United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (2201 A) Washington, DC 20460 EPA 305-R-00-002 April 2000 Providing Safe Drinking Water In America 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report .998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report 1998 National Public Vater Systems Compliance Report 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report 1998 National ublic Water Systems Compliance Report 1998 National Public Watc ,ystems 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report 1998 vlaooral Public Water Systems Compliance Report 1998 National Public Vater Systems Compliance Report 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report 998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report 1998 National Public Vater Systems 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report 998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report 1998 National 'ublic Water Systems Compliance Report 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report 1996 National Public Water Systems 1998 National Public Wai Systems Compliance Report 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report 998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report 1998 National 'ublic Water Systems Compliance Report 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report 1998 National Public Water Systems199 Jational Public Water Systems Compliance Report 1998 National Public Vater Systems Compliance Report 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report 1998 National Public ------- Table of Contents 1998 National Summary of Public Water Systems Compliance Introduction 1 PWS Compliance 1 Findings 2 Data Quality 4 Evaluation and Summary of State Reports 5 Enforcement and Compliance Assistance Programs 5 Information on and Evaluation of State Reports 6 State-by-State Summaries 6 Conclusions and Activities to Address Recommendations 6 1998 National Summary of Compliance for Public Water Systems on Indian Reservations Introduction 9 Public Water Systems on Indian Reservations 9 Public Water Systems in Alaska and Oklahoma 9 Data Quality 9 Findings 9 Compliance Assistance and Enforcement 11 Financial Assistance 11 Conclusions and Recommendations 13 Appendix A Glossary of Terms A-l Appendix B Summaries of State Annual Compliance Reports B-l Appendix C Map of Indian Lands C-l ------- List of Tables Table 1: Number of Public Water Systems on Tribal Lands with Violations by Rule 12 Table A-l: Significant Monitoring Violations for Annual State Public Water System Reports A-3 Table A-2: Summary of Drinking Water Regulations for Public Water Systems During 1998 A-4 Table B-l: Summary of Elements Reported by States B-4 ------- Providing Safe Drinking Water in America: 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report - Fact Sheet What is the purpose of the report? This report is the third in a series (beginning with calendar year 1996) of annual reports from EPA that summarizes drinking water violations at the nation's public water systems (PWSs) in calendar year 1998. What is the scope/content of the report? This report (9 pages) summarizes drinking water violations in 1998, and summarizes similar annual reports each State must prepare discussing drinking water violations at public water systems in their jurisdictions (62 pages). The report also discusses the following: violations at public water systems on Indian reservations; EPA's enforcement and compliance assistance activities with respect to Tribal PWSs; and the financial assistance EPA has provided to facilitate the provision of safe drinking water to Tribes (6 pages).There is also a 5 page glossary of terms. Who are potential users of the report? The target audiences for the report are State and EPA drinking water regulators and environmental professionals. Others who may find value in this guide include anyone else who may be interested in a summary of public water system compliance. Who developed the report? The report was developed by EPA's Chemical, Commercial Services and Municipal Division (CCSMD) within the Office of Compliance (OC) with assistance from the EPA's Office of Groundwater and Drinking Water, EPA's Office of General Counsel, EPA's American Indian Environmental Office, EPA Regions, and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators. Where is the report available? Electronic: An electronic version of the guide is available in on EPA's World Wide Web site containing compliance data and other information about Local Government Services/Operations: Paper Copy: Also, a limited number of hard copies are available from the following EPA organization in Cincinnati, OH: National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP) at call 1 (800) 490-9198 and request Document # EPA CHEMICAL, COMMERCIAL SERVICES FACT SHEET AND MUNICIPAL DIVISION (CCSMD) APRIL 2000 ------- 1998 National Summary of Public Water Systems Compliance INTRODUCTION 1998's National Public Water Systems Compliance Report describes how the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and its State partners are meeting the goal of ensuring that Americans receive safe drinking water from public water systems. Limitations in the data we use to measure our success and the steps we are taking to increase its reliability and completeness will also be discussed. EPA prepares a National Public Water Systems Compliance Report for every calendar year. The report presents an annual summary of violations at the nation's public water systems. The report also summarizes and evaluates annual reports prepared by the States.1 Public Water Systems A Public Water System (PWS) is a system for the provision to the public of water for human consumption through pipes or other constructed conveyances, if such system has at least fifteen service connections or regularly serves at least twenty-five individuals at least 60 days out of the year. A public water system can be one of three types; • Community Systems (CWS) serve at least 15 service connections or 25 people year-round in their primary residences. » Non-transient Non-community Systems (NTNCWS) serve at least 25 of the same persons over six months per year (e.g., schools or factories that have their own water source). • Transient Non-community Systems (TNCWS) serve at least 25 persons (but not the same 25) over six months per year (e.g., campgrounds or highway rest stops that have their own water source). The first part of this report draws from SDWIS/FED, EPA's national database, to provide a national picture of the maximum contaminant level, treatment technique, significant monitoring and reporting, and variance/exemption violations the States reported to EPA for 1998. EPA calculated rates of compliance after aggregating all reported violations at public water systems in States, Commonwealths, Territories and on Indian reservations. The second part of this report presents information on public water systems on Indian reservations. A glossary of terms used in this report appears in Appendix A. Summaries and evaluations of the States' annual public water systems reports for 1998 are presented in Appendix B. PWS COMPLIANCE This report uses information from the Safe Drinking Water Information System/Federal System, SDWIS/FED. SDWIS/FED is the national database where EPA records information the States are required to report about their public water systems. For the national public water system compliance reports, EPA examines SDWIS/FED records of violations of regulations that specify: 1) safe levels (Maximum Contaminant Levels or MCLs) for contaminants in drinking water, 2) techniques for treating water to make it safe, and 3) monitoring and reporting requirements (how and when water must be tested and the results reported). A recent EPA study showed that the data in SDWIS/FED (particularly those related to the number of public water systems, their size, and their type) are generally accurate. However, the study also revealed that many States did not report some apparent violations — either to their The term "State" includes 56 States, Commonwealths, and Territories. All but Wyoming and the District of Columbia have federal approval to implement the drinking water program within their jurisdictions. Federal approval to implement the drinking water program is called primary enforcement authority, or "primacy." In Wyoming, the District of Columbia, and on Indian reservations, EPA implements the drinking water program and is responsible for reporting violations to SDWIS/FED. ------- How Does The Public Find Out If Its Drinking Water Is Safe? Information Sent to Customers: Consumer Confidence Report — Every community water system is required to send its customers (each service connection) a yearly report identifying the contaminants detected in its water and the risks of exposure to those contaminants. Public Notification Rule — Public water systems must notify their customers if there has been a violation of drinking water standards. Information on the Internet: Safewater Web Site (http://www.epa.gov/safewater) — provides information on the Safe Drinking Water Act, individual water systems, contaminants that may be in drinking water, and things individuals can do to help protect sources of their drinking water. Additional Information: Call the community water system — Billing statements should provide a number to call with questions. State Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Each State's annual report discusses the violations at its public water systems. Most include a list of violating facilities. National Public Water Systems Compliance Report (this report) — summarizes all reported violations at America's public water systems. Safe Drinking Water Hotline (1-800-426-4791) — answers questions about drinking water, lets callers order documents from EPA, and can refer callers to EPA experts if they need more information. Envirofacts Web Site (http://www.epa.gov/enviro) — allows the public to access EPA databases containing information on environmental activities that may affect air, water, and land anywhere in the United States. own data systems or to EPA's SDWIS/FED. Until EPA has completed further analysis, the Agency cannot determine how many of these were actual violations that should have been reported and how many were appropriately left out of the database. Therefore, in recognition of ongoing data reliability efforts, this 1998 report offers broad national findings rather than detailed analysis. Discussions of data quality concerns and EPA's recommendations appear later in this report. FINDINGS In 1998, 168,690 public water systems together served 275 million users. The actual number of individuals served was smaller, because millions of Americans drank water from, and were counted as users of, more than one public water system during the course of the year. • 54,150 community water systems served more than 252 million people in their primary residences. • 20,229 non-transient non-community systems (schools, factories) served more than 6 million people in places they frequented. Percentage of Systems by Type D cws D NTNCWS [U TNCWS 94,311 transient non-community systems (campgrounds, highway rest stops) served a constantly changing audience of almost 17 million people. Most public water systems were small, but large systems served a majority of the people who drank water from a public water system. • 160,400 (95%) of America's public water systems (including nearly all of the transient non-community systems) each served 3,300 or fewer people. ------- 3,700 (2%) of America's public water systems each served more than 10,000 people. Size vs. Users Served 90 80 70 50 40 30 20 10 0 ^=_ 2% — Small Systems Percentage of Systems Large Systems Percentage of Users Served SDWIS/FED recorded no violations for most of America's public water systems. PWS with Violations LJ Violation of Some Kind II No Reported Violations The vast majority of the 102,437 violations the States reported to SDWIS/FED in 1998 were for a public water system's significant failure to monitor and report, rather than health-based MCL or treatment technique violations detected and reported by a system. Type of Violation Health-based Monitoring and Reporting • If a system did not monitor the quality of its water, it is impossible to know if it violated a health-based requirement. 94% of America's public water systems reported no violations of a health-based drinking water standard in 1998. • SDWIS/FED recorded 16,270 health-based violations in 1998. The MCL for the Total Coliform Rule (TCR), which must be met by all types and sizes of public water systems, was the health-based standard most frequently violated.2 Percentage of Health-based Violations by Rule 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 7% 1.5% Chem TCR LCR SWTR lU Percentage of All Health-based Violations For the annual compliance reports, EPA tracks violations of the contaminant rules in four categories: 1) Chem — violations of rules for organic, inorganic (except for lead and copper), and radioactive contaminants — compliance with many organic and inorganic standards is determined on the basis of shared samples, with one missed sample resulting in a monitoring and reporting violation of many standards; 2) total coliform (TCR); 3) lead and copper (LCR); and 4) surface water treatment (SWTR). Coliform bacteria are usually not a threat to humans, but their presence in drinking water can indicate a lapse in treatment and the possible presence of other, more dangerous, microbes. ------- No violations of variances or exemptions were reported to SDWIS/FED during 1998. • Under Federal law, States can grant variances or exemptions to public water systems in limited circumstances allowing them to install alternative technology or giving them more time to meet a standard if public health is adequately protected in the interim. In 1998, few public water systems were operating under a variance or exemption, and only 8 new variances or exemptions were granted. EPA and its State partners continue to take enforcement actions against violators.3 • In 1998, the States issued a total of 1,468 formal enforcement actions, including 1,007 administrative orders without penalty, 399 administrative orders with penalty, and 62 civil referrals. • During the same period, EPA issued 242 Federal administrative orders, 7 referrals for civil judicial action, and 8 consent orders with penalties. DATA QUALITY The data used in this report came from EPA's national SDWIS/FED database. SDWIS/FED is composed of data that States are required to submit to SDWIS/FED each quarter. EPA uses information in SDWIS/FED to assess progress in the implementation of regulations, to develop national enforcement and compliance priorities, and to provide information to the public. EPA periodically conducts data verifications (independent, on-site audits) of State drinking water programs to ensure that the State is determining compliance in accordance with Federal regulations. Data verifications help detect differences between data in a State's files (whether electronic or hard copy), and data in SDWIS/FED. As part of the ongoing data reliability efforts described in the 1997 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report, EPA recently examined the results of data verifications conducted from 1996 through 1998. Those audits, which covered 27 States (including one where EPA itself administers the drinking water program) and one territory, analyzed data from almost 1,800 public water systems. The data audits reviewed inventory information (identifying systems, their number, their size, and their type), apparent violations that either were reported or should have been reported, and any enforcement actions initiated. EPA's review showed that the information the States reported to SDWIS/FED is generally very accurate. The review also showed, however, that many States did not report all of the apparent violations at their systems. EPA's analysis of the data verifications found: • 96% of all inventory data in SDWIS/FED was accurate and complete. • Information in EPA's database regarding the reported MCL violations was 97% accurate. • 55% of the apparent MCL violations had been reported to SDWIS/FED. • Only 10% of apparent monitoring and reporting violations had been reported to SDWIS/FED. • SDWIS/FED contained accurate and complete information on 72% of the enforcement actions found in the States' records. EPA is investigating the cause of these omissions. Some appear to have been caused by errors in data entry or data transmission, but most seem to have resulted from a State's differing interpretation of what the regulation required. EPA found no information suggesting that these apparent discrepancies resulted in negative health effects. Further review is necessary to determine how many of the unreported violations were in fact violations — and if they were violations, whether the implementing authority and the public water system took appropriate action to address the violation, but then failed to document their activities. There can be a difference between the number of violations and the number of follow up formal enforcement actions to those violations. A violation discovered at the end of one year may not be formally addressed until the next year. States may choose to address some violations informally and return systems to compliance before EPA guidelines would require initiation of a formal enforcement response. Also, it is not uncommon for one system to have multiple violations — all of which would be addressed with a single enforcement action. Page 4 ------- EPA and its State partners are committed to resolving any problems that may have produced data discrepancies and to ensuring that complete and accurate documentation is available to help assess the safety of our nation's drinking water. EVALUATION AND SUMMARY OF STATE REPORTS Appendix B of this report shows that in 1998 EPA received State Public Water System Compliance Reports from 51 of the 54 primacy States, Commonwealths, and Territories. As in past years, American Samoa, Guam, and Northern Mariana did not submit reports, and, with limited exceptions, did not supply information to SDWIS/FED. Appendix B supplies what information is available in SDWIS/FED to indicate violations at public water systems in those territories. Because the District of Columbia, Wyoming, and Indian Tribes do not have primary enforcement responsibility for drinking water, EPA prepared reports for those jurisdictions. An evaluation of these annual reports is found in three subsections: • enforcement and compliance assistance programs; • information on and evaluation of the State reports; and • State-by-State summaries. ENFORCEMENT AND COMPLIANCE ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS States (and EPA, where it is the primary enforcement authority) engage in a variety of activities to help PWSs remain in and return to compliance, including formal enforcement actions, informal actions, and compliance and technical assistance. State and EPA compliance assistance efforts may include: • conducting on-site visits and sanitary surveys at PWSs (i.e., an on-site review of the water sources, facilities, equipment, operations, and maintenance to evaluate their adequacy in producing and distributing safe drinking water); • helping systems invest in preventive measures; • providing financial assistance for system improvements through the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund and other State funding programs; • reviewing water system plans and specifications; • conducting training sessions; • holding public information meetings; • lending specialized monitoring equipment; and • publishing informational bulletins and newsletters on training events, and other educational opportunities. When a drinking water violation is detected, EPA guidelines require a response from the primacy agency. Acceptable responses include a variety of formal and informal actions as the State or EPA attempts to return a violating public water system to compliance as quickly as possible. Generally, the primacy agency's first responses to violations are informal actions, such as: • reminder letters; • warning letters; • notices of violation; • field visits; and • telephone calls. If the violation continues or recurs, the primacy agency must initiate a formal enforcement response that requires the violating public water system to return to compliance. Formal enforcement responses include: • citations; • administrative orders with or without penalties; • civil referrals to State Attorneys General or to the Department of Justice; • other sanctions such as denying permission for system expansion; and • filing criminal charges. ------- If a situation poses an imminent risk to public health, EPA and the State will issue an emergency order that requires the public water system to take the steps necessary to protect public health and return the system to compliance. INFORMATION ON AND EVALUATION OF STATE REPORTS EPA reviewed each 1998 annual State report to determine if it met the requirements of the 1996 Amendments to SDWA. The contents of the State reports are summarized in Table B-l in Appendix B. Table B-l shows whether a State: • submitted a report to EPA; • included all required elements; • satisfied its statutory requirement to publish and distribute summaries of the report that inform the public of the availability of the full report; • included additional information of interest to the public (such as the number of public water systems in the State, their sizes and types, the size and type of violating systems, and the compliance assistance and enforcement activities the State undertook in response to violations); and • included a list of PWSs with MCL or treatment technique violations, as EPA recommended in its guidance to States on preparing their reports. STATE-BY-STATE SUMMARIES EPA provides a State-by-State summary of information reported in each State report in Appendix B. The standardized format includes an overall summary of the violations data States are required to report in Section 1414 of the 1996 SDWA Amendments (i.e., violations with respect to MCLs, treatment technique violations, significant monitoring and reporting violations, and variances and exemptions). The summary for each State also tells how to obtain a copy of the State's full report. In some instances, the data reported by a State in July of 1999 may not agree with data currently in SDWIS/FED. EPA's and the States' ongoing SDWIS/FED data reliability efforts may have resulted in updates and corrections to the data in SDWIS/FED since the State published its report. CONCLUSIONS AND ACTIVITIES TO ADDRESS RECOMMENDATIONS Most Americans, by far, received water from systems which reported no violations of health- based standards, and for which the States reported no significant violations of monitoring and reporting requirements. The data for 1998 indicate that the Total Coliform Rule is the rule most frequently violated. This rule, which applies to all sizes and types of public water systems, was also the most violated rule in 1996 and 1997. In determining how best to direct resources to improve the compliance of public water systems, it is apparent that EPA and the States should focus efforts on reducing violations of the Total Coliform Rule. Beyond that, data completeness issues prevent EPA drawing firm conclusions about the numbers and types of violations. It is also too soon to evaluate implementation of recommendations made two years ago in the first national public water systems compliance report. These recommendations were incorporated into EPA's enforcement and compliance assurance program planning, for upcoming Fiscal Years 2000 and 2001. Accordingly, our recommendations are as follows: States and EPA should continue working together to address significant violations of monitoring and reporting requirements. States and EPA should continue working together to address violations of MCL and treatment technique requirements. EPA designated compliance with the SDWA microbial rules (the Total Coliform Rule, and the Surface Water Treatment Rule) as a national priority for its enforcement and compliance assurance program in Fiscal Years 2000 and 2001. In 2000 and 2001, EPA Regions will be working with States to evaluate how well public water systems, especially large systems, comply with the microbial rules and whether enforcement actions are being initiated when appropriate. ------- Regions and States will also identify and evaluate microbial risks to watersheds in an attempt to focus enforcement and compliance efforts on ensuring the safety of drinking water sources. Considerable effort will also be devoted to training and compliance assistance. EPA will work to build the capacity of small public water systems and Indian Tribes to maintain compliance both with established rules and with new microbial rules (the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule and the Ground Water Rule). With respect to the rest of the drinking water program, States and EPA are continuing their efforts to implement the recommendations of the 1996 and 1997 national public water system reports: • EPA provides funding to support nine technology assistance centers that help small systems with training, technical assistance, and technology demonstrations. • States and EPA help promote compliance with existing drinking water requirements by conducting numerous assistance activities, such as on-site visits and the development and distribution of easy to read guides and checklists. • EPA funding established and maintains the new Local Government Environmental Assistance Network (LGEAN), a source of free information on current and developing SDWA requirements (as well as technical assistance, peer counseling, and financial guidance). LGEAN can be accessed on the Internet at www.lgean.org or by calling, toll-free 1-877- TO-LGEAN (865-4326). • States worked with EPA to ensure community water systems sent consumers the first Annual Consumer Confidence Reports in 1999, allowing the public to monitor the performance of local water systems. • Revisions to the Public Notification Rule mean that public water systems will soon send their customers more timely notification of drinking water violations. • EPA is developing a list of approved compliance technologies that will allow small systems more flexibility in treating drinking water while still providing adequate public health protection. • The States and EPA are pursuing enforcement actions against violating public water systems both to discourage violations and to level the playing field for systems that devote resources to maintaining compliance. EPA and drinking water stakeholders should work cooperatively to improve the quality of compliance data. Since September 1998, the findings and recommendations of the national public water systems reports have been incorporated into EPA's ongoing efforts to ensure the reliability of data in SDWIS/FED. In its first national report, EPA noted that compliance data in many individual state reports differed from the data reported to SDWIS/FED. During Fall 1998, EPA and its stakeholders — through a series of meetings — agreed that our data quality goal should be "100% complete, accurate, and timely data submitted by public water systems and primacy agencies, consistent with SDWA reporting requirements." Further analysis and discussions among the stakeholders led to establishment of interim milestones for how soon that goal will be achieved. We expect that these milestones will be formally announced in 2000. EPA and the drinking water stakeholders made significant progress on most of the data recommendations of the earlier national reports — in some instances achieving full implementation. Among the major accomplishments, EPA has: • improved the display of drinking water data in Envirofacts; • characterized and quantified the data quality problem; • taken interim steps to improve data quality; and • made a long-term commitment to achieve and maintain data quality goals. More remains to be done to achieve the goal of 100% accurate, complete, and timely ------- information. Some of the next steps EPA and the • performing more frequent data verification drinking water stakeholders have agreed to audits; undertake include: „ . 1-1 • encouraging States to issue annual reminders • streamlining data reporting and reducing rule to water systems of their compliance complexity; monitoring schedules; and • conducting more training to ensure regulatory • Providing States with individual, prioritized staff can accurately determine compliance recommendations for improving their data with drinking water rules and data entry staff quality. can upload complete and accurate data to SDWIS/FED; • making SDWIS/FED error reports more user friendly and understandable to State drinking water managers; ------- 1998 National Summary of Compliance for Public Water Systems on Indian Reservations INTRODUCTION This section of the 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report describes how the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and federally-recognized Indian tribes (tribes) are meeting the goal of ensuring that public water systems on Indian reservations provide safe drinking water. PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS ON INDIAN RESERVATIONS Tribes may apply for eligibility to receive primary enforcement responsibility (known as primacy) to administer the drinking water program provided they meet the requirements of Sections 1413 and 1451 of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). As of 1998, no tribe has received primacy. EPA, therefore, continues to administer the drinking water program in Indian country, including on Indian reservations. A glossary of terms used in this report appears in Appendix A. A map of the areas covered by this report appears in Appendix C. this section of the report, should continue to be included in state reports. EPA will address this issue in the next report. DATA QUALITY This report uses information from the Safe Drinking Water Information System/Federal System (SDWIS/FED). SDWIS/FED is the national database where EPA records information on public water systems on Indian reservations. Public water systems on Indian reservations are required to report laboratory data to EPA. EPA uses the information to determine compliance with the national primary drinking water regulations of SDWA. This report also discusses the limitations in the data we use to measure our success and the steps we are taking to increase data reliability and completeness, as well as the Agency's compliance assistance, enforcement, and financial assistance programs. EPA plans to continue its data quality efforts during 2000 to ensure that SDWIS/FED contains complete and accurate information. PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS IN ALASKA AND OKLAHOMA Compliance figures for Alaska Native Villages and tribes in Oklahoma are not included in this section of the report; they can be found in the Alaska and Oklahoma state reports. In addition, it is possible that some other tribal systems are not included in this section; they can also be found in other state reports. The state reports do not, however, contain separate information on tribal public water systems. As a result, comprehensive information on these systems is not covered in either the tribal or state section of the report. EPA plans to review whether information on public water systems serving Alaska Native Villages and tribes in Oklahoma, as well as any other tribal systems not currently addressed in FINDINGS In 1998, 983 public water systems on Indian reservations served approximately 500,000 people during the course of their day or year. Percentage of Systems by Type TNCWS NTNCWS CWS q ------- • 750 community water systems served more than 409,000 people in their primary residences. • 141 transient non-community systems (schools and factories) served more than 72,000 people who passed through. • 92 non-transient non-community systems (campgrounds and highway rest stops) served a constantly changing audience of more than 22,500 people. Almost all public water systems on Indian reservations were small. These small systems provide drinking water to the majority of the public who drank water on Indian reservations. • 98% of public water systems on Indian reservations serve 3,300 or fewer people. These 961 small systems served 68% of the people who received water from public water systems on Indian reservations. SDWIS/FED records no violations for most public water systems on Indian reservations. Systems with Violations Violations of Some Kind No Reported Violations 703 of 983 public water systems had no reported health-based or significant reporting violations. 94% of public water systems on Indian reservations reported no violations of a health- based drinking water standard in 1998. • 115 health-based violations on Indian reservations were reported to SDWIS/FED in 1998. The Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for the Total Coliform Rule and the treatment technique requirement for the Surface Water Treatment Rule were the health-based standards most frequently violated. Percentage of Health-based Violations by Rule 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1% 0% Chem TCR LCR SWTR Percentage of All Health-based Violations The vast majority of violations reported to SDWIS/FED in 1998 were for a public water system's significant failure to monitor and report, rather than for a health-based MCL or a treatment technique violation detected and reported. Type of Violation 11 Health-based LJ Monitoring and Reporting Of the 4,012 violations reported to SDWIS/FED in 1998, 3,897 (97%) were significant violations of monitoring and reporting requirements. If a system did not monitor the quality of its water, it is impossible to know if it has violated health- based requirements. Public water systems on Indian reservations represent 0.6% of all public water systems in the United States but were responsible for 4% of all monitoring and reporting violations at public water systems in the United States reported to SDWIS/FED in 1998. ------- COMPLIANCE ASSISTANCE AND ENFORCEMENT EPA uses multiple approaches to ensure public water systems on Indian reservations comply with SDWA regulations. EPA's tribal compliance assistance program is designed to help maintain compliance with SDWA by building cooperative working relationships with utility managers, operators, other tribal environmental staff, and tribal elected officials. The program emphasizes information exchanges, operation assistance, and water quality monitoring. EPA gives information and assistance directly to tribal public water system operators, utility managers, and owners through training sessions, newsletters, telephone support, and system visits. On-site technical assistance is provided by engineers and qualified staff who work with tribes to assess current compliance status, develop monitoring schedules and compliance plans, and conduct sanitary surveys. EPA coordinates many of these activities with other federal agencies, including the Indian Health Service and the Bureau of Reclamation. Coordination also occurs with non-governmental organizations and inter-tribal consortia, including the Native American Water Association, the Rural Water Association, and the Rural Community Assistance Corporation. EPA is also responsible for initiating enforcement actions against owners or operators of public water systems on Indian reservations if a system is not in compliance with SDWA. In most cases, EPA relies on compliance assistance and informal enforcement actions to facilitate a tribally owned or managed public water system's return to compliance. When an enforcement action is appropriate, EPA can initiate administrative orders and refer civil and criminal cases to the Department of Justice which results in either settlement agreements or litigation. The "EPA Policy for the Administration of Environmental Programs on Indian Reservations" (EPA Indian Policy) guides the Agency's approach to bringing civil administrative or judicial enforcement actions against systems owned or managed by tribal governments. Table 1 shows the number of compliance assistance and enforcement activities directed toward public water systems on Indian reservations. The information is drawn both from SDWIS/FED and separate records maintained by some EPA Regions. EPA Regions are only required to report to SDWIS/FED on violations and formal enforcement actions related to the resolution of violations of SDWA; these data are, however, currently incomplete. Some EPA Regions maintain separate records that contain information on both formal and informal enforcement actions and compliance assistance activities. These records indicate that the largest numbers of enforcement actions are federal voluntary reminder notices. Public water systems are required to monitor for 89 different contaminants and conduct analyses using a variety of EPA-approved analytical methods. Where a system fails to perform some or all of the required monitoring, a separate monitoring and reporting violation is recorded for each missed contaminant. FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE EPA provides financial assistance to public water systems on Indian reservations to help build tribal capacity to operate and maintain systems in compliance with SDWA. Capacity building is a long-term solution which focuses on giving tribes grants, training, and technical assistance as they develop their environmental programs. EPA's own General Assistance Program builds tribal capacity by providing grants to develop core environmental activities, including drinking water programs. EPA also distributes funds for specific drinking water program priorities. About $2.7 million (3% of the set-aside of public water systems appropriations) was allotted for implementing the Tribal Public Water System Supervision Program in fiscal year 1998. Through this program, EPA awarded a number of grants to tribes and tribal organizations to address various aspects of the drinking water program. In addition to the 3% set-aside, EPA received $3.8 million in fiscal years 1998 and 1999 for drinking water needs on Indian lands. EPA is focusing on activities such as: • Tribal Public Water System Supervision Program primacy workshops to provide general outreach material to all tribes eligible ------- TABLE 1: NUMBER OF PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS ON TRIBAL LANDS WITH VIOLATIONS BY RULE PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS AND VIOLATIONS Total Number of Public Water Systems Total Number of Public Water Systems with Violations Total Number of Violations 983 280 4,012 COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY Federal Administrative Order issued Federal Compliance Achieved Federal 1431 (Emergency) Order Federal Voluntary Reminder Notice Federal Compliance Meeting Conducted Federal Technical Assistance Visit Federal Site Visit (including sanitary surveys) Federal Public Notification Requested Federal Public Notification Issued Federal Public Notification Received Federal Boil Water Order SDWIS/FED 9 89 0 71 7 4 4 21 0 26 0 SUPPLEMENTAL REGIONAL DATA 25 3 1 2,060 426 465 167 2 26 7 13 to pursue primary enforcement responsibility; capacity development projects; source water and wellhead protection projects; development of a voluntary operator certification program for tribes; and provision of operator training and certification to tribal operators. In the 1996 Amendments to SDWA, an infrastructure funding program was established to improve water supplies. Each year, 1.5% of the appropriation for the national Drinking Water State Revolving Fund program is set aside for American Indian communities and Alaska Native Villages. The initial set-aside from the 1997 appropriation amounted to $19.25 million, an additional $10.87 million was set-aside from the 1998 appropriation, and $11.625 million was set-aside from the 1999 appropriation. In 1998, EPA provided approximately $7 million to the State of Alaska that targeted drinking water infrastructure improvement for rural and Native villages. A small portion of these funds were used to support technical assistance and training. Furthermore, EPA funds tribal multi-media compliance and enforcement programs, including drinking water system activities. Finally, technical assistance and training for small tribally owned or operated public water systems is also provided. For example, EPA currently has two cooperative agreements with the National Rural Water Association to provide Page 12 ------- support to small public water systems, including those owned or operated by tribes. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS In 1998, EPA Regions reported that 72% of the public water systems on Indian reservations did not report a violation of a health-based standard or a significant reporting violation. This represents an overall increase from 1997 when only 46% of facilities did not report a violation of a health-based standard or a significant reporting violation. However, EPA is concerned with the number of reported violations of monitoring and reporting requirements. During 1998, there was a dramatic increase in the total number of significant violations of monitoring and reporting requirements on Indian reservations. EPA believes there are two major reasons for this dramatic increase. First, EPA expanded its efforts to revise existing information in SDWIS/FED and collect compliance data. Second, 1998 was the end of a three-year monitoring period for chemical contaminant monitoring by systems, including a number of new chemical contaminant monitoring requirements for small systems.1 This report is, therefore, composed of data on chemical monitoring violations that occurred in 1998 and other chemical monitoring violations for the three-year monitoring period of 1996 through 1998. EPA continues to implement two primary recommendations from the 1996 and 1997 reports: (1) improve collection and maintenance of compliance data for public water systems on Indian reservations; and (2) place a priority on decreasing the number of monitoring and reporting violations to gain a full understanding of whether health-based violations exist. EPA will accomplish these recommendations — and also respond to concerns about the increases in the number of monitoring and reporting violations — by: • continuing to work cooperatively with tribal governments and their utility managers and water system operators to improve compliance with monitoring and reporting requirements and for health-based standards, particularly the Total Coliform Rule and Surface Treatment Water Rule; • increasing EPA's field presence, conducting more frequent sanitary surveys, and engaging in targeted technical and compliance assistance and enforcement; • improving the inventory of public water systems on Indian reservations; • improving the collection and entry into SDWIS/FED of compliance and enforcement information in a timely manner to avoid keeping multiple records; • continuing to support and encourage capital improvements for public water systems to improve the infrastructure (and therefore compliance with SDWA requirements) of public water systems on Indian reservations, including grants provided under the Drinking Water Tribal Infrastructure Improvement Program; and • focusing on small system compliance issues and the development of small system capacity. Ultimately, EPA will continue to respond to compliance and enforcement issues at public water systems owned or managed by tribal governments in a manner consistent with SDWA and the EPA Indian Policy. As such, EPA will emphasize compliance assistance and the use of informal enforcement responses as the first step in returning these systems to compliance. Where compliance assistance is ineffective or a significant threat to human health or the environment exists, EPA will take appropriate steps to return systems to compliance, including formal enforcement actions. 1 Systems must monitor for most contaminants one time within a standard three year compliance period. ------- ------- ------- ------- Administrative Order Formal enforcement actions issued by EPA or a State to address noncompliance at a public water system, usually by means of a compliance schedule with enforceable milestone dates. Chemical Rules Refers collectively to regulations that protect the public from unsafe levels of organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals (other than lead and copper), and radioactivity in drinking water. Community Water System A public water system that serves at least 15 service connections used by year-round residents or regularly serves at least 25 year-round residents (e.g., homes, apartments and condominiums that are occupied year-round as primary residences). Federally-recognized Indian Tribe An Indian tribe, band, nation, pueblo, community, or Alaska Native Village that the Secretary of the Interior acknowledges to exist as an Indian tribe pursuant to the Federally Recognized Indian Tribe List Act of 1994, 25 U.S.C. Section 479a. Maintained by the Department of the Interior, the list of federally- recognized tribes is updated periodically and published in the Federal Register. The latest list of federally-recognized Indian tribes is available at 65 Federal Register 12398 (March 13, 2000). Health-based Violation A violation of either a Maximum Contaminant Level or a Treatment Technique requirement. Inorganic Chemicals These non-carbon based compounds (such as metals, nitrates, and asbestos) can either occur naturally in some sources of drinking water or be introduced by human activity. EPA has established MCLs for 15 inorganic contaminants. Violations of standards for lead and copper are addressed separately. Large System A public water system that serves more than 10,000 people. Lead and Copper Rule Requires a public water system to take steps to minimize the risk of exposure to lead and copper in drinking water by monitoring for these contaminants, installing corrosion control where required, and, where necessary, educating the public about ways to reduce exposure. A system may also be required to treat its source water or replace lead service lines. Maximum Contaminant Level The maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water delivered to any user of a public water system. Monitoring and Reporting Violation Refers to either a violation of a monitoring and reporting schedule or violation of contaminant- specific minimum testing schedules and operational reporting requirements. Those monitoring and reporting violations considered "significant" for the purposes of the State and national public water system compliance reports are described below in Table A-l. Nitrate and Nitrite Inorganic compounds that can enter water supplies, primarily from fertilizer runoff and sanitary wastewater discharges. Non-transient Non-community Water System A non-community public water system that regularly serves at least 25 of the same persons over six months per year. A typical example of a non-transient non-community water system is a school or an office building that has its own water source, such as a drinking water well. Organic Chemicals These carbon-based compounds, such as solvents and pesticides, can enter drinking water through a variety of means, including factory discharges or runoff from crop lands. EPA has established MCLs for 56 organic contaminants. Primacy The Safe Drinking Water Act requires EPA, States, and Tribes to work as partners to ensure delivery of safe drinking water to the public. Any State or Indian Tribe can request responsibility for operation and oversight of the drinking water program within its borders. In order to receive this responsibility (called "primary enforcement authority" or "primacy"), a State or Tribe must show, among other things, that it has adopted drinking water regulations that are at least as stringent as Federal regulations, and demonstrate its capacity both to enforce those regulations and to implement other activities necessary to ensure compliance. ------- In the absence of State or Tribal primacy, EPA assumes responsibility for administering the drinking water program for that area. Of the 56 eligible States (defined to include Commonwealths, Territories, and the District of Columbia), all but Wyoming and the District of Columbia have primacy. EPA Regional Offices administer the drinking water program within these two jurisdictions and on all Tribal lands. Public Water System A system for the provision to the public of water for human consumption through pipes or other constructed conveyances, if such system has at least fifteen service connections or regularly serves at least twenty-five individuals at least 60 days out of the year. A public water system can be either a community water system, a non- transient non-community water system, or a transient non-community water system. Radionuclides Radioactive particles, such as radium-226, radium-228, gross alpha, and beta particle/photon radioactivity, can occur naturally in water or may result from human activity. EPA has established MCLs for beta/photon emitters, alpha emitters, and combined radium 226/228. Regional Offices Responsible for implementing Environmental Protection Agency programs within their respective jurisdictions. Regional Offices cooperate with Federal, State, interstate, and local agencies, as well as with industry, academic institutions, and other private groups to ensure that Regional needs are addressed and that Federal environmental laws are upheld. Small Systems Public water systems that serve no more than 3,300 people. Surface Water Treatment Rule The Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) requires a public water system served by surface water or by ground water under the influence of surface water to take steps (such as disinfection, filtration followed by disinfection, or watershed control) to reduce potential exposure to microbiological contamination. Total Coliform Rule Establishes limits on coliform bacteria in water distribution systems. Although coliform bacteria, which are found in decaying organic material and in the intestinal tract of humans and animals, are usually not harmful to human health, their presence may indicate the presence of other, more dangerous microbial contamination. SDWIS/FED EPA's database for collecting safe drinking water monitoring results from oversight agencies. SDWIS stands for Safe Drinking Water Information System. Public Water Systems are required to report all monitoring results to the primary enforcement authority. States with primacy, or EPA where it administers the program, analyze the monitoring results, determine compliance, and report violations to EPA on a quarterly basis. EPA maintains records of these violations in SDWIS/FED. SDWIS/FED records only violations, not results that demonstrate compliance with drinking water standards. Total Trihalomethanes These chemicals can be by-products of chemical processes used to disinfect drinking water. Transient Non-community Water System A non-community water system that regularly serves at least 25 people (but not the same 25) over six months per year. A typical example is a campground or a highway rest stop that has its own water source, such as a drinking water well. Treatment Technique In cases where EPA has determined it is not technically or economically feasible to establish an MCL, the Agency can instead specify a treatment technique. These are treatment methods required by EPA to minimize the level of a contaminant in drinking water. Variances and Exemptions A public water system that cannot comply with a drinking water standard because of poor source water quality, or, in the case of small systems, inadequate financial resources, can be granted a variance to comply with less stringent, but still protective standards based on a specific EPA- approved technology available to the system. An exemption allows a PWS with compelling circumstances (including economic considerations) additional time to achieve compliance with applicable SDWA requirements, so long as public health is adequately protected. ------- TABLE A-l: SIGNIFICANT MONITORING VIOLATIONS FOR ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC WATER SYSTEM REPORTS Rule Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Phase 1, II, MB, c and V Rules h Total e Trihalomethanes m Radionuclides Violation Type Major routine Major repeat Major (filtered) Major (unfiltered) Initial lead and copper tap Follow-up or routine lead and copper tap Regular monitoring Regular monitoring Regular monitoring Description No samples collected during a compliance period No follow-up samples collected after a positive total coliform sample or no speciation Collected less than 90% of samples required during a compliance period Collected less than 90% of samples required during a compliance period Either failed to collect the initial tap samples, and then failed to correct that omission within a) 3 months for large systems, b) 6 months for medium systems, or c) 12 months for small systems; or failed to submit the associated report Failed to collect 1 or more required samples Failed to collect any required samples2 Failed to collect any required samples Failed to collect any required samples SDWIS Violation Code1 23 25 31 36 51 52 By contaminant 03 03 SDWIS Contaminant Code 3100 3100 None None 2950 4000, 4101, 4010 1 EPA's Safe Drinking Water Information System (SDWIS/FED) makes no distinction between the sampling violations and the reporting violations associated with a sample collection requirement. Both violations are reported under the same violation code. 2 Failure to collect "any required samples" means none of the required samples were collected. Page A-3 « April 2000 ------- TABLE A-2: SUMMARY OF DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS FOR PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS DURING 1998 Contaminant/Rule Organic Contaminants Total Trihalomethanes (TTHM) Inorganic Contaminants Nitrate and Nitrite Radionuclides Total Coliform Surface Water Treatment Lead and Copper Community Water Systems All Some (Only systems serving more than 10,000) All All All All Some (Only PWSs using surface water sources or ground water sources under the direct influence of surface water) All Non-transient Non- Community Water Systems All None Some (All except arsenic and fluoride) All None All Some (Only PWSs using surface water sources or ground water sources under the direct influence of surface water) All Transient Non- Community Water Systems Some (Only epichlorohydrin and acrylamide) None None All None All Some (Only PWSs using surface water sources or ground water sources under the direct influence of surface water) None Page A-4 ------- ------- ------- CONTENTS Alabama B-7 Alaska B-8 American Samoa B-9 Arizona B-10 Arkansas B-11 California B-12 Colorado B-13 Connecticut B-14 Delaware B-15 District of Columbia B-16 Florida B-17 Georgia B-18 Guam B-19 Hawaii B-20 Idaho B-21 Illinois B-22 Indiana B-23 Iowa B-24 Kansas B-25 Kentucky B-26 Louisiana B-27 Maine B-28 Maryland B-29 Massachusetts B-30 Michigan B-31 Minnesota B-32 Mississippi B-33 Missouri B-34 Montana B-35 Nebraska B-36 Nevada B-37 New Hampshire B-38 New Jersey B-39 New Mexico B-40 New York B-41 North Carolina B-42 North Dakota B-43 Northern Mariana Islands B-44 Ohio B-45 Oklahoma B-46 Oregon B-47 Pennsylvania B-48 Puerto Rico B-49 Rhode Island B-50 South Carolina B-51 South Dakota B-52 Tennessee B-53 Texas B-54 Utah B-55 Vermont B-5 6 Virgin Islands B-57 Virginia B-58 Washington B-59 West Virginia B-60 Wisconsin B-61 Wyoming B-62 ------- ------- In this Appendix, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) presents a summary of each State report in a standardized format. The format includes an overall summary of the violations data specified in Section 1414 of the 1998 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Amendments (i.e., violations with respect to maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), treatment technique violations, significant monitoring and reporting requirements, and variance and exemptions). This Appendix summarizes the data reported by the States, but does not interpret it. Therefore, other factors must be taken into account before drawing conclusions about a State program. For example, public water systems are required to report all violations to the State, but State drinking water programs vary in the regulations they choose to emphasize, A State that decided to focus attention and resources on one particular rule may have discovered and reported many more violations of that rule than a State that chose to focus on a different rule, A disproportionate number of violations in a State could also indicate that the State needs to work with its public water systems to improve their compliance. Readers are cautioned to view the violations data provided in the State summaries within the context of each State and its individual drinking water program. Violations for 1998 EPA summarizes the number of MCL, treatment technique, and significant monitoring violations1 reported by each State in four categories: • Violations of chemical contaminant requirements2 • Violations of the Total Coliform Rule • Violations of the Surface Water Treatment Rule • Violations of the Lead and Copper Rule. EPA summarizes the numbers of individual public water systems in violation in each of these four categories, as reported by the State. If a State's report did not include information in a category, EPA's summary notes the omission. 1998 Totals EPA also summarizes the total number of systems in each State, the total number of violations reported, and the total number of PWSs in violation, if the State reported this information. Systems in Violation Systems in Violation is defined as the number of different systems with a reported violation of this type. Some States counted a system with multiple violations or violations in more than one category as one violating system. Other States counted a violating system each time it had a violation, or once for each of the regulatory categories in which it had a violation. If EPA's review of a State's report indicated some violating systems were counted more than once, an asterisk notes that the State's number possibly overcounts violating systems. Variances and Exemptions There were no reported violations of variances and exemptions in 1998. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual Public Water Systems Report Each State's summary page provides information on how to obtain a copy of the State, if that information was included in the State's report. 1 A comprehensive definition of significant monitoring and reporting violations including exceptions to the definition for the Total Coliform Rule and Lead and Copper Rule appears in Appendix A. 2 MCL and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and radionuclide contaminants. Page B-3 ------- TABLE B-l: SUMMARY OF ELEMENTS REPORTED BY STATES State Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada Submitted Report X X Re V C MCL X X >orted olation ategorif M/R X X On s ss TT X X Reported on V/E X Provided 1 nventory Information X X Identified Size and Type of Violating Systems X Discussed Compliance and Enforcement Responses X X Identified Each System with MCL and TT Violations X X Provided Information to Public on Availability X X Provided Additional Information^ X Did not subm t report. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Did not subm t report. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ------- TABLE B-l: SUMMARY OF ELEMENTS REPORTED BY STATES (continued) State New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virgin Islands Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Submitted Report x x X X X Reported On Violations Categories MCL x x X X X M/R X X X X X TT X X X X X Reported on V/E x Viol x X x Provided Inventory Information x ations inform; x x Identified Size and Type of Violating Systems tion submitted. Re Discussed Compliance and Enforcement Responses x mainder of report s Identified Each System with MCL and TT Violations x till pending. x x x Provided Information to Public on Availability x x x X x Provided Additional Information' x x X Did not submit report. x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X x X x x X x X x x x X x X x X x X x x X X x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x X x X x x X x X x x x x X x X X X X X X X X X X 1. An "x" in this column indicates the state submitted more information in its report than the minimum EPA recommends in guidance. Page B-5 ------- ------- State of Alabama 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule * This total appears in the text of the report and can be corroborated by counting major M/R violations listed in the State's Appendix A. The State's Appendix B indicates the number is 40. Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 753 120 612 Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Alabama's State Report is available by accessing the State's Web site at www.adem.state.al.us/viorep98.html and by written request to ADEM, Water Supply Branch, RO. Box 301463, Montgomery, Alabama 36130-1463 or at e-mail address tsd@adem.state.al.us. ------- State of Alaska 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 1,760 886 8,443 Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Alaska's State Report is available by accessing the State's Web site at www.state.ak.us/dec/deh/water/dwvio98.htm or by contacting James Weise, Drinking Water/Waste Water Program Manager, Department of Environmental Conservation, 555 Cordova Street, Anchorage, AK 99501, phone (907) 269-7647. ------- American Samoa 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 21 11 203 Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report American Samoa did not publish an annual report, and did not regularly submit data to SDWIS/FED. EPA generated these tables from data maintained by EPA's Regional office. Page B-9 ------- State of Arizona 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 1,707 1,064 1,299 Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Arizona's State Report is available by contacting the Drinking Water Section, Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, 3033 N. Central, Room 200, Phoenix, AZ 85012-2809, phone (602) 270-4644. ------- State of Arkansas 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 1,208 264* 503 * Possibly overcounts violating systems. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Arkansas' State Report is available by accessing the State's Web site at www.health.state.ar.us/eng/doe.htm or by contacting the Arkansas Department of Health, Division of Engineering, 4815 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205-2032, phone (501) 661-2623, fax (501) 661-2032, or scorder@mail.doh.state.ar.us. ------- State of California 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 8,744 1,130* 1,511 * Although California's report did not provide a total number of systems in violation, the sum of the numbers the State reported for the separate rules is 1,139. EPA reduced that number by nine to account for systems that appeared more than once on California's list of violating systems. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report California's State Report is available by contacting the State at California Department of Health Services, Division of Drinking Water and Environmental Management, phone (916) 323-6111. http://www.dhs.ca.gov/org/ps/ddwem/pubindex.htm ------- State of Colorado 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule MCL Treatment Technique Systems in Violations 360 Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 2,226 523* 997 * Possibly overcounts violating systems. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Colorado's State Report is available by contacting the State at Compliance Monitoring-Data Management, WQCO- CMDM-B2, 4300 Cherry Creek Drive South, Denver, CO 80246-1530. ------- State of Connecticut 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 4,550 287* 1,074 * Possibly overcounts violating systems. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Connecticut's State Report is available for review at the public library or at the Water Supplies Section, Department of Public Health, 450 Capitol Avenue, Hartford, CT 06134. To schedule an appointment to review this document at the Water Supplies Section call (860) 509-7333. ------- State of Delaware 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 566 160* 187 *Possibly overcounts violating systems. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Information on Delaware's public water systems may be found on the Internet in EPA's Envirofacts web page at the following address: www.epa.gov/enviro/html/sdwis/sdwis_query.html. Delaware's State Report is available by contacting the Division of Public Health, Office of Drinking Water, RO. Box 639, Dover, DE 19903, or telephone (302) 739-5410. ------- District of Columbia 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 2 0 0 Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report The District of Columbia's State Report is available by contacting: George Rizzo, DC PWSS Program Manager, Drinking Water Branch (3WP22), U.S. EPA Region III, 1650 Arch Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103-2029, Telephone (215) 814-5781, Fax: (215) 814-2318, E-mail: rizzo.george@epa.gov. ------- State of Florida 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule MCL Treatment Technique Systems in Violations 1,414 1,391 Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 6,911 2,491* 2,832 * Possibly overcounts violating systems. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Florida's State Report Summary, State rules, forms, and drinking water inventory are available by accessing the State's Web site (www.dep.state.fl.us/water/Wf/dw/default.htm). ------- State of Georgia 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations NR NR 1,446 * Georgia reports 419 violations in its report, 412 violations in an attached table. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Georgia's State Report is available by contacting Doug Davenport, Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division, Drinking Water Program, Information Management Unit, 205 Butler St., SE Suite 1362, Atlanta, GA 30334, phone (404) 651-5162. Website: www.dnr.state.ga.us/dnr/environ/ Page B-18 ------- Guam 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 12 0 0 Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Guam did not publish an annual report, and did not submit violations data to SDWIS/FED during this period. EPA generated inventory data from SDWIS/FED. ------- State of Hawaii 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 138 17 91 * The State of Hawaii issued a revised 1998 report on February 4, 2000 that added 15 chemical monitoring and reporting violations at one public water system. The State had not yet initiated its enforcement action in July of 1999, when it first published its annual report for 1998. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Hawaii's State Report is available by the Safe Drinking Water Branch, Department of Health, 919 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 308, Honolulu, HI 96814-4920, phone (808) 586-4258, fax (808) 586-4370, email (waterbill@aol.com). ------- State of Idaho 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 2,075 1,024** 1,971* * Idaho does not count violations at the three systems in violation because those violations began prior to 1998. ** Includes 3 systems whose violations began prior to 1998. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Idaho's State Report is available by accessing the State's web site (www2.state.id.us/deq/) and by contacting the Idaho Division of Environmental Quality's six Regional Offices or the State's seven district health departments. ------- State of Illinois 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 6,072 581 3,045 Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Illinois' State Report is available by contacting the Illinois EPA's Division of Public Water Supplies, #13, P.O. Box 9276, Springfield, IL 62794-9276. ------- State of Indiana 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 4,295 1,713 4,111 * Possibly overcounts violating systems. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Indiana's State Report is available via the Indiana Department of Environmental Management,Office of Water Management, Drinking Water Branch, at www.state.in.us/idem/owm/dwb/index.html, or by contacting the Drinking Water Branch at (317) 308-3280. ------- State of Iowa 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 1,977 697 1,353 Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Iowa's State Report is available by accessing the State's web site at www.state.ia.us/government/dnr/organiza/epd/wtrsuply/pwscmp97.htm or by contacting the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Water Supply Section, Wallace State Office Building, 900 East Grand Avenue, Des Moines, IA 50319-0034. ------- State of Kansas 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 1,122 165 270 Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Kansas' State Report is available by accessing the State's web site at www.kdhe.state.ks.us or by contacting the State at Public Water Supply Section, Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Bldg. 283, Forbes Field, Topeka, KS 66620, Attn: Peter Armesto, phone (785) 296-6297. ------- State of Kentucky 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 733 323 951 Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Kentucky's State Report is available by accessing the State's Web site at water.nr.state.ky.us/dow/dwhome.htm and by contacting the Kentucky Division of Water, Drinking Water Branch, 14 Reilly Road, Ash Building, Frankfort, Kentucky, 40601, phone (502) 564-3410. ------- State of Louisiana 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998* Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 2,000** 208 293 * Violations numbers drawn from Louisiana's list of violating systems. Numbers in the narrative portion of the report sometimes differ. ** This number is an estimate provided by the state. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report A specific source for obtaining a copy of this report has not been provided. General information on its availability may be obtained from: Division of Environmental and Health Services, Louisiana Department of Health and Hospital, Office of Public Health, RO. Box 60630, New Orleans, LA 70160, phone (504) 568-5100. Also, information on the report can be obtained by contacting the Office of Public Health, Engineering Services, 6867 Bluebonnet Boulevard, Suite 222, Baton Rouge, LA, 70810. ------- State of Maine 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 2,177 NR 2,408 Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Maine's State Report is available by accessing the State's web site at www.state.me.us/dhs/eng/water/water.htm or by contacting the State at Drinking Water Program, 10 State House Station, Augusta, ME 04333, phone (207) 287- 2070. ------- State of Maryland 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 3,706 461* 430 * Possibly overcounts violating systems. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Maryland's State Report and additional information on the Maryland program are available by contacting Nancy Reilman, MDE — Water Supply Program at (410) 631-3729. ------- State of Massachusetts 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 1,579 597 4,184 Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report The Massachusetts report is available on the state's web site at www.state.ma.us/dep/brp/dws/dwspubs.htm. Hard copies are available at each of the four Massachusetts DEP regional offices: Western — 436 Dwight Street, Springfield, MA 01103 Central — 627 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01608 Northeast — 205A Lowell Street, Wilmington, MA 01887 Southeast — 20 Riverside Drive, Lakeville, MA 02347 ------- State of Michigan 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 12,446 3,363* 5,999 * Possibly overcounts violating systems. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Michigan's State Report is available by accessing the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Drinking Water and Radiological Protection Division web page at www.deq.state.mi.us/us/dwr/. It can also be obtained by contacting the State at Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Drinking Water & Radiological Protection Division, 3423 North Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard, RO. Box 30630, Lansing, Ml 48909-8130. ------- State of Minnesota 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 8,900 494** 494* * Minnesota's report provided the number of systems in violation of each regulation, but did not provide the number of violations at those systems. ** Possibly overcounts violating systems. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Minnesota's State Report is available by contacting the Drinking Water Protection Section, Minnesota Department of Health, Box 64975, St. Paul, MN 55164-0975. ------- State of Mississippi 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 1,507 83 108 Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Mississippi's State Report is available by accessing the State's web site at www.msdh.state.ms.us/OHR/watersup/wshome.htm or by contacting the Mississippi State Department of Health, Water Supply Division, RO. Box 1700, Jackson, MS 39215-1700. ------- State of Missouri 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 2,714 1,240* 2,354 * Possibly overcounts violating systems. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Missouri's State Report and additional information regarding Missouri's PWSs are available by contacting the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Public Drinking Water Program, P.O. Box 176, Jefferson City, MO 65102, phone (573) 751-5331. Website: www.dnr.state.mo.us/deq/pdwp/homepdwp.htm. ------- State of Montana 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 1,950 1,704* 2,223 * Possibly overcounts violating of systems. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Montana's State Report is available on the Montana Department of Environmental Quality's web site at www.deq.mt.gov or by contacting the Public Water Supply Section, Community Services Bureau, Permitting and Compliance Division, Montana Department of Environmental Quality, Box 200901, Helena, MT 59624-0901, or telephone (406) 444-4400. ------- State of Nebraska 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 1,353 511* 751 * Possibly overcounts violating systems. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Nebraska's State Report is available by accessing the State's website www.hhs.state.ne.us/enh/enhindex.htm or by contacting the Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services, Regulation and Licensure, 301 Centennial Mall South, RO. Box 95007, Lincoln, NE 68509, (402) 471-2541. ------- State of Nevada 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 652 609* 664 * Possibly overcounts violating systems. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Nevada's State Report is available by contacting the Nevada State Health Division at 1179 Fairview Drive, Suite 101, Carson City, Nevada 89701. Copies of the report may be viewed at county libraries throughout the State and at State Health Division offices in counties that do not have a library. ------- State of New Hampshire 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 2,190 367* 1,510 * Possibly overcounts violating systems. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report New Hampshire's State Report is available by contacting the NH Department of Environmental Services, Water Division, Water Supply Engineering Bureau, 6 Hazen Drive, RO. Box 95, Concord, NH 03301, or by contacting Laurie K. Cullerot at Department of Environmental Services at (603) 271-2954, or via e-mail at l_cullerot@des.state.nh.us. The report is also available on the website www.des.nh.state.us/wseb. ------- State of New Jersey 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 4,464 1,502 15,465 * New Jersey's totals include violations of State requirements that are more stringent than Federal requirements, such as standards for an additional five volatile organic compounds, and twelve MCLs more protective than Federal MCLs. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report New Jersey's State Report and Drinking Water Standards chart are available by contacting the State at New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, RO. Box 426, Trenton, NJ 08625-0426. The report will also be sent to the State library for distribution through its system, and to the county and local health officers. ------- State of New Mexico 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 1,335 246 454 * Possibly overcounts violating systems. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report A specific source for obtaining a copy of this report has not been provided. General information on its availability may be obtained from: Keith Melton, Program Manager, Drinking Water Program, New Mexico Environment Department, 525 Camino De Los Marquez, Suite 4, RO. Box 26110, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87502, Phone (505) 827-7536, e-mail: keith melton@nmev.state.nm.us. ------- State of New York 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 10,620 1,996* 2,014 * Possibly overcounts violating systems. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report New York's State Report is available by contacting the State at BPWSP — NYSDOH, Flanigan Square, 547 River Street, Room 400, Troy, NY 12180-2216. age B-41 ------- State of North Carolina 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 8,235 NR 12,011 * This may overcount violating systems. North Carolina believes the actual number is 1,153. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report North Carolina's State Report is available by contacting the North Carolina Public Water Supply Section homepage at: www.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pws. ------- State of North Dakota 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 564 140 228 Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report North Dakota's State Report is available by contacting the North Dakota Department of Health, Division of Municipal Facilities, RO. Box 5520, 1200 Missouri Avenue, Bismarck, ND 58506-5520, Attention: Jeni Walsh (701) 328- 5231 (phone) or (701) 328-5200 (fax), or e-mail jwalsh@state.nd.us. age B-43 ------- Northern Mariana Islands 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 43 0 0 Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report The Northern Mariana Islands did not publish an annual report, and did not report violations to SDWIS/FED during this period. EPA generated inventory data from SDWIS/FED. ------- State of Ohio 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 6,189 2,391 9,509 Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report A summary of Ohio's State Report is available by writing to the State of Ohio at PWS Annual Compliance Report, Ohio EPA— DDAGW, Lazarus Government Center, RO. Box 1049, Columbus, OH 43216-1049. In addition, this summary report has been posted on the Ohio EPA's website at www.epa.state.oh.us/ddagw/annualreports.html. Additional contact sites include: David Greenwood, Central District Office, 3232 Alum Creek Drive, Columbus, OH 43207, (614) 728-3778. ------- Violations for 1998 Violations Category State of Oklahoma 1998 PWS Compliance Report MCL Treatment Technique Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Violations Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 1,683** 689* 1,151 * Possibly overcounts violating systems. ** This is the total number of systems meeting the Federal definition of a PWS. The State also regulates 645 systems that do not meet the Federal definition of a PWS. The numbers above do not include violations at those 645 systems. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Oklahoma's State Report is available by contacting the State at Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality, Water Quality Division, 8th Floor, 707 North Robinson, Oklahoma City, OK, or by mail request at the Department of Environmental Quality, Water Quality Division, RO. Box 1677, Oklahoma City, OK 73101-1677, or at the website www.deq.state.ok.us/waterl/home/index.html. ------- State of Oregon 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 2,703 1,489 8,032 *Possibly overcounts systems in violation. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Oregon's State Report is available by contacting Diane Weis at the Oregon Health Division, 800 NE Oregon Street, Portland, OR 97232. The Oregon drinking water homepage is www.ohd.hr.state.or.us/cehs/dwp. age B-47 ------- Violations for 1998 Violations Category State of Pennsylvania 1998 PWS Compliance Report MCL Treatment Technique Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations >10,500 1,662 4,999 Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Pennsylvania's State Report, the list of public water systems having MCL violations during 1998, and additional information about the Pennsylvania Safe Drinking Water Program are available by contacting: Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Water Supply Management, RO Box 8467, llth Floor RCSOB, Harrisburg, PA 17105-8467, phone (717) 787-5017. Website: www.dep.state.pa.us. ------- Puerto Rico 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations NR NR 5,876 Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Puerto Rico's Report is available at the following addresses: Department of Health Public Water Supply Supervision Program Ramon Fernandez Marina Hospital — Third Floor Bo. Monacillos, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico Department of Health Public Water Supply Supervision Program RO. Box 70184 Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 00936 Telephone: (787) 754-6010 or (787) 754-6370 age B-49 ------- State of Rhode Island 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations NR 37* 44 * Possibly overcounts violating systems. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Additional information about Rhode Island's drinking water program is available on the State's website at www.health.state.ri.us or by contacting the Rhode Island Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water Quality, 3 Capitol Hill, Room 209, Providence, Rl 02908, phone (401) 222-6867. ------- State of South Carolina 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 1,562 231 360 Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report South Carolina's State Reports are available by contacting the Water Enforcement Division with SCDHEC's Bureau of Water at (803)898-4153 or by fax at (803) 898-3795 or by e-mail at betterva@columb32.dhec.state.se.us or by writing to 2600 Bull Street, Columbia, SC, 29201. The report will also be made available on the Bureau of Water webpage at www.state.se.us/dhec/eqc/water. For additional information not contained here, call the Freedom of Information Office at (803) 898-3880. ------- State of South Dakota 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 744 315 1,326 Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report South Dakota's State Report is available by contacting the State at DENR, Drinking Water Program, 523 E. Capitol St., Pierre, SD 57501-3181. Paee B 52 ------- State of Tennessee 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998* Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 1,187 317** 748 * Numbers drawn from Tennessee's Detailed Violations Report. Numbers in Summary Violations Report occasionally differ. ** Possibly overcounts violating systems. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Tennessee's State Report is available by contacting the Division Water Supply Central Office at: Division of Water Supply — Central Office, 401 Church Street, 6th Floor, L&C Tower, Nashville, TN 37423-1549, phone (615) 532- 0152; or any of the six field offices: Division of Water Supply, Suite 550 — State Office Building, 540 McCallie Avenue, Chattanooga, TN 37402-2013, phone (888) 891-8332; Division of Water Supply, 121 South Willow, Cookeville, TN 38502; Division of Water Supply, 362 Carriage House Drive, Jackson, TN 38305-2222; Division of Water Supply, 2305 Silverdale Road, Johnson City, TN 37601-2162; Division of Water Supply, Suite 220-State Plaza, 2700 Middlebrook Pike, Knoxville, TN 37219; Division of Water Supply, 537 Brick Church Park Drive, Nashville, TN 37243-1550. Copies of Tennessee's State Report are also located in most public libraries in Tennessee, or at the website: www.state.tn.us/environment/dws/index.html. ------- State of Texas 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 6,677 1,405** 1,988 * The state, not the system, collects samples for the chemical standards, minimizing monitoring violations. ** Possibly overcounts violating systems. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report A specific source for obtaining a copy of this report has not been provided. General information on its availability may be obtained from: Water Utilities Division, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, RO. Box 13087, Austin, TX 78711-3087, phone (512) 239-6020. Paee B ------- Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule State of Utah 1998 PWS Compliance Report Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations NR 2,714* 4,374 * Possibly overcounts violating systems. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Utah's State Report is available by contacting the State at Utah Division of Drinking Water, RO. Box 144830, Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4830, Attention: Ken Bousfield, phone (801) 536-4207. ------- State of Vermont 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998* Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 1,398 694** 746 * Numbers are drawn from Vermont's list of violations and violating facilities. Numbers in other parts of the report sometimes differ. ** Possibly overcounts violating systems. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Vermont's State Report is available by contacting the State Water Supply Division, 103 S. Main St., Waterbury, VT 05671-0403, phone (802) 241-3400, in Vermont, dial (800) 823-6500. It is also available on the Internet at the following address: www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/watersup/vtrptl998.pdf. Paee B ------- Virgin Islands 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 460 143*** 235 * State report contains two sets of numbers that do not always match. ** The Virgin Islands does not have any surface water sources of drinking water. *** Possibly overcounts violating systems. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report The Virgin Islands Report can be obtained by contacting the DPNR, Division of Environmental Protection, 1118 Water Gut Homes, Christiansted, St. Croix, US Virgin Islands, 00820. The report is also available at public libraries, University of Virgin Island's Public Library, UVI's Water Resource Research Institute, and local libraries. ------- State of Virginia 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems NR Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 467 964 * Possibly overcounts violating systems. ** Includes seven systems whose violations were not incurred in 1998. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report A summary of Virginia's state report is available by accessing the following site: http://www.vdh.state.va.us/owp/97report.htm. A complete copy of the report may be obtained by contacting one of the 6 field offices: Office of Water Programs, Abingdon Field Office — Field 1, 454 East Main Street, Abingdon, VA 24210, phone (540) 676-5650 and fax (540) 676-5659; Office of Water Programs, Lexington Field Office — Field 2, 131 Walker Street, Lexington, VA 24450, phone (540) 463-7136 and fax (540) 463-3892; Office of Water Programs, Southeast Virginia Field Office — Field 3, 5700 Thurston Avenue — Suite 203, Virginia Beach, VA 23455, phone (757) 363-3876 and fax (757) 363-3955; Office of Water Programs, East Central Field Office — Field 4, 300 Turner Road, Richmond, VA 23225, phone 1(804) 674-2880 and fax (804) 674-2815; Office of Water Programs, Danville Field Office — Field 5, 1347 Piney Forest Road, Danville, VA 24540, phone (804) 836- 8416 and fax (804) 836-8424; Office of Water Programs, Culpeper Field Office — Field 6, 400 South Main Street — 2nd Floor, Culpeper, VA 22701-3318, phone (540) 829-7340 and fax (540) 829-7337. Paee B 58 ------- State of Washington 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 4,250 1,302 2,172 * Includes 144 systems that were categorized in violation of significant monitoring requirements but did not incur the violation in 1998. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Washington's State Report is available by accessing the State's Website at www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/dw/enflink.htm or by contacting the Department of Health, Division of Drinking Water, P.O. Box 47822, Olympia, Washington 98504- 7822. ------- State of West Virginia 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 1,215 694 1,796 Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report West Virginia did not provide a specific source for obtaining a copy of its report. For more information, contact the West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Office of Environmental Health Services, 815 Quarrier Street, Suite 418, Charleston, West Virginia, 25301-2616; telephone (304) 558-2981. ------- State of Wisconsin 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 11,807 2,363 3,303 Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report Wisconsin's State Report is available by contacting the Bureau of Drinking Water and Groundwater, State of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 7921, Madison, Wl 53707, telephone (608) 266-6669. ------- State of Wyoming 1998 PWS Compliance Report Violations for 1998 Violations Category Chemical Contaminant Group Total Coliform Rule Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule Total Number of Regulated Systems Total Number of Systems in Violation Total Number of Violations 800** 270* 356 * Possibly overcounts violating systems. ** This number is an approximation provided by EPA. Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report The report for the state of Wyoming is available from: John Gillis, EPA Region 8, 999 18th Street, Suite 500, Denver, CO 80202-2466, phone (303) 312-6229. ------- ------- ------- %^1 -": a ... . ,;;^r>;r p,--- ----- - •-'={£.« IS Indian Lands ------- ------- |