United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
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United Nations
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Programme
CARIBBEAN
CURRENTS
Volume 8, Number 2
April 2000
EPA/220/N-00-007
UNEP
Whaling
edited by
SarahQuimby, INFOTERRA/USA
This issue of Caribbean Currents deals with the controversial topic of whaling. While St. Vincent and the Grenadines is currently
the only whaling nation in the Caribbean, there are seven Caribbean nations with a vote in the International Whaling
Commission, which regulates whaling activities worldwide. Whales are a valuable resource, either because of the high price of
their meat or because of their popularity with tourists. With whale populations slowly rebounding after near-extinction from over-
hunting, the IWC must soon decide how to manage whale populations. This issue discusses the international laws regulating
whaling and several of the issues surrounding the management of whale resources. If you have any comments on this or any
topic, would like to contribute a short article, or have a resource guide to share, please submit your contribution by following the
guidelines on page 8. We are grateful for all comments and contributions.
Welcometo CARIBBEAN CURRENTS, Volume
Eight, Number Two. This newsletter is edited by
INFOTERRA/USA kits capacity as the Regional
Service Centre (RSC) for INFOTERRA National
Focal Points (NFPs) in the English and French-
speaking Caribbean. Although the CURRENTS is
assembled at INFOTERRA/USA, the content
belongs to you, the readers. You are encouragedto
send in any questions, comments, problems, or
interesting issues relevant to the Region for
inclusion in the CURRENTS. Please see the
Guidelines for Contributions on page 7 for more
information.
Each issue features a Directory of NFPs in the
Region so that anyone with international
environmental questions can contact their nearest
resource. Please feel free to contact one another as
well as your RSC for assistance or materials.
Please don't hesitate to share CARIBBEAN
CURRENTSwithyomfnends and colleagues, and
to make copies as needed. The Currents should
serve as an informational forum for anyone who
lives, works, or is involvedinenvironmental issues
in the English and French-speaking Caribbean
Region.
An Introduction to Whaling Issues
Whaling in the Caribbean
Generally, when the world thinks of whale-hunting
nations, it does not think of the Caribbean. The
whaling tradition in the Caribbean is not long, dating
back only to 1875, and is limited to the island of
Bequia in St. Vincent and the Grenadines (World
Wildlife Fund, 1999)., EvenonBequia, the whaling
population consists of one man and his associates,
who are allowed to take two humpback whales per
season under an "aboriginal whaling" clause of the
International Whaling Commission's 1986 moratorium
on commercial whaling (Hawley, 1999). However, the
Caribbean sits right in the middle of the whaling
debate. Since 1992, the Caribbean members of the
International Whaling Commission, including non-
whaling nations, have consistently voted in favor of
repealingthe moratorium (Fineman, 1999). Members of
the IWC in the French- and English-speaking
Caribbean are St. Vincent and the Grenadines, St.
Lucia, Grenada, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, and
St. Kitts and Nevis. Beginning in 1986, Japan, an
aggressively pro-whaling nation, began providing
financial and technical aid to these nations to the tune
of $80 millionU.S. dollars to date (Fineman, 1999).
According to the Los Angeles Times and the St. Lucia
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Mirror, the fact that these nations began to vote in favor of whaling, and, in the case of St. Lucia, reversed their position
on whaling, is no coincidence. Japan pays the dues for membership in the IWC for each of these nations as well (Fineman,
1997). This money has served to tip the balance of votes in the IWC in the favor of pro-whaling interests (Fineman, 1997).
In 1997, the resolution to repeal the ban on commercial whaling failed by its smallest margin: 12 in favor and 16 against
(Fineman, 1997). Japan, a Los Angeles Times article argues, is using financial aid to Caribbean nations in order to pressure
them into voting in concert with Japanese interests; in effect, buying votes (St. Lucia Mirror, 1997). This situation
highlights Caribbean dependence on foreign aid since the decline of the banana industry. The U.S. has been accused of
using the same tactics as Japan, using development projects or the threat of trade sanctions in order to win anti-whaling
votes (Swardson, 1997). The necessity of conserving and protecting whales is inarguable, but it must be done in concert
with plans to develop Caribbean economies. It currently appears that not only are whales in danger, but so are the
autonomy and self-determination of Caribbean nations.
Aboriginal Rights and Whales as Food
Currently, there are two clauses under the 1986 moratorium on commercial whaling under which whales can be hunted: for
the subsistence of indigenous peoples and for scientific research. It is under the subsistence clause that St. Vincent and
the Grenadines is permitted to hunt whales. However, there are differences between St. Vincent and the Grenadines, a
small relatively developed Caribbean island nation, and the indigenous peoples of the Arctic and sub-Arctic, who have
relied on sea mammals as the sole source of protein for thousands of years (Hawley, 1999). One argument for continuing to
allow whaling in the Caribbean is that the "aboriginal right" to hunt whales means not only hunting whales for a
subsistence protein source, but hunting whales to continue traditions (Hawley, 1999). This argument makes sense when
made by the indigenous peoples of the far north, where the whale hunt has long been a social and religious tradition, but
breaks down when applied to the Caribbean, where whaling was introduced in 1875 as a commercial venture (World
Wildlife Fund, 1999). The leading reason for hunting whales under the aboriginal rights clause is because of their food
value. Whales can weigh upwards of forty tons, and one whale could feed large numbers of people. However, it has been
shown that whale meat is more often than not used as animal feed, as in Norway and in Siberia, or sold in Asian countries
as a delicacy, fetching prices of up to $600 U.S. dollars a kilogram (White, 1995, andPaddock, 1997). In the twentieth
century, whale meat is not a staple. Ironically, blubber biopsies of blue and beluga whales carried out by researchers
affiliated with Trent University in Canada have shown that whale meat is contaminated by bioaccumulative pollutants
such as PCBs, DDT, and other pesticides, making it dangerous to eat (de Konig and Wild, 1997).
Conservation and Sustainibility
Obviously, this article has been written from the viewpoint of protecting and conserving whale species and upholding the
moratorium on commercial whaling. However, there are a few cogent arguments for resuming commercial whaling, among
them the right of sovereign states and peoples to utilize their renewable resources in a sustainable fashion. This argument
hinges on the belief that whales are a renewable resource, and that it is possible to sustainably harvest them. Pro-whaling
interests cite statistics which count minke and sperm whale populations to be over one million, and thus demonstrating
the need to cull certain species, while other estimates have been far more conservative. The fact is, however, that even
with the moratorium on commercial whaling, with allowances for scientific research and aboriginal subsistence, whale
hunting is still not being done in a sustainable fashion, with loopholes regularly being exploited and illegal hunting being
commonplace (Holt, 1999). DNA testing of whale meat available in the Asian market has shown that meat from endangered
whale species are sold as well, in spite of a ban on hunting endangered species (Bowen, 2000). Indeed, the International
Whaling Commission, the body which regulates whaling, has no power to enforce its resolutions, which are non-binding
and voluntary; a return to commercial whaling would no doubt be a return to over-hunting and imminent extinction for
many species. Too, whales are not necessarily a renewable resource. Whales are threatened not only by over-exploitation,
but by pollution and global warming as well, and it is highly possible that whale populations could never recover should
large-scale commercial whaling resume. There is also a moral dimension to preserving whales, based on the idea that
protecting a species is an end unto itself. Whales have grown to be something greater than themselves, either as emblems
of a fragile earth or as representatives of a spiritual order, and slaughtering such beasts for profit or animal feed is not
easily justifiable. A far more sustainable fashion to exploit whale resources would be to develop eco-tourism in the
Caribbean and tap into the $ 122.4 million (1995)U.S. dollars in whale-watching revenues worldwide (World Wildlife Fund,
1999). Whales are such a rich resource that it is unlikely that they will ever be simply left alone, and unfortunately, in the
battle to determine how these resources will be exploited, small nations are being exploited as well.
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References:
Andersen, Peggy. "Aspiring Whalers Practice, Proselytize Their History." The Los Angeles Times October 4,1998, p. Bl.
Bowen, Brian W. "A Field Born in Conservation's Cold War." Trends inEcology and Evolution 15(1 January 2000): 1-3.
de Koning, Jason, and Geoff Wild. "Contaminant Analysis of Organochlorines in Blubber Biopsies from Blue Whales in
the St. Lawrence." At: http://whale.wheelock.edu/bwcontaminants/welcome.html. Accessed March 24,2000.
Fineman, Mark. "Dominica's Support of Whaling is No Fluke." The Los Angeles Times December 9,1997, p. Al.
Fineman, Mark. "World's Whaling Police Float in Ocean of Inertia." The Los Angeles Times June 1,1999, p. Al.
"Fishy Bribes." St. LuciaMirror Internet edition, June 13,1997. At: http://www.stluciamirror.com/junel3/junel3.htm.
Accessed March 24,2000.
Hawley, Chris. "A Caribbean Whaler Speaks up for Tradition Despite Activists' Outcry." The Chicago Tribune May 25,
1999,p.Al.
Hoel, Alf Hakon. "Political Uncertainty in International Fisheries Management." Fisheries Research 37(1 August 1998):
239-250.
Holt, Sydney J. "Whaling and International Law and Order." Marine Pollution Bulletin 3 8 (July 1999): 531-534.
Paddock, Richard. "Outfoxing Limits on Whaling." The Los Angeles Times September 14,1997, p. Al.
Swardson, Anne. "Whales Dwarfed By Larger Forces: Lobbyists and Politics." The Washington Post October 24,1997, p.
A36.
White, Don. "DNA Testing Exposes Whale Trade." Earth Island Journal (Summer 1995).
International Bodies and Laws Governing Whaling
International Whaling Commission
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/iwcoffice/
As whales are migratory species, their conservation is only governable by international convention. The International
Whaling Commission was inaugurated under the 1946 Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, when the world
recognized that whale resources were on the verge of collapse and in need of management if harvests were to continue into
the future. The Convention took force in 1948, in order to "provide for the proper conservation of whale stocks and thus
make possible the orderly development of the whaling industry." The IWC acts as a game warden for whales: it studies
whale populations, sets quotas, designates whale sanctuaries and debates the most humane way to kill a whale. Its
membership is open to anyone who adheres to the 1946 Convention, and is generally comprised of whaling nations. Inl972
it was recognized by the United Nations during the Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm as the unique
body responsible for regulating whale harvests (Holt, 1999).
For the first twenty years of the IWC's existence, whale conservation was negligible; catch limits were far too high
and often exceeded, and whale species continued to be depleted. (Mulvaney, History of the IWC). In both 1972 and 1974,
ten-year moratoria were suggested but failed to pass. In 1974, instead of a moratorium, the IWC developed the New
Management Procedure (NMP), which classified each species with respect to its degree of depletion, and imposed a zero
quota if the population fell below sustainable levels. While quotas were still set too high, the passage of the NMP marked
the first time that precaution and the realization that whale stocks were not inexhaustible entered into whale management.
In 1979, the IWC passed a moratorium on whaling using factory ships. However, by 1980 it became clear that the NMP was
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not working, and inl 982 a ten-year moratorium on commercial whaling was passed, which took force inl 986 and is still in
effect (Mulvaney, History of the IWC).
Unfortunately, the IWC is, and has always been, a toothless organization. It has no legal authority to enforce its
policies, and under section (5(3)) of the 1946 Convention, any party which lodges an objection to a resolution is not bound
by it. The aboriginal subsistence and the scientific whaling loopholes are regularly exploited to include whaling from
commercial purposes, with Japan alone killing 200-400 whales every year, ostensibly for scientific purposes (Mulvaney,
The Whaling Effect). Too, IWC meetings are regularly deadlocked, with non-whaling nations joining in order to have a
voice in whaling issues. This has resulted in the formation of new whaling regulatory organizations, comprised only by
whaling nations, with membership only open by agreement of the other parties. Currently these organizations include the
North Atlantic Marine Mammals Conservation Organization, and the proposed Caribbean Marine Mammals Organization
(Holt, 1999). It appears as if the IWC is adrift and losing what authority it has. Certainly, whale kills continue to increase,
from 3 83 kills in 1992 to 1209inl998, and they show no signs of stopping (Mulvaney, The Whaling Effect). Still, without
the IWC, there would be no regulation of whaling at all.
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES)
http://www.wcmc.org.uk/CITES/eng/index.shtml
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES) was drawn up in 1973 and came
into force in 1975, with the purpose of protecting wildlife against over-exploitation and preventing international trade from
threatening species with extinction. Parties wishing to establish an international trade in, say, whales or tigers, must first
prove that such trade does not harm the survival and well-being of that species or that individual specimen. As this
generally precludes the killing of animals for meat or fur, CITES effectively bans the international trade in endangered
species or their products. Species regulated by CITES are listed in three appendices to the Convention: Appendix I, for the
most endangered species; Appendix II, for species at serious risk; and Appendix III, for species subject to regulation.
Most great whale species are listed in Appendix I and are subject to the most stringent regulation; Appendix II and III
allow for some trade in listed species. CITES differs from IWRC in that it is binding for all parties.
It is the huge profits that can be realized from the international trade in whale meat that drives commercial whaling,
and is behind the effort to repeal the 1986 moratorium. As we have seen, IWC has little power to enforce its own
restrictions on whaling, and large numbers of whales can be killed legally for meat each year through exploiting loopholes
in the IWRC anyway. It is CITES, which forbids the importing or exporting of whale meat, that keeps whalers in check. For
example, whale meat which sells for hundreds of US dollars a pound in Japan sells for less than ten US dollars a pound in
Norway and less than that in St. Vincent (Berg, 1998, and Junger, 1996). It is the fact that whalers cannot export their meat
to Japan that prevents whalers from killing more whales than their "domestic needs" require. However, both Norwegian
and Japanese pro-whaling interests are pushing to de-list certain species of whale, such as the minke whale, from Appendix
I to Appendix II, which would open up the unlimited markets of Asia to Atlantic whalers, and lead the way for the
resumption of large-scale commercial whaling throughout the rest of the world, including the Caribbean (Holt, 1999).
References:
Berg,Harald. "Press for Exports." Fiskeribladet April 17,1998. Translated by SoniaKrag. At: http://www.noahonline.org/
english/whale98.htm. Accessed March27,2000.
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna. Homepage. At: http://wwwwcmc.org.uk/
CITES/eng/index.shtml. AccessedMarch28,2000.
Fineman, Mark. "World's Whaling Police Float in Ocean oflnertia." The LosAngeles Times June 1,1999,p. Al.
Holt, Sydney J. "Whaling and International Law and Order." Marine Pollution Bulletin 38 (July 1999): 531-534.
Junger, Sebastian." Athneal Olivierre is a 740Year-Old Legend on the Island of Bequia Who Wants, Just One More Time,
to Ride on the Back of Moby Dick the Last Wale Hunter." The Sun-Sentinel (Florida) January 1,1996,p. 12.
Mulvaney, Kieran. "The Whaling Effect." From: World Wildlife Fund. WWF'sInternational Whaling Commission Website.
At: http://panda.org/iwc/effectl.html. Accessed March 27,2000.
Mulvaney, Kieran. "The History of the International Whaling Commission." From: World Wildlife Fund. WWF 's
International Whaling Commission Website. At: http://panda.org/iwc/historyl.hlml. Accessed March 27, 2000.
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World Wide Web Sites on Whaling Issues
Cetacean Research Unit
http://www.cetacean.org/
The homepage of CRU, a research institution dedicated to conservation.
Cetacean Society International
http://elfnetla.erfi.com/csihome.html
The homepage of Cetacean Society International. CSI is dedicated to the preservation and protection of all cetaceans
(whales, dolphins and porpoises) and the marine environment on a global basis. This site has many articles on the
smuggling of whale meat and illegal whale hunting.
High North Alliance
http://www.highnorth.no/
The homepage of the High North Alliance, a Norwegian pro-whaling group, which argues that "aboriginal subsistence"
should be expanded to included "community-based" commercial whaling.
International Network for Whaling Research
http://www.ualberta.ca/~inwr/INWR.html
A network of anthropologists and other researchers who study subsistence and artisanal whaling societies.
International Association for the Study of Common Property (IASCP)
http://www.indiana.edu/~iascp/index.html
The homepage of the International Association for the Study of Common Property (IASCP), a nonprofit association
devoted to understanding and improving institutions for the management of environmental resources that are (or could be)
held or used collectively by communities in developing or developed countries. This site contains many articles on
economics and whaling.
International Whaling Commission
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/iwcoffice/
The homepage of the IWC.
Japan Whaling Association
http://www.jp-whaling-assn.com/english/index.htm
A pro-whaling site from an association of Japanese whaling interests.
The Makah Indian Tribe and Whaling: A Fact Sheet Issued by the Makah Whaling Commission
http://conbio.rice.edu/nae/docs/makahfaq.html
The Makah, a Native American people in the Pacific Northwest region of the USA, are allowed to take five migrating grey
whales a year under the subsistence whaling clause. This is a fact sheet describing the history of whaling among the
Makah, planned uses for the whale, and the legal and ethical basis for whale hunting by the Makah.
Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society
http://www.wdcs.org/
The homepage of the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society, with a great deal of information on commercial and
aboriginal whaling. There are a number of detailed articles on whaling in the Caribbean.
Whales in Danger Information Service
http://whales.magna.com.au/
An anti-whaling information service.
World Council of Whalers
http://worldcouncilofwhalers.com/
The homepage of the World Council of Whalers, an international non-profit founded in 1997 to advance the interests of
sustainable whale hunting.
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WWF International Whaling Commission Website
http://panda.org/iwc/index.html
A site from the World Wildlife Fund on the IWC and whaling issues. Includes an article on the "whaling effect,"
population charts, and statistics on the number of whales killed through loopholes in the International Convention to
Regulate Whaling since the moratorium on commercial whaling.
***
Current Conferences in Whale Issues
Fifty-Second Annual Meeting of the International Whaling Commission. June 12-July 6,2000. Adelaide, Australia.
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/iwcoffice/2000_meeting.htm
Contact: Conference Logistics
P.O.Box201,Deacon West ACT 2600
21 Kent Street, Deacon
Tel: (02) 62816624
Fax: (02)62851336
E-mail: conference@conlog.com.au
URL: http://www.conlog.com.au/
Third World Fisheries Congress: Sustainable Fisheries and Optimizing Food Composition. October 31-November 3,2000.
Beijing, China.
http://ag.ansc .purdue. edu/aquanic/calendar/thrdwrdcongress. htm
Contact: Congress Secretariat:
China Society of Fisheries
Bldg. 22, Maizidian Street, Chaoyang District 100026
BeijingP.R. China
Tel: 86-10-64194233,64194234
Fax:86-10-64194231
Email: csfish@ agri.gov.cn
cnscfish@public.bta.net.cn
URL: www.fisheries.moa.gov.cn
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora: Eleventh meeting of the Conference of
the Parties. Gigiri (Kenya), 10-20 April2000.
http://www.wcmc.org.uk/CITES/eng/cop/ll/docs/index.shtml
Contact: CITES Secretariat
International Environment House, 15, chemindes Anemones, CH-1219
Chatelaine-Geneva, Switzerland.
Telephone: (+4122)9178139/40F
ax: (+4122) 7973417
Email: cites@unep.ch
International Association for the Study of Common Property 8th Biennial Conference: Crafting Sustainable Commons in
the New Millennium. May 31-June 4,2000. Bloomington, Indiana.
http://www.indiana.edu/~iascp/2000.html
E-mail iascpOO@indiana.edu
513 N. Park Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47408-3895 U.S. A.
Phone: (812) 855-7704, Fax: (812)855-3150
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Listservs on Whale Topics
Migration Discussion List
The Migration Discussion List provides a forum for researchers, conservationists and members of the legal profession
interested in the conservation of migratory species. The list is sponsored by the Zoological Research Institute and
Museum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK) and the American Society of International Law - Wildlife Interest Group Subscription
instructions: Send an email message to: majordomo@listserv.uni-bonn.de; Leave the subject line blank; in the body of the
message, type: subscribe migrationfirstname lastname
MARMAM [MarineMammal Group] Listserv
MARMAM is an edited e-mail discussion list devoted to topics in marine mammal research and conservation, established
in August 1993. Subscribers to the list are from all over the world and from a wide range of backgrounds. Anyone may
subscribe to the list. Commonly seen messages include requests for information regarding current or recent research
projects, publications, or research techniques; current or previously unreported news events, meeting announcements, job
or volunteer opportunities, scientific abstracts, and new books/techniques/products announcements. To subscribe, send
an email message to listserv@uwm.uvic.ca which says: subscribe marmam firstname lastname
Guidelines for Contributions to CARIBBEAN CURRENTS
Any organization or individual operating or involved in the English and French-speaking Caribbean Region is welcome
to contribute to the newsletter. Contributions should be addressed to:
Caribbean Currents Coordinator
INFOTERRA/USA
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Headquarters Library, 3404
401M Street, S.W.
Washington,D.C. 20460
UNITED STATES
Telephone: (202)260-5917;Fax: (202)260-3923
E-mail: library-infoterra@epa.gov
Please note that submissions should meet the following criteria:
• They are relevant to environmental issues
• They must be of interest to or directly involve the Region
• They must not endorse or recommend any product or commercial service, explicitly or implicitly
• They must be received by the posted deadline (see below)
Please feel free to contact the CARIBBEAN CURRENTS coordinator if you are interested in submitting an article. Please
note that once your article is submitted, it is subject to editing as needed. Final decisions on editing and inclusion of
any contributions are left to the INFOTERRA/USA Manager. Caribbean Currents is available on the Internet at http://
www.epa.gov/earlinkl/currents/.
DEADLINEFORCONTRIBUTIONSTOVol.8No.3: June 1,2000
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About the NFP Directory
This directory reflects changes and additions to the INFOTERRA Directory of National Focal Points
distributed by INFOTERRA/PAC, dated November 1998. Please check this information to verify that it is
correct and up-to-date. If you have any changes or corrections, please notify the RSC as soon as possible.
We will be happy to relay the information to the PAC.
ENGLISH AND FRENCH-SPEAKING CARIBBEAN NFP DIRECTORY
Ms. Diann Black Layne
Conservation Officer II
Ministry of Planning, Implementation, and Environment
Cecil Charles Building
St. John's
ANTIGUA, WESTINDIES
Telephone: (268)463-0907 FAX: (268)462-9338
Mrs. Lynn Holowesko
The Bahamas Environment, Science & Technology
Commission
Office of the Prime Minister
P.O. BoxCB 10980
Nassau
THEBAHAMAS
Telephone: (242)327-4691 FAX: (242) 327-4626
Mrs. Atheline Mayers
Permanent Secretary (Environment)
Ministry of Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources
4th Floor, Sir Frank Walcott Building, CullodenRoad
St. Michael, BARBADOS
Telephone: (246)431-7680 FAX: (246)437-8859
E-mail: envdivn@caribsurf.com
Jaime Jeffery Villanueva
Fisheries Department, Ministry of Agriculture and
Fisheries
Princess MargaretDrive,P.O. Box 148
Belize City
BELIZE, CENTRAL AMERICA
Telephone: 501-2-44552 FAX: 501-2-32983
Mr. Ashton Lugay
Forestry and Wildlife Division
Ministry of Agriculture, Botanical Gardens
Roseau
COMMONWEALTH OFDOMINICA, WESTINDIES
Telephone: (767)448-2401,ext.417 FAX: (767)448-7999
Mr. BalgobinParsand
IASTBuilding,U.G. Campus, Turkeyen
Greater Georgetown, GUYANA
Telephone: (59222)5784,2277,2231 Fax: (59222)5785
E-mail: epa@sdnp.org.gy
M. Dalberg Claude
Ministere de 1'Agriculture et des Resources
Naturelles et du Developpement Rural
P.O. Box 1441
Port-au-Prince
HAITI
Telephone: 509-1-21867 FAX: 509-1-23599
Ms. Yolanda N. Mittoo
Natural Resources Conservation Authority
53 1/2 Molynes Road
P.O.Box305
Kingston 10
JAMAICA, WESTINDIES
Telephone: (876)754-7546/52 FAX: (876)754-7595
E-mail: nrca@infochan.com
Mr. Edsel Daniel
PhysicalPlanning Officer
Ministry of Finance, Development, and Planning
Charlestown, Nevis
ST. KITTS AND NEVIS
Telephone: (869) 465-2521 FAX: (9712) 466-73 98
Mrs. Vanesta Moses-Felix
GovernmentDocumentalist
Government Information and Documentation Resource
Centre
Office of the Prime Minister
Castries
ST. LUCIA, WEST INDIES
Telephone: (758)453-1951 FAX: (758)453-1614
E-mail: docentre@candwe.lc
Regional Service Centre (RSC):
SeemaKapoor
INFOTERRA/USA
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Washington, DC 20460
UNITED STATES
Telephone: (202)260-5917 FAX: (202)260-3923
E-mail: library-infoterra@epa.gov
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