercuric
chloride
Mar cur Ic
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur Ic
chloride
Mercur Ic
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur Ic
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercur 1 c
chloride
Mercur Ic
chloride
Duration
168 hrs
168 hrs
168 hrs
24 hrs
96 hrs
28 days
3 days
3 days
12 hrs
32 days
96 hrs
48 hrs
Result
Effect (ua/D*
LCO 100
LC50 800
LCIOO 1,000
Disrupted osnoreg- 125
ulatlon
Affected liver 200
enzymes
Up to 40* reduction 12
In enzyme activity
before recovery
Many developmental 30-40
abnormal Itles
Some developmental 10-20
abnorma 1 1 t 1 es
Some developmental 30-40
abnormalities
EC50 67.4
No effect 50
Mercury red Is- 1,000 ug Hg/
trlbutlon organs kg body wt
following Se plus 400 ug
pretreatment Se/kd body Mt
Cellular 250-5,000
degeneration
LCIOO 2,000
Reference
Elsler 4 Hennekey,
1977
Elsler & Hennekey,
1977
Elsler & Hennekey,
1977
Ren fro, et al. 1974
Jacklm, et al. 1970
Jacklm, 1973
Wels A Wels. 1977
Mels & Wels. 1977
Wels & Wels. 1977
Sharp & Neff, 1980
Wels & Wels. 1983
She line & Schmldt-
Nlelson, 1977
Gardner. 1975
Elsler, et al. 1972
70
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Munwlchog (adult),
Fundulus heteroclitus
Shiner perch.
Cymatoqaster aggregate
Striped bass (adult),
Morone saxatl Us
Winter flounder (adult),
Pseudopleuronectes amerlcanus
Alga,
Dunallella tertlolecta
Alga,
Phaeodactylum trlcornutum
Red alga (sporllng),
Plumarla eleqans
Alga,
Tet rase 1 mis succlca
Alga,
Chaetoceros sp.
Alga,
Cyclotella sp.
Alga,
Phaeodactylum sp.
Red alga (sporllng),
Plumarla elaqans
Diatom,
Nltzchla aclcularls
Chemical
Mercur Ic
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Methyl mercuric
chloride
Methyl mercuric
chloride
Methy (mercuric
chloride
Methyl mercuric
chloride
Dime thy (mercury
Dimethyl mercury
Dime thy (mercury
Methyl mercuric
chloride
Methyl mercuric
chloride
Duration
Effect
96 hrs Sluggish, uncoor-
dinated swimming
45* reduction of
brain chollnester-
ase activity
30 days Decreased respira-
tion 30 days post
exposure
60 days Decreased respira-
tion
Methylmercury
10 mln EC50
(photosynthesis)
25 days EC50
(photosynthesis)
18 hrs LC50 after 7 days
3 days Inhibited growth
3 days About 75J reduction
In growth
3 days About 152 reduction
In growth
3 days About 45J reduction
In growth
25 mln EC50 (growth over
21 days
3 days Inhibited growth
Result
(UO/U*
1,150
33,900
5
10
about 170
about 190
44
25
100
500
500
40
25
Reference
Klaunlg, et al. 1975
Abou-Donla IMenzel,
1967
Dawson, et al. 1977
Calabrese, et al.
1975
Over net 1, 1975
Overnell, 1975
Boney, et al. 1959
Mora & Fabregas, I960
Hannan & Patoulllet,
1972
Hannan & Patoull let,
1972
Hannan & Patoulllet,
1972
Boney, 1971
Mora & Fabregas, 1980
71
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Speclef
Olnoflagellate,
Scrlppslella faeroense
Alga,
Chlorella sp.
Alga.
Chloral la sp.
Alga,
Dunallella euchlora
Alga,
Dunallella euchlora
Alga,
Mcxiochrysls I other I
Alga,
Monochrysls lutherl
Alga.
Phaeodactytum trlcornutum
Alga,
Phaeodactylum trlcornutum
Alga.
Protococcus sp.
Alga,
Protococcus sp.
Red alga (sporting),
Plumarla elegans
Red alga (sporting).
Plumarla elagans
Red alga (sporting),
Plumarla eleqans
Chemical
Mercuric
acetat*
Ethy(Mercuric
phosphate
EthyImercurie
phosphate
Ethy(mercuric
phosphate
Ethy Mercuric
phosphate
EthyImercuric
phosphate
EthyImercuric
phosphate
EthylmercurIc
phosphate
Ethy(mercuric
phosphate
EthylmercurIc
phosphate
Ethy liner curie
phosphate
Mercur Jc
Iodide
EthyImercuric
chloride
PhanylmercurIc
chloride
Duration
14 days
10 days
10 days
10 days
10 days
10 days
10 days
10 days
10 days
10 days
10 days
18 hrs
18 hrs
18 hrs
Effect
No growth of
cuIture
22% reduction In
growth
100* lethal to
culture
36* reduction In
growth
I00< lethal to
culture
No reduction In
growth
100* lethal to
culture
45* reduction In
growth
100* lethal to
culture
14* reduction In
growth
100* lethal to
culture
LC50 after 7 days
LC50 after 7 days
LC50 after 7 days
Result
(ug/L)« Reference
1.000 Kayser. 1976
0.6 Ukeles. 1962
Ukeles, 1962
0.6 Ukeles, 1962
60 Ukeles, 1962
0.6 Ukeles, 1962
Ukeles, 1962
0.6 Ukeles, 1962
Ukeles, 1962
0.6 Ukeles, 1962
Ukeles, 1962
156 Boney. et at. 1959
26 Boney, et al. 1959
54 Boney, et al. 1959
72
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Diatom,
Nltzchla dellcatlsslma
Blue mussel (adult),
Mytilus edulis
Eastern oyster (adult),
Crassostrea vlrglnlca
Copepod (adult),
Acartla clausl
Amphlpod (adult),
Gammarus duebenl
Fiddler crab (adult).
Uca sp.
Fiddler crab (adult),
Uca sp.
Mummichog (adult),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Mumml chog (embryo) ,
Fundulus heteroclltus
Mummichog (larva),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Mummichog (embryo),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Striped mul let.
Mug II cephalus
Dlnof lagel late,
Gymnodlnlum spendens
Dlnof lagel late,
Scrlppslella faeroense
Chemical Duration
Methy (mercuric
dlcyandl amide
Methy (mercuric
chloride
Methy (mercuric
chloride
Methy (mercuric
chloride
Methy (mercuric
chloride
Methy (mercuric
chloride
Methy (mercuric
chloride
Methy (mercuric
chloride
Methy (mercuric
chloride
Methy (mercuric
chloride
Methy (mercuric
chloride
Methy (mercuric
chloride
Other
Mercuric
acetate
Mercuric
acetate
24 hrs
24 hrs
19 days
24 hrs
3 days
32 days
32 days
24 hrs
7 days
13 days
Mercury
II days
25 days
Result
Effect
-------
Table 6. (ContlniMd)
Species
Red alga (sporting),
Plumarla elagans
Red alga (sporting),
Plumarla elegans
Red alga (sporting),
Plumarla elagans
Red alga (sporllng),
Plumarla elagans
Red alga (sporting),
Plumarla elegans
Red alga (sporllng),
Plumarla eleqans
Diatom,
Nltzchla dellcatlsslma
Diatom,
Nltzchla dellcatIssIma
Diatom,
Nltzchla dellcatlsslma
Chemical
Duration
Effect
R**Ult
Reference
Pheny (mercuric 18 hrs
Iodide
IsoamyI mercuric 18 hrs
chloride
n-amy Imercur Ic 18 hri
chloride
Isopropy(Mercuric 18 hrs
chloride
n-propyImercuric 18 hrs
chloride
n-butyImercuric 18 hrs
chloride
N-methy(mercuric- 24 hrs
I,2,3,6-tetrahydro-
3,6-methano-3,4,5,6,
7,7-hexachIor o-
phthalImine
PhenyImercurIc 24 hrs
acetate
DlphenyImercury 24 hrs
LC50
LC50
LCW
LC50
LC50
LC50
after
after
after
after
after
after
7
7
7
7
7
7
days
days
days
days
days
days
104
19
13
28
13
13
Boney,
Boney,
Boney,
Boney,
Boney,
Boney,
et
et
et
et
et
et
at.
at.
at.
al.
al.
al.
1959
1959
1959
1959
1959
1959
Diatom,
Nltzchia aclcularls
Eastern oyster (adult),
Crassostrea virgin lea
Eastern oyster (adult),
Crassostrea vlrglnlca
Eastern oyster (adult).
Pheny (mercuric
acetate
Marcgrlc
acetate
Mercuric
acetate
Pheny Imercur Ic
7 days
12 hrs dally
tor 15 days
60 days
19 days
Crassostrea virgin lea
chloride
EC50
(photosynthesis)
EC50
(photosynthesis)
EC50
(photosynthesis)
Inhibited growth
33f reduction In
shelI growth
l£55
Trace metal upset
0.3 Harrlss, et al. 1970
1.5 Harrlss. et al. 1970
IS
Harrlss, et al. 1970
25 Mora & Fabregas, 1980
10 Cunningham, 1976
100 Cunningham, 1976
50 Kopfler, 1974
74
-------
TabU 6. (Continued)
SpecIas
Copepod (adult),
Acartla ctausl
Copepod (adult),
Acartla clausl
Coho salmon (adult),
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Sockeye salmon (juvenile),
Oncorhynchus nerka
Sockeye salmon (adult),
Oncorhynchus nerka
Sockeye salmon (adult),
Oncorhynchus nerka
Chinook salmon (adult),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Threesplne stickleback,
Gasterosteus aculeatus
Chemical
Mercuric
acetate
Ethy(mercuric
chloride
Pyrldylmeroirlc
acetate
Pyrldy(mercuric
acetate
PyrldyImercuric
acetate
Pyrldy(mercuric
acetate
PyrIdylmercurlc
acetate
PhenyImercuric
acetate
Duration
1.9 hrs
1.9 hrs
Effect
LC50
LC50
12-15 wks, 0.03 mg Hg/kg wet
1 hr wkly wt muscle 2 yrs
as juven- post-exposure
lies
12-15 wks,
1 hr wkly
12-15 wks,
I hr wkly
as juven-
iles
12 1-hr
exposures
as juven-
iles
35 wks, 1
hr wkly as
juvenlies
370 mln
1.2 mg Hg/kg wet
wt muscle 12 weeks
post-exposure
0.24 vg Hg/kg wet
wt muscle 3 yrs
post-exposure
0.04 mg Hg/kg wet
wt muscle 4 yrs
post-exposure
up to 0.12 mg Hg/kg
muscle 4 yrs later
LCI 00
Result
Cno/0*
50
50
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
100
Reference
Corner & Sparrow,
1956
Corner & Sparrow,
1956
Amend, 1970
Amend, 1970
Amend, 1970
Amend, 1970
Amend. 1970
Boetlus. 1960
* Results are expressed as mercury, not as the chemical.
" In river water.
*** Static, continual loss over time.
»•»» Not at steady-state.
»»»*»BCF Independent of concentration In water over range tested.
75
-------
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