Caribbean Currents
Volume 8, Number 4, October 2000
EPA 220-N-00-009
UNEP
United Nations
Environment
Programme
\
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Office of
Environmental
Information
Integrated Pest Management
written and edited by
Mary Panke, UNEP-Infoterra/USA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Integrated Pest Management, Feature Article
References
World Wide Web Resources
Listse rvs
1
5
7
9
Current Conferences on Integrated Pest Management .......... 10
Guidelines for Submission .............................................. 10
NFP Directory [[[ 11
Tliis issue is the second of two parts on the topic
of pesticide use in the Caribbean. As summarized
in part one, pesticide use lias helped to establish
the agricultural sector as a mainstay of the
Caribbean economy, but environmental and health
concerns have shaken the foundations of
agrochemically -based crop protection. Chemicals
released into the environment pose a threat to
once-pristine natural resources and, through direct
exposure orbioaccumulation, to the health of living
organisms all the way to the top of the food chain.
Little is understood about what happens to
pesticides once they enter the environment or what
long-term adverse effects they might cause. This
knowledge deficit, together with increased
international concern over growing evidence of
environmental decline lias paved the way for
alternative pest management approaches, most
prevalently, Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
By pairing IPM practices with a policy supporting
sustainable development, new crop protection
measures can exceed the immediate goal of
pesticide use reduction. Implementation of
alternative controls under such a policy will require
institutional innovations and networked
collaborations at local, national and regional levels
which, in the long run, will strengthen die role of
die fanner, and increase production capacity while
protecting fragile ecosystems. This issue of
Caribbean Currents provides a brief history of die
IPM approach to pest control and the challenges
inherent in developing sustainable IPM programs
that move the practice of crop protection at a local
level toward the global imperatives of natural
resource protection and conservation.
In the Caribbean, as elsewhere around the world,
the responses to die problems posed by pesticide
use range from risk reduction programs, designed
to communicate to fanners that diere is a problem,
to organic fanning initiatives capable of competing
in newly developing environmentally-conscious
global markets. Between these two extremes lies
IPM, often refened to as a "continuum" of options,
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Welcome to Caribbean Currents^ Volume Eight, Number Four. This newsletter is edited by UNEP-Infoterra/USA in its capacity as
the Regional Service Center (RSC) for UNTEP-Infoterra National Focal Points (NFPs) in the English- and French-speaking
Caribbean. Although Caribbean Currents is assembled at UNEP-Infoterra/USA, the content belongs to you, the readers. You are
encouraged to send in any questions, comments, problems, or interesting issues relevant to the Region for inclusion in Caribbean
Currents. Please see the "Guidelines for Contributions" on page 8 for more information.
Each issue features a directory of NFPs in the region so that anyone with international environmental questions can contact their
nearest resource. Please feel free to contact one another as well as your RSC for assistance or materials.
Please don't hesitate to share Caribbean Currents with your friends and colleagues, and to make copies as needed. Caribbean Currents
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'ibbean Currents
Volume 8 Number 4
designed to optimize pest control while reducing
pesticide use and. more recently, to promote
sustainable agricultural practices.
A Brief History of Integrated Pest Management
The term IPM was first coined to distinguish an
approach to pest control which offered an
alternative to excessive dependence on pesticides.
It has since evolved to describe a whole new way
of thinking of crop protection, based on
ecological principles, in the context of
sustainable agricultural development and natural
resource management (Consultative Group on
International AgriculturalResearch(CGIAR), 1998).
The agrochemical era, ushered in by the promise of
DDT and other broad spectrum chemicals
introduced in the 1940s, has suffered setbacks due
to concern over unforseen harmful side-effects that
repeatedly surfaced with successive generations of
synthetic chemicals. The excitement occasioned
by DDT and other organochlorines was grounded
in their ability, at low doses, to eradicate almost all
insect species. This enthusiasm was quickly
tempered by the unanticipated speed
with which targeted pests developed
resistance and secondary pest
outbreaks occurred (Ruttan as in
Radcliffe's,2000). Originally referred
to as "Integrated Control", IPM was
developed by entomologists at the
University of California hi the late
1950s in response to these pesticide-
induced outbreaks. They
"SARD conserves land.
water, plant and animal
genetic resources...is
economically viable and
socially acceptable."
"integratedpesticide management" (Moore, 1996).
Ecologically-based IPM regained a foothold as
global concern over the risks of excessive pesticide
use mounted. Pesticides were destroying
beneficial insects, and concern was growing over
their indirect effects on wildlife and human health.
These concerns were galvanized by Rachel
Carson's Silent Spring (publishedby Fawcett
Crest, 1964) which sounded an alarm on the
chemical poisoning of the environment (Ruttan as
inRadcliffe's,2000).
The IPM - Sustainable Agriculture Link
Beginning with the 1960s, a period of broadening
environmental consciousness led to protective
action at the governing level. Environmental
regulations were enacted in most developed
nations and international bodies demonstrated a
firm resolve to stem the environmental decline that
was becoming increasingly evident worldwide.
Beginning with the Stockholm Declaration of the
United Nations Conference on the Human
Environment in 1972, international law widened its
focus from narrowly defined issues to broader
efforts seeking to preserve and
protect the global environment
(Burnett, 2000). A number of
subsequent international laws built
on the Stockholm Declaration's call
for "governments and peoples to
exert common efforts for the
preservation and improvement of the
human environment" (United
Nations Educational, Scientific, and
Page 2
recommended a new strategy which employed
biological and other natural controls to manage
rather than eradicate pest populations by reducing
the number of pests to an economically acceptable
level through reliance on natural enemies (Moore,
1996). Cast in an ecological framework, integrated
control required extensive knowledge of the target
system, gained in part through monitoring and
scouting pests, and calculation of action
thresholds beyond which backup support would
be required (U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), 1999). Chemicals, assigned this
backup role, would be judiciously "integrated" into
the control process when biocontrols were
determined to be ineffective. Though initially the
role of chemicals was diminished and emphasis
was on ecologically-based pest control, by the
early 1980s the emphasis had clearly shifted toward
inclusion of chemicals into a mix of pest control
tactics that relied heavily on improved timing of
pesticide applications and development of pest
resistance management strategies. What had
begun as an alternative to pesticide use had
i gradually come to resemble what some termed
Cultural Organization, 2000). Concepts such as
"sustainable agriculture and rural development", or
SARD, gradually found international acceptance
and support. Formally defined in 1988 by the
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO), SARD "conserves land, water, plant and
animal genetic resources, is environmentally non-
degrading, technically appropriate, economically
viable and socially acceptable" (Hansen as hi
Moore, 1996). SARD'S role was further articulated
as a part of "a declaration and action agenda for
replacing chemical-intensive agriculture with more
sustainable and holistic agricultural production,"
with an emphasis on farmer and rural community
participation (FAO as in Moore, 1996). IPM was
officially linked to sustainable agricultural
development in 1992 at the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development in
Rio de Janeiro, which reaffirmed the earlier
Stockhom Declaration. The conference, better
known as the Earth Summit, "formally recognized
the threat posed to human health and the
environment by excessive pesticide use and, in its
Agenda 21 action plan for achieving sustainable
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Caribbean Currents
Volume 8 Number 4
development in the 20th century, declared IPM to
be a key element in sustainable agricultural
development" (CGIAR, 1998),
IPM in the Caribbean
Limited resources, high transportation and
communication costs, lack of economies of scale,
and other economic and ecological vulnerabilities
complicated the task of responding to Agenda 21
forthe Small Island Developing States (SIDS). In
their support of Agenda 21, the Caribbean nations
would benefit as a region by acting collectively to
shape policy, enact legislation, and create
innovative institutional infra structures to
coordinate a reorientation to SARD. With this in
mind, the United Nations convened a Global
Conference for the Sustainable Development of
Small Island Developing States in Barbados in the
spring of 1994. Participants drafted an action plan,
the Barbados Programme of Action for the
Development of SIDS, which set forth policies,
actions, and measures to be implemented at the
national, regional and international levels in
support of sustainable development capacity
(United Nations Department of ^^^^_
Economic and Social Affairs. 2000).
Within a few months,
representatives from 14 Caribbean
nations formulated a series of
recommendations calling for area
governments to adopt a series of
Integrated Pest Management
policies, chief among them, to
"explicitly adopt IPM as national
policy for sustainable agricultural development"
(Deutsch, 1995). In linking adoption of IPM with a
policy of sustainable agricultural development, the
Caribbean agricultural sector could begin to
respond to Agenda 21's call for increased
production to meet food demands projected to
double by the year 2050 (National Resources
Institute (NRI), 2000). Adoption of SARD-
compatible IPM practices was a viable, if
challenging, route to boosting production without
heavy reliance on agrochemicals. Perhaps the best
way to represent this agricultural reorientation is to
view the function of IPM adoption as a dynamic
process, or "continuum", moving from treatment-
centered, chemically-based fanning practices on
one end to prevention-centered, fanner-
participatory, biointensive approaches on the other
(Lynch, 1998). A fanner's location alongthe
continuum at any given time would depend on a
number of factors including awareness of pesticide
risk, regulatory compliance, access to information
on alternate control techniques, technical and
economic ability to implement new methods, and
"Releases of cotesia
flavipes...have controlled
the sugar cane moth
borer...saving $5 million
annually. "
degree of commitmentto SARD-compatible
practices.
In many areas of the Caribbean, the shift toward
fanner-centered biointensive IPM would have to
begin with disposal of obsolete pesticides and the
establishment or upgrading of national pesticide
registration and control schemes. Post-registration
activities would involve training, monitoring and
enforcement of proper pesticide use within IPM
principles (FAO, 1998). Such activities are already
underway. Over the past 5 years, for example,
Jamaica inventoried and disposed of 8,000 kg of
obsolete pesticides, began licensing procedures
for over 80% of local pesticide manufacturers and
conducted a public awareness campaign on the
safe handling of pesticides, reaching over 20,000
people in all of the island's 13 parishes
(Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development, 2000).
An IPM Toolkit
Moving along the continuum toward bio-intensive
IPM practices is a growing inventory of
^^^^_ approaches, some rooted in tradition
and others derived from advances in
the biotechnology industry. All
require fanner expertise in pest
identification and a thorough
understanding of natural enemies
and crop ecosystem dynamics - not
entirely unfamiliar ground for the
Caribbeanfarming community.
^^^^_ Indigenous fanners traditionally used
biological, cultural and physical
controls finely tuned over many years to local
conditions. Biological control protects crops by
using beneficial organisms - predators, parasites.
and diseases - to suppress pest organisms.
Releases of the larval parasitic cotesiaflavipes, for
example, have controlled the sugar cane moth borer
inBarbados, saving $5 million annually. Cultural
control, by contrast, uses rotations, cultivation,
sanitation and other farm practices that reduce
persistent pest problems. A fonn of cultural
control using IPM methods of plant cover has
boosted yields and has significantly lowered levels
of viral infection in the tomato variety Gemstar.
Physical control, as its name implies, uses barriers,
traps, trap crops, adjusting planting location or
timing to evade or diminish pest pressure
(Pennsylvania IPM Program, (n.d.) & Caribbean
Agricultural Research and Development institute,
2000). A remarkably successful application of
physical control made worldwide headline news
recently when China publicized the stunning
results of a new crop protection method that has
"doubled the yields of their most valuable crop and
Page 3
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•ibbean Currents
Volume 8 Number 4
nearly eliminated its most devastating disease -
without using chemical treatments or spending a
single extra penny." A simple change in planting
methods, from growing one large stand of a single
kind of rice to growing alternating rows of different
kinds of rice in the same field, blocked the airborne
spores of rice blast fungus, a disease which
''destroys millions of tons of rice and costs fanners
several billion dollars in losses each year" (Yoon,
2000).
Biocontrols have also been used extensively in Cuba
where economic conditions forced a rapid shift along
the "continuum" from conventional high-input
chemical agriculture to organic or semi-organic
fanning. In a matter of 3 years an estimated 56% of
Cuban cropland was treated with biocontrols at an
annual savings of over $15.5 million. One of the
biocontrols on which Cuban researchers have
focused is the latest tool in the IPM mix - a promising
and potentially controversial category of
unconventional pesticides called biological
pesticides (World Resources Institute (WRI), 2000).
BiologicalPesticides
A high-tech spinoff of the biotechnology industry,
biological pesticides, or biopesticides, are pest
management techniques derived from naturally
occuring beneficial microorganisms such as bacteria,
viruses, fungi and protozoa as well as other
biologically-based active ingredients. Biopesticides
fall into three distinct groups. The first are
biochemical pesticides, which control pest
populations through the introduction of growth
regulators that interfere with growth or mating, or
through pheremones which repel or attract pests.
The next group, microbial pesticides, relies on a
microorganism, most commonly from the bacterium
Bacillus tlntringiensis, or Bt, which contains a
protein harmful to specific insects. The third group,
also the one responsible for most of the concern
associated with biopesticides, is plant-pesticides.
Plant-pesticides are insect-destroying substances,
manufactured in the plant itself, after genes from a
harmful substance - such as the Bt protein - are
introduced into the plant's own genetic material.
Using plant-pesticides, fanners avoid the risk of toxic
chemical poisoning associated with the handling of
conventional pesticides since die toxin is generated
within the plant itself. Concern, however, centers on
several potential new risks. Genetically modified
plants may. for example "compete or cross with
unmodified varieties, they may become weeds, or
they may make pests hardier than ever by inducing
new resistance to naturally occurring pesticides"
(Soiled &Proulx, 1998). Researchers are also
evaluating a potential risk to monarch butterflies who
may feed on windblown toxic pollen while in the
caterpillar stage. (Yooix 2000).
Neither strictly biocontrol nor chemical control,
biopesticides are uniquely conferred with benefits
and concerns that relegate them to their own distinct
category. Like biocontrols, they are inherently less
harmful than conventional pesticides, they pose no
apparent risk of toxic exposure, they can affect a
single pest or a narrow spectrum of pests, and they
decompose quickly. Nevertheless, like conventional
pesticides, they are subject to rigorous reviews in
the U.S. and many require EPA registration. EPA
cautions that "microbial pesticides need to be
continuously monitored to ensure they do not
become capable of harming non-target organisms,
including humans" (EPA 1999). More a customized
tool than an all-purpose instrument biopesticides
are valuable for situations where pesticide
resistance, niche markets, or environmental
concerns make use of chemical pesticide products
unacceptable (International Biopesticide Consortium
forDevelopment, 2000).
Institutional Frameworks
Widespread adoption of SARD-compatible IPM
practices will require increased collaboration,
cooperation and innovation among the islands of
the region. The approach of Agenda 21 is to
strengthen existing national plans and build on
current institutional capacity (United Nations
Development Program (UNDP), 2000). With help
from support systems and frameworks coalescing on
an international scale in response to the Earth
Summit mandates, the Caribbean has already begun
to reshape its networks and programs in support of
sustainable development objectives. Under the
guidance of the UN's Capacity 21 program, an
initiative specifically created to assist with
sustainable development programs hi developing
countries, 31 national consultations were held in the
islands between 1994 and 1998. "New policy and
operational frameworks for national development
strategies were called for, as well as identifying
means for capacity building that would strengthen
links between and within sectors. A Sustainable
Development Council (SDC) was set up in each
country....and a sustainable development network
was set up to facilitate sharing information, human
resources and valuable experiences (UNDP, 1999)".
The groundbreaking efforts of such networks
improve the agricultural sector's prospects for
establishing successful SARD-compatible IPM
programs. Networks create new channels for
broadening public awareness of the issues, for
general consensus-building and for improving
communications among fanners, researchers,
extension staff and government and commercial
agents. They can also foster the growth of crop
-------
Caribbean Currents
Volume 8 Number 4
protection science by aiding in the development of a common methodological framework for gathering and
uniformly presenting environmental data, currently incompatible and inaccessible, from among the island
nations. That data is key to formulating the various social, economic and environmental indicators necessary
for shaping policy, directing the course of research, and measuring progress toward sustainability. Other
computer-based resources can also accelerate progress along the IPM continuum. Pest identification
databases, online training modules, decision support software and local electronic networking will all improve
access to information on crop protection practices. Many of those practices must be adapted to local
conditions, and farmers, extension staff, and government and commercial agents will require training in their
use. As new solutions become necessary, research in the laboratory and the field will continue to require
appropriate dissemination and training (NRI. 2000).
Conclusion
Development of resources, networks and partnerships has been ongoing at all levels as local, national, regional
and international communities contend with issues so pervasive they have received global recognition and
support. Referring to a recently published global assessment of the state of the environment at the turn of the
millenium, World Resources 2000-2001 (WRI, 2000), Klaus Toepfer, Executive Director of the UnitedNations
Environment Programme, reiterated the pressing need to address harmful environmental practices:
"Every measure used by scientists to assess the health of the world's ecosystems tells us that we are drawing
on them more than ever and degrading them at an accelerating pace. We depend on ecosystems to sustain us,
and their continued good health depends, in turn, on how we take care of them."
The magnitude of the problem is matched only by the multitude of responses set in motion by the action
agendas and global agreements created through the Earth Summit. Implementing sustainable Integrated Pest
Management practices is only one small component of Agenda 21's ambitious program. But within the growing
framework of innovative partnerships, collaborations, and networks forming in support of sustainable
development, farmers will be better positioned to meet the challenge of advancing the practice of crop
protection at the local level toward the global imperatives of increased food production, natural resource
protection and conservation in the 21st century.
References:
REFERENCES
Burnett, Anne. (2000, October 6). International environmental law. ASIL Guide to Electronic Resources for
Internationa I Law. Retrieved October 20,2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www.asil.org/resource/
envl.htm
Caribbean Agricultural Research & Development Institute (CARDI). (2000, February 14). Technology products
and services. Research for Development. Retrieved October 20,2000, from the World Wide Web: http://
www.cardi.org/research_for_development.htm
Deutsch, A.E. (ed.). (1995, October) Caribbean workshops urge IPMadoption. IPM News, 22 October 1995.
Retrieved October 20,2000 from the World Wide Web: http://www.ipmnet.org/IPMnet_NE WS
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). (1998). Integrated pest management and
the SP-fPM. System- Wide Program on IPM. Retrieved October 17,2000 from the World Wide Web: http://
www.cgiar.org/spipm/about/aboumenu.htinl
Cruz, Carlos and Alejandro Segarra. (2000). Potential for biological control of crop pests in the Caribbean. InE.
B. Radcliffe and W. D. Hutchison [eds.]. Radcliffe 'sIPM World Textbook. University of Minnesota, St. Paul,
MN. Retrieved October 24,2000 from the World Wide Web: http://ipmworld.urnn.edu
Ehler, Lester E., and Dale G. Bottrell. (2000). The Illusion of Integrated Pest Management. Issues in Science and
Technology Online. Retrieved June 2, 2000 from the World Wide Web: http://bob.nap.edU/isues/16.3/eliler.htni
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and The Netherlands (FAO), Ministry of Agriculture,
Nature Management and Fisheries. (1991). The Den Bosch declaration and agenda for action on sustainable
agriculture and rural development: report of the conference. Rome: FAO, 1991. 60 p. Conference: FAO
Netherlands Conference on Agriculture and the Environment (15-19 April, 1991: 'S-Hertogenbosch,The
Netherlands)
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nbhean Currents
REFERENCES(cont)
Volume 8 Number 4
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and The Netherlands (FAO), Plant Protection Service,
Pesticide Management Unit. (1998). Prevention and disposal of obsolete pesticides. Retrieved October 24 from
the World Wide Web: http://www.fao.org/waicenl/FaoInfo/Agricult/AGP/AGPP/Pesticid/Default.htm.
Hansen, Michael. (1993). Sustainable agriculture and rural development: FAO at the Crossroads, Consumer
Policy Institute, Consumer Union/PAN.
InternationalBiopesticideConsortiumfor Development (IBCD). (2000). Biopesticides. Retrieved October28,
2000 from the World Wide Web: http://www.biopesticide.org/biopesticides.htm
Lynch, Sarah. (July, 1998). Measuring Progress in the Transition to Biologically-Based IPM. Presentation to
the OECD/FAO IPM and Pesticide Risk Reduction Conference, Neuchatel, Switzerland. Pest management at the
crossroads: IPM and the marketplace: WWF-WPVGA potato IPM project. Retrieved October 20,2000 from the
Worldwide Web: http://www.prnac.net/potatipm.htni
Moore, Monica. (1996). Redefining integrated pest management: fanner empowerment and pesticide use
reduction in the context of sustainable agriculture. In: Barbara Dinham (ed.). Growing food security:
challenging the link bet\veen pesticides and access to food. pp. 79-88. London: The Pesticides Trust.
Natural Resources Institute (NRI), University of Greenwich. (2000). Integrated pest management. Retrieved
November 10,2000 fromthe World Wide Web: http://www.nri.org/Themes/ipm.htm
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Environmental Health and Safety, Pesticide
Programme. (2000, April 6). Pesticide risk reduction - countries' updates. Retrieved October 20,2000 from the
World Wide Web: http://www.oecd.org/elis/pest/RRupdate
Pennsylvania IPM Program (PA IPM). (n.d.) The changing face of integrated pest management, PA IPM 1994-
95: A report to the citizens of Pennsyvania. In National IPM network: integrated management in the
northeast: the integrated pest management approach. Retrieved October 20,2000 from the World Wide Web:
http://www.ny saes. coniell.edu/ipmnet/IPM.prini.psu2. html#anchorl43007
Ruttan, Vernon W. 1999. The transition to agricultural sustainability. InE.B. Radcliffe and W.D. Hutchison
(eds.). Radcliffe 'sIPM World Textbook. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. Retrieved October 25,2000 from
the World Wide Web: http://ipmworld.umn.edu
Soiled, Albert and David Proulx. 1998. Global contamination, wildlife health and biotechnology: biosubstitution
and integrated pest management. BioTech Resources Web Project, Institute for Cellular and Molecular
Biology. Retrieved October 20,2000 from the World Wide Web: http://biotech.icmb.utexas.edu/pages/
wildlife.html
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN/ES A). (2000). Economic and social
development, sustainable development. Retrieved October 20,2000 from the World Wide Web: http://
www.un.org/esa/sustdev/aboutsids.htm
United Nations Development Pro gram (UNDP). (1999). Capacity 21 Programme: Annual Reports: 1999:
Caribbean. Retrieved October 20,2000 fromthe World Wide Web: http://sdnliq.undp.org/c21/.
United Nations Development Program (UNDP). (2000). Capacity 21 Programme: Programme Information:
Caribbean Region 21. Retrieved November 2,2000 fromthe Worldwide Web: http://www3.undp.org/c21/
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, International Association of Universities
(2000) Tlie Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment Retrieved October 20,2000 from the World
Wide Web: http://www.unesco.org/iau/tfsd_stockliohn.html
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Pesticide Programs. (1999, November 17).
Biopesticides. Retrieved October 20,2000 from the World Wide Web: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/citizens/
biopesticides.htm
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Caribbean Currents
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Pesticide Programs. (1999, November 17).
Integrated pest management (1PM) and food production. Retrieved October 20, 2000 from the World Wide
Web: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/citizens/ipm.htm
World Resources Institute. World Resources 2000-2001, People and Ecosystems: The Fraying Web of Life. A
joint publication of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP), The World Bank, and the World Resources Institute. Retrieved November 3,2000) from
the World Wide Web: http://WTVw.igc.org/wri/wr2000/index. html
Yoon, Carol Kaesuk. (2000, August 22). New data in duel of biotech com vs. butterflies. The New York Times,
p.D2.
Yoon, Carol Kaesuk. (2000, August 22). Simple method found to increase crop yields vastly. The New York
Times,p.Dl-D2
IPM in the Caribbean - WEB RESOURCES
Ail Island Network
Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI)
University Campus, St. Augustine
Trinidad. West Indies
Phone: (868)645-1205 Fax: (868)645-1208
E-mail: urfocentre@cardi.org
CARDI is the primary agricultural research and development organization in the Caribbean. In existence since 1975,
CARDI provides technical assistance, technology development, and technology transfer in many areas including plant
pathology, virology, nematology. Design, testing and validation of production and marketing systems are conducted in a
series of CARDI Research Centers. Demonstration and Training Centers, located in each CARDI country, perform tests
and demonstrations of the commercialized systems and protocols before releasing them to the fanning community for
further improvement. Linked through collaborative work with over 50 regional and international research and development
groups, CARDI is also the Executing Agency of PROCICARIBE, whose Executive Secretariat is located at CARDI
headquarters.
PROCICARIBE
http:ffw\v\v.procicaribe.org
CARDI, UWI Campus
Trinidad, West Indies
Phone: (868) 645-1205 Fax: (868) 645-1208
E-mail: procicaribe@cardi.org
At the heart of the region's network for agricultural science and technology, PROCICARIBE coordinates and integrates
agricultural research at the national and regional levels with rinks to international organizations. Institutional strengthening,
research coordination and resource mobilization are some of its primary activities. The network operates among public and
private agricultural groups and NGO's. Its aim is to further international competitiveness and sustainable development of
the Caribbean's agricultural sector while ensuring food security, poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability.
Administered by the Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute, PROCICARIBE answers to a Board of
Govemors made up of the Ministers of Agriculture of Caribbean member states.
Volume 8 Number 4
REFERENCES (cont)
WEBSOURCES
Caribbean IPM Network (CIPMNet)
http:/.'\vww.procicaribe.org/cipmnet.org
CARDI, UWI Campus
Trinidad, West Indies
Phone: (868) 645-1205 Fax: (868) 645-1208
E-mail: procicaribe@cardi.org
CIPMNet is one of several National Network Committees within PROCICARIBE that focus on the generation, validation
and transfer of technology and information nationally and regionally with links to regional and international strategic
alliance partners. Their aim is to improve agricultural productivity and marketability while sustaining the natural resource
base. The CIPMNet website provides a regional forum for discussion as well as communication of work program priorities
and updates. CIPMNet joins together with the other networks at a regional level under a Regional Coordinator who is
responsible for finding program funds, for forming links between national IPM programs and PROCICARIBE, and for
helping to ensure the technical integrity of the networks activities. The Regional Coordinator also maintains a close
working relationship with the Technical Advisory Committee, comprised of members of several regional and national
organizations.
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nbhean Currents Volume 8 Number 4
WEBSOURCES (Cont)
Caribbean Agricultural Information System (CAIS)
seehttp.y'/www.procicaribe.org
Not yet fully funded and implemented, the Caribbean Agricultural Information Service will provide PROCICARIBE's
system of networks with targeted help toward integrating information and communication management capabilities at the
national and regional level. CAIS will undertake a broad information inventory as well as link to Agrolnfo and other
international information systems and networks.
Caribbean Agricultural Technical Assistance Service (CTAS)
see http://www.procicaribe. org
Not yet fully functional, CTAS was established by PROCICARTBE to tap a considerable variety of experts throughout
the region who are capable of resolving technological difficulties in production, post harvest, marketing and agro-
processing matters. Resource persons from a network of participating insitutions respond with short term, quick
response, "fire-fighting" assistance with technological problems anywhere in the region.
Other
EU-CARIFORUM Caribbean Agriculture & Fisheries Programme (CAFP)
http://www.cqfpro.org/TPM page at http:/7www.cajpro.org/pest.litnil
11, LA Dere Street, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
Phone: (868) 623-2708/9 Fax: (868) 624-4903
E-mail: cariafp@tstt.net.tt
The objective of the CAFP Integrated Pest Management sub-programme is to address significant plant pest problems in
specified areas of the Caribbean, using IPM techniques. The overall aim is to contribute to the regional agricultural sector
development through the implementation of IPM programs in selected CARTFORUM countries based on the most
significant economic returns on the intervention to that country. Current areas of priority include the whitefly-gemini virus
complex in the Dominican Republic, the citrus blackfly in Trinidad and Tobago, the papaya mealybug in St. Kitt's and
Nevis and weed control in Guyana.
Caribbean IPM Working Group
http://wwwusers.sunbeach.net/users/lec/ipmprin.html
Dr. Janice Reid or Dr. L.E. Chinnery
Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute
University Campus, Box 113, Mona. Kingston 7, Jamaica
A working group of the Caribbean Mycorrhizal Network (CARIVAM). The network aims to encourage collaboration, to
share research results and to provide access to relevant literature. The group also aims to educate agriculturalists,
horticulturalists and the general public on the benefits of mycorrhizae and sustainable agriculture, incuding integrated pest
management.
INTERNATIONAL RESOURCES
Centre for Pest Information and Technology Transfer (CPITT)
http://www. ctpm. uq. edu. au/CPITT/Default.htm
CPITT is a center within the University of Queensland, Australia which develops innovative tools for training and
decision support for a wide audience. CPITT's products are aimed primarily at those involved in IPM or Natural
Resource Management although their software can be used for virtually any purpose requiring information dispersal.
Consortium for International Crop Protection (CICP) and IPMNet
http://-www.ipmnet.org/about.html
CICP was formed in 1978 by a group of U.S. universities. Its principal purpose is to assist developing nations reduce
food crop losses caused by pests while also safeguarding the environment. CICP's basic goal is to advance economically
efficient and environmentallly sound protection practices in developing countries and to ensure the health of rural and
urban communities. IPMNet is a network of organizations and resources administered by CICP. IPMNet includes a
database of IPM resources, bibliographies, and links to IPM and other crop protection resources.
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)
http.'ffwww. cgiar. org'
CGIAR's mission is to contribute to food security and poverty eradication in developing countries through research,
partnership, capacity building, and policy support. The CGIAR promotes sustainable agricultural development based on
the environmentally sound management of natural resources. The World Bank, the Food and Agricultural Organization of
the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) are cosponsors of CGIAR.
Gateway to Online IPM Resources
http://-www. ippc. orst. edu:80/CICP/Gateway/
p 8 • A web index of enomology, plant pathology. agricultural, and pest management web resources.
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Caribbean Currents
National Biological Control Institute (NBCI)
http://-www.aphis.mda.gov/nbci/nbci.html
USDA,APFflS,PPQ,CPPIST
4700 River Road Unit 5, Riverdale, MD 20737-1229
Phone: (301)734-4329 Fax: (301)734-7823
From the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Information Service (APEHS), NBCI provides
technical advice and information; develops and maintains computerized databases; initiates, coordinates and monitors
projects in cooperation with other agencies and institutions; organizes and facilitates focus groups and workshops to
deal with specific issues of importance to biological control and IPM; suports biological control projects through and
Implementation Grant Program; supports education/information needs, meetings, and conferences through a
Facilitation Grant Program; supports systematics through a Postdoctoral Program in Systematics; and identifies and
supports other needs of customers. A Customer Advisory Group (consisting of 12 leading biological control scientists
and administrators) and Visiting Scientists (for specific projects) help NBCI refine its activities.
National Integrated Pest Management Network (NIPMN)
http:/Avww. reensda.gov, agsys/nipnm
NIPMN is the result of a U.S. federal-state extension partnership dedicated to making the latest and most accurate
pest managment information available on the World Wide Web. Participating institutions have agreed to a set of
standards which ensure science-based, unbiased pest management information. This site contains information on IPM
by commodity, pest, region, and pest control tactic.
Pesticide Action Network (PAN)
http://www.pan-inteniational.org/
49 Powerll St., Suite 500, San Francisco, CA 94102
Phone: (415) 981-1771 Fax: (415) 981-1991
E-mail: panna@panna.org (North American office)
PAN is a network of over 600 participating nongovernmental organizations, institutiions and individuals in over 60
countries working to replace the use of hazardous pesticides with ecologically sound alternatives. Its projects and
campaigns are coordinated by five autonomous Regional Centers.
Radcliffe's IPM World Textbook
http://ipmworld. umn. edu/
This site aims to provide 1.) a venu for easily maintaining and updating "state of the art" information from the world's
leading experts on all aspects of IPM, 2) a resource economically deliverable anywhere in the world that can be freely
downloaded and used by students, teachers, and IPM practitioners, 3) a forum for the international presentation of
practical information and theory on IPM, 4) links to the vast and rapidly growing IPM resources available on the
Internet including photographs and decision-support software.
Virtual Center for Integrated Pest Management (CTPM)
http://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/cipm/
CIPM is a National Science Foundation sponsored Industry/University Cooperative Research Center, which works to
support and further IPM through the evaluation of emerging technologies, information management and dissemination,
environmental stewardship, estimation of economic consequences, resistance management tools and systems, and
integration of disciplinary expertise. CIPM fosters the development and implementation of pest management
programs based on a high level of knowledge of pest biology coupled with choices of monitoring tools and control
technology, resulting in economically sound, environmentally compatible, and sociologically responsible integrated
crop protection.
IPM Listservs
PANUPS
Subscription address: majordoino@igc.org Send messages to: panups@igc.org
PANUPS, the Pesticide Action Network Updates Service, is a weekly news service featuring updates about
pesticides and sustainable agriculture. PANUPS also includes the Resource Pointer, which summarizes and
gives ordering information for recent publications. To subscribe, send a message to
majordomo@reeusda.gov with the message reading "subscribe PANUPS firstname lastname".
NIPMN-L
National Integrated Pest Management Network
Address to Subscribe/Unsubscribe: listproc@)cornell.edu
Message body to subscribe: subscribe NIPMN-L Your Name
Message body to unsubscribe: unsubscribe NITPMN-L
Email to Group: NIPMN-L@comell.edu
Volume 8 Number 4
WEBSOURCES (Cont.)
LISTSERVS
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'ibbean Currents
Volume 8 Number 4
CONFERENCES
Current Conferences on Integrated Pest Management
06^9November--INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE,ENVmONMENTALRISKASSESSMENTOF
PESTICIDES AND INTEGRATEDPESTICroEMANAGEMENTINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES
Kathmandu,NEPAL
Contact: A. Herrmann, K-IPM Conf., Inst. of Geog. and Geoecol., Tech. Univ. Braunschweig, LangerKamp 19c,
D-3 8106 Braunschweig, GERMANY
Fax:49-531-391-8170
E-mail: ipmktm@tu-bs.de
Web :h ftp:/Avww. tu-bs.de/institute/igg/physhyd/conference. html
21-23 March - 2001 AN INTERNATIONAL WEED OD YS SEY, "An International Invasive Exotic Species
Conference"
Athens, GA, USA.
Contact: C. McCormick, Mst. of Ecol.,Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA30602, USA
Phone: 1-706-542-2968 Fax: 1-706-542-4819
E-mail: cheryl@arches.uga.edu
Web: http://www.ecology, uga.edu/
20-24 May -15TH NEMATOLOGICAL CONGRES S, "Integrated Neniatode Control in the New Millennium,"
Skukuza, SOUTH AFRICA
Contact: M. Daneel, ARC-ITSC, Private BagXl 1208, Nelspruit 1200, SOUTH AFRICA
Phone: 27-13-753-2071 Fax: 27-13-752-3854
E-mail: mieke@itsc.agric.za
Web:http://www.agnic.org/mtg/2001/15iic.html
Guidelines for Contributions to CARIBBEAN CURRENTS
Any organization or individual operating or involved in the English and French-speaking Caribbean Region is welcome to
contribute to the newsletter. Contributions should be addressed to:
Caribbean Currents Coordinator
UNEP-Infoterra/USA
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Headquarters Library, 3404
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
UNITED STATES
Telephone: (202) 260-5917; Fax: (202) 260-3923
E-mail: library-infoterra@epa.gov
Please note that submissions should meet the following criteria:
• They are relevant to environmental issues
• They must be of interest to or directly involve the Region
• They must not endorse or recommend any product or commercial service, explicitly or implicitly
• They must be received by the posted deadline (see below)
Please feel free to contact the CARIBBEAN CURRENTS coordinator if you are interested in submitting an article. Write to:
library-infoterra@epa.gov. Please note that once your article is submitted, it is subject to editing as needed. Final decisions on
editing and inclusion of any contributions are left to the UNEP-Infoterra/USA Manager. CARIBBEAN CURRENTS is available
on the Internet at http://www.epa.gov/earlinkl/currents/.
DEADLINE FOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO Vol. 8 No. 5: December 1, 2000
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Caribbean Currents
Volume 8 Number 4
About the NFP Directory
This directory reflects changes and additions to the UNEP-Infoterra Directory of National Focal Points
distributed by INFOTERRA/PAC, dated November 1998. Please check this information to verify that it is
correct and up-to-date. If you have any changes or corrections, please notify the RSC as soon as
possible. We will be happy to relay the information to the PAC.
Ms. DiannBlackLayne
Conservation Officer II
Ministry of Planning, Implementation, and
Environment
Cecil Charles Building
St. John's
ANTIGUA, WESTINDIES
Telephone: (268)463-0907 FAX: (268)462-9338
Mrs. LynnHolowesko
The Bahamas Environment, Science & Technology
Commission
Office of the Prime Minister
P.O.BoxCB 10980
Nassau
THE BAHAMAS
Telephone: (242)3274691 FAX: (242) 327-4626
Mrs. Atheline Mayers
Permanent Secretary (Environment)
Ministry of Environment, Energy, and Natural
Resources
4thFloor, Sir Frank Walcott Building, Culloden
Road
St. Michael, BARB ADOS
Telephone: (246)431-7680 FAX: (246)437-8859
E-mail: envdivn@caribsurf.com
Jaime Jeffery Villanueva
Fisheries Department. Ministry of Agriculture and
Fisheries
Princess Margaret Drive, P.O. Box 148
Belize City
BELIZE, CENTRAL AMERICA
Telephone: 501-2-44552 FAX: 501-2-32983
Mr. Ashton Lugay
Forestry and Wildlife Division
Ministry of Agriculture, Botanical Gardens
Roseau
COMMONWEALTH OFDOMTNICA, WEST
INDIES
Telephone: (767)448-2401,ext.417 FAX: (767)
448-7999
Mr. BalgobinParsand
lASTBuilding, U.G. Campus, Turkeyen
Greater Georgetown, GUYANA
Telephone: (59222)5784,2277,2231 Fax: (59222)
5785
E-mail: epa@sdnp.org.gy
M. Dalberg Claude
Ministere de 1'Agriculture et des Resources
Naturelles et du Developpement Rural
P.O.Box 1441
Port-au-Prince
HAITI
Telephone: 509-1-21867 FAX: 509-1-23599
Ms. Yolanda N. Mittoo
Natural Resources Conservation Authority
10 Caledonia Avenue
Kingston 10
JAMAICA, WEST INDIES
Telephone: (876)754-7546 FAX: (876)754-7595
E-mail: nrca@infochan.com
Mr. Edsel Daniel
Physical Planning Officer
Ministry of Finance, Development, and Planning
Charlestown, Nevis
ST. KITTS AND NEVIS
Telephone: (869)465-2521 FAX: (9712)466-7398
Mrs. Vanesta Moses-Felix
Government Documentalist
Government Information and Documentation
Resource Centre
Office of the Prime Minister
Castries
ST. LUCIA, WEST INDIES
Telephone: (758)453-1951 FAX: (758)453-1614
E-mail: docentre@candwe.lc
Regional Sen ice Centre (RSC):
Ms. Seema Schappelle
UNEP-Infoterra/USA
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, MC 3404
Washington, DC 20460
UNITED STATES
Telephone: (202)260-5917 FAX: (202)260-3923
E-mail: hbrary-infoterra@epa.gov
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