United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Enforcement and
Compliance Assurance (2201 A)
Washington, DC 20460
EPA 305-R-00-002
April 2000
Providing Safe Drinking
Water In America
1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report
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1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report 1998 National Public
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Table of Contents
1998 National Summary of Public Water Systems Compliance
Introduction 1
PWS Compliance 1
Findings 2
Data Quality 4
Evaluation and Summary of State Reports 5
Enforcement and Compliance Assistance Programs 5
Information on and Evaluation of State Reports 6
State-by-State Summaries 6
Conclusions and Activities to Address Recommendations 6
1998 National Summary of Compliance for Public Water Systems on Indian Reservations
Introduction 9
Public Water Systems on Indian Reservations 9
Public Water Systems in Alaska and Oklahoma 9
Data Quality 9
Findings 9
Compliance Assistance and Enforcement 11
Financial Assistance 11
Conclusions and Recommendations 13
Appendix A
Glossary of Terms A-l
Appendix B
Summaries of State Annual Compliance Reports B-l
Appendix C
Map of Indian Lands C-l
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List of Tables
Table 1: Number of Public Water Systems on Tribal Lands with Violations by Rule 12
Table A-l: Significant Monitoring Violations for Annual State Public Water System Reports A-3
Table A-2: Summary of Drinking Water Regulations for Public Water Systems During 1998 A-4
Table B-l: Summary of Elements Reported by States B-4
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Providing Safe Drinking Water
in America: 1998 National
Public Water Systems
Compliance Report - Fact Sheet
What is the purpose of the report? This report is the third in a series (beginning with calendar
year 1996) of annual reports from EPA that summarizes drinking water violations at the nation's
public water systems (PWSs) in calendar year 1998.
What is the scope/content of the report? This report (9 pages) summarizes drinking water
violations in 1998, and summarizes similar annual reports each State must prepare discussing
drinking water violations at public water systems in their jurisdictions (62 pages). The report
also discusses the following: violations at public water systems on Indian reservations; EPA's
enforcement and compliance assistance activities with respect to Tribal PWSs; and the financial
assistance EPA has provided to facilitate the provision of safe drinking water to Tribes (6
pages).There is also a 5 page glossary of terms.
Who are potential users of the report? The target audiences for the report are State and EPA
drinking water regulators and environmental professionals. Others who may find value in this
guide include anyone else who may be interested in a summary of public water system
compliance.
Who developed the report? The report was developed by EPA's Chemical, Commercial
Services and Municipal Division (CCSMD) within the Office of Compliance (OC) with
assistance from the EPA's Office of Groundwater and Drinking Water, EPA's Office of General
Counsel, EPA's American Indian Environmental Office, EPA Regions, and the Association of
State Drinking Water Administrators.
Where is the report available?
Electronic: An electronic version of the guide is available in on EPA's World Wide Web site
containing compliance data and other information about Local Government Services/Operations:
Paper Copy: Also, a limited number of hard copies are available from the following EPA
organization in Cincinnati, OH: National Service Center for Environmental Publications
(NSCEP) at call 1 (800) 490-9198 and request
Document # EPA
CHEMICAL, COMMERCIAL SERVICES FACT SHEET
AND MUNICIPAL DIVISION (CCSMD) APRIL 2000
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1998 National Summary of
Public Water Systems Compliance
INTRODUCTION
1998's National Public Water Systems
Compliance Report describes how the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and its
State partners are meeting the goal of ensuring
that Americans receive safe drinking water from
public water systems. Limitations in the data we
use to measure our success and the steps we are
taking to increase its reliability and completeness
will also be discussed.
EPA prepares a National Public Water Systems
Compliance Report for every calendar year. The
report presents an annual summary of violations
at the nation's public water systems. The report
also summarizes and evaluates annual reports
prepared by the States.1
Public Water Systems
A Public Water System (PWS) is a system for the
provision to the public of water for human
consumption through pipes or other constructed
conveyances, if such system has at least fifteen
service connections or regularly serves at least
twenty-five individuals at least 60 days out of the
year. A public water system can be one of three
types;
• Community Systems (CWS) serve at least 15
service connections or 25 people year-round in
their primary residences.
» Non-transient Non-community Systems
(NTNCWS) serve at least 25 of the same
persons over six months per year (e.g., schools
or factories that have their own water source).
• Transient Non-community Systems (TNCWS)
serve at least 25 persons (but not the same 25)
over six months per year (e.g., campgrounds or
highway rest stops that have their own water
source).
The first part of this report draws from
SDWIS/FED, EPA's national database, to provide
a national picture of the maximum contaminant
level, treatment technique, significant monitoring
and reporting, and variance/exemption violations
the States reported to EPA for 1998. EPA
calculated rates of compliance after aggregating
all reported violations at public water systems in
States, Commonwealths, Territories and on
Indian reservations.
The second part of this report presents
information on public water systems on Indian
reservations.
A glossary of terms used in this report appears
in Appendix A.
Summaries and evaluations of the States' annual
public water systems reports for 1998 are
presented in Appendix B.
PWS COMPLIANCE
This report uses information from the Safe
Drinking Water Information System/Federal
System, SDWIS/FED. SDWIS/FED is the national
database where EPA records information the
States are required to report about their public
water systems. For the national public water
system compliance reports, EPA examines
SDWIS/FED records of violations of regulations
that specify: 1) safe levels (Maximum
Contaminant Levels or MCLs) for contaminants
in drinking water, 2) techniques for treating
water to make it safe, and 3) monitoring and
reporting requirements (how and when water
must be tested and the results reported).
A recent EPA study showed that the data in
SDWIS/FED (particularly those related to the
number of public water systems, their size, and
their type) are generally accurate. However, the
study also revealed that many States did not
report some apparent violations — either to their
The term "State" includes 56 States, Commonwealths, and Territories. All but Wyoming and the District of Columbia have
federal approval to implement the drinking water program within their jurisdictions. Federal approval to implement the
drinking water program is called primary enforcement authority, or "primacy." In Wyoming, the District of Columbia, and on
Indian reservations, EPA implements the drinking water program and is responsible for reporting violations to SDWIS/FED.
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How Does The Public Find Out If Its Drinking Water Is Safe?
Information Sent to Customers:
Consumer Confidence Report — Every community
water system is required to send its customers (each
service connection) a yearly report identifying the
contaminants detected in its water and the risks of
exposure to those contaminants.
Public Notification Rule — Public water systems must
notify their customers if there has been a violation of
drinking water standards.
Information on the Internet:
Safewater Web Site (http://www.epa.gov/safewater) —
provides information on the Safe Drinking Water Act,
individual water systems, contaminants that may be in
drinking water, and things individuals can do to help
protect sources of their drinking water.
Additional Information:
Call the community water system — Billing statements
should provide a number to call with questions.
State Public Water Systems Compliance Report —
Each State's annual report discusses the violations at
its public water systems. Most include a list of violating
facilities.
National Public Water Systems Compliance Report
(this report) — summarizes all reported violations at
America's public water systems.
Safe Drinking Water Hotline (1-800-426-4791) —
answers questions about drinking water, lets callers
order documents from EPA, and can refer callers to EPA
experts if they need more information.
Envirofacts Web Site (http://www.epa.gov/enviro) —
allows the public to access EPA databases containing
information on environmental activities that may affect
air, water, and land anywhere in the United States.
own data systems or to EPA's SDWIS/FED. Until
EPA has completed further analysis, the Agency
cannot determine how many of these were actual
violations that should have been reported and
how many were appropriately left out of the
database. Therefore, in recognition of ongoing
data reliability efforts, this 1998 report offers
broad national findings rather than detailed
analysis.
Discussions of data quality concerns and EPA's
recommendations appear later in this report.
FINDINGS
In 1998, 168,690 public water systems
together served 275 million users. The actual
number of individuals served was smaller,
because millions of Americans drank water
from, and were counted as users of, more than
one public water system during the course of
the year.
• 54,150 community water systems served
more than 252 million people in their
primary residences.
• 20,229 non-transient non-community
systems (schools, factories) served more than
6 million people in places they frequented.
Percentage of Systems by Type
D cws D NTNCWS [U TNCWS
94,311 transient non-community systems
(campgrounds, highway rest stops) served a
constantly changing audience of almost 17
million people.
Most public water systems were small, but
large systems served a majority of the people
who drank water from a public water system.
• 160,400 (95%) of America's public water
systems (including nearly all of the transient
non-community systems) each served 3,300
or fewer people.
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3,700 (2%) of America's public water systems
each served more than 10,000 people.
Size vs. Users Served
90
80
70
50
40
30
20
10
0
^=_
2%
—
Small Systems
Percentage of Systems
Large Systems
Percentage of Users Served
SDWIS/FED recorded no violations for most of
America's public water systems.
PWS with Violations
LJ Violation of Some Kind
II No Reported Violations
The vast majority of the 102,437 violations
the States reported to SDWIS/FED in 1998
were for a public water system's significant
failure to monitor and report, rather than
health-based MCL or treatment technique
violations detected and reported by a system.
Type of Violation
Health-based
Monitoring and Reporting
• If a system did not monitor the quality of its
water, it is impossible to know if it violated a
health-based requirement.
94% of America's public water systems
reported no violations of a health-based
drinking water standard in 1998.
• SDWIS/FED recorded 16,270 health-based
violations in 1998. The MCL for the Total
Coliform Rule (TCR), which must be met by
all types and sizes of public water systems,
was the health-based standard most
frequently violated.2
Percentage of Health-based Violations by Rule
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
7%
1.5%
Chem TCR LCR SWTR
lU Percentage of All Health-based Violations
For the annual compliance reports, EPA tracks violations of the contaminant rules in four categories: 1) Chem — violations of
rules for organic, inorganic (except for lead and copper), and radioactive contaminants — compliance with many organic and
inorganic standards is determined on the basis of shared samples, with one missed sample resulting in a monitoring and
reporting violation of many standards; 2) total coliform (TCR); 3) lead and copper (LCR); and 4) surface water treatment
(SWTR). Coliform bacteria are usually not a threat to humans, but their presence in drinking water can indicate a lapse in
treatment and the possible presence of other, more dangerous, microbes.
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No violations of variances or exemptions were
reported to SDWIS/FED during 1998.
• Under Federal law, States can grant variances
or exemptions to public water systems in
limited circumstances allowing them to install
alternative technology or giving them more
time to meet a standard if public health is
adequately protected in the interim. In 1998,
few public water systems were operating
under a variance or exemption, and only 8
new variances or exemptions were granted.
EPA and its State partners continue to take
enforcement actions against violators.3
• In 1998, the States issued a total of 1,468
formal enforcement actions, including 1,007
administrative orders without penalty, 399
administrative orders with penalty, and 62
civil referrals.
• During the same period, EPA issued 242
Federal administrative orders, 7 referrals for
civil judicial action, and 8 consent orders
with penalties.
DATA QUALITY
The data used in this report came from EPA's
national SDWIS/FED database. SDWIS/FED is
composed of data that States are required to
submit to SDWIS/FED each quarter. EPA uses
information in SDWIS/FED to assess progress in
the implementation of regulations, to develop
national enforcement and compliance priorities,
and to provide information to the public.
EPA periodically conducts data verifications
(independent, on-site audits) of State drinking
water programs to ensure that the State is
determining compliance in accordance with
Federal regulations. Data verifications help detect
differences between data in a State's files
(whether electronic or hard copy), and data in
SDWIS/FED.
As part of the ongoing data reliability efforts
described in the 1997 National Public Water
Systems Compliance Report, EPA recently
examined the results of data verifications
conducted from 1996 through 1998. Those
audits, which covered 27 States (including one
where EPA itself administers the drinking water
program) and one territory, analyzed data from
almost 1,800 public water systems. The data
audits reviewed inventory information (identifying
systems, their number, their size, and their type),
apparent violations that either were reported or
should have been reported, and any enforcement
actions initiated.
EPA's review showed that the information the
States reported to SDWIS/FED is generally very
accurate. The review also showed, however, that
many States did not report all of the apparent
violations at their systems. EPA's analysis of the
data verifications found:
• 96% of all inventory data in SDWIS/FED was
accurate and complete.
• Information in EPA's database regarding the
reported MCL violations was 97% accurate.
• 55% of the apparent MCL violations had been
reported to SDWIS/FED.
• Only 10% of apparent monitoring and
reporting violations had been reported to
SDWIS/FED.
• SDWIS/FED contained accurate and complete
information on 72% of the enforcement
actions found in the States' records.
EPA is investigating the cause of these omissions.
Some appear to have been caused by errors in
data entry or data transmission, but most seem
to have resulted from a State's differing
interpretation of what the regulation required.
EPA found no information suggesting that these
apparent discrepancies resulted in negative
health effects. Further review is necessary to
determine how many of the unreported violations
were in fact violations — and if they were
violations, whether the implementing authority
and the public water system took appropriate
action to address the violation, but then failed to
document their activities.
There can be a difference between the number of violations and the number of follow up formal enforcement actions to those
violations. A violation discovered at the end of one year may not be formally addressed until the next year. States may choose
to address some violations informally and return systems to compliance before EPA guidelines would require initiation of a
formal enforcement response. Also, it is not uncommon for one system to have multiple violations — all of which would be
addressed with a single enforcement action.
Page 4
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EPA and its State partners are committed to
resolving any problems that may have produced
data discrepancies and to ensuring that complete
and accurate documentation is available to help
assess the safety of our nation's drinking water.
EVALUATION AND SUMMARY
OF STATE REPORTS
Appendix B of this report shows that in 1998
EPA received State Public Water System
Compliance Reports from 51 of the 54 primacy
States, Commonwealths, and Territories. As in
past years, American Samoa, Guam, and
Northern Mariana did not submit reports, and,
with limited exceptions, did not supply
information to SDWIS/FED. Appendix B supplies
what information is available in SDWIS/FED to
indicate violations at public water systems in
those territories.
Because the District of Columbia, Wyoming, and
Indian Tribes do not have primary enforcement
responsibility for drinking water, EPA prepared
reports for those jurisdictions.
An evaluation of these annual reports is found in
three subsections:
• enforcement and compliance assistance
programs;
• information on and evaluation of the State
reports; and
• State-by-State summaries.
ENFORCEMENT AND COMPLIANCE
ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS
States (and EPA, where it is the primary
enforcement authority) engage in a variety of
activities to help PWSs remain in and return to
compliance, including formal enforcement
actions, informal actions, and compliance and
technical assistance. State and EPA compliance
assistance efforts may include:
• conducting on-site visits and sanitary surveys
at PWSs (i.e., an on-site review of the water
sources, facilities, equipment, operations,
and maintenance to evaluate their adequacy
in producing and distributing safe drinking
water);
• helping systems invest in preventive
measures;
• providing financial assistance for system
improvements through the Drinking Water
State Revolving Fund and other State funding
programs;
• reviewing water system plans and
specifications;
• conducting training sessions;
• holding public information meetings;
• lending specialized monitoring equipment;
and
• publishing informational bulletins and
newsletters on training events, and other
educational opportunities.
When a drinking water violation is detected, EPA
guidelines require a response from the primacy
agency. Acceptable responses include a variety of
formal and informal actions as the State or EPA
attempts to return a violating public water
system to compliance as quickly as possible.
Generally, the primacy agency's first responses to
violations are informal actions, such as:
• reminder letters;
• warning letters;
• notices of violation;
• field visits; and
• telephone calls.
If the violation continues or recurs, the primacy
agency must initiate a formal enforcement
response that requires the violating public water
system to return to compliance. Formal
enforcement responses include:
• citations;
• administrative orders with or without
penalties;
• civil referrals to State Attorneys General or to
the Department of Justice;
• other sanctions such as denying permission
for system expansion; and
• filing criminal charges.
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If a situation poses an imminent risk to public
health, EPA and the State will issue an emergency
order that requires the public water system to
take the steps necessary to protect public health
and return the system to compliance.
INFORMATION ON AND
EVALUATION OF STATE REPORTS
EPA reviewed each 1998 annual State report to
determine if it met the requirements of the 1996
Amendments to SDWA. The contents of the State
reports are summarized in Table B-l in
Appendix B. Table B-l shows whether a State:
• submitted a report to EPA;
• included all required elements;
• satisfied its statutory requirement to publish
and distribute summaries of the report that
inform the public of the availability of the full
report;
• included additional information of interest to
the public (such as the number of public
water systems in the State, their sizes and
types, the size and type of violating systems,
and the compliance assistance and
enforcement activities the State undertook in
response to violations); and
• included a list of PWSs with MCL or
treatment technique violations, as EPA
recommended in its guidance to States on
preparing their reports.
STATE-BY-STATE SUMMARIES
EPA provides a State-by-State summary of
information reported in each State report in
Appendix B. The standardized format includes
an overall summary of the violations data States
are required to report in Section 1414 of the
1996 SDWA Amendments (i.e., violations with
respect to MCLs, treatment technique violations,
significant monitoring and reporting violations,
and variances and exemptions). The summary for
each State also tells how to obtain a copy of the
State's full report.
In some instances, the data reported by a State
in July of 1999 may not agree with data currently
in SDWIS/FED. EPA's and the States' ongoing
SDWIS/FED data reliability efforts may have
resulted in updates and corrections to the data in
SDWIS/FED since the State published its report.
CONCLUSIONS AND ACTIVITIES TO
ADDRESS RECOMMENDATIONS
Most Americans, by far, received water from
systems which reported no violations of health-
based standards, and for which the States
reported no significant violations of monitoring
and reporting requirements.
The data for 1998 indicate that the Total
Coliform Rule is the rule most frequently
violated. This rule, which applies to all sizes and
types of public water systems, was also the most
violated rule in 1996 and 1997. In determining
how best to direct resources to improve the
compliance of public water systems, it is
apparent that EPA and the States should focus
efforts on reducing violations of the Total
Coliform Rule. Beyond that, data completeness
issues prevent EPA drawing firm conclusions
about the numbers and types of violations.
It is also too soon to evaluate implementation of
recommendations made two years ago in the first
national public water systems compliance report.
These recommendations were incorporated into
EPA's enforcement and compliance assurance
program planning, for upcoming Fiscal Years
2000 and 2001.
Accordingly, our recommendations are as
follows:
States and EPA should continue working
together to address significant violations of
monitoring and reporting requirements.
States and EPA should continue working
together to address violations of MCL and
treatment technique requirements.
EPA designated compliance with the SDWA
microbial rules (the Total Coliform Rule, and the
Surface Water Treatment Rule) as a national
priority for its enforcement and compliance
assurance program in Fiscal Years 2000 and
2001.
In 2000 and 2001, EPA Regions will be working
with States to evaluate how well public water
systems, especially large systems, comply with
the microbial rules and whether enforcement
actions are being initiated when appropriate.
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Regions and States will also identify and evaluate
microbial risks to watersheds in an attempt to
focus enforcement and compliance efforts on
ensuring the safety of drinking water sources.
Considerable effort will also be devoted to
training and compliance assistance. EPA will
work to build the capacity of small public water
systems and Indian Tribes to maintain
compliance both with established rules and with
new microbial rules (the Interim Enhanced
Surface Water Treatment Rule and the Ground
Water Rule).
With respect to the rest of the drinking water
program, States and EPA are continuing their
efforts to implement the recommendations of the
1996 and 1997 national public water system
reports:
• EPA provides funding to support nine
technology assistance centers that help small
systems with training, technical assistance,
and technology demonstrations.
• States and EPA help promote compliance
with existing drinking water requirements by
conducting numerous assistance activities,
such as on-site visits and the development
and distribution of easy to read guides and
checklists.
• EPA funding established and maintains the
new Local Government Environmental
Assistance Network (LGEAN), a source of free
information on current and developing SDWA
requirements (as well as technical assistance,
peer counseling, and financial guidance).
LGEAN can be accessed on the Internet at
www.lgean.org or by calling, toll-free 1-877-
TO-LGEAN (865-4326).
• States worked with EPA to ensure community
water systems sent consumers the first
Annual Consumer Confidence Reports in
1999, allowing the public to monitor the
performance of local water systems.
• Revisions to the Public Notification Rule
mean that public water systems will soon
send their customers more timely notification
of drinking water violations.
• EPA is developing a list of approved
compliance technologies that will allow small
systems more flexibility in treating drinking
water while still providing adequate public
health protection.
• The States and EPA are pursuing
enforcement actions against violating public
water systems both to discourage violations
and to level the playing field for systems that
devote resources to maintaining compliance.
EPA and drinking water stakeholders should
work cooperatively to improve the quality of
compliance data.
Since September 1998, the findings and
recommendations of the national public water
systems reports have been incorporated into
EPA's ongoing efforts to ensure the reliability of
data in SDWIS/FED. In its first national report,
EPA noted that compliance data in many
individual state reports differed from the data
reported to SDWIS/FED. During Fall 1998, EPA
and its stakeholders — through a series of
meetings — agreed that our data quality goal
should be "100% complete, accurate, and timely
data submitted by public water systems and
primacy agencies, consistent with SDWA
reporting requirements." Further analysis and
discussions among the stakeholders led to
establishment of interim milestones for how soon
that goal will be achieved. We expect that these
milestones will be formally announced in 2000.
EPA and the drinking water stakeholders made
significant progress on most of the data
recommendations of the earlier national reports
— in some instances achieving full
implementation. Among the major
accomplishments, EPA has:
• improved the display of drinking water data
in Envirofacts;
• characterized and quantified the data quality
problem;
• taken interim steps to improve data quality;
and
• made a long-term commitment to achieve and
maintain data quality goals.
More remains to be done to achieve the goal of
100% accurate, complete, and timely
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information. Some of the next steps EPA and the • performing more frequent data verification
drinking water stakeholders have agreed to audits;
undertake include: „ . 1-1
• encouraging States to issue annual reminders
• streamlining data reporting and reducing rule to water systems of their compliance
complexity; monitoring schedules; and
• conducting more training to ensure regulatory • Providing States with individual, prioritized
staff can accurately determine compliance recommendations for improving their data
with drinking water rules and data entry staff quality.
can upload complete and accurate data to
SDWIS/FED;
• making SDWIS/FED error reports more user
friendly and understandable to State drinking
water managers;
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1998 National Summary of Compliance for
Public Water Systems on Indian Reservations
INTRODUCTION
This section of the 1998 National Public Water
Systems Compliance Report describes how the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and
federally-recognized Indian tribes (tribes) are
meeting the goal of ensuring that public water
systems on Indian reservations provide safe
drinking water.
PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS ON
INDIAN RESERVATIONS
Tribes may apply for eligibility to receive primary
enforcement responsibility (known as primacy) to
administer the drinking water program provided
they meet the requirements of Sections 1413 and
1451 of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). As
of 1998, no tribe has received primacy. EPA,
therefore, continues to administer the drinking
water program in Indian country, including on
Indian reservations.
A glossary of terms used in this report appears
in Appendix A. A map of the areas covered by
this report appears in Appendix C.
this section of the report, should continue to be
included in state reports. EPA will address this
issue in the next report.
DATA QUALITY
This report uses information from the Safe
Drinking Water Information System/Federal
System (SDWIS/FED). SDWIS/FED is the national
database where EPA records information on
public water systems on Indian reservations.
Public water systems on Indian reservations are
required to report laboratory data to EPA. EPA
uses the information to determine compliance
with the national primary drinking water
regulations of SDWA.
This report also discusses the limitations in the
data we use to measure our success and the
steps we are taking to increase data reliability
and completeness, as well as the Agency's
compliance assistance, enforcement, and
financial assistance programs. EPA plans to
continue its data quality efforts during 2000 to
ensure that SDWIS/FED contains complete and
accurate information.
PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS IN
ALASKA AND OKLAHOMA
Compliance figures for Alaska Native Villages and
tribes in Oklahoma are not included in this
section of the report; they can be found in the
Alaska and Oklahoma state reports. In addition,
it is possible that some other tribal systems are
not included in this section; they can also be
found in other state reports. The state reports do
not, however, contain separate information on
tribal public water systems. As a result,
comprehensive information on these systems is
not covered in either the tribal or state section of
the report.
EPA plans to review whether information on
public water systems serving Alaska Native
Villages and tribes in Oklahoma, as well as any
other tribal systems not currently addressed in
FINDINGS
In 1998, 983 public water systems on Indian
reservations served approximately 500,000
people during the course of their day or year.
Percentage of Systems by Type
TNCWS NTNCWS CWS
q
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• 750 community water systems served more
than 409,000 people in their primary
residences.
• 141 transient non-community systems
(schools and factories) served more than
72,000 people who passed through.
• 92 non-transient non-community systems
(campgrounds and highway rest stops) served
a constantly changing audience of more than
22,500 people.
Almost all public water systems on Indian
reservations were small. These small systems
provide drinking water to the majority of the
public who drank water on Indian
reservations.
• 98% of public water systems on Indian
reservations serve 3,300 or fewer people.
These 961 small systems served 68% of the
people who received water from public water
systems on Indian reservations.
SDWIS/FED records no violations for most
public water systems on Indian reservations.
Systems with Violations
Violations of Some Kind
No Reported Violations
703 of 983 public water systems had no
reported health-based or significant reporting
violations.
94% of public water systems on Indian
reservations reported no violations of a health-
based drinking water standard in 1998.
• 115 health-based violations on Indian
reservations were reported to SDWIS/FED in
1998. The Maximum Contaminant Level
(MCL) for the Total Coliform Rule and the
treatment technique requirement for the
Surface Water Treatment Rule were the
health-based standards most frequently
violated.
Percentage of Health-based
Violations by Rule
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
1%
0%
Chem
TCR
LCR
SWTR
Percentage of All Health-based Violations
The vast majority of violations reported to
SDWIS/FED in 1998 were for a public water
system's significant failure to monitor and
report, rather than for a health-based MCL or
a treatment technique violation detected and
reported.
Type of Violation
11 Health-based LJ Monitoring and Reporting
Of the 4,012 violations reported to
SDWIS/FED in 1998, 3,897 (97%) were
significant violations of monitoring and
reporting requirements. If a system did not
monitor the quality of its water, it is
impossible to know if it has violated health-
based requirements.
Public water systems on Indian reservations
represent 0.6% of all public water systems in
the United States but were responsible for 4%
of all monitoring and reporting violations at
public water systems in the United States
reported to SDWIS/FED in 1998.
-------
COMPLIANCE ASSISTANCE AND
ENFORCEMENT
EPA uses multiple approaches to ensure public
water systems on Indian reservations comply
with SDWA regulations.
EPA's tribal compliance assistance program is
designed to help maintain compliance with SDWA
by building cooperative working relationships with
utility managers, operators, other tribal
environmental staff, and tribal elected officials.
The program emphasizes information exchanges,
operation assistance, and water quality
monitoring.
EPA gives information and assistance directly to
tribal public water system operators, utility
managers, and owners through training sessions,
newsletters, telephone support, and system visits.
On-site technical assistance is provided by
engineers and qualified staff who work with
tribes to assess current compliance status,
develop monitoring schedules and compliance
plans, and conduct sanitary surveys. EPA
coordinates many of these activities with other
federal agencies, including the Indian Health
Service and the Bureau of Reclamation.
Coordination also occurs with non-governmental
organizations and inter-tribal consortia, including
the Native American Water Association, the Rural
Water Association, and the Rural Community
Assistance Corporation.
EPA is also responsible for initiating enforcement
actions against owners or operators of public
water systems on Indian reservations if a system
is not in compliance with SDWA. In most cases,
EPA relies on compliance assistance and
informal enforcement actions to facilitate a
tribally owned or managed public water system's
return to compliance. When an enforcement
action is appropriate, EPA can initiate
administrative orders and refer civil and criminal
cases to the Department of Justice which results
in either settlement agreements or litigation. The
"EPA Policy for the Administration of
Environmental Programs on Indian Reservations"
(EPA Indian Policy) guides the Agency's approach
to bringing civil administrative or judicial
enforcement actions against systems owned or
managed by tribal governments.
Table 1 shows the number of compliance
assistance and enforcement activities directed
toward public water systems on Indian
reservations. The information is drawn both from
SDWIS/FED and separate records maintained by
some EPA Regions. EPA Regions are only
required to report to SDWIS/FED on violations
and formal enforcement actions related to the
resolution of violations of SDWA; these data are,
however, currently incomplete. Some EPA
Regions maintain separate records that contain
information on both formal and informal
enforcement actions and compliance assistance
activities. These records indicate that the largest
numbers of enforcement actions are federal
voluntary reminder notices. Public water systems
are required to monitor for 89 different
contaminants and conduct analyses using a
variety of EPA-approved analytical methods.
Where a system fails to perform some or all of
the required monitoring, a separate monitoring
and reporting violation is recorded for each
missed contaminant.
FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
EPA provides financial assistance to public water
systems on Indian reservations to help build
tribal capacity to operate and maintain systems
in compliance with SDWA. Capacity building is a
long-term solution which focuses on giving tribes
grants, training, and technical assistance as they
develop their environmental programs. EPA's own
General Assistance Program builds tribal
capacity by providing grants to develop core
environmental activities, including drinking water
programs.
EPA also distributes funds for specific drinking
water program priorities. About $2.7 million (3%
of the set-aside of public water systems
appropriations) was allotted for implementing the
Tribal Public Water System Supervision Program
in fiscal year 1998. Through this program, EPA
awarded a number of grants to tribes and tribal
organizations to address various aspects of the
drinking water program.
In addition to the 3% set-aside, EPA received
$3.8 million in fiscal years 1998 and 1999 for
drinking water needs on Indian lands. EPA is
focusing on activities such as:
• Tribal Public Water System Supervision
Program primacy workshops to provide
general outreach material to all tribes eligible
-------
TABLE 1: NUMBER OF PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS
ON TRIBAL LANDS WITH VIOLATIONS BY RULE
PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS AND VIOLATIONS
Total Number of Public Water Systems
Total Number of Public Water Systems with Violations
Total Number of Violations
983
280
4,012
COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY
Federal Administrative Order issued
Federal Compliance Achieved
Federal 1431 (Emergency) Order
Federal Voluntary Reminder Notice
Federal Compliance Meeting Conducted
Federal Technical Assistance Visit
Federal Site Visit (including sanitary surveys)
Federal Public Notification Requested
Federal Public Notification Issued
Federal Public Notification Received
Federal Boil Water Order
SDWIS/FED
9
89
0
71
7
4
4
21
0
26
0
SUPPLEMENTAL
REGIONAL DATA
25
3
1
2,060
426
465
167
2
26
7
13
to pursue primary enforcement
responsibility;
capacity development projects;
source water and wellhead protection
projects;
development of a voluntary operator
certification program for tribes; and
provision of operator training and
certification to tribal operators.
In the 1996 Amendments to SDWA, an
infrastructure funding program was established
to improve water supplies. Each year, 1.5% of the
appropriation for the national Drinking Water
State Revolving Fund program is set aside for
American Indian communities and Alaska Native
Villages. The initial set-aside from the 1997
appropriation amounted to $19.25 million, an
additional $10.87 million was set-aside from the
1998 appropriation, and $11.625 million was
set-aside from the 1999 appropriation. In 1998,
EPA provided approximately $7 million to the
State of Alaska that targeted drinking water
infrastructure improvement for rural and Native
villages. A small portion of these funds were used
to support technical assistance and training.
Furthermore, EPA funds tribal multi-media
compliance and enforcement programs, including
drinking water system activities.
Finally, technical assistance and training for
small tribally owned or operated public water
systems is also provided. For example, EPA
currently has two cooperative agreements with
the National Rural Water Association to provide
Page 12
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support to small public water systems, including
those owned or operated by tribes.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In 1998, EPA Regions reported that 72% of the
public water systems on Indian reservations did
not report a violation of a health-based standard
or a significant reporting violation. This
represents an overall increase from 1997 when
only 46% of facilities did not report a violation of
a health-based standard or a significant reporting
violation.
However, EPA is concerned with the number of
reported violations of monitoring and reporting
requirements. During 1998, there was a dramatic
increase in the total number of significant
violations of monitoring and reporting
requirements on Indian reservations. EPA
believes there are two major reasons for this
dramatic increase. First, EPA expanded its efforts
to revise existing information in SDWIS/FED and
collect compliance data. Second, 1998 was the
end of a three-year monitoring period for
chemical contaminant monitoring by systems,
including a number of new chemical contaminant
monitoring requirements for small systems.1
This report is, therefore, composed of data on
chemical monitoring violations that occurred in
1998 and other chemical monitoring violations
for the three-year monitoring period of 1996
through 1998.
EPA continues to implement two primary
recommendations from the 1996 and 1997
reports: (1) improve collection and maintenance of
compliance data for public water systems on
Indian reservations; and (2) place a priority on
decreasing the number of monitoring and reporting
violations to gain a full understanding of whether
health-based violations exist. EPA will accomplish
these recommendations — and also respond to
concerns about the increases in the number of
monitoring and reporting violations — by:
• continuing to work cooperatively with tribal
governments and their utility managers and
water system operators to improve
compliance with monitoring and reporting
requirements and for health-based standards,
particularly the Total Coliform Rule and
Surface Treatment Water Rule;
• increasing EPA's field presence, conducting
more frequent sanitary surveys, and engaging
in targeted technical and compliance
assistance and enforcement;
• improving the inventory of public water
systems on Indian reservations;
• improving the collection and entry into
SDWIS/FED of compliance and enforcement
information in a timely manner to avoid
keeping multiple records;
• continuing to support and encourage capital
improvements for public water systems to
improve the infrastructure (and therefore
compliance with SDWA requirements) of
public water systems on Indian reservations,
including grants provided under the Drinking
Water Tribal Infrastructure Improvement
Program; and
• focusing on small system compliance issues
and the development of small system
capacity.
Ultimately, EPA will continue to respond to
compliance and enforcement issues at public
water systems owned or managed by tribal
governments in a manner consistent with SDWA
and the EPA Indian Policy. As such, EPA will
emphasize compliance assistance and the use of
informal enforcement responses as the first step
in returning these systems to compliance. Where
compliance assistance is ineffective or a
significant threat to human health or the
environment exists, EPA will take appropriate
steps to return systems to compliance, including
formal enforcement actions.
1 Systems must monitor for most contaminants one time within a standard three year compliance period.
-------
-------
-------
-------
Administrative Order
Formal enforcement actions issued by EPA or a
State to address noncompliance at a public water
system, usually by means of a compliance
schedule with enforceable milestone dates.
Chemical Rules
Refers collectively to regulations that protect the
public from unsafe levels of organic chemicals,
inorganic chemicals (other than lead and
copper), and radioactivity in drinking water.
Community Water System
A public water system that serves at least 15
service connections used by year-round residents
or regularly serves at least 25 year-round
residents (e.g., homes, apartments and
condominiums that are occupied year-round as
primary residences).
Federally-recognized Indian Tribe
An Indian tribe, band, nation, pueblo,
community, or Alaska Native Village that the
Secretary of the Interior acknowledges to exist as
an Indian tribe pursuant to the Federally
Recognized Indian Tribe List Act of 1994, 25
U.S.C. Section 479a. Maintained by the
Department of the Interior, the list of federally-
recognized tribes is updated periodically and
published in the Federal Register. The latest list
of federally-recognized Indian tribes is available
at 65 Federal Register 12398 (March 13, 2000).
Health-based Violation
A violation of either a Maximum Contaminant
Level or a Treatment Technique requirement.
Inorganic Chemicals
These non-carbon based compounds (such as
metals, nitrates, and asbestos) can either occur
naturally in some sources of drinking water or be
introduced by human activity. EPA has
established MCLs for 15 inorganic contaminants.
Violations of standards for lead and copper are
addressed separately.
Large System
A public water system that serves more than
10,000 people.
Lead and Copper Rule
Requires a public water system to take steps to
minimize the risk of exposure to lead and copper
in drinking water by monitoring for these
contaminants, installing corrosion control where
required, and, where necessary, educating the
public about ways to reduce exposure. A system
may also be required to treat its source water or
replace lead service lines.
Maximum Contaminant Level
The maximum permissible level of a contaminant
in water delivered to any user of a public water
system.
Monitoring and Reporting Violation
Refers to either a violation of a monitoring and
reporting schedule or violation of contaminant-
specific minimum testing schedules and
operational reporting requirements. Those
monitoring and reporting violations considered
"significant" for the purposes of the State and
national public water system compliance reports
are described below in Table A-l.
Nitrate and Nitrite
Inorganic compounds that can enter water
supplies, primarily from fertilizer runoff and
sanitary wastewater discharges.
Non-transient Non-community Water System
A non-community public water system that
regularly serves at least 25 of the same persons
over six months per year. A typical example of a
non-transient non-community water system is a
school or an office building that has its own
water source, such as a drinking water well.
Organic Chemicals
These carbon-based compounds, such as
solvents and pesticides, can enter drinking water
through a variety of means, including factory
discharges or runoff from crop lands. EPA has
established MCLs for 56 organic contaminants.
Primacy
The Safe Drinking Water Act requires EPA,
States, and Tribes to work as partners to ensure
delivery of safe drinking water to the public. Any
State or Indian Tribe can request responsibility
for operation and oversight of the drinking water
program within its borders. In order to receive
this responsibility (called "primary enforcement
authority" or "primacy"), a State or Tribe must
show, among other things, that it has adopted
drinking water regulations that are at least as
stringent as Federal regulations, and demonstrate
its capacity both to enforce those regulations and
to implement other activities necessary to ensure
compliance.
-------
In the absence of State or Tribal primacy, EPA
assumes responsibility for administering the
drinking water program for that area. Of the 56
eligible States (defined to include
Commonwealths, Territories, and the District of
Columbia), all but Wyoming and the District of
Columbia have primacy. EPA Regional Offices
administer the drinking water program within
these two jurisdictions and on all Tribal lands.
Public Water System
A system for the provision to the public of water
for human consumption through pipes or other
constructed conveyances, if such system has at
least fifteen service connections or regularly
serves at least twenty-five individuals at least 60
days out of the year. A public water system can
be either a community water system, a non-
transient non-community water system, or a
transient non-community water system.
Radionuclides
Radioactive particles, such as radium-226,
radium-228, gross alpha, and beta
particle/photon radioactivity, can occur naturally
in water or may result from human activity. EPA
has established MCLs for beta/photon emitters,
alpha emitters, and combined radium 226/228.
Regional Offices
Responsible for implementing Environmental
Protection Agency programs within their
respective jurisdictions. Regional Offices
cooperate with Federal, State, interstate, and
local agencies, as well as with industry, academic
institutions, and other private groups to ensure
that Regional needs are addressed and that
Federal environmental laws are upheld.
Small Systems
Public water systems that serve no more than
3,300 people.
Surface Water Treatment Rule
The Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR)
requires a public water system served by surface
water or by ground water under the influence of
surface water to take steps (such as disinfection,
filtration followed by disinfection, or watershed
control) to reduce potential exposure to
microbiological contamination.
Total Coliform Rule
Establishes limits on coliform bacteria in water
distribution systems. Although coliform bacteria,
which are found in decaying organic material and
in the intestinal tract of humans and animals, are
usually not harmful to human health, their
presence may indicate the presence of other,
more dangerous microbial contamination.
SDWIS/FED
EPA's database for collecting safe drinking water
monitoring results from oversight agencies.
SDWIS stands for Safe Drinking Water
Information System. Public Water Systems are
required to report all monitoring results to the
primary enforcement authority. States with
primacy, or EPA where it administers the
program, analyze the monitoring results,
determine compliance, and report violations to
EPA on a quarterly basis. EPA maintains records
of these violations in SDWIS/FED. SDWIS/FED
records only violations, not results that
demonstrate compliance with drinking water
standards.
Total Trihalomethanes
These chemicals can be by-products of chemical
processes used to disinfect drinking water.
Transient Non-community Water System
A non-community water system that regularly
serves at least 25 people (but not the same 25)
over six months per year. A typical example is a
campground or a highway rest stop that has its
own water source, such as a drinking water well.
Treatment Technique
In cases where EPA has determined it is not
technically or economically feasible to establish
an MCL, the Agency can instead specify a
treatment technique. These are treatment
methods required by EPA to minimize the level of
a contaminant in drinking water.
Variances and Exemptions
A public water system that cannot comply with a
drinking water standard because of poor source
water quality, or, in the case of small systems,
inadequate financial resources, can be granted a
variance to comply with less stringent, but still
protective standards based on a specific EPA-
approved technology available to the system. An
exemption allows a PWS with compelling
circumstances (including economic
considerations) additional time to achieve
compliance with applicable SDWA requirements,
so long as public health is adequately protected.
-------
TABLE A-l: SIGNIFICANT MONITORING VIOLATIONS FOR
ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC WATER SYSTEM REPORTS
Rule
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water
Treatment Rule
Lead and
Copper Rule
Phase 1, II, MB,
c and V Rules
h Total
e Trihalomethanes
m Radionuclides
Violation Type
Major routine
Major repeat
Major (filtered)
Major (unfiltered)
Initial lead and
copper tap
Follow-up or
routine lead and
copper tap
Regular
monitoring
Regular
monitoring
Regular
monitoring
Description
No samples collected during a
compliance period
No follow-up samples collected
after a positive total coliform
sample or no speciation
Collected less than 90% of
samples required during a
compliance period
Collected less than 90% of
samples required during a
compliance period
Either failed to collect the initial
tap samples, and then failed to
correct that omission within a) 3
months for large systems, b) 6
months for medium systems, or
c) 12 months for small systems;
or failed to submit the associated
report
Failed to collect 1 or more
required samples
Failed to collect any required
samples2
Failed to collect any required
samples
Failed to collect any required
samples
SDWIS
Violation Code1
23
25
31
36
51
52
By contaminant
03
03
SDWIS
Contaminant Code
3100
3100
None
None
2950
4000, 4101,
4010
1 EPA's Safe Drinking Water Information System (SDWIS/FED) makes no distinction between the sampling violations and the reporting
violations associated with a sample collection requirement. Both violations are reported under the same violation code.
2 Failure to collect "any required samples" means none of the required samples were collected.
Page A-3 « April 2000
-------
TABLE A-2: SUMMARY OF DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS FOR
PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS DURING 1998
Contaminant/Rule
Organic Contaminants
Total Trihalomethanes
(TTHM)
Inorganic Contaminants
Nitrate and Nitrite
Radionuclides
Total Coliform
Surface Water Treatment
Lead and Copper
Community
Water Systems
All
Some
(Only systems serving more
than 10,000)
All
All
All
All
Some
(Only PWSs using surface
water sources or ground
water sources under
the direct influence of
surface water)
All
Non-transient Non-
Community Water Systems
All
None
Some
(All except arsenic
and fluoride)
All
None
All
Some
(Only PWSs using surface
water sources or ground
water sources under
the direct influence of
surface water)
All
Transient Non- Community
Water Systems
Some
(Only epichlorohydrin
and acrylamide)
None
None
All
None
All
Some
(Only PWSs using surface
water sources or ground
water sources under
the direct influence of
surface water)
None
Page A-4
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-------
-------
CONTENTS
Alabama B-7
Alaska B-8
American Samoa B-9
Arizona B-10
Arkansas B-11
California B-12
Colorado B-13
Connecticut B-14
Delaware B-15
District of Columbia B-16
Florida B-17
Georgia B-18
Guam B-19
Hawaii B-20
Idaho B-21
Illinois B-22
Indiana B-23
Iowa B-24
Kansas B-25
Kentucky B-26
Louisiana B-27
Maine B-28
Maryland B-29
Massachusetts B-30
Michigan B-31
Minnesota B-32
Mississippi B-33
Missouri B-34
Montana B-35
Nebraska B-36
Nevada B-37
New Hampshire B-38
New Jersey B-39
New Mexico B-40
New York B-41
North Carolina B-42
North Dakota B-43
Northern Mariana Islands B-44
Ohio B-45
Oklahoma B-46
Oregon B-47
Pennsylvania B-48
Puerto Rico B-49
Rhode Island B-50
South Carolina B-51
South Dakota B-52
Tennessee B-53
Texas B-54
Utah B-55
Vermont B-5 6
Virgin Islands B-57
Virginia B-58
Washington B-59
West Virginia B-60
Wisconsin B-61
Wyoming B-62
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-------
In this Appendix, the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) presents a summary of
each State report in a standardized format. The
format includes an overall summary of the
violations data specified in Section 1414 of the
1998 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
Amendments (i.e., violations with respect to
maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), treatment
technique violations, significant monitoring and
reporting requirements, and variance and
exemptions).
This Appendix summarizes the data reported by the
States, but does not interpret it. Therefore, other
factors must be taken into account before drawing
conclusions about a State program. For example,
public water systems are required to report all
violations to the State, but State drinking water
programs vary in the regulations they choose to
emphasize, A State that decided to focus attention
and resources on one particular rule may have
discovered and reported many more violations of
that rule than a State that chose to focus on a
different rule, A disproportionate number of
violations in a State could also indicate that the
State needs to work with its public water systems to
improve their compliance.
Readers are cautioned to view the violations data
provided in the State summaries within the context
of each State and its individual drinking water
program.
Violations for 1998
EPA summarizes the number of MCL, treatment
technique, and significant monitoring violations1
reported by each State in four categories:
• Violations of chemical contaminant
requirements2
• Violations of the Total Coliform Rule
• Violations of the Surface Water Treatment
Rule
• Violations of the Lead and Copper Rule.
EPA summarizes the numbers of individual
public water systems in violation in each of these
four categories, as reported by the State.
If a State's report did not include information in
a category, EPA's summary notes the omission.
1998 Totals
EPA also summarizes the total number of
systems in each State, the total number of
violations reported, and the total number of
PWSs in violation, if the State reported this
information.
Systems in Violation
Systems in Violation is defined as the number of
different systems with a reported violation of this
type. Some States counted a system with multiple
violations or violations in more than one category
as one violating system. Other States counted a
violating system each time it had a violation, or
once for each of the regulatory categories in
which it had a violation. If EPA's review of a
State's report indicated some violating systems
were counted more than once, an asterisk notes
that the State's number possibly overcounts
violating systems.
Variances and Exemptions
There were no reported violations of variances
and exemptions in 1998.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual
Public Water Systems Report
Each State's summary page provides information
on how to obtain a copy of the State, if that
information was included in the State's report.
1 A comprehensive definition of significant monitoring and reporting violations including exceptions to the definition for the Total
Coliform Rule and Lead and Copper Rule appears in Appendix A.
2 MCL and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and
radionuclide contaminants.
Page B-3
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TABLE B-l: SUMMARY OF ELEMENTS REPORTED BY STATES
State
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Guam
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
Submitted
Report
X
X
Re
V
C
MCL
X
X
>orted
olation
ategorif
M/R
X
X
On
s
ss
TT
X
X
Reported
on V/E
X
Provided
1 nventory
Information
X
X
Identified
Size and Type of
Violating
Systems
X
Discussed
Compliance and
Enforcement
Responses
X
X
Identified Each
System with MCL
and TT Violations
X
X
Provided
Information to
Public on
Availability
X
X
Provided
Additional
Information^
X
Did not subm t report.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Did not subm t report.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
TABLE B-l: SUMMARY OF ELEMENTS REPORTED BY STATES (continued)
State
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Northern Mariana
Islands
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Submitted
Report
x
x
X
X
X
Reported On
Violations
Categories
MCL
x
x
X
X
X
M/R
X
X
X
X
X
TT
X
X
X
X
X
Reported
on V/E
x
Viol
x
X
x
Provided
Inventory
Information
x
ations inform;
x
x
Identified
Size and Type of
Violating
Systems
tion submitted. Re
Discussed
Compliance and
Enforcement
Responses
x
mainder of report s
Identified Each
System with MCL
and TT Violations
x
till pending.
x
x
x
Provided
Information to
Public on
Availability
x
x
x
X
x
Provided
Additional
Information'
x
x
X
Did not submit report.
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
x
x
X
x
X
x
x
x
X
x
X
x
X
x
X
x
x
X
X
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
X
x
X
x
x
X
x
X
x
x
x
x
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1. An "x" in this column indicates the state submitted more information in its report than the minimum EPA recommends in guidance.
Page B-5
-------
-------
State of Alabama 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
* This total appears in the text of the report and can be corroborated by counting major M/R violations listed in the State's Appendix A. The
State's Appendix B indicates the number is 40.
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
753
120
612
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Alabama's State Report is available by accessing the State's Web site at www.adem.state.al.us/viorep98.html and by
written request to ADEM, Water Supply Branch, RO. Box 301463, Montgomery, Alabama 36130-1463 or at e-mail
address tsd@adem.state.al.us.
-------
State of Alaska 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
1,760
886
8,443
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Alaska's State Report is available by accessing the State's Web site at www.state.ak.us/dec/deh/water/dwvio98.htm
or by contacting James Weise, Drinking Water/Waste Water Program Manager, Department of Environmental
Conservation, 555 Cordova Street, Anchorage, AK 99501, phone (907) 269-7647.
-------
American Samoa 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
21
11
203
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
American Samoa did not publish an annual report, and did not regularly submit data to SDWIS/FED. EPA generated
these tables from data maintained by EPA's Regional office.
Page B-9
-------
State of Arizona 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
1,707
1,064
1,299
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Arizona's State Report is available by contacting the Drinking Water Section, Arizona Department of Environmental
Quality, 3033 N. Central, Room 200, Phoenix, AZ 85012-2809, phone (602) 270-4644.
-------
State of Arkansas 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
1,208
264*
503
* Possibly overcounts violating systems.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Arkansas' State Report is available by accessing the State's Web site at www.health.state.ar.us/eng/doe.htm or by
contacting the Arkansas Department of Health, Division of Engineering, 4815 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR
72205-2032, phone (501) 661-2623, fax (501) 661-2032, or scorder@mail.doh.state.ar.us.
-------
State of California 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
8,744
1,130*
1,511
* Although California's report did not provide a total number of systems in violation, the sum of the numbers the
State reported for the separate rules is 1,139. EPA reduced that number by nine to account for systems that
appeared more than once on California's list of violating systems.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
California's State Report is available by contacting the State at California Department of Health Services, Division of
Drinking Water and Environmental Management, phone (916) 323-6111.
http://www.dhs.ca.gov/org/ps/ddwem/pubindex.htm
-------
State of Colorado 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
MCL
Treatment Technique
Systems in
Violations
360
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
2,226
523*
997
* Possibly overcounts violating systems.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Colorado's State Report is available by contacting the State at Compliance Monitoring-Data Management, WQCO-
CMDM-B2, 4300 Cherry Creek Drive South, Denver, CO 80246-1530.
-------
State of Connecticut 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
4,550
287*
1,074
* Possibly overcounts violating systems.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Connecticut's State Report is available for review at the public library or at the Water Supplies Section, Department
of Public Health, 450 Capitol Avenue, Hartford, CT 06134. To schedule an appointment to review this document at
the Water Supplies Section call (860) 509-7333.
-------
State of Delaware 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
566
160*
187
*Possibly overcounts violating systems.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Information on Delaware's public water systems may be found on the Internet in EPA's Envirofacts web page at the
following address: www.epa.gov/enviro/html/sdwis/sdwis_query.html. Delaware's State Report is available by
contacting the Division of Public Health, Office of Drinking Water, RO. Box 639, Dover, DE 19903, or telephone
(302) 739-5410.
-------
District of Columbia 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
2
0
0
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
The District of Columbia's State Report is available by contacting: George Rizzo, DC PWSS Program Manager,
Drinking Water Branch (3WP22), U.S. EPA Region III, 1650 Arch Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103-2029, Telephone
(215) 814-5781, Fax: (215) 814-2318, E-mail: rizzo.george@epa.gov.
-------
State of Florida 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
MCL
Treatment Technique
Systems in
Violations
1,414
1,391
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
6,911
2,491*
2,832
* Possibly overcounts violating systems.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Florida's State Report Summary, State rules, forms, and drinking water inventory are available by accessing the
State's Web site (www.dep.state.fl.us/water/Wf/dw/default.htm).
-------
State of Georgia 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
NR
NR
1,446
* Georgia reports 419 violations in its report, 412 violations in an attached table.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Georgia's State Report is available by contacting Doug Davenport, Department of Natural Resources, Environmental
Protection Division, Drinking Water Program, Information Management Unit, 205 Butler St., SE Suite 1362, Atlanta,
GA 30334, phone (404) 651-5162. Website: www.dnr.state.ga.us/dnr/environ/
Page B-18
-------
Guam 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
12
0
0
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Guam did not publish an annual report, and did not submit violations data to SDWIS/FED during this period. EPA
generated inventory data from SDWIS/FED.
-------
State of Hawaii 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
138
17
91
* The State of Hawaii issued a revised 1998 report on February 4, 2000 that added 15 chemical monitoring and
reporting violations at one public water system. The State had not yet initiated its enforcement action in July of
1999, when it first published its annual report for 1998.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Hawaii's State Report is available by the Safe Drinking Water Branch, Department of Health, 919 Ala Moana Blvd.,
Room 308, Honolulu, HI 96814-4920, phone (808) 586-4258, fax (808) 586-4370, email (waterbill@aol.com).
-------
State of Idaho 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
2,075
1,024**
1,971*
* Idaho does not count violations at the three systems in violation because those violations began prior to 1998.
** Includes 3 systems whose violations began prior to 1998.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Idaho's State Report is available by accessing the State's web site (www2.state.id.us/deq/) and by contacting the
Idaho Division of Environmental Quality's six Regional Offices or the State's seven district health departments.
-------
State of Illinois 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
6,072
581
3,045
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Illinois' State Report is available by contacting the Illinois EPA's Division of Public Water Supplies, #13, P.O. Box
9276, Springfield, IL 62794-9276.
-------
State of Indiana 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
4,295
1,713
4,111
* Possibly overcounts violating systems.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Indiana's State Report is available via the Indiana Department of Environmental Management,Office of Water
Management, Drinking Water Branch, at www.state.in.us/idem/owm/dwb/index.html, or by contacting the Drinking
Water Branch at (317) 308-3280.
-------
State of Iowa 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
1,977
697
1,353
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Iowa's State Report is available by accessing the State's web site at
www.state.ia.us/government/dnr/organiza/epd/wtrsuply/pwscmp97.htm or by contacting the Iowa Department of
Natural Resources, Water Supply Section, Wallace State Office Building, 900 East Grand Avenue, Des Moines, IA
50319-0034.
-------
State of Kansas 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
1,122
165
270
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Kansas' State Report is available by accessing the State's web site at www.kdhe.state.ks.us or by contacting the
State at Public Water Supply Section, Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Bldg. 283, Forbes Field,
Topeka, KS 66620, Attn: Peter Armesto, phone (785) 296-6297.
-------
State of Kentucky 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
733
323
951
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Kentucky's State Report is available by accessing the State's Web site at water.nr.state.ky.us/dow/dwhome.htm and
by contacting the Kentucky Division of Water, Drinking Water Branch, 14 Reilly Road, Ash Building, Frankfort,
Kentucky, 40601, phone (502) 564-3410.
-------
State of Louisiana 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998*
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
2,000**
208
293
* Violations numbers drawn from Louisiana's list of violating systems. Numbers in the narrative portion of the report
sometimes differ.
** This number is an estimate provided by the state.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
A specific source for obtaining a copy of this report has not been provided. General information on its availability
may be obtained from: Division of Environmental and Health Services, Louisiana Department of Health and Hospital,
Office of Public Health, RO. Box 60630, New Orleans, LA 70160, phone (504) 568-5100. Also, information on the
report can be obtained by contacting the Office of Public Health, Engineering Services, 6867 Bluebonnet Boulevard,
Suite 222, Baton Rouge, LA, 70810.
-------
State of Maine 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
2,177
NR
2,408
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Maine's State Report is available by accessing the State's web site at www.state.me.us/dhs/eng/water/water.htm or
by contacting the State at Drinking Water Program, 10 State House Station, Augusta, ME 04333, phone (207) 287-
2070.
-------
State of Maryland 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
3,706
461*
430
* Possibly overcounts violating systems.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Maryland's State Report and additional information on the Maryland program are available by contacting Nancy
Reilman, MDE — Water Supply Program at (410) 631-3729.
-------
State of Massachusetts 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
1,579
597
4,184
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
The Massachusetts report is available on the state's web site at www.state.ma.us/dep/brp/dws/dwspubs.htm. Hard
copies are available at each of the four Massachusetts DEP regional offices:
Western — 436 Dwight Street, Springfield, MA 01103
Central — 627 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01608
Northeast — 205A Lowell Street, Wilmington, MA 01887
Southeast — 20 Riverside Drive, Lakeville, MA 02347
-------
State of Michigan 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
12,446
3,363*
5,999
* Possibly overcounts violating systems.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Michigan's State Report is available by accessing the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Drinking Water
and Radiological Protection Division web page at www.deq.state.mi.us/us/dwr/. It can also be obtained by contacting
the State at Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Drinking Water & Radiological Protection Division, 3423
North Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard, RO. Box 30630, Lansing, Ml 48909-8130.
-------
State of Minnesota 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
8,900
494**
494*
* Minnesota's report provided the number of systems in violation of each regulation, but did not provide the number
of violations at those systems.
** Possibly overcounts violating systems.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Minnesota's State Report is available by contacting the Drinking Water Protection Section, Minnesota Department of
Health, Box 64975, St. Paul, MN 55164-0975.
-------
State of Mississippi 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
1,507
83
108
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Mississippi's State Report is available by accessing the State's web site at
www.msdh.state.ms.us/OHR/watersup/wshome.htm or by contacting the Mississippi State Department of Health,
Water Supply Division, RO. Box 1700, Jackson, MS 39215-1700.
-------
State of Missouri 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
2,714
1,240*
2,354
* Possibly overcounts violating systems.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Missouri's State Report and additional information regarding Missouri's PWSs are available by contacting the
Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Public Drinking Water Program, P.O. Box 176, Jefferson City, MO 65102,
phone (573) 751-5331. Website: www.dnr.state.mo.us/deq/pdwp/homepdwp.htm.
-------
State of Montana 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
1,950
1,704*
2,223
* Possibly overcounts violating of systems.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Montana's State Report is available on the Montana Department of Environmental Quality's web site at
www.deq.mt.gov or by contacting the Public Water Supply Section, Community Services Bureau, Permitting and
Compliance Division, Montana Department of Environmental Quality, Box 200901, Helena, MT 59624-0901, or
telephone (406) 444-4400.
-------
State of Nebraska 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
1,353
511*
751
* Possibly overcounts violating systems.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Nebraska's State Report is available by accessing the State's website www.hhs.state.ne.us/enh/enhindex.htm or by
contacting the Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services, Regulation and Licensure, 301 Centennial Mall
South, RO. Box 95007, Lincoln, NE 68509, (402) 471-2541.
-------
State of Nevada 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
652
609*
664
* Possibly overcounts violating systems.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Nevada's State Report is available by contacting the Nevada State Health Division at 1179 Fairview Drive, Suite
101, Carson City, Nevada 89701. Copies of the report may be viewed at county libraries throughout the State and
at State Health Division offices in counties that do not have a library.
-------
State of New Hampshire 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
2,190
367*
1,510
* Possibly overcounts violating systems.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
New Hampshire's State Report is available by contacting the NH Department of Environmental Services, Water
Division, Water Supply Engineering Bureau, 6 Hazen Drive, RO. Box 95, Concord, NH 03301, or by contacting
Laurie K. Cullerot at Department of Environmental Services at (603) 271-2954, or via e-mail at
l_cullerot@des.state.nh.us. The report is also available on the website www.des.nh.state.us/wseb.
-------
State of New Jersey 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
4,464
1,502
15,465
* New Jersey's totals include violations of State requirements that are more stringent than Federal requirements,
such as standards for an additional five volatile organic compounds, and twelve MCLs more protective than Federal
MCLs.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
New Jersey's State Report and Drinking Water Standards chart are available by contacting the State at New Jersey
Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, RO. Box 426, Trenton, NJ 08625-0426.
The report will also be sent to the State library for distribution through its system, and to the county and local health
officers.
-------
State of New Mexico 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
1,335
246
454
* Possibly overcounts violating systems.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
A specific source for obtaining a copy of this report has not been provided. General information on its availability
may be obtained from: Keith Melton, Program Manager, Drinking Water Program, New Mexico Environment
Department, 525 Camino De Los Marquez, Suite 4, RO. Box 26110, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87502, Phone (505)
827-7536, e-mail: keith melton@nmev.state.nm.us.
-------
State of New York 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
10,620
1,996*
2,014
* Possibly overcounts violating systems.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
New York's State Report is available by contacting the State at BPWSP — NYSDOH, Flanigan Square, 547 River
Street, Room 400, Troy, NY 12180-2216.
age B-41
-------
State of North Carolina 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
8,235
NR
12,011
* This may overcount violating systems. North Carolina believes the actual number is 1,153.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
North Carolina's State Report is available by contacting the North Carolina Public Water Supply Section homepage
at: www.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pws.
-------
State of North Dakota 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
564
140
228
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
North Dakota's State Report is available by contacting the North Dakota Department of Health, Division of Municipal
Facilities, RO. Box 5520, 1200 Missouri Avenue, Bismarck, ND 58506-5520, Attention: Jeni Walsh (701) 328-
5231 (phone) or (701) 328-5200 (fax), or e-mail jwalsh@state.nd.us.
age B-43
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Northern Mariana Islands 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
43
0
0
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
The Northern Mariana Islands did not publish an annual report, and did not report violations to SDWIS/FED during
this period. EPA generated inventory data from SDWIS/FED.
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State of Ohio 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
6,189
2,391
9,509
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
A summary of Ohio's State Report is available by writing to the State of Ohio at PWS Annual Compliance Report,
Ohio EPA— DDAGW, Lazarus Government Center, RO. Box 1049, Columbus, OH 43216-1049. In addition, this
summary report has been posted on the Ohio EPA's website at www.epa.state.oh.us/ddagw/annualreports.html.
Additional contact sites include: David Greenwood, Central District Office, 3232 Alum Creek Drive, Columbus, OH
43207, (614) 728-3778.
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Violations for 1998
Violations Category
State of Oklahoma 1998 PWS Compliance Report
MCL Treatment Technique
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Violations
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
1,683**
689*
1,151
* Possibly overcounts violating systems.
** This is the total number of systems meeting the Federal definition of a PWS. The State also regulates 645
systems that do not meet the Federal definition of a PWS. The numbers above do not include violations at those
645 systems.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Oklahoma's State Report is available by contacting the State at Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality,
Water Quality Division, 8th Floor, 707 North Robinson, Oklahoma City, OK, or by mail request at the Department of
Environmental Quality, Water Quality Division, RO. Box 1677, Oklahoma City, OK 73101-1677, or at the website
www.deq.state.ok.us/waterl/home/index.html.
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State of Oregon 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
2,703
1,489
8,032
*Possibly overcounts systems in violation.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Oregon's State Report is available by contacting Diane Weis at the Oregon Health Division, 800 NE Oregon Street,
Portland, OR 97232. The Oregon drinking water homepage is www.ohd.hr.state.or.us/cehs/dwp.
age B-47
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Violations for 1998
Violations Category
State of Pennsylvania 1998 PWS Compliance Report
MCL Treatment Technique
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
>10,500
1,662
4,999
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Pennsylvania's State Report, the list of public water systems having MCL violations during 1998, and additional
information about the Pennsylvania Safe Drinking Water Program are available by contacting: Department of
Environmental Protection, Bureau of Water Supply Management, RO Box 8467, llth Floor RCSOB, Harrisburg, PA
17105-8467, phone (717) 787-5017. Website: www.dep.state.pa.us.
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Puerto Rico 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
NR
NR
5,876
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Puerto Rico's Report is available at the following addresses:
Department of Health
Public Water Supply Supervision Program
Ramon Fernandez Marina Hospital — Third Floor
Bo. Monacillos, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
Department of Health
Public Water Supply Supervision Program
RO. Box 70184
Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 00936
Telephone: (787) 754-6010 or (787) 754-6370
age B-49
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State of Rhode Island 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
NR
37*
44
* Possibly overcounts violating systems.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Additional information about Rhode Island's drinking water program is available on the State's website at
www.health.state.ri.us or by contacting the Rhode Island Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water Quality, 3
Capitol Hill, Room 209, Providence, Rl 02908, phone (401) 222-6867.
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State of South Carolina 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
1,562
231
360
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
South Carolina's State Reports are available by contacting the Water Enforcement Division with SCDHEC's Bureau of
Water at (803)898-4153 or by fax at (803) 898-3795 or by e-mail at betterva@columb32.dhec.state.se.us or by
writing to 2600 Bull Street, Columbia, SC, 29201. The report will also be made available on the Bureau of Water
webpage at www.state.se.us/dhec/eqc/water. For additional information not contained here, call the Freedom of
Information Office at (803) 898-3880.
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State of South Dakota 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
744
315
1,326
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
South Dakota's State Report is available by contacting the State at DENR, Drinking Water Program, 523 E. Capitol
St., Pierre, SD 57501-3181.
Paee B 52
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State of Tennessee 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998*
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
1,187
317**
748
* Numbers drawn from Tennessee's Detailed Violations Report. Numbers in Summary Violations Report occasionally
differ.
** Possibly overcounts violating systems.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Tennessee's State Report is available by contacting the Division Water Supply Central Office at: Division of Water
Supply — Central Office, 401 Church Street, 6th Floor, L&C Tower, Nashville, TN 37423-1549, phone (615) 532-
0152; or any of the six field offices: Division of Water Supply, Suite 550 — State Office Building, 540 McCallie
Avenue, Chattanooga, TN 37402-2013, phone (888) 891-8332; Division of Water Supply, 121 South Willow,
Cookeville, TN 38502; Division of Water Supply, 362 Carriage House Drive, Jackson, TN 38305-2222; Division of
Water Supply, 2305 Silverdale Road, Johnson City, TN 37601-2162; Division of Water Supply, Suite 220-State
Plaza, 2700 Middlebrook Pike, Knoxville, TN 37219; Division of Water Supply, 537 Brick Church Park Drive,
Nashville, TN 37243-1550. Copies of Tennessee's State Report are also located in most public libraries in
Tennessee, or at the website: www.state.tn.us/environment/dws/index.html.
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State of Texas 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
6,677
1,405**
1,988
* The state, not the system, collects samples for the chemical standards, minimizing monitoring violations.
** Possibly overcounts violating systems.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
A specific source for obtaining a copy of this report has not been provided. General information on its availability
may be obtained from: Water Utilities Division, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, RO. Box 13087,
Austin, TX 78711-3087, phone (512) 239-6020.
Paee B
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Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
State of Utah 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
NR
2,714*
4,374
* Possibly overcounts violating systems.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Utah's State Report is available by contacting the State at Utah Division of Drinking Water, RO. Box 144830, Salt
Lake City, UT 84114-4830, Attention: Ken Bousfield, phone (801) 536-4207.
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State of Vermont 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998*
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
1,398
694**
746
* Numbers are drawn from Vermont's list of violations and violating facilities. Numbers in other parts of the report
sometimes differ.
** Possibly overcounts violating systems.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Vermont's State Report is available by contacting the State Water Supply Division, 103 S. Main St., Waterbury, VT
05671-0403, phone (802) 241-3400, in Vermont, dial (800) 823-6500. It is also available on the Internet at the
following address: www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/watersup/vtrptl998.pdf.
Paee B
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Virgin Islands 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
460
143***
235
* State report contains two sets of numbers that do not always match.
** The Virgin Islands does not have any surface water sources of drinking water.
*** Possibly overcounts violating systems.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
The Virgin Islands Report can be obtained by contacting the DPNR, Division of Environmental Protection, 1118
Water Gut Homes, Christiansted, St. Croix, US Virgin Islands, 00820. The report is also available at public libraries,
University of Virgin Island's Public Library, UVI's Water Resource Research Institute, and local libraries.
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State of Virginia 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
NR
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
467
964
* Possibly overcounts violating systems.
** Includes seven systems whose violations were not incurred in 1998.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
A summary of Virginia's state report is available by accessing the following site:
http://www.vdh.state.va.us/owp/97report.htm. A complete copy of the report may be obtained by contacting one of
the 6 field offices: Office of Water Programs, Abingdon Field Office — Field 1, 454 East Main Street, Abingdon, VA
24210, phone (540) 676-5650 and fax (540) 676-5659; Office of Water Programs, Lexington Field Office — Field
2, 131 Walker Street, Lexington, VA 24450, phone (540) 463-7136 and fax (540) 463-3892; Office of Water
Programs, Southeast Virginia Field Office — Field 3, 5700 Thurston Avenue — Suite 203, Virginia Beach, VA
23455, phone (757) 363-3876 and fax (757) 363-3955; Office of Water Programs, East Central Field Office —
Field 4, 300 Turner Road, Richmond, VA 23225, phone 1(804) 674-2880 and fax (804) 674-2815; Office of
Water Programs, Danville Field Office — Field 5, 1347 Piney Forest Road, Danville, VA 24540, phone (804) 836-
8416 and fax (804) 836-8424; Office of Water Programs, Culpeper Field Office — Field 6, 400 South Main Street
— 2nd Floor, Culpeper, VA 22701-3318, phone (540) 829-7340 and fax (540) 829-7337.
Paee B 58
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State of Washington 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
4,250
1,302
2,172
* Includes 144 systems that were categorized in violation of significant monitoring requirements but did not incur
the violation in 1998.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Washington's State Report is available by accessing the State's Website at www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/dw/enflink.htm or
by contacting the Department of Health, Division of Drinking Water, P.O. Box 47822, Olympia, Washington 98504-
7822.
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State of West Virginia 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
1,215
694
1,796
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
West Virginia did not provide a specific source for obtaining a copy of its report. For more information, contact the
West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Office of Environmental Health Services, 815 Quarrier Street, Suite 418,
Charleston, West Virginia, 25301-2616; telephone (304) 558-2981.
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State of Wisconsin 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
11,807
2,363
3,303
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
Wisconsin's State Report is available by contacting the Bureau of Drinking Water and Groundwater, State of
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 7921, Madison, Wl 53707, telephone (608) 266-6669.
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State of Wyoming 1998 PWS Compliance Report
Violations for 1998
Violations Category
Chemical Contaminant Group
Total Coliform Rule
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Total Number of
Regulated Systems
Total Number of
Systems in Violation
Total Number of
Violations
800**
270*
356
* Possibly overcounts violating systems.
** This number is an approximation provided by EPA.
Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report
The report for the state of Wyoming is available from: John Gillis, EPA Region 8, 999 18th Street, Suite 500,
Denver, CO 80202-2466, phone (303) 312-6229.
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