aribbean Currents
Volume 8, Number 3, July 2000
EPA 220-N-00-008
Pesticides
UNEP
United Nations
Environment
Programme
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Office of
Environmental
Information
edited by
Mary Panke and Sarah Qitimby, INFOTERRA/USA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pesticides in the Caribbean, Feature Article I
World Wide Web Sites on Pesticides 4
Bibliography 5
Pesticide Programs 6
Current Conferences on Pesticide Issues 7
LISTERVS 8
Guidelines for Submission 8
NFP Directory 9
This issue of Caribbean Currents, the first of two parts,
deals with the issue of pesticide use in the Caribbean region.
If you have any comments on any topic, would like to
contribute a short article, or have a resource guide to share.
please submit your contribution by following the guidelines
for submission on page 8. We appreciate all comments and
contributions.
The use of pesticides is becoming a particularly pressing
issue for the Caribbean region. On the one hand, pesticides
have allowed the agricultural sector to continue as a
mainstay of the Caribbean economy in a market where
growing populations, international trade and an increasing
demand for higher quality food require higher crop yields,
new crop varieties and more attractive produce. On the
other hand, chemicals released into the environment
contaminate soil and water and accumulate in animal
tissue, posing a threat to once-pristine natural resources as
well as to the health of living organisms all the way to the
top of the food chain. Due to a complex variety of
factors, including topographical features, tropical climate
patterns, and lack of baseline data, little is understood
about what happens to pesticides once they enter the
environment, or what long-term adverse effects they
might cause. This knowledge deficit, together with
increased international concern over growing evidence of
environmental degradation, has spurred an interest in
alternative modes of pest control. Part one of this two-
part article will provide an overview of pesticide concerns
in the Caribbean, tied to their use, overuse, and dispersal
into the environment. The second part will look at some
of the alternative agricultural practices that offer a more
carefully managed approach to pest control. It will also
review some of the major international, regional and sub-
regional initiatives designed to promote a more integrated.
cooperative and scientifically-informed approach to
protecting our shared environment.
Overview/Background:
Agriculture has historically been the most productive
sector of the eastern Caribbean economy (UNEP Tech.
Rpt. #41, 1998). hi a tropical climate where pests flourish,
pesticides have played an integral role in ensuring the
economic viability of the agricultural sector. Large
monoculture farms, planted with banana and sugarcane
crops primarily for export, predominate (UNEP #41,
1998). Subsistence farms produce a variety of crops that
support local food consumption needs and thereby cut
costs of expensive food imports. But rising productivity
has lead, in turn, to a growing reliance on pesticides. Large
scale rnonocrop agriculture increases the source of food for
pests, promoting increased pest populations and stepped-
up pest control measures; high-yielding crop varieties are
often more susceptible to pests, leading to an increased
dependence on chemical insecticides (NRI, 2000). On
INfOTEKRAfUSA
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Welcome to Caribbean Currents, Volume Eight, Number Three. This newsletter is edited by INFOTERRA/USA in its capacity as
the Regional Service Center (RSC) for INFOTERRA National Focal Points (NFPs) in the English- and French-speaking Caribbean.
Although Caribbean Currents is assembled at INFOTERRA/USA, the content belongs to you, the readers. You are encouraged to
send in any questions, comments, problems, or interesting issues relevant to the Region tor inclusion in Caribbean Currents. Please
see the "Guidelines for Contributions" on page 8 for more information.
Each issue features a directory of NFPs in the region so that anyone with international environmental questions can contact their
nearest resource. Please feel free to contact one another as well as your RSC for assistance or materials.
Please don't hesitate to share Caribbean Currents with your friends and colleagues, and to make copies as needed. Caribbean Currents
should serve as an informational forum for anyone who lives, works, or is involved in environmental issues in the English- and
French-speaking Caribbean.
Page I
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Caribbean Currents
Volume 8 Number 3
subsistence farms cultivation of vegetable crops, which are
more vulnerable to pests, requires higher applications of a
broader range of pesticides (Rawlins, et.al., 1998).
Overapplication also contributes to the growth in pesticide
use. Application rates for cotton fields in the Caribbean
are among the highest in the world (UNEP, 1992 as in
Rawlins). Market pressures and growing populations
continue to pressure farmers to boost yields (NRI. 2000),
requiring ever more effective measures of pest control As
a result of this cycle, nearly all the small island developing
states have significantly increased their pesticide use over
the past 20 years (Rawlins, et. al., 1998). But at what
environmental cost? Pesticides are meant to kill or
adversely affect living organisms and so most create some
risk of harm to humans, animals and the environment
(U.S. EPA, 2000). Although the degree and extent of
harm may not always be clear, the detrimental impact of
pesticides has been observed throughout the environment:
Pesticides may inhibit the development of the
reproductive process of certain organisms.
Herbicides may eliminate food sources of aquatic
organisms. Pesticides that bioaccumulate in
marine biota can be transmitted through fishery
resources to humans, posing serious health and
ecological hazards (Diamante et.al., 1991).
Excessive and careless use of agrochemicals,
specifically pesticides, is one of the predominant
causes of chemical poisoning in the Wider
Caribbean Region (Hoagland et.al., 1995).
Pesticide residues present at dangerous levels in
the food chain and water supply pose immediate
threats to public health (UNEP #41, 1998).
hi addition to documented adverse health effects,
pesticides in the environment threaten
wildlife habitats, degrade natural resources,
and upset ecological balances by destroying
nontargetted insects and other organisms.
It has been reported in studies over the
past 20 years that in Jamaica, where
modem synthetic pesticides have been used
since the mid-1940's, pesticides have
contaminated plantation soils, rivers, wells,
natural springs, sea coast and aquatic and
marine fauna (Mansingh et.al., 1997, as in
Rawlins). Most recently, pesticides have ^^_^^_
been implicated as one of several
agricultural pollutants threatening the health of the coral
reefs worldwide. With the tourism industry in the
Caribbean accounting for one quarter of foreign exchange
earnings and one fifth of all jobs (UNEP, 1999),
degradation of this primary tourist attraction and precious
natural resource could ultimately affect agricultural
practices. Perhaps inevitably, the decline of the coral
reefs has begun to focus attention on sources of the
problem, including non-point sources - of which
agricultural pollution is a major contributor and pesticide
contamination a significant component. Though increased
agrochemical use would suggest a corresponding increase in
pesticide contamination in the coastal zone, few studies
have made a direct causal link (Rawlius, et.al., 1998). One
of the challenges researchers face is that agricultural
pollutants are not easy to monitor. The ability to predict
a pesticide's fate from the time it enters the environment
is complicated by a variety of factors which fall into
roughly three categories: a chemical's physical properties,
characteristics of the surrounding environment, and human
factors.
Physical Properties
Three primary groups of pesticides are currently used in
the Caribbean: organochlorines (OC), orgauophosphates
".. .pesticides... threaten
wildlife habitats, degrade
natural resources, and upset
ecological balances..."
(OP) and carbamates (Rawlins, et.al., 1998). These
pesticides are toxic to crustaceans, including economically
important species such as shrimp, lobster, and crab, as well
as to some fish species. (Archer, 1987 as in UNEP #41).
Organochlorines are persistent pesticides, meaning they
can persist in the environment for long periods of time,
increasing the likelihood that they will be dispersed (UNEP
#41, 1998) -sometimes at great distances from the point
of agricultural application. Nearly 20 years after their
banning in 1973, lindane, dieldrin and their derivatives
were detected in elevated concentrations in the water
around St. Lucia (Rawlins, et.al., 1998). At one time OC
pesticides were assumed to have low acute toxicity to
mammals, but later evidence showed effects on the
endocrine system, including reproductive failure in birds,
feminization of male juvenile alligators and eggshell
thinning and collapse in brown pelican hatchling
populations (Henriques, etal, 1997). Growing concerns
about the adverse effects of organochlorines led to the
development of less persistent chemicals. These chemicals
degrade more rapidly into inactive, less toxic and often
harmless compounds. But the organophosphates and
carbamates, while less persistent than the OC pesticides,
are much more acutely toxic (Henriques, et.al., 1997).
They are designed to interfere with an enzyme essential to
the proper functioning of the nervous system (Extoxnet
2000). As a result, OP pesticides pose a greater immediate
risk to workers who can be poisoned through improper use
and handling. Exposed wildlife suffer reproductive effects,
autoimmune function changes, and direct mortality
(Henriques, et.al., 1997).
The more persistent a pesticide is, the more likely it will
be carried away by air, water, soil or food to areas where
unintended targets are exposed to its effects. Its mode of
transport will be determined by specific physical properties
such as its volatility, solubility, whether
it binds to soil and whether it will
dissolve in fatty tissue (lipid solubility).
The more volatile a chemical is, the
more easily it can evaporate into the
atmosphere and, if persistent, travel
great distances. A chemical's water
solubility will determine whether it will
be carried off as runoff, leach into the
groundwater, or contaminate surface
water where it can be hazardous to fish
^^^^^^^_ and other creatures. On the other hand,
chemicals that are not water soluble can
bind to soil and be carried off through erosion and siltation
to areas such as mangrove ponds and coastal zones where
they can accumulate in sediment over long periods. The
most persistent pesticides are also the most likely to be
dispersed through bioaccumulation. hi this instance, living
organisms become the mode of transport, storing
increasing concentrations of chemicals over time at levels
"in fish, for example, (that) can be tens to hundreds of
thousands of times greater than ambient water levels of the
same pesticide" (Extoxnet 2000). Bioaccumulated
pesticides are a particular threat to humans who, at the top
of the food chain, can be exposed to elevated
concentrations through consumption of contaminated fish
and farm animals.
Environmental Factors
A recent analysis of agricultural pollution in the Caribbean
points out the lack of baseline data on concentrations of
pesticides present in water and sediments for the majority
of small island developing states, or, for that matter, data
on how pesticides are transported from sources to sinks
where they accumulate in the coastal zone (Rawlins, et.al.,
1998). That data is significant because though pesticides
may be imperceptible, their repeated heavy use around
inland watersheds can be just as destructive as direct
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Caribbean Currents
Volume 8 Number 3
industrial discharges. (Cote, 1988, as in UNEP #41). It is
estimated that 90% of pesticides do not reach their
targeted pests (UNEP Tech Rpt. #33. 1994), but the
ability to predict whether and how a chemical might affect
uontargeted organisms or resources is complicated by the
fact that the physical features of the environment itself
influence pesticide dispersal, hi the Caribbean, the
dynamics of weather conditions, topographical variability.
a pesticide's behavior under various conditions, etc., can
combine in unpredictable ways to influence the ultimate
fate of that pesticide. Severe tropical storms and erosion,
particularly on volcanic islands, have a significant effect
on pesticide dispersal. Erosion is a growing problem,
accelerated by deforestation and by the marginalizatiou of
small-scale farmers to less suitable laud on steeper slopes
(Rawlins, et.al., 1998). Transport of pesticides through
erosion is greatly exacerbated by intense tropical rainfall:
Storms are thought to be amongst the most
important factors in the cycling of sediments
through open-marine environments (Hubbard,
1992 as in Rawlins). Eroded soil particles are
transported away by streams and rivers, often
very rapidly during storm events. On steep-
sloped volcanic islands such as St. Vincent, rivers
have virtually no flood plains or estuaries and
run rapidly across beaches into coastal waters
delivering sediment directly into coastal
ecosystems (Harrison and Rankin, 1976 as in
Rawlins). In situations where runoff has a more
limited capacity to transport eroded material,
sediment collects in low-energy environments
such as mangrove stands, harbours and semi-
estuarine pools which act as sinks for nutrients
and pesticides. Sediment and associated
pollutants accumulate gradually
until the passage of a major
storm event, during which they
are largely remobilised and
transported into coastal waters.
(Rawlins, et.al., 1998)
Variable geologic conditions among the
islands further complicate the
predictability of a given pesticide's impact.
Drinking water sources, for example, can
be contaminated in different ways ^^^^^^_
depending on whether an island is
primarily volcanic or limestone. On volcanic islands,
aquifers are small and drinking water is primarily supplied
by surface water sources. On limestone islands, water from
tropical storms filters into the limestone forming
groundwater sources for domestic water supply (Rawlins,
et.al., 1998). The coastal zone of the Caribbean region is
considered particularly prone to the accumulation of
persistent pesticides. Not only do the sheltered inland
areas act as sinks for pesticides, but on the lee shores of
the islands there is insufficient mixing of pollutant-bearing
waters with oceanic waters, hi areas where the continental
shelves are narrow, pollutants are effectively mixed and
dispersed. On windward shores, significant wave energy
enhances dispersal.(Rawlins, et.al., 1998) Even rinsed off
the coast, however, pesticides can end up in deep oceanic
basins in the Caribbean that contain most of the region's
water but receive very little renewal or flushing. (Atwood,
1977 as in Rawlius, et. al.)
Human Factors
Human factors, such as careless handling of pesticides and
improper management of agricultural activities, also play a
role in the dispersal of pesticides beyond intended targets.
Regional experts have identified several causes within the
wider Caribbean region for pesticide contamination, most
"The coastal zone...is
considered particularly
prone to the accumulation
of persistent pesticides."
of them linked to human behavior and practices. These
include: improper application, erosion, cropping systems,
improper equipment maintenance, mishandling, storage
and disposal, inappropriate selection, leaching, improper
water management, artificial drainage, and volatilization
(UNEP #41, 1998). Unlike topographic, weather-related
or physical factors that affect a pesticide's dispersal.
human factors are more readily controlled. Unintended
exposures, for example, can be minimized through
improved handling, storage and disposal methods. And
controlling the timing and amount of pesticide
applications could significantly reduce the volume of
chemicals introduced into the environment. According to
one source, pesticide volume can be reduced by 50%
without a loss of yield (Espeut 1994). Achieving such
reductions presumes an understanding of the need for
change and a widespread willingness to adopt site-specific
environmentally sound agricultural practices, hi the
Caribbean, indigenous farmers have traditionally used a
variety of practices and techniques designed to maximize
resources, control erosion, and reduce pests (UNEP #41).
But widespread adoption of these and more recently
developed techniques will require education on a variety of
social and institutional levels.
Conclusion
The declining health of the coral reefs is prompting
scientists to take a closer look at the impacts of
agricultural pollutants. Their work should contribute to a
better understanding of the relationship between pesticide
use and the state of the environment. It will also
contribute a scientific basis toward understanding what
constitutes the most environmentally sound yet
economically feasible agricultural practices. Until more is
understood, however, there is reason to adopt a more
moderate approach to pesticide use. Even
without calculating the current economic
costs from pesticide overuse, such as the
need to periodically replace pesticides with
new, more expensive compounds when
pests become resistant, or weather-related
reapplication requirements, etc., the
health and environmental hazards
associated with toxic chemical pesticides
are reason enough to consider moving
more rapidly toward alternative forms of
^^^_^^^ pest control. Many are already available to
the agricultural community. These include
organic fanning and traditional indigenous techniques as
well as integrated pest management (IPM), a method that
employs a mix of chemical, natural, and cultural controls.
The next issue of Caribbean Currents will look at some of
these pest control alternatives, as well as some of the
international, regional and subregional initiatives designed
to pave the way for their implementation.
References:
Atwood, O.K. (1977) Regional Oceanography as it
Relates to Present and Future Pollution Problems and
Living Resources. Carribbean American Society of Civil
Engineers, New York, NY, USA.
Cote, R.P. (1988) The Management of Land-based
Sources of Pollutants in Small Island States: The
Caribbean Case. School for Resource and Environmental
Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Diamante, .T. M. Varela, B. Wood-Thomas, and P.
Gelabert. (1991) Background Paper: Land-Based Sources
(LBS) of Pollution as the Dominant Marine Pollution
Problem in the Wider Caribbean Region. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of International
Activities, Caribbean Field Office.
Paged
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Caribbean Currents
Volume 8 Number 3
Espeut, Peter (1994) IPM Soapbox: Slow Poison. IPM Working for Development Newsletter, Issue #3: 11.
The Extension Toxicology Network (EXTOXNET). Toxicology Information Briefs: Movement of pesticides in the
Environment.
At: http://www.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxuet/. Accessed June 12, 2000.
Harrison, A.D. and Rankin, J.J. (1976) Hydrobiological Studies of Eastern Lesser Antillean Islands I. St. Vincent:
Freshwater Habitats and Water Chemistry. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, Supplement 50: 96-144.
Hemiques, William, et.al. (1997) Agrochemical Use on Banana Plantations in Latin America: Perspectives on Ecological
Risk. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16 (1): 91-99.
Hoagland, P., M.E. Schumacher, and A.G. Gaines, Jr. (1995) Toward an Effective Protocol on Land-Based Marine
Pollution in the Wider Caribbean Region. Technical Report No. WHOI-95-10. Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
Hubbard, D.K. (1992) Hurricane Induced Sediment Transport in Open-shelf Tropical Systems - An Example from St. Croix,
U.S. Virgin Islands. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 62: 946-960.
Mansiugh, A., Robinson, D.E. and Dalip, K.M. (1997) Insecticide Contamination in the Jamaican Environment. Trends in
Analytical Chemistry 16: 115-123.
Natural Resources Institute (NRI) Integrated Pest Management: Pest and Disease Problems. University of Greenwich.
At: http://www.nri.org/Thernes/iprn.htm. Accessed June 6, 2000.
Rawlins, B.G., et.al. (1998) Review of Agricultural Pollution in the Caribbean with Particular Emphasis on Small Island
Developing States. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36 (9): 658-668.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Caribbean Environment Programme (CEP). 1998 Best Management
Practices for Agricultural Non-Point Sources of Pollution. CEP Technical Report #41
At: http://www.cep.unep.org/pubs/teclireports/tr41en/index.htrnl. Accessed June 6, 2000.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Caribbean Environment Programme (CEP). (1994) Regional Overview
of Land-Based Sources of Pollution in the Wider Caribbean Region. CEP Technical Report #33
At: http://www.cep.unep.org/pubs/techreports/tr33en/index.html Accessed June 6, 2000.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (1999) Environmental problems affecting the marine and coastal
environment in the wider Caribbean region. (UNEP (OCA)/CAR IG.9/INF.5 )
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (1999) Global Environment Outlook 2000.
At: http://www.unep.org/geo2000. Accessed June 6, 2000.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Office of Pesticide Programs: What is a Pesticide?
At: http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/whatis.htrn. Accessed June 8, 2000.
World Wide Web Sites on Pesticide Issues
WEBSITES
Centre for Pest Information and Technology Transfer
http://www. ctpm.uq.edu.au/CPITT/Default. htm
The Centre for Pest Information Technology and Transfer (CPITT) is a center within the University of Queensland,
which develops innovative tools for training and decision support for a wide audience. CPITT's products are aimed
primarily at those involved in Integrated Pest Management or Natural Resource Management.
Chemfinder. com
http://www.chemfinder.com
A gateway to technical chemical information on the web.
EXTOXNET (The Extension Toxicology Network)
http://ace, orst. edu/info/extoxnet/
The EXTOXNET InfoBase provides a variety of information about pesticides, including access to Pesticide Information
Profiles (PIPs) for specific information on pesticides. Toxicology Information Briefs (TIBs) contain a discussion of certain
concepts in toxicology and environmental chemistry. Other topic areas include: Toxicology Issues of Concern (TICs),
Factsheets, News about Toxicology Issues, Newsletters, Resources for Toxicology Information, and Technical Information.
Information in these topic areas primarily has been developed by toxicologists and chemists listed on the site.
Pesticide Management and Pollution
http://www.fao.Org/lFAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/guides/subiect/t.htm
A subject guide from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Provides links to pesticide use
and management guidelines, international pesticide residue information, and prior informed consent databases.
U.S. Environment Protection Agency (USEPA) Office of Pesticide Programs
http://www.epa.gov/pesticides
An excellent resource from the USEPA for information on pesticide health effects, pollution prevention, biopesticides,
integrated pest management, and other pesticide use information.
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Caribbean Currents Volume 8 Number 3
Bibliography
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1990. International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use BIBLIOGRAPHY
of Pesticides. Rome, Italy. http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGP/AGPP/Pesticid/Code/PM_Code.htm
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1991. Initial Introduction And Subsequent Development of a
Simple National Pesticide Registration and Control Scheme.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1998. Pesticide Storage and Stock Control Manual. V8966.
http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGP/AGPP/Pesticid/Disposal/V8966E/01.htni
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Caribbean Environment Programme (CEP). 1998. Best Management
Practices for Agricultural Non-Point Sources of Pollution. CEP Technical Report #41 http://www.cep.unep.org/pubs/
techreports/tr41 en/index.html
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 1994. Caribbean Environment Programme (CEP). Regional Overview
of Land-Based Sources of Pollution in the Wider Caribbean Region. CEP Technical Report #33 http://www.cep.unep.org/
pubs/techreports/tr33en/index.htnil.
United Nations Environment Programme- (UNEP). 1991. Background Document for the Development of a Protocol
Concerning Land-Based Sources of Marine Pollution to the Cartagena Convention for the Protection and Development of
the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region. Ninth Meeting of the Monitoring Committee on the Action Plan
for the Caribbean Environment Programme and Special Meeting of the Bureau of Contracting Parties to the Convention
for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region. Kingston, Jamaica.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 1994. Regional Overview of Land-Based Sources of Pollution in the
Wider Caribbean Regions. CEP Technical Report No. 33. United Nations Environment Programme Caribbean
Environment Programme. Kingston, Jamaica.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 1996. Guidelines for Integrated Planning and
Management of Coastal and Marine Areas in the Wider Caribbean. United Nations Environment Programme Caribbean
Environment Programme. Kingston, Jamaica.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1993. Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources
of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters. EPA-840-B-92-002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Undated. Managing Nonpoint Source Pollution from
Agriculture, Pointer No. 6. EPA841-F-96-004F. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1993. Guides to Pollution Prevention: Non-Agricultural
Pesticide Users. EPA-68-CO-0003; EPA/625/R-93/009.
Stock Number PB94-114634. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Citizen's Guide to Pest Control and Pesticide Safety. 1995.
EPA 730-K-95-001. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC.
FAO publications can be ordered from the sales agent in your country or by contacting:
Sales Sales and Marketing Group, Information Division
FAO, Viale delle Ternie di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
FAX: +39 06 5705 3360
Email: publications-sales@fao.org
URL: http://www.fao.org/catalog/giphonie.htrn
USEPA publications can be ordered from the National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP) or the
National Technical Information Service (NTIS) at:
U.S. EPA/NSCEP
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, Ohio, USA 45242-2419
International: 1/513-489-8190
Fax: 513/489-8695
E-mail: ncepiniail@one.net
URL: http://www.epa.gov/ncepihom/orderpub.htnil.
NTIS
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Tel: 1-800-553-NTIS (6847) or (703) 605-6000
Fax: (703) 605-6900
E-niail: orders@ntis.fedworld.gov
URL: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm
When ordering from NTIS, please refer to the PB call number. NTIS accepts both VISA and MasterCard.
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Caribbean Currents
Volume 8 Number 3
PROGRAMS
Pesticide Programs
Assessment and Management of Environmental Pollution (The AMEP Programme)
UNEP-CAR/RCU
14-20 Port Royal Street
Kingston. Jamaica
Phone: (876) 922-9267
Fax: (876) 922-9292
Email: tjk.uneprcuja@cwjarnaica.com
http ://www. cep.unep. org/programnies/amep/amep.html
The AMEP Programme concerns the assessment and management of environmental pollution and provides regional
co-ordination for the implementation of the Protocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities
(LBS Protocol). AMEP supports the activities required for the establishment of necessary measures to prevent, reduce
and control marine pollution and to assist in the development of integrated environmental planning and management
of coastal and marine areas. This Programme is responsible for the regionalization of Global agreements such as the
Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA), Agenda
21, and the Basel Convention.
Caribbean Environmental Health Institute (CEHI)
Box 1111
The Morne
Castries
St. Lucia, W.I.
Telephone: (758) 452-2501; (758) 452-1412
Fax: (758) 453-2721
Email: cehi@caudw.lc
http://www.cehi.org.lc/index.htm
CEHI exists for the purpose of ensuring that the Caribbean citizenry, both present and future are able to experience a long
and healthy life. Towards fulfilling this mission, CEHI aims to provide technical and advisory services in environmental
management (e.g., water supply, liquid and solid waste management, pesticides control) as well as collection and
dissemination of environmental data. CEHI also offers a pesticide residue testing service, which is currently being expanded
to afford wider testing capabilities.
Pesticide Action Network
49 Powell St., Suite 500
San Francisco, CA 94102
USA
Telephone: (415) 981-1771 (country code 1)
Fax: (415) 981-1991 (country code 1)
Email: panna@panna.org (North American office)
http://www.pan-international.org/
Pesticide Action Network (PAN) is a network of over 600 participating nongovernmental organizations, institutions and
individuals in over 60 countries working to replace the use of hazardous pesticides with ecologically sound alternatives. Its
projects and campaigns are coordinated by five autonomous Regional Centers.
Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program (PESP)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program
1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW (Mail Code 7511C)
Washington, DC 20460
http://www.epa.gov/oppbppdl/PESP/
The Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program (PESP) is a voluntary program that forms partnerships with pesticide
users to reduce the health and environmental risks associated with pesticide use and implement pollution prevention
strategies. The program was initiated in!994. There are two categories of membership in PESP: Partners, which are
organizations that use pesticides or represent pesticide users; and supporters, organizations that do not use pesticides, but
have significant influence over pest management practices. All PESP participants make a commitment to reduce pesticide
risk and develop activities to achieve risk reduction.
Reducing Pesticide Run-Off to the Caribbean Sea
UNEP-CAR/RCU
14-20 Port Royal Street
Kingston. Jamaica
Phone: (876) 922-9267
Fax: (876) 922-9292
Email: tjk.uneprcuja@cwjamaica.com
http://www.cep.unep.org/who/activities.htm
A project in development from UNEP's Caribbean Environment Programme. Further work on agricultural non-point
sources and the relation to Annex IV of the Land-Based Sources Protocol of the Cartagena Convention, the AMEP
Subprogramme received approval for the funding under the Global Environment Facility (GEF). This project will develop
national action plans for the improved management of pesticides in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia. This
project has direct implications for inclusion in the National Plans called for under Annex IV to the Land-Based Sources
Protocol.
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Caribbean Currents Volume 8 Number 3
Current Conferences on Pesticide Issues
CONFERENCES
3-5 July 2000. York, UK.
European Pesticide Residue Workshop: Pesticides in Food and Drink.
Contact: Stewart Reynolds, Linda Dudley, or Richard Fussell
EPRW 2000 Secretariat
Central Science Laboratory
Sand Hutton
York
North Yorkshire
YO41 1LZ
UNITED KINGDOM
Telephone: + 44 (0) 1904 462459
Fax: + 44 (0) 1904 462253
e-mail: eprw2000@csl.gov.uk
URL: http://www.csl.gov.uk/news/level2/eprwl.htrn
16-19 July 2000. St. Pete Beach, Florida, USA.
Florida Pesticide Residue Workshop
Contact: FPRW / FPAC
Attention: Dr. Joanne Brown
400 Capital Circle Southeast, Suite 18, #306
Tallahassee, FL 32301-3839
Telephone: (850) 488-0670
Fax: (850) 488-4226
URL: http://doacs.state.fl.us/~fs-prw/
27 August - 1 September 2000. Boca Chica, Dominican Republic.
CFCS 2000: Sociedad Caribena de Cultivos Alimenticios/ Caribbean Food Crops Society/ Societe Caraibe des
Plantes Alinientaries
URL: http://www.cedaf.org.do/cfcs/entrada.asp
11-15 September 2000. Torino, ITALY.
Symposium on Chemical And Non-Chemical Soil Disinfestation.
Contact: DI.VA.P.R.A.
Patologia Vegetale
Via L. da Vinci 44
10095 Grugliasco (TO). ITALY
Fax: 39-011-670-8541
E-mail: congress.nilg@agraria.unito.it
URL: http://wwwf.agraria.unito.it/news/SD2000/SD2000.htrnl
25-29 September 2000. Sarnos, GREECE.
IOBC-WPRS Working Group, Use of Pheromones and Other Semiochemicals in Integrated Control.
Contact: M. Konstantopoulou
Institute of Biology
NCSR "Demokritos"
PO Box 60228
GR-153 10 Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, GREECE
Fax: 30-1-6511767
E-mail: rnkonstan@niail. demokritos. gr
URL: www.pliero.net/iobc/samos/announc3.html
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Caribbean Currents
Volume 8 Number 3
LISTSERVS on Pesticide Issues
Federal Register Pesticide Documents: epa-pest2
LISTSERVS This listen7 disseminates the announcements published in the Federal Register regarding pesticide rulemaking in the United
States. To subscribe, send an email to: hstserver@unixmail.rtpnc.epa.gov. Leave the subject line blank, or put a period in
the subject area. Type the following in the body of the message "subscribe epa-pest2 firstname lastname".
U.S. EPA Office of Pesticide Programs Electronic Updates
The Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) has created an electronic mailing list to provide you with quick and timely updates
on OPP's activities. Members of this service will receive short updates on recent regulatory decisions, press
announcements, changes to the OPP website, and other information that may be of interest. OPP generally issues these
updates weekly or more frequently when necessary to keep you informed. Subscribe online at
http://www.epa.gov/oppfeadl/cb/csb_page/form/form.html.
DRIFTERS
Drifters is an open forum for educators, trainers, regulators and industry, including applicators to share information, data
and training activities on managing pesticide drift. To subscribe, send a message to majordomo@reeusda.gov with the
message reading "subscribe DRIFTERS firstname lastname".
Subscription address: niajordomo@reeusda.gov
Send messages to: drifters@reeusda.gov
NAPIAP
A mailing list from the National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program. To subscribe, send a message to
majordomo@reeusda.gov with the message reading "subscribe NAPIAP firstname lastname".
Subscription address: majordomo@reeusda.gov
Send messages to: napiap@reeusda.gov
PESTCOM
A listserv on chemical pesticide residues. To subscribe, send a message to listproc@list.uiowa.edu with the message reading
"subscribe PESTCOM Firstname lastname".
Subscription address: listproc@colostate.edu
Send messages to: pestcom@colostate.edu
CONTRIBUTIONS
Guidelines for Contributions to CARIBBEAN CURRENTS
Any organization or individual operating or involved in the English and French-speaking Caribbean Region is welcome to
contribute to the newsletter. Contributions should be addressed to:
Caribbean Currents Coordinator
INFOTERRA/USA
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Headquarters Library, 3404
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
UNITED STATES
Telephone: (202) 260-5917; Fax: (202) 260-3923
E-mail: library -infoterra@epa.gov
Please note that submissions should meet the following criteria:
• They are relevant to environmental issues
• They must be of interest to or directly involve the Region
• They must not endorse or recommend any product or commercial service, explicitly or implicitly
• They must be received by the posted deadline (see below)
Please feel free to contact the CARIBBEAN CURRENTS coordinator if you are interested in submitting an article. Write
to: library-infoterra@epa.gov. Please note that once your article is submitted, it is subject to editing as needed. Final
decisions on editing and inclusion of any contributions are left to the INFOTERRA/LfSA Manager. Caribbean Currents is
available on the Internet at http://www.epa.gov/earlinkl/currents/.
DEADLINE FOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO Vol. 8 No. 4: September 1, 2000
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Caribbean Currents
Volume 8 Number 3
AbouttheNFP Directory
This directory reflects changes and additions to the INFOTERRA Directory of National Focal Points
distributed by INFOTERRA/PAC, dated November 1998. Please check this information to verify that it is
correct and up-to-date. If you have any changes or corrections, please notify the RSC as soon as
possible. We will be happy to relay the information to the PAC.
ENGLISH AND FRENCH-SPEAKING CARIBBEAN NFP DIRECTORY
Ms. DiannBlackLayne
Conservation Officer II
Ministry of Planning, Implementation, and
Environment
Cecil Charles Building
St. John's
ANTIGUA, WESTINDIES
Telephone: (268)463-0907 FAX: (268)462-9338
Mrs. LynnHolowesko
The Bahamas Environment, Science & Technology
Commission
Office of the Prime Minister
P.O.BoxCB 10980
Nassau
THE BAHAMAS
Telephone: (242)3274691 FAX: (242) 327-4626
Mrs. Atheline Mayers
Permanent Secretary (Environment)
Ministry of Environment, Energy, and Natural
Resources
4thFloor, Sir Frank Walcott Building, Culloden
Road
St. Michael, BARB ADOS
Telephone: (246)431-7680 FAX: (246)437-8859
E-mail: envdivn@caribsurf.com
Jaime Jeffery Villanueva
Fisheries Department. Ministry of Agriculture and
Fisheries
Princess Margaret Drive, P.O. Box 148
Belize City
BELIZE, CENTRAL AMERICA
Telephone: 501-2-44552 FAX: 501-2-32983
Mr. Ashton Lugay
Forestry and Wildlife Division
Ministry of Agriculture, Botanical Gardens
Roseau
COMMONWEALTH OFDOMTNICA, WEST
INDIES
Telephone: (767)448-2401,ext.417 FAX: (767)
448-7999
Mr. BalgobinParsand
lASTBuilding, U.G. Campus, Turkeyen
Greater Georgetown, GUYANA
Telephone: (59222)5784,2277,2231 Fax: (59222)
5785
E-mail: epa@sdnp.org.gy
M. Dalberg Claude
Ministere de 1'Agriculture et des Resources
Naturelles et du Developpement Rural
P.O.Box 1441
Port-au-Prince
HAITI
Telephone: 509-1-21867 FAX: 509-1-23599
Ms. Yolanda N. Mittoo
Natural Resources Conservation Authority
53 1/2 Molynes Road
P.O.Box305
Kingston 10
JAMAICA, WESTINDIES
Telephone: (876) 754-7546/52 FAX: (876)754-7595
E-mail: nrca@infoclian.com
Mr. Edsel Daniel
Physical Planning Officer
Ministry of Finance, Development, and Planning
Charlestown, Nevis
ST. KITTS AND NEVIS
Telephone: (869)465-2521 FAX: (9712)466-7398
Mrs. Vanesta Moses-Felix
Government Documentalist
Government Infonnation and Documentation
Resource Centre
Office of the Prime Minister
Castries
ST. LUCIA, WESTINDIES
Telephone: (758)453-1951 FAX: (758)453-1614
E-mail: docentre@candwe.lc
Regional Service Centre (RSC):
Ms. Seema Kapoor
INFOTERRA/USA
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, MC 3404
Washington, DC 20460
UNITED STATES
Telephone: (202)260-5917 FAX: (202)260-3923
E-mail: library-infoterra@epa.gov
DIRECTORY
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INFOTERRA/USA
U.S. Environment Protection Agency
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Mail Code 3404
Washington DC 20460
UNITED STATES
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