Physical Location:
SAB Staff Office
Woodies Building
1025 F. Street, N.W.
Ste. 3600
Washington, DC 20004
Mailing Address:
SAB Staff Office
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Mailcode 14 OOF
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20460
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At EPA, our major tasks are to protect and safeguard the nation' s environmental
resources. In order to achieve this goal, EPA must rely on the highest quality science
available for decision making. The three scientific advisory committees whose
accomplishments are described in this report have helped strengthen Agency deci-
sion making and will help us build a stronger scientific base for future decisions.
I believe that the best environmental decisions are based on sound science, cou-
pled with common sense and open participation from our stakeholders. EPA
depends on open, credible scientific processes, which are the essence of work under-
taken by the committees supported by the Science Advisory Board Staff Office.
Peer review that uses credible, independent scientists has helped EPA establish underlying facts and build a
common ground for collaboration. Independent scientists serving on our chartered advisory committees and their
panels provide review of important Agency strategies such as the National Ambient Air Monitoring Strategy or key
agency guidance such as the recent Supplemental Guidance for Assessing Cancer Susceptibility from Early-Life
Exposure to Carcinogens. Scientific advisory committees not only help build this solid foundation through peer
review, they also provide independent, wide-ranging advice that stimulates the Agency to take new directions.
Over the past two years, EPA has received advice in new, important science topics as different as computational
toxicology, analyses of the effects of toxicants in embedded sediments, and approaches that could be used for
leach testing of wastes. With the recent reorganization of the Science Advisory Board (SAB), the Board is now bet-
ter able to provide forward-looking scientific and technical advice on emerging issues such as nanotechnology and
information technology. Ready access to this type of advice helps EPA keep pace with the rapid evolution in sci-
ence and technology. EPA needs such advice in facing the complex environmental challenges that lie ahead.
Stephen L. Johnson
Administrator
The Path Forward:
Science Advice for Strategic Goals
In 2003, EPA published the 2005-
2008 EPA Strategic Plan: Direction
for the Future. This plan identified
five goals for achieving a healthy,
safe environment and seven strate-
gies for achieving those goals. In
the past two years, the Clean Air
Scientific Advisory Committee
(CASAC), the Advisory Council on
Clean Air Compliance Analysis
(Council), and the Science Advisory
Board (SAB)—all chartered federal
scientific advisory committees at
EPA—provided peer review of
agency scientific work products and
forward-looking advice to nurture
Agency science as it develops. Both
efforts were needed to help the
Agency make the best use of sci-
ence in achieving the goals of clean-
er and safer air, water, and land and
protection of healthy communities
and ecosystems.
To provide early, strategic advice for
Agency science and to provide peer
reviews of well-developed Agency
work products, the CASAC, Council,
and SAB provided advice in Fiscal
Years (FYs) 2003-2004 through
several mechanisms;
• Consultation—A public session in
which a panel of knowledgeable
experts discusses a technical topic
before the Agency begins substan-
tive work on that particular subject.
• Advisory—A report summarizing
the deliberations of one or more
public sessions in which panel
members provide advice on tech-
nical issues. These public sessions
take place at the same time as the
Agency is developing its position
on a topic.
• Peer Review—A report summariz-
ing the deliberations of one or
more public sessions in which
panel members review a complet-
ed Agency product.
Goals of the Agency's
2003 Strategic Plan
Clean Air
Clean and Safe Water
Land Preservation and Restoration
Healthy Communities and Ecosystems
Compliance and Environmental
Stewardship
• Commentary—A short communi-
cation issued primarily by the SAB
that provides unsolicited advice
about an important technical
issue.
• Other Activities—The SAB,
CASAC, Council, and their sub-
committees often receive informa-
tion briefings from the Agency.
The SAB also conducts scientific
workshops and undertakes origi-
nal studies as deemed appropriate
or requested by the Agency.
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Highlighting Key Accomplishments in FY 2003 and FY 2004
Letter from the Past Chair of the Science Advisory Board
In November 2003, EPA announced the reorganization of the SAB, an institution
with twenty-five years of accomplishments in advising the Agency on the science
needed for environmental protection. From my perspective as chair of the SAB since
2000,1 believe these changes will increase the ability of the SAB to provide high-
quality independent advice that responds to the Agency's current priorities and antic-
ipates future needs. Indeed, I believe that they have already begun to do so.
There are two key features of the SAB reorganization. A Board, composed of 25
to 30 Members appointed by the Administrator, has responsibility for strategic advice
and final approval of SAB reports. New quality review committees, aided by additional experts, are formed as
needed to review high-priority reports authored by SAB committees and peer review panels before the Board's
final review and approval. These changes will help the Board and the Agency keep pace with the rapid advance-
ment of science and technology by enabling the Board to focus on emerging scientific issues. The reorganization
will assist us in providing on a timely basis the kind of thoughtful, insightful advice that the Agency needs while
ensuring peer review processes that follow the highest standards. I also believe that the reorganization will help
the Board attract the best scientific minds in our society to provide this advice.
Many members of the Board and staff have invested hours of time and much energy in working with the
Agency and the many interested members of the public interested in this important reorganization. I would like to
thank them and the staff, especially the Director, Dr. Vanessa Vu, and the SAB's own Reorganization
Subcommittee for their insights and time invested in the future of the Board.
William H. Glaze, Professor
OGI School of Science & Engineering,
Oregon Health and Science University
SAB Chair (2000-2004)
Strengthening the Process for Providing Advice
Letter from SAB Staff Office Director
The SAB Staff Office, housed within EPAs Office of the Administrator, performs manage-
ment and administrative functions and provides technical assistance to the CASAC, the
Council, and the SAB, which are all separately chartered federal advisory committees
providing scientific and technical advice to EPA. The Staff Office serves as the interface
for these advisory bodies in their interactions with EPA and the public. The Staff Office
also ensures that the CASAC, the Council and the SAB conduct advisory activities as
part of a public process that meets the sunshine requirements of the Federal Advisory
Committee Act (FACA) and the requirements of the Ethics in Government Act. We
ensure that the public has an opportunity to provide input during the advisory process.
Over the past two years the Staff Office has focused on charting a path forward for the federal advisory com-
mittees and for enhancing the advisory process by strengthening the public involvement process, by addressing
policy and legal issues, and by strengthening the staffing and infrastructure supporting key science advice. To
assist the SAB in keeping pace with complex environmental challenges facing the Agency, the SAB Staff Office rec-
ommended the structural and functional realignment of the SAB; this new direction was approved by the
Administrator in November 2003. The Staff Office also developed an Implementation Plan for the New Structural
Organization of the EPA Science Advisory Board (EPA-SAB-04-002). This document, available on the SAB Web
site (www.epa.gov/sab), describes how the SAB Staff Office is implementing the new structural and functional
changes in the SAB.
It has been an intense, rewarding, and challenging two years. We managed changes in the SAB structure and
committee processes and also supported the committees in providing early, forward-looking advice and rigorous
peer reviews of EPA technical and scientific work products that directly impact major EPA policies and decisions.
This Accomplishments Report illustrates how the advisory committees have responded to the Agency's need for sci-
ence advice that supports EPAs three major goals of protecting air, water, and land, as well as the need for advice to
guide Agency science planning and science policy decisions. I thank all our advisors for their work, most especially
the chairs of our advisory committees, for their insights and their commitment to the work of the Agency.
^ait-
Vanessa T. Vu, Ph.D.
Director
s
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Key Advice in FY 2003-2004
This report highlights examples of
key advice provided by the federal
advisory committees on important
scientific and technical issues spe-
cific to EPA's goals of clean air, clean
and safe water, and land preserva-
tion. These examples illustrate
how committees have helped the
Agency plan for its science needs
and for the integration of science in
policy decisions. The examples
below also include responses from
the Agency describing the useful-
ness and impact of the advice
received. A look at the committee
and panel chairs that steer the
major projects gives a sense of the
range of expertise and experience
of the scientists who serve the
Agency through the CASAC,
Council, and SAB.
Goal 1:
Clean Air
Congress mandated the establish-
ment of the CASAC and the Council
to provide ongoing advice to EPA on
scientific and technical issues relat-
ing to clean air. The CASAC was
established under the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1977 (42 U.S.C. §
7409(d)(2)) to provide advice, infor-
mation, and recommendations to
the Administrator on the scientific
and technical aspects related to the
criteria for air quality standards,
research related to air quality,
sources of air pollution, and the
strategies to attain and maintain air
quality standards and to prevent
significant deterioration of air quali-
ty. The Council was established
under the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990 (42 U.S.C.
§7612) to provide advice, informa-
tion, and recommendations on the
technical and economic aspects of
analyses and reports EPA prepares
concerning the impacts of the Clean
Air Act on the U.S. economy, public
health, and the environment
Over the past two years, both
committees worked intensively to
provide advice on the data and
analyses to be used by EPA's Office
of Air and Radiation. These com-
mittees also serve as peer reviewers
for major scientific and technical
work products. In addition, both
committees have strengthened their
expertise in the area of ecological
assessment since publication of the
last Accomplishments Report for FY
2002. The SAB Staff Office formed
an Ecological Effects Subcommittee
(EES) of the Council in 2004, The
EES, chaired by Dr. Charles DriscoU
of Syracuse University, was estab-
lished to provide advice to the
Agency through the Council to
strengthen the Agency's assess-
ments of the ecological effects of
implementing the Clean Air Act.
Ecological expertise on the CASAC
was also augmented by the
appointment of Dr. Ellis B. Cowling
of North Carolina State University.
Highlighted below are examples
of CASAC and Council projects that
focused on different aspects of sci-
ence underlying EPA's clean air goal.
dean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee Review of the
Agency's National Ambient Air
Monitoring Strategy
(EPA-SAB-CASAC-LTR-04-001)
In this 2004 report, CASAC
reviewed EPA's Draft National
Ambient Air Monitoring Strategy
(NAAMS). This strategy was devel-
oped through partnerships between
THE VALUE OF THIS DIALOGUE BETWEEN OUR
PROGRAM SPECIALISTS AND SCIENTIFIC EXPERTS AT THE INITIAL
STAGE OF A PROJECT SHOULD REAP ENORMOUS LONG-TERM
BENEFITS FOR OUR MONITORING NETWORKS.
EPA (Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, Office of Research
and Development, and regional
offices) and tribal, state, and local
agency representatives. The draft
strategy proposed a restructuring of
air monitoring networks to meet
current and projected future needs.
The CASAC report commended the
Agency for its critical evaluation of
ongoing air monitoring programs
and stated that a properly reconfig-
ured air-monitoring network will
provide better information for mak-
ing air-quality management deci-
sions. The two principal sugges-
tions regarding the draft strategy
were to: 1) establish priorities for
monitoring objectives and 2) devel-
op guidance to ensure that monitor-
ing network assessments were rea-
sonably uniform across regions and
states. The CASAC requested that
the draft strategy be revised to
reflect its recommendations and be
resubmitted to CASAC for review.
Excerpt from Agency response from
Administrator Michael 0. Leavitt:
"On behalf of everyone involved in
the strategy's development, I applaud
the constructive advice provided by
your committee. The value of this
dialogue between our program spe-
cialists and scientific experts at the
initial stage of a project should reap
enormous long-term benefits for our
monitoring networks.
"We have reviewed all of the
committee's recommendations and
are in the process of incorporating
your advice in the revised National
Ambient Air Monitoring Strategy
document, as well as in forthcom-
ing modifications in the air moni-
toring regulations."
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Dr. Philip Hopke
Chair: Clean Air Scientific
Advisory Committee
Dr. Philip K. Hopke is the Bayard D. Clarkson
distinguished professor at Clarkson University
and the director of the Center for Air
Resources Engineering and Science.
Professor Hopke is the immediate past presi-
dent of the American Association for Aerosol Research and was a member of
the National Research Council's congressionally mandated Committee on
Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter and the Committee on Air
Quality Management in the United States. He is a member of the National
Research Council's U.S. Committee on Energy Futures and Air Pollution in
Urban China and the United States. Professor Hopke received his B.S. in
Chemistry from Trinity College (Hartford) and his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in
chemistry from Princeton University. After a post-doctoral appointment at
M.I.T., he spent four years as an assistant professor at the State University
College at Fredonia, NY Dr. Hopke then joined the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign and subsequently came to Clarkson in 1989 as the
Robert A. Plane Professor with a principal appointment in the Department of
Chemistry. He has served as dean of the Graduate School, chair of the
Department of Chemistry, and head of the Division of Chemical and Physical
Sciences before he moved his principal appointment to the Department of
Chemical Engineering in 2000.
Review of the Draft Analytical Plan
for EPA's Second Prospective
Analysis — Benefits and Costs of
the Clean Air Act, 1990-2020: An
Advisory by the Advisory Council
for Clean Air Compliance Analysis
(EPA-SAB-COUNOL-ADV-04-004)
In this review the Council
addressed overarching charge ques-
tions concerning the analytical
framework for the analysis related
to the economic impacts of the
Clean Air Act on public health, the
economy, and the environment.
This work built upon reports pro-
vided by the Council's Air Quality
Modeling Subcommittee (2003)
and Health Effects Subcommittee
(2004) on emissions estimation
and health effects analysis included
in the Draft Analytical Plan for EPA's
Second Prospective Analysis.
The Council underscored the
importance of the Agency's analysis
of the benefits and costs of the Clean
Air Act. Council members consid-
ered the analysis important for guid-
ing decisions about future regula-
tions, legislation, and strategic plan-
ning. It regarded the Agency's analy-
ses as an "ambitious and difficult
enterprise that pushes the Agency to
the frontiers of science in many dif-
ferent disciplines." To foster the
research and development of meth-
ods needed, the Council advised the
Agency to create a "Learning
Laboratory" to test methods needed
to improve analyses.
The Council highlighted several
technical points of major importance
to the Office of Air and Radiation
and to the Agency in general.
Members provided advice on how
the Agency can best address uncer-
tainty in both its costs and benefits
estimates and emphasizes the
importance of choosing consistent
and compatible modeling assump-
tions. In regard to discounting, the
Council advised the Agency to
employ a range of values for the
social discount rate and advised the
Agency to make progress in using
computable general equilibrium
models to reveal the indirect con-
sequences of air quality regula-
tions that spill over into unregulat-
ed sectors. The Council also pro-
vided advice regarding the
Agency's choice of a key parame-
ter, the value of a statistical life,
given the limitations and uncer-
tainties of information available to
the Agency. Council members
advised the Agency not to include
any cost-effectiveness analysis,
including quality-adjusted life-years,
in the main analysis, which is
defined by statute as a benefit-cost
analysis.
Excerpt from Agency response from
Administrator Michael 0. Leavitt:
"I applaud the thoroughness and
technical sophistication of your
advisory, and 1 appreciate the
Council's ongoing efforts to provide
high-quality advice regarding the
design and implementation of this
important series of studies. Given
the substantial scope and depth of
the advisory, EPA will respond by
taking specific actions to address
and implement the report's recom-
mendations through the redirection
of our analytical efforts. These ana-
lytical changes will be reflected in
the first draft of the study report,
which will be submitted to the
Council for review. In addition, EPA
Dr. Trudy Ann Cameron
Chair: Advisory Council on
Clean Air Compliance Analysis
Dr. Trudy Ann Cameron is the Raymond F
Mikesell professor of environmental and
resource economics at the University of
Oregon. She holds a Ph.D. in economics
from Princeton University and was a mem-
ber of the faculty in economics at the University of California, Los
Angeles, for seventeen years before moving to the University of Oregon
in January 2002. She has served as a member of the board of directors,
as well as vice-president, of the Association of Environmental and
Resource Economics and as an associate editor for the Journal of
Environments/ Economics and Management and the American Journal of
Agricultural Economics. She has also served on the Environmental
Economics Advisory Committee of the SAB and the Economics and
Assessment Working Group of the EPA's Children's Health Protection
Advisory Committee. Dr. Cameron's research concentrates on the
methodology of non-market resource evaluation, with special emphasis
on econometric techniques for the analysis of stated preference survey
data. Her recent projects have included a study of popular support (i.e.,
willingness to pay) for climate change mitigation programs [funded by
the National Science Foundation). Another current project uses stated
preference survey methods to elicit household choices that reveal willing-
ness to pay to avoid illness, injury, and death. The value of a statistical
life is a key ingredient in the benefit-cost analysis of many environmental,
health, and safety regulations, and this project seeks to more clearly iden-
tify how the context of such choices influences the public's willingness to
pay for such policies.
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anticipates conducting additional
interim consultations with the
Council and its subcommittees,
during which the project team will
describe EPA's efforts to address all
the key elements of your advisory."
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II p
Goal 2:
Clean and Safe Water
Among the many activities begun,
completed, and under way over the
past two years related to the goal of
Clean and Safe Water, this
Accomplishments Report highlights
the establishment of a consultative
panel of the SAB's Ecological
Processes and Effects Committee
(EPEC) to provide early strategic
advice related to risks from pollu-
tants embedded in sediments. In
addition, the SAB's Drinking Water
Committee addressed key human
health impacts facing EPAs
Drinking Water Program and
received briefings on upcoming
projects for future fiscal years.
EPA's Strategy on Suspended and
Bedded Sediments: An EPA
Science Advisory Board Notification
of a Consultation
(EPA-SAB-EPEC-CON-04-002)
The SAB's Ecological Processes and
Effects Committee met on October
21, 2003, to conduct a consultation
on a discussion paper representing
EPA's initial thinking concerning a
strategy for developing water-quali-
ty criteria for suspended and bed-
ded sediments. Agency staff at the
consultation expressed hopes for
moving forward to an implementa-
tion strategy similar to the nutrient
strategy and biological criteria strat-
egy currently in use. Committee
members provided advice on eight
potential approaches or tools for
these criteria including toxicological
criteria, relative bed stability, condi-
tional probability, state-by-state ref-
erence condition, fluvial geomor-
phic approaches, water body func-
tional criteria, new criteria efforts,
and approaches for synthesis or
combination of criteria. Committee
members presented a range of
views on the advantages and dis-
advantages of different methods for
different ecological conditions and
discussed various means of synthe-
sizing the approaches presented.
Agency Response from Dr. Edward
Ohanian, Director, Health and
Ecological Criteria Division, Office of
Science and Technology, Office of
Water: "Our program received key
recommendations from the consul-
tation that confirmed the validity of
the proposed approaches for sus-
pended and bedded sediments and
the usefulness of suggested imple-
mentation tools. Committee mem-
bers confirmed the synthesized
approach envisioned, based on ref-
erence conditions that include ele-
ments of all other tools suggested
by staff, and the conditional proba-
bility technique for analyzing field
data and setting thresholds. It was
beneficial to hear that any criteria
approach should show a strong link
between the measurement of sed-
iment and biological conditions.
"It was also helpful to receive
the suggestion that criteria should
be developed by each major water
body type, including lakes, estu-
aries, wetlands, rivers, streams,
and headwaters, and then tiered
by classes of similar water body
types within each of these major
categories (e.g., cold clear-water
mountain streams). Committee
members also encouraged that the
methods and tools be understand-
able to the community that will
implement the criteria and show
consistency across the country.
"Given the confirmation of the
proposed Office of Water approach
to criteria for suspended and bed-
ded sediments, the Office of Water
plans to develop a draft National
Suspended and Bedded Sediments
Strategy and make it available for
public review by spring 2005."
Dr. Virginia Dale
Chair: SAB Ecological Processes
and Effects Committee
Dr. Virginia Dale is a landscape ecologist at
Oak Ridge National Laboratory and adjunct
faculty member in the Department of
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the
University of Tennessee. She received her
Ph.D. from the University of Washington in
mathematical ecology in 1980. Dr. Dale's primary research interests are in
environmental decision making, forest succession, land-use change, land-
scape ecology, and ecological modeling. She has worked on developing
tools for land management; vegetation recovery following the eruption of
Mount St. Helens; forest development subsequent to insect outbreaks, fires,
windthrows, and clear-cutting; effects of air pollution and climate change on
forests; tropical deforestation in Asia and Latin America; and integrating
socioeconomic and ecological models of land-use change. Dr. Dale serves
on the Science Advisory Board for the Grand Canyon Monitoring and
Research Center and the Committee on Ecological Effects of Road Density of
the National Academy of Sciences. She is the chair of the U.S. Scientific
Committee for Problems of the Environment for the National Academies of
Sciences. Dr. Dale has served on the National Academy of Sciences
Ecosystems Panel, the Committee of Scientists appointed by the Secretary of
Agriculture, and the several panels that review proposals submitted to the
National Science Foundation. She was chair of the U.S. Regional Association
of the International Association for Landscape Ecology and has been on the
Governing Board of the Ecological Society of America. She is currently on
the editorial board for the journals Ecological Economics and Ecological
Indicators. She is also the editor-in-chief of Environmental Management.
Er
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Goal 3:
Land Preservation
and Restoration
Highlighted below are two projects
completed in FY 2003-2004 related
directly to land preservation and
restoration. One provided early
consultative advice on an important
testing procedure for wastes.
Another addressed a complex mod-
eling effort developed in a partner-
ship between EPA's Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response
and the Office of Research and
Development. In addition, the
Board provided advice on science
planning related to contaminated
sediments and contaminated sites,
important science issues for Goal 3.
Improving Leach Testing of Waste:
An EPA Science Advisory Board
Notification of a Consultation
(EPA-SAB-EEC-CON-03-006)
The SAB's Environmental
Engineering Committee met on
June 17-18, 2003, to conduct a con-
sultation with staff and managers
from the Environmental Protection
Agency's Office of Solid Waste and
the Office of Research and
Development to discuss the
improvement of waste material
leaching evaluation in waste man-
agement situations where the
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure is not required by regula-
tion. Alternatives to the procedure
are of key interest to EPA in contam-
inated site remediation, waste mate-
rial reuse, and hazardous waste
delisting situations.
EPA has initiated internal
research and supported external
research to work toward a more
comprehensive assessment frame-
work and set of testing protocols to
evaluate the leaching potential of
waste materials under specific envi-
ronmental conditions. Important
conditions include those found in
the course of waste disposal and
reuse, as well as contaminated site
remediation. This consultation was
designed to consider alternatives to
the procedure that could improve
environmental decision making
when regulatory programs allow
such flexibility.
In the consultation, EPA was
primarily interested in SAB's
thoughts on the scientific strengths
and potential applicability of a tiered
framework for leaching assessment
developed by researchers at
Vanderbilt University with partial
support from the Office of Solid
Waste. EPA also sought SAB's
advice on the direction for long-term
research to develop a better funda-
mental understanding of leaching
processes for improved tests and
predictive models.
Committee members generally
agreed that alternatives to the
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure for the evaluation of leach
potential are needed for some waste
and site situations, but it was not
clear if there are a large or small
number of situations for which an
alternative approach is needed.
They commented on a specific exist-
ing framework that was broadly
applicable and specified where more
development work was needed. The
Committee provided guidance on
how to focus investment in science
in the most applicable waste and site
situations and possible reuse scenar-
ios to strengthen the work on alter-
natives. Members also suggested
opportunities to work with others,
including the Department of
Defense, Department of Energy
and the Federal Highway
Administration to make the best
use of limited research and devel-
opment resources.
Agency Response from Mr. Robert
Bellinger, Director of the Hazardous
Waste Identification Division, Office
of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response: "This consultation was
conducted at the request of the
Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response (OSWER) as
part of an ongoing discussion
between the office and the SAB on
the best approaches to the use of
leach testing to evaluate the likely
environmental impacts of waste
management. In earlier reviews of
Agency leach testing (in 1991 and
1999), the SAB had urged the
Agency to expand its waste leach-
ing research program and to
improve and identify alternatives to
the currently used leaching test, the
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure. The SAB was con-
cerned, in large part, that the proce-
dure was used too broadly and in
circumstances where it was not
expected to perform well.
Dr. David Dzombak
Chair: SAB Leaching Consultation
Dr. David A. Dzombak is professor of civil
and environmental engineering at Carnegie
Mellon University, a registered professional
engineer in Pennsylvania, and a diplomate
of the American Academy of Environmental
Engineers. He holds a Ph.D. in civil-environ-
mental engineering from the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology. The emphasis of his research is on water and soil
quality engineering, especially the fate and transport of chemicals in subsur-
face systems and sediments, wastewater treatment, in situ and ex situ
soil/sediment treatment, hazardous waste site remediation, and abandoned
mine drainage remediation. Dr. Dzombak has served on the National
Research Council Committee on Bioavailability of Contaminants in Soils and
Sediments and on various research review panels for the Department of
Defense, Environmental Protection Agency, National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences, and the National Science Foundation. He
has also served on the Board of Directors and as an officer of the Association
of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors; as chair of committees
for the American Academy of Environmental Engineers, American Society of
Civil Engineers, and Water Environment Federation; and on advisory commit-
tees for various community and local government organizations and for the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Dr. Dzombak was elected a fellow of the
American Society of Civil Engineers in 2002. Other recent awards and hon-
ors include the Professional Research Award from the Water Environment
Association of Pennsylvania in 2002, an Aldo Leopold Leadership Program
Fellowship by the Ecological Society of America and the David and Lucile
Packard Foundation in 2000, and the Jack Edward McKee Medal from the
Water Environment Foundation in 2000.
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"As a result of the concerns
expressed by SAB, as well as the
occurrence of several instances in
which the procedure performed
poorly, the Agency expanded its
efforts to understand and account
for through testing the factors that
affect waste constituent leaching.
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14
After several years of this effort,
OSWER sought feedback from the
SAB in the form of a consultation,
particularly regarding the scope and
general direction of the work. As a
result of that consultation, OSWER
has continued to work with aca-
demic researchers on testing
approaches that consider the effects
of pH, test liquid-to-solid ratio (infil-
tration rate), and the effect of the
physical form of the waste on met-
als leaching. We have also begun
to work on field validation studies
of this testing approach, a signifi-
cant recommendation of the SAB
panel. In future work we hope to
address other factors affecting met-
als leaching (such as oxidation/
reduction conditions) and begin to
more closely examine leaching of
organic chemicals while addressing
other SAB recommendations."
EPA's Multimedia, Mvltipamway,
and Multireceptor Bisk Assessment
(3MRA) Modeling System; A
Review by the 3MRA Review Panel
of the EPA Science Advisory Board
(EPA-SAB-05-005)
The SAB found that the 3MRA
modeling system is a major step for-
ward in providing a flexible and
consistent tool for estimating the
distributions of the probability of
exceeding adverse effect bench-
marks, resulting from various choic-
es of thresholds used to evaluate
wastes for exemption from Subtitle
C of the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA). Used in con-
junction with other factors, 3MRA
provides a scientifically defensible
framework that gives reproducible
results for determining national lev-
els for RCRA-listed hazardous
wastes. The SAB commended the
manner in which 3MRA was devel-
oped as a genuine cross-Agency
partnership between the Office of
Solid Waste and the Office of
Research and Development. It is
clear that the developers of 3MRA
were acutely aware of the need to
address criticisms of previous mod-
eling attempts.
To maintain the value, utility,
and credibility of 3MRA, the SAB
recommended that the Agency sup-
port the continued development of
the 3MRA modeling system. In
order to maximize the long-term
utility and vitality of the model as
improved information becomes
available, the panel recommended
that the Agency articulate a plan for
updating both the databases thai-
support the model, as well as the
individual model components.
Agency Response from Dr.
Rosemarie C. Russo, Director,
Ecosystems Research Division,
National Exposure Research
Laboratory, Office of Research and
Development, and Mr. Gary Ballard,
Acting Associate Director,
Economics, Methods and Risk
Analysis Division, Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response:
"The SAB review was critically
important because 3MRA represents
the first comprehensive and integrat-
ed risk assessment technology for
assessing human health and envi-
ronmental impacts related to pro-
grams under the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act. The
review establishes that modeling
systems like 3MRA and the underly-
ing science are worthy of investment
and development not only within
the EPA community, but also across
the federal agencies and private sec-
tor. For a number of years there had
been significant apprehension and
debate on the part of the multimedia
modeling community as to whether
policy, technology, science, and appli-
cation could come together into a
workable, practicable, and scientifi-
cally sound model. The 3MRA model
and the associated in-depth SAB
examination showed that such
development had occurred and the
multimedia modeling community
could move forward with such tools.
In short, the independent support
and acknowledgement of this SAB
review suggest that the Agency is
on the right track and as such may
well provide the direction and sig-
nal that is needed to launch the
environmental research and policy
communities toward investment in
and development of the next gen-
eration of multimedia modeling
tools.
"The SAB review highlighted a
number of innovative approaches
and tools associated with the 3MRA
development and regulatory appli-
cations. These include elevating
probabilistic ecological risk assess-
ment on par with human health
risk assessment; using census data
and similar information to go
beyond individual risk point esti-
mates and instead construct valid
estimates of the distribution of indi-
vidual risks across a population in
space and time; developing a soft-
ware technology designed for 100
percent reproducibility and quality
assurance that houses, manages,
and reports enormous amounts of
information on a PC platform;
developing scientifically sound eval-
uation protocols for models where it
is physically impossible to validate
in the field; and developing risk-
based standards that no longer rely
on the most driving exposure path-
I
^
Dr. Thomas L. Theis
Chair: SAB Multimedia Multipathway
Multireceptor Risk Assessment (3MRA)
Modeling System Panel
^^^ Professor Thomas L. Theis is the director of
the Institute for Environmental Science and
l\^l Policy, a cross-disciplinary unit dedicated to
promoting collaborative research on the envi-
ronment, at the University of Illinois at Chicago. His areas of expertise include
the mathematical modeling and systems analysis of environmental processes,
the environmental chemistry of trace organic and inorganic substances, inter-
facial reactions, subsurface contaminant transport, hazardous waste manage-
ment, industrial pollution prevention, and industrial ecology. He has been
principal or co-principal investigator on more than fifty funded research proj-
ects totaling in excess of $ 10 million and has authored or co-authored over
one hundred papers in peer-reviewed research journals, books, and reports.
He is a former editor of the Journal of Environmental Engineering. From
1980 to 1985 he was the co-director of the Industrial Waste Elimination
Research Center (a collaboration of the Illinois Institute of Technology and the
University of Notre Dame), one of the first centers of excellence established by
the EPA. In 1989 he was an invited participant on the United Nations
Scientific Committee on Problems in the Environment for its workshop on
groundwater contamination. In 1998 he was invited by the World Bank to
assist in the development of the first environmental engineering program in
Argentina. He is the founding principal investigator of the Environmental
Manufacturing Management Program, one of the Integrative Graduate
Education Research and Training grants of the National Science Foundation.
way but instead jointly and simulta-
neously consider all pathways.
"With respect to the conduct of
the review itself, the Agency is par-
ticularly pleased that the panel
devoted so much effort to this
review. Because more than 45 peer
reviews of individual 3MRA science
models had already been completed,
the SAB panel was asked to focus its
attention on the integrated 3MRA
science and technology "system"
CL
15
-------
with special emphasis on the nation-
al risk assessment methodology.
When the panel determined that a
quality systems level review was not
possible without a thorough under-
standing of the individual compo-
nents (i.e., science models) they ded-
icated significant extra time and
energy to developing this under-
standing. The result was not only a
well-informed system level review,
but also a comprehensive review of
the science components of 3MRA
from the integrated systems perspec-
tive. Through this review the panel
has provided valuable insight and
recommendations that the Agency
will consider in the context of imple-
menting the model for its regulatory
assessment programs."
Science Planning
The SAB's process for providing
advice on science and research
planning at EPA changed in 2004
as a result of the reorganization of
the Board and in response to
changes in science planning at
EPA. The Board's reorganization
and associated Implementation
Plan emphasized the importance of
providing strategic advice to shape
future science at EPA. Advice on
science and research planning
became a priority for the chartered
SAB and for SAB standing commit-
tees. The SAB Staff Office organ-
ized a set of SAB advisory activities
to respond to the complex set of
research planning efforts designed
by the Agency to implement the
2003 EPA Strategic Plan, to provide
advice timed to the annual science
and research planning process
mandated by the congressional
budget cycle, and to respond to
emerging science needs.
The SAB advice on EPA's
science planning had three main
components. The major component
was the chartered SAB's work with
EPA representatives to acquire infor-
mation systematically on Agency
science and research programs.
Drawing on the experience of its ad
hoc and standing committees, the
SAB expanded its scope of advice
on EPA's annual science and
research budget in FY 2004 to
include all Agency science and
research, not only the investments
in EPA's Office of Research and
Development. As separate activities
that also contributed to that major
effort, SAB standing committees
reviewed several multi-year plans
developed by EPA's Office of
Research and Development in col-
laboration with EPA program and
regional offices. In addition, SAB
ad hoc technical panels reviewed
draft Agency research plans and sci-
ence plans
Examples of SAB advice on the
topics of science and research budg-
ets and research plans in emerging-
science areas are highlighted below.
Ongoing SAB work for FY 2005
involves review of additional EPA
multi-year science plans, as well as
overall Agency science and research
planning for FY 2006.
Advisory Report on the Science and
Research Budgets for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency
for Fiscal Year 2005; A Report by
the EPA Science Advisory Board
(EPA-SAB-ADV-04-003)
This report provided the Board's
advice on the Fiscal Year 2005
budget request for EPA's science
and research activities. The SAB
affirmed its recognition, after con-
ducting numerous reviews of EPA's
science and research activities over
more than 20 years, that the Office
of Research and Development has a
strong cadre of scientists who con-
duct high quality, diverse scientific
research programs that focus on
specific EPA missions. The Board
viewed Agency scientists, combined
with the scientists involved in EPA's
extramural programs, as providing
a unique and flexible source of
expertise for conducting research in
support of informed decision mak-
ing. Board members communicat-
ed concerns about EPA's ability to
adequately sustain this important
science and research program.
Agency Response from Dr. Kevin Y.
Teichman, Director, Office of
Science Policy, Office of Research
and Development: "The Science
Advisory Board's review of the sci-
ence and technology budget request
for FY 2005 provides many impor-
tant findings and recommenda-
tions. The report is particularly
valuable because it presents an
integrated review, within the con-
text of the President's Budget
request, of the Agency's science pro-
grams, how these programs relate
within and outside of EPA, and
whether the science programs con-
tain the necessary components to
achieve the Agency's strategic goals.
The advice contained in the report is
an important contribution to the
planning and implementation of the
Agency's science activities. We look
forward to continuing to work with
the Board to keep its understanding
current on the many science activi-
ties underway within the Agency.
The Board's commitment to exam-
ining the actual science activities
Dr. Genevieve Matanoski
Chair: SAB Science and
Research Advisory Panel
Dr. Genevieve Matanoski is a professor of
epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins
University Bloomberg School of Public Health
in Baltimore, Maryland. For a time after
medical school she pursued a career in pedi-
atrics and general preventive medicine. After earning a doctor of public
health degree, she was appointed to the faculty of Johns Hopkins University
and has been a professor since 1976. In addition to teaching and research.
Dr. Matanoski has held appointments in a number of teaching and training
programs in the United States and abroad and is a frequent advisor to legisla-
tive and policy making groups. She is a member of several scientific advisory
bodies both for governmental agencies and for industry. She is a past chair
of the EPA Science Advisory Board as well as a past chair of the SAB Radiation
Advisory Committee. During her tenure on the EPA SAB, Dr. Matanoski was
involved in the writing of several documents produced by the SAB to provide
advice to EPA including the Beyond the Horizon: Using Foresight to Protect
the Environmental Future and Toward Integrated Environmental Decision-
making. She is the author or co-author of more than 80 publications. Dr
Matanoski's work has focused on the epidemiology of cancer, including blad-
der, lung, skin and uterine cancers, and leukemia. Her research studies have
examined the risks associated with occupational and environmental exposures
to such agents as radiation, electromagnetic fields, and chemical substances
such as styrene, butadiene, arsenic and environmental tobacco smoke.
Recent research has emphasized reproductive effects and congenital malfor-
mations from environmental exposures. Her early work involved infectious
diseases and illnesses in infants and children. Dr. Matanoski received a B.A.
degree in chemistry at Radcliffe College and an M.D. at the Johns Hopkins
School of Medicine and a doctor of public health degree from the Johns
Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health.
cL
17
behind the budget numbers results
in increasingly valuable input into
shaping EPA's science and technolo-
gy program."
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'
18
Review of the Draft Human Health
Research Strategy for Improving
Risk Assessment; Report of the
USEPA Science Advisory Board
(EPA-SAB-EC-03-010)
The SAB provided advice on four
charge questions relating to the
strategic directions for the Office of
Research and Development's core
research program in human health
risk assessment. The research
directions, outlined in the strategy
document, were based on the eval-
uation of research needs from the
Agency's regulatory and regional
programs and consideration of rec-
ommendations from external advi-
sory groups. The priority research
areas include: 1) research on har-
monizing risk assessment
approaches; 2) research on aggre-
gate and cumulative risk; 3)
research on susceptible and highly
exposed subpopulations; and 4)
research to enable evaluation of
public health outcomes.
The SAB supported the inte-
grative, multidisciplinary approach
that the strategy appears to
embrace. It suggested that harmo-
nization will be best achieved by
full}' considering information on
mechanisms/modes of action in
risk assessment. The Board recom-
mended that strategic research
planning should focus on advanc-
ing such knowledge while recog-
nizing that harmonization does not
mean that a single methodology
should be used for assessment of
all toxicities and pollutants. Focus
on aggregate and cumulative expo-
sure and risk is an appropriate and
logical next step in the evolution of
human health risk assessment. The
Board advised the Agency to pro-
vide further elaboration on and a
more balanced presentation of
areas of research needs and, in par-
ticular, the allocation of resources
necessary for elucidating the events
leading up to exposure. To identify
susceptible populations, the Board
acknowledged the importance of
understanding the role of predis-
posing factors including genetic
predisposition, gender, age (partic-
ularly children and the elderly), dis-
ease, and immune status in deter-
mining how an organism will
respond to chemical or physical
agents. In addition, the Board rec-
ommended that contributor}7 risks
should also be included, such as
the impact of lifestyle and neu-
ropsychological factors including
stress and living conditions, passive
or active smoking, and nutrition.
Agency response from Dr. Harold
Zenick, Associate Director for
Health, National Health and
Environmental Effects Research
Laboratory, Office of Research
and Development: "...thank you
and the rest of the review panel of
the Science Advisory Board for the
excellent and insightful comments
concerning the review of ORD's
Human Health Research Strategy
(HHRS) document. We are pleased
that it is the sense of the review
panel that the strategic directions
described in the document may
have a direct impact on the overall
focus of the risk assessment
research community... ORD will
rely on the comments and judg-
ment of the review panel to draft
the final version of the research
strategy."
Dr. James E. Klaunig
Chair, Human Health Research
Strategy Review Panel
Dr. James E. Klaunig is Professor of
Toxicology and Director of Toxicology in
the Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology at Indiana University, School of
Medicine. He received his B.S. degree from
Ursinus College in Collegeville, Pennsylvania, an M.A. from Montclair State
University, Montclair, New Jersey, and his Ph.D. from the University of
Maryland in Baltimore, Maryland. He is the recipient of numerous awards,
including Fellow of the Academy of Toxicological Sciences; the Otis R.
Bowen M.D. Distinguished Leadership Award, Indiana University School of
Medicine; the Kenneth P. DuBois Award from the Midwest Society of
Toxicology, and the Sagamore of the Wabash award from the governor of
Indiana. He is editor-in-chief of Toxicologic Pathology Journal, serves as
associate editor of Toxicological Sciences, and is on the editorial board of
Toxicological Pathology. He is a member of the National Toxicology
Program Board of Scientific Counselors for the National Institutes of
Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. He also has
served as president of the Carcinogenesis Specialty Section, president of
the Ohio Valley Society of Toxicology, member and chair of the Education
Committee, and member of the finance and program committees of the
Society of Toxicology. He is currently the treasurer of the Society of
Toxicology. He also serves the State of Indiana on the Indiana Pesticide
Review Board, the Governor's Council on Impaired and Dangerous Driving,
and the Indiana Controlled Substances Advisory Board. He has trained
more than fifty graduate students and postdoctoral fellows. His research
interests are dedicated to understanding the mechanisms of chemically
induced carcinogenesis, specifically the mode of action of nongenotoxic
carcinogens; understanding the role of oxidative stress in carcinogenesis
and cell injury, and understanding the multistage nature of the cancer
process.
Review of the Environmental
Economics Research Strategy of the
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency; A Report by the EPA
Science Advisory Board
Environmental Economics Advisory
Committee
(EPA-SAB-04-007)
In this report prepared by the
Environmental Economics Advisory
Committee, the SAB focused on five
key areas of research, including: 1)
valuation of human health; 2) valua-
tion of the ecological benefits of
environmental improvement; 3)
environmental behavior and deci-
sion making; 4) market methods
and incentives; and 5) benefits of
environmental information disclo-
sure, hi general, the Board conclud-
ed that the strategy adequately
characterizes the major research
gaps in the literature for the benefits
of human health and ecological risk
reduction and that research in these
areas could generate high-quality
useful information for EPA in a rea-
sonable timeframe. The Board also
recommended that EPA hold work-
shops, in conjunction with the
annual meetings of the American
Economics Association and the
American Agricultural Economics
Association, as a way to achieve a
wider distribution for its economics
1
•
-
19
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20
Dr. Maureen L. Cropper
Chair: SAB Environmental Economics
Advisory Committee
Dr. Maureen L. Cropper is professor of eco-
nomics at the University of Maryland, a lead
economist at the World Bank, and a universi-
ty fellow at Resources for the Future. She
received a B.A. in economics from Bryn Mawr
College in 1969 and a Ph.D. in economics
from Cornell University in 1973. Her research has focused on valuing environ-
mental amenities, especially environmental health effects; on the discounting
of future health benefits, and on the tradeoffs implicit in environmental regula-
tions. Her recent research focuses on factors affecting deforestation in devel-
oping countries and on the externalities associated with motorization. Dr.
Cropper is past president of the Association of Environmental and Resource
Economists and a former chair of the Advisory Council for Clean Air Act
Compliance Analysis. She has served on the advisory boards of Resources for
the Future, the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, the Donald Bren School of
the Environment, and the AEI-Brookings Center on Regulation.
research strategy and the results of
research conducted in accordance
with this strategy. This mechanism
could also allow EPA to obtain use-
ful feedback from members of the
research community on its econom-
ics research program.
Excerpt from Agency response from
Administrator Michael 0. Leavitt:
"I thank you, the Science Advisory
Board, and Environmental
Economics Advisory Committee for
your review of the Environmental
Economics Research Strategy. As
we work to ensure that EPA's poli-
cies are founded on a solid under-
pinning of science, peer reviews like
this are an important part of our
efforts.
"Research developed in
response to the EERS will be partic-
ularly important as we search for
better ways to protect the environ-
ment. It will lead us to new and
more effective environmental man-
agement approaches and will help
ensure that the policies we adopt
are both efficient and fair."
Consultation on the Office of
Research and Development's
Framework for Computational
Toxicology, A Science Advisory
Board Notification of a Consultation
(EPA-SAB-CON-04-003)
In September 2003, the SAB
Computational Toxicology
Framework Panel provided a con-
sultation on the Agency's Draft
Document, A Framework for a
Computational Toxicology Research
Program in ORD, for use by EPA's
Office of Research and Development
(ORD) to implement a research pro-
gram and to communicate the
Agency's research needs in the area
of computational toxicology.
Genomics, combined with computa-
tional methods and bioinformatics,
can be used to integrate modern
computing and information technol-
ogy with molecular biology and
chemistry and help improve EPA's
prioritization of data requirements
and risk assessments for toxic
chemicals. EPA's Office of Research
and Development asked the panel
to review the framework and pro-
vide advice on how such research
should be prioritized.
Panel members found the
Framework a useful tool for further-
ing EPA's mission. "Omics" research
could answer some key questions
about chemicals commonly encoun-
tered by risk assessors, as well as
provide needed guidance on
addressing unknown chemicals.
Future frameworks should take into
account integration of policy and
science and provide a basis for the
discussion of issues important to
EPA programs and regions and pro-
vide a basis for involvement of
stakeholders. Proposed next steps
should include some common
research protocols, test species, and
chemicals that would fill immediate
information needs in the current
practice of risk assessment and
would allow for some synergy and
comparability between the many
types of research conducted. The
panel addressed specific questions
concerning the likelihood of the
research strategy to strengthen pre-
dictive models for hazard identifica-
tion. The panel also explored
means to enhance quantitative risk
assessment, recommendations for
additional issues to be captured in
the Framework, priorities of
research needs, applications of com-
putational toxicology to address
environmental problems, and meas-
ures to involve the larger scientific
community and the public.
Agency response from Dr. Lawrence
W. Reiter, Director, National Health
and Environmental Effects Research
Laboratory - Research Triangle Park,
Office of Research and Development
and Executive Lead for the
Computational Toxicology Program:
"The consultation with the SAB on
the Framework, which was held on
September 12, 2003, represented a
critical step in the evolution of the
Computational Toxicology Program.
For the first time, the strategy was
presented to an external peer
review group and reactions were
sought. We were extremely pleased
that the SAB felt that the
Framework was a good effort on
the part of a cross-section of scien-
tists in the Office of Research and
Development and that it should
prove a useful tool for advancing
our mission. We took their advice
to better integrate with the policy
arms of the Agency, to reach out in
partnerships with public and private
organizations in an effort to better
leverage resources, to develop better
links with other complementary
research areas within our office,
and to consider a number of specific
steps to aid in the implementation
of the program.
"The positive feedback from the
SAB gave strong encouragement
within the Office of Research and
Development to move forward with
the Computational Toxicology
Program. Last fall, we held a work-
shop that included representatives
from the program offices and a
number of external organizations to
roll out the strategy to staff in our
office, and we established a cross-
Agency committee to oversee the
translation of the Framework into a
research program—the
Computational Toxicology
Implementation and Steering
Committee. In FY 2004, we issued
two internal requests for proposals
to fund research in computational
toxicology, and awarded nearly $2.5
million to ten existing projects and
seven new projects based on strate-
gic directions laid out in the
Framework. We also announced a
call for proposals to establish a
Center of Environmental
Bioinformatics through our Science
to Achieve Results Program and
began working with the Office of
Pesticide Programs to assist it in
addressing re-registration needs for
pesticidal inerts and non-food use
antimicrobials—two large classes of
chemicals with little supporting tox-
icological information. Ultimately,
the Office of Research and
Development made the decision to
institutionalize the program by cre-
ating a National Center for
-------
Public Involvement Steps
22
of on the
Requesting Offices: The Office of Research and Development (ORD) and Office of Environmental
Information developed the Draft Report on the Environment, a report that seeks to address the status of and
trends in environmental conditions and their impacts on human health and the nation's natural resources.
Background: The EPA asked the SAB for advice in five areas: the scientific analysis and presentation of
information describing status and trends; assessment of the draft's use of indicators; measures of human
health and ecological endpoints; the use of national and regional data; and the quality of the Public
Report intended to summarize the Agency's technical documents. After considering 55 candidates recom-
mended for their expertise in the following areas, the SAB formed a 20-member Panel to review EPA's
Draft Report on the Environment.
Panel Expertise Required: Epidemiology of environmental pollutants • Human exposure to
environmental pollutants • Human health risk assessment of environmental pollutants • Natural resources
management • Whole ecosystems research • Ecological risk assessment
• Ecosystems sustainability • Environmental indicators
• Water resources management • Land use management
• Waste management • Emergency response and
preparedness • Air quality
of
of
The SAB Staff Office receives
nominated advisory projects
for SAB consideration from var-
ious EPA Offices, Program and
Regional Offices, the Congress
(through the Administrator),
and the SAB
Proposed project requests
are discussed at the SAB
Executive Committees Public
Meeting as part of the Board's
upcoming Fiscal Year
Operating Plan
Tt le SAB Staff Office publishes
a Federal Register notice to
announce the establishment
of an SAB Advisory Panel for
each project and solicits nomi-
nations for panel membership
or
The SAB Staff Office publishes
a preliminary list, or "shout list,"
of individuals selected for each
project and announces its final
selection of Panel members on
the SAB Web site.
At'visory
An SAB Quality Review
Committee (QRC) reviews and
approves the draft panel report
during a public teleconference
Following this review, the char-
tered SAB reviews the QRC
report and the draft panel
report and approves the final
report.
Evaluation
The SAB Staff Office seeks for-
mal feedback from the Agency
on the approved panel report
and posts the Agency
response on the SAB Web site
A by
of the
Requesting Offices: The Office of Solid Waste (OSW) and the Office of Research and Development
(ORD) developed the 3MRA system to evaluate wastes for exemption from Subtitle C of the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
Background: The EPA asked the SAB to focus its review in the following four areas: assessment
methodology, 3MRA modeling system, modeling system evaluation, and modeling system documenta-
tion. After considering 75 candidates recommended for their expertise in relevant areas, the SAB
formed a 16-member Panel to review the complex modeling system and extensive documentation.
Panel Expertise Required: Integrated Software Technology for Multimedia Modeling • Sensitivity and
Uncertainty Analyses for Higher Order Environmental Models • Quality Assurance and Model Evaluation
• Integrated Multimedia Fate and Transport Modeling-air focus • Integrated Multimedia Fate and
Transport Modeling-surface water focus • Integrated Multimedia Fate and Transport Modeling-
groundwater focus • Integrated Multimedia Fate and Transport Modeling-food chain focus • Integrated
Modeling for Human and Ecological Risk Assessments • National Probabilistic Risk Assessment using
Monte Carlo-based Methods • Properties of Chemicals and Environmental Media • Nation-wide Risk
Assessments • Human toxicology • Ecological toxicology • Risk Communication • Familiarity with
hazardous waste regulations and remediation technologies
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24
Dr. George W. Lucier
Chair: SAB Computational
Toxicology Framework Panel
Dr. George \K/. Lucier is an environmental
consultant with an emphasis on toxicology,
exposure assessment, and risk assessment
models that integrate diverse data sets. Dr.
Lucier retired from the National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences in 2000
where he served as director of the Environmental Toxicology Program, associ-
ate director of the National Toxicology Program, and head of the research
group on molecular toxicology and epidemiology. He also served as co-edi-
tor of the journal Environmental Health Perspectives and continues to serve
as chair of the Scientific Advisory Board for the regulation of hazardous air
pollutants in North Carolina. This board conducts risk assessments and rec-
ommends safe exposure levels of air pollutants. Dr. Lucier is a scientific advi-
sor to the National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National
Toxicology Program, and World Health Organization and is the public health
expert on the North Carolina-based Steering Committee for the development
of environmentally superior technologies for handling hog waste. Dr. Lucier
is a senior adjunct toxicologist with Environmental Defense.
Dr. Lucier received his Ph.D. from the University of Maryland School of
Agriculture in 1 965. During his career he has published more than 200 arti-
cles in peer-reviewed scientific literature and chaired dozens of scientific con-
ferences and workshops, including working groups of the International
Agency for Research on Cancer, workshops on biologically-based models for
human risk assessments and exposure assessment, and conferences on
herbal medicines and endocrine disrupters. He played a key role on numer-
ous advisory boards and interagency activities including chairing a White
House committee charged with reaching agreement among various agencies
on risk assessments for methyl mercury. His research on mechanisms of
action for dioxin, hormonally active chemicals, and risk assessment models is
widely recognized and has led to several awards. Dr. Lucier led much of the
effort to incorporate mechanistic studies into lexicological evaluations of the
National Toxicology Program including the development and validation of
alternative models. He also developed processes for National Toxicology
Program review that were scientifically rigorous, open, and responsive to the
concerns of various stakeholders.
Computational Toxicology, a step
announced by the Assistant
Administrator for the Office of
Research and Development on
November 3, 2004. The endorse-
ment of the SAB was a pivotal step
in moving the program from a con-
ceptual state to one that is now
advancing the science needed to
help the Agency address increasing-
ly more demanding prioritization
steps and risk assessments through
the use of the new tools of compu-
tational toxicology."
Science Policy and
Strategic Directions
The Implementation Plan for
restructuring the SAB emphasized
the importance of focusing on for-
ward-looking advice on environ-
mental progress, trends, priorities,
innovative approaches to address
environmental challenges, and the
scientific and technical investments
necessary to achieve greater and
more cost-effective public health
and environmental protection.
Committees of the Board completed
several projects in 2003-2004 that
cut across EPA programs and strate-
gic goals in these areas.
In addition, the SAB Staff Office
formed the SAB Committee on
Valuing the Protection of Ecological
Systems and Services in August
2003. This committee is working to
assess Agency needs; to provide
advice on the science of valuing the
protection of ecological systems and
services, and to identify key areas for
improving knowledge, methodolo-
gies, practice, and research. Two
additional projects for future Board
activity have also been considered,
including a review of the overarching
ecological risk assessment approach
applied by EPA to diverse situations
and an advisory project exploring
science issues related to an integrat-
ed approach for reactive nitrogen.
Review of EPA's Draft
Supplemental Guidance for
Assessing Cancer Susceptibility
from Early-Life Exposure to
Carcinogens, A Report by the
Supplemental Guidance for
Assessing Cancer Susceptibility
Review Panel of the EPA Science
Advisory Board
(EPA-SAB-04-003)
In this review activity, the Agency
sought the SAB's evaluation of the
soundness of the Agency's analysis
of the underlying scientific informa-
tion supporting proposed guidance
for assessing cancer susceptibility
from early-life exposures to carcino-
gens. The Board concurred with
the Agency's conclusions and the
overall approach adopted by the
Agency of using adjustment factors
to account for increased susceptibili-
ty due to early-life exposure. The
Board also agreed that the values
chosen for the cancer slope adjust-
ment factors in the Supplemental
Guidance appear to be reasonable
based on consideration of the litera-
ture; however, the Board suggested
that the Agency improve the statis-
tical analysis of the data and pro-
vide a more extensive discussion of
the choice of the lOx and 3x adjust-
ment factors. The Board also sug-
gested that the Agency emphasize
the use of default adjustment fac-
tors only when no chemical-specific
data are available to directly assess
cancer susceptibility from early-life
exposure to a particular carcinogen.
The Board also advised the Agency
to consider conducting additional
research to address this issue as dis-
cussed in the report.
Excerpt from Agency response from
Administrator Michael 0. Leavitt:
"The SAB Supplemental Guidance
for Assessing Cancer Susceptibility
Review Panel provided thoughtful,
constructive comments that will
make a positive contribution to
EPA's analyses of early-life expo-
sures to carcinogens. Based on the
Panel's recommendations, EPA is
revising the Guidance and is imple-
menting a number of suggestions
that were highlighted ..."
Summary of specific revisions pre-
pared by the Office of Research and
Development and described in the
Agency's attachment to
Administrator Leavitt's response:
Based on panel recommendations,
EPA is revising the Guidance and is
implementing a number of sugges-
tions. Agency implementation
efforts include a more comprehen-
sive search of the scientific literature
to identify additional studies on
early-life exposure to carcinogens, a
more thorough discussion of data
available on the effects of early-life
exposures to carcinogens—with a
particular emphasis on estrogenic
agonists and antagonists—and a
reevaluation of compiled data to
include all tumor endpoints for
chemicals previously included in
the analysis. This additional
research helps to create a more
complete representation of the pub-
lished literature on differential age
sensitivity to chemical carcinogene-
sis. The Agency agreed that extend-
ing the analysis to estrogenic agents
zs
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Dr. Henry Anderson
Chair: SAB Supplemental Guidance for
Assessing Cancer Susceptibility for
Early-life Review Panel
Dr. Anderson holds positions as the state
environmental and occupational disease epi-
demiologist in the Wisconsin Department of
Health and Social Services, chief medical offi-
cer in the Wsconsin Division of Public
Health, and adjunct professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison,
Department of Population Health, and the University of Wisconsin Institute
for Environmental Studies, Center for Human Studies. His expertise includes
public health; preventive, environmental, and occupational medicine; respira-
.
tory diseases; epidemiology; human health risk assessment; and risk commu-
nication. Active research interests include: environmental health indicators
and disease surveillance, childhood asthma, lead poisoning, reproductive
and endocrine health hazards of sport fish consumption, arsenic in drinking
26 water, chemical and nuclear terrorism, occupational and environmental respi-
ratory disease, occupational fatalities, and occupational injuries to youth.
Dr. Anderson was a founding member of the Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry Board of Scientific Councilors (1988-1992).
He also served on National Academy of Sciences/Institute of Medicine com-
mittees that developed the reports Injury in America and Nursing, Health &
Environment. He serves on the Presidential Advisory Board on Radiation
Worker Compensation, the Hanford Human Health Effects Subcommittee,
and the Rocky Flats Advisory Committee for the Beryllium Program. He
serves on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the
National Center for Environmental Health, Director's Advisory Committee. He
is a fellow of the Collegium Ramazzini and the American Association for the
Advancement of Science. He is associate editor of the American Journal of
Industrial Medicine and serves on the editorial board of Cancer Prevention
International.
Dr. Anderson received his M.D. degree in 1 972 from the University of
Wisconsin-Madison. He was certified in 1977 by the American Board of
Preventive Medicine with a sub-specialty in occupational and environmental
medicine and in 1983 became a fellow of the American College of
Epidemiology.
and chemicals acting through other
processes resulting in endocrine dis-
ruption is a reasonable priority in
light of the human experience with
diethylstilbesterol and the existing
early-life animal studies. The
Agency also noted plans to consider
SAB suggestions regarding a feasi-
ble method in the future for incor-
porating transplacental or in-utero
exposure data.
Review of EPA's Draft Report
on the Environment 2005
(EPA-SAB-05-004)
The Board found that the Agency's
Draft Report on the Environment is
a critically important document,
providing EPA's first national assess-
ment of the environment in a con-
text of human and ecological
health. The SAB encouraged con-
tinued effort in developing and
improving the draft Report on the
Environment and expressed a belief
that EPA is the appropriate agency
to lead this effort. The SAB is com-
mitted to providing advice to EPA
on a regular basis as the Agency
develops future reports on the envi-
ronment. The review recommend-
ed that such reports be produced on
a regular basis and that EPA allo-
cate necessary funds and staff to
develop these documents. The SAB
recommended improvements in
future reports to make those docu-
ments more useful to EPA and
other intended audiences. The SAB
also recommended that EPA keep
future reports free of conclusions
about the impacts of specific poli-
cies, except in cases where the poli-
cy is an obvious or undisputed
explanation for a significant trend,
and include indicator data relevant
to global climate change.
Preliminary response from: Dr. Peter
Preuss, Director, National Center for
Environmental Assessment, Office
of Research and Development:
"The SAB review of EPA' s Draft
Report on the Environment will help
to ensure a sound science founda-
tion for the subsequent versions of
these reports. The SAB' s com-
ments have lead to establishment of
Dr. Virginia Dale
Chair: SAB Advisory Panel on EPA's Draft Report on the Environment
(Dr. Dale's biosketch appears on page 1 1, where her project as chair of the
SAB's Ecological Processes and Effects Committee is described as a Goal 2
advisory activity.)
an explicit indicator definition and
criteria; improved documentation of
the data and science underlying
indicators; revision of the questions
that drive the report; a realignment
of indicators and information across
the report to improve the consisten-
cy across chapters; and specifically, a
significant reorganization of the eco-
logical condition chapter and indica-
tors. Taken together, these steps will
help to ensure that only the most
relevant, objective, and transparent
indicators based on the highest
quality data will form the basis for
the reports."
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28
Working in New Ways
New Chairs for
the CASAC and SAB
Consistent with the EPA SAB Staff
Office policy on term limits for
members and chairs of advisory
committees, the EPA Administrator
appointed new chairs for the
CASAC and SAB in November
2004. Dr. Rogene Henderson is the
new chair of the CASAC and Dr. M.
Granger Morgan is the new chair of
the SAB. These two scientists will
work with their committees to pro-
vide the leadership necessary to
provide support for Agency efforts.
The SAB Reorganization
and the SAB
Implementation Plan
In November 2003 EPA announced
a reorganization of the Science
Advisory Board. The
Implementation Plan that accompa-
nied that announcement made
clear that the Board retained its his-
toric function to provide the EPA
Administrator with outside, inde-
pendent advice on the scientific and
technical aspects of environmental
issues. It also explained how the
SAB Staff Office would form new ad
hoc committees on specific advisory
topics, in addition to standing com-
mittees, to help the Board keep pace
with complex environmental chal-
lenges facing the Agency. These
committees would provide the
Board with flexibility when address-
ing new topic areas. With this
scheme in place, the Board estab-
lished two ad hoc committees: the
Committee on Valuing the
Protection of Ecological Systems
and Services, in August 2003, and
a new Scientific and Technological
Achievement Awards Review Panel
for FY 2003-2005. Based on the
Implementation Plan, SAB de novo
review panels were also formed to
address specific technical review
issues. The SAB Staff Office
announced the formation of seven
de novo review panels on a wide
range of topics and allowed for pub-
lic comment during the nomination
process for potential members.
Dr. Rogene Henderson
Chair: CASAC
Dr. Rogene Henderson is the director of the Lovelace Respiratory Symposium at the
Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute. Dr. Henderson earned her Ph.D. in chemistry
from the University of Texas in 1960 and her B.S./B.A. in chemistry from Texas Christian
University in 1955. She was a Fulbright Scholar in physical chemistry in 1955-1956
and held fellowships and the Universities of Texas and Arkansas. Dr. Henderson's
research interests are in three major areas: 1) biochemistry of the lung, particularly the
surfactant lining layer—she has developed in vivo screening tests for pulmonary toxi-
cants based on analysis of bronchoalveolar washings for biomarkers of lung injury and repair; 2) the mechanisms by
which pulmonary inflammation leads to repair or to chronic disease ffibrosis, emphysema); and 3) the pharmacokinetics
of inhaled xenobiotics (particularly vapors) and chemical-specific biomarkers of chemical exposure. Dr. Henderson is cur-
rently a member of: the U.S. Army Deployment Toxicology Science Working Group; the Health Effects Institute Research
Committee; the National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences' Board on Environmental Studies and
Toxicology; and the American Cancer Society Advisory Group on Cancer and the Environment. Past advisory committee
activities include: invited member of the January 1995 National Toxicology Program Workshop on "Mechanism-Based
Toxicology in Cancer Risk Assessment: Implications for Research, Regulation, and Legislation;" member of the World
Health Organization Advisory Group on Use of Biological Markers in Risk Assessment (1989, 1992); member of the/W
Hoc Advisory Group on Biologic Markers for EPA SAB, Environmental Health Committee (1989); member of the National
Research Council Subcommittee on Guidelines for Estimating Acceptable Acute Exposures for Hazardous Substances
(1990-1992), and member of the SAB Environmental Health Committee (1991-1995).
Dr. M Granger Morgan
Chair: SAB
Dr. M. Granger Morgan is university professor and head of the department of engi-
neering and public policy at Carnegie Mellon University where he is also Lord chair
professor in engineering, and is a professor in the department of electrical and com-
puter engineering and in the H. John Heinz III School of Public Policy and
Management. He holds a B.A. from Harvard College (1963) where he concentrated
in physics, an M.S .in astronomy and space science from Cornell (1965), and a Ph.D.
from the department of applied physics and information sciences at the University of
California at San Diego (1969). Dr. Morgan's research addresses problems in science, technology, and public policy.
Much of it has involved the development and demonstration of methods to characterize and treat uncertainty in
quantitative policy analysis. He works on analysis, management and communication of risk, on problems in the inte-
grated assessment of global change, on energy systems, focused particularly on electric power, on problems in tech-
nology and domestic security, on improving health, safety, and environmental regulation, and on several other topics
in technology and public policy.
CL
29
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30
THE SAB REORGANIZATION... WILL FACILITATE THE
BOARD-AMD THE AGENCY-IN KEEPING UP WITH THE RAPID
ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BY ENABLING
THE BOARD TO FOCUS MORE OF ITS TIME AND ENERGIES ON
EMERGING SCIENTIFIC ISSUES. IN ADDITION, IT WILL DO THIS
WHILE CONTINUING TO ENSURE HIGH-QUALITY PEER REVIEW
PROCESSES THAT FOLLOW THE HIGHEST STANDARDS.
The Implementation Plan also
introduced a new mechanism for
review of selected SAB reports. All
draft reports prepared by SAB com-
mittees and panels are, by law,
reviewed by the chartered SAB. To
ensure that the SAB reports are of
the highest quality, the
Implementation Plan also requires
that certain reports—drafts of origi-
nal studies, significant reports cre-
ated by ad hoc committees, and
peer reviews of major Agency tech-
nical work products produced by
panels—be reviewed through a
new quality review mechanism.
For example, the quality review
process was used to review draft
reports for two major initiatives in
FY 2004, including reports of the
3MRA Modeling System Panel and
the Advisory Panel on EPA's draft
Report on the Environment.
In each case, a quality review com-
mittee was formed with the appro-
priate and relevant expertise for
that particular quality review. The
quality review committee held open
public teleconferences to determine:
• whether the original charge ques-
tions to the panel were adequately
addressed;
• whether there were any technical
errors, omissions, or issues inade-
quately dealt with in the draft
report;
• whether the draft report was clear
and logical; and
• whether the conclusions drawn or
recommendations provided were
supported by the body of report.
SAB Workshops
on Environmental
Protection
The Board took action in 2003 and
2004 to reinvigorate its tradition of
providing strategic and forward-
looking advice to the Administrator
on complex technical and emerging
issues. The SAB Staff Office, work-
ing with the Board, held the first
SAB Workshop on Environmental
Protection on December 11, 2003.
The workshop provided a forum for
SAB members to interact with EPA
and external scientific experts and to
discuss several emerging areas
important to EPA science and
research programs. At the work-
shop, participants discussed air pol-
lution, control of transboundary air
pollutants, emerging contaminants,
invasive species, nanotechnology
and genomics. The workshop
focused on challenges and opportu-
nities in environmental science for
the Agency's mission to protect
human health and the environ-
ment. Discussions focused on the
underlying science in these areas
and also touched on social, ethical,
and legal implications. The work-
shop educated and informed the
participants about these topics, with
the goal of providing a basis for
future SAB advice and recommen-
dations to the Agency The Board
planned a workshop on
"Nanotechnology, Biotechnology,
and Information Technology
Implications for Future Science" at
EPA for December 2004 with a simi-
lar goal of advancing SAB thinking
about these rapidly advancing fields.
Continuing to Improve
Support for Federal
Advisory Committees
In FY 2003 and FY 2004, the SAB
Staff Office worked to strengthen
the infrastructure supporting the
CAS AC, Council, and SAB. In
2004, EPA provided a conference
center designed for the advisory
committees' work. The SAB Staff
Office dedicated this space to the
memory of a past chair (1997-2000)
of the SAB Executive Committee,
Dr. Joan Daisey in recognition of her
deep commitment to science advice
of the highest quality, strong leader-
ship, steadfast integrity, and joy in
public service. The conference cen-
ter encompasses two conference
rooms and a reception space to pro-
vide a secure, comfortable, and well-
equipped venue for public meetings
of the advisory committees.
The Staff Office has devoted
much of the past two years to
strengthening science advice by
improving each step in the life cycle
of science advisory projects. The
multiple steps in the life cycle of
advisory projects are detailed in the
SAB Implementation Plan. Much of
the work of the SAB Staff Office
involves working with Agency lead-
ership and the leadership of the
CASAC, the Council, and the Board
on the development of projects,
the formation of panels to provide
Selection
of Project
Selection
of Committee
or Panel Type
Formation
of
Committee
or Panel
Nomination
of Project
SAB Advisory
Project Cycle
Advisory
Meeting
and
Report
Development
Feedback
and
Evaluation
Transmittal
of
SAB Report
Approval
of
SAB Report
-
31
-------
advice related to those projects.
The Staff Office also helps manage
advisory meetings during the report
development process. By law and
in practice, many of the steps entail
public involvement. Improving the
effectiveness of public involvement
in advisory committee activities has
been a high priority.
In the area of panel formation
and selection of members for the
CASAC, Council, and SAB, the
Board has received independent
recognition for the improvements
introduced in FY 2002 and contin-
ued in FY 2003 and FY 2004.
Major recognition came from the
U.S. Office of Government Ethics
(OGE), which completed a program
review of EPA's ethics program in
February 2004. As part of that pro-
gram review, OGE reviewed the
financial disclosure records and pro-
cedures of the Science Advisory
Board. In its report, OGE compli-
mented EPA's work to improve com-
pliance and training at EPA. In par-
ticular, OGE stated that the "develop-
ment of an alternative, confidential
financial disclosure system and an
improved ethics training program for
special Government Employee (SGE)
members of EPA's Federal advisory
committees appear to have corrected
previously identified deficiencies in
this program element." As a result
of this program review, EPA was
presented with the Outstanding
Ethics Program Award at the 2003
OGE Conference in New York.
The General Accounting Office's
(GAO) report, Federal Advisory
Committees; Additional Guidance
Could Help Agencies Better Ensure
Independence and Balance (GAO-
04-328), includes a section devoted
to the best practices that might be
adopted throughout the federal gov-
ernment to better ensure independ-
ence and balance. In this section,
the GAO noted that the SAB uses its
Web site to solicit nominations from
the public for panel membership.
The report also commends the
National Academies of Sciences and
the Science Advisory Board for pro-
cedures that clearly and consistently
identify the information they deem
necessary to assess candidates for
independence and balance on the
committees, explain to the candi-
dates why the required information
is important to protect the integrity
of the committee's work, request
public comment on proposed com-
mittee membership, and require
evaluation of the overall balance of
committees before they are final-
ized. The National Academies of
Sciences also noted in the report
Science and Technology in the
National Interest; Ensuring the Best
Presidential and Federal Advisory
Committee Science and Technology
Appointments (2005) that the SAB
Staff Office had introduced a suite of
best practices that provide models
for other federal agencies to follow.
In FY 2003 and FY 2004, the
SAB Staff Office also implemented a
formal process for reaching out to
professional societies to seek nomi-
nations for membership to its advi-
sory committees in the interest of
bringing new expertise, energy, and
perspectives to EPA. Nominees rec-
ommended by two professional
societies were appointed by the
Administrator and now serve on
SAB committees.
Finally, the
Staff Office con-
tinued efforts to
inform the pub-
' lie about the
work of the
CASAC,
Council, and
SAB and to
involve the public, as
appropriate, in advisory committee
work. The Staff Office has pub-
lished a brochure entitled Advisory
Committee Meetings and Report
Development: Process for Public
Involvement; A Report of the
Science Advisory Board Staff Office
(EPA-SABSO-04-001). The Staff
Office held public meetings to dis-
cuss the planned SAB reorganiza-
tion and has also included a wide
spectrum of individuals, both from
within and outside the Agency, in
focus groups to provide insights on
the redesign of the SAB Web site.
Public input can provide:
• Short oral statements
• Specific written comments
Scientific or technical information
• Clarification on issues
\
Science Advisory Board
Staff Office
CASAC COUNCIL
Clean Air Advisory
Scientific Council on
Advisory Clean Air
Analysis
Committees provide to
EPA Administrator:
Scientific and technical peer review
• Independent advice
Credible scientific information
Scientific and technical advice on
agency-related policy decisions
-------
In the upcoming fiscal years, the
Staff Office foresees a portfolio of
projects that reflect high-priority
peer reviews; consultations and
advisory reports on emerging sci-
ence needs for the Agency; contin-
ued refinement of the process for
providing advice for the Agency's
strategic investments in science and
research; and the results of several
important self-initiated projects,
including the work of the SAB
Committee on Valuing the
Protection of Ecological Systems
and Services. The Staff Office also
envisions formation of a new ad
hoc committee addressing home-
land security science issues. The
Staff Office will also seek opportuni-
ties to provide advice to the Agency
in partnership with other federal
advisory committees at EPA.
Improving the infrastructure for the
SAB is a continuing goal. It will be
a priority to develop administrative
procedures that make the best use
of information technology and
Agency's resources and ease the
paperwork burden on committee
and panel members. The vision for
the SAB Web site is for an attrac-
tive, easy-to-use site that delivers
up-to-date, consistent, and inte-
grated information about advisory
activities and products.
The SAB, established by
Congress in 1978, has now entered
its second quarter century better
equipped to address the science
issues posed by environmental pro-
tection challenges. There is an
increasing emphasis in its work
and in the work of the CASAC and
Council on providing a strategic
2
approach to science advice. This
strategic approach aims to deliver
advice that is multi-disciplinary
that engages the Agency early in
the development of projects, and
that looks toward the environmen-
tal solutions necessary in the twen-
ty-first century. This dedicated
focus on strategic advice and the
insistence on quality peer review of
Agency science point to a successful
path forward for the next two years
and beyond.
CLEAN .MR sciEHTiFiC ADVISOR**
(CASAC)
Provides independent advice to the
EPA administrator on the technical
bases for EPA's national ambient air
quality standards program.
The CASAC was established in 1977
under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
Amendments of 1977 (see 42 U.S.C.
§ 7409(d)(2)) to provide advice,
information and recommendations
to the Administrator on the scientific
and technical aspects of issues relat-
ed to the criteria for air quality stan-
dards, research related to air quality,
sources of air pollution, and the
strategies to attain and maintain air
quality standards and to prevent sig-
nificant deterioration of air quality.
The CASAC has one standing subcom-
mittee: the Ambient Air Monitoring
and Methods Subcommittee.
as of November 2004:
CHAIR: Dr. Rogene Henderson,
Scientist Emeritus, Lovelace
Respiratory Research Institute,
Albuquerque, NM
PAST CHAIR: Dr. Philip Hopke,
Bayard D. Clarkson Distinguished
Professor, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Clarkson University,
Potsdam, NY
MEMBERS:
Dr. Ellis B. Cowling, University
Distinguished Professor At-Large,
Colleges of Natural Resources and
Agriculture and Life Sciences, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh,
NC
Dr. James Crapo, Executive Vice
President for Academic Affairs and
Chairman, Department of Medicine,
National Jewish Hospital and
Medical Research Center, Denver, CO
Dr. Frederick J. Miller, Vice President
for Research, Centers for Health
Research, Chemical Industry
Institute of Toxicology, Research
Triangle Park, NC
Mr. Richard L. Poirot,
Environmental Analyst, Air
Pollution Control Division,
Department of Environmental
Conservation, Vermont Agency of
Natural Resources, Waterbury VT
Dr. Frank Speizer, Edward Kass
Professor of Medicine, Channing
Laboratory, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, MA
Dr. Barbara Zielinska, Research
Professor, Division of Atmospheric
Sciences, Desert Research Institute,
Reno, NV
Acknowledgment of Members
Who Completed Membership
Terms in FY 2004
Dr. Philip Hopke, for valued service
as member and chair of CASAC
Acknowledgment of Members
Who Completed Membership
Terms in FY 2003
Dr. George E. Taylor, for valued
service on CASAC
Dr. Sverre Vedal, for valued service
on CASAC
ON
AIR
(COUNCIL)
The Council was established in 1990
pursuant to the CAA Amendments
of 1990 (see 42 U.S.C. §7612) to pro-
vide advice, information and recom-
mendations on technical and eco-
nomic aspects of analyses and
reports EPA prepares concerning the
impacts of the CAA on the public
health, economy, and environment
of the United States.
The Clean Air Act Amendments of
November 15, 1990 require the
Council to:
• Review data to be used for any
analysis required under section
312 of the CAA and make recom-
mendations on its use.
• Review the methodology used to
analyze such data and make rec-
ommendations on the use of such
methodology.
• Prior to the issuance of a report to
Congress required under section
312 of the CAA, review the findings
of the report and make recommen-
dations concerning the validity and
utility of such findings.
3i
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The Council has three Standing
Subcommittees: the Air Quality
Modeling Subcommittee, Ecological
Effects Subcommittee, and Health
Effects Subcommittee.
as of November 2004:
CHAIR: Dr. Trudy Ann Cameron,
Raymond F. Mikesell Professor of
Environmental and Resource
Economics, Department of
Economics, University of Oregon,
Eugene, OR
MEMBERS:
Dr. David T. Allen, The Gertz
Regents Professor in Chemical
Engineering, Department of
Chemical Engineering, University of
Texas, Austin, TX
Dr. Dallas Burtraw, Senior Fellow,
Resources for the Future,
Washington, DC
Ms. Lauraine Chestnut, Managing
Economist, Stratus Consulting Inc.,
Boulder, CO
Dr. Charles T. Driscoll, Jr.,
Distinguished Professor and Chair,
Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, College
of Engineering and Computer
Science, Syracuse University,
Syracuse, NY
Dr. Wayne Gray, Professor,
Department of Economics, Clark
University, Worcester, MA
Dr. James K. Hammitt, Professor of
Economics and Decision Sciences,
Center for Risk Analysis, School of
Public Health, Harvard University,
Boston, MA
Dr. F. Reed Johnson, Principal
Economist and RTI Fellow, RTI
Health Solutions, Research Triangle
Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC
Dr. Katharine Kiel, Associate
Professor, Department of
Economics, College of the Holy
Cross, Worcester, MA
Dr. Nino Kuenzli, Professor,
Department of Preventive Medicine,
Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles,
CA
Dr. Virginia McConnell, Senior
Fellow and Professor of Economics,
Resources for the Future,
Washington, DC
Dr. Bart Ostro, Chief, Air Pollution
Epidemiology Unit, California Office
of Environmental Health Hazard
Assessment, Oakland, CA
Dr. V. Kerry Smith, University
Distinguished Professor,
Department of Agricultural and
Resource Economics, College of
Agriculture and Life Sciences,
North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, NC
Dr. Chris Walcek, Senior Research
Scientist, Atmospheric Sciences
Research Center, State University of
New York, Albany, NY
Acknowledgment of Members
Who Completed Membership
Terms in FY 2004:
Dr. Charles Kolstad, for valued
service on the Council
Dr. Lester Lave, for valued service
on the Council
Acknowledgment of Members
Who Completed Membership
Terms in FY 2003
Dr. Lawrence Goulder, for valued
service on the Council
Board (SAB)
Provides independent advice to the
EPA Administrator on broad scien-
tific and technical matters in sci-
ence, technology, social, and eco-
nomic issues that underlie EPA reg-
ulations, environmental policies
and programs, and the supporting
science and research programs.
The SAB was established in 1978
under the Environmental Research,
Development, and Demonstration
Authorization Act (ERDDAA) [42
U.S.C. § 4365] to provide independ-
ent advice and peer review on the
scientific and technical aspects of
environmental problems and issues
as requested by the Administrator,
or by the Congress through the
Administrator. Most (though not
all) preliminary work of the SAB is
done by Subcommittees or Panels
focused on various environmental
science topics. These groups are
chaired by Board members.
Recommendations of
Subcommittees and Panels are
transmitted to the Board for
discussion and deliberation.
Recommendations are forwarded to
EPA only if the Board determines
that it is appropriate.
The SAB has seven standing com-
mittees: Drinking Water
Committee, Ecological Processes and
Effects Committee, Environmental
Economics Advisory Committee,
Environmental Engineering
Committee, Environmental Health
Committee, Integrated Human
Exposure Committee, and Radiation
Advisory Committee. The SAB has
two ad hoc committees: Committee
on Valuing the Protection of Ecological
Systems and Services and the
Scientific and Technical Achievement
Awards Advisory Committee.
as of 2004
CHAIR: Dr. M. Granger Morgan,
Professor and Head, Department of
Engineering and Public Policy,
Carnegie Mellon University,
Pittsburgh, PA
PAST CHAIR: Dr. William H. Glaze,
Professor, Department of
Environmental & Biomolecular
Systems, OGI School of Science &
Engineering, Oregon Health &
Science University, Beaverton, OR
VICE CHAIR: Dr. Domenico Grasso,
Rosemary Bradford Hewlett
Professor and Chair, Picker
Engineering Program, Smith
College, Northampton, MA
MEMBERS
Dr. Gregory Biddinger, Environmental
Programs Coordinator, ExxonMobil
Biomedical Sciences, Inc, Houston, TX
Dr. James Bus, Director of External
Technology, Toxicology and
Environmental Research and
Consulting, The Dow Chemical
Company, Mildland, MI
Dr. Trudy Ann Cameron, Raymond F.
Mikesell Professor of Environmental
and Resource Economics,
Department of Economics, University
of Oregon, Eugene, OR
Dr. Deborah Cory-Slechta, Director,
Environmental and Occupational
Health Sciences Institute, Robert
Wood Johnson Medical School,
University of Medicine and
Dentistry of New Jersey and Rutgers
State University, Piscataway NJ
Dr. Maureen L. Cropper, Professor,
Department of Economics,
University of Maryland, College
Park, MD
Dr. Virginia Dale, Corporate Fellow,
Environmental Sciences Division,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, TN
Dr. Kenneth Dickson, Professor,
Department of Biological Sciences,
University of North Texas, Denton, TX
Dr. Baruch Fischhoff, Howard Heinz
University Professor, Department of
Social and Decision Sciences,
Department of Engineering and
Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, PA
Dr. A. Myrick Freeman, Research
Professor of Economics, Department
of Economics, Bowdoin College,
Brunswick, ME
Dr. James Galloway, Professor of
Environmental Sciences,
Environmental Sciences
Department, University of Virginia,
Charlottesville, VA
Dr. Lawrence Goulder, Shuzo
Nishihara Professor of
Environmental and Resource
Economics, Department of
Economics and Institute for
International Studies, Stanford
University, Stanford, CA
Dr. Linda Greer, Senior Scientist,
Natural Resources Defense Council,
Washington, DC
Dr. Rogene Henderson, Scientist
Emeritus, Lovelace Respiratory
Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
Dr. Philip Hopke, Bayard D.
Clarkson Distinguished Professor,
Department of Chemical
Engineering, Clarkson University,
Potsdam, NY
Dr. James H. Johnson, Dean, College
of Engineering, Architecture &
Computer Sciences, Howard
University, Washington, DC
Dr. Meryl Karol, Associate Dean for
Academic Affairs, Graduate School
of Public Health, University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
Dr. Roger E. Kasperson, Professor,
George Perkins Marsh Institute,
Clark University, Worcester, MA
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Dr. Catherine Kling, Professor,
Department of Economics, Iowa
State University, Ames, IA
Dr. George Lambert, Associate
Professor and Center Director,
Center for Child and Reproductive
Environmental Health,
Environmental and Occupational
Health Sciences Institute, Robert
Wood Johnson Medical School/
University of Medicine and Dentistry
of New Jersey, Piscataway NJ
Dr. Jill Lipoti, Assistant Director,
Division of Environmental Safety
and Health, Radiation Protection
and Release Prevention Element,
Radiation Protection Programs, New
Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection, Trenton, NJ
Dr. Genevieve Matanoski, Professor,
Department of Epidemiology, Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
Dr. Michael J. McFarland, Associate
Professor, Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, Utah
State University, River Heights, UT
Dr. Rebecca Parkin, Associate
Professor, Environmental and
Occupational Health, Public Health
and Health Services, The George
Washington University,
Washington, DC
Dr. David Rejeski, Foresight and
Governance Project Director,
Woodrow Wilson International
Center for Scholars, Washington, DC
Dr. Joan B. Rose, Professor, Homer
Nowlin Chair in Water Research,
Department of Fisheries and
Wildlife, Michigan State University,
E. Lansing, MI
Dr. Kristin Shrader-Frechette,
O'Neill, Professor of Philosophy and
Professor of Biological Sciences,
Department of Philosophy, College
of Arts and Sciences, University of
Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
Dr. Robert Stavins, Albert Pratt
Professor of Business and
Government, Environment and
Natural Resources Program, John F.
Kennedy School of Government,
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
Dr. Deborah Swackhamer,
Professor, Division of
Environmental and Occupational
Health, School of Public Health,
University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, MN
Dr. Thomas L. Theis, Professor,
Civil and Materials Engineering,
Director, Institute for Environmental
Science and Policy, University of
Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
Dr. R. Rhodes Trussell, President,
Trussell Technologies, Inc.,
Pasadena, CA
Dr. Robert Twiss, Professor, The
Graduate School, University of
California-Berkeley Ross, CA
Dr. Terry F. Young, Consultant,
Environmental Defense, Oakland, CA
Dr. Lauren Zeise, Chief, Reproductive
and Cancer Hazard Assessment
Section, California Environmental
Protection Agency, Oakland, CA
Acknowledgment of Members
Who Completed Membership
Terms in FY 2004
Dr. Dallas Burtraw, for valued serv-
ice on the SAB Environmental
Economics Advisory Committee
Dr. Kenneth Cummins, for valued
service on the SAB
Dr. Mary Davis, for valued service
on the SAB Drinking Water
Committee
Dr. William H. Glaze, for valued
service as chair and member of the
SAB
Dr. Annette Guiseppe Elie, for val-
ued service on the SAB Integrated
Human Exposure Committee
Dr. Philip Hopke, for valued service
on the SAB
Dr. Thomas Louis, for valued service
on the SAB Drinking Water
Committee
Dr. Charles Pittinger, for valued
service on the SAB Environmental
Processes and Effects Committee
Dr. Hilary Sigman, for valued serv-
ice on the SAB Environmental
Economics Advisory Committee
Dr. William H. Smith, for valued
service on the SAB
Dr. R. Rhodes Trussell, for valued
service on the SAB and as member
and chair of the SAB Drinking
Water Committee
Dr. David Wallinga, for valued serv-
ice on the SAB's Integrated Human
Exposure Committee
Acknowledgment of Members
Who Completed Membership
Terms in FY 2003
Dr. Henry Anderson, for valued
service on the SAB and as chair and
member of SAB's Environmental
Health Committee
Dr. Steven Bartell for valued service
on SAB's Research Strategies
Advisory Committee
Dr. Robin Cantor for valued service
on SAB's Research Strategies
Advisory Committee
Dr. David Hoel, for valued service on
SAB's Environmental Health
Committee
Dr. Janet A. Johnson, for valued
service on the SAB and as chair and
member of the Radiation Advisory
Committee
Dr. Raymond C. Loehr, for valued
service on the SAB
Dr. Bruce Rittmann, for valued serv-
ice on SAB's Environmental
Engineering Committee
Dr. Genevieve Roessler, for valued
service on SAB's Radiation Advisory
Committee
Dr. Ken Sexton, for valued service
on SAB's Integrated Human
Exposure Committee
Dr. Gary Toranzos, for valued serv-
ice on SAB's Drinking Water
Committee
Dr. Mark Utell, for valued service on
SAB's Research Strategies Advisory
Committee
Dr. James Watson, for valued serv-
ice on SAB's Research Strategies
Advisory Committee
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of
1:
Advisory Committee or Panel
CASAC Ambient Air Monitoring
and Methods Subcommittee
for F¥ FY
or
Report Name and Citation
Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC) Ambient Air Monitoring
and Methods (AAMM) Subcommittee Consultation on Methods for
Measuring Coarse-Fraction Particulate Matter (PMc) in Ambient Air
(July 2004) (EPA-SAB-CASAC-CON-04-005)
Advisory Committee or Panel
CASAC National Ambient Air
Monitoring Strategy Subcommittee
Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee Review of the Agency's National
Ambient Air Monitoring Strategy (EPA-SAB-CASAC-LTR-04-001)
CASAC Ozone Review Panel
Consultation on the Agency's Project Work Plan for Revised Air Quality
Criteria for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants (EPA-SAB-
CASAC-CON-03-004)
CASAC Particulate Matter Review Panel
Consultation on the Agency's Risk Analysis Plans for Coarse Particulate
Matter (PM10-2.5 andPMlO) (EPA-SAB-CASAC-CON-03-005)
Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC) Particulate Matter (PM)
Review Panel's Review of the Agency's Fourth External Review Draft of
Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter (June 2003) (EPA-SAB-CASAC-
LTR-04-002)
Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC) Particulate Matter (PM)
Review Panel's Ongoing Peer Review of the Agency's Fourth External Review
Draft of Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter (June 2003); and Peer
Review of the Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for
Particulate Matter: Policy Assessment of Scientific and Technical Information
(OAQPS Staff Paper - First Draft) (August 2003) and a Related Draft Technical
Report, Particulate Matter Health Risk Assessment for Selected Urban Areas
(Draft Report) (August 2003) (EPA-SAB-CASAC-04-004)
Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC) Particulate Matter (PM)
Review Panel's Ongoing Peer Review of the Agency's Fourth External
Review Draft of Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter (June 2003)
(EPA-SAB-CASAC-04-005)
Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC) Particulate Matter (PM)
Review Panel's Ongoing Peer Review of the Agency's Fourth External
Review Draft of Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter (June 2003)
(EPA-SAB-CASAC-04-008)
Report Name and Citation
EPAs Fourth External Review Draft of Air Quality Criteria for Particulate
Matter, A Peer Review by the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee
Particulate Matter Review Panel (EPA-SAB-CASAC-05-001)
Advisory Council on Clean Air
Compliance Analysis
Review of the Draft Analytical Plan for EPAs Second Prospective
Analysis—Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Act, 1990-2020: An
Advisory by the Advisory Council for Clean Air Compliance Analysis
(EPA-SAB-COUNCIL-ADV-04-004)
Council Air Quality
Modeling Subcommittee
Advisory on Plans for Emissions Estimation in the Analytical Plan for
EPAs Second Prospective Analysis—Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air
Act, 1990-2020; An Advisory by the Advisory Council for Clean Air
Compliance Analysis (EPA-SAB-COUNCIL-ADV-04-001)
Council Health Effects Subcommittee
Advisory on Plans for Health Effects Analysis in the Analytical Plan for
EPAs Second Prospective Analysis—Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air
Act, 1990-2020; Advisory by the Health Effects Subcommittee of the
Advisory Council on Clean Air Compliance Analysis (EPA-SAB-COUNCIL-
ADV-4-002)
SAB Multi-Agency Radiological
Laboratory Analytical Protocols
Review Panel
Multi-Agency Radiological Laboratory Analytical Protocols (MARLAP)
Manual: An SAB Review (EPA-SAB-RAC-03-009)
SAB Radiation Advisory Committee
Multi-Agency Radiation Site Survey Investigation Manual (MARSSIM)
Supplements for Materials & Equipment (MARSAME): A Science
Advisory Board Notification of a Consultation (EPA-SAB-RAC-CON-03-
002)
Multi-Agency Radiation Site Survey Investigation Manual (MARSSIM)
Supplement for Sub-Surface Soils (MARSAS): A Science Advisory Board
Notification of a Consultation (EPA-SAB-RAC-CON-03-003)
Second Consultation on Multi-Agency Radiation Site Survey Investigation
Manual (MARSSIM) Supplements for Materials & Equipment
(MARSAME): A Science Advisory Board Notification of a Consultation
(EPA-SAB-RAC-CON-04-001)
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2:
Advisory Committee or Panel
SAB Drinking Water Committee
Stage 2 Disinfection/Disinfectant By
Product Rule Panel
Report Name and Citation
Disinfection Byproducts and Surface Water Treatment: An EPA Science
Advisory Board Review of Certain Elements of the Stage 2 Regulatory
Proposals (EPA-SAB-DWC-03-005)
SAB Ecological Processes and Effects
Committee Panel on Suspended and
Bedded Sediments
EPA's Strategy on Suspended and Bedded Sediments: An EPA Science
Advisory Board Notification of a Consultation (EPA-SAB-EPEC-CON-04-
002)
3:
Advisory Committee or Panel
SAB Environmental
Engineering Committee
Restoration
Report Name and Citation
Improving Leach Testing of Waste: An EPA Science Advisory Board
Notification of a Consultation (EPA-SAB-EEC-CON-03-006)
SAB Multimedia Multipathway
Multireceptor Risk Assessment
(3MRA) Modeling System Panel
EPA's Multimedia, Multipathway, and Multireceptor Risk Assessment
(3MRA) Modeling System; A Review by the 3MRA Review Panel of the
EPA Science Advisory Board (EPA-SAB-05-003)
to
Advisory Committee or Panel
Science Advisory Board
Report Name and Citation
Review of the FY2004 Science and Technology Budget Request for the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: An EPA Science Advisory Board
Review (EPA-SAB-EC-03-006)
Science Advisory Board
Advisory Report on the Science and Research Budgets for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency for Fiscal Year 2005; A Report by the
EPA Science Advisory Board (EPA-SAB-ADV-04-003)
SAB Air Toxics Research Strategy
and Multi-Year Plan Panel
EPA's Air Toxics Research Strategy Air Toxics Multi-Year Plan, A Review
by the Air Toxics Research Strategy and Multi-Year Plan Panel of the EPA
Science Advisory Board (EPA-SAB-05-002 )
Advisory Committee or Panel
SAB Advisory Panel on the
Environmental Economics
Research Strategy
Report Name and Citation
Review of the Environmental Economics Research Strategy of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency; A Report by the EPA Science Advisory
Board Environmental Economics Advisory Committee (EPA-SAB-04-007)
SAB Computational Toxicology
Framework Consultative Panel
Consultation on the Office of Research and Development's Framework for
Computational Toxicology, A Science Advisory Board Notification of a
Consultation (EPA-SAB-CON-04-003)
SAB Contaminated Sediments
Science Plan
Contaminated Sediments Science Plan: A SAB Report
(EPA-SAB-EC-03-008)
SAB Environmental
Engineering Committee
Contaminated Sites Multi-Year Plan: An SAB Report
(Report in final production)
SAB Human Health Research
Strategy Review Panel
Review of the Draft Human Health Research Strategy for Improving Risk
Assessment: A Report of the USEPA Science Advisory Board (EPA-SAB-
EC-03-010)
to
Advisory Committee or Panel Report Name and Citation
Science Advisory Board
Data Quality and Reproducibility: An EPA Science Advisory Board
Notification of a Consultation (EPA-SAB-EC-CON-03-001)
SAB Advisory Panel on
EPA's Report on the Environment
Review of EPA's Draft Report on the Environment 2003
(EPA-SAB-05-004)
SAB Environmental Economics
Advisory Committee
The Valuation of Mortality Risk Reduction: A Science Advisory Board
Notification of a Consultation (EPA-SAB-CON-04-004)
SAB Scientific and Technological
Achievement Awards Subcommittee
Recommendations on the FY2001 Scientific and Technological
Achievement Award (STAA) Nominations: An SAB Report (EPA-SAB-EC-
03-003)
SAB Scientific and Technological
Achievement Awards Review Panel
FY2003-2005
Recommendations on the FY2003 Scientific and Technological
Achievement Awards (STAA) Nominations, A Report by the Scientific and
Technological Achievement Awards Panel of the EPA Science Advisory
Board (EPA-SAB-04-006)
SAB Supplemental Guidance for
Assessing Cancer Susceptibility for
Early-life Review Panel
Review of EPA's Draft Supplemental Guidance for Assessing Cancer
Susceptibility from Early-Life Exposure to Carcinogens, A Report by the
Supplemental Guidance for Assessing Cancer Susceptibility Review Panel
of the EPA Science Advisory Board (EPA-SAB-04-003
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