United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
EPA-456/F-98-005
September 1998
How nitrogen oxides affect the wa
and breathe
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NOx What is it? Where
does it come from?
Nitrogen oxides, or NOX, is the generic
term for a group of highly reactive
gases, all of which contain nitrogen
and oxygen in varying amounts. Many
of the nitrogen oxides are colorless and
odorless. However, one common
pollutant, nitrogen dioxide (N02) along
with particles in the air can often be
seen as a reddish-brown layer over
many urban areas.
Nitrogen oxides form when fuel is
burned at high temperatures, as in a
combustion process. The primary
sources of NOX are motor vehicles,
electric utilities, and other industrial,
commercial, and residential sources
that burn fuels.
Industrial/
Commercial/
Residential
19%
All Other
Sources
5%
Motor
Vehicles
49%
Chief Causes for Concern
Utilities
27%
IMOX
is one of the main ingredients
involved in the formation of ground-
level ozone, which can trigger
serious respiratory problems.
reacts to form nitrate particles, acid
aerosols, as well as N02, which also
cause respiratory problems.
contributes to formation of acid
rain.
contributes to nutrient overload
that deteriorates water quality.
contributes to atmospheric
particles, that cause visibility
impairment most noticeable in
national parks.
reacts to form toxic chemicals.
contributes to global warming.
IMOX and the pollutants formed
from IMOX can be transported
over long distances, following the
pattern of prevailing winds in the U.S.
This means that problems associated
with NOX are not confined to areas
where NOX are emitted. Therefore,
controlling NOX is often most effective
if done from a regional perspective,
rather than focusing on sources in one
local area.
IMOX emissions are increasing.
Since 1970, EPA has tracked
emissions of the six principal air
pollutants - carbon monoxide, lead,
nitrogen oxides, particulate matter,
sulfur dioxide, and volatile organic
compounds. Emissions of all of these
pollutants have decreased
significantly except for NOX which
has increased approximately 10
percent over this period.
Reducing emissions of
NOX is a crucial
component of EPA's
strategy for cleaner air.
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Health and Environmental
Impacts of IMOX
NOX causes a wide variety of health and environmental impacts because of various compounds and derivatives in the
family of nitrogen oxides, including nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid, nitrous oxide, nitrates, and nitric oxide.
Acid Rain - NOX and sulfur dioxide
react with other substances in the
air to form acids which fall to earth
as rain, fog, snow, or dry particles.
Some may be carried by the wind for
hundreds of miles. Acid rain
damages forests; causes deterioration
of cars, buildings, and historical
monuments; and causes lakes and
streams to become acidic and
unsuitable for many fish.
Water Quality Deterioration
- Increased nitrogen loading in
water bodies, particularly coastal
estuaries, upsets the chemical
balance of nutrients used by aquatic
plants and animals. Additional
nitrogen accelerates
"eutrophication," which leads to
oxygen depletion and reduces fish
and shellfish populations. NOX
emissions in the air are one of the
largest sources of nitrogen
pollution to the Chesapeake Bay.
Ground-level Ozone (Smog) - is formed when NOX and
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react in the presence of heat
and sunlight. Children, the elderly, people with lung diseases such
as asthma, and people who work or exercise outside are susceptible
to adverse effects such as damage to lung tissue and reduction in
lung function. Ozone can be transported by wind currents and
cause health impacts far from the original sources. Millions of
Americans live in areas that do not meet the health standards for
ozone. Other impacts from ozone include damaged vegetation
and reduced crop yields.
Toxic Chemicals - In the air, NOX reacts
readily with common organic chemicals,
and even ozone, to form a wide variety of
toxic products, some of which may cause
biological mutations. Examples of these
chemicals include the nitrate radical,
nitroarenes, and nitrosamines.
Visibility Impairment
Nitrate particles and nitrogen
dioxide can block the
transmission of light,
reducing visibility in urban
areas and on a regional scale
in our national parks.
Particles - NOX react with ammonia,
moisture, and other compounds to form
nitric acid vapor and related particles.
Human health concerns include effects
on breathing and the respiratory system,
damage to lung tissue, and premature
death. Small particles penetrate deeply
into sensitive parts of the lungs and can
cause or worsen respiratory disease,
such as emphysema and bronchitis, and
aggravate existing heart disease.
Global Warming - One member of
the NOX family, nitrous oxide, is a
greenhouse gas. It accumulates in the
atmosphere with other greenhouse gases
causing a gradual rise in the earth's
temperature. This will lead to increased
risks to human health, a rise in the sea
level, and other adverse changes to plant
and animal habitat.
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EPA's Efforts to Reduce NO
The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), states, and local
governments work as partners to
reduce emissions of NOX. Reducing
emissions of NOX is a crucial
component of EPA's strategy for
cleaner air.
Emissions standards for motor
vehicles
- Since the 1970's, EPA has required motor
vehicle manufacturers to reduce NOX
emissions from cars and trucks.
Reductions achieved through auto
emissions control are significant. In
the last ten years, NOX emissions from
highway vehicles decreased by more
than 5 percent, while vehicle miles
traveled increased significantly.
In a related effort, the use of
reformulated gasolines has resulted
in cleaner-burning engines. EPA
and states continue to examine vehicle
emissions-testing programs to ensure
that readings accurately reflect
emissions levels.
Emission standards for electric
utilities
- To help reduce acid rain, EPA devised a
two-phased strategy to cut NOx emissions
from coal-fired power plants. The first
phase, finalized in a rulemaking in 1995,
aimed to reduce NOX emissions by over
400,000 tons per year between 1996 and
1999. The goal of the second phase is to
reduce emissions by approximately 1.17
million tons per year beginning in the
year 2000.
IMOX Transport rule for 22 States
- The Clean Air Act requires states to
reduce ground-level ozone. Since NOX
and ozone can be transported long
distances, the Act also requires "upwind"
states to implement programs that will
help "downwind" states meet the ozone
standards. EPA issued a rule in 1998 that
requires 22 states and the District of
Columbia to revise their Implementation
Plans to further reduce NOX emissions by
taking advantage of newer, cleaner control
strategies.
The rule does not mandate how the
reductions are to be achieved, but gives
each affected state a NOX emission target.
States have flexibility in determining how
to reduce emissions. The goal of this rule
is to reduce total emissions of NOX by 1.2
million tons in the affected states by 2007.
NOX and ozone are transported
great distances. Generally,
arrows indicate the major
transport wind directions.
The NOX Transport rule will require
22 states and the District of Columbia
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U.S. EPA Offices
Region 1
(Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, Rhode Island,
Vermont)
John F. Kennedy Federal Building
One Congress Street
Boston, MA 02203
(617) 565-3476
Region 2
(New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico,
Virgin Islands)
290 Broadway
New York, NY 10007-3198
(212) 637-3725
Region 3
(Delaware, District of Columbia,
Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West
Virginia)
1650 Arch Street
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2029
(215) 814-2100
Region 4
(Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky,
Mississippi, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Tennessee)
61 Forsyth Street
Atlanta, GA 30303
(404) 562-9077
Region 5
(Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota,
Ohio, Wisconsin)
77 West Jackson Boulevard
Chicago, IL 60604-3507
(312) 353-2212
Region 6
(Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico,
Oklahoma, Texas)
Fountain Place, 12th Floor, Suite 1200
1445 Ross Avenue
Dallas, TX 75202-2733
(214) 665-7200
Region 7
(Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska)
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66101
(913) 551-7020
Region 8
(Colorado, Montana, North
Dakota, South Dakota, Utah,
Wyoming)
999 18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202-2466
(303) 312-6041
Region 9
(Arizona, California, Hawaii,
Nevada, Guam, American Somoa)
75 Hawthorne Street
San Francisco, CA 94105
(415) 744-1219
Region 10
(Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington)
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
(206) 553-4273
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pollutants - carh
vxide, lead,
nitrogen oxides, particulate matter,
significantly since passage of the
lean Air Act in 1970-
XCEPT FOR NITROGEN OXIDES.
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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